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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #53019 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53019)
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-Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: History of the United States
-
-Author: John Clark Ridpath
-
-Release Date: September 9, 2016 [EBook #53019]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Richard Hulse, Alan and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                         HISTORY
-
-                          OF THE
-
-                       UNITED STATES
-
-
-                       [Illustration]
-
-
-                 NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
-
-                    AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
-
-                           1891
-
-          COPYRIGHT, 1891, BY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-To the American youth the history of our country is more important than
-any other branch of education. A fair degree of knowledge respecting
-the progress of the American people from the discovery of the New World
-to the present is almost essential to that citizenship into which our
-youth are soon expected to enter. In a government of the people, for
-the people and by the people, a familiar acquaintance with the course
-of events, with the movements of society in peace and war, is the great
-prerequisite to the exercise of those rights and duties which the
-American citizen must assume if he would hold his true place in the
-Nation.
-
-Fortunately, the means for studying the history of our country are
-abundant and easy. American boys and girls have little cause any longer
-to complain that the writers and teachers have put beyond their reach
-the story of their native land. Great pains have been taken, on the
-contrary, to gather out of our annals as a people and nation the most
-important and romantic parts, and to recite in pleasing style, and with
-the aid of happy illustrations, the lessons of the past.
-
-The author of the present volume has tried in every particular to put
-himself in the place of the student. He has endeavored to bring to the
-pupils of our great Common Schools a brief and easy narrative of all
-the better parts of our country's history. It has been his aim to tell
-the story as a lover of his native land should recite for others that
-which is dearest and best to memory and affection. He has sought to
-bring the careful results of historical research into the schoolroom
-without any of the superfluous rubbish and scaffolding of obtrusive
-scholarship and erudition.
-
-Another aim in the present text-book for our youth has been to consider
-the events of our country's history somewhat from our own point of
-view--not to despise the history of civilization in the Mississippi
-Valley, or to seek wholly for examples of heroism and greatness in
-the older States of the Union. Perhaps no part of our country is more
-favorably situated for taking such a view of our progress as a nation
-than is that magnificent region, constituting as it does the most
-fertile and populous portion of the continent. In the present History
-of the United States the author has not hesitated to make emphatic
-those paragraphs which relate to the development and progress of this
-region.
-
-For the rest the author has followed the usual channel of narration
-from the aboriginal times to the colonization of our Atlantic coast
-by the peoples of Western Europe; from that event by way of the Old
-Thirteen Colonies to Independence; from Independence to regeneration
-by war; and from our second birth to the present epoch of greatness
-and promise. He cherishes the hope that his work in the hands of the
-boys and girls of our public schools may pass into their memories and
-hearts; that its lessons may enter into union with their lives, and
-conduce in some measure to their development into men and women worthy
-of their age and country.
-
-
-                              CONTENTS.
-
-
-                                                                 PAGE
-
-  PREFACE                                                         3
-
-  CONTENTS                                                        5
-
-  INTRODUCTION                                                    8
-
-
-                               PART I.
-
-                         PRIMITIVE AMERICA.
-
-  CHAPTER
-
-  I.--The Aborigines                                             11
-
-
-                               PART II.
-
-                        VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.
-
-  II.--The Norsemen in America                                   21
-
-  III.--Spanish Discoveries in America                           24
-
-  IV.--Spanish Discoveries in America.--Continued                28
-
-  V.--The French in America                                      35
-
-  VI.--English Discoveries and Settlements                       41
-
-  VII.--English Discoveries and Settlements.--Continued          47
-
-  VIII.--Voyages and Settlements of the Dutch                    53
-
-
-                               PART III.
-
-                           COLONIAL HISTORY.
-
-  IX.--Virginia.--The First Charter                              57
-
-  X.--Charter Government.--Continued                             65
-
-  XI.--Virginia.--The Royal Government                           70
-
-  XII.--Massachusetts.--Settlement and Union                     76
-
-  XIII.--Massachusetts.--War and Witchcraft                      84
-
-  XIV.--New York.--Settlement and Administration of Stuyvesant   94
-
-  XV.--New York under the English                               100
-
-  XVI.--Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire            106
-
-  XVII.--New Jersey and Pennsylvania                            115
-
-  XVIII.--Maryland and North Carolina                           122
-
-  XIX.--South Carolina and Georgia                              128
-
-  XX.--French and Indian War                                    135
-
-
-                                PART IV.
-
-                       REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION.
-
-  XXI.--Causes of the Revolution                                149
-
-  XXII.--The Beginning of the Revolution.--Events of 1775       157
-
-  XXIII.--The Events of 1776                                    163
-
-  XXIV.--Operations of 1777                                     171
-
-  XXV.--Events of 1778 and 1779                                 178
-
-  XXVI.--Reverses and Treason.--Events of 1780                  187
-
-  XXVII.--Events of 1781                                        192
-
-  XXVIII.--Confederation and Union                              199
-
-
-                                  PART V.
-
-                            GROWTH OF THE UNION.
-
-  XXIX.--Washington's Administration                            205
-
-  XXX.--Adams's Administration                                  211
-
-  XXXI.--Jefferson's Administration                             214
-
-  XXXII.--Madison's Administration.--War of 1812                221
-
-  XXXIII.--War of 1812.--Events of 1813                         228
-
-  XXXIV.--The Campaigns of 1814                                 235
-
-  XXXV.--Monroe's Administration                                244
-
-  XXXVI.--Adams's Administration                                248
-
-  XXXVII.--Jackson's Administration                             250
-
-  XXXVIII.--Van Buren's Administration                          254
-
-  XXXIX.--Administrations of Harrison and Tyler                 257
-
-  XL.--Polk's Administration and the Mexican War                261
-
-  XLI.--Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore                  269
-
-  XLII.--Pierce's Administration                                273
-
-  XLIII.--Buchanan's Administration                             275
-
-
-                                   PART VI.
-
-                                THE CIVIL WAR.
-
-  XLIV.--Lincoln's Administration and the Civil War             281
-
-  XLV.--Causes of the Civil War                                 284
-
-  XLVI.--Events of 1861                                         288
-
-  XLVII.--Campaigns of 1862                                     293
-
-  XLVIII.--The Events of 1863                                   302
-
-  XLIX.--The Closing Conflicts.--Events of 1864 and 1865        310
-
-
-                                  PART VII.
-
-                            THE NATION REUNITED.
-
-  L.--Johnson's Administration                                  323
-
-  LI.--Grant's Administration                                   328
-
-  LII.--Hayes's Administration                                  337
-
-  LIII.--Administrations of Garfield and Arthur                 344
-
-  LIV.--Cleveland's Administration                              350
-
-  LV.--Harrison's Administration                                361
-
-  Appendix.--Constitution of the United States                  371
-
-  Index                                                         387
-
-
-
-
-                           MAPS AND PORTRAITS.
-
-
-                             COLORED MAPS.
-
-                                                               PAGE
-
-  The New World, with Routes of Discoveries                      24
-
-  The Colonies at the time of the French and Indian War         144
-
-  The Colonies at the time of the Revolution                    192
-
-  The States in America during the Civil War                    304
-
-
-                              OUTLINE MAPS.
-
-                                                               PAGE
-
-  The First English Settlements                                  48
-
-  Early Settlements in East Mass.                                78
-
-  Middle Colonies                                               116
-
-  Washington's Route to Fort Le
-  Bœuf                                                          139
-
-  Lake Champlain                                                142
-
-  Quebec in 1759                                                145
-
-  Vicinity of Boston                                            160
-
-  New York and Vicinity                                         168
-
-  Central New Jersey                                            170
-
-  Hudson River                                                  174
-
-  Philadelphia and Vicinity                                     176
-
-  The Carolinas                                                 186
-
-  Western Battlefields of the War of
-  1812                                                          223
-
-  Operations about Niagara                                      235
-
-  Vicinity of Manassas Junction                                 288
-
-  Vicinity of Richmond, 1862                                    298
-
-  Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863                                  303
-
-  Sherman's Atlanta Campaign                                    312
-
-  Operations in Virginia, 1864 and
-  1865                                                          318
-
-
-                              PORTRAITS.
-
-                                                               PAGE
-
-  George Washington                                              10
-
-  Christopher Columbus                                           25
-
-  Pedro Menendez                                                 33
-
-  Samuel Champlain                                               39
-
-  Sebastian Cabot                                                42
-
-  Sir Walter Raleigh                                             44
-
-  Captain John Smith                                             60
-
-  Peter Stuyvesant                                               96
-
-  William Penn                                                  119
-
-  Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore                                 123
-
-  James Oglethorpe                                              131
-
-  Patrick Henry                                                 152
-
-  Marquis de La Fayette                                         173
-
-  Benjamin Franklin                                             179
-
-  Paul Jones                                                    186
-
-  General Greene                                                193
-
-  John Adams                                                    211
-
-  Thomas Jefferson                                              214
-
-  James Madison                                                 221
-
-  James Monroe                                                  244
-
-  Henry Clay                                                    247
-
-  John Quincy Adams                                             248
-
-  Andrew Jackson                                                250
-
-  Daniel Webster                                                251
-
-  Martin Van Buren                                              254
-
-  William Henry Harrison                                        257
-
-  John Tyler                                                    257
-
-  James K. Polk                                                 261
-
-  John Charles Fremont                                          263
-
-  Zachary Taylor                                                269
-
-  Millard Fillmore                                              270
-
-  Franklin Pierce                                               273
-
-  James Buchanan                                                275
-
-  Abraham Lincoln                                               281
-
-  George B. McClellan                                           291
-
-  Robert E. Lee                                                 299
-
-  Stonewall Jackson                                             307
-
-  William T. Sherman                                            311
-
-  Joseph E. Johnston                                            313
-
-  Philip H. Sheridan                                            317
-
-  Andrew Johnson                                                323
-
-  Ulysses S. Grant                                              328
-
-  Horace Greeley                                                331
-
-  Rutherford B. Hayes                                           337
-
-  Oliver P. Morton                                              342
-
-  James A. Garfield                                             344
-
-  Chester A. Arthur                                             346
-
-  Grover Cleveland                                              350
-
-  Thomas A. Hendricks                                           356
-
-  Benjamin Harrison                                             361
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTION.
-
-
-There are several Periods in the history of the United States. It is
-important for the student to understand these at the beginning. Without
-such an understanding his notion of our country's history will be
-confused and his study rendered difficult.
-
-2. First of all, there was a time when the Western continent was under
-the dominion of the Red men. The savage races possessed the soil,
-hunted in the forests, roamed over the prairies. This is the Primitive
-Period in American history.
-
-3. After the discovery of America, the people of Europe were for a long
-time engaged in exploring the New World and in becoming familiar with
-its shape and character. For more than a hundred years, curiosity was
-the leading passion with the adventurers who came to our shores. Their
-disposition was to go everywhere and settle nowhere. These early times
-may be called the Period of Voyage and Discovery.
-
-4. Next came the time of planting colonies. The adventurers, tired of
-wandering about, became anxious to found new States in the wilderness.
-Kings and queens turned their attention to the work of colonizing the
-New World. Thus arose a third period--the Period of Colonial History.
-
-5. The colonies grew strong and multiplied. There were thirteen little
-seashore republics. The rulers of the mother-country began a system of
-oppression and tyranny. The colonies revolted, fought side by side, and
-won their freedom. Not satisfied with mere independence, they formed
-a Union destined to become strong and great. This is the Period of
-Revolution and Confederation.
-
-6. Then the United States of America entered upon its career as a
-nation. Emigrants flocked to the Land of the Free. New States were
-formed and added to the Union in rapid succession. To protect itself
-from jealous neighbors, the nation pushed her boundaries across the
-continent. This Period may be called the Growth of the Union.
-
-7. But the nation was not truly free. Human slavery existed in the
-South. This institution engendered sectional hatred and desires for
-disunion which finally developed into the dark and bloody Period of the
-Civil War.
-
-8. Then the reunited nation laid aside its arms and entered upon a
-period of prosperity and material development which has not yet reached
-its culmination and with which History affords no parallel.
-
-9. We thus find seven periods in the history of our country:
-
-  I. PRIMITIVE AMERICA; prior to the coming of white men.
-
-  II. VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY; A. D. 986-1607.
-
-  III. THE COLONIES; A. D. 1607-1775.
-
-  IV. REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION; A. D. 1775-1789.
-
-  V. THE GROWTH OF THE UNION; A. D. 1789-1861.
-
-  VI. THE CIVIL WAR; A. D. 1861-1865.
-
-  VII. THE REUNITED NATION; A. D. 1865-1891.
-
-In this order the History of the United States will be presented in the
-following pages.
-
-[Illustration: G. Washington]
-
-
-
-
-HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
-
-
-
-
-PART I.
-
-PRIMITIVE AMERICA.
-
-
-[Illustration: An Ancient Mound.]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER I.
-
-THE ABORIGINES.
-
-
-Before the times of the Red men, North America was inhabited by
-other races, of whom we know but little. Of these primitive peoples
-the Indians preserved many traditions. Vague stories of the wars,
-migrations, and cities of the nations that preceded them were recited
-by the red hunters at their camp-fires, and were repeated from
-generation to generation.
-
-2. Other evidences, more trustworthy than legend and story, exist of
-the presence of aboriginal peoples in our country. The traces of a
-rude civilization are found in almost every part of the present United
-States. It is certain that the relics left behind by the prehistoric
-peoples are not the work of the Indian races, but of peoples who
-preceded them in the occupation of this continent. That class of
-scholars called antiquarians, or archæologists, have taken great pains
-to restore for us an outline of the life and character of the nations
-who first dwelt in the great countries between the Atlantic and the
-Pacific.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Mound-builders.=]
-
-3. These primitive peoples are known to us by the name of
-MOUND-BUILDERS. The building of mounds seems to have been one of their
-chief forms of activity. The traveler of to-day, in passing across our
-country, will ever and anon discover one of those primitive works of
-a race which has left to us no other monuments. As the ancient people
-of Egypt built pyramids of stone for their memorials, so the unknown
-peoples of the New World raised huge mounds of earth as the tokens of
-their presence, the evidences of their work in ancient America.
-
-4. The mounds referred to are found in many parts of the United States,
-but are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. Here also they are of
-greatest extent and variety. Some of them are as much as ninety feet
-in height, and one has been estimated to contain twenty million cubic
-feet of earth. It is evident that they were formed before the present
-forest growth of the United States sprang into existence. The mounds
-are covered with trees, some of them several feet in diameter; and the
-surface has the same appearance as that of the surrounding country.
-
-5. As we have said, we know but little of the people by whom the mounds
-and earthworks of primitive America were constructed. Some of the works
-in question are of a military character. One of these, called Fort
-Hill, near the mouth of the Little Miami River, has a circumference of
-nearly four miles. It is certain that great nations, frequently at
-war with each other, dwelt in our country between the Northern Lakes
-and the Southern Gulf; but who those peoples were we have no method of
-ascertaining. Their language has perished with the people who spoke it.
-Only a few of the relics and implements of the primitive races remain
-to inform us of the men by whom they were made.
-
-[Sidenote: =Distribution of Mounds.=]
-
-6. In many parts of the Mississippi Valley, particularly in the States
-of Ohio and Indiana, the ancient mounds may be seen as they were at
-the time of the discovery of America. One of the greatest is situated
-in Illinois, opposite the city of St. Louis. It is elliptical in
-form, being about seven hundred feet in length by five hundred feet
-in breadth. It rises to a height of ninety feet. Another of much
-interest is at Grave Creek, near Wheeling, in West Virginia. A mound at
-Miamisburg, Ohio, is nearly seventy feet in height. One of the finest
-of all is the conical mound at Marietta, Ohio. Some of the mounds, as
-those of Wisconsin, are shaped like animals. One of the most peculiar
-and interesting is the great serpent mound in Adams County, Ohio. The
-work has the shape of a serpent more than a thousand feet in length,
-the body being about thirty feet broad at the surface. The mouth of
-the serpent is opened wide, and an object resembling a great egg lies
-partly within the jaws.
-
-7. The use of the mounds has not been ascertained. Some have supposed
-that they were tombs in which the slain of great armies were buried,
-but on opening them, human remains are rarely found. Others have
-believed that the mounds were true memorials, intended by their
-magnitude to impress the beholder and transmit a memory. Still others
-have thought the elevations were intended for watch-towers from which
-the movements of the enemy might be watched and thwarted.
-
-[Sidenote: =Relics from the Mounds.=]
-
-8. What we know of the prehistoric races has been mostly gained from
-an examination of their implements and utensils. These were of either
-stone or copper. It appears that the more advanced of the peoples,
-especially the nations living on the borders of the Great Lakes, were
-able to manufacture utensils of copper. In other parts of the country,
-the weapons and implements were made of flint and other varieties of
-stone, by chipping or polishing. The range of tools and implements was
-extensive, including axes, spear-heads, arrow-points, knives, chisels,
-hammers, rude millstones, and many varieties of earthen ware. Besides
-these, there were articles of ornamentation and personal use, such as
-pipes, bracelets, ear-rings, and beads. The common belief that the
-articles here referred to were the product of Indian workmanship is
-held by many antiquarians to be wholly erroneous. These antiquarians
-think that the Indians knew nothing more of the origin and production
-of such implements as the arrow-points, spear-heads, and stone axes
-than we know ourselves.
-
-[Illustration: Relics from the Mounds.]
-
-9. In many parts of Indiana the mounds of the ancient races are
-plentifully distributed. Almost every county has some relics of
-this kind within its borders. But the most interesting remains of
-the primitive races are those discovered in the ancient cemeteries
-scattered between Lake Michigan and the Tennessee River. In many places
-the aboriginal tombs still yield the relics of this people of whom we
-know so little. In recent years a burial ground near Bedford, Indiana,
-has been opened, from which have been taken primitive skulls and other
-parts of human skeletons, belonging possibly to some unknown race long
-preceding the Indians in our country.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Indians, or Red Men.=]
-
-10. With the Mound-builders, history can be but little concerned; but
-with the Red men, or Indians, who succeeded them, the white race was
-destined to have many relations of peace and war. On the first arrival
-of Europeans on the Atlantic coast, the country was found in possession
-of wild tribes living in the woods and on the river banks, in rude
-villages from which they went forth to hunt or to make war on other
-tribes. Their manners and customs were fixed by usage and law, and
-there was at least the beginning of civil government among them.
-
-11. To these tribes the name INDIAN was given from their supposed
-identity with the people of India. Columbus and his followers believed
-that they had reached the islands of the far East, and that the natives
-were of the same race as the inhabitants of the Indies. The mistake of
-the Spaniards was soon discovered; but the name Indian has ever since
-remained to designate the native tribes of the Western continent.
-
-12. The origin of the Indians is involved in obscurity. At what date
-or by what route they came to the New World is unknown. The notion
-that the Red men are the descendants of the Israelites is absurd. That
-Europeans or Africans, at some early period, crossed the Atlantic by
-sailing from island to island, seems improbable. That the people of
-Kamchatka came by way of Bering Strait into the northwestern parts of
-America, has little evidence to support it. Perhaps a more thorough
-knowledge of the Indian languages may yet throw some light on the
-origin of the race.
-
-13. The Indians belong to the Bow-and-Arrow family of men. To the Red
-man the chase was everything. Without the chase he languished and died.
-To smite the deer and the bear was his chief delight and profit. Such
-a race could live only in a country of woods and wild animals.
-
-14. The northern parts of America were inhabited by the ESQUIMOS. The
-name means _the eaters of raw meat_. They lived in snow huts or hovels.
-Their manner of life was that of fishermen and hunters. They clad
-themselves in winter with the skins of seals, and in summer with those
-of reindeer.
-
-[Sidenote: =Indian Tribes.=]
-
-15. The greater portion of the United States east of the Mississippi
-was peopled by the family of the ALGONQUINS. They were divided into
-many tribes, each having its local name and tradition. Agriculture was
-but little practiced by them. They roamed about from one hunting-ground
-and river to another. When the White men came, the Algonquin nations
-were already declining in numbers and influence. Only a few thousands
-now remain.
-
-16. Around the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario lived the
-HURON-IROQUOIS. At the time of their greatest power, they embraced no
-fewer than nine nations. The warriors of this confederacy presented the
-Indian character in its best aspect. They were brave, patriotic, and
-eloquent; faithful as friends, but terrible as enemies.
-
-17. South of the Algonquins were the CHEROKEES and the MOBILIAN
-NATIONS. The former were highly civilized for a primitive people. The
-principal tribes of the Mobilians were the Yamassees and Creeks of
-Georgia, the Seminoles of Florida, and the Choctaws and Chickasaws of
-Mississippi. These displayed the usual disposition and habits of the
-Red men.
-
-18. West of the Mississippi was the family of the DAKOTAS. South of
-these, in a district nearly corresponding with the State of Texas,
-lived the wild COMANCHES. Beyond the Rocky Mountains were the Indian
-nations of the Plains; the great families of the SHOSHONES, the SELISH,
-the KLAMATHS, and the CALIFORNIANS. On the Pacific slope, farther
-southward, dwelt in former times the civilized but feeble race of
-AZTECS.
-
-[Illustration: INDIAN LIFE]
-
-19. The Red men had a great passion for war. Their wars were undertaken
-for revenge rather than conquest. To forgive an injury was considered
-a shame. Revenge was the noblest of the virtues. The open battle of
-the field was unknown in Indian warfare. Fighting was limited to
-the ambuscade and the massacre. Quarter was rarely asked, and never
-granted.
-
-20. In times of peace the Indian character appeared to a better
-advantage. But the Red man was always unsocial and solitary. He sat by
-himself in the woods. The forest was better than a wigwam, and a wigwam
-better than a village. The Indian woman was a degraded creature--a mere
-drudge and beast of burden.
-
-[Sidenote: =Indian Characteristics.=]
-
-21. In the matter of the arts the Indian was a barbarian. His house was
-a hovel, built of poles set up in a circle, and covered with skins and
-the branches of trees. Household utensils were few and rude. Earthen
-pots, bags, and pouches for carrying provisions, and stone hammers for
-pounding corn, were the stock and store. His weapons of offense and
-defense were the hatchet and the bow and arrow. In times of war the Red
-man painted his face and body with all manner of glaring colors. The
-fine arts were wanting. Indian writing consisted of half-intelligible
-hieroglyphics scratched on the face of rocks or cut in the bark of
-trees.
-
-22. The Indian languages bear little resemblance to those of other
-races. The Red man's vocabulary was very limited. The principal
-objects of nature had special names, but abstract ideas could
-hardly be expressed. Indian words had a very intense meaning. There
-was, for instance, no word signifying to _hunt_ or to _fish_;
-but one word signified "to-kill-a-deer-with-an-arrow"; another,
-"to-take-fish-by-striking-the-ice." Among some of the tribes, the
-meaning of words was so restricted that the warrior would use one term
-and the squaw another to express the same idea.
-
-23. The Indians were generally serious in manners and behavior.
-Sometimes, however, they gave themselves up to merry-making and
-hilarity. The dance was universal--not the social dance of civilized
-nations, but the solemn dance of religion and of war. Gaming was much
-practiced among all the tribes. Other amusements were common, such as
-running, wrestling, shooting at a mark, and racing in canoes.
-
-24. In personal appearance the Indians were strongly marked. In stature
-they were below the average of Europeans. The Esquimos are rarely five
-feet high. The Algonquins are taller and lighter in build; straight and
-agile; lean and swift of foot. The eyes are jet-black and sunken; hair
-black and straight; skin copper-colored or brown; hands and feet small;
-body lithe, but not strong; expression sinister, or sometimes dignified
-and noble.
-
-25. The best hopes of the Indian race seem now to center in the
-Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickasaws of the Indian Territory.
-These nations have attained a considerable degree of civilization. Most
-of the other tribes are declining in numbers and influence. Whether
-the Indians have been justly deprived of the New World will remain a
-subject of debate. That they _have_ been deprived of it can not be
-questioned. The white races have taken possession of the vast domain.
-To the prairies and forests, the hunting-grounds of his fathers, the
-Red man says farewell.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART I.
-
-   1. What is meant by the Aborigines?
-
-   2. What evidences indicate an earlier race than the Indians?
-
-   3. What is known of the Mound-builders?
-
-   4. What are the most notable mounds?
-
-   5. Where are they located?
-
-   6. Describe the shapes of the mounds.
-
-   7. For what supposed purposes were they built?
-
-   8. What are sometimes found in the mounds?
-
-   9. Why were the native races of America called Indians?
-
-  10. What is said of the origin of these races?
-
-  11. To what family of men do the Indians belong?
-
-  12. Name the principal Indian nations in America.
-
-  13. What regions did the Algonquins inhabit?
-
-  14. Where did the Huron-Iroquois live?
-
-  15. What were the characteristics of this nation?
-
-  16. Where did the Cherokees and Mobilian nations live?
-
-  17. What were the principal tribes of the Mobilians?
-
-  18. What regions did the Dakotas inhabit?
-
-  19. Give the names of other Indian nations.
-
-  20. What regions did they inhabit?
-
-  21. What were the leading characteristics of the Indians?
-
-  22. What can you tell of the Indian languages?
-
-  23. Describe the personal appearance of the Indians.
-
-  24. What tribes of Indians are now the most civilized?
-
-  25. Give some account of the Esquimos.
-
-  26. What does the name Esquimo mean?
-
-
-
-
-PART II.
-
-VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.
-
-A. D. 986-1607.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER II.
-
-THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA.
-
-
-The western continent was first seen by white men in A. D. 986. A Norse
-navigator by the name of HERJULFSON, sailing from Iceland to Greenland,
-was caught in a storm and driven westward to Newfoundland or Labrador.
-Two or three times the shores were seen, but no landing was attempted.
-The coast was so different from the well-known cliffs of Greenland as
-to make it certain that another shore, hitherto unknown, was in sight.
-On reaching Greenland, Herjulfson and his companions told wonderful
-stories of the new land seen in the west.
-
-[Sidenote: =Leif, Son of Eric.=]
-
-2. Fourteen years later, the actual discovery of America was made by
-LEIF, a son of Eric. Resolving to know the truth about the country
-which Herjulfson had seen, he sailed westward from Greenland, and
-in the spring of the year 1001 reached Labrador. Landing with his
-companions, he made explorations for a considerable distance along the
-coast. The country was milder and more attractive than his own, and he
-was in no haste to return. Southward he went as far as Massachusetts,
-where the company remained for more than a year. Rhode Island was also
-visited; and it is alleged that the adventurers found their way into
-New York harbor.
-
-[Illustration: Norsemen in America.]
-
-3. In the years that followed Leif's discovery, other bands of Norsemen
-came to the shores of America. THORWALD, Leif's brother, made a
-voyage to Maine and Massachusetts in 1002, and is said to have died
-at Fall River in the latter State. Then another brother, THORSTEIN by
-name, arrived with a band of followers in 1005; and in the year 1007,
-THORFINN KARLSEFNE, the most distinguished mariner of his day, came
-with a crew of a hundred and fifty men, and made explorations along the
-coast of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and perhaps as far south as the
-capes of Virginia.
-
-[Sidenote: =Vinland.=]
-
-4. Other companies of Icelanders and Norwegians visited the countries
-farther north, and planted colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
-Little, however, was known or imagined by these rude sailors of the
-extent of the country which they had discovered. They supposed that
-it was only a portion of Western Greenland, which, bending to the
-north around an arm of the ocean, had reappeared in the west. Their
-settlements were feeble and were soon broken up. Commerce was an
-impossibility in a country where there were only a few wretched savages
-with no disposition to buy and nothing at all to sell. The spirit of
-adventure was soon appeased, and the restless Norsemen returned to
-their own country. To this undefined line of coast, now vaguely known
-to them, the Norse sailors gave the name of VINLAND.
-
-5. During the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries occasional
-voyages were made; and as late as A. D. 1347, a Norwegian ship visited
-Labrador and the northeastern parts of the United States. In 1350
-Greenland and Vinland were depopulated by a great plague which had
-spread thither from Norway. From that time forth communication with
-the New World ceased, and the history of the Northmen in America was
-at an end. The Norse remains, which have been found at Newport, at
-Fall River, and several other places, point clearly to the events here
-narrated; and the Icelandic historians give a consistent account of
-these early exploits of their countrymen. When the word _America_ is
-mentioned in the hearing of the schoolboys of Iceland, they will at
-once answer, with enthusiasm, "Oh, yes; Leif Ericsson discovered that
-country in the year 1001."
-
-6. An event is to be weighed by its consequences. From the discovery
-of America by the Norsemen, _nothing whatever resulted_. The world was
-neither wiser nor better. Among the Icelanders themselves the place and
-the very name of Vinland were forgotten. Europe never heard of such
-a country or such a discovery. Historians have until late years been
-incredulous on the subject, and the fact is as though it had never
-been. The curtain which had been lifted for a moment was stretched
-again from sky to sea, and the New World still lay hidden in the
-shadows.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER III.
-
-SPANISH DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Christopher Columbus.=]
-
-It was reserved for the people of a sunnier clime than Iceland first
-to make known to the European nations the existence of a Western
-continent. Spain was the happy country under whose patronage a new
-world was to be added to the old; but the man who was destined to make
-the revelation was not himself a Spaniard: he was to come from Italy,
-the land of valor and the home of greatness. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS was
-the name of that man whom after ages have rewarded with imperishable
-fame.
-
-2. The idea that the world is round was not original with Columbus.
-The English traveler, Sir John Mandeville, had declared in the first
-English book ever written (A. D. 1356) that the world is a sphere,
-and that it was practicable for a man to sail around the world and
-return to the place of starting. But Columbus was the first _practical_
-believer in the theory of circumnavigation.
-
-3. The great mistake with Columbus was not concerning the _figure_ of
-the earth, but in regard to its _size_. He believed the world to be no
-more than ten thousand or twelve thousand miles in circumference. He
-therefore confidently expected that, after sailing about three thousand
-miles to the westward, he should arrive at the East Indies.
-
-4. Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy, in A. D. 1435. He was
-carefully educated, and then devoted himself to the sea. For twenty
-years he traversed the parts of the Atlantic adjacent to Europe; he
-visited Iceland; then went to Portugal, and finally to Spain. He spent
-ten years in trying to explain to dull monarchs the figure of
-the earth and the ease with which the rich islands of the East might
-be reached by sailing westward. He found one appreciative listener,
-the noble and sympathetic Isabella, Queen of Castile. To the faith,
-insight, and decision of a _woman_ the final success of Columbus must
-be attributed.
-
-[Illustration: THE NEW WORLD. with routes OF DISCOVERERS.]
-
-[Illustration: SHIPS OF COLUMBUS]
-
-[Sidenote: =Discovery of America.=]
-
-5. On the morning of the 3d day of August, 1492, Columbus, with three
-ships, left the harbor of Palos. After seventy-one days of sailing, in
-the early dawn of October 12, Rodrigo Triana, a sailor on the _Pinta_,
-set up a shout of "_Land!_" A gun was fired as the signal. The ships
-lay to. Just at sunrise Columbus stepped ashore, set up the banner
-of Castile in the presence of the natives, and named the island San
-Salvador. During the three remaining months of this first voyage, the
-islands of Concepcion, Cuba, and San Domingo were added to the list
-of discoveries; and in the last-named island was erected a fort, the
-first structure built by Europeans in the New World. In January, 1493,
-Columbus sailed for Spain, where he arrived in March, and was greeted
-with rejoicings and applause.
-
-6. In the following autumn, Columbus sailed on his second voyage, which
-resulted in the discovery of the Windward group and the islands of
-Jamaica and Porto Rico. It was at this time, and in San Domingo, that
-the first colony was established. Columbus's brother was appointed
-governor. After an absence of nearly three years, Columbus returned
-to Spain. The rest of his life was clouded with persecutions and
-misfortunes.
-
-7. In 1498, during a third voyage, Columbus discovered the island of
-Trinidad and the mainland of South America. Thence he sailed back to
-San Domingo, where he found his colony disorganized; and here, while
-attempting to restore order, he was seized by an agent of the Spanish
-government, put in chains, and carried to Spain. After much disgraceful
-treatment, he was sent out on a fourth and last voyage, in search
-of the Indies; but the expedition accomplished little, and Columbus
-returned to his ungrateful country. The good Isabella was dead, and the
-great discoverer, a friendless and neglected old man, sank into the
-grave.
-
-8. Columbus was even robbed of the name of the new continent. In the
-year 1499, AMERIGO VESPUCCI, a Florentine navigator, reached the
-eastern coast of South America. Two years later he made a second
-voyage, and then gave to Europe the first published account of the
-Western World. In his narrative all reference to Columbus was omitted;
-and thus the name of Vespucci, rather than that of the true discoverer,
-was given to the New World.
-
-[Sidenote: Discovery of the Pacific.]
-
-9. The discovery of America produced great excitement in Europe.
-Within ten years after the death of Columbus, the principal islands
-of the West Indies were explored and colonized. In the year 1510 the
-Spaniards planted on the Isthmus of Darien their first continental
-colony. Three years later, DE BALBOA, the governor of the colony,
-crossed the isthmus, and from an eminence looked down upon the Pacific.
-Not satisfied with merely seeing the great water, he waded in a short
-distance, and, drawing his sword, took possession of the ocean in the
-name of the king of Spain.
-
-[Sidenote: Florida.]
-
-10. Meanwhile, PONCE DE LEON, who had been a companion of Columbus,
-fitted out an expedition of discovery. He had grown rich as governor
-of Porto Rico, and had also grown old. But there was a Fountain of
-Perpetual Youth somewhere in the Bahamas--so said a tradition in
-Spain--and in that fountain the old soldier would bathe and be young
-again. So in the year 1512 he set sail from Porto Rico; and on Easter
-Sunday came in sight of an unknown shore. There were waving forests,
-green leaves, and birds of song. In honor of the day, called _Pascua
-Florida_, he named the new shore FLORIDA--the Land of Flowers.
-
-11. A landing was made near where St. Augustine was afterwards founded.
-The country was claimed for the king of Spain, and the search was
-continued for the Fountain of Youth. The adventurer turned southward,
-discovered the Tortugas, and then sailed back to Porto Rico, no younger
-than when he started.
-
-12. The king of Spain gave Ponce the governorship of his Land of
-Flowers, and sent him thither to establish a colony. He reached his
-province in the year 1521, and found the Indians hostile. Scarcely had
-he landed when they fell upon him in battle; many of the Spaniards were
-killed, and the rest had to fly to the ships for safety. Ponce de Leon
-himself was wounded, and carried back to Cuba to die.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IV.
-
-SPANISH DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA.--(CONTINUED.)
-
-
-The year 1517 was marked by the discovery of Yucatan by FERNANDEZ DE
-CORDOVA. While exploring the northern coast of the country, he was
-attacked by the natives, and mortally wounded. During the next year the
-coast of Mexico was explored for a great distance by GRIJALVA, assisted
-by Cordova's pilot. In the year 1519 FERNANDO CORTEZ landed with his
-fleet at Tabasco, and, in two years, conquered the Aztec empire of
-Mexico.
-
-[Sidenote: Circumnavigation of the Globe.]
-
-2. Among the daring enterprises at the beginning of the sixteenth
-century was that of FERDINAND MAGELLAN. A Portuguese by birth, this
-bold man determined to discover a southwest passage to Asia. He
-appealed to the king of Portugal for ships and men; but the monarch
-gave no encouragement. Magellan then went to Spain, and laid his plans
-before Charles V., who ordered a fleet of five ships to be fitted out
-at the public expense.
-
-3. The voyage was begun from Seville in August of 1519. Magellan soon
-reached the shores of South America, and passed the winter on the coast
-of Brazil. Renewing his voyage southward, he came to that strait which
-still bears his name, and passing through, found himself in the open
-and boundless ocean which he called the PACIFIC.
-
-4. Magellan held on his course for nearly four months, suffering much
-for water and provisions. In March of 1520 he came to the islands
-called the Ladrones. Afterwards he reached the Philippine group, where
-he was killed in battle with the natives. But a new captain was chosen,
-and the voyage was continued to the Moluccas. Only a single ship
-remained; but in this vessel the crews embarked, and, returning by way
-of the Cape of Good Hope, arrived in Spain in September, 1522. The
-first circumnavigation of the globe had been accomplished.
-
-5. The next important voyage to America was in the year 1520. DE
-AYLLON, a judge in St. Domingo, and six other wealthy men, determined
-to stock their plantations with slaves, by kidnapping natives from the
-Bahamas. Two vessels reached the coast of South Carolina. The name of
-Chicora was given to the country, and the River Combahee was called the
-Jordan. The natives made presents to the strangers and treated them
-with great cordiality. They flocked on board the ships; and when the
-decks were crowded De Ayllon weighed anchor and sailed away. A few days
-afterwards a storm wrecked one of the ships; while most of the poor
-wretches who were in the other ship died of suffocation.
-
-[Sidenote: Expedition of De Narvaez.]
-
-6. In 1526 Charles V. appointed DE NARVAEZ governor of Florida. His
-territory extended from Cape Sable three fifths of the way around
-the Gulf of Mexico. De Narvaez arrived at Tampa Bay with two hundred
-and sixty soldiers and forty horsemen. The natives treated them with
-suspicion, and holding up their gold trinkets, pointed to the north.
-The Spaniards, whose imaginations were fired with the sight of the
-precious metal, struck into the forests, expecting to find cities and
-empires, and found instead swamps and savages. They finally came to
-Appalachee, a squalid village of forty cabins.
-
-7. Oppressed with fatigue and hunger, they wandered on, until
-they reached the harbor of St. Mark's. Here they constructed some
-brigantines, and put to sea in hope of reaching Mexico. After
-shipwrecks and almost endless wanderings, four men only of all the
-company, under the leadership of the heroic De Vaca, reached the
-village of San Miguel, on the Pacific coast, and were conducted to the
-city of Mexico.
-
-[Sidenote: De Soto's Expedition.]
-
-8. In the year 1537 FERDINAND DE SOTO was appointed governor of Cuba
-and Florida, with the privilege of exploring and conquering the latter
-country. He selected six hundred of the most gallant and daring young
-Spaniards, and great preparations were made for the conquest. Arms and
-stores were provided; shackles were wrought for the slaves; tools for
-the forge and workshop were supplied; twelve priests were chosen to
-conduct religious ceremonies; and a herd of swine was driven on board
-to fatten on the maize and mast of the country.
-
-9. The fleet first touched at Havana, where De Soto left his wife
-to govern Cuba during his absence. After a voyage of two weeks, the
-ships cast anchor in Tampa Bay. Some of the Cubans who had joined the
-expedition were terrified and sailed back to the security of home;
-but De Soto and his cavaliers began their march into the interior. In
-October of 1539 they arrived at the country of the Appalachians, where
-they spent the winter. For four months they remained in this locality,
-sending out exploring parties in various directions. One of these
-companies reached Pensacola, and made arrangements that supplies should
-be sent out from Cuba to that place in the following summer.
-
-10. In the early spring the Spaniards continued their march to the
-north and east. An Indian guide told them of a populous empire in that
-direction; a woman was empress, and the land was full of gold. De Soto
-and the freebooters pressed on through the swamps and woods, and in
-April, 1540, came upon the Ogeechee River. Here the Indian guide went
-mad, and lost the whole company in the forest. By the 1st of May they
-reached South Carolina, near where De Ayllon had lost his ships.
-
-11. From this place the wanderers passed across Northern Georgia
-from the Chattahoochee to the Coosa; thence down that river to Lower
-Alabama. Here they came upon the Indian town of Mauville, or Mobile,
-where a battle was fought with the natives. The town was set on fire,
-and two thousand five hundred of the Indians were killed or burned to
-death. Eighteen of De Soto's men were killed and a hundred and fifty
-wounded. The Spaniards also lost most of their horses and baggage.
-
-[Illustration: De Soto Reaches the Mississippi.]
-
-12. De Soto and his men next turned to the north, and by the middle
-of December reached the country of the Chickasaws. They crossed the
-Yazoo, and found an Indian village, which promised them shelter for the
-winter. Here, in February, 1541, they were attacked by the Indians, who
-set the town on fire, but Spanish weapons and discipline again saved De
-Soto and his men.
-
-[Sidenote: Discovery of the Mississippi.]
-
-13. The Spaniards next set out to journey farther westward, and the
-guides brought them to the Mississippi. The point where the Father
-of Waters was first seen by White men was a little north of the
-thirty-fourth parallel of latitude; the day of the discovery can not
-certainly be known. The Indians came down the river in a fleet of
-canoes, and offered to carry the Spaniards over; but a crossing was not
-effected until the latter part of May.
-
-14. De Soto's men now found themselves in the land of the Dakotas. The
-natives at one place were going to worship the Spaniards, but De Soto
-would not permit such idolatry. They continued their march to the St.
-Francis River; thence westward for about two hundred miles; thence
-southward to the tributaries of the Washita River. On the banks of this
-stream they passed the winter of 1541-42.
-
-[Sidenote: Death of De Soto.]
-
-15. De Soto now turned toward the sea, and came upon the Mississippi in
-the neighborhood of Natchez. His spirit was completely broken. A fever
-seized upon his emaciated frame, and death shortly ensued. The priests
-chanted a requiem, and in the middle of the night his companions put
-his body into a rustic coffin and sunk it in the Mississippi.
-
-16. Before his death, De Soto had named Moscoso as his successor.
-Under his leadership, the half-starved adventurers next crossed the
-country to the upper waters of the Red River, and then ranged the
-hunting-grounds of the Pawnees and the Comanches. In December of 1542
-they came again to the Mississippi, where they built seven boats,
-and on the 2d of July, 1543, set sail for the sea. The distance was
-almost five hundred miles, and seventeen days were required to make the
-descent. On reaching the Gulf of Mexico, they steered to the southwest,
-and finally reached the settlement at the mouth of the River of Palms.
-
-17. The next attempt to colonize Florida was in the year 1565. The
-enterprise was intrusted to PEDRO MENENDEZ, a Spanish soldier. He was
-commissioned by Philip II. to plant in some favorable district of
-Florida a colony of not less than five hundred persons, and was to
-receive two hundred and twenty-five square miles of land adjacent to
-the settlement. Twenty-five hundred persons joined the expedition.
-
-[Illustration: Pedro Menendez.]
-
-18. The real object of Menendez was to destroy a colony of French
-Protestants, called Huguenots, who had made a settlement near the
-mouth of the St. John's River. This was within the limits of the
-territory claimed by Spain. The Catholic party of the French court
-had communicated with the Spanish court as to the whereabouts and
-intentions of the Huguenots, so that Menendez knew where to find and
-how to destroy them.
-
-[Sidenote: Founding of St. Augustine.]
-
-19. It was St. Augustine's day when the Spaniards came in sight of the
-shore, and the harbor and river which enters it were named in honor
-of the saint. On the 8th day of September, Philip II. was proclaimed
-monarch of North America; a solemn mass was said by the priests; and
-the foundations of the oldest town in the United States were laid. This
-was seventeen years before the founding of Santa Fé, and forty-two
-years before the settlement at Jamestown.
-
-20. Menendez soon turned his attention to the Huguenots. He collected
-his forces at St. Augustine, stole through the woods, and falling on
-the defenseless colony, utterly destroyed it. Men, women, and children
-were alike given up to butchery. Two hundred were massacred. A few
-escaped into the forest, Laudonniere, the Huguenot leader, among the
-number, and were picked up by two French ships.
-
-21. The crews of the vessels were the next object of vengeance.
-Menendez discovered them, and deceiving them with treacherous promises,
-induced them to surrender. As they approached the Spanish fort a signal
-was given, and seven hundred defenceless victims were slain. Only a few
-mechanics and Catholic servants were left alive.
-
-22. The Spaniards had now explored the coast from the Isthmus of Darien
-to Port Royal in South Carolina. They were acquainted with the country
-west of the Mississippi as far north as New Mexico and Missouri, and
-east of that river they had traversed the Gulf States as far as the
-mountain ranges of Tennessee and North Carolina. With the establishment
-of their first permanent colony on the coast of Florida, the period of
-Spanish voyage and discovery may be said to end.
-
-[Sidenote: Portuguese Explorations.]
-
-23. A brief account of the only important voyages of the Portuguese to
-America will here be given. In 1495, John II., king of Portugal, was
-succeeded by his cousin Manuel, who, in order to secure some of the
-benefits which yet remained to discoverers, fitted out two vessels, and
-in the summer of 1501 sent GASPAR CORTEREAL to make a voyage to America.
-
-24. The Portuguese ships reached Maine in July, and explored the coast
-for nearly seven hundred miles. Little attention was paid by Cortereal
-to the great forests of pine which stood along the shore, promising
-ship-yards and cities. He satisfied his rapacity by kidnapping fifty
-Indians, whom, on his return to Portugal, he sold as slaves. A new
-voyage was then undertaken, with the purpose of capturing another cargo
-of natives; but a year went by, and no tidings arrived from the fleet.
-The brother of the Portuguese captain sailed in hope of finding the
-missing vessels. He also was lost, but in what manner is not known. The
-fate of the Cortereals and their slave-ships has remained a mystery of
-the sea.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER V.
-
-THE FRENCH IN AMERICA.
-
-
-[Sidenote: Early French Explorations.]
-
-France was not slow to profit by the discoveries of Columbus. As early
-as 1504 the fishermen of Normandy and Brittany reached the banks
-of Newfoundland. A map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence was drawn by a
-Frenchman in the year 1506. Two years later some Indians were taken to
-France; and in 1518 the attention of Francis I. was turned to the New
-World. In 1523 JOHN VERRAZANO, of Florence, was commissioned to conduct
-an expedition for the discovery of a northwest passage to the East
-Indies.
-
-2. In January, 1524, Verrazano left the shores of Europe, with a single
-ship, called the _Dolphin_. After fifty days he discovered the mainland
-in the latitude of Wilmington. He sailed southward and northward along
-the coast and began a traffic with the natives. The Indians were found
-to be a timid race, unsuspicious and confiding. A half-drowned sailor,
-washed ashore by the surf, was treated with kindness, and permitted to
-return to the ship.
-
-3. The voyage was continued toward the north. The coast of New Jersey
-was explored, and the hills marked as containing minerals. The harbor
-of New York was entered, and at Newport Verrazano anchored for fifteen
-days. Here the French sailors repaid the confidence of the natives by
-kidnapping a child and attempting to steal an Indian girl.
-
-4. From Newport, Verrazano continued his explorations northward. The
-long line of the New England coast was traced with care. The Indians
-of the north would buy no toys, but were eager to purchase knives
-and weapons of iron. In the latter part of May, Verrazano reached
-Newfoundland. In July he returned to France and published an account of
-his great discoveries. The name of NEW FRANCE was given to the country.
-
-[Sidenote: Cartier on the St. Lawrence.]
-
-5. In 1534, JAMES CARTIER, a seaman of St. Malo, made a voyage to
-America. His two ships, after twenty days of sailing, anchored on the
-10th day of May off the coast of Newfoundland. Cartier circumnavigated
-the island, crossed the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and ascended the estuary
-until the narrowing banks made him aware that he was in the mouth of a
-river. Cartier, thinking it impracticable to pass the winter in the New
-World, set sail for France, and in thirty days reached St. Malo.
-
-[Sidenote: Island of Montreal.]
-
-6. Another voyage was planned immediately. Three ships were provided; a
-number of young noblemen joined the expedition, and on the 19th of May
-the voyage was begun. The passage to Newfoundland was made by the 10th
-of August. It was the day of St. Lawrence, and the name of that martyr
-was given to the gulf and to the stream which enters it from the west.
-The expedition proceeded to the island of Orleans, where the ships
-were moored. Two Indians, whom Cartier had taken with him to France,
-gave information that there was an important town higher up the river.
-Proceeding thither, the French captain found a village at the foot of
-a high hill in the middle of an island. Cartier named the island and
-town Mont Real, and the country was declared to belong to the king of
-France. During this winter twenty-five of Cartier's men were swept off
-by the scurvy.
-
-7. With the opening of spring, a cross was planted on the shore, and
-the homeward voyage began. The good king of the Hurons was decoyed on
-board and carried off to die. On the 6th of July the fleet reached St.
-Malo; but the accounts which Cartier published greatly discouraged the
-French; for neither silver nor gold had been found in New France.
-
-8. FRANCIS OF ROBERVAL was next commissioned by the court of France to
-plant a colony on the St. Lawrence. The man who was chiefly relied on
-to give character to the proposed colony was James Cartier. His name
-was accordingly added to the list, and he was honored with the office
-of chief pilot and captain-general.
-
-9. It was difficult to find material for the colony. The French
-peasants were not eager to embark, and the work of enlisting volunteers
-went on slowly, until the government opened the prisons of the kingdom,
-giving freedom to whoever would join the expedition. There was a rush
-of robbers and swindlers, and the lists were immediately filled. Only
-counterfeiters and traitors were denied the privilege of gaining their
-liberty in the New World.
-
-[Sidenote: Fort on the site of Quebec.]
-
-10. In May of 1541, five ships, under command of Cartier, left France,
-reached the St. Lawrence, and ascended the river to the site of Quebec,
-where a fort was erected and named Charlesbourg. Here the colonists
-passed the winter. Cartier soon sailed away with his part of the
-squadron, and returned to Europe. Roberval was left in New France with
-three shiploads of criminals who could be restrained only by whipping
-and hanging. The winter was long and severe, and spring was welcomed
-for the opportunity which it gave of returning to France.
-
-11. About the middle of the sixteenth century Admiral Coligny, of
-France, formed the design of establishing in America a refuge for the
-Huguenots of his own country. In 1562 JOHN RIBAULT, of Dieppe, was
-selected to lead the Huguenots to the land of promise. In February the
-colony reached the coast of Florida near the site of St. Augustine. The
-River St. John's was entered and named the River of May. The vessel
-then sailed to the entrance of Port Royal; here it was determined
-to make the settlement. The colonists were landed on an island, and
-a stone was set up to mark the place. A fort was erected and named
-CAROLINA. In this fort Ribault left twenty-six men, and then sailed
-back to France. In the following spring the men in the fort mutinied
-and killed their leader. Then they built a rude brig and put to sea.
-They were at last picked up by an English ship and carried to France.
-
-[Sidenote: French in Florida.]
-
-12. Two years later another colony was planned, and LAUDONNIERE
-chosen leader. The character, however, of this second Protestant
-company was very bad. A point on the River St. John's was selected for
-the settlement. A fort was built here, but a part of the colonists
-contrived to get away with two of the ships. The rest of the settlers
-were on the eve of departure when Ribault arrived with supplies and
-restored order. It was at this time that Menendez discovered the
-Huguenots and murdered them.
-
-13. But DOMINIC DE GOURGUES, of Gascony, visited the Spaniards with
-signal vengeance. This man fitted out three ships, and with only fifty
-seamen arrived on the coast of Florida. He surprised three Spanish
-forts on the St. John's, and made prisoners of the inmates. Unable to
-hold his position, he hanged the leading captives to the trees, and put
-up this inscription to explain what he had done: "Not as Spaniards, but
-as murderers."
-
-14. In the year 1598 the MARQUIS OF LA ROCHE was commissioned to found
-a colony in the New World. The prisons of France were again opened
-to furnish the emigrants. The vessels reached Sable Island, a dismal
-place off Nova Scotia, where forty men were left to form a settlement.
-La Roche returned to France and died, and for seven years the forty
-criminals languished on Sable Island. Then they were picked up and
-carried back to France, but were never remanded to prison.
-
-[Sidenote: Founding of Port Royal.]
-
-15. In the year 1603 the country, from the latitude of Philadelphia
-to that of Quebec, was granted to DE MONTS. The chief provisions of
-his patent were a monopoly of the fur-trade, and religious freedom for
-the Huguenots. With two shiploads of colonists De Monts left France in
-March of 1604, and reached the Bay of Fundy. Poutrincourt, the captain
-of one of the ships, asked and obtained a grant of some beautiful
-lands in Nova Scotia, and with a part of the crew went on shore. De
-Monts began to build a fort at the mouth of the St. Croix. But in the
-following spring they abandoned this place and joined Poutrincourt.
-Here, on the 14th of November, 1605, the foundations of _the first
-permanent French settlement in America were laid_. The name of Port
-Royal was given to the fort, and the country was called ACADIA.
-
-[Illustration: Samuel Champlain.]
-
-16. In 1603 SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN, the most soldierly man of his times, was
-commissioned by Rouen merchants to establish a trading-post on the St.
-Lawrence. The traders saw that a traffic in furs was a surer road to
-riches than the search for gold and diamonds. Champlain crossed the
-ocean, sailed up the river, and selected the spot on which Quebec now
-stands as the site for a fort. In the autumn he returned to France.
-
-[Sidenote: Founding of Quebec.]
-
-17. In 1608 Champlain again visited America, and on the 3d of July in
-that year the foundations of Quebec were laid. The next year he and two
-other Frenchmen joined a company of Huron and Algonquin Indians who
-were at war with the Iroquois of New York. With this band he ascended
-the Sorel River until he came to the long, narrow lake, which has ever
-since borne the name of its discoverer.
-
-18. In 1612 Champlain came to New France for the third time, and the
-success of the colony at Quebec was assured. Franciscan monks came
-over and began to preach among the Indians. Champlain again went with
-a war-party against the Iroquois. His company was defeated, he himself
-wounded and obliged to remain all winter among the Hurons. In 1617 he
-returned to the colony, and in 1620 began to build the fortress of St.
-Louis. Champlain became governor of New France, and died in 1635. To
-him, more than to any other man, the success of the French colonies in
-North America must be attributed.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VI.
-
-ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS.
-
-
-[Sidenote: John Cabot's Discoveries.]
-
-On the 5th of May, 1496, Henry VII., king of England, commissioned
-JOHN CABOT, of Venice, to make discoveries in the Atlantic and Indian
-Oceans, and to take possession of all countries which he might
-discover. Cabot was a brave, adventurous man, who had been a sailor
-from his boyhood, and was now a wealthy merchant of Bristol. Five ships
-were fitted out, and in April, 1497, the fleet left Bristol. On the
-morning of the 24th of June, the gloomy shore of Labrador was seen.
-_This was the real discovery of the American continent._ Fourteen
-months elapsed before Columbus reached the coast of Guiana, and more
-than two years before Vespucci saw the main land of South America.
-
-2. Cabot explored the coast of the country for several hundred miles.
-He supposed that the land was a part of the dominions of the Khan
-of Tartary; but finding no inhabitants, he went on shore and took
-possession in the name of the English king. No man forgets his native
-land; by the side of the flag of his adopted country Cabot set up the
-banner of the _republic_ of Venice--emblem of _another republic_ which
-should one day rule from sea to sea.
-
-3. As soon as he had satisfied himself of the extent of the country,
-Cabot sailed for England. On the voyage he twice saw the coast of
-Newfoundland. After an absence of three months he reached Bristol, and
-was greeted with enthusiasm. The town had holiday, and the people were
-wild about the great discovery. The king gave him money; new ships were
-fitted out, and a new commission was signed in February, 1498. But
-after the date of this patent the name of John Cabot disappears from
-history.
-
-[Illustration: Sebastian Cabot.]
-
-[Sidenote: Sebastian Cabot.]
-
-4. Sebastian, son of John Cabot, inherited his father's genius. He had
-already been to the New World on the first voyage, and now he took up
-his father's work with all the fervor of youth. The very fleet which
-had been equipped for John Cabot was intrusted to Sebastian. The object
-in view was the discovery of a northwest passage to the Indies.
-
-5. The voyage was made in the spring of 1498. Far to the north the
-icebergs compelled Sebastian to change his course. It was July, and the
-sun scarcely set at midnight. Seals were seen, and the ships plowed
-through such shoals of codfish as had never before been heard of.
-Labrador was again seen. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine were
-next explored. The whole coast of New England and of the Middle States
-was now, for the first time since the days of the Norsemen, traced by
-Europeans. Nor did Cabot desist from this work, which was bestowing
-the title of discovery on the crown of England, until he reached Cape
-Hatteras.
-
-6. The future career of Cabot was a strange one. Henry VII. was slow
-to reward the discoverer. When that monarch died, the king of Spain
-enticed Cabot away from England and made him pilot-major of the Spanish
-navy. He lived to be very old, but the place and circumstances of his
-death are unknown.
-
-7. The year 1498 is the most marked in the whole history of discovery.
-In the month of May, VASCO DA GAMA, of Portugal, doubled the Cape of
-Good Hope and succeeded in reaching Hindostan. During the summer, the
-younger Cabot traced the eastern coast of North America through more
-than twenty degrees of latitude. In August, Columbus himself reached
-the mouth of the Orinoco. Of the three great discoveries, that of Cabot
-has proved to be by far the most important.
-
-8. In 1493 Pope Alexander drew an imaginary line three hundred miles
-west of the Azores, and gave all countries west of that line to Spain.
-Henry VII. was a Catholic and did not care to have a conflict with his
-Church by claiming the New World. Henry VIII. adopted the same policy,
-and it was not until after the Reformation in England that the decision
-of the pope was disregarded.
-
-9. During the reign of Edward VI. the spirit of adventure was again
-aroused. In 1548 the old admiral Sebastian Cabot quitted Seville and
-once more sailed under the English flag. In the reign of Queen Mary the
-power of England on the sea was not materially extended, but with the
-accession of Elizabeth a new impulse was given to voyage and adventure.
-
-[Sidenote: The Northwest Passage.]
-
-10. MARTIN FROBISHER began anew the work of discovery. Three small
-vessels were fitted out to sail in search of a northwest passage to
-Asia. One ship was lost on the voyage, another returned to England, but
-the third sailed on as far north as Hudson Strait. A large island lying
-northward was named Meta Incognita. Frobisher entered the strait which
-has ever since borne his name, and then sailed for England, carrying
-with him an Esquimo and a stone said to contain gold.
-
-11. London was greatly excited. In May, 1577, a new fleet departed for
-Meta Incognita to gather the precious metal. But the vessels did not
-sail as far as Frobisher had done on a previous voyage. The mariners
-sought the first opportunity to get out of these dangerous seas and
-return to England.
-
-12. The English gold-hunters were not yet satisfied. Fifteen new
-vessels were fitted out, and in 1578 a third voyage was begun. Three
-of the ships, loaded with emigrants, were to remain in the promised
-land. The vessels, struggling through the icebergs, finally reached
-Meta Incognita and took on cargoes of _dirt_. With several tons of the
-supposed ore under the hatches, the ships set sail for home. The El
-Dorado of the Esquimos had proved a failure.
-
-13. In 1577 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, following Magellan, became a terror
-to the Spanish vessels in the Pacific. He hoped to find a northwest
-passage, and thence sail eastward around the continent. He proceeded
-northward as far as Oregon, when his sailors began to shiver with the
-cold, and the enterprise was given up. Drake passed the winter of
-1579-80 in a harbor on the coast of Mexico.
-
-[Illustration: Sir Walter Raleigh.]
-
-[Sidenote: Plans for Colonization.]
-
-14. SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT was perhaps the first to form a rational plan
-of colonization in America. His idea was to plant an agricultural and
-commercial state. Assisted by his illustrious half-brother, WALTER
-RALEIGH, Gilbert prepared five vessels, and in June of 1583 sailed for
-the west. In August Gilbert reached Newfoundland, and took possession
-of the country. Soon the sailors discovered some scales of mica, and
-went to digging the supposed silver, while others attacked the Spanish
-fishing-ships in the neighboring harbors.
-
-15. One of Gilbert's vessels became worthless, and was abandoned. With
-the rest he sailed toward the south. Off the coast of Massachusetts the
-largest of the ships was wrecked, and a hundred sailors were drowned.
-Gilbert determined to return to England. The weather was stormy, and
-the two ships now remaining were unfit for the sea. The captain
-remained in the weaker vessel, called the _Squirrel_. As the ships were
-struggling through the sea at midnight, the _Squirrel_ was suddenly
-engulfed; not a man of the crew was saved. The other vessel finally
-reached Falmouth in safety.
-
-16. The project of colonization was renewed by Raleigh. In the spring
-of 1584 he obtained a new patent for a tract in America extending from
-the thirty-third to the fortieth parallel of latitude. This territory
-was to be peopled and organized into a state. Two ships were fitted
-out, and the command given to Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow.
-
-[Sidenote: Virginia.]
-
-17. In July the vessels reached Carolina. The woods were full of beauty
-and song. The natives were generous and hospitable. The shores of
-Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds were explored, and a landing effected on
-Roanoke Island, where the English were entertained by the Indian queen.
-But after a stay of two months Amidas and Barlow returned to England,
-praising the beauties of the new land. Queen Elizabeth gave to her
-delightful country in the New World the name of VIRGINIA, for she was
-called the Virgin Queen.
-
-[Sidenote: Colony at Roanoke.]
-
-18. In December, 1584, Sir Walter fitted out a second expedition, and
-appointed Ralph Lane governor of the colony. Sir Richard Grenville
-commanded the fleet, and a company, partly composed of young nobles,
-made up the crew. The fleet of seven vessels reached Roanoke on the
-26th of June.
-
-Here Lane was left with a hundred and ten of the immigrants to form a
-settlement. But hostilities soon broke out between the English and the
-Indians; and when Sir Francis Drake came with a fleet, the colonists
-prevailed on him to carry them back to England.
-
-19. Soon Sir Richard Grenville came to Roanoke with three well-laden
-ships, and made a fruitless search for the colonists. Not to lose
-possession of the country, he left fifteen men on the island, and
-set sail for home. Another colony was easily made up, and in July the
-emigrants arrived in Carolina. A search for the fifteen men who had
-been left on Roanoke revealed the fact, that the natives had murdered
-them. Nevertheless, the northern extremity of the island was chosen as
-the site for a city.
-
-20. Disaster attended the enterprise. The Indians were hostile, and the
-fear of starvation soon compelled Governor White to return to England
-for supplies. The 18th of August was the birthday of Virginia Dare, the
-first-born of English children in the New World. Raleigh returned in
-1590 to search for the unfortunate colonists. No soul remained to tell
-their story. Sir Walter, after spending two hundred thousand dollars,
-gave up the enterprise, and assigned his rights to an association of
-London merchants.
-
-[Sidenote: English Explorations in the North.]
-
-21. The next English expedition was that of BARTHOLOMEW GOSNOLD in
-1602. Thus far all the voyages to America had been by way of the Canary
-Islands and the West Indies. Abandoning this path, Gosnold, in a small
-vessel called the _Concord_, sailed directly across the Atlantic, and
-in seven weeks reached Maine. He explored the coast and went on shore
-at Cape Cod. It was the first landing of Englishmen within the limits
-of New England. He loaded the _Concord_ with sassafras root, and
-reached home in safety.
-
-22. Another expedition to America was soon planned, with MARTIN PRING
-for commander. In April, 1603, his vessels came safely to Penobscot
-Bay, and spent some time in exploring the harbors of Maine. He loaded
-his vessels with sassafras at Martha's Vineyard, and returned to
-England, after an absence of six months.
-
-23. Two years later, GEORGE WAYMOUTH made a voyage to America. He
-reached the coast of Maine, and explored a harbor. Trade was opened
-with the Indians, some of whom returned with Waymouth to England. This
-was the last English expedition before the actual establishment of a
-colony in America.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VII.
-
-ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS.--(CONTINUED.)
-
-
-On the 10th of April, 1606, King James I. issued two patents to men of
-his kingdom, authorizing them to colonize all that portion of North
-America lying between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth parallels of
-latitude. The immense tract extended from the mouth of Cape Fear River
-to Passamaquoddy Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean.
-
-2. The first patent was to an association of nobles, gentlemen and
-merchants called the LONDON COMPANY; and the second to a similar body
-bearing the name of the PLYMOUTH COMPANY. To the former corporation
-was given the region between the thirty-fourth and the thirty-eighth
-degrees of latitude, and to the latter the tract from the forty-first
-to the forty-fifth degree. The belt of three degrees between the
-thirty-eighth and forty-first parallels was to be open to colonies of
-either company, but no settlement of one party was to be made within
-less than a hundred miles of the nearest settlement of the other.
-
-[Sidenote: The London Company.]
-
-3. The leading man in the London Company was Bartholomew Gosnold. His
-principal associates were Edward Wingfield, a rich merchant, Robert
-Hunt, a clergyman, and John Smith, an adventurer. The affairs of the
-company were to be administered by a Superior Council in England, and
-an Inferior Council in the colony. All legislative authority was vested
-in the king. A provision in the patent required the colony to hold all
-property in common for five years. The best law of the charter allowed
-the emigrants to retain in the New World all the rights of Englishmen.
-
-[Sidenote: The Plymouth Company.]
-
-4. In 1606 the Plymouth Company sent two ships to America, and in the
-summer of 1607 dispatched a colony of one hundred persons. A settlement
-was begun at the mouth of the Kennebec. The ships returned to England,
-leaving a colony of forty-five persons; but in the winter of 1607-8,
-some of the settlers were starved and some frozen; the storehouse was
-burned, and the remnant escaped to England.
-
-[Illustration: The First English Settlements.]
-
-[Sidenote: Settlement of Jamestown.]
-
-5. The London Company had better fortune. A fleet of three vessels was
-fitted out under command of Christopher Newport. In December the ships,
-having on board a hundred and five colonists, among whom were Wingfield
-and Smith, left England. Entering Chesapeake Bay, the vessels came to
-the mouth of a beautiful river, which was named in honor of King James.
-Proceeding up stream about fifty miles, Newport found on the northern
-bank a peninsula noted for its beauty; the ships were moored and the
-emigrants went on shore. Here, on the 13th of May (Old Style), 1607,
-were laid the foundations of Jamestown, _the oldest English settlement
-in America_.
-
-[Sidenote: New England Named.]
-
-6. Meanwhile Captain John Smith, in 1609, left Jamestown and returned
-to England. There he formed a partnership with four wealthy merchants
-of London to trade in furs and establish a colony within the limits of
-the Plymouth grant. Two ships were freighted with goods and put under
-Smith's command. The summer of 1614 was spent on the coast of Maine,
-where a traffic was carried on with the Indians. But Smith himself
-explored the country, and drew a map of the whole coast from the
-Penobscot to Cape Cod. In this map, the country was called NEW ENGLAND.
-
-7. In 1615 a small colony of sixteen persons, led by Smith, was sent
-out in a single ship. When nearing the American coast, they encountered
-a storm and were obliged to return to England. The leader renewed the
-enterprise, and raised another company. Part of his crew mutinied in
-mid-ocean. His own ship was captured by a band of French pirates,
-and himself imprisoned. But he escaped and made his way to London.
-The years 1617-18 were spent in making plans of colonization, until
-finally the Plymouth Company was superseded by a new corporation
-called the COUNCIL OF PLYMOUTH. On this body were conferred almost
-unlimited powers and privileges. All that part of America lying between
-the fortieth and the forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, and
-extending from ocean to ocean, was given to forty men.
-
-8. John Smith was now appointed admiral of New England. The king
-issued a proclamation enforcing the charter, and everything gave
-promise of the early settlement of America. Meanwhile the time had come
-when, without the knowledge or consent of James I. or the Council of
-Plymouth, a permanent settlement should be made on the shores of New
-England.
-
-[Sidenote: The Puritans.]
-
-9. About the close of the sixteenth century, a number of poor Puritans
-in the north of England joined together for free religious worship.
-They believed that every man has a right to know the truth of the
-Scriptures for himself. Such a doctrine was repugnant to the Church of
-England. Queen Elizabeth declared such teaching to be subversive of
-the monarchy. King James was also intolerant; and violent persecutions
-broke out against the sect.
-
-10. Many of the Puritans went into exile in Holland. They took the name
-of PILGRIMS, and grew content to have no home or resting-place. But
-they did not forget their native land. They pined with unrest, and were
-anxious to do something to convince King James of their patriotism.
-
-11. In 1617 the Puritans began to meditate a removal to the New World.
-John Carver and Robert Cushman were dispatched to England to ask
-permission to settle in America. The agents of the Council of Plymouth
-favored the request, but the king refused. The most that he would do
-was to make a promise _to let the Pilgrims alone in America_.
-
-[Sidenote: The Mayflower.]
-
-12. The Puritans were not discouraged. The _Speedwell_, a small
-vessel, was purchased at Amsterdam, and the _Mayflower_, a larger
-ship, was hired for the voyage. The former was to carry the emigrants
-to Southampton, where they were to be joined by the _Mayflower_ from
-London. Assembling at the harbor of Delft, as many of the Pilgrims
-as could be accommodated went on board the _Speedwell_. The whole
-congregation accompanied them to the shore, where their pastor gave
-them a farewell address, and the prayers of those who were left behind
-followed the vessel out of sight.
-
-13. On the 5th of August, 1620, the vessels left Southampton; but the
-_Speedwell_ was unable to breast the ocean, and put back to Plymouth.
-The Pilgrims were encouraged by the citizens, and the more zealous went
-on board the _Mayflower_ for a final effort. On the 6th of September
-the first colony of New England, numbering one hundred and two souls,
-saw the shores of Old England sink behind the sea.
-
-14. For sixty-three days the ship was buffeted by storms. On the 9th of
-November the vessel was anchored in the bay off Cape Cod; a meeting was
-held and the colony organized under a solemn compact. In the charter
-which they made for themselves the emigrants declared their loyalty to
-the English king, and agreed to live in peace and harmony. Such was the
-simple constitution of the oldest New England State. To this instrument
-all the heads of families, forty-one in number, set their names. An
-election was held, and John Carver was chosen governor.
-
-[Illustration: The Landing of the Pilgrims.]
-
-[Sidenote: The Landing of the Pilgrims.]
-
-15. Miles Standish, John Bradford, and a few others, went on shore
-and explored the country; nothing was found but a heap of Indian corn
-under the snow. On the 6th of December the governor landed with fifteen
-companions. The weather was dreadful. Snow-storms covered the clothes
-of the Pilgrims with ice. They were attacked by the Indians, but
-escaped to the ship with their lives. The vessel was at last driven by
-accident into a haven on the west side of the bay. The next day, being
-the Sabbath, was spent in religious services, and on Monday, the 11th
-of December (Old Style), 1620, the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock.
-
-16. It was the dead of winter. The houseless immigrants fell a-dying of
-hunger and cold. But a site was selected near the first landing, and,
-on the 9th of January, the toilers began to build New Plymouth. Every
-man took on himself the work of making his own house; but the ravages
-of disease grew daily worse. At one time only seven men were able to
-work on the sheds which were built for protection. If an early spring
-had not brought relief, the colony must have perished. Such were the
-sufferings of the winter when New England began its being.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VIII.
-
-VOYAGES AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE DUTCH.
-
-
-[Illustration: The Half Moon on Hudson River.]
-
-[Sidenote: Dutch East India Company.]
-
-The first Dutch settlement in America was made on Manhattan Island.
-The colony resulted from the voyages of Sir HENRY HUDSON. In the year
-1607 this great sailor was employed by a company of London merchants
-to discover a new route to the Indies. He first made two unsuccessful
-voyages into the North Atlantic, and his employers gave up the
-enterprise. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company furnished him with a
-ship called the _Half Moon_, and in April he set out for the Indies.
-Again he ran among the icebergs, and further sailing was impossible.
-But not discouraged, he immediately set sail for America.
-
-2. In July Hudson reached the coast of Maine; and in August, the
-Chesapeake. On the 28th of the month he anchored in Delaware Bay, and
-on the 3d of September the _Half Moon_ came to Sandy Hook. Two days
-later a landing was effected. The natives came with gifts of corn, wild
-fruit, and oysters. On the 10th the vessel passed the Narrows, and
-entered the noble river which bears the name of HUDSON.
-
-[Sidenote: Discovery of Hudson River.]
-
-3. For eight days the _Half Moon_ sailed up the river. Such beautiful
-forests and valleys, the Dutch had never seen before. On the 19th of
-September the vessel was moored at Kinderhook; but an exploring party
-rowed up stream beyond the site of Albany. The vessel then dropped down
-the river, and on the 4th of October the sails were spread for Holland.
-But the _Half Moon_ was detained in England.
-
-4. In the summer of 1610 a ship, called the _Discovery_, was given
-to Hudson, who sailed in the track which Frobisher had taken, and on
-the 2d day of August entered the strait which bears the name of its
-discoverer. The great captain believed that the route to China was at
-last discovered; but he soon found himself environed in the frozen gulf
-of the North. With great courage he bore up until his provisions were
-almost exhausted. Then the crew broke out in mutiny. They seized Hudson
-and his only son, with seven other faithful sailors, and cast them off
-among the icebergs. The fate of the illustrious mariner has never been
-ascertained.
-
-5. In 1610 the _Half Moon_ was liberated and returned to Amsterdam.
-In the same year several ships owned by Dutch merchants sailed to
-the banks of the Hudson and engaged in the fur-trade. In 1614 an act
-was passed by the States-General of Holland, giving to merchants of
-Amsterdam the right to trade and establish settlements in the country
-explored by Hudson. A fleet of five trading-vessels arrived in the
-summer of the same year at Manhattan Island. Here some rude huts had
-already been built by former traders, and the settlement was named New
-Amsterdam.
-
-6. In the fall of 1614 Adrian Block sailed into Long Island Sound,
-and made explorations as far as Cape Cod. Christianson, another Dutch
-commander, sailed up the river from Manhattan to Castle Island, and
-erected a block-house, which was named Fort Nassau. Cornelius May,
-the captain of a small vessel called the _Fortune_, sailed from New
-Amsterdam and explored the Jersey coast as far as the Bay of Delaware.
-Upon these two voyages Holland set up a claim to the country, which was
-now named NEW NETHERLANDS, extending from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod.
-Such were the feeble beginnings of the Dutch colonies in New York and
-Jersey.
-
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART II.
-
-  CHAPTER II.
-
-  1. Tell about the Icelanders and Norwegians in America.
-
-
-  CHAPTER III.
-
-  2. Give an account of Columbus, and of his discoveries and explorations
-     in the New World.
-
-  3. Give an account of the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, and of how this
-     Continent came to be known by his name.
-
-  4. What were the services of Balboa, and of Ponce de Leon?
-
-
-  CHAPTER IV.
-
-  5. Sketch the later discoveries by the Spaniards in America.
-
-  6. Tell of the coming of the Portuguese.
-
-
-  CHAPTER V.
-
-  7. Trace the progress of the French discoverers and explorers on the
-     new Continent.
-
-
-  CHAPTER VI.
-
-  8. Give an account of the commission, and of the explorations of John
-     and Sebastian Cabot.
-
-  9. What work of discovery was attempted by Martin Frobisher, and with
-     what result?
-
-  10. Outline the colonization schemes of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir
-      Walter Raleigh.
-
-  11. What change of plan for colonization was adopted by Gosnold, and
-      with what success?
-
-
-  CHAPTER VII.
-
-  12. Tell of the Royal Patents to the London and Plymouth Companies.
-
-  13. Sketch the efforts of the Plymouth Company toward colonization, and
-      the coming of the Puritans.
-
-
-  CHAPTER VIII.
-
-  14. Give an account of the voyages and final successes of Sir Henry
-      Hudson.
-
-  15. On what did the Dutch base their early claim to lands in America?
-
-
-
-
-PART III.
-
-COLONIAL HISTORY.
-
-A. D. 1607-1754.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IX.
-
-VIRGINIA--THE FIRST CHARTER.
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Sidenote: =Colony at Jamestown.=]
-
-The first settlers at Jamestown were idle and improvident. Only twelve
-of those who came in 1607 were common laborers. There were four
-carpenters in the company, six or eight masons and blacksmiths, and a
-long list of _gentlemen_. The few married men had left their families
-in England.
-
-2. The affairs of the colony were badly managed. Captain John Smith,
-the best man in the colony, was suspected of making a plot to murder
-the council and to make himself king of Virginia. He was arrested and
-confined until the end of the voyage. When the colonists reached their
-destination, the king's instructions were unsealed and the names of the
-Inferior Council made known. A meeting was held and Edward Wingfield
-elected first governor.
-
-3. As soon as the settlement was well begun, Smith and Newport, with
-twenty others, explored James River for forty-five miles. Just below
-the falls, the explorers found the capital of Powhatan, the Indian
-king. But the "city" was only a squalid village of twelve wigwams. The
-monarch received the foreigners with courtesy and showed no dislike at
-the intrusion.
-
-4. The colonists now began to realize their situation. They were alone
-in the New World. Winter was approaching. Dreadful diseases broke
-out, and the colony was brought almost to ruin. At one time only five
-men were able to go on duty as sentinels, and before the middle of
-September one half of the colonists died. But the frosts came, and
-disease was checked.
-
-[Sidenote: =Civil Dissensions.=]
-
-5. Civil dissension arose. President Wingfield and George Kendall
-were detected in embezzling the stores, and were removed from office.
-Ratcliffe was then chosen president, but was found incompetent. Only
-Martin and Smith now remained in the council, and the latter took
-charge of the colony. Under his administration the new settlement soon
-began to show signs of progress. His first care was to improve the
-buildings of the plantation; then to secure a supply of provisions.
-There had been a plentiful harvest among the Indians; but the work of
-procuring corn was not an easy task. Descending James River to Hampton
-Roads, Smith landed with five companions and offered the natives
-hatchets and copper coins in exchange for corn.
-
-6. But the Indians only laughed at the proposal. The English then
-charged on the wigwams, and the warriors were obliged to purchase
-peace by loading the boats of the English with corn. Soon the Indians
-in the neighborhood began to come with voluntary contributions. The
-fear of famine passed away. The woods were full of wild turkeys. Good
-discipline was maintained in the colony, and friendly relations were
-established with the natives. The colonists became cheerful and happy.
-
-7. As soon as winter set in, the president, with six Englishmen and
-two Indian guides, began to explore along the Chickahominy. It was
-believed by the people of Jamestown that by going up this stream _they
-could reach the Pacific Ocean_! Smith knew the absurdity of such an
-opinion, but humored it because of the opportunity it gave him to see
-the country and make maps.
-
-[Sidenote: =Capt. Smith and the Indians.=]
-
-8. The president and his companions ascended the river until it
-dwindled to a mere creek. The men who were left to protect the boats
-were attacked by Indians, and several of the English were killed. Smith
-was wounded with an arrow, and chased through the woods. He fought,
-ran, and fired by turns, but was finally overtaken.
-
-9. Smith demanded to see the Indian chief, and excited his curiosity by
-showing him a pocket-compass and a watch. These instruments struck the
-Indians with awe; but the savages bound their captive to a tree, and
-prepared to shoot him, but he flourished his compass in the air and the
-Indians were afraid to fire.
-
-10. Smith was next taken to Orapax, a few miles from the site of
-Richmond. Here he found the Indians making preparations to attack
-Jamestown. They invited him to become their leader, but he refused
-and managed to write a warning letter to his countrymen. This letter,
-because of its mysterious power of carrying intelligence, frightened
-them more than ever. When the warriors arrived at Jamestown and found
-everything as Smith had said, all thought of attacking the colony was
-given up.
-
-[Illustration: Captain John Smith.]
-
-11. The Indians now marched their captive from village to village.
-Near the fork of York River, at Pamunkey, Smith was turned over to the
-priests, who assembled in their Long House and for three days danced
-around him, sang and yelled, to determine by this wild ceremony what
-his fate should be. The decision was against him, and he was condemned
-to death.
-
-[Sidenote: =Pocahontas saves Smith.=]
-
-12. Smith was next taken to a town where Powhatan lived in winter.
-The savage monarch, now sixty years of age, took his seat in the Long
-House. His two daughters sat near him, and warriors and women were
-ranged around the hall. The king reviewed the cause and confirmed the
-sentence of death. Two large stones were brought, Smith was dragged
-forth bound, and his head put into position to be crushed with a
-war-club; but as the executioner raised his club, Matoaka,[A] the
-eldest daughter of Powhatan, rushed between it and the prostrate
-prisoner. She clasped his head in her arms and held on until her
-father ordered Smith to be unbound. Soon it was agreed that he should
-return to Jamestown.
-
-[Footnote A: Powhatan's tribe had a superstition that a person _whose
-real name was unknown_ could not be injured. They therefore told the
-English falsely that Matoaka's name was _Pocahontas_.]
-
-13. Only thirty-eight of the settlers were now alive, and these were
-frost-bitten and half-starved. Their leader had been absent for seven
-weeks. The old fears of the colonists had revived, and when Smith
-returned he found all hands preparing to abandon the settlement. He
-induced the majority to abandon this project, but the rest, burning
-with resentment, made a conspiracy to kill him.
-
-14. In these days Newport arrived from England, bringing supplies and
-a hundred and twenty immigrants. But the new-comers were gentlemen,
-gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers, adventurers, and strollers. Smith
-was much vexed at this, for he had urged Newport to bring over only a
-few industrious mechanics and laborers.
-
-15. Soon the new-comers and some of the old settlers began to stroll
-about the country digging for gold. At the mouth of a small creek some
-glittering particles were found, and the whole settlement was thrown
-into excitement. Soon afterwards a company sailed up James River to
-find the Pacific Ocean! Fourteen weeks were consumed in this nonsense.
-Even the Indians ridiculed the madness of men who were wasting their
-chances for a crop of corn.
-
-[Sidenote: =Chesapeake Bay Explored.=]
-
-16. But Smith had formed the design of exploring Chesapeake Bay and its
-tributaries. Accompanied by Dr. Russell and thirteen others, he left
-Jamestown on the 2d day of June. He steered his barge by way of Hampton
-Roads as far as Smith's Island. Returning thence around Cape Charles,
-he continued northward as far as the river Wicomico, then crossed over
-to the Patuxent, and thence northward to the Patapsco. Then steering
-southward he had the good fortune to enter the mouth of the Potomac and
-continue the voyage as far as the falls at Georgetown. He then dropped
-down the river to the bay, and reached Jamestown on the 21st of July.
-
-17. After three days a second voyage was begun. The expedition reached
-the head of the bay, and sailed far up the Susquehanna. On the return,
-Smith explored every sound and inlet of any note as far as the
-Rappahannock. This stream he ascended to the head of navigation, and
-then returned to Jamestown. He had been absent a little more than three
-months, and had explored the coast of the great bay for fully three
-thousand miles. Now he was come back to the colony with a MAP OF THE
-CHESAPEAKE, which he sent by Newport to England, and which is still
-preserved.
-
-[Sidenote: =Smith Elected President.=]
-
-18. Smith was now formally elected president. Soon there was a marked
-change for the better; gold-hunting ceased, and the rest of the year
-was noted as a time of prosperity. In the autumn Newport arrived with
-seventy additional immigrants. The health was so good that only seven
-deaths occurred between September and the following May. Every well man
-was obliged to work six hours a day. New houses were built, new fields
-fenced in; and through the winter the sound of ax and hammer gave token
-of a prosperous and growing village.
-
-19. On the 23d day of May, 1609, King James granted to the London
-Company a new charter for the government of Virginia. The territory
-was extended from Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward to the Pacific
-Ocean. The members of the Superior Council were now to be chosen by
-the stockholders of the company, vacancies were to be filled by the
-councilors, who were also to elect a governor. The new council was at
-once organized, and Lord De La Ware chosen governor for life. Five
-hundred emigrants were collected, and in June a fleet of nine vessels
-sailed for America. Lord Delaware did not himself accompany the
-expedition. In July the ships, then in the West Indies, were scattered
-by a storm. One vessel was wrecked, and another, having on board the
-commissioners of Delaware, was driven ashore on one of the Bermudas;
-the other seven ships came safely to Jamestown.
-
-20. Captain Smith continued in authority under the old constitution;
-but the colony was in an uproar. The president was in daily peril of
-his life. He put some of the most rebellious brawlers in prison, and
-planned two new settlements--one, of a hundred and twenty men, at
-Nansemond; the other, of the same number, at the falls of the James.
-Both companies behaved badly. In a few days after their departure
-troubles arose with the Indians. While attempting to quell these
-difficulties, Smith was wounded, and fearing the imperfect medical
-treatment which the colony afforded, he decided to return to England.
-He accordingly delegated his authority to Sir George Percy, and
-about the middle of September, 1609, left the scene of his toils and
-sufferings, never to return.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Starving Time.=]
-
-21. A colony of four hundred and ninety persons remained at Jamestown.
-The settlement was soon brought face to face with starvation. The
-Indians became hostile; stragglers were murdered; houses were set on
-fire; disease returned to add to the desolation; and cold and hunger
-made the winter long remembered as THE STARVING TIME. By the last of
-March only sixty persons were left alive.
-
-22. Meanwhile, Sir Thomas Gates and his companions, who had been
-shipwrecked in the Bermudas, constructed two small vessels, and came
-to Virginia, where a few wan, half-starved wretches crawled out of
-their cabins to beg for bread! Whatever stores the commissioners had
-brought with them were distributed, and Gates assumed control of the
-government. But the colonists had now determined to abandon the place
-forever. In vain did the commissioners remonstrate. An agreement was
-made to sail for Newfoundland, and on the 8th of June the colonists,
-embarking in their four boats, dropped down the river, and Jamestown
-was abandoned.
-
-23. Lord Delaware was already on his way to America. Before the
-escaping settlers had reached the sea, the ships of the governor came
-in sight with additional immigrants, plentiful supplies, and promise
-of better things. The colonists returned, and before nightfall the
-fires were again kindled at Jamestown. On the next day the governor
-caused his commission to be read, and entered upon the discharge
-of his duties. His amiability and virtue, and the wisdom of his
-administration, endeared him to all and inspired the colony with hope.
-
-24. Lord Delaware was compelled, on account of ill-health, to return to
-England. His authority was delegated to Percy, the deputy of Captain
-Smith. The Superior Council had already dispatched new stores and more
-emigrants, under Sir Thomas Dale. When the vessel arrived at Jamestown,
-Percy was superseded by Dale, who adopted a system of martial law
-as the basis of his administration. In the latter part of August,
-Sir Thomas Gates arrived with six ships, three hundred additional
-immigrants, and a large quantity of stores.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Land Divided.=]
-
-25. Thus far the property of the settlers at Jamestown had been held
-in common. Now the right of holding private property was recognized.
-Governor Gates had the lands divided so that each settler should have
-three acres of his own; every family might cultivate a garden and plant
-an orchard, the fruits of which no one but the owner was allowed to
-gather. The benefits of this system of labor were at once apparent, and
-the laborers became cheerful and industrious.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER X.
-
-CHARTER GOVERNMENT.--(CONTINUED.)
-
-
-In the year 1612 the London Company obtained from the king a third
-patent, by which the government was again changed. The Superior Council
-was abolished, and the stockholders were authorized to elect their own
-officers and to govern the colony on their own responsibility. The
-new patent was a great step toward a democratic form of government in
-Virginia.
-
-2. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall, on an expedition up the Potomac,
-learned that Pocahontas was residing in that neighborhood. He enticed
-the girl on board his vessel and carried her captive to Jamestown. It
-was decided that Powhatan should pay a heavy ransom for his daughter's
-liberation. The king refused, and ordered his tribes to prepare for
-war. Meanwhile, Pocahontas was converted to the Christian faith and
-became a member of the Episcopal Church.
-
-[Sidenote: =Marriage of Pocahontas.=]
-
-3. Soon afterwards John Rolfe, of the colony, sought the hand of the
-princess in marriage. Powhatan gave his consent, and the nuptials
-were celebrated in the spring of the next year. Three years later,
-Pocahontas, while visiting in England, fell sick and died. There was
-left of this marriage a son, who came to Jamestown, and to whom several
-families of Virginians still trace their origin. John Randolph of
-Roanoke was a descendant of Pocahontas.
-
-[Illustration: Marriage of Pocahontas.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Expedition against Acadia.=]
-
-4. Captain Argall was next sent with an armed vessel to the coast of
-Maine, to protect the English fishermen, and to destroy the colonies
-of France, if any should be found within the territory claimed by
-England. The French authorities of Acadia were building a village near
-the mouth of the Penobscot. The settlement was pillaged and the houses
-burned. The French colony at the mouth of the St. Croix was attacked,
-and the fort cannonaded and destroyed; the hamlet at Port Royal was
-burned. By these outrages, the French settlements in America were
-confined to the banks of the St. Lawrence.
-
-[Sidenote: =Cultivation of Tobacco.=]
-
-5. In March of 1614 Sir Thomas Gates returned to England, leaving
-the government with Dale. In these times the laws of the colony were
-much improved, and the industry took a better form. Hitherto the
-settlers had engaged in planting vineyards and in the manufacture of
-soap, glass, and tar. The managers of the company had at last learned
-that these articles could be produced more cheaply in Europe than
-in America, while some products of the New World might be raised and
-exported with great profit. The chief of these was the tobacco-plant,
-the use of which had become fashionable in Spain, England, and France.
-This, then, became the leading staple of the colony, and was even
-used for money. So entirely did the settlers give themselves to the
-cultivation of the weed that the streets of Jamestown were plowed up
-and planted with it.
-
-6. In 1617 the unprincipled Captain Argall was elected governor. When
-the news of his fraudulent and violent proceedings reached England
-emigration ceased, and Lord Delaware embarked for Virginia, in the hope
-of restoring order. But he died on the voyage, and Argall continued in
-office until 1619, when Sir George Yeardley was appointed to succeed
-him.
-
-[Sidenote: =The House of Burgesses.=]
-
-7. Martial law was now abolished. Taxes were repealed, and the people
-freed from many burdens. Governor Yeardley divided the plantations into
-eleven boroughs, and ordered the citizens of each to elect two of their
-number to take part in the government. The elections were duly held,
-and on the 30th of July, 1619, the Virginia HOUSE OF BURGESSES was
-organized--the first popular assembly in the New World. In this body
-there was freedom of debate but very little political power.
-
-[Sidenote: =Introduction of Slavery.=]
-
-8. The year 1619 was also marked by the introduction of slavery. The
-servants at Jamestown had hitherto been English or Germans, whose term
-of service had varied from a few months to many years. No perpetual
-servitude had thus far been recognized. In the month of August a Dutch
-man-of-war sailed up the river to the plantations, and offered by
-auction twenty Africans. They were purchased by the wealthier class of
-planters, and made slaves for life.
-
-[Sidenote: =Wives for the Colonists.=]
-
-9. There were now six hundred men in the colony, for the most
-part rovers who intended to return to England. Very few families
-had emigrated. In this condition of affairs, Sir Thomas Smith was
-superseded by Sir Edwyn Sandys, a man of prudence and integrity. In the
-summer of 1620, the new treasurer sent to America a company of twelve
-hundred and sixty-one persons. Among the number were ninety young women
-of good breeding and modest manners. In the following spring, sixty
-others of similar good character came over, and received a hearty
-welcome.
-
-10. When Sandys sent these women to America, he charged the colonists
-with the expense of the voyage, as the company was bankrupt. An
-assessment was made, and the rate fixed at a hundred and twenty pounds
-of tobacco for each passenger--a sum which the settlers cheerfully
-paid. There were merry marriages at Jamestown, and the social condition
-was much improved. When the second shipload came, the cost of
-transportation was a hundred and fifty pounds for each passenger, which
-was also paid without complaint.
-
-[Sidenote: =A Code of Laws.=]
-
-11. In July of 1621 the London Company gave to Virginia a code
-of written laws, and in October Sir Francis Wyatt, who had been
-commissioned as governor, began to administer the new constitution. The
-colony was found in a flourishing condition. The settlements extended
-for a hundred and forty miles along the banks of James River, and far
-into the interior. But the Indians had grown jealous of the colonists.
-Pocahontas was dead. The peaceable Powhatan had likewise passed away.
-Opechancanough, who succeeded him in 1618, had long been plotting the
-destruction of the English, and the time had come for the tragedy.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Indian Massacre.=]
-
-12. Until the very day of the massacre, the Indians continued on terms
-of friendship with the colonists. On the 22d of March, at midday, the
-work of butchery began. Every hamlet in Virginia was attacked. Men,
-women, and children were indiscriminately slaughtered, until three
-hundred and forty-seven had perished under the hatchets of the savages.
-
-13. But Indian treachery was thwarted by Indian faithfulness. A
-converted Red man, wishing to save an Englishman who had been his
-friend, went to him on the night before the massacre and revealed the
-plot. The alarm was spread, and thus the greater part of the colony
-escaped destruction. But the outer plantations were entirely destroyed.
-The people crowded together on the larger farms about Jamestown, until
-of the eighty settlements there were only eight remaining. Still, there
-were sixteen hundred brave men in the colony; and the next year the
-population increased to two thousand five hundred.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Charter Cancelled.=]
-
-14. The liberal constitution of Virginia soon proved offensive to King
-James. A committee was appointed to look into the affairs of the London
-Company. The commissioners performed their duty, and reported that the
-company was unsound in its principles, that the treasury was bankrupt,
-and that the government of Virginia was very bad.
-
-15. Legal proceedings were now instituted against the company, and
-the judges decided that the patent was null and void. The charter was
-canceled by the king, and in June of 1624 the London Company ceased to
-exist. But its work had been well done. A torch of liberty had been
-lighted on the banks of the James, which all the tyranny of after times
-could not extinguish.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XI.
-
-VIRGINIA.--THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Royal Governors.=]
-
-A royal government was now established in Virginia consisting of a
-governor and twelve councilors. The General Assembly of the colony was
-left undisturbed, and the rights of the colonists remained as before.
-Governor Wyatt was continued in office. Charles I., the successor of
-King James, paid but little attention to the affairs of his American
-colony until the commerce in tobacco attracted his notice, and he then
-made an unsuccessful attempt to gain a monopoly of the trade.
-
-2. In 1626 Governor Wyatt retired from office, and Yeardley, the old
-friend of the colonists, was reappointed. The young State was never
-more prosperous than under this administration, which was ended with
-the governor's death in 1627. During the preceding summer a thousand
-new immigrants had come to swell the population of the province.
-
-3. The council of Virginia had the right, in case of an emergency,
-to elect a governor. In this manner Francis West was chosen by the
-councilors; but as soon as the death of Yeardley was known in England,
-King Charles commissioned John Harvey to assume the government. He
-arrived in the autumn of 1629, and became a most unpopular chief
-magistrate. He began his administration by taking the part of certain
-land speculators against the people. The assembly of 1635 passed a
-resolution that Sir John Harvey be thrust out of office, and Captain
-West be appointed in his place "until the king's pleasure may be
-known in this matter." But King Charles treated the whole affair with
-contempt, and Harvey continued in power until the year 1639, when he
-was superseded by Wyatt, who ruled until the spring of 1642.
-
-[Illustration: Life at Old Jamestown.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Effect of the Protectorate.=]
-
-4. About this time monarchy was abolished in England. Oliver Cromwell
-was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, and this government
-continued until Charles II., exiled son of Charles I., was restored to
-the throne of England. Virginia shared in some degree the distractions
-of the mother-country. In 1642 Sir William Berkeley became governor,
-and remained in office for ten years. His administration was noted as a
-time of rapid growth and development. The laws were greatly improved.
-The old disputes about the lands were satisfactorily settled. Cruel
-punishments were abolished, and the taxes equalized. The general
-assembly was regularly convened, and Virginia became a free and
-prosperous State. In 1646 there were twenty thousand people in the
-colony.
-
-5. In March of 1643, a law was enacted by the assembly declaring that
-no person who disbelieved the doctrines of the English Church should
-be allowed to teach, or to preach the gospel, within the limits of
-Virginia. This act was the source of much bitterness among the people.
-The few Puritans were excluded from places of trust, and some were
-driven from their homes. Governor Berkeley was a leader in these
-persecutions, by which all friendly relations with New England were
-broken off for many years.
-
-6. Next came another war with the Indians. Early in 1644, the natives
-planned a general massacre. On the 18th of April the savages fell upon
-the frontier settlements, and murdered three hundred people before
-assistance could be brought. The warriors then fled, but were closely
-followed by the English. Opechancanough was captured, and died a
-prisoner. The tribes were punished without mercy, and were soon glad to
-buy a peace by the cession of large tracts of land.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Election of Governors.=]
-
-7. For a while the colonists conducted their government as they wished.
-The important matter of choosing a governor was submitted to the House
-of Burgesses; when so great a power had been once exercised, it was not
-likely to be relinquished. Three governors were chosen in this way, and
-the _privilege_ of electing soon became a _right_. The assembly even
-declared that such a right existed, and that it should not be taken
-away.
-
-8. In 1660 Samuel Matthews, the last of the three elected governors,
-died. The Burgesses were convened and an ordinance passed declaring
-that the supreme authority of Virginia was _in the colony_, and
-would continue there until a delegate should arrive from the British
-government. The house then elected as governor Sir William Berkeley,
-who acknowledged the right of the Burgesses to choose.
-
-9. As soon as it was known in Virginia that Charles II. had become
-king, Governor Berkeley issued writs in the name of the king for the
-election of a new assembly. The adherents of the Commonwealth were
-thrust out of office, and royal favorites established in their places.
-The Virginians soon found that they had exchanged a republican tyrant
-with good principles for a monarchial tyrant with bad ones. The former
-commercial system was reenacted in a worse form than ever. The new law
-provided that all the colonial commerce should be carried on in English
-ships; the trade of the colonies was burdened with a heavy tax, and
-tobacco, the staple of Virginia, could be sold nowhere but in England.
-
-[Sidenote: =Effects of the Restoration.=]
-
-10. King Charles soon began to reward the profligates who thronged his
-court, by granting them large tracts of land in Virginia. It was no
-uncommon thing for an American planter to find that his farm had been
-given away to some flatterer of the royal household, and finally, in
-1673, the king set a limit to his own recklessness _by giving away the
-whole province_. Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington received a
-deed by which was granted to them for thirty-one years all the country
-called Virginia.
-
-11. The colonial legislation of these times was selfish and
-narrow-minded. The aristocratic party had obtained control of the
-House of Burgesses. A statute was passed against the Baptists, and the
-peace-loving Quakers were fined and persecuted. Personal property was
-heavily taxed, while the large estates were exempt. The salaries of the
-officers were secured by a duty on tobacco, and the biennial election
-of Burgesses was abolished.
-
-12. When the people were worn out with the governor's exactions, they
-availed themselves of a pretext to assert their rights by force of
-arms. A war with the Susquehanna Indians furnished the occasion for an
-insurrection. The tribes about the head of Chesapeake Bay fell upon the
-English settlers of Maryland, and the banks of the Potomac became the
-scene of a border war. Virginia and Maryland made common cause. John
-Washington, great-grandfather of the first President, led a company of
-militia against the Indians, and a devastating warfare raged along the
-whole frontier.
-
-13. Governor Berkeley sided with the Indians; but the colonists
-remembered only the acts of treachery of which the Red men had been
-guilty, and thirsted for revenge. The aristocratic party took sides
-with the governor and favored a peace; while the popular party, led by
-young Nathaniel Bacon, clamored for war.
-
-[Sidenote: =Bacon's Rebellion.=]
-
-14. Five hundred men rushed to arms. Berkeley and the aristocratic
-faction proclaimed Bacon a traitor. Troops were levied to disperse
-the militia: but scarcely had Berkeley and his forces left Jamestown
-when another popular uprising compelled him to return. Bacon came home
-victorious. The old assembly was broken up, and a new one elected
-on the basis of universal suffrage. Bacon was chosen a member, and
-made commander of the Virginia army. A force was now stationed on the
-frontier, and peace returned to all the settlements. But Berkeley
-repaired to the county of Gloucester, where he summoned a convention of
-loyalists, and Bacon was again proclaimed a traitor.
-
-15. The governor's forces were collected on the eastern shore of the
-Chesapeake; the crews of some English ships were joined to his command,
-and the fleet set sail for Jamestown. The place was taken without
-much resistance; but when Bacon and the patriots drew near, the loyal
-forces went over to his standard. Berkeley was again obliged to fly,
-and the capital was held by the people's party. It was now rumored that
-an English fleet was approaching for the subjugation of the colonies.
-The patriot leaders held a council, and it was decided that Jamestown
-should be burned. Accordingly, in the dusk of the evening the torch was
-applied, and the only town in Virginia was laid in ashes.
-
-16. In this juncture of affairs Bacon fell sick and died, and the
-patriot party was easily dispersed. A few feeble efforts were made to
-revive the cause of the people, but the animating spirit was gone. The
-royalists found an able captain in Robert Beverly, and the authority of
-the governor was rapidly restored. Berkeley's vindictive passions were
-now let loose upon the defeated insurgents. Twenty-two of the leading
-patriots were seized and hanged with scarcely time to bid their friends
-farewell. Nor is it certain when the executions would have ended had
-not the assembly met and passed an act that no more blood should be
-spilled for past offenses.
-
-17. The consequences of the rebellion were very disastrous. Berkeley
-and the aristocratic party had now a good excuse for suppressing all
-liberal principles. The printing-press was interdicted. Education was
-forbidden. To speak or to write any thing against the administration or
-in defense of the late insurrection, was made a crime to be punished
-by fine or whipping. If the offense should be three times repeated, it
-was declared to be treason punishable with death. The former methods of
-taxation were revived, and Virginia was left at the mercy of arbitrary
-rulers.
-
-[Sidenote: =Proprietary Government.=]
-
-18. In 1675 Lord Culpepper, to whom, with Arlington, the province
-had been granted, obtained the appointment of governor for life, and
-Virginia became a proprietary government. The new magistrate arrived
-in 1680 and assumed the duties of his office. His administration was
-characterized by avarice and dishonesty. Regarding Virginia as his
-personal estate, he treated the Virginians as his tenants and slaves.
-
-19. In 1683, Arlington surrendered his claim to Culpepper, who thus
-became sole proprietor as well as governor. Charles II., however, soon
-found in Culpepper's vices and frauds a sufficient excuse to remove him
-from office and to revoke his patent. In 1684 Virginia again became a
-royal province, under the government of Lord Howard, of Effingham. The
-affairs of the colony during the next fifty years are not of sufficient
-interest and importance to require extended notice. When the French and
-Indian War shall come, Virginia will show to the world that the labors
-of Smith and Gosnold and Bacon were not in vain.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XII.
-
-MASSACHUSETTS.--SETTLEMENT AND UNION.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Early Struggles.=]
-
-The spring of 1621 brought hope to the Pilgrims of New Plymouth. The
-winter had swept off half the number. The governor himself sickened
-and died. Now, with the approach of warm weather, the pestilence was
-checked, the survivors revived with the season, and the Puritans came
-forth triumphant.
-
-2. In February Miles Standish was sent out with his soldiers to gather
-information concerning the natives. The army of New England consisted
-of six men besides the general. Deserted wigwams were found; the smoke
-of camp-fires arose in the distance; savages were occasionally seen in
-the forest. These fled at the approach of the English, and Standish
-returned to Plymouth.
-
-[Illustration: A Puritan.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Relations with the Indians.=]
-
-3. A month later a Wampanoag Indian, named Samoset, ran into the
-village and bade the strangers welcome; friendly relations were soon
-established with the Wampanoags. Massasoit, the sachem of the nation,
-was invited to visit Plymouth. The Pilgrims received him with much
-ceremony, and then and there was ratified the first treaty made
-in New England. This treaty remained inviolate for fifty years.
-Other chiefs followed the example of Massasoit. Nine of the tribes
-acknowledged the English king. One chief sent to William Bradford, who
-succeeded Governor Carver, a bundle of arrows wrapped in the skin of a
-rattlesnake; but the governor stuffed the skin with powder and balls
-and sent it back to the chief, who did not dare to accept the challenge.
-
-4. The summer was unfruitful, and the Pilgrims were brought to the
-point of starvation. New immigrants, without provisions or stores,
-arrived, and were quartered on the colonists during the winter. For
-six months the settlers were obliged to subsist on half allowance. At
-one time only a few grains of corn remained to be distributed, and at
-another there was absolute want. Then some English fishing-vessels
-came to Plymouth and charged the colonists two prices for food enough
-to keep them alive. The new immigrants remained at Plymouth until the
-summer of 1622, then removed to the south side of Boston harbor and
-founded Weymouth.
-
-5. The summer of 1623 brought a plentiful harvest, and there was no
-longer any danger of starvation. The natives became dependent on the
-settlement for corn, and brought in an abundance of game. At the end
-of the fourth year, there were a hundred and eighty persons in New
-England. The managers, who had expended thirty-four thousand dollars on
-the enterprise, were discouraged, and proposed to sell out their claims
-to the colonists. The offer was accepted; and, in November of 1627,
-eight of the leading men of Plymouth purchased from the Londoners their
-entire interest for nine thousand dollars.
-
-6. Before this transfer, the colony had been much vexed by the attempt
-to set over them a minister of the English Church. They had come to the
-New World to avoid this very thing. There was dissension for a while.
-The English managers withheld support; the stores of the colonists
-were sold to them at three prices; and they were obliged to borrow
-money at sixty per cent. But the Pilgrims would not yield, and the
-conflict ended with the purchase of the proprietors' rights in the
-colony.
-
-[Sidenote: =Government of the Colonies.=]
-
-7. In 1624 a settlement was made at Cape Ann, but after two years the
-cape was abandoned; the company moved farther south and founded Salem.
-In 1628 a second colony arrived in charge of John Endicott, who was
-chosen governor. In 1629 Charles I. issued a charter by which the
-colonists were incorporated under the name of THE GOVERNOR AND COMPANY
-OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY IN NEW ENGLAND. In July two hundred immigrants
-arrived, half of whom settled at Plymouth, while the other half removed
-to the north side of Boston harbor and founded Charlestown.
-
-[Illustration: Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts.]
-
-8. In September, 1629, it was decreed that the government of the colony
-should be transferred from England to America, and that the charter
-should be intrusted to the colonists themselves. Emigration then
-began on an extensive scale. In the year 1630 about three hundred of
-the best Puritan families came to New England. They were virtuous,
-well-educated, courageous men and women, who left comfortable homes
-with no expectation of returning. It was their good fortune to choose a
-noble leader.
-
-9. The name of John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, is worthy of
-lasting remembrance. Born a royalist, he cherished the principles of
-republicanism. Surrounded with affluence and comfort, he left all to
-share the destiny of the Pilgrims. Calm, prudent, and peaceful, he
-joined the zeal of an enthusiast with the faith of a martyr. A part of
-the new immigrants settled at Salem; others at Cambridge and Watertown,
-on Charles River; while others founded Roxbury and Dorchester. The
-governor resided for a while at Charlestown, but soon crossed over to
-the peninsula of Shawmut and founded BOSTON, which became henceforth
-the capital of the colony.
-
-[Sidenote: =Religious Intolerance.=]
-
-10. In 1631 a law was passed restricting the right of suffrage. It was
-enacted that none but church members should be permitted to vote at the
-elections. Nearly three fourths of the people were thus excluded from
-exercising the rights of freemen. Taxes were levied for the support of
-the gospel; attendance on public worship was enforced by law; none but
-members of the church were eligible to office. The very men who had so
-recently escaped with only their lives to find religious freedom in
-another continent, began their career in the New World with intolerance.
-
-11. Young ROGER WILLIAMS, minister of Salem, cried out against these
-laws. For this he was obliged to quit the ministry of the church at
-Salem and retire to Plymouth. Finally, in 1634, he wrote a paper
-in which he declared that grants of land, though given by the king
-of England, were invalid until the natives were justly paid. When
-arraigned for these teachings, he told the court that a test of
-church-membership in a voter was as ridiculous as the selection of a
-doctor on account of his skill in theology.
-
-[Sidenote: =Roger Williams Banished.=]
-
-12. After a trial, Williams was condemned for heresy and banished. In
-mid-winter he left home and became an exile in the forest. For fourteen
-weeks he wandered through the snow, sleeping on the ground or in a
-hollow tree, living on parched corn and acorns. He carried with him a
-private letter from the good Governor Winthrop, and the Indians showed
-him kindness. Wandering from place to place, in June of 1636 he became
-the founder of Rhode Island by laying out the city of PROVIDENCE.
-
-13. In 1634 a representative form of government was established in
-Massachusetts. The restriction on the right of suffrage was the only
-remaining bar to free government in New England. During the next year
-three thousand new immigrants arrived. It was worth while to come to a
-country where the principles of freedom were recognized.
-
-14. New settlements were now formed at a distance from the bay. One
-company of twelve families marched through the woods to some open
-meadows sixteen miles from Boston, and there founded Concord. Another
-colony of sixty persons pressed their way westward to the Connecticut
-River, and became the founders of Windsor, HARTFORD, and Wethersfield.
-
-15. The banishment of Roger Williams created strife among the people
-of Massachusetts. The ministers were stern and exacting. Still, the
-advocates of free opinion multiplied. The clergy, notwithstanding their
-great influence, felt insecure. Religious debates became the order of
-the day. Every sermon was reviewed and criticised.
-
-16. Prominent among those who were accused of heresy was Mrs. Anne
-Hutchinson, who desired the privilege of speaking at the weekly
-debates, and was refused. Indignant at this, she became the champion of
-her sex, and declared that the ministers were no better than Pharisees.
-She called meetings of her friends, and pleaded with fervor for the
-freedom of conscience. The doctrines of Williams were reaffirmed with
-more power and eloquence than ever.
-
-17. The synod of New England convened in August of 1637, and Mrs.
-Hutchinson and her friends were banished from Massachusetts. A large
-number of the exiles wended their way toward the home of Roger
-Williams. Miantonomah, a Narragansett chieftain, made them a gift of
-the island of Rhode Island; there, in 1641, a little republic was
-established, in which persecution, for opinion's sake, was forbidden.
-
-[Sidenote: =Harvard College Founded.=]
-
-18. In 1636 the general court of the colony passed an act appropriating
-between one and two thousand dollars to found a college. Newtown was
-selected as the site of the proposed school. Plymouth and Salem gave
-gifts to help the enterprise; and from villages in the Connecticut
-valley came contributions of corn and wampum. In 1638 John Harvard,
-a minister of Charlestown, died, bequeathing his library and nearly
-five thousand dollars to the school. To perpetuate his memory, the new
-institution was named HARVARD COLLEGE. At the same time the name of
-Newtown was changed to Cambridge.
-
-19. The PRINTING-PRESS came also. In 1638 Stephen Daye, an English
-printer, arrived at Boston, and in the following year set up a press
-at Cambridge. The first American publication was an almanac for New
-England, bearing date of 1639. During the next year, Thomas Welde
-and John Eliot, two ministers of Roxbury, and Richard Mather, of
-Dorchester, translated the Hebrew Psalms into English verse. This was
-the first book printed in America.
-
-20. New England was fast becoming a nation. Well-nigh fifty villages
-dotted the face of the country. Enterprises of all kinds were rife.
-Manufactures, commerce, and the arts were introduced. William Stephens,
-a shipbuilder of Boston, had already built and launched an American
-vessel of four hundred tons burden. Twenty-one thousand two hundred
-people had found a home between Plymouth Rock and the Connecticut.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Union of the Colonies.=]
-
-21. Circumstances suggested a union of the colonies. The western
-frontier was exposed to the hostilities of the Dutch on the Hudson.
-Similar trouble was apprehended from the French on the north. Indian
-tribes capable of mustering a thousand warriors were likely at any
-hour to fall upon the helpless villages. Common interests made a union
-indispensable.
-
-22. The first effort to consolidate the colonies was ineffectual. But
-in 1643, a plan of union was adopted, by which Massachusetts, Plymouth,
-Connecticut, and New Haven were joined in a confederacy, called THE
-UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. The chief authority was conferred upon
-an assembly composed of two representatives from each colony. These
-delegates were chosen annually at an election where all the freemen
-voted by ballot. There was no president other than the speaker of the
-assembly. Provision was made for the admission of other colonies into
-the union, but none were ever admitted.
-
-23. At a meeting of the assembly in December, 1641, Nathaniel Ward
-brought forward a written instrument, which was adopted as the
-constitution of the State. This statute was called the BODY OF
-LIBERTIES, and was ever afterward esteemed as the great charter of
-colonial freedom.
-
-[Sidenote: =Persecution of the Quakers.=]
-
-24. In July of 1656 the QUAKERS began to arrive at Boston. The first
-who came were Ann Austin and Mary Fisher. They were caught and searched
-for marks of witchcraft, and then thrown into prison. After several
-weeks' confinement they were brought forth and banished. Before the
-end of the year, eight others were arrested and sent back to England.
-A law was passed that Quakers who persisted in coming to Massachusetts
-should have their ears cut off and their tongues bored through with a
-red-hot iron. In 1657 the assembly of the four colonies convened, and
-the penalty of death was passed against the Quakers as disturbers of
-the public peace.
-
-[Sidenote: =Trade Restrictions.=]
-
-25. The English Revolution had now run its course. Cromwell was dead.
-Tidings of the restoration of Charles II. reached Boston on the 27th of
-July, 1660. On the reestablishment of the English monarchy, a law was
-passed by which all vessels not bearing the English flag were forbidden
-to trade in New England. Articles produced in the colonies and demanded
-in England should be shipped to England only. The products of England
-should not be manufactured in America, and should be bought from
-England only; and a duty of five per cent. was put on both exports and
-imports. This was the beginning of those measures which produced the
-AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
-
-26. In 1664 war broke out between England and Holland. It became a part
-of the English plans to conquer the Dutch settlements on the Hudson.
-Charles II. was also anxious to obtain control of all the New England
-colonies. He therefore appointed four commissioners to settle colonial
-disputes, and to exercise authority in the name of the king. The real
-object was to get possession of the charter of Massachusetts. In July,
-1664, the royal judges arrived at Boston. They were rejected in all the
-colonies except Rhode Island. Meanwhile, the English monarch, learning
-how his judges had been received, recalled them, and they left the
-country. For ten years after this event the colony was very prosperous.
-
-[Illustration: Harvard College in 1770.]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIII.
-
-MASSACHUSETTS.--WAR AND WITCHCRAFT.
-
-
-The old king Massasoit died in 1662. His son, Alexander, now became
-chief of the nation, but died within the year; and the chieftainship
-descended to the younger brother, PHILIP OF MOUNT HOPE. It was the fate
-of this brave man to lead his people in a final struggle against the
-whites. Causes of war already existed, and the time had come for the
-conflict.
-
-[Sidenote: =King Philip's War.=]
-
-2. The natives of New England had sold their lands. The English were
-the purchasers; the chiefs had signed the deeds; the price had been
-fairly paid. There were at this time in the country east of the Hudson
-about twenty-five thousand Indians and fifty thousand English. The
-young warriors could not understand the validity of land-titles.
-They sighed for the freedom of their fathers' hunting-grounds. The
-Wampanoags had nothing left but the peninsulas of Bristol and Tiverton.
-There were personal grievances also. King Alexander had been arrested,
-tried by an English jury, and imprisoned. He had caught his death-fever
-in a Boston jail. On the 24th of June, 1675, the village of Swanzey was
-attacked, and eight Englishmen were killed.
-
-3. Within a week the militia of Plymouth, joined by volunteers from
-Boston, entered the enemy's country. A few Indians were overtaken and
-killed. The troops marched into the peninsula of Bristol, and compelled
-Philip to fly for his life. A general Indian war broke out. The hatred
-of the savages was easily kindled into hostility. For a whole year the
-settlements on the frontier became a scene of burning and massacre.
-
-4. King Canonchet of the Narragansetts first made a treaty of peace
-with the English, but later violated it and chose to share the fate of
-Philip. But after much desperate fighting and heavy losses on both
-sides, the resources of the savages were exhausted and their numbers
-daily grew less. In April, 1676, Canonchet was captured on the banks
-of the Blackstone. Refusing to make a treaty, the haughty chieftain
-was put to death. Philip's company had dwindled to a handful. His wife
-and son were made prisoners; the latter was sold as a slave, and ended
-his life in the Bermudas. The savage monarch cared no longer to live.
-A company of soldiers surrounded him near his old home at Mount Hope.
-A treacherous Indian took a deadly aim at the breast of his chieftain.
-The report of a musket rang through the woods, and the king of the
-Wampanoags sprang forward and fell dead.
-
-5. New England suffered terribly in this war. The losses of the war
-amounted to five hundred thousand dollars. Thirteen towns and six
-hundred dwellings lay in ashes. Six hundred men had fallen in the
-field. Gray-haired sire, mother and babe had sunk together under
-the blow of the Red man's tomahawk. Now there was peace again. The
-Indian race had been swept out of New England. The tribes beyond the
-Connecticut came and pleaded for their lives. The colonists returned to
-their farms and villages, to build new homes in the ashes of old ruins.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Province of Maine.=]
-
-6. The next trouble was concerning the province of Maine. Sir Ferdinand
-Gorges, the old proprietor, was now dead; but his heirs still claimed
-the territory. The people of Maine had put themselves under the
-authority of Massachusetts; but the heirs of Gorges carried the matter
-before the English council, and in 1677 a decision was given in their
-favor. The Boston government then made a proposition to the Gorges
-family to purchase their claims; this was accepted, and for the sum
-of twelve hundred and fifty pounds the province was transferred to
-Massachusetts.
-
-[Sidenote: =Province of New Hampshire.=]
-
-7. A similar difficulty arose in regard to New Hampshire. As early as
-1622 the Plymouth council had granted this territory to Ferdinand
-Gorges and Captain John Mason. Seven years afterward Gorges surrendered
-his claim to Mason, who thus became sole proprietor. But this territory
-was also covered by the charter of Massachusetts. Mason died, and in
-1679 his son Robert came forward and claimed the province. This cause
-was also taken before the ministers, who decided that the title of the
-younger Mason was valid. To the great disappointment of the people of
-both provinces the two governments were separated. A royal government,
-the first in New England, was now established over New Hampshire, and
-Edward Cranfield became Governor.
-
-8. But the people refused to recognize Cranfield's authority. The
-king attributed this conduct to the influence of Massachusetts, and
-directed his judges to make an inquiry as to whether Massachusetts had
-not forfeited her charter. In 1684 the royal court gave a decision in
-accordance with the monarch's wishes. But before the charter could be
-revoked, Charles II. fell sick and died.
-
-[Sidenote: =Royal Governor of New England.=]
-
-9. The new king, James II., adopted his brother's policy, and in
-1686 the scheme so long entertained was carried out. The charter of
-Massachusetts was formally revoked; all the colonies between Nova
-Scotia and Narragansett Bay were consolidated, and Sir Edmund Andros
-was appointed royal governor of New England.
-
-10. His despotism was quickly extended from Cape Cod Bay to the
-Piscataqua. The civil rights of New Hampshire were overthrown. In
-May of 1686, the charter of Rhode Island was taken away and her
-constitution subverted. The seal was broken, and a royal council
-appointed to conduct the government. Andros next proceeded to
-Connecticut. Arriving at Hartford in October of 1687, he found the
-assembly in session, and demanded the surrender of the charter. The
-instrument was brought in and laid upon the table. A debate ensued,
-and continued until evening. When it was about to be decided that the
-charter should be given up, the lamps were dashed out. Other lights
-were brought in; but the charter had disappeared. Joseph Wadsworth,
-snatching up the parchment, bore it off through the darkness and
-concealed it in a hollow tree, ever afterwards remembered as THE
-CHARTER OAK. But the assembly was overawed, and the authority of Andros
-established throughout the country.
-
-[Illustration: Andros demanding the Charter of Connecticut.]
-
-11. His dominion ended suddenly. The English Revolution of 1688 was at
-hand. James II. was driven from his throne; the system of arbitrary
-rule which he had established fell with a crash, and Andros with the
-rest. The news of the accession of William and Mary reached Boston
-on the 4th of April, 1689. On the 18th of the month, the citizens of
-Boston rose in rebellion. Andros was seized and marched to prison.
-The insurrection spread; and before the 10th of May, New England had
-regained her liberties.
-
-[Sidenote: =King William's War.=]
-
-12. In 1689 war was declared between France and England. This conflict
-is known in American history as KING WILLIAM'S WAR. When James II.
-escaped from his kingdom, he took refuge at the court of Louis XIV.
-of France. The two monarchs were Catholics, and on this account an
-alliance was made between them. Louis agreed to support James in his
-effort to recover the English throne. Parliament, meanwhile, had
-conferred the crown on King William. Thus the new sovereign was brought
-into conflict with the exiled James and his ally, the king of France.
-The war which thus originated in Europe soon extended to the French and
-English colonies in America.
-
-13. The struggle began on the frontier of New Hampshire in June, 1689.
-Later in the same year, the English and the Mohawks entered into an
-alliance, but the latter refused to make war upon their countrymen of
-Maine. The Dutch settlements of New Netherland made common cause with
-the English against the French.
-
-14. New England at length became thoroughly aroused. To provide the
-means of war, a congress was convened at New York. Here it was resolved
-to attempt the conquest of Canada. At the same time, Massachusetts was
-to cooperate by sending a fleet up the St. Lawrence against Quebec.
-Thirty-four vessels, carrying two thousand troops, were fitted out, and
-the command given to Sir William Phipps. Proceeding first against Port
-Royal, he compelled a surrender; the whole of Nova Scotia submitted
-without a struggle. The expedition was foolishly delayed until October;
-and an Indian carried the news to the governor of Canada. When the
-fleet came in sight of the town, the castle was so well garrisoned as
-to bid defiance to the English; and it only remained for Phipps to sail
-back to Boston. To meet the expenses of this expedition, Massachusetts
-issued bills of credit which were made a legal tender. Such was the
-origin of PAPER MONEY in America.
-
-15. Meanwhile, the land forces had proceeded from Albany to Lake
-Champlain. Here dissensions arose among the commanders, and the
-expedition had to be abandoned. The war continued nearly five years
-longer, but with only here and there a marked event.
-
-16. Early in 1697, commissioners of France and England assembled at
-the town of Ryswick, in Holland; and, on the 10th of the following
-September, a treaty of peace was concluded. King William was
-acknowledged as the rightful sovereign of England, the colonial
-boundary-lines of the two nations in America were established as
-before, and King William's war was at an end.
-
-[Sidenote: =Salem Witchcraft.=]
-
-17. The darkest page in the history of New England is that which
-records the SALEM WITCHCRAFT. In February of 1692, in that part of
-Salem afterwards called Danvers, a daughter and a niece of Samuel
-Parris, the minister, were attacked with a nervous disorder which
-rendered them partially insane. Parris pretended to believe the girls
-were bewitched, and that an Indian maid-servant was the author of the
-affliction. He accordingly tied the ignorant creature and whipped her
-until she confessed herself a witch. Here, perhaps, the matter would
-have ended had not other causes existed for the spread of the delusion.
-
-18. But Parris had a quarrel in his church. A part of the congregation
-disbelieved in witchcraft, while Parris and the rest thought such
-disbelief the height of wickedness. The celebrated Cotton Mather,
-minister of Boston, had recently preached much on the subject of
-witchcraft, teaching that witches were dangerous and ought to be put to
-death. Sir William Phipps, the royal governor, was a member of Mather's
-church.
-
-19. By the laws of England and of Massachusetts, witchcraft was
-punishable with death. In the early history of the colony, one person
-charged with being a wizard had been arrested at Charlestown, convicted
-and executed. But many people had now grown bold enough to denounce the
-baleful superstition; and something had to be done to save witchcraft
-from falling into contempt. A special court was accordingly appointed
-by Phipps to go to Salem and judge the persons accused.
-
-[Illustration: A Suspected Witch.]
-
-20. On the 21st of March the proceedings began. Mary Cory was arrested,
-brought before the court, convicted, and hurried to prison. Sarah
-Cloyce and Rebecca Nurse, two innocent sisters, were next apprehended
-as witches. The only witnesses against them were the foolish Indian
-woman and the niece of Parris. The victims were sent to prison,
-protesting their innocence. And so the work went on, until seventy-five
-innocent people were locked up in dungeons. In hope of saving their
-lives, some of the prisoners confessed themselves witches. It was soon
-found that those were to be put to death who denied the reality of
-witchcraft. Five women were hanged in one day.
-
-21. Between June and September, twenty victims were hurried to
-their doom. Fifty-five others were tortured into the confession of
-falsehoods. A hundred and fifty lay in prison awaiting their fate. Two
-hundred were accused or suspected, and ruin seemed to impend over New
-England. But a reaction at last set in among the people. The court
-which Phipps had appointed to sit at Salem was dismissed. The prisons
-were opened, and the victims of superstition went forth free. In the
-beginning of the next year, a few persons were arrested and tried
-for witchcraft. Some were even convicted; but not another life was
-sacrificed.
-
-22. Most of those who participated in these terrible scenes confessed
-the wrong which they had done; but confessions could not restore the
-dead. Mather, in a vain attempt to justify himself, wrote a book in
-which he expressed his thankfulness _that so many witches had met their
-just doom_; and the hypocritical pamphlet received the approbation of
-the president of Harvard College.
-
-[Sidenote: =Queen Anne's War.=]
-
-23. In less than four years after the treaty of Ryswick, France and
-England were again involved in a war which soon extended to the
-American colonies. In the year 1700 Charles II., king of Spain, died,
-having named as his successor Philip of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV.
-This measure pointed to a union of the crowns of France and Spain. The
-jealousy of England, Holland, and Austria was aroused; the archduke
-Charles, of the latter country, was put forward as a candidate for the
-Spanish throne; and war was declared against Louis XIV. for supporting
-Philip.
-
-24. In 1701 James II., the exiled king of Great Britain, died at the
-court of Louis, who now recognized the son of James as sovereign of
-England. This action was regarded as an insult to English nationality.
-King William prepared for war, but did not live to carry out his plans.
-In May of 1702 he died, leaving the crown to his sister-in-law, Anne,
-daughter of James II. From the fact of her sovereignty, the conflict
-with France is known in American history as QUEEN ANNE'S WAR; but
-a better name is the War of the Spanish Succession. This continued
-feebly through eleven years, and with many of the horrors incident to
-Indian warfare, as the Indians were leagued with the French against the
-English.
-
-25. On the 11th of April, 1713, a treaty was concluded at Utrecht, a
-town of Holland. By it England obtained control of the fisheries of
-Newfoundland. Labrador, the Bay of Hudson, and Nova Scotia, were ceded
-to Great Britain. On the 13th of July a second treaty was concluded
-with the Indians, by which peace was secured throughout the colonies.
-
-26. In the times that followed Queen Anne's war, the people were
-greatly dissatisfied with the royal governors. The opposition to those
-officers took the form of a controversy about their salaries. The royal
-commissions gave to each officer a fixed salary, which was frequently
-out of proportion to the services required. The difficulty was finally
-adjusted by an agreement that the salaries should be allowed annually,
-and the amount fixed by vote of the assembly.
-
-[Sidenote: =King George's War.=]
-
-27. On the death of Charles VI. of Austria, in 1740, there were two
-claimants to the crown of the empire--Maria Theresa, daughter of the
-late emperor, and Charles Albert of Bavaria. Each claimant had his
-party and his army; war followed; and nearly all the nations of Europe
-were swept into the conflict. England and France were arrayed against
-each other. The contest that ensued is generally known as the War
-of the Austrian Succession, but in American history is called KING
-GEORGE'S WAR, for George II. was now king of England. In America the
-only important event of the war was the capture of Louisburg, on Cape
-Breton Island.
-
-28. In 1748 a treaty of peace was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle, a town
-of western Germany. Nothing was gained but a restoration of conquests.
-Not a single boundary line was settled by the treaty. The real war
-between France and England for supremacy in the West was yet to be
-fought.
-
-[Sidenote: =Character of the Puritans.=]
-
-29. The history of Massachusetts has now been traced through a period
-of one hundred and thirty years. A few words on THE CHARACTER OF THE
-PURITANS may be added. They were a vigorous and hardy people, firm-set
-in the principles of honesty and virtue. They were sober, industrious,
-frugal; resolute, zealous, and steadfast. They esteemed truth more
-than riches. Loving home and native land, they left both for the sake
-of freedom; and finding freedom, they cherished it with the devotion
-of martyrs. Despised and hated, they rose above their revilers. In the
-school of evil fortune they gained the discipline of patience. They
-were the children of adversity and the fathers of renown.
-
-30. The gaze of the Puritan was turned ever to posterity. He believed
-in the future. For his children he toiled and sacrificed. The system
-of free schools is the monument of his love. The printing-press is his
-memorial. Almshouses and asylums are the tokens of his care for the
-unfortunate. He was the earliest champion of civil rights, and the
-builder of THE UNION.
-
-31. In matters of religion, the fathers of New England were sometimes
-intolerant and superstitious. Their religious faith was gloomy. Human
-life was deemed a sad, a miserable journey. To be mistaken was to sin.
-To fail in trifling ceremonies was reckoned a crime. In the shadow
-of such belief the people became austere and melancholy. They set up
-a cold and severe form of worship. Dissenters themselves, they could
-not tolerate the dissent of others. To punish error seemed to the
-Pilgrims right and necessary. But Puritanism contained within itself
-the power to correct its own abuses. The evils of the system may well
-be forgotten in the glory of its achievements. Without the Puritans,
-America would have been a delusion and liberty only a name.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIV.
-
-NEW YORK.--SETTLEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF STUYVESANT.
-
-
-[Illustration: New Amsterdam.]
-
-The settlement of New Amsterdam resulted from the voyages of the brave
-Sir Henry Hudson. For ten years after its founding, the colony was
-governed by the directors of the Dutch East India Company. In 1621
-the Dutch West India Company was organized, and Manhattan Island,
-with its cluster of huts, passed at once under the control of the new
-corporation.
-
-[Sidenote: =Dutch Settlements.=]
-
-2. In April, 1623, the ship _New Netherland_, with thirty families on
-board, arrived at New Amsterdam. The colonists, called WALLOONS, were
-Dutch Protestant refugees. Cornelius May was the leader of the company.
-Most of the new immigrants settled with their friends on Manhattan;
-but the captain, with a party of fifty, made explorations as far as
-Delaware Bay.
-
-3. In May the island, containing more than twenty thousand acres, was
-purchased from the natives _for twenty-four dollars_. A block-house was
-built and surrounded with a palisade. New Amsterdam was already a town
-of thirty houses. The Dutch of New Amsterdam and the Pilgrims of New
-Plymouth were early and fast friends.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Patroons.=]
-
-4. In 1628 the population of Manhattan numbered two hundred and
-seventy. The settlers engaged in the fur-trade. In 1629 the West
-India Company framed a CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES, under which a class of
-proprietors, called patroons, were authorized to colonize the country.
-The conditions were that each patroon should purchase his lands of the
-Indians; and that he should establish a colony of not less than fifty
-persons. Five estates were immediately laid out. Three of them were
-on the Hudson; the fourth, on Staten Island; and the fifth, in the
-southern half of Delaware.
-
-5. In April of 1633 Wouter van Twiller became Governor. Three months
-previously the Dutch erected a block-house at Hartford. In October an
-armed vessel from Plymouth sailed up the Connecticut, and defied the
-Dutch commander. The English proceeded up stream to the mouth of the
-Farmington, where they built Fort Windsor. Two years later, by the
-building of Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut, they obtained
-control of the river above and below the Dutch fort.
-
-6. In 1626 Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant king of Sweden, formed the
-design of establishing settlements in America. But before his plans
-could be carried into effect, he was killed in battle. In 1632, the
-Swedish minister took up the work which his master had left unfinished;
-and, after four years, the enterprise was brought to a successful issue.
-
-[Sidenote: =New Sweden.=]
-
-7. Late in 1637 a company of Swedes and Finns left the harbor of
-Stockholm, and in the following February arrived in Delaware Bay.
-The name of NEW SWEDEN was given to the territory. On the left bank
-of a small tributary of the Brandywine, a spot was chosen for the
-settlement. The immigrants soon provided themselves with houses. The
-creek and the fort were both named Christiana, in honor of the maiden
-queen of Sweden. In a short time the banks of the bay and river were
-dotted with pleasant hamlets.
-
-8. The authorities of New Amsterdam were jealous of the Swedish colony.
-Sir William Kieft, who had succeeded Van Twiller, warned the settlers
-of their intrusion on Dutch territory. But the Swedes went on enlarging
-their borders.
-
-9. In 1640 New Netherland became involved in a war with the Indians.
-New Amsterdam was soon put in a state of defense, and a company of
-militia was sent against the savages. On both sides the war degenerated
-into treachery and murder. Through the mediation of Roger Williams a
-truce was obtained, but was immediately broken.
-
-[Sidenote: =War with the Indians.=]
-
-10. Soon a party of Mohawks came down the river to enforce their
-supremacy over the Algonquins in the vicinity of New Amsterdam. The
-latter begged assistance of the Dutch. Kieft now saw an opportunity for
-wholesale destruction. A company of soldiers set out from Manhattan,
-and discovered the camp of the Algonquins. The place was surrounded by
-night, and nearly a hundred of the poor wretches were killed by those
-to whom they had appealed for help. When it was known among the tribes
-that the Dutch, and not the Mohawks, were the authors of this outrage,
-the war was renewed with fury.
-
-[Illustration: Peter Stuyvesant.]
-
-11. In 1643 Captain John Underhill, of Massachusetts, was appointed to
-command the Dutch forces. He first invaded New Jersey, and brought the
-Delawares into subjection. A decisive battle was fought on Long Island;
-and at Greenwich, in western Connecticut, the power of the Indians was
-finally broken. On the 30th of August, 1645, a treaty was concluded at
-Fort Amsterdam.
-
-[Sidenote: =Governor Stuyvesant.=]
-
-12. In 1647 the West India Company revoked Governor Kieft's commission,
-and appointed Peter Stuyvesant to succeed him. Kieft embarked for
-Europe, but perished during the voyage. Peter Stuyvesant entered upon
-his duties on the 11th of May, 1647, and continued in office for
-seventeen years. His first care was to conciliate the Indians. So
-intimate and cordial became the relations between the natives and the
-Dutch, that they were suspected of making common cause against the
-English. Massachusetts was alarmed lest such an alliance should be
-formed. But the policy of Stuyvesant was based on nobler principles.
-
-13. Until now the West India Company had exclusive control of the
-commerce of New Netherland. In 1648 this monopoly was abolished, and
-regular export duties were substituted. The benefit of the change was
-soon apparent in the improvement of the Dutch province.
-
-14. In a letter written to Stuyvesant by the secretary of the company,
-the prediction was made that the commerce of New Amsterdam would cover
-every ocean, and the ships of all nations crowd into her harbor. But
-for many years the growth of the city was slow. The better parts of
-Manhattan Island were still divided among the farmers. Central Park was
-a forest of oaks and chestnuts.
-
-[Sidenote: =Boundary of New Netherland.=]
-
-15. In 1650 the boundary was fixed between New England and New
-Netherland. The line extended across Long Island north and south,
-passing through Oyster Bay, and thence to Greenwich, on the other side
-of the Sound. From this point northward the dividing line was nearly
-identical with the present boundary of Connecticut on the west. This
-treaty was ratified by the colonies, by the West India Company, and by
-the States-General of Holland.
-
-[Sidenote: =Conquest of New Sweden.=]
-
-16. Stuyvesant now determined to subdue the colony of New Sweden. In
-1651 an armament left New Amsterdam for the Delaware, and made an
-unsuccessful expedition. In September of 1655 the old governor again
-sailed against New Sweden. Before the 25th of the month every fort
-belonging to the Swedes had been forced to surrender. Honorable terms
-were granted to all, and in a few days the authority of New Netherland
-was established. The little State of New Sweden had ceased to exist.
-
-17. While Stuyvesant was absent on his expedition against the Swedes,
-the Algonquins rose in rebellion. In a fleet of sixty-four canoes,
-they appeared before New Amsterdam, yelling and discharging arrows,
-then they went on shore and began to burn and murder. The return of
-the Dutch from Delaware induced the chiefs to sue for peace, which
-Stuyvesant granted on better terms than the Indians deserved.
-
-18. In 1663 the town of Kingston was attacked and destroyed by the
-Indians. Sixty-five of the inhabitants were tomahawked or carried
-into captivity. To punish this outrage a strong force was sent from
-New Amsterdam. The Indians fled to the woods; but the Dutch soldiers
-pursued them to their villages, burned their wigwams, and killed every
-warrior who could be overtaken. In May of 1664 a treaty of peace was
-concluded.
-
-19. Governor Stuyvesant had great difficulty in defending his province
-against the claims of other nations. Discord at home added to his
-embarrassments. For many years the Dutch had witnessed the growth and
-prosperity of the English colonies. Boston had outgrown New Amsterdam.
-The schools of Massachusetts and Connecticut flourished; the academy
-on Manhattan, after a sickly career of two years, was discontinued. In
-New Netherland heavy taxes were levied for the support of the poor; New
-England had no poor. The Dutch attributed their own want of thrift to
-the mismanagement of the West India Company.
-
-[Sidenote: =The English Conquest.=]
-
-20. On the 12th of March, 1664, the duke of York received from Charles
-II. a patent for the whole country between the Connecticut and the
-Delaware. The duke made haste to secure his territory. An English
-squadron was immediately sent to America. On the 28th of August the
-fleet anchored before New Amsterdam. Governor Stuyvesant convened the
-Dutch council, and exhorted them to rouse to action and fight. Some one
-replied that the West India Company _was not worth fighting for_. The
-brave old man was forced to sign the capitulation; and on the 8th of
-September, 1664, New Netherland ceased to exist.
-
-21. The English flag was hoisted over the fort and town, and the name
-of NEW YORK was substituted for New Amsterdam. The remaining Swedish
-and Dutch settlements soon capitulated. The supremacy of Great Britain
-in America was finally established. From Maine to Georgia, every mile
-of the American coast was under the flag of England.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XV.
-
-NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =English Governors.=]
-
-The Dutch had surrendered themselves to the English government in the
-hope of obtaining civil liberty. But it was a poor sort of liberty that
-any province was likely to receive from Charles II. The promised rights
-of the people were evaded and withheld. The old titles by which the
-Dutch farmers held their lands were annulled. The people were obliged
-to accept new deeds from the English governor, and to pay him therefor
-large sums of money.
-
-2. In 1667 Nicolls, the first English governor of New York, was
-superseded by the tyrannical Lord Lovelace. The people became
-dissatisfied and gloomy. The discontent was universal. Several towns
-resisted the tax-gatherers and passed resolutions denouncing the
-government. The only attention which Lovelace and his council paid to
-these resolutions was to order them to be burnt before the town-house
-of New York. When the Swedes, a quiet people, resisted the governor's
-exactions, he wrote to his deputy: "If there is any more murmuring
-against the taxes, make them so heavy that the people can do nothing
-but think how to pay them."
-
-3. In 1672 Charles II. was induced by the king of France to begin a
-war with Holland. The struggle extended to the colonies, and New York
-was for a short time revolutionized. But the conquest was only a brief
-military occupation of the country. The civil authority of the Dutch
-was never reestablished. In 1674 Charles II. was obliged to conclude a
-treaty of peace. All conquests made during the war were restored. New
-York reverted to the English government, and the rights of the duke of
-York were again recognized in the province. Sir Edmund Andros was now
-appointed governor. On the last day of October the Dutch forces were
-finally withdrawn, and Andros assumed control of the government.
-
-[Illustration: Dutch Costumes and Architecture.]
-
-4. It was a sad sort of government for the people. All the abuses of
-Lovelace's administration were revived. Taxes were levied without
-authority of law, and the protests of the people were treated with
-scorn. A popular legislative assembly was demanded, but the duke of
-York wrote to Andros that popular assemblies were dangerous to the
-government, and that _he did not see any use for them_.
-
-5. In July of 1675 Andros made an unsuccessful effort to extend his
-authority over Connecticut, and later an equally ineffectual attempt to
-gain control of New Jersey. The representatives of the people at this
-latter place declared themselves to be under the protection of the
-Great Charter, which not even the duke of York could alter or annul. In
-August of 1682 the "Territories" beyond the Delaware were granted by
-the Duke of York to William Penn. This little district, first settled
-by the Swedes, afterwards conquered by the Dutch, then transferred to
-England, was now finally separated from New York and joined to the new
-province of Pennsylvania.
-
-[Sidenote: =Popular Assembly Granted.=]
-
-6. For thirty years the people had been clamoring for a general
-assembly. At last the duke of York yielded to the demand. Then, for the
-first time, the people of the province were permitted to choose their
-own rulers and to frame their own laws. The new assembly made haste to
-declare THE PEOPLE to be a part of the government. All freeholders were
-granted the right of suffrage; trial by jury was established; taxes
-should not be levied except by the assembly; soldiers should not be
-quartered on the people; martial law should not exist; no person should
-be persecuted on account of his religion.
-
-7. In July of 1684 the governors of New York and Virginia were met by
-the chiefs of the Iroquois at Albany, and the terms of a lasting peace
-were settled. In 1685 the duke of York became king of England. It was
-soon found that even a monarch could violate his pledges. King James
-became the enemy of the government which had been established in his
-American province. The legislature of New York was dismissed. An odious
-tax was levied. Printing-presses were forbidden; and the old abuses
-were revived.
-
-[Sidenote: =Leisler's Insurrection.=]
-
-8. When the news of the accession of William of Orange reached New
-York there was great rejoicing. The people rose in rebellion against
-deputy-governor Nicholson, who was glad to escape to England. The
-leader of the insurrection was Captain Jacob Leisler. He was appointed
-commandant of New York, and afterwards provisional governor. The
-councilors, who were friends of the deposed Nicholson, left the
-city and went to Albany. Here the party opposed to Leisler organized
-a second provisional government. Both factions began to rule in the
-name of William and Mary, the new sovereigns of England. Such was the
-condition of affairs at the beginning of King William's War. In the
-spring of 1690, the authority of Leisler as governor of New York was
-recognized throughout the province.
-
-9. In March, 1691, Colonel Sloughter arrived, with appointment as
-governor; and Leisler, on the same day, tendered his submission. He
-wrote a letter to Sloughter, expressing a desire to surrender the post
-to the governor. But Sloughter preferred to treat him as a traitor, and
-had him seized and sent to prison.
-
-10. As soon as the government was organized the prisoner was brought
-to trial. It was decided that he had been a usurper. Sentence of
-death was passed on him, but Sloughter hesitated to put the sentence
-into execution. In this state of affairs the governor was invited to
-a banquet by the royal councilors; and when heated with drink, the
-death-warrant was thrust before him for his signature. He succeeded in
-signing his name to the parchment; and before his drunken revel had
-passed away, his victim had met his fate. On the 16th of May Leisler
-was taken from prison and hanged.
-
-[Sidenote: =French Invasion.=]
-
-11. In 1696 New York was invaded by the French. But they were soon
-driven back by the English and Iroquois. Before a second invasion could
-be undertaken, King William's War was ended. In 1697 the Irish earl of
-Bellomont became governor. His administration was the happiest in the
-history of the colony. Massachusetts and New Hampshire were under his
-jurisdiction, but Connecticut and Rhode Island remained independent.
-
-12. To Bellomont's administration belongs the story of Captain
-William Kidd, the pirate. A vessel was fitted out by a company of
-distinguished Englishmen to protect the commerce of Great Britain and
-to punish piracy. Governor Bellomont was one of the proprietors, and
-Kidd received a commission as captain. The ship sailed from England
-before Bellomont's departure for New York. Soon the news came that Kidd
-himself had turned pirate and become the terror of the seas. For two
-years he continued his career, then appeared publicly in the streets of
-Boston, was seized, sent to England, tried, convicted, and hanged.
-
-[Sidenote: =New York and New Jersey United.=]
-
-13. In May of 1702 Bellomont was superseded by Lord Cornbury. A
-month previously the proprietors of New Jersey had surrendered their
-province to the English Crown. All obstacles being thus removed, the
-two colonies were formally united in one government under Cornbury. For
-thirty-six years the two provinces continued under the jurisdiction of
-a single governor.
-
-14. In 1732, New York was troubled with a dispute about the freedom of
-the press. The liberal party of the province held that a public journal
-might criticise the acts of the administration. The aristocratic party
-opposed such liberty as dangerous to good government. Zenger, an editor
-who published criticisms on the governor, was seized and put in prison.
-Great excitement ensued. The people praised their champion. Andrew
-Hamilton, a lawyer of Philadelphia, went to New York to defend Zenger,
-who was brought to trial in July of 1735. The cause was heard, and the
-jury brought in a verdict of acquittal. The aldermen of New York, in
-order to testify their appreciation of Hamilton's services, made him a
-present of an elegant gold box, and the people were enthusiastic over
-their victory.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Negro Plot.=]
-
-15. In the year 1741 occurred what is known as THE NEGRO PLOT. Negroes
-constituted a large fraction of the people. Several fires occurred,
-and the slaves were suspected of having kindled them; now they became
-feared and hated. A rumor was started that the negroes had made a plot
-to burn the city, and set up one of their own number as governor. The
-reward of freedom was offered to any slave who would reveal the plot.
-Many witnesses rushed forward; the jails were filled with the accused;
-and more than thirty of the miserable creatures, with hardly the form
-of a trial, were convicted and then hanged or burned to death. Others
-were transported and sold as slaves in foreign lands. As soon as the
-excitement had subsided, it came to be doubted whether the whole affair
-had not been the result of terror and fanaticism. The verdict of after
-times has been _that there was no plot at all_.
-
-16. Such is the history of the little colony planted on Manhattan
-Island. A hundred and thirty years had passed since the first feeble
-settlements were made; the valley of the Hudson was filled with farms
-and villages. The Walloons of Flanders and the Puritans of New England
-had blended into one people. Discord and contention had only resulted
-in colonial liberty. There were other struggles through which the sons
-of New York had to pass before they gained their freedom. But the
-oldest and greatest of the Middle Colonies had entered upon a glorious
-career, and the foundations of an EMPIRE STATE were laid.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XVI.
-
-CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND, AND NEW HAMPSHIRE.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Rival Claims to Connecticut.=]
-
-The history of Connecticut begins with the year 1630. The first grant
-of the territory was made by the council of Plymouth to the earl of
-Warwick; and in March, 1631, the claim was transferred by him to Lord
-Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and John Hampden. Before a colony could be
-planted, the Dutch of New Netherland reached the Connecticut and built
-a fort at Hartford. The people of Plymouth immediately sent out a force
-to counteract this movement of their rivals, for the territorial claim
-of the Puritans extended over Connecticut and over New Netherland
-itself.
-
-[Illustration: Early Settlements in Connecticut.]
-
-2. In October of 1635 a colony of sixty persons from Boston settled
-at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Earlier in the same year the
-younger Winthrop, son of the governor of Massachusetts, arrived in
-New England. Under his direction a fort was built at the mouth of the
-Connecticut. Such was the founding of Saybrook, named in honor of Lord
-Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke.
-
-3. To the early annals of Connecticut belongs the sad story of THE
-PEQUOD WAR. The country west of the Thames was more thickly peopled
-with savages than any other portion of New England. The warlike Pequods
-were able to muster seven hundred warriors. The whole force of the
-English did not amount to two hundred men. But the superior numbers of
-the savages were more than balanced by the courage and weapons of the
-English. In the year 1633 the crew of a trading-vessel were murdered
-on the banks of the Connecticut. An Indian embassy went to Boston to
-apologize; a treaty was made, and the Pequods acknowledged the king
-of England. But soon they began to violate the treaty. Outrages were
-committed, and war began in earnest.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Pequod War.=]
-
-4. In this state of affairs the Pequods attempted to induce the
-Narragansetts and the Mohegans to join in a war against the English.
-But Roger Williams, now in Rhode Island, used his endeavors to thwart
-the alliance. Embarking alone in a canoe, he crossed the bay to the
-house of Canonicus, king of the Narragansetts. There he found the
-ambassadors of the Pequods. For three days and nights, at the peril
-of his life, he pleaded with Canonicus to reject the proposals of
-the hostile tribe. At last his efforts were successful, and the
-Narragansetts voted to remain at peace. The Mohegans also rejected the
-proposed alliance. In the mean time, repeated acts of violence had
-aroused the colony. On the 1st of May the towns of Connecticut declared
-war. Sixty volunteers were put under command of Captain John Mason, of
-Hartford. Seventy Mohegans joined the expedition; and Sir Henry Vane
-sent Captain Underhill with twenty soldiers from Boston.
-
-5. The descent from Hartford to Saybrook occupied one day. On the
-20th of the month the expedition passed the mouth of the Thames; here
-was the principal seat of the Pequod nation. When the savages saw
-the squadron go by they set up shouts of exultation, and persuaded
-themselves that the English were afraid to hazard battle. The fleet
-proceeded quietly into Narragansett Bay. Here the troops landed and
-began their march into the country of the Pequods.
-
-6. On the 25th of May the troops came within hearing of the Pequod
-fort. The warriors spent the night in uproar and jubilee. At two
-o'clock in the morning the English soldiers rose from their places of
-concealment and rushed forward to the fort. A dog ran howling among
-the wigwams, and the warriors sprang to arms. The English leaped over
-the puny palisades and began the work of death. "Burn them!" shouted
-Mason, seizing a flaming mat, and running among the cabins; and in a
-few minutes the wigwams were a sheet of flame. The English and Mohegans
-hastily withdrew.
-
-[Sidenote: =Destruction of the Pequods.=]
-
-7. The savages ran round and round like wild beasts in a burning
-circus. If one of the wretched creatures burst through the flames it
-was only to meet certain death. The destruction was complete. Only
-seven warriors escaped; seven others were made prisoners. Six hundred
-men, women, and children perished, nearly all being burned to death.
-The remnants of the Pequods were pursued into the swamps west of
-Saybrook. Every wigwam was burned and every field laid waste. Two
-hundred fugitives were hunted to death or captivity. The prisoners were
-distributed as servants among the Narragansetts, or sold as slaves.
-
-[Sidenote: =New Haven Founded.=]
-
-8. In the pursuit of the Pequods, the English became acquainted with
-the coast west of the mouth of the Connecticut. Here some men of Boston
-tarried over winter, built cabins, and founded NEW HAVEN. In June of
-1639 the men of New Haven held a convention _in a barn_, and adopted
-the Bible for a constitution. The government was called the House of
-Wisdom, and none but church members were admitted to citizenship.
-
-9. In 1643 Connecticut became a member of the Union of New England. New
-Haven was also admitted; and in the next year Saybrook was annexed to
-Connecticut. In 1650 Governor Stuyvesant met the commissioners of the
-province at Hartford, and established the western boundary.
-
-[Sidenote: =Winthrop secures a Charter.=]
-
-10. On the restoration of monarchy in England, Connecticut recognized
-King Charles as rightful sovereign. The younger Winthrop was sent as
-ambassador to London to procure a royal patent for the colony. He
-bore with him a charter which had been prepared by the authorities
-of Hartford. Lord Say-and-Seal and the earl of Manchester lent their
-influence to induce the king to sign it. Winthrop showed him a ring
-which Charles I. had given to Winthrop's grandfather; and the token so
-moved the monarch's feelings that in a careless moment he signed the
-colonial charter--the most liberal and ample ever granted by an English
-king.
-
-11. When Winthrop returned to Connecticut he was chosen governor of
-the colony, and continued in office for fourteen years. The civil
-institutions of the province were the best in New England. Peace
-reigned. During King Philip's War, Connecticut was saved from invasion.
-Not a hamlet was burned, not a life lost within her borders.
-
-12. In October of 1687 Andros, now governor of all New England, made
-his famous visit to Hartford. On the day of his arrival he invaded
-the assembly while in session, seized the book of minutes, and wrote
-FINIS at the bottom of the page. He then demanded the surrender of the
-colonial charter. Governor Treat pleaded earnestly for the preservation
-of the document. Andros was inexorable. The shades of evening fell. How
-Joseph Wadsworth carried away and concealed the precious parchment
-has been told in the history of Massachusetts. When the government
-of Andros was overthrown, Connecticut, with the other New England
-colonies, regained her liberty.
-
-[Sidenote: =Yale College Founded.=]
-
-13. "I give these books for the founding of a college in this colony."
-Such were the words of ten ministers who, in 1700, assembled at
-Branford, New Haven. Each of them, as he uttered the words, deposited a
-few volumes on the table where they were sitting; such was the founding
-of YALE COLLEGE. In 1702 the school was opened at Saybrook, where it
-continued for fifteen years, and was then removed to New Haven. One of
-the most liberal patrons of the college was Elihu Yale, from whom the
-institution took its name. Common schools already existed in almost
-every village of Connecticut.
-
-14. The half century preceding the French and Indian war was a time
-of prosperity in the western parts of New England. Connecticut was
-especially favored. Peace reigned throughout her borders. The farmer
-reaped his fields in cheerfulness and hope. The mechanic made glad his
-dusty shop with anecdote and song. The merchant feared no tariff, the
-villager no taxes. Want was unknown, and pauperism unheard of. With
-fewer dark pages in her history, Connecticut had all the lofty purposes
-and noble virtues of Massachusetts.
-
-15. In June of 1636 the exiled Roger Williams left the country of the
-Wampanoags, and passed down the Seekonk to Narragansett River. With his
-five companions he landed on the western bank, purchased the soil of
-the Narragansetts, and laid the foundations of Providence. Other exiles
-joined the company. New farms were laid out and new houses built.
-Here, at last, was found at PROVIDENCE PLANTATION a refuge for all the
-persecuted.
-
-[Sidenote: =Providence Plantation.=]
-
-16. The leader of the new colony was a native of Wales; born in
-1606; liberally educated at Cambridge. He had been the friend of
-Milton, and was a great hater of ceremonies. He had been exiled _to_
-Massachusetts, and was now exiled _by_ Massachusetts. He brought to the
-banks of the Narragansett the great doctrines of religious liberty and
-the equal rights of men.
-
-[Illustration: A New England Kitchen in the Olden Time.]
-
-17. The beginning of civil government in Rhode Island was equally
-simple. Williams was the natural ruler of the little province, but he
-reserved for himself no wealth, no privilege. The lands, purchased from
-Canonicus, were freely distributed among the colonists. Only two small
-fields were kept by the founder for himself. All the powers of the
-government were intrusted to the people. A simple agreement was made by
-the settlers that in matters not affecting the conscience they would
-yield obedience to such rules as the majority might make for the public
-good. In questions of religion the conscience should be to every man a
-guide.
-
-18. The new government stood the test of experience. Providence
-Plantation had peace and quiet. It was found that all religious
-sects could live together in harmony. Miantonomah, chief of the
-Narragansetts, loved Roger Williams as a brother. It was his friendship
-that enabled Williams to notify Massachusetts of the Pequod conspiracy,
-and to defeat the plans of the hostile nation. This good deed induced
-his friends at Salem to make an effort to recall him from banishment;
-but his enemies prevented his return.
-
-[Illustration: Stone Tower at Newport.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Plantation of Rhode Island.=]
-
-19. In 1639 a settlement was made at Portsmouth, in the northern part
-of the island, and at the same time a party of colonists removed to the
-southwestern part of the island, and laid the foundations of NEWPORT.
-In sight of this last-named settlement stood the old stone tower, a
-monument built by the Norsemen. In March of 1641 a public meeting was
-convened; the citizens came together on terms of equality, and the task
-of framing a constitution was undertaken. In three days the instrument
-was completed. The government was declared to be a "DEMOCRACIE." The
-supreme authority was lodged with the freemen of the island. The
-vote of the majority should always rule. No one should be distressed
-on account of religious doctrine. The little republic was named the
-PLANTATION OF RHODE ISLAND.
-
-20. In 1643 Providence and Rhode Island were refused admission into
-the Union of New England. Soon afterward Roger Williams was sent to
-London to procure a charter for the new colonies. On the 14th of March
-in the following year the patent was granted, and Rhode Island became
-an independent commonwealth. With but few and brief interruptions
-it enjoyed peace and prosperity. The principles of the illustrious
-founder became the principles of the commonwealth. The renown of Rhode
-Island has not been in vastness of territory, in mighty cities, or in
-victorious armies, but in devotion to truth, justice, and freedom.
-
-[Sidenote: =Province of New Hampshire.=]
-
-21. In 1622 the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec was
-granted by the council of Plymouth to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John
-Mason. The proprietors made haste to secure their new domain by actual
-settlements. In the spring of 1623 two small companies of colonists
-were sent out by Mason and Gorges to people their province. One party
-of immigrants landed at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, and began to
-build a village. The other company proceeded up stream and laid the
-foundations of Dover. With the exception of Plymouth and Weymouth,
-Portsmouth and Dover are the oldest towns in New England. But the
-progress of the settlements was slow; for many years the two villages
-were only fishing stations. In 1629 the name of NEW HAMPSHIRE was given
-to the province. Very soon Massachusetts began to urge her rights to
-the district north of the Merrimac.
-
-22. On the 14th of April, 1642, New Hampshire was united with
-Massachusetts. The law restricting the rights of citizenship to church
-members was not extended over the new province, for the people of
-Portsmouth and Dover belonged to the Church of England. New Hampshire
-was the only colony east of the Hudson not originally founded by the
-Puritans. The union continued in force until 1679, when New Hampshire
-was separated from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and organized as
-a distinct royal province. Edward Cranfield was chosen governor.
-
-23. Before his arrival the sawyers and lumbermen of the Piscataqua
-convened a general assembly at Portsmouth. A resolution was passed
-by the representatives that no act, law, or ordinance should be valid
-unless made by the assembly and approved by the people. When the king
-heard of this resolution he declared it to be both wicked and absurd.
-
-24. Of all the colonies, New Hampshire suffered most from the Indian
-wars. Her settlements were constantly exposed to savage invasion.
-During King Philip's War the suffering along the frontier was very
-great. In the wars of William, Anne, and George the province was
-visited with devastation and ruin. But in the intervals of peace the
-spirits of the people revived, and the hardy settlers returned to their
-wasted farms. Out of these conflicts and trials came that sturdy race
-of pioneers who bore such a heroic part in the contests of after years.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XVII.
-
-NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA.
-
-
-The history of New Jersey begins with the founding of Elizabethtown,
-in 1664. As early as 1618, a trading-station had been established at
-Bergen; but forty years passed before permanent dwellings were built in
-that neighborhood.
-
-[Sidenote: =Claims to New Jersey.=]
-
-2. The territory of New Jersey was included in the grant made to the
-duke of York. In 1664 that portion of the province lying between the
-Hudson and the Delaware, extending as far north as forty-one degrees
-and forty minutes, was assigned to Lord Berkeley and Sir George
-Carteret. Just after the conquest, a company of Puritans received a
-grant of land on Newark Bay. The Indian titles were purchased; in the
-following October a village was begun and named Elizabethtown.
-
-3. In August of 1665 Philip Carteret arrived as governor. Elizabethtown
-was made the capital of the colony; Newark was founded; flourishing
-hamlets appeared on the shores of the bay as far south as Sandy Hook.
-In honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of
-Jersey, his American domain was named NEW JERSEY. In 1668 the first
-assembly convened at Elizabethtown. The representatives were Puritans,
-and the laws of New England were repeated in the legislation of the
-colony.
-
-4. After the conquest of New York by the Dutch, and the restoration
-of the province to England, the duke of York received from the king
-a second patent for the country between the Connecticut and the
-Delaware. At the same time he confirmed his former grant of New Jersey
-to Berkeley and Carteret. But soon afterwards Sir Edmund Andros was
-appointed royal governor of the whole country. Carteret defended his
-claim against Andros; but Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to
-John Fenwick, to be held in trust for Edward Byllinge, who after a time
-made an assignment of his property to Gawen Laurie, Nicholas Lucas, and
-William Penn.
-
-[Sidenote: =Division of New Jersey.=]
-
-5. These men were Quakers. Here, then, was an opportunity to establish
-an asylum for the persecuted Friends. Penn and his associates applied
-to Sir George Carteret for a division of the province. It was
-accordingly agreed to divide New Jersey so that Carteret's district
-should be separated from that of the Quakers. The line of division was
-drawn from the southern point of land on the east side of Little Egg
-Harbor to a point on the Delaware in the latitude of forty-one degrees
-and forty minutes. The territory lying east of this line remained to
-Sir George as sole proprietor, and was named EAST JERSEY; while that
-portion lying between the line and the Delaware was called WEST JERSEY,
-and passed under the control of Penn.
-
-[Illustration: Middle Colonies.]
-
-6. Early in the following March the Quaker proprietors published a code
-of laws called THE CONCESSIONS. The constitution rivaled the charter
-of Connecticut in the liberality of its principles. The authors of the
-instrument then addressed the Quakers of England, recommending the
-province and inviting immigration. Before the end of the year a colony
-of more than four hundred Friends found homes in West Jersey. An effort
-was now made by the proprietors of East Jersey to secure a deed of
-release from the duke of York. The petition was granted, and the whole
-territory was freed from foreign authority.
-
-7. In November of 1681 Jennings, the deputy-governor of West Jersey,
-convened the first general assembly. The Quakers now met together to
-make their own laws. The Concessions were reaffirmed. Men of all races
-and religions were declared to be equal. Imprisonment for debt was
-forbidden. The sale of ardent spirits to the Red men was prohibited.
-Taxes should be voted by the representatives of the people. The lands
-of the Indians should be acquired by purchase. Finally, a criminal
-might be pardoned by the person against whom the offense was committed.
-
-[Sidenote: =Quakers purchase East Jersey.=]
-
-8. In 1682 William Penn and eleven other Friends purchased the province
-of East Jersey. The whole of New Jersey was now held by the Friends. In
-1685 James II. appointed Edmund Andros royal governor of the colonies
-from Maine to Delaware. In 1688 the Jerseys were brought under his
-jurisdiction. When the news came of the abdication of the English
-monarch, Andros could do nothing but surrender to the indignant people.
-
-9. But the condition of New Jersey was deplorable. It was almost
-impossible to tell to whom the territory rightfully belonged. Finally,
-in April of 1702, all proprietary claims being waived in favor of the
-king, the territory between the Hudson and the Delaware became a royal
-province.
-
-10. New Jersey was now attached to the government of Lord Cornbury
-of New York. But each province retained its own legislative assembly
-and a distinct organization. This method of government continued for
-thirty-six years, and was then ended by the action of the people. In
-1728 the representatives of New Jersey sent a petition to George
-II., praying for a separation of the two colonies. Ten years later
-the effort was renewed and brought to a successful issue. New Jersey
-was made independent, and Lewis Morris received a commission as royal
-governor of the province.
-
-[Sidenote: =New Jersey a Royal Province.=]
-
-11. The Quakers were greatly encouraged with the success of their
-colonies in New Jersey. For more than a quarter of a century they had
-been buffeted with persecutions. But imprisonment and exile had not
-abated their zeal. The benevolent spirit of Penn urged him to find for
-his people an asylum in the New World. In June of 1680 he appealed to
-King Charles for the privilege of founding a Quaker commonwealth in
-America.
-
-[Sidenote: =Pennsylvania.=]
-
-12. The petition was heard with favor. On the 5th of March, 1681,
-a charter was granted by Charles II., and William Penn became the
-proprietor of PENNSYLVANIA. The vast domain embraced under the new
-patent was bounded on the east by the Delaware, extended north and
-south over three degrees of latitude, and westward through five degrees
-of longitude. The three counties of Delaware were reserved for the duke
-of York. Within a month from the date of his charter, Penn published a
-glowing account of his new country, promising freedom of conscience,
-and inviting emigration. During the summer three shiploads of Quakers
-left England for the land of promise.
-
-13. During the winter of 1681-82, Penn drew up a constitution for his
-people. In the mean time, the duke of York had surrendered his claim to
-the three counties on the Delaware. The whole country on the west bank
-of the river, from Cape Henlopen to the forty-third degree of latitude,
-was now transferred to Penn, who, with a large company of emigrants,
-landed at New Castle on the 27th of October, 1682.
-
-[Sidenote: =William Penn.=]
-
-14. WILLIAM PENN was born on the 14th of October, 1644. He was the
-oldest son of Sir William Penn of the British navy. At the age of
-twelve he was sent to the University of Oxford, where he distinguished
-himself as a student until he was expelled on account of his religion.
-Afterwards he traveled on the Continent, and then became a student of
-law at London. For a while he was a soldier, and was then converted
-to the Quaker faith. His father drove him out of doors, but he was
-not to be turned from his course. He proclaimed the doctrines of the
-Friends; was arrested and imprisoned, first in the Tower of London, and
-afterward at Newgate. Despairing of toleration in England, he cast his
-gaze across the Atlantic. West Jersey was purchased; Pennsylvania was
-granted by King Charles; and now Penn himself arrived in America to
-found a government on the basis of peace.
-
-[Illustration: William Penn.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Treaty of Shackamaxon.=]
-
-15. The Quaker governor delivered an affectionate address to the crowd
-of Swedes, Dutch, and English who came to greet him. His pledges of
-a liberal government were renewed, and the people were exhorted to
-sobriety and honesty. Friendly relations were established between the
-Friends and Red men. A great conference, appointed with the sachems of
-the neighboring tribes, was held on the banks of the Delaware. Penn
-declared his brotherly affection for the Indians. Standing before
-them, clad in the simple garb of the Quakers, he said:--"MY FRIENDS:
-We have met on the broad pathway of good faith. We are all one flesh
-and blood. Being brethren, no advantage shall be taken on either side.
-When disputes arise, we will settle them in council. Between us there
-shall be nothing but openness and love." The chiefs replied: "While the
-rivers run and the sun shines we will live in peace with the children
-of William Penn." And the treaty was sacredly kept. The Quaker hat and
-coat proved to be a better defense than coat-of-mail and musket.
-
-16. In February of 1683 the native chestnuts, walnuts and elms were
-blazed to indicate the lines of the streets, and PHILADELPHIA was
-founded. Within a month a general assembly was in session at the new
-capital. A democratic form of government was adopted. The growth of
-Philadelphia was astonishing. In 1683 there were only three or four
-houses. In 1685 the city contained six hundred houses; the schoolmaster
-had come, and the printing-press had begun its work. In another year
-Philadelphia had outgrown New York. In August of 1684 Penn took leave
-of his colony and sailed for England.
-
-[Sidenote: =Secession of Delaware.=]
-
-17. Nothing occurred to disturb the peace of Pennsylvania until the
-secession of Delaware in 1691. The three lower counties, which had been
-united on terms of equality with the six counties of Pennsylvania,
-became dissatisfied with some acts of the assembly and insisted on a
-separation. The proprietor gave consent; Delaware withdrew from the
-union, and received a separate deputy-governor.
-
-18. In December of 1699 Penn visited his American commonwealth, and
-drew up another constitution, more liberal than the first. But Delaware
-would not accept the new form of government. In 1702 the assemblies of
-the two provinces sat apart; and in the following year Delaware and
-Pennsylvania were finally separated.
-
-19. In July of 1718 the founder of Pennsylvania sank to rest. His
-estates, vast and valuable, were bequeathed to his three sons, John,
-Thomas, and Richard. By them, or their deputies, Pennsylvania was
-governed until the American Revolution. In the year 1779 the claims of
-the Penn family were purchased by the legislature of Pennsylvania for a
-hundred and thirty thousand pounds.
-
-20. The colonial history of the State founded by Penn is one of special
-interest and pleasure. It is a narrative of the victories of peace,
-and of the triumph of peaceful principles over violence and wrong. It
-is doubtful whether the history of any other colony in the world is
-touched with so many traits of innocence and truth. "I will found a
-free colony for all mankind," were the words of William Penn. How well
-his work was done shall be told when the bells of his capital city
-shall ring out the glad notes of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XVIII.
-
-MARYLAND AND NORTH CAROLINA.
-
-
-Captain John Smith was the first white man to explore the Chesapeake.
-In 1621 William Clayborne, an English surveyor, was sent out by the
-London Company to make a map of the country around the bay. By the
-second charter of Virginia that province included all of the present
-State of Maryland. To explore and occupy the country was an enterprise
-of the highest importance to the Virginians. In May of 1631 Clayborne
-was authorized to survey the country as far north as the forty-first
-degree of latitude, and to establish a trade with the Indians. In the
-spring of 1632 he began his important work.
-
-[Sidenote: =First Posts in Maryland.=]
-
-2. The enterprise was attended with success. A trading-post was
-established on Kent Island, and another near Havre de Grace. The
-Chesapeake was explored and a trade opened with the natives. The limits
-of Virginia were about to be extended to the borders of New Netherland.
-But, in the mean time, religious persecutions were preparing the
-way for the foundation of a new State in the wilderness. Sir George
-Calvert, a Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, better known by his title of
-LORD BALTIMORE, was destined to become the founder.
-
-3. In 1629 he made a visit to Virginia. The general assembly offered
-him citizenship, but required such an oath of allegiance as no honest
-Catholic could take. Lord Baltimore thereupon left the narrow-minded
-legislators; returned to London; drew up a charter for a new State on
-the Chesapeake, and induced King Charles to sign it.
-
-4. The provisions of the charter were ample. No preference was given
-to any particular religion. The lives and property of the colonists
-were carefully guarded. Arbitrary taxation was forbidden. The power of
-making the laws was conceded to the freemen of the colony.
-
-[Sidenote: =Lord Baltimore's Charter.=]
-
-5. Before the patent could receive the seal of state, Sir George
-Calvert died. His title descended to his son Cecil; and the charter was
-issued to him on the 20th of June, 1632. In honor of Henrietta Maria,
-wife of Charles I., the name of MARYLAND was conferred on the new
-province. In the fall of 1633 a colony numbering two hundred persons
-was collected. Leonard Calvert, a brother of Cecil, was appointed to
-accompany the colonists to America.
-
-[Illustration: Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore.]
-
-6. In March of 1634 the immigrants arrived at Old Point Comfort. They
-proceeded up the bay and ascended the Potomac. Finding a half-deserted
-Indian village at the mouth of the St. Mary's, the English moved into
-the vacant huts. The rest of the town was purchased; and the name of
-ST. MARY'S was given to the colony. Friendly relations were established
-with the natives. The Indian women taught the wives of the English
-how to make cornbread, and the warriors instructed the colonists in
-the art of hunting. There was neither anxiety nor want in the colony.
-Within six months the settlement had grown into greater prosperity than
-Jamestown had reached in as many years.
-
-7. In 1639 a representative government was established in Maryland.
-Hitherto a system of democracy had prevailed; each freeman had been
-allowed a vote in determining the laws. When the new delegates came
-together, a declaration of rights was adopted. All the liberal
-principles of the colonial patent were reaffirmed. The rights of
-citizenship were declared to be the same as those of the people of
-England.
-
-8. In 1642 Indian hostilities were begun on the Potomac. But the
-settlements of Maryland were compact, and no great suffering was
-occasioned. In 1644 the savages agreed to bury the hatchet and to renew
-the pledges of friendship.
-
-9. In 1650 the legislature of Maryland was divided into two branches.
-The rights of Lord Baltimore were defined by law. An act was passed
-declaring that no taxes should be levied without the consent of the
-assembly. Such was the condition of affairs in the colony of Maryland
-when the Commonwealth was established in England.
-
-[Sidenote: =Conflict with Parliament.=]
-
-10. In 1651 parliamentary commissioners came to America to assume
-control of Maryland. Stone, the deputy of Baltimore, was deposed from
-office; but in the following year he was permitted to resume the
-government. In April of 1653 he published a proclamation, declaring
-that the recent interference had been a rebellion. Clayborne thereupon
-collected a force in Virginia, drove Stone out of office, and directed
-the government himself.
-
-11. In 1654 a Protestant assembly was convened at Patuxent. The
-supremacy of Cromwell was acknowledged, and the Catholics were deprived
-of the protection of the laws. Civil war ensued. Governor Stone armed
-the militia, and seized the records of the colony. A battle was fought
-near Annapolis, and the Catholics were defeated, with a loss of
-fifty men. Stone was taken prisoner, but was saved from death by the
-friendship of some of the insurgents. Three of the Catholics were tried
-and executed.
-
-12. After the death of Cromwell, Maryland was declared independent.
-On the 12th of March, 1660, the rights of Lord Baltimore were set
-aside, and the whole power of government was assumed by the House of
-Burgesses. On the restoration of monarchy the Baltimores were again
-recognized, and Philip Calvert was sent out as governor. From 1675 to
-1691 Charles Calvert was governor of Maryland.
-
-13. On the 1st of June, 1691, the charter of Lord Baltimore was
-taken away and a royal governor appointed. The Episcopal Church
-was established by law. Religious toleration was abolished and the
-government administered on despotic principles. This condition of
-affairs continued until 1715, when Queen Anne restored the heir of Lord
-Baltimore to the rights of his family. Maryland remained under the
-authority of the Calverts until the Revolution.
-
-[Sidenote: =Settlement of the Carolinas.=]
-
-14. The first effort to colonize North Carolina was made by Sir Walter
-Raleigh. In 1630 the country was granted to Sir Robert Heath. But,
-after thirty-three years, the patent was revoked by the English king.
-The name of CAROLINA had been given to the country by John Ribault, in
-1562. The first actual settlement was made on the Chowan about the year
-1651. In 1661 a company of Puritans settled on Oldtown Creek. In 1663
-Lord Clarendon, and seven other noblemen, received a grant of all the
-country between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St. John's.
-
-15. The work of preparing a frame of government for the new province
-was assigned to Sir Ashley Cooper. The philosopher John Locke was
-employed by him and his associates to prepare the constitution. From
-March until July of 1669, Locke worked away in drawing up a plan
-which he called THE GRAND MODEL. _It contained one hundred and twenty
-articles_; and this was but the beginning! The empire of Carolina was
-divided into districts of four hundred and eighty thousand acres each.
-The offices were divided between two grand orders of nobility.
-
-16. All attempts to establish the new government ended in failure. But
-the settlers had meanwhile learned to govern themselves. They grew
-prosperous by trading in staves and furs; and when this traffic was
-exhausted, they began to remove to other settlements.
-
-17. The people of the colony were greatly oppressed with taxes. The
-trade with New England alone was weighed down with an annual duty
-of twelve thousand dollars. A gloomy opposition to the government
-prevailed; and when, in 1676, large numbers of refugees from Virginia
-arrived in Carolina, the discontent was kindled into an insurrection.
-The people seized Governor Miller and his council, and established
-a new government of their own. John Culpepper, the leader of the
-insurgents, was chosen governor. In 1679 Miller and his associates
-escaped from confinement and went to London. Governor Culpepper, who
-followed to defend himself, was seized, indicted for treason, tried,
-and acquitted. After a time new settlers came from Virginia and
-Maryland--Quakers from New England, Huguenots from France, and peasants
-from Switzerland.
-
-[Sidenote: =Indian Troubles.=]
-
-18. The Indians of North Carolina gradually wasted away. Some of the
-nations were already extinct. The lands of the savages had passed to
-the whites, sometimes by purchase, sometimes by fraud. Of all the
-tribes of the Carolinas, only the Corees and the Tuscaroras were still
-formidable. These grew jealous and went to war with the whites.
-
-19. On the night of the 22d of September, 1711, the savages fell upon
-the scattered settlements and murdered a hundred and thirty persons.
-Civil dissensions prevented the authorities from adopting vigorous
-measures of defence. But Colonel Barnwell came from South Carolina
-with a company of militia and friendly Indians; and the savages were
-driven into their fort. A treaty of peace was made; but, on their way
-homeward, Barnwell's men sacked an Indian village, and the war was at
-once renewed.
-
-20. In the next year, Colonel Moore of South Carolina arrived with a
-regiment of whites and Indians, and the Tuscaroras were pursued to
-their fort, which was carried by assault. Eight hundred warriors were
-taken prisoners. The power of the hostile nation was broken; and the
-Tuscaroras, abandoning their hunting-grounds, marched across Virginia,
-Maryland, and Pennsylvania, joined their kinsmen of New York, and
-became the sixth nation of the Iroquois.
-
-[Sidenote: =Separation of the Carolinas.=]
-
-21. In 1729 a separation was effected between the two Carolinas, and a
-royal governor was appointed over each. In spite of many reverses, the
-northern colony had greatly prospered. Intellectual development had not
-been as rapid as the growth in numbers and wealth. Little attention
-had been given to questions of religion. There was no minister in the
-province until 1703. Two years later the first church was built. The
-printing-press did not begin its work until 1754. But the people were
-brave and patriotic. They loved their country, and called it the LAND
-OF SUMMER.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIX.
-
-SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA.
-
-
-In January of 1670 the proprietors of Carolina sent out a colony under
-command of Joseph West and William Sayle. On the first high land upon
-the southern bank of the Ashley River were laid the foundations of Old
-Charleston, named in honor of Charles II. Sayle had been commissioned
-as governor of the colony, and he at once assumed control.
-
-[Sidenote: =Introduction of Slaves.=]
-
-2. In 1671 he died, and West entered upon the duties of the vacant
-office. In a few months Sir John Yeamans, who had been governor of the
-northern province, was commissioned as chief magistrate of the southern
-colony. He brought with him to Ashley River a cargo of African slaves.
-Thus the labor of the black man was substituted for the labor of the
-white man, and in less than two years slavery was firmly established.
-The importation of negroes went on so rapidly that soon the negroes
-were twice as numerous as the white men.
-
-3. During the year 1671 the country was rapidly filled with people.
-Fertile lands were abundant. Wars and pestilence had almost destroyed
-the native tribes. The proprietors of Carolina sent several ships to
-New York, loaded them with the discontented people of that province,
-and brought them to Charleston. Charles II. collected a company of
-Protestant refugees in Europe, and sent them to Carolina to introduce
-the silk-worm and to cultivate the grape.
-
-4. In 1680 the present city of Charleston was founded. Thirty dwellings
-were erected during the first summer. The village immediately became
-the capital of the colony. The unhealthy climate retarded the progress
-of the new town, but the people were full of life and enterprise.
-
-[Sidenote: =French Huguenots.=]
-
-5. England, France, Scotland, and Ireland sent colonies to South
-Carolina. Especially did the French Huguenots come in great numbers,
-for they were now persecuted in their own country. They were met by
-the proprietors with a promise of citizenship; but the promise was not
-well kept, for the general assembly claimed the right of fixing the
-conditions of naturalization. Not until 1697 were all discriminations
-against the French immigrants removed.
-
-6. In April of 1693 the proprietors of Carolina annulled the Grand
-Model, and Thomas Smith was appointed governor. He was soon superseded
-by John Archdale, a distinguished Quaker, under whose administration
-the colony entered upon a new career of prosperity. The quit-rents on
-lands were remitted for four years. The Indians were conciliated with
-kindness, and the Huguenots protected in their rights. It was a real
-misfortune when, in 1698, the good governor was recalled to England.
-
-7. James Moore was next commissioned as chief magistrate. In December
-of 1705 he led an expedition against the Indians. On the 14th of the
-month the invaders reached a fortified town near St. Mark's. The place
-was carried by assault, and more than two hundred prisoners were taken.
-On the next day Moore's forces defeated a large body of Indians and
-Spaniards. Five towns were carried in succession, and the English flag
-was borne to the Gulf of Mexico.
-
-8. In the first year of Governor Johnson's administration, an act was
-passed disfranchising all dissenters from the English Church, but
-Parliament voted that the act was contrary to the laws of England. In
-November of the same year the colonial legislature revoked the law; but
-Episcopalianism continued to be the established faith of the province.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Yamassee War.=]
-
-9. In the spring of 1715 the Yamassees rose upon the frontier
-settlements and committed an atrocious massacre. The desperate savages
-came within a short distance of the capital, and the whole colony was
-threatened with destruction. But Governor Craven rallied the militia,
-and the savages were pursued to the banks of the Salkehatchie. Here a
-decisive battle was fought, and the Indians were completely routed. The
-Yamassees collected their tribe and retired into Florida.
-
-10. At the close of the war the assembly petitioned the proprietors
-to bear a portion of the expense. But they refused, and would take
-no measures for the protection of the colony. The people, greatly
-burdened with rents and taxes, grew dissatisfied with the proprietary
-government. In the new election every delegate was chosen by the
-popular party. When James Moore, the new chief magistrate elected by
-the people, was to be inaugurated, Governor Johnson tried to prevent
-the ceremony. But the militia collected in the public square, and
-before nightfall the government of Carolina was overthrown. Governor
-Moore, the people's choice, was duly inaugurated in the name of King
-George I.
-
-[Sidenote: =Becomes a Royal Province.=]
-
-11. Still another change in colonial affairs was now at hand. In
-1729 seven of the proprietors of Carolina sold their claims in the
-province to the king. The sum paid by George II. for the two colonies
-was twenty-two thousand five hundred pounds. Royal governors were
-appointed, and the affairs of the province were settled on a permanent
-basis.
-
-12. The people who colonized South Carolina were brave and chivalrous.
-The Huguenot, the Scotch Presbyterian, the English dissenter, the
-Irish adventurer, and the Dutch mechanic, composed the material of
-the PALMETTO STATE. Equally with the Puritans of the North, the South
-Carolinians were lovers of liberty. The people became the leaders in
-politeness and honor between man and man.
-
-[Sidenote: =Georgia Chartered.=]
-
-13. Georgia, the thirteenth American colony, was founded by James
-Oglethorpe, an English philanthropist. The laws of England permitted
-imprisonment for debt. Thousands of English laborers were annually
-arrested and thrown into jail. In order to provide a refuge for the
-poor and the distressed, Oglethorpe appealed to George II. for the
-privilege of planting a colony in America. The petition was favorably
-heard, and on the 9th of June, 1732, a charter was issued by which the
-territory between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and westward to the
-Pacific, was granted to a corporation, _to be held in trust for the
-poor_. In honor of the king, the new province was named GEORGIA.
-
-[Sidenote: =Savannah Founded.=]
-
-14. Oglethorpe, who was a brave soldier and a member of Parliament,
-was the principal member of the corporation. To him was entrusted the
-leadership of the first colony to be planted on the Savannah. By the
-middle of November a hundred and twenty emigrants were ready to sail
-for the New World. In January of 1733 the company was welcomed at
-Charleston. Further south the colonists entered the river, and on the
-1st of February laid the foundations of Savannah.
-
-[Illustration: James Oglethorpe.]
-
-15. The chief of the Yamacraws came from his cabin to see the
-new-comers. "Here is a present for you," said he to Oglethorpe. The
-present was a buffalo robe painted with the head and feathers of an
-eagle. "The feathers are soft, and signify love; the buffalo skin is
-the emblem of protection. Therefore love us and protect us," said the
-old chieftain. Seeing the advantages of peace, Oglethorpe invited a
-council at his capital. The conference was held on the 29th of May.
-Long King, the sachem, spoke for all the tribes. The English were
-welcomed to the country. Gifts were made, and the governor responded
-with words of friendship.
-
-[Illustration: Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief.]
-
-16. The councilors in England encouraged emigration. Swiss peasants,
-Scotch Highlanders, and German Protestants all found a home on the
-Savannah. In April of 1734, Oglethorpe made a visit to England. It
-was said in London that no colony was ever before founded so wisely
-as Georgia. The councilors prohibited the importation of rum. Traffic
-with the Indians was regulated by a license. Slavery was positively
-forbidden. While the governor was still abroad, a company of Moravians
-arrived at Savannah.
-
-[Sidenote: =Coming of the Missionaries.=]
-
-17. In February of 1736 Oglethorpe came back with a colony of three
-hundred. These were also Moravians, people of deep piety and fervent
-spirit. First among them was John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He
-came to Georgia to spread the gospel and convert the Indians. But he
-was doomed to much disappointment in his work; and after a residence of
-less than two years he left the colony. His brother, Charles Wesley,
-came also as a secretary to Governor Oglethorpe. In 1738 the famous
-George Whitefield came, and preached with fiery eloquence through all
-the colonies.
-
-18. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe, anticipating war with Florida, began
-to fortify. All of Georgia was embraced in the Spanish claim. But
-Oglethorpe had a charter for the territory as far south as the
-Altamaha. In 1736 he ascended the Savannah and built a fort at Augusta.
-On the north bank of the Altamaha, he built Fort Darien. On St. Simon's
-Island a fortress was erected and named Frederica. The St. John's was
-claimed from this time forth as the southern boundary of Georgia. The
-governor again visited England, and returned with a regiment of troops.
-
-[Sidenote: =War with Spanish Florida.=]
-
-19. In October, 1739, England published a declaration of war against
-Spain. In the first week of the following January, Oglethorpe invaded
-Florida, and captured two fortified towns. Soon, with a force of more
-than a thousand men, he marched against St. Augustine, but after a
-siege of five weeks was compelled to withdraw.
-
-20. The Spaniards now determined to carry the war into Georgia. In
-June of 1742 a fleet of thirty-six vessels, carrying more than three
-thousand troops, sailed from St. Augustine for the reduction of Fort
-William on Cumberland Island. But Oglethorpe reinforced the garrison,
-and then fell back to Frederica. The Spanish vessels followed. From the
-southern point of the island to Frederica, Oglethorpe had cut a road
-which lay between a morass and a forest. The Spaniards must pass along
-this path to attack the town.
-
-21. The English general posted his men between the swamp and the
-forest. On the 7th of July the enemy reached the pass, were fired on
-from the thicket, and driven back in confusion. The main body of the
-Spanish forces pressed on into the same position, stood firm for a
-while, but were presently routed with the loss of two hundred men. The
-name of Bloody Marsh was given to this battlefield. Within a week the
-whole Spanish force reembarked and sailed for Florida.
-
-22. The colony of Georgia was now firmly established. In 1743
-Oglethorpe departed for England, after having devoted ten years to the
-colony. He had never owned a house nor possessed an acre of ground in
-the province.
-
-[Sidenote: =Georgia a Royal Province.=]
-
-23. The regulations which the councilors for Georgia had adopted were
-poorly suited to the wants of the colony. The settlers had no titles to
-their lands. Estates could descend only to the oldest sons of families.
-The colonists charged their poverty to the fact that slave-labor was
-forbidden in the province. The proprietary laws became unpopular. The
-statute excluding slavery was not enforced. Slaves began to be hired,
-first for short terms of service, then for longer periods, then _for
-one hundred years_. Finally, slaves were brought directly from Africa
-and sold to the planters below the Savannah.
-
-24. The new order of things was acknowledged by the councilors; and
-in June of 1752 they surrendered their patent to the king. A royal
-government was established over the country, and the people were
-granted the freedom of Englishmen. For some time the progress of the
-colony was not equal to the expectations of its founder, but before the
-Revolution Georgia had become a growing province.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XX.
-
-FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.
-
-
-The time came when the American colonies began to act together. The
-final struggle between France and England for colonial supremacy in
-America was at hand. Necessity compelled the English colonies to join
-in a common cause against the foe. This is the conflict known as the
-FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Causes of war had existed for many years.
-
-[Sidenote: =Causes of the War.=]
-
-2. The first of these causes was _the conflicting territorial claims_
-of the two nations. England had colonized the sea-coast; France had
-colonized the interior of the continent. The English kings claimed
-the country from one ocean to the other. The French, however, began
-to push their way westward and southward along the great lakes to the
-head-waters of the Wabash, the Illinois, and the St. Croix, then down
-these streams to the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose
-of the French was to divide the American continent and take the larger
-portion.
-
-3. The French soon established military posts at Frontenac, at
-Niagara, at the Straits of Mackinaw, and on the Illinois. Before 1750,
-settlements had been made on the Maumee, at Detroit, at Green Bay, at
-Vincennes, at Kaskaskia, at Natchez, at New Orleans, and on the Bay of
-Biloxi. At this time the only outposts of the English were a fort at
-Oswego and a few cabins in West Virginia.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Ohio Company.=]
-
-4. The immediate cause of hostilities was _a conflict between the
-frontiersmen of the two nations_ in the Ohio valley. In order to
-prevent the intrusion of the French fur-traders into this country,
-a number of Virginians joined themselves together in a body called
-the OHIO COMPANY. In March of 1749, they received from George II.
-a land-grant of five hundred thousand acres, located between the
-Kanawha and the Monongahela. But before the company could send out a
-colony, the governor of Canada dispatched three hundred men to occupy
-the valley of the Ohio. In the next year, however, the Ohio Company
-sent out an exploring party under Christopher Gist, who traversed the
-country and returned to Virginia in 1751.
-
-5. This expedition was followed by vigorous movements of the French.
-They built a fort called Le Bœuf, on French Creek, and another named
-Venango, on the Alleghany. About the same time, the country south of
-the Ohio was again explored by Gist and a party of armed surveyors.
-
-6. The Indians were greatly alarmed at the prospect. They rather
-favored the English cause, but their allegiance was uncertain. In
-the spring of 1753, the Miami tribes, under the leadership of the
-Half-King, met Benjamin Franklin at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and made a
-treaty with the English.
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington sent to St. Pierre.=]
-
-7. Before proceeding to actual war, Governor Dinwiddie determined to
-try a final remonstrance with the French. A paper was drawn up setting
-forth the nature of the English claim to the valley of the Ohio, and
-warning the authorities of France against further intrusion. A young
-surveyor, named GEORGE WASHINGTON, was called upon to carry this paper
-from Williamsburg, Virginia, to General St. Pierre at Presque Isle, on
-Lake Erie.
-
-8. On the last day of October, 1753, Washington set out on his journey.
-He was attended by four comrades besides an interpreter and Christopher
-Gist, the guide. At Logstown, Washington held a council with the
-Indians, and then pressed on to Fort Le Bœuf. Here the conference
-was held with St. Pierre. Washington was received with courtesy,
-but the general of the French was acting, he said, under military
-instructions, and would eject every Englishman from the valley of the
-Ohio.
-
-[Illustration: Washington's Route to Ft. le Boeuf.]
-
-9. Washington soon took leave of the French, and returned to Venango.
-Then, with Gist as his sole companion, he left the river and struck
-into the woods. Clad in the robe of an Indian; sleeping with frozen
-clothes on a bed of pine-brush; guided at night by the North Star;
-fired at by a prowling savage from his covert; lodging on an island
-in the Alleghany until the river was frozen over; plunging again into
-the forest, the young ambassador came back without wound or scar to
-the capital of Virginia. The answer of St. Pierre was laid before the
-governor, and the first public service of Washington was ended.
-
-[Sidenote: =English post on the Ohio.=]
-
-10. In the mean time the Ohio Company had sent thirty-three men, under
-command of Trent, to erect a fort at the source of the Ohio. In March,
-1754, they built the first rude block-house on the site of Pittsburgh.
-After all the threats of the French, the English had beaten them in
-seizing the key to the Ohio valley.
-
-11. Soon, however, French boats came down the river; and Trent was
-obliged to surrender. Washington was now stationed at Alexandria to
-enlist recruits. But it was too late to save Trent's men from capture.
-The French immediately occupied the post, built barracks and laid the
-foundations of FORT DU QUESNE. To retake this place Colonel Washington
-set out from Will's Creek in May of 1754. The possession of the
-disputed territory was now to be determined by war.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle at Great Meadows.=]
-
-12. Washington, with his little army of Virginians, was commissioned
-to build a fort at the source of the Ohio, and to repel all who
-interrupted the English settlements in that country. In April the young
-commander left Will's Creek, and on the 26th of May the English reached
-the Great Meadows. Here Washington was informed that the French were
-on the march to attack him. A stockade was immediately erected, and
-named Fort Necessity. Washington determined to strike the first blow.
-Two Indians followed the trail of the enemy, and discovered their
-hiding-place. The French were on the alert, and flew to arms. "Fire!"
-was the command of Washington; and the first volley of a great war
-went flying through the forest. The engagement was brief and decisive.
-Jumonville, the leader of the French, and ten of his party, were
-killed, and twenty-one were made prisoners.
-
-13. Before advancing farther, Washington waited for reinforcements.
-Only one company of volunteers arrived. His whole force numbered
-scarcely four hundred. Learning that the French general De Villiers
-was approaching, Washington deemed it prudent to fall back to Fort
-Necessity.
-
-14. Scarcely were Washington's forces safe within the stockade, when,
-on the 3d of July, the regiment of De Villiers came in sight, and
-surrounded the fort. The French stationed themselves on the eminence,
-and fired down upon the English with fatal effect. The Indians climbed
-into the tree-tops. For nine hours the assailants poured a shower
-of balls upon Washington's men. At length, seeing that it would be
-impossible to hold out, he accepted the terms which were offered by the
-French general. On the 4th of July the English garrison marched out of
-the fort, and withdrew from the country.
-
-[Sidenote: =Congress of the Colonies.=]
-
-15. Meanwhile, a congress of the American colonies had assembled at
-Albany. The first object was to renew the treaty with the Iroquois; the
-second, to unite the colonies in a common government. On the 10th of
-July, Benjamin Franklin presented the draft of a constitution, which
-was finally adopted. Philadelphia was to be the capital. The chief
-executive was to be a governor appointed by the king. Each colony
-should be represented in congress by not less than two or more than
-seven representatives.
-
-16. Copies of this constitution were transmitted to the several
-colonies; but the new scheme of government was everywhere received
-with disfavor. The English ministers also rejected it, saying that the
-Americans _were trying to make a government of their own_. Meanwhile,
-the French were constantly preparing for war.
-
-[Sidenote: =General Braddock Arrives.=]
-
-17. Early in 1755 General Braddock arrived in America; the plans of
-four campaigns were agreed on. Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia,
-was to complete the conquest of that province. Governor Johnson, of New
-York, was to capture Crown Point. Shirley, of Massachusetts, was to
-take Fort Niagara. Braddock himself was to lead the main army against
-Fort Du Quesne.
-
-18. In the latter part of April, the British general set out with two
-thousand veterans, from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland. A few provincial
-troops joined the expedition. Washington became an aide-de-camp of
-Braddock, and frequently gave him honest counsel, which the British
-general rejected.
-
-19. Braddock marched with the main body. On the 19th of June he put
-himself at the head of twelve hundred chosen troops, and pressed
-forward toward Fort Du Quesne. On the 9th of July, when the English
-were only twelve miles from Fort Du Quesne, they were suddenly fired
-upon by the French and Indians, who were hidden among the rocks and
-ravines.
-
-[Sidenote: =Braddock's Defeat.=]
-
-20. The battle began with a panic. The men fired constantly, but could
-see no enemy. Braddock rushed to the front and rallied his men; but it
-was all in vain. They stood huddled together like sheep. The forest
-was strewn with the dead. Out of eighty-two officers, twenty-six were
-killed. Of the privates seven hundred and fourteen had fallen. A
-retreat began at once, and Washington, with the Virginians, covered the
-flight of the army.
-
-21. On the next day the Indians returned to Fort Du Quesne clad in the
-laced coats of the British officers. The wounded Braddock was borne
-in the train of the fugitives to Fort Necessity, where he died. When
-they reached Dunbar's camp the confusion was greater than ever. The
-artillery, baggage, and public stores were destroyed. Then followed a
-hasty retreat to Fort Cumberland, and finally to Philadelphia.
-
-[Sidenote: =The English in Acadia.=]
-
-22. By the treaty of Utrecht, made in 1713, Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was
-ceded by France to England. The great majority of the people in that
-province were French, and the English government was only a military
-occupation. At the outbreak of the French and Indian War the population
-amounted to more than sixteen thousand. In a campaign of a month, the
-English now made themselves masters of the whole country east of the
-St. Croix.
-
-23. The French inhabitants still outnumbered the English, and Governor
-Lawrence determined to drive them into banishment. The English officers
-first demanded an oath of allegiance, and the surrender of all
-firearms and boats. The British vessels were then made ready to carry
-the people into exile.
-
-[Illustration: Embarkation at Acadia.]
-
-[Sidenote: =The Exile of Acadians.=]
-
-24. The country about the isthmus was now laid waste, and the peasants
-driven into the larger towns. Wherever a sufficient number could be
-got together they were compelled to go on shipboard. At the village of
-Grand Pré, more than nineteen hundred people were driven into the boats
-at the point of the bayonet. Wives and children, old men and mothers,
-the sick and the infirm, all shared the common fate. More than three
-thousand of the Acadians were carried away and scattered, helpless and
-half starved, among the English colonies.
-
-25. The third campaign planned by Braddock was to be conducted by
-Governor Shirley against Fort Niagara. Early in August the attempt was
-made, but in October had to be abandoned.
-
-[Sidenote: =Expedition to Lake Champlain.=]
-
-26. The fourth expedition was intrusted to General William Johnson.
-The object was to capture Crown Point, and drive the French from Lake
-Champlain. Early in August the army proceeded to the Hudson above
-Albany, and built Fort Edward. Thence Johnson marched to Lake George
-and laid out a camp.
-
-[Sidenote: =Dieskau Defeated.=]
-
-27. In the mean time, Dieskau, the French commandant at Crown Point,
-advanced with fourteen hundred French, Canadians, and Indians to
-capture Fort Edward. The Canadians and French regulars, unsupported by
-the Indians, then attacked the English position. For five hours the
-battle was incessant. Nearly all of Dieskau's men were killed. At last
-the English troops charged across the field, and completed the rout.
-Dieskau was mortally wounded. Two hundred and sixteen of the English
-were killed. General Johnson now constructed Fort William Henry on the
-site of his camp. Meanwhile, the French had fortified Ticonderoga. Such
-was the condition of affairs at the close of 1755.
-
-[Illustration: Lake Champlain.]
-
-28. In the beginning of the next year the command of the English forces
-was given to Governor Shirley. Washington, at the head of the Virginia
-provincials, repelled the French and Indians in the valley of the
-Shenandoah. The expeditions, which were planned for the year, embraced
-the conquest of Quebec and the capture of Forts Frontenac, Toronto,
-Niagara, and Du Quesne.
-
-29. The earl of Loudoun now received the appointment of
-commander-in-chief of the British forces. On the 17th of May Great
-Britain, after nearly two years of actual hostilities, made a
-declaration of war against France. In July Lord Loudoun assumed the
-command of the colonial army. The French, meanwhile, led by the marquis
-of Montcalm, who had succeeded Dieskau, besieged and captured Oswego.
-
-[Sidenote: =Massacre at Ft. William Henry.=]
-
-30. In the following campaign the daring Montcalm, with more than
-seven thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, advanced against Fort
-William Henry. For six days the French pressed the siege with vigor.
-The ammunition of the garrison was exhausted, and nothing remained but
-to surrender. Honorable terms were granted by the French. On the 9th
-of August the French took possession of the fortress. Unfortunately,
-the Indians procured a quantity of spirits from the English camp. In
-spite of the utmost exertions of Montcalm, the savages fell upon the
-prisoners and massacred thirty of them in cold blood.
-
-31. Such had been the successes of France during the year, that the
-English had not a single hamlet left in the whole basin of the St.
-Lawrence. Every cabin where English was spoken had been swept out of
-the Ohio valley. At the close of the year 1757 France possessed twenty
-times as much American territory as England, and five times as much as
-England and Spain together.
-
-[Sidenote: =Louisburg Captured.=]
-
-32. William Pitt was now placed at the head of the English ministry.
-Loudoun was deposed from the American army. General Abercrombie was
-appointed to succeed him. General Amherst was to lead a division, and
-young Lord Howe was next in rank to Abercrombie. Three expeditions were
-planned for 1758: one to capture Louisburg; a second, to reduce Crown
-Point and Ticonderoga; and the third to retake Fort Du Quesne from the
-French. The first was successful, and on the 28th of July, Louisburg
-capitulated. Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island were surrendered to
-Great Britain. The garrison, numbering nearly six thousand men, became
-prisoners of war.
-
-[Sidenote: =Defeat at Ticonderoga.=]
-
-33. On the 5th of July General Abercrombie, with an army of fifteen
-thousand men, moved against Ticonderoga. On the morning of the 6th the
-English fell in with the picket line of the French. A severe skirmish
-ensued; the French were overwhelmed, but Lord Howe was killed in the
-onset. On the morning of the 8th, the English divisions were arranged
-to carry Ticonderoga by assault. A desperate battle of more than four
-hours followed, until, at six o'clock in the evening, the English were
-finally repulsed. The loss on the side of the assailants amounted in
-killed and wounded to nineteen hundred and sixteen. In no battle of the
-Revolution did the British have so large a force engaged, or meet such
-terrible loss.
-
-34. The English now retreated to Fort George. Soon afterward three
-thousand men, under Colonel Bradstreet, were sent against Fort
-Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, which, after a siege of two days, was
-compelled to capitulate. The fortress was demolished. Bradstreet's
-success more than counterbalanced the failure of the English at
-Ticonderoga.
-
-[Sidenote: =Destruction of Ft. Du Quesne.=]
-
-35. Late in the summer General Forbes, with nine thousand men, advanced
-against Fort Du Quesne. Washington led the Virginia provincials. On
-the 24th of November he was within ten miles of Du Quesne. During that
-night the garrison took the alarm, burned the fortress, and floated
-down the Ohio. On the 25th the victorious army marched in, raised the
-English flag, and named the place PITTSBURGH.
-
-36. General Amherst was now promoted to the chief command of the
-American forces. By the beginning of summer, 1759, the British and
-colonial armies numbered nearly fifty thousand men. The entire French
-army scarcely exceeded seven thousand. Three campaigns were planned
-for the year: General Prideaux was to conduct an expedition against
-Niagara. Amherst was to lead the main division against Ticonderoga
-and Crown Point. General Wolfe was to proceed up the St. Lawrence and
-capture Quebec.
-
-37. On the 10th of July, Niagara was invested by Prideaux. Two weeks
-later the fort capitulated, and the French, to the number of six
-hundred, became prisoners of war. At the same time Amherst was marching
-with an army of eleven thousand men against Ticonderoga. On the
-22d of July the English forces landed, and on the 26th the garrison
-retreated to Crown Point. Five days afterwards they deserted this place
-also, and withdrew to Isle-aux-Noix, in the river Sorel.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  MAP SHOWING
-  THE COLONIES.
-  at the time of
-  FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.]
-
-38. Early in the spring General Wolfe began the ascent of the St.
-Lawrence. His force consisted of nearly eight thousand men, and a fleet
-of forty-four vessels. On the 29th of June General Monckton was sent to
-seize Point Levi.
-
-39. On the 9th of July, General Wolfe crossed the north channel, and
-encamped on the east bank of the Montmorenci. This stream was fordable
-at low water. On the 31st of the month a severe battle was fought at
-the fords of the river, and the English were repulsed with heavy losses.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Plains of Abraham.=]
-
-40. Exposure and fatigue threw the English general into a fever. It was
-decided to ascend the St. Lawrence, and gain the Plains of Abraham,
-in the rear of the city. The lower camp was broken up, and on the
-6th of September the troops were conveyed to Point Levi. Wolfe then
-transferred his army to a point several miles up the river.
-
-[Illustration: QUEBEC IN 1759.]
-
-41. On the night of the 12th of September, the English dropped down
-the river to a place called Wolfs Cove, and in the dawn of morning
-the general marshaled his army for battle on the Plains of Abraham.
-Montcalm was in amazement when he heard the news. With great haste the
-French were brought from the trenches on the Montmorenci, and thrown
-between Quebec and the English.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Taking of Quebec.=]
-
-42. The battle began with an hour's cannonade. The Canadians and
-Indians were routed. The French regulars wavered and were thrown into
-confusion. Wolfe, leading the charge, was twice wounded, but pressed
-on. At the moment of victory a third ball pierced his breast, and
-he sank to the earth. "They run, they run!" said the attendant who
-bent over him. "Who run?" was the response. "The French are flying
-everywhere," replied the officer. "Do they run already? Then I die
-happy," said the expiring hero.
-
-43. Montcalm, attempting to rally his regiments, was struck by a ball
-and mortally wounded. "Shall I survive?" said he to his surgeon. "But
-a few hours at most," answered the attendant. "So much the better,"
-replied the heroic Frenchman; "I shall not live to witness the
-surrender of Quebec."
-
-44. Five days after the battle, Quebec was surrendered, and an English
-garrison took possession of the citadel. On the 8th of September, in
-the same year, Montreal, the last important post of France in the
-valley of the St. Lawrence, was surrendered to General Amherst.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Treaty of Paris.=]
-
-45. For three years the war between France and England continued on
-the ocean. The English fleets were everywhere victorious. On the 10th
-of February, 1763, a treaty of peace was made at Paris. All the French
-possessions in North America, eastward of the Mississippi from its
-source to the river Iberville, and thence through Lakes Maurepas and
-Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico, were surrendered to Great Britain.
-At the same time, Spain, with whom England had been at war, ceded
-East and West Florida to the English Crown. Thus closed the French
-and Indian War. By this conflict it was decided that the decaying
-institutions of the Middle Ages should not prevail in America, and
-that the powerful language, just laws, and priceless liberties of the
-English race should be planted forever in the vast domains of the New
-World.
-
-
-
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS--PART III.
-
-  CHAPTER IX.
-
-  1. Give an account of the first settlement at Jamestown.
-
-  2. What troubles arose within the colony itself, and how were these
-     adjusted?
-
-  3. Trace the course of Captain Smith among the Indians, and in his
-     voyages of discovery.
-
-  4. Describe the government of Virginia under the First and Second
-     Charters.
-
-
-  CHAPTER X.
-
-  5. What changes in government were made by the Third Charter?
-
-  6. Mention the improvement in the colonial industries.
-
-  7. Describe the hardships and the growth of the Virginia colony.
-
-  8. Give an account of the Indian massacre of 1622.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XI.
-
-  9. Tell of the farther changes in the government, first to a Royal,
-     then to a Proprietary.
-
-  10. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion, with its causes and results.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XII.
-
-  11. Give an account of the condition and prospects of the Plymouth
-      colonists.
-
-  12. What relations existed between these colonists and the Indians?
-
-  13. Tell about the sectarian troubles and their adjustment.
-
-  14. Outline the general prosperity of New England.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XIII.
-
-  15. Follow the farther strife between the colonists and the Indians.
-
-  16. Trace the changes in government in the New England Colonies from
-      1622-1689.
-
-  17. Give an account of King William's War, with the results to New
-      England.
-
-  18. Tell about Salem Witchcraft.
-
-  19. Give an account of Queen Anne's and King George's wars, with the
-      causes of each and the final adjustments.
-
-  20. Sketch the character of the Puritan.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XIV.
-
-  21. Outline the settlements of the Dutch and their conflicts with the
-      English and the Swedes.
-
-  22. Trace the conflict between the Dutch and the Indians.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XV.
-
-  23. What of the condition, the government, and the progress of New York
-      under the English rule?
-
-  24. Give an account of the "Negro Plot."
-
-
-  CHAPTER XVI.
-
-  25. Mention the several claims to the territory of Connecticut.
-
-  26. Tell the story of the Pequod War.
-
-  27. Outline the government and the general prosperity of Connecticut.
-
-  28. Give an account of Roger Williams, and the organization of the
-      "Plantation of Rhode Island."
-
-  29. Tell of the founding and growth of New Hampshire.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XVII.
-
-  30. Sketch the history of New Jersey, and its final separation from
-      Pennsylvania.
-
-  31. Tell the story of William Penn, and his career in Pennsylvania.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XVIII.
-
-  32. Give an account of the founding and development of Maryland.
-
-  33. Give an account of the colonization and progress of North Carolina.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XIX.
-
-  34. Tell of the founding of South Carolina.
-
-  35. Recite the affairs of Georgia under Oglethorpe.
-
-  36. Outline the troubles between the English and the Spaniards in
-      Georgia and Florida.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XX.
-
-  37. What were the leading causes of the French and Indian War?
-
-  38. Give an account of Washington's expedition to St. Pierre.
-
-  39. Give an account of the capture of Fort Necessity.
-
-  40. Give an outline of Braddock's campaign.
-
-  41. What were the leading events of the campaign of Wolfe?
-
-
-
-
-PART IV.
-
-REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION.
-
-A. D. 1775-1789.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXI.
-
-CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION.
-
-
-The American Revolution was an event of vast importance. The question
-decided by it was whether the English colonies in America should govern
-themselves, or be ruled by Great Britain. The decision was in favor of
-independence. The result has been the grandest republican government
-the world has ever known.
-
-[Sidenote: =General Causes.=]
-
-2. The most general cause of the Revolution was THE RIGHT OF ARBITRARY
-GOVERNMENT, claimed by Great Britain and denied by the colonies.
-The question began to be discussed about the time of the treaty of
-Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748; and from that period until 1775, each year
-witnessed a renewal of the agitation. But there were also many minor
-causes tending to bring on a conflict with the mother-country.
-
-3. First of these was _the influence of France_, inciting the colonies
-to rebel. The French had ceded Canada to Great Britain with the hope of
-securing American independence. England feared such a result. It was
-even proposed in Parliament to re-cede Canada to France, in order to
-check the growth of the American States.
-
-4. Another cause was _the natural disposition of the colonists_.
-Many of the original settlers came to America to escape the tyranny
-of kings, and their descendants naturally favored a representative
-government. The dealings of the colonists with the royal officers had
-created a dislike for foreign institutions.
-
-5. _The growth of public opinion in the colonies_ tended to
-independence. The better class of men came to believe that a separation
-from England was very desirable. As early as 1755, John Adams, then a
-young school-teacher in Connecticut, wrote in his diary: "In another
-century all Europe will not be able to subdue us. The only way to keep
-us from setting up for ourselves is to disunite us."
-
-6. Another cause of the Revolution was _the personal character of the
-king_. George III. was one of the worst of rulers, and had no true
-notion of human rights. His ministers were, for the most part, men like
-himself.
-
-[Sidenote: =Immediate Causes.=]
-
-[Sidenote: =Acts Restricting Trade.=]
-
-7. The more immediate cause of the war was the passage by Parliament
-of a number of laws destructive of colonial liberty. The first of
-these was the IMPORTATION ACT of 1733. By this statute exorbitant
-duties were laid on sugar, molasses, and rum. In 1750 it was enacted
-that iron-works should not be erected in America. The manufacture of
-steel was forbidden, and the felling of pines outside of inclosures.
-These laws were disregarded by the colonists, who considered them
-unjust and tyrannical. In 1761 the courts were authorized to issue to
-petty officers search-warrants, called Writs of Assistance, by which
-constables might enter every place, searching for goods suspected of
-having evaded the duty. At Salem and Boston the writs were resisted.
-
-8. In 1763, and again in the following year, the English officers were
-authorized to seize all vessels engaged in unlawful trade. Before this
-was known at Boston, a great town-meeting was held. Samuel Adams was
-the orator. A powerful argument was produced, showing that under the
-British constitution _taxation and representation were inseparable_.
-
-9. On the 10th of March, 1764, Mr. Grenville, the prime minister,
-brought before the House of Commons a resolution that it would be
-proper to charge certain stamp-duties on the American colonies.
-The news of the measure was borne to America, producing universal
-excitement. Resolutions against the acts of the ministers were passed
-in almost every town. Remonstrances were addressed to the king and the
-Parliament.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Stamp Act.=]
-
-10. Nevertheless, in March of 1765, the English Parliament passed the
-STAMP ACT. In the House of Commons it received a majority of five to
-one. In the House of Lords the vote was unanimous. On the 22d of the
-month, the royal assent was given. Benjamin Franklin, then in London,
-wrote to a friend at home that the sun of American liberty had set.
-
-11. The provisions of the Stamp Act were these: Every legal document
-required in the colonies should, after the 1st day of the following
-November, be executed on stamped paper to be furnished by the British
-government. For each sheet the colonists were required to pay a sum
-varying from three pence to six pounds sterling. Every pamphlet,
-almanac, and newspaper was to be printed on paper of the same sort,
-the value of the stamps ranging from a half-penny to four pence. No
-contract should be binding unless bearing the stamp.
-
-12. The news of the hateful act created great wrath in America.
-The bells of Philadelphia and Boston rang a funeral knell. In New
-York a copy of the Stamp Act was carried through the streets with a
-death's-head nailed to it, and a placard bearing this inscription: THE
-FOLLY OF ENGLAND AND THE RUIN OF AMERICA. The general assemblies were
-at first slow to move; there were many old royalists among the members.
-But the younger representatives did not hesitate to express their
-sentiments. In the Virginia House of Burgesses there was a memorable
-scene.
-
-[Sidenote: =Patrick Henry.=]
-
-13. Patrick Henry, the youngest member of the House, after waiting
-in vain for some older delegate to lead in opposition to Parliament,
-snatched a blank leaf out of an old law book and drew up a series of
-six resolutions, declaring that the Virginians were Englishmen with
-English rights; that the colonists were not bound to yield obedience to
-any law imposing taxation on them; and that whoever said the contrary
-was an enemy to the country.
-
-[Illustration: Patrick Henry.]
-
-14. A violent debate ensued. Two future Presidents of the United States
-were in the audience: Washington as a delegate, and Thomas Jefferson, a
-young collegian, outside of the railing. The eloquent Henry bore down
-all opposition. "Cæsar had his Brutus," said the orator; "Charles I.
-had his Cromwell, and George III.--" "Treason!" shouted the speaker.
-"Treason! treason!" exclaimed the royalists, springing to their feet.
-"And George III. may profit by their example," continued Henry;
-and then added, "If that be treason, make the most of it!" The six
-resolutions were carried; but on the next day, when Henry was absent,
-the powerful aristocratic and church party secured the repeal of two of
-the more violent resolutions.
-
-[Sidenote: =The "Stamp Act Congress," 1765.=]
-
-15. Similar resolutions were adopted by the assemblies of New York
-and Massachusetts. James Otis proposed an American Congress. The
-proposition was favorably received by nine of the colonies; and, on
-the 7th of October, the first colonial Congress, called the STAMP ACT
-CONGRESS, assembled at New York. Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts,
-was chosen president. A Declaration of Rights was adopted setting
-forth that the American colonists, as Englishmen, could not consent
-to be taxed but by their own representatives. Memorials were sent to
-Parliament and a petition to the king.
-
-16. On the 1st of November the Stamp Act was to take effect. During the
-summer great quantities of the stamped paper had been sent to America.
-But everywhere it was rejected or destroyed. The 1st of November was
-kept as a day of mourning.
-
-[Sidenote: =Sons of Liberty.=]
-
-17. At first, legal business was suspended. The court-houses were shut
-up. Not even a marriage license could be legally issued. By and by, the
-offices were opened, and business went on as before, but _not_ with
-stamped paper. It was at this time that the patriotic society, known as
-the SONS OF LIBERTY, was organized. The merchants of New York, Boston,
-and Philadelphia entered into a compact to purchase no more goods of
-Great Britain until the Stamp Act should be repealed.
-
-18. The colonists had their friends in England. Eminent statesmen
-espoused the cause of America. In the House of Commons Mr. Pitt
-delivered a powerful address. "You have," said he, "no right to tax
-America. I rejoice that America has resisted." On the 18th of March,
-1766, the Stamp Act was formally repealed. But at the same time a
-resolution was added, declaring that Parliament had the right _to bind
-the colonies in all cases whatsoever_.
-
-[Sidenote: =Repeal of the Stamp Act.=]
-
-19. The repeal of the Stamp Act produced great joy, both in England and
-America. But on the 29th of June, 1767, another act was passed imposing
-a duty on all the glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea which should
-thereafter be imported into the colonies.
-
-20. The resentment of the Americans burst out anew. Another agreement
-not to purchase British goods was entered into by the American
-merchants. The newspapers were filled with denunciations of Parliament.
-In the month of June, a sloop, charged with evading the payment of
-duty, was seized by the custom-house officers of Boston. But the people
-attacked the houses of the officers, and obliged the occupants to fly
-to Castle William. General Gage was now ordered to bring from Halifax
-a regiment of regulars and overawe the people. On the 1st of October
-the troops, seven hundred strong, marched with fixed bayonets into the
-capital of Massachusetts.
-
-[Sidenote: =Resistance of the Colonies.=]
-
-21. In February of 1769 the people of Massachusetts were declared
-rebels, and the governor was directed to arrest those deemed guilty and
-send them to England for trial. The general assembly met this outrage
-with defiant resolutions. Similar scenes were enacted in Virginia and
-North Carolina.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Boston Massacre.=]
-
-22. Early in 1770 the soldiers in New York cut down a liberty pole
-which stood in the park. A conflict ensued, in which the people won the
-day. On the 5th of March, a more serious difficulty occurred in Boston.
-A crowd of people surrounded Captain Preston's company of the city
-guard, hooted at them, and dared them to fire. At length the soldiers
-discharged a volley, killing three of the citizens and wounding several
-others. This outrage, known as the BOSTON MASSACRE, created a profound
-sensation. Captain Preston and his company were arrested and tried for
-murder. Two of the offenders were convicted of manslaughter.
-
-[Illustration: Fight at the Liberty Pole, New York.]
-
-[Sidenote: =The Boston Tea Party.=]
-
-23. Parliament now passed an act repealing all duties on American
-imports except that on tea. The people, in answer, pledged themselves
-to use no more tea until the duty should be _unconditionally repealed_.
-In 1773 Parliament removed the export duty which had hitherto been
-charged on tea shipped from England. The price of tea was thus lowered,
-and the ministers thought that, when the cheaper tea was offered in
-America, the colonists would pay the import duty without suspicion.
-Ships were loaded with tea for the American market. Some of the vessels
-reached Charleston; but the chests were stored in cellars, and the
-contents ruined. At New York and Philadelphia the ships were forbidden
-to enter. At Boston the authorities would not permit the tea to be
-landed. On the 16th of December there was a great town-meeting, at
-which seven thousand people were present. Adams and Quincy spoke to the
-multitudes. Evening came on, and the meeting was about to adjourn, when
-a war-whoop was heard, and fifty men disguised as Indians marched to
-the wharf where the tea-ships were at anchor, boarded the vessels, and
-emptied three hundred and forty chests of tea into the bay. Such was
-the BOSTON TEA PARTY.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Boston Port Bill.=]
-
-24. Parliament made haste to find revenge. On the last day of March,
-1774, the BOSTON PORT BILL was passed. It was enacted that no kind of
-merchandise should any longer be landed or shipped at the wharves of
-Boston. The custom-house was removed to Salem, but the people of that
-town refused to accept it. The inhabitants of Marblehead gave the free
-use of their warehouses to the merchants of Boston. When the news of
-the Port Bill reached Virginia, the burgesses entered a protest on
-their journal. Governor Dunmore ordered the members to their homes; but
-they met and continued their work in another place. On the 20th of May,
-the charter of Massachusetts was annulled. The people were declared
-rebels, and the governor was ordered to send abroad for trial all
-persons who should resist the officers.
-
-[Sidenote: =First Continental Congress, 1774.=]
-
-25. In September the FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS assembled at
-Philadelphia. Eleven colonies were represented. One address was sent to
-the king; another to the English nation; and another to the people of
-Canada. A resolution was adopted to suspend all commercial intercourse
-with Great Britain. Parliament retaliated by ordering General Gage to
-reduce the colonists by force. A fleet and ten thousand soldiers were
-sent to aid him.
-
-26. Boston Neck was seized and fortified by the British. The stores
-at Cambridge and Charlestown were conveyed to Boston; and the general
-assembly was ordered to disband. Instead of doing so, the members voted
-to equip an army of twelve thousand men for defence. There was no
-longer any hope of a peaceable adjustment. The colonists were few and
-feeble; but they were men of iron wills who had made up their minds to
-die for liberty.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXII.
-
-THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION.--EVENTS OF 1775.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Paul Revere's Ride.=]
-
-As soon as the intentions of General Gage were known, the people of
-Boston, concealing their ammunition in carts, conveyed it to Concord.
-On the night of the 18th of April, Gage dispatched eight hundred men
-to destroy the stores. The plan of the British was made with great
-secrecy; but the patriots discovered the movement. When the regiment,
-under command of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, set out for Concord,
-the people of Boston were roused by the ringing of bells and the
-firing of cannon. William Dawes and Paul Revere rode with all speed to
-Lexington and spread the alarm through the country.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Fight at Lexington.=]
-
-2. At two o'clock in the morning, a company of one hundred and thirty
-minute-men assembled on the common at Lexington. No enemy appeared
-until five o'clock, when the British, under command of Pitcairn, came
-in sight. The provincials were led by Captain Parker. Pitcairn rode
-up and exclaimed: "Disperse, ye villains! Throw down your arms!" The
-minute-men stood still, and Pitcairn cried, "Fire!" The first volley of
-the Revolution whistled through the air, and sixteen of the patriots
-fell dead or wounded. The rest fired a few shots and dispersed.
-
-3. The British pressed on to Concord; but the inhabitants had removed
-the stores to a place of safety, and there was but little destruction.
-While the British were ransacking the town, the minute-men encountered
-a company of soldiers who were guarding the North Bridge. Here the
-Americans fired, and two British soldiers were killed. The rest began
-a retreat through the town toward Lexington. For six miles the battle
-was kept up along the road. Hidden behind trees, fences, and barns,
-the patriots poured a constant fire upon the ranks of the enemy. The
-American loss was forty-nine killed, thirty-four wounded, and five
-missing; that of the enemy was two hundred and seventy-three.
-
-[Illustration: THE FIGHT AT LEXINGTON]
-
-4. The battle of Lexington fired the country. Within a few days an army
-of twenty thousand men gathered about Boston. A line of intrenchments
-was drawn from Roxbury to Chelsea. John Stark came down with the New
-Hampshire militia. Rhode Island sent her men under Nathaniel Greene.
-Benedict Arnold came with the provincials of New Haven. Ethan Allen,
-with a company of two hundred and seventy patriots, advanced against
-Ticonderoga. Benedict Arnold joined the expedition as a private. On the
-evening of the 9th of May, the force reached the shore of Lake George,
-opposite Ticonderoga.
-
-[Sidenote: =Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga.=]
-
-5. On the following morning, eighty-three men succeeded in crossing.
-With this mere handful, Allen made a dash and gained the gateway of
-the fort. He rushed to the quarters of the commandant, and cried
-out: "Surrender this fort instantly!" "By what authority?" inquired
-the officer. "In the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental
-Congress," said Allen, flourishing his sword. The garrison were made
-prisoners and sent to Connecticut, and vast quantities of military
-stores fell into the hands of the Americans. Two days afterwards Crown
-Point was also taken.
-
-6. On the 25th of May, Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived
-at Boston. The British army was augmented to more than ten thousand
-men. It was now rumored that Gage was about to sally out of Boston to
-burn the neighboring towns and devastate the country. The Americans
-determined to anticipate this movement by fortifying Bunker Hill, which
-commanded the peninsula of Charlestown.
-
-7. On the night of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was sent with
-a thousand men to intrench the hill. The provincials reached the
-eminence; but Prescott and his engineer, not liking the position,
-proceeded down the peninsula to Breed's Hill, within cannon range of
-Boston. Here a redoubt was thrown up during the night. The British
-ships in the harbor were so near that the Americans could hear the
-sentinels repeating the night-call, "All is well."
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Bunker Hill.=]
-
-8. As soon as it was light, General Gage ordered the ships to cannonade
-the American position. The British batteries on Copp's Hill also opened
-fire. Just after noon, three thousand British veterans, commanded
-by Generals Howe and Pigot, landed at Morton's Point. The Americans
-numbered about fifteen hundred. Charlestown was burned by the British
-as they advanced. Thousands of spectators climbed to the house-tops
-in Boston to watch the battle. On came the British in a stately and
-imposing column.
-
-[Illustration: VICINITY OF BOSTON.]
-
-9. The Americans reserved their fire until the advancing line was
-within a hundred and fifty feet. Then instantly every gun was
-discharged. The front rank of the British melted away, and the rest
-hastily retreated. Howe rallied his men and led the second charge.
-Again the American fire was withheld until the enemy was but a few rods
-distant. Then volley after volley was poured upon the column until it
-was broken and driven into flight.
-
-10. The vessels of the British fleet now changed position until the
-guns were brought to bear upon the American works. For the third time,
-the British soldiers charged with fixed bayonets up the hillside.
-The Americans had but three or four rounds of ammunition remaining.
-These were expended on the advancing enemy. Then there was a lull. The
-British clambered over the ramparts. The provincials hurled stones
-at the assailants. It was in vain; they were driven out of their
-trenches at the point of the bayonet. The brave Warren gave his life
-for freedom. The loss of the British in the engagement was a thousand
-and fifty-four in killed and wounded. The Americans lost one hundred
-and fifteen killed, three hundred and five wounded, and thirty-two
-prisoners. Prescott and Putnam conducted the retreat to Prospect Hill.
-
-11. The battle of Bunker Hill rather inspired than discouraged the
-colonists. The news was borne to the South, and a spirit of determined
-opposition was everywhere aroused. The people began to speak of the
-UNITED COLONIES OF AMERICA. At Charlotte, North Carolina, the citizens
-came together in convention, and made _a declaration of independence_.
-
-[Sidenote: =Second Continental Congress, 1775.=]
-
-12. On the day of the capture of Ticonderoga, the Continental Congress
-assembled at Philadelphia. Washington was there, and John Adams
-and Samuel Adams, Franklin and Patrick Henry; Jefferson came soon
-afterwards. A last appeal was addressed to the king; and he was told
-that the colonists had chosen war in preference to slavery. Early in
-the session John Adams made an address, in the course of which he
-noticed the necessity of appointing a commander-in-chief, and the
-qualities requisite in that high officer. The speaker concluded by
-putting in nomination George Washington, of Virginia. On the 15th of
-June, the nomination was confirmed by Congress; and the man who had
-saved the wreck of Braddock's army was called to build a nation.
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington Commander-in-chief.=]
-
-13. GEORGE WASHINGTON was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, on
-the 11th of February (Old Style), 1732. At the age of eleven he was
-left to the sole care of his mother. His education was limited to
-the common branches of learning. Surveying was his favorite study.
-At the age of sixteen he was sent by his uncle to survey a tract of
-land on the South Potomac. The important duties which he performed in
-the service of the Ohio Company, and his campaign with Braddock have
-already been narrated. With great dignity he accepted the appointment
-of commander-in-chief, and set out to join the army at Cambridge.
-
-[Sidenote: =Organization of Continental Army.=]
-
-14. Congress had voted to equip twenty thousand men, but the means
-of doing so were not furnished. Washington had a force of fourteen
-thousand five hundred volunteers, undisciplined and insubordinate.
-The supplies of war were almost wholly wanting. The army was soon
-organized in three divisions: the right wing was under General Ward,
-the left commanded by General Charles Lee, the center under the
-commander-in-chief. The siege of Boston was pressed with vigor. The
-king's authority was overthrown in all the colonies.
-
-[Sidenote: =Expedition against Canada.=]
-
-15. The Americans looked to Canada for aid. In order to encourage
-the people of that province to take up arms, Generals Schuyler and
-Montgomery were ordered to proceed against St. John and Montreal, both
-of which were finally taken. Montgomery next proceeded, with three
-hundred men, against Quebec. In the mean time, Colonel Arnold had
-set out with a thousand men from Cambridge. At Point aux Trembles he
-was joined by Montgomery, who assumed command. For three weeks, with
-his handful of troops, Montgomery besieged Quebec, and then staked
-everything on an assault.
-
-16. Before daybreak on the 31st of December, Montgomery attacked
-the Lower Town. At the first discharge Montgomery fell dead. The
-men, heartbroken at their loss, retreated above the city. Arnold had
-meanwhile fought his way into the Lower Town, but was severely wounded
-and borne to the rear. Captain Morgan led his brave band along the
-narrow streets until he was overwhelmed and compelled to surrender.
-Arnold retired to a point three miles above the city. The small-pox
-broke out in the camp; and in the following June the Americans
-evacuated Canada.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXIII.
-
-THE EVENTS OF 1776.
-
-
-At last came the king's answer to the appeal of Congress. The petition
-of the colonies was rejected with contempt. By this tyrannical answer
-the day of independence was brought nearer. Meanwhile, General Howe had
-succeeded Gage in command of the British troops in Boston.
-
-2. All winter long the city was besieged by Washington. By the first
-of spring, 1776, it was resolved to seize Dorchester Heights and drive
-Howe out of Boston. On the night of the 4th of March a detachment under
-cover of the darkness reached the Heights unperceived. The British
-noticed nothing unusual; but, when morning dawned, Howe saw at a glance
-that he must carry the American position or abandon the city. He
-ordered his men to storm the Heights before nightfall.
-
-[Sidenote: =The British driven from Boston.=]
-
-3. Washington visited the trenches and exhorted his men. It was the
-anniversary of the Boston Massacre. A battle was momentarily expected;
-but while the British delayed, a storm arose and rendered the harbor
-impassable, and the attack could not be made. Before the following
-morning the Americans had so strengthened their fortifications that all
-thoughts of an assault were abandoned. Howe found himself reduced to
-the extremity of giving up the capital of New England.
-
-4. After some days there was an agreement between Washington and the
-British general that the latter should retire from Boston unmolested on
-condition that the city should not be burned. On the 17th of March, the
-whole British army sailed away. The American advance at once entered
-the city. On the 20th, Washington made a formal entry at the head of
-the triumphant army. The country was wild with delight. Congress
-ordered a gold medal to be struck in honor of Washington's victory over
-the enemy.
-
-5. In a short time, the commander-in-chief repaired with the army to
-New York. General Lee pressed forward with the Connecticut militia,
-and reached that city just in time to baffle an attempt of Sir Henry
-Clinton, who next sailed southward, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker
-and Lord Cornwallis with two thousand five hundred men. The force of
-the British was deemed sufficient to capture Charleston.
-
-[Sidenote: =British Repulsed at Charleston.=]
-
-6. The Carolinians, led by General Lee, rose in arms and flocked to
-Charleston. The city was fortified; and a fort, which commanded the
-entrance to the harbor, was built on Sullivan's Island. On the 4th of
-June the British squadron came in sight. On the 28th the British fleet
-began a bombardment of the fortress, which was commanded by Colonel
-Moultrie; but the walls, built of palmetto, were little injured. As
-evening drew on, the British were obliged to retire with a loss of two
-hundred men. The loss of the garrison amounted to thirty-two.
-
-7. During the summer Washington's forces were increased to twenty-seven
-thousand men, but the effective force was little more than half that
-number. Great Britain was making the greatest preparations. By a treaty
-with some of the German States, seventeen thousand Hessians were hired
-to fight against America. Twenty-five thousand English troops were
-levied; and a million dollars were voted for the expenses of the war.
-
-8. Thus far the colonists had claimed to be loyal subjects of Great
-Britain. Now the case seemed hopeless. The people urged the general
-assemblies, and the general assemblies urged Congress, to a declaration
-of independence. Congress responded by recommending the colonies to
-adopt such governments as might best conduce to the safety of the
-people.
-
-9. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered
-a resolution in Congress declaring that the United Colonies are,
-and of right ought to be, _free and independent States_. A long and
-exciting debate ensued. The final consideration of Lee's resolution was
-postponed until the 1st of July. On the 11th of June, Thomas Jefferson,
-John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston
-were appointed a committee to prepare a formal declaration.
-
-[Illustration: Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Declaration of Independence.=]
-
-10. On the 1st of July the committee's report was laid before Congress.
-On the next day Lee's resolution was adopted. During the 3d the formal
-declaration was debated with great spirit. The discussion was resumed
-on the 4th, and at two o'clock in the afternoon the DECLARATION OF
-AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE was adopted by a unanimous vote.
-
-11. The old bellman of the State House rang out the note of freedom
-to the nation. The multitudes caught the signal and answered with
-shouts. Everywhere the declaration was received with enthusiastic
-applause. At Philadelphia the king's arms were torn down and burned
-in the street. At Williamsburg, Charleston, and Savannah there were
-bonfires. At Boston the declaration was read in Faneuil Hall. At New
-York the populace pulled down the statue of George III. _and cast it
-into bullets_. Washington ordered that the declaration be read at the
-head of each brigade.
-
-12. The leading principles of the Declaration of Independence are
-these: That all men are created equal; that governments are instituted
-for the welfare of the people; that the people have a right to alter
-their government; that the government of George III. had become
-destructive of liberty; that the king's tyranny over his American
-subjects was no longer endurable; and that, therefore, the United
-Colonies of America are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
-States.
-
-[Sidenote: =Operations about New York.=]
-
-13. Early in July, General Howe landed a force of nine thousand men
-on Staten Island. Thither Clinton came from the siege of Charleston,
-and Admiral Howe from England. The British force in the vicinity of
-New York amounted to thirty thousand men. Nearly half of them were
-Hessians. Washington's army was greatly inferior in numbers and
-discipline.
-
-14. Lord Howe had been instructed to try conciliatory measures with
-the Americans. First, he sent to the American camp a dispatch directed
-to George Washington, _Esquire_. Washington refused to receive a
-communication which did not recognize his official position. Howe then
-sent another message, addressed to George Washington, etc., etc., etc.;
-and the bearer insisted that _and-so-forth_ might mean _General of the
-American Army_. But Washington sent the officer away.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Long Island.=]
-
-15. Lord Howe and his brother at once began hostilities. On the 22d
-of August, the British, to the number of ten thousand, landed on Long
-Island. The Americans, about eight thousand strong, were posted in the
-vicinity of Brooklyn. On the morning of the 27th of August, Grant's
-division of the British army was met by General Stirling with fifteen
-hundred men, and the battle at once began, but there was no decisive
-result. General Heister advanced beyond Flatbush, and engaged the main
-body of the Americans, under General Sullivan. Here the Hessians gained
-little or no ground until Sullivan was alarmed by the noise of battle
-on his left and rear.
-
-16. During the night General Clinton had occupied the heights above
-the Jamaica road, and now came down by way of Bedford. Sullivan found
-himself surrounded and cut off. The men fought bravely, and many broke
-through the lines of the British. The rest were scattered, killed, or
-taken prisoners.
-
-17. Cornwallis, attempting to cut off Stirling's retreat, was repulsed.
-Most of Stirling's men reached the American lines at Brooklyn. Generals
-Stirling, Sullivan, and Woodhull were taken prisoners. Nearly a
-thousand patriots were killed or missing. It seemed an easy thing for
-Clinton and Howe to capture all the rest.
-
-18. Washington resolved to withdraw to New York. The enterprise was
-extremely hazardous. At eight o'clock in the evening the embarkation of
-the army began. All night with muffled oars the boatmen rowed silently
-back and forth. At daylight the movement was discovered by the British.
-They rushed into the American intrenchments and found nothing but a few
-worthless guns.
-
-[Sidenote: =British Occupy New York.=]
-
-19. The defeat on Long Island was very disastrous to the American
-cause. Many of the troops returned to their homes. Only by constant
-exertion did Washington keep his army from disbanding. The British
-fleet anchored within cannon-shot of New York. Washington retired to
-the Heights of Harlem. On the 15th of September the British landed
-three miles above New York. Thence they extended their lines and took
-possession of the city.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of White Plains.=]
-
-20. On the 16th of October, Howe embarked his forces, passed into Long
-Island Sound, and landed in the vicinity of Westchester. The object
-was to get upon the American flank and cut off communications with the
-Eastern States. On the 28th a battle was brought on at White Plains.
-The Americans were driven from one position, but intrenched themselves
-in another, then withdrew to the heights of North Castle. Howe remained
-for a few days at White Plains, and returned to New York.
-
-[Illustration: NEW YORK and VICINITY]
-
-21. Washington now crossed to the west bank of the Hudson and took
-post at Fort Lee. Four thousand men were left at North Castle under
-General Lee. Fort Washington, on Manhattan Island, was defended by
-three thousand men under Colonel Magaw. The skillful construction of
-this fort had attracted the attention of Washington, and led to an
-acquaintance with the engineer, ALEXANDER HAMILTON, then a stripling
-but twenty years of age.
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington retreats to Trenton.=]
-
-22. On the 16th of November, Fort Washington was captured by the
-British. The garrison were made prisoners of war and crowded into
-the jails of New York. Two days after the surrender, Fort Lee was
-taken by Lord Cornwallis. Washington with his army, now reduced to
-three thousand men, retreated to Trenton on the Delaware. Nothing
-but the skill of the commander saved the remnant of his forces from
-destruction.
-
-23. On the 8th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware.
-Cornwallis, having no boats, was obliged to wait for the freezing of
-the river. It was seen that as soon as the river should be frozen the
-British would march into Philadelphia. Congress accordingly adjourned
-to Baltimore. During his retreat across New Jersey, Washington sent
-dispatches to General Lee, at North Castle, to join the main army as
-soon as possible. That officer took up his quarters at Basking Ridge.
-On the 13th of December, a squad of British cavalry captured Lee and
-hurried him off to New York. General Sullivan took command of Lee's
-division, and hastened to join Washington. The entire American force
-now amounted to a little more than six thousand.
-
-[Sidenote: =Victory at Trenton.=]
-
-24. The tide of misfortune turned at last. Washington saw in the
-disposition of the British forces an opportunity to strike a blow
-for his country. The leaders of the enemy were off their guard. The
-Hessians on the east side of the river were spread out from Trenton to
-Burlington. Washington conceived the design of crossing the Delaware
-and striking the detachment at Trenton before a concentration of the
-enemy's forces could be effected. The American army was arranged in
-three divisions under Generals Cadwallader, Ewing, and Washington
-himself. Christmas night was selected as the time for the movement.
-
-25. The Delaware was filled with floating ice. Ewing and Cadwallader
-were both baffled in their efforts to cross the river. Washington,
-having succeeded in getting over, divided his army of twenty-four
-hundred men into two columns and pressed forward. At eight o'clock
-in the morning the Americans came rushing into Trenton from both
-directions. The Hessians sprang from their quarters and attempted to
-form in line. Colonel Rall was mortally wounded. Nearly a thousand
-of the Hessians threw down their arms and begged for quarter. Before
-nightfall Washington, with his army and the whole body of captives, was
-safe on the other side of the Delaware.
-
-[Illustration: CENTRAL NEW JERSEY 1778.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Effect of the victory.=]
-
-26. The battle of Trenton roused the nation from despondency. The
-militia flocked to the general's standard; and fourteen hundred
-soldiers, whose term of enlistment now expired, reentered the service.
-Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, came forward with
-his fortune to the support of his country.
-
-27. Three days after his victory, Washington again crossed the
-Delaware. Here all the American detachments in the vicinity were
-ordered to assemble. To General Heath, stationed at Peekskill,
-Washington sent orders to move into New Jersey. The British fell back
-from their outposts and concentrated at Princeton. Cornwallis resumed
-command in person. So closed the year. Ten days previously, Howe only
-waited for the freezing of the Delaware before taking up his quarters
-in Philadelphia. Now it was a question whether he would be able to hold
-a single town in New Jersey.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXIV.
-
-OPERATIONS OF 1777.
-
-
-On the 1st of January, 1777, Washington's army at Trenton numbered
-about five thousand men. On the next day Cornwallis approached with
-greatly superior forces. During the afternoon there was severe
-skirmishing along the roads east of Trenton. During the night
-Washington called a council of war, and it was determined to leave the
-camp, pass the British left flank, and strike the enemy at Princeton.
-The baggage was removed to Burlington. The camp-fires were brightly
-kindled and kept burning through the night, while the army was in
-motion toward Princeton. Everything was done in silence. The morning
-light showed the British sentries a deserted camp.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Princeton.=]
-
-2. At sunrise Washington was entering Princeton. At the same time
-the British were marching out to reinforce Cornwallis. The Americans
-met them in the edge of the village, and the battle at once began.
-The British charged bayonets, and the militia gave way in confusion.
-General Mercer received a mortal wound. But the Pennsylvania regulars,
-led by the commander-in-chief, stood their ground. Washington rallied
-his men with the greatest bravery; and the British were routed, with a
-loss of four hundred and thirty men in killed, wounded, and missing.
-
-3. On the night of the 22d of May, Colonel Meigs, of Connecticut,
-embarked two hundred men in whale-boats, crossed the sound, and
-attacked Sag Harbor. The British were overpowered; only four of them
-escaped; five or six were killed, and the remaining ninety were made
-prisoners. The stores were destroyed by the patriots, who, without the
-loss of a man, returned to Guilford. Colonel Meigs was rewarded by
-Congress with an elegant sword.
-
-4. The patriot forces of the North were now concentrated on the
-Hudson; and a camp, under Arnold, was laid out on the Delaware. In
-the latter part of May, Washington broke up his winter-quarters and
-took an advantageous position only ten miles from the British camp.
-Howe crossed over from New York and threatened an attack upon the
-American lines. Finally, the British, on the 30th of June, crossed
-over to Staten Island. On the 10th of July, General Prescott, of the
-British army, was captured at a farm-house near Newport. This gave
-the Americans an officer of equal rank to exchange for General Lee.
-Congress in the mean time returned to Philadelphia.
-
-[Sidenote: =French Aid and Sympathy.=]
-
-5. From the beginning of the war the people of France had been friendly
-to the American cause. By and by their sympathy became more outspoken.
-The French ministers would do nothing openly to provoke a war with
-Great Britain; but secretly they rejoiced at every British misfortune.
-During the year 1777, the French managed to supply the colonies with
-twenty thousand muskets and a thousand barrels of powder.
-
-6. At last the republicans of France began to embark for America.
-Foremost of all came the young MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE. Fitting a vessel
-at his own expense, he eluded the officers, and with the brave De Kalb
-and a small company of followers reached South Carolina in April of
-1777. He entered the army as a volunteer, and in the following July was
-commissioned a major-general.
-
-[Sidenote: =Burgoyne's Campaign.=]
-
-7. One of the most important events of the war was the campaign of
-General Burgoyne. In command of the English forces in Canada, he spent
-the spring of 1777 in organizing an army of ten thousand men for
-the invasion of New York. The force consisted of British, Hessians,
-Canadians, and Indians. The plan of the campaign embraced a descent
-upon Albany and New York, and the cutting off of New England from the
-Middle and Southern colonies.
-
-[Illustration: Marquis de La Fayette.]
-
-8. On the 1st of June, Burgoyne reached Lake Champlain, and on the 16th
-proceeded to Crown Point. This place was occupied by the British; and
-on the 5th of July, Ticonderoga, which was defended by three thousand
-men under General St. Clair, was captured. Soon afterward the British
-reached Whitehall and seized a large quantity of stores.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Bennington.=]
-
-9. At this time the American army of the North was commanded by General
-Schuyler. His forces, numbering between four and five thousand, were
-at Fort Edward. This place was captured by Burgoyne on the 30th of
-July, the Americans retreating down the Hudson. The British general
-now dispatched Colonels Baum and Breymann to seize the stores at
-Bennington, Vermont. Colonel John Stark rallied the New Hampshire
-militia, and on the 15th of August met the British near the village.
-On the following morning there was a furious battle, in which Baum's
-force was completely routed. The British lost in killed, wounded, and
-prisoners more than eight hundred men. The country was thrilled by the
-victory.
-
-10. A few days after the battle of Bennington, Burgoyne received
-intelligence of a still greater reverse, at Fort Schuyler, on the
-Mohawk.
-
-[Illustration: Chart of HUDSON RIVER.]
-
-11. The British general lost a month in procuring supplies from Canada.
-He now found himself hemmed in by nine thousand patriot soldiers.
-General Lincoln arrived with the militia of New England. Washington
-sent several detachments from the regular army. Morgan came with his
-riflemen. General Gates superseded Schuyler in command of the northern
-army. On the 8th of September, the American headquarters were advanced
-to Stillwater. On the 14th of the month, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson
-and took post at Saratoga. The two armies now came face to face. On
-the 19th, a general battle ensued, continuing until nightfall. The
-conflict, though severe, was indecisive; the Americans retired within
-their lines, and the British slept on the field. To the patriots the
-result of the battle was equivalent to a victory.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Bemis's Heights.=]
-
-12. The condition of Burgoyne grew critical. His supplies failed;
-his Canadian and Indian allies deserted his standard. On the 7th of
-October, he hazarded another battle, in which he lost his bravest
-officers and nearly seven hundred privates. The brave General Fraser
-was killed, and his disheartened men turned and fled from the field.
-The Americans were completely victorious.
-
-[Sidenote: =Burgoyne's Surrender.=]
-
-13. Burgoyne now began a retreat, and on the 9th of October reached
-Saratoga. Here he was intercepted by Gates and Lincoln, and forced
-to surrender. On the 17th of October terms of capitulation were
-agreed on, and the whole army, numbering five thousand seven hundred
-and ninety-one, became prisoners of war. Among the captives were six
-members of the British Parliament. Forty-two pieces of brass artillery,
-five thousand muskets, and an immense quantity of stores were the
-fruits of the victory.
-
-[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY.]
-
-14. As soon as the invasion was at an end, a large portion of the army
-was dispatched to aid Washington in a great campaign in progress in
-the South. On the 23d of July, Howe had sailed from New York, with
-eighteen thousand men, to attack Philadelphia. Washington advanced
-his headquarters from Philadelphia to Wilmington. The American army,
-numbering about eleven thousand men, was concentrated at that place.
-The forces of Howe were vastly superior, but Washington hoped to beat
-back the invaders and save the capital.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Brandywine.=]
-
-15. On the 25th of August the British landed at Elk River, in Maryland,
-and began their march toward Philadelphia. Washington selected the
-Brandywine as his line of defence. The left wing was stationed at
-Chad's Ford, while the right, under General Sullivan, was extended up
-the river. On the 11th of September the British reached the opposite
-bank and began battle. The Hessians, under Knyphausen, attacked at
-the ford; but the British, led by Cornwallis and Howe, marched up the
-Brandywine and crossed above the American right. Sullivan allowed
-himself to be outflanked. Washington was misled by false information;
-the right wing was crushed by Cornwallis, and the day was lost.
-
-[Sidenote: =The British in Philadelphia.=]
-
-16. During the night the patriots retreated to West Chester. The loss
-of the Americans amounted to a thousand men; that of the British to
-five hundred and eighty-four. La Fayette was severely wounded. Count
-Pulaski so distinguished himself in this engagement that Congress
-honored him with the rank of brigadier. Washington continued his
-retreat as far as Germantown. On the 15th of the month he recrossed
-the Schuylkill and met Howe at Warren's Tavern. But just as the
-conflict was beginning, a violent tempest swept over the field. The
-combatants were deluged, their cartridges soaked, and fighting made
-impossible. Howe succeeded in crossing the Schuylkill, and hastened to
-Philadelphia. On the 26th of September the city was taken, and the main
-division of the British army encamped at Germantown.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Germantown.=]
-
-17. Congress adjourned, first to Lancaster, and afterward to York,
-where they held their sessions until the next summer. On the night
-of the 3d of October Washington attempted to surprise the British at
-Germantown. But the roads were rough, and the different columns reached
-the British outpost at irregular intervals. There was much severe
-fighting, but the British gained possession of a large stone house and
-could not be dislodged. The tide turned against the patriots, and the
-day was lost. On the 22d of October, Fort Mercer, on the Delaware, was
-taken by Hessians, while the British fleet took Fort Mifflin, on Mud
-Island. General Howe thus obtained control of the Delaware.
-
-18. After the battle of Germantown, Washington took up his headquarters
-at White Marsh. The patriots began to suffer for food and clothing.
-On the evening of the 2d of December, Howe held a council of war at
-the house of Lydia Darrah in Philadelphia. It was decided to surprise
-Washington in his camp. But Lydia, who overheard the plans of Howe,
-left the city on pretence of _going to mill_, rode to the American
-lines, and gave the alarm. When the British approached White Marsh,
-they found the cannons mounted and the patriots in order of battle.
-The British general maneuvered for four days, and then marched back to
-Philadelphia.
-
-[Illustration: Valley Forge.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Valley Forge.=]
-
-19. On the 11th of December Washington went into winter quarters at
-Valley Forge, on the right bank of the Schuylkill. Thousands of the
-soldiers were without shoes, and the frozen ground was marked with
-bloody footprints. Log cabins were built, and everything was done
-that _could_ be done to secure the comfort of the suffering patriots.
-But it was a long and dreary winter. These were the darkest days of
-Washington's life. Congress in a measure abandoned him. Many men high
-in military and civil station left the great leader unsupported.
-But the allegiance of the army remained unshaken, and the nation's
-confidence in the chieftain became stronger than ever.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXV.
-
-EVENTS OF 1778 AND 1779.
-
-
-In November of 1776 Silas Deane, of Connecticut, was appointed
-commissioner to France. His first service was to make a secret
-arrangement to supply the Americans with materials for carrying on the
-war. In the autumn of 1777 a ship, laden with two hundred thousand
-dollars' worth of arms, ammunition, and specie, was sent to America.
-
-[Sidenote: =Negotiations with France.=]
-
-2. Arthur Lee and Benjamin Franklin were also appointed by Congress
-to negotiate a treaty with the French king. In December of 1776 they
-reached Paris and began their duties. For a long time King Louis and
-his minister stood aloof from the proposed alliance. They hated Great
-Britain, and gave secret encouragement to the colonies; but an open
-treaty with the Americans was equivalent to a war with England, and
-that the French court dreaded.
-
-3. Now it was, that the genius of Dr. Franklin shone with a peculiar
-luster. At the gay court of Louis XVI. he stood as the representative
-of his country. His wit and genial humor made him admired; his talents
-and courtesy commanded respect; his patience and perseverance gave
-him final success. During the whole of 1777 he remained at Paris and
-Versailles. At last came the news of Burgoyne's surrender. A powerful
-British army had been subdued by the colonists without aid from abroad.
-This success induced the king to accept the proposed alliance with the
-colonies. On the 6th of February, 1778, a treaty was concluded; France
-acknowledged the independence of the United States, and entered into
-relations of friendship with the new nation.
-
-[Sidenote: =Benjamin Franklin.=]
-
-4. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, the author of the first treaty between the
-United States and a foreign nation, was born in Boston, on the 17th
-of January, 1706. His father was a manufacturer of soap and candles.
-At the age of twelve, Benjamin was apprenticed to his brother to
-learn the art of printing. In 1723 he went to Philadelphia, entered
-a printing-office, and rose to distinction. He visited England;
-returned; founded the first circulating library in America; edited
-_Poor Richard's Almanac_; discovered the identity of electricity and
-lightning; espoused the patriot cause; and devoted his old age to
-perfecting the American Union. The name of Franklin is one of the
-brightest in history.
-
-[Illustration: Benjamin Franklin.]
-
-[Sidenote: =D'Estaing's French Fleet.=]
-
-5. In May of 1778 Congress ratified the treaty with France. A month
-previously a French fleet, under Count d'Estaing, had been sent to
-America. Both France and Great Britain immediately prepared for war.
-George III. now became willing to treat with his American subjects.
-Lord North brought forward two bills in which everything the colonists
-had claimed was conceded. The bills were passed by Parliament, and
-the king assented. Commissioners were sent to America; but Congress
-informed them that nothing but an acknowledgment of the independence
-of the United States would now be accepted.
-
-[Sidenote: =British Evacuate Philadelphia.=]
-
-6. The British army remained at Philadelphia until June of 1778. The
-fleet of Admiral Howe lay in the Delaware. When the rumor came that the
-fleet of D'Estaing was approaching, the English admiral set sail for
-New York. On the 18th of June the British army evacuated Philadelphia
-and retreated across New Jersey. Washington occupied the city, and
-followed the retreating foe. At Monmouth the British were overtaken. On
-the morning of the 28th General Lee was ordered to attack the enemy.
-The American cavalry under La Fayette was driven back by Cornwallis.
-Lee ordered his line to retire to a stronger position; but the troops
-mistook the order and began a retreat. Washington met the fugitives
-and administered a severe rebuke to Lee. The fight continued until
-nightfall, and Washington anxiously waited for the morning. During the
-night, however, Clinton withdrew his forces and escaped.
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington and Lee.=]
-
-7. The loss of the Americans was two hundred and twenty-seven. The
-British left nearly three hundred dead on the field. On the day after
-the battle Washington received an insulting letter from Lee demanding
-an apology. Washington replied that his language had been warranted by
-the circumstances. Lee answered in a still more offensive manner, and
-was thereupon arrested, tried by a court-martial, and dismissed from
-his command for twelve months. He never reentered the service, and did
-not live to see his country's independence. The British forces were now
-concentrated at New York. Washington took up his headquarters at White
-Plains. D'Estaing repaired to Boston. Howe returned to New York.
-
-[Sidenote: =Massacre of Wyoming.=]
-
-8. The command of the British naval forces was now transferred to
-Admiral Byron. Early in October a band of incendiaries, led by
-Colonel Ferguson, burned the American ships at Little Egg Harbor.
-In the preceding July, Major John Butler, in command of sixteen
-hundred royalists, Canadians, and Indians, marched into the valley
-of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. The settlement was defenceless. On the
-approach of the tories and savages, a few militia, old men, and boys,
-rallied to protect their homes. A battle was fought, and the patriots
-were routed. The fugitives fled to a fort, which was crowded with
-women and children. Honorable terms were promised by Butler, and the
-garrison capitulated. On the 5th of July the gates were opened and the
-barbarians entered. Immediately they began to plunder and butcher.
-Nearly all the prisoners fell under the hatchet and the scalping-knife.
-
-[Sidenote: =Massacre at Cherry Valley.=]
-
-9. In November there was a similar massacre at Cherry Valley, New
-York. The invaders were led by Joseph Brandt, chief of the Mohawks,
-and Walter Butler, a son of Major John Butler. The people of Cherry
-Valley were driven from their homes; women and children were tomahawked
-and scalped; and forty prisoners dragged into captivity. To avenge
-these outrages, an expedition was sent against the savages on the
-Susquehanna; and they were made to feel the terrors of war.
-
-[Sidenote: =George Rogers Clark in the West.=]
-
-10. In the spring of 1778, Major George Rogers Clark, who three years
-previously had descended the Ohio River with a single companion, from
-Pittsburgh to the Falls of the Ohio, organized an expedition against
-the British posts on the Wabash and Mississippi rivers. All the country
-northwest of the river Ohio was at this time under British authority,
-but the scattered white inhabitants were nearly all French. The most
-important post was the town of Vincennes, in what was afterwards
-the Territory of Indiana. Major Clark gathered his forces on Corn
-Island, in the Ohio, between the present cities of Louisville and
-Jeffersonville. The regiment was made up of backwoods militiamen and
-hunters from Kentucky and the Upper Ohio Valley.
-
-[Illustration: Attack on Vincennes.]
-
-11. Major Clark first descended the Ohio to a suitable point, and
-landed in what was afterwards the Territory of Illinois. From this
-point he marched across the country to the mouth of the Kaskaskia
-River, where, on the 4th of July, 1778, he surprised and captured the
-town of Kaskaskia from the British. Here he divided his forces, and
-sent one division against the British post of Cahokia, opposite St.
-Louis. This place also was surprised and taken. Soon afterwards the
-French inhabitants of Vincennes rose against the British garrison, and
-took possession of the town. But Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, came
-down later in the year, and the British authority was restored.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Capture of Vincennes.=]
-
-12. Hearing of this event, Major Clark collected his forces at
-Kaskaskia, and in the beginning of 1779 marched against Vincennes. At
-the same time he sent part of his forces by water, bearing a few small
-cannon in a boat around by the Ohio and up the Wabash, to a point
-below Vincennes. At this time the lower Illinois country was covered
-with water, and Major Clark's campaign was attended with the greatest
-hardships. On the 18th of February, however, he gained a position on
-the Indiana side of the Wabash, and made an attack on Vincennes. By
-skillful maneuvering he deceived the British commander, and on the 24th
-of the month compelled him to surrender. Thus was the great territory
-northwest of the River Ohio recovered from the British, and secured for
-the United States.
-
-[Sidenote: =The British take Savannah.=]
-
-13. On the 3d of November, Count d'Estaing's fleet sailed for the West
-Indies. In December, Admiral Byron left New York to try the fortunes
-of war on the ocean. Colonel Campbell, with two thousand men, was
-sent by General Clinton for the conquest of Georgia. On the 29th of
-December the expedition reached Savannah. The place was defended by
-General Robert Howe with eight hundred men. A battle was fought, and
-the Americans were driven out of the city. The patriots crossed into
-South Carolina and found refuge at Charleston. Such was the only real
-conquest made by the British during the year 1778.
-
-14. The winter of 1778-79 was passed by the American army at
-Middlebrook. There was much discouragement among the soldiers, for they
-were neither paid nor fed. But the influence of Washington prevented a
-mutiny. In the latter part of May Clinton sailed with an armament up
-the Hudson to Stony Point. The garrison, unable to resist, escaped from
-the fortifications.
-
-[Sidenote: =General Wayne at Stony Point.=]
-
-15. On the 15th of July General Wayne marched against Stony Point. In
-the evening he halted near the fort and gave his orders. The British
-pickets were caught and gagged. Everything was done in silence.
-Muskets were unloaded and bayonets fixed; not a gun was to be fired.
-The assault was made a little after midnight. The patriots never
-wavered in the charge. The ramparts were scaled; and the British,
-finding themselves between two lines of bayonets, cried out for
-quarter. Sixty-three of the enemy fell; the remaining five hundred and
-forty-three were made prisoners. Of the Americans only fifteen were
-killed and eighty-three wounded. General Wayne secured the ordnance and
-stores, and then destroyed the fort.
-
-[Sidenote: =Campaign against the Indians.=]
-
-16. In the summer of 1799, four thousand six hundred men, led by
-Generals Sullivan and James Clinton, were sent against the Indians
-on the Susquehanna. At Elmira the savages and tories had fortified
-themselves; but on the 29th of August they were forced from their
-stronghold and utterly routed. The country between the Susquehanna and
-the Genesee was wasted by the patriots. Forty Indian villages were
-destroyed.
-
-[Sidenote: =Campaigns in the South.=]
-
-17. A little later, the tories, who were advancing to join the British
-at Augusta, were defeated by the patriots under Captain Anderson. On
-the 14th of February they were again overtaken and routed by Colonel
-Pickens. Colonel Boyd, the tory leader, and seventy of his men were
-killed. Seventy-five others were captured, and five of the ringleaders
-hanged. The western half of Georgia was quickly recovered by the
-patriots.
-
-18. General Ashe was sent with two thousand men to intercept the enemy.
-On the 25th of February the Americans crossed the Savannah, and pursued
-Campbell as far as Brier Creek. Here the patriots came to a halt; and
-General Prevost, marching from Savannah, surrounded Ashe's command.
-A battle was fought on the 3d of March; the Americans were totally
-routed and driven into the swamps. By this defeat Georgia was again
-prostrated, and a royal government was established over the State.
-
-19. Within a month General Lincoln was again in the field with five
-thousand men. He advanced up the left bank of the river in the
-direction of Augusta; but, at the same time, General Prevost, now
-commanding the British forces in the South, crossed the Savannah and
-marched against Charleston. General Lincoln turned back to attack him,
-and the British made a hasty retreat. The Americans overtook the enemy
-at Stone Ferry, ten miles west of Charleston, but were repulsed with
-considerable loss. Prevost then fell back to Savannah.
-
-[Sidenote: =Attempts to retake Savannah.=]
-
-20. In September, Count d'Estaing arrived before Savannah with his
-fleet. Prevost concentrated his forces for the defence of the city.
-The French effected a landing, and advanced to the siege. D'Estaing
-demanded a surrender; but Prevost answered with a message of defiance.
-The siege was pressed with vigor, and the city constantly bombarded.
-But the defences remained unshaken. At last D'Estaing notified Lincoln
-that the city must be stormed. Before sunrise on the 9th of October
-the allies advanced with great vehemence against the redoubts of the
-British, but were driven back with fearful losses. Count Pulaski was
-struck with a grape-shot, and was borne dying from the field. D'Estaing
-retired on board the fleet, and Lincoln retreated to Charleston.
-
-21. On the 23d of September, Paul Jones, cruising off the coast of
-Scotland with a fleet of French and American vessels, fell in with
-a British squadron, and a bloody battle ensued. The _Serapis_,
-a British frigate of forty-four guns, engaged the _Poor Richard_
-within musket-shot. At last the vessels were lashed together, and the
-_Serapis_ struck her colors. Jones transferred his men to the conquered
-ship, and the _Poor Richard_ went down. Of the three hundred and
-seventy-five men on board the fleet of Jones, three hundred were either
-killed or wounded.
-
-[Illustration: Paul Jones.]
-
-22. So closed the year 1779. The national treasury was bankrupt.
-The patriots of the army were poorly fed, and paid only with unkept
-promises. The disposition of Great Britain was still for war. The
-levies of sailors and soldiers made by Parliament amounted to one
-hundred and twenty thousand, while the expenses of the War Office were
-set at twenty million pounds sterling.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXVI.
-
-REVERSES AND TREASON. EVENTS OF 1780.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =French Allies in Rhode Island.=]
-
-During the year 1780 military operations at the North were suspended.
-Early in July Admiral De Ternay arrived at Newport with a French
-squadron, and six thousand land-troops under Count Rochambeau. In
-September the commander-in-chief held a conference with Rochambeau, and
-the plans of future campaigns were determined.
-
-2. In the South the patriots suffered many reverses. South Carolina
-was completely overrun by the enemy. On the 11th of February, Admiral
-Arbuthnot anchored before Charleston. Sir Henry Clinton and five
-thousand men were on board the fleet. The city was defended by fourteen
-hundred men under General Lincoln. The British effected a landing,
-and advanced up the right bank of Ashley River. On the 7th of April
-Lincoln was reinforced by seven hundred Virginians. Two days afterwards
-Arbuthnot succeeded in passing Fort Moultrie, and came within
-cannon-shot of the city.
-
-[Sidenote: =The British take Charleston.=]
-
-3. A siege was at once begun, and prosecuted with vigor. From the
-beginning the defense was hopeless. The fortifications were beaten
-down, and Lincoln, dreading an assault, agreed to capitulate. On
-the 12th of May, Charleston was surrendered to the British, and the
-garrison became prisoners of war. A few days before the surrender
-Tarleton surprised and dispersed a body of militia on the Santee.
-Afterwards three successful expeditions were sent into different
-sections of the State.
-
-4. The authority of Great Britain was reestablished over South
-Carolina. Clinton and Arbuthnot returned to New York, and Cornwallis
-was left to hold the conquered territory. In this condition of affairs,
-Thomas Sumter and Francis Marion appeared as the protectors of the
-State. They rallied the militia and began an audacious partisan
-warfare. Detachments of the British were swept off as though an enemy
-had fallen on them from the skies. It was here that young Andrew
-Jackson, then but thirteen years of age, began his career as a soldier.
-
-[Sidenote: =Marion's Ragged Regiment.=]
-
-5. Marion's company consisted of twenty men and boys, white and black,
-half clad and poorly armed. But the number increased, and the "Ragged
-Regiment" soon became a terror to the enemy. There was no telling when
-or where the sword of the fearless leader would fall. During the summer
-and autumn of 1780 he swept around Cornwallis's positions, making
-incessant onsets.
-
-6. General Gates now advanced into the Carolinas. Lord Rawdon
-concentrated his forces at Camden. Hither came Cornwallis with
-reinforcements. The Americans took post at Clermont. Cornwallis and
-Gates each formed the design of surprising the other in the night. On
-the evening of the 15th of August they both moved from their camps and
-met midway on Sander's Creek. After a severe battle the Americans were
-completely defeated with a loss of more than a thousand men. Baron De
-Kalb was mortally wounded. The reputation of Gates was blown away like
-chaff, and he was superseded by General Greene.
-
-[Sidenote: =Affairs in North Carolina.=]
-
-7. A few days after the battle, Sumter's corps was overtaken and
-completely routed. Only Marion remained to harass the enemy. In
-September the British advanced into North Carolina as far as Charlotte.
-Colonel Ferguson, with eleven hundred regulars and tories, was sent
-into the country west of the Catawba to encourage the royalists. On the
-7th of October, while he and his men were encamped on King's Mountain,
-they were attacked by a thousand riflemen led by Colonel Campbell. A
-desperate battle ensued; Ferguson was slain, and three hundred of his
-men were killed or wounded. The remaining eight hundred threw down
-their arms and begged for quarter. Ten of the leading tory prisoners
-were condemned by a court-martial and hanged.
-
-[Illustration: MAP OF THE CAROLINAS]
-
-[Sidenote: =Continental Paper Money.=]
-
-8. Meanwhile, the credit of the nation was sinking to the lowest ebb.
-Congress resorted to paper money. At first the continental bills were
-received at par; but the value of the notes rapidly diminished, until,
-by the middle of 1780, they were not worth two cents to the dollar.
-Business was paralyzed for the want of a currency; but Robert Morris
-and a few other wealthy patriots came forward with their private
-fortunes and saved the colonies from ruin. The mothers of America also
-lent a helping hand; and the patriot soldiers were supplied with food
-and clothing.
-
-9. In the midst of the gloom, the country was shocked by the news
-that Benedict Arnold had turned traitor. After the battle of Bemis's
-Heights, in the fall of 1777, he had been promoted to the rank of
-major-general, and made commandant of Philadelphia. Here he married the
-daughter of a royalist, and entered upon a career of extravagance which
-overwhelmed him with debt. He then began a system of frauds on the
-commissary department of the army. Charges were preferred against him
-by Congress, and he was convicted by a court-martial.
-
-[Sidenote: =Treason of Benedict Arnold.=]
-
-10. Seeming to forget this disgrace, Arnold obtained command of the
-fortress of West Point, on the Hudson. On the last day of July, 1780,
-he assumed control of the arsenal and depot of stores at that place. He
-then entered into a secret correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, and
-finally offered to betray his country. It was agreed that the British
-fleet should ascend the Hudson, and that the garrison and fortress
-should be given up without a struggle.
-
-11. On the 21st of September, Clinton sent Major John André to make
-arrangements for the surrender. André, who was adjutant-general of the
-British army, went ashore from the _Vulture_ about midnight, and met
-Arnold in a thicket. Daydawn approached, and the conspirators entered
-the American lines. André, disguising himself, assumed the character of
-a spy.
-
-[Sidenote: =Capture of Major André.=]
-
-12. During the next day the business was completed. Arnold agreed
-to surrender West Point for ten thousand pounds and a commission
-as brigadier in the British army. André received papers containing
-a description of West Point, its defences, and the best method of
-attack. During that day an American battery drove the _Vulture_ down
-the river, and André was obliged to cross to the other side and return
-by land. He passed the American outposts in safety; but at Tarrytown
-he was confronted by three militiamen[B] who stripped him, found his
-papers, and delivered him to Colonel Jameson at North Castle. Arnold,
-on hearing the news, escaped on board the _Vulture_. André was tried by
-a court-martial at Tappan, and condemned to death. On the 2d of October
-he was led to the gallows, and, under the stern code of war, was hanged.
-
-[Footnote B: John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac van Wart. Congress
-afterwards rewarded them with silver medals and pensions for life.]
-
-[Illustration: Capture of André.]
-
-13. For several years Holland had favored the Americans; now she began
-negotiations for a treaty similar to that between France and the United
-States. Great Britain discovered the purposes of the Dutch government,
-and remonstrated. On the 20th of December an open declaration of war
-was made. Thus the Netherlands were added to the enemies of England.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXVII.
-
-EVENTS OF 1781.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Mutiny in the Continental Army.=]
-
-For the Americans the year 1781 opened gloomily. The condition of
-the army was desperate--no food, no pay, no clothing. On the first
-day of January, the whole Pennsylvania line mutinied and marched on
-Philadelphia. At Princeton they were met by emissaries from Sir Henry
-Clinton, and were tempted with offers of money and clothing if they
-would desert the American standard. The patriots answered by seizing
-the British agents and delivering them to General Wayne to be hanged.
-The commissioners of Congress offered the insurgents a large reward,
-which was refused; and a few liberal concessions on the part of the
-government quieted the mutiny.
-
-2. About the middle of the month the New Jersey brigade revolted. This
-movement Washington quelled by force. General Howe marched to the camp
-with five hundred regulars and compelled the mutineers to execute their
-own leaders. From that day order was restored. Congress was thoroughly
-alarmed. An agent was sent to France to obtain a loan of money. Robert
-Morris was appointed secretary of finance; and the Bank of North
-America was organized to aid the government.
-
-[Sidenote: =Traitor Arnold in the British Army.=]
-
-3. On arriving at New York, Arnold received his commission as
-brigadier in the British army. In January the traitor began war on his
-countrymen. His proceedings were marked with much ferocity. In the
-vicinity of Richmond a vast quantity of property was destroyed. Arnold
-then took up his headquarters in Portsmouth; and Washington, for the
-second time, planned his capture. The French fleet was ordered to
-cooperate with La Fayette in the attempt. But Admiral Arbuthnot drove
-the French squadron back to Rhode Island. La Fayette abandoned the
-undertaking, and Arnold again escaped.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  MAP SHOWING
-  THE COLONIES.
-  at the time of
-  THE REVOLUTION.]
-
-[Illustration: General Greene.]
-
-4. In April, General Phillips arrived at Portsmouth and assumed command
-of the army. In May Phillips died, and for seven days Arnold held the
-supreme command of the British forces in Virginia. On the 20th of the
-month Lord Cornwallis arrived and ordered him to be gone. Returning to
-New York he made an expedition against New London, in his native State.
-Fort Griswold, which was defended by Colonel Ledyard, was carried by
-storm. When Ledyard surrendered, seventy-three of the garrison were
-murdered in cold blood.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle at Cowpens.=]
-
-5. General Greene was now in command of the American army at Charlotte,
-North Carolina. Early in January, General Morgan was sent into South
-Carolina to repress the tories. Colonel Tarleton followed with his
-cavalry. The Americans took a position at the Cowpens, where, on the
-17th of January, they were attacked by the British. Tarleton made the
-onset with impetuosity; but Morgan's men bravely held their ground.
-At last the American cavalry, under Colonel William Washington, made
-a charge and scattered the British dragoons like chaff. Ten British
-officers and ninety privates were killed.
-
-6. When Cornwallis heard of the battle he marched up the river to cut
-off Morgan's retreat. But Greene hastened to the Morgan's camp and
-took command in person. On the 28th of January, the Americans reached
-the Catawba and crossed to the northern bank. Within two hours the
-British arrived at the ford. During the night the rain poured down in
-torrents; the river was swollen to a flood; and it was many days before
-the British could cross. Then began a race for the Yadkin.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Two Armies in North Carolina.=]
-
-7. The distance was sixty miles. In two days the Americans reached
-the river. The crossing was nearly effected when the British appeared
-in sight. That night the Yadkin was made impassable by rains, and
-Cornwallis was again delayed. On the 9th of February the British
-succeeded in crossing. The lines of retreat and pursuit were now nearly
-parallel. A third time the race began, and again the Americans won
-it. On the 13th Greene, with the main division, crossed the Dan into
-Virginia, and on the 22d of February returned into North Carolina.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Guilford Courthouse.=]
-
-8. Greene's army now numbered more than four thousand men. Determining
-to avoid battle no longer, he marched to Guilford Courthouse.
-Cornwallis moved forward to the attack. On the 15th of March the
-two armies met, and a severe but indecisive battle was fought. The
-Americans were driven back for several miles; but in killed and wounded
-the British loss was greatest.
-
-9. Early in April, Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, and then
-proceeded to Virginia. The British forces in the Carolinas remained
-under Lord Rawdon. On the 10th of May, Lord Rawdon retired to Eutaw
-Springs. The British posts at Orangeburg and Augusta fell into the
-hands of the patriots. General Greene passed the sickly months of
-summer in the hill country of the Santee.
-
-10. Sumter, Lee, and Marion were constantly abroad, smiting the tories
-right and left. Lord Rawdon now went to Charleston and became a
-principal actor in one of the most shameful scenes of the Revolution.
-Colonel Isaac Hayne, a patriot who had once taken an oath of allegiance
-to the king, was caught in command of a troop of American cavalry. He
-was arraigned before Colonel Balfour, the commandant of Charleston, and
-condemned to death. Rawdon gave his sanction, and Colonel Hayne was
-hanged.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Eutaw Springs.=]
-
-11. On the 22d of August, General Greene marched toward Orangeburg.
-The British retired to Eutaw Springs. There the Americans overtook
-them on the 8th of September. One of the fiercest battles of the war
-ensued, and General Greene was denied a decisive victory only by the
-bad conduct of some of his troops. After losing five hundred and
-fifty-five men, he gave up the struggle. The British lost in killed and
-wounded nearly seven hundred. Stuart retreated to Monk's Corner; Greene
-followed; and after two months of maneuvering, the British were driven
-into Charleston. In the whole South only Charleston and Savannah were
-now held by the king's army; the latter city was evacuated on the 11th
-of July, and the former on the 14th of December, 1782. Such was the
-close of the Revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia.
-
-[Sidenote: =Cornwallis in Virginia.=]
-
-12. In the beginning of May, 1781, Cornwallis took command of the
-British army in Virginia. The country was ravaged, and property
-destroyed to the value of fifteen million dollars. La Fayette, to
-whom the defence of the State had been intrusted, was unable to meet
-Cornwallis in the field. While the British were near Richmond, a
-detachment under Tarleton proceeded to Charlottesville, and captured
-the town and seven members of the legislature. Governor Jefferson
-escaped into the mountains. The British marched to Portsmouth; but
-early in August the army was conveyed to Yorktown, on the southern bank
-of York River.
-
-[Sidenote: =Cornwallis Blockaded in Yorktown.=]
-
-13. La Fayette followed and took post eight miles from the British.
-During July and August, Washington, from his camp on the Hudson,
-looked wistfully to the South. Clinton was kept in alarm by false
-dispatches, indicating that the Americans would immediately besiege New
-York. When Clinton was informed that Washington was marching toward
-Virginia, he would not believe it. Washington pressed rapidly forward,
-and joined La Fayette at Williamsburg. On the 30th of August, a French
-fleet, with four thousand troops on board, reached the Chesapeake and
-anchored in the mouth of York River. Cornwallis was blockaded by sea
-and land.
-
-[Sidenote: =Surrender of Cornwallis.=]
-
-14. Count de Barras, who commanded the French flotilla at Newport, also
-arrived. On the 5th of September, Admiral Graves appeared in the bay,
-and a naval battle ensued, in which the British ships were roughly
-handled. On the 28th, the allied armies encamped around Yorktown and
-began their intrenchments. On the night of the 14th, the enemy's outer
-works were carried by storm. On the 16th the British made a sortie, but
-were repulsed. The next day Cornwallis proposed a surrender; on the
-18th terms of capitulation were signed; and on the afternoon of the
-19th the whole British army, consisting of seven thousand two hundred
-and forty-seven English and Hessian soldiers, laid down their arms and
-became prisoners of war. This event virtually terminated the war of the
-Revolution.
-
-[Sidenote: =News of the Victory.=]
-
-15. On the evening of the 23d the news was borne to Congress. On
-the morning of the 24th, the members went in concourse with the
-citizens to the Dutch Lutheran church, and turned the afternoon into
-a thanksgiving. The note of rejoicing sounded throughout the land. In
-England the king and his ministers heard the tidings with rage; but
-the English people were secretly pleased. On the 20th of March, 1782,
-Lord North and his friends resigned their offices. A new ministry was
-formed, favorable to peace. The command of the British forces in the
-United States was transferred to Sir Guy Carleton, a man friendly to
-American interests.
-
-[Illustration: Surrender of Cornwallis.]
-
-16. In the summer of 1782, Richard Oswald was sent by Parliament to
-Paris, to confer with Franklin and Jay in regard to the terms of peace.
-John Adams and Henry Laurens also entered into the negotiations. On
-the 30th of November preliminary articles of peace were signed; and in
-the following April the terms were ratified by Congress. On the 3d of
-September, 1783, a final treaty was effected between all the nations
-that had been at war.
-
-[Sidenote: =Treaty of Peace.=]
-
-17. The terms of the TREATY OF 1783 were these: A complete recognition
-of the independence of the United States; the cession by Great Britain
-of Florida to Spain; the surrender of the remaining territory east
-of the Mississippi to the United States; the free navigation of the
-Mississippi and the lakes; and the retention by Great Britain of Canada
-and Nova Scotia.
-
-18. Early in August Sir Guy Carleton received instructions to evacuate
-New York City. By the 25th of November everything was in readiness; the
-British army was embarked; the sails were spread; the ships stood out
-to sea and disappeared. The Briton was gone. After the struggles of an
-eight years' war the patriots had achieved their independence.
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington's Farewell to the Army.=]
-
-19. On the 4th of December Washington assembled his officers to bid
-them a final adieu. When they were met, he spoke a few affectionate
-words to his comrades, who came forward, and with tears and sobs bade
-him farewell. Washington then departed to Annapolis, where Congress was
-in session. At Philadelphia he made a report of his expenses during the
-war. The account, in his own handwriting, embraced an expenditure of
-seventy-four thousand four hundred and eighty-five dollars--all correct
-to a cent.
-
-20. The route of the chief to Annapolis was a continuous triumph.
-The people by thousands flocked to the roadsides to see him pass.
-On the 23d of December, Washington was introduced to Congress, and
-delivered an address full of wisdom and modesty. With great dignity he
-surrendered his commission as commander-in-chief of the army. General
-Mifflin, the president of Congress, responded in an eloquent manner,
-and then the hero retired to his home at Mount Vernon.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXVIII.
-
-CONFEDERATION AND UNION.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =American Government.=]
-
-During the progress of the Revolution the civil government of the
-United States was in a deplorable condition. Nothing but the peril of
-the country had, in the first place, led to the calling of a Congress.
-When that body assembled, it had no constitution nor power of efficient
-action. The two great wants of the country were _money_ to carry on the
-war, and _a central authority_ to direct the war. Whenever Congress
-would attempt a firmer government, the movement would be checked by the
-remonstrance of the colonies.
-
-2. Foremost of those who worked for better government was Benjamin
-Franklin. In 1775 he laid before Congress the plan of a perpetual
-confederation of the States. But the attention of that body was
-occupied with the war, and Franklin's measure received little notice.
-Congress, without any real authority, began to conduct the government,
-and its legislation was generally accepted by the States.
-
-[Sidenote: =Articles of Confederation.=]
-
-3. On the 11th of June, 1776, a committee was appointed by Congress to
-prepare a plan of confederation. After a month the work was completed
-and laid before the house. The debates on the subject continued at
-intervals until the 15th of November, 1777, when a vote was taken
-in Congress, and the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION were adopted, which
-were then transmitted to the State legislatures for ratification. By
-them the new frame of government was returned to Congress with many
-amendments. These having been considered, the articles were signed
-by the delegates of eight States on the 9th of July, 1778. Those
-of Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Delaware signed before
-February, of 1779. Maryland did not assent until March of 1781.
-
-4. The government of the United States under the confederation was a
-loose union of independent commonwealths. The executive and legislative
-powers were vested in Congress--a body composed of not less than two
-nor more than seven representatives from each State. The sovereignty
-was reserved to the States. There was no chief magistrate and no
-general judiciary. The consent of nine States was necessary to complete
-an act of legislation. The union was declared to be perpetual.
-
-[Sidenote: =Inadequacy of the Confederation.=]
-
-5. On the 2d of March, 1781, Congress assembled under the new
-government. From the first, its inadequacy was manifest. Congress had
-no real authority. The first duty was to provide for the payment of
-the war debt of thirty-eight million dollars. Congress recommended
-a general tax. Some of the States made the levy, others refused.
-Robert Morris was brought to poverty in a vain effort to sustain the
-government.
-
-6. In this condition of affairs, Washington advised the calling
-of a convention to meet at Annapolis. In September of 1786 the
-representatives of five States assembled. The questions of a tariff
-and a revision of the articles of confederation were discussed. It was
-finally resolved to adjourn until the following year.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Constitution Proposed.=]
-
-7. Congress invited the legislatures to appoint delegates to the
-convention. All of the States except Rhode Island responded; and on
-the second Monday in May, 1787, the representatives assembled at
-Philadelphia. Washington was chosen president of the convention.
-On the 29th Edmund Randolph introduced a resolution to adopt a new
-constitution. A committee was accordingly appointed to revise the
-articles of confederation. Early in September, the report of the
-committee was adopted; and that report was THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
-UNITED STATES.
-
-8. On the question of _adopting_ the Constitution the people were
-divided. Those who favored the new government were called FEDERALISTS;
-those who opposed, ANTI-FEDERALISTS. The leaders of the former were
-Washington, Jay, Madison, and Hamilton, the latter statesman throwing
-his whole energies into the controversy. In the papers called _The
-Federalist_ he and Madison answered every objection of the anti-Federal
-party. To Hamilton the Republic owes a debt of gratitude for having
-established on a firm basis the true principles of free government.
-
-[Sidenote: =Provisions of the Constitution.=]
-
-9. Under the Constitution the powers of government are arranged under
-three heads--LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, and JUDICIAL. The legislative
-power is vested in Congress--composed of a Senate and a House of
-Representatives. The Senators are chosen, for a term of six years, by
-the legislatures of the several States. Each State is represented by
-two Senators. The Representatives are elected by the people; and each
-State is entitled to a number of representatives proportionate to its
-population. The members of this branch are chosen for two years.
-
-10. The executive power of the United States is vested in a President,
-chosen for four years by the Electoral College. The electors composing
-the college are chosen by the people; and each State is entitled to
-a number of electors equal to the number of its representatives and
-senators in Congress. The duty of the President is to enforce the
-laws of Congress in accordance with the Constitution. He is also
-commander-in-chief of the armies and navies. In case of the death
-or resignation of the President, the Vice-president becomes chief
-magistrate.
-
-11. The judicial power of the United States is vested in a Supreme
-Court and in inferior courts established by Congress. The highest
-judicial officer is the Chief-justice. The judges hold their offices
-during life or good behavior. The right of trial by jury is granted in
-all cases except the impeachment of public officers. Treason against
-the United States consists in levying war against them, or in giving
-aid to their enemies.
-
-12. The Constitution provides that new territories maybe organized
-and new States admitted into the Union; that to every State shall be
-guaranteed a republican form of government; and that the Constitution
-may be altered or amended by the consent of two thirds of both houses
-of Congress and three fourths of the legislatures of the States. In
-accordance with this provision, fifteen amendments have since been made
-to the Constitution.
-
-[Sidenote: =Constitution Adopted.=]
-
-13. Before the end of 1788 eleven States had adopted the Constitution.
-The new government was to go into operation when nine States should
-ratify. For a while, North Carolina and Rhode Island hesitated. In
-accordance with an act of Congress, the first Wednesday of January,
-1789, was named as the time for the election of a chief-magistrate.
-The people had but one voice as to the man who should be honored with
-that high trust. Early in April, the ballots of the electors were
-counted, and George Washington was unanimously chosen President and
-John Adams Vice-president of the United States. On the 14th of the
-month, Washington received notification of his election, and departed
-for New York. His route was a constant triumph. With this event the era
-of nationality in the New Republic is ushered in.
-
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART IV.
-
-
-CHAPTER XXI.
-
-  1. Trace the causes, general and special, of the Revolutionary War.
-
-  2. Give an account of the Stamp Act Congress, and of the important
-     measure adopted by it.
-
-  3. How did the movements in America affect the British king and
-     parliament?
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXII.
-
-  4. Give an account of the beginnings of war, and of the engagements at
-     that time about Boston.
-
-  5. Tell of the condition of the American forces, and of the appointment
-     of a commander-in-chief.
-
-  6. What were the relations between the American colonies and Canada?
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXIII.
-
-  7. Describe the military movements of the first half of the year 1776.
-
-  8. Who were the Hessians, and how were they brought into this war?
-
-  9. Give an account of the preparation and adoption of the _Declaration
-     of Independence_.
-
-  10. Follow the military movements of the latter half of the year 1776.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXIV.
-
-  11. What were the military movements of the early part of the year 1777?
-
-  12. Tell of the attitude of France toward the war, and of the coming
-      over of La Fayette and his followers.
-
-  13. Give an account of the campaigns under Burgoyne.
-
-  14. Trace the movements in the south and along the Delaware.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXV.
-
-  15. Give an account of the treaty with France, and of the coming over
-      of the French fleet under D'Estaing.
-
-  16. Tell the story of the massacres at Wyoming and at Cherry Valley.
-
-  17. Outline the campaigns of 1779.
-
-  18. What was now the condition of the Americans on the seas?
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXVI.
-
-  19. Describe the military movements of 1780.
-
-  20. Give an account of the treachery of Benedict Arnold.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXVII.
-
-  21. Sketch the campaigns of 1781.
-
-  22. Tell of the surrender of Cornwallis and the British army.
-
-  23. Give an account of the Treaty of Peace, and of the disbanding of
-      the American army.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXVIII.
-
-  24. Tell of the government of America in the early part of the war, and
-      under the Articles of Confederation.
-
-  25. What led to the adoption of the new constitution, and what are some
-      of its leading provisions?
-
-
-
-
-PART V.
-
-GROWTH OF THE UNION.
-
-A. D. 1789-1861.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXIX.
-
-WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-1797.
-
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington's Inauguration.=]
-
-On the 30th of April, 1789, Washington was inaugurated first President
-of the United States. The ceremony was performed in New York City, on
-the site of the Custom-house, in Wall Street. Chancellor Livingston, of
-New York, administered the oath of office. The streets and house-tops
-were thronged with people; flags fluttered; cannon boomed from the
-Battery. Washington retired to the Senate chamber and delivered his
-inaugural address. Congress had already been organized.
-
-2. The new government was embarrassed with many difficulties. By
-the treaty of 1783 the free navigation of the Mississippi had been
-guaranteed. Now the Spaniards of New Orleans hindered the passage
-of American ships. On the frontier the Red men were at war with the
-settlers. As to financial credit or income, the United States had none.
-
-[Sidenote: =The First Cabinet.=]
-
-3. On the 10th of September an act was passed by Congress instituting a
-department of foreign affairs, a treasury department, and a department
-of war. Washington nominated Jefferson as Secretary of Foreign Affairs;
-Knox, Secretary of War; and Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. A
-Supreme Court was also organized, John Jay receiving the appointment
-of first Chief-justice. Edmund Randolph was chosen Attorney-General.
-Meanwhile, the objections of North Carolina and Rhode Island were
-removed, and both States ratified the Constitution, the former in
-November of 1789, and the latter in the following May.
-
-[Illustration: Inauguration of Washington.]
-
-[Sidenote: =The Financial Policy.=]
-
-4. The war debt of the United States, including the revolutionary
-expenses of the several States, amounted to nearly eighty million
-dollars. Hamilton adopted a broad and honest policy. His plan proposed
-that the debt of the United States due to American citizens, as well
-as the debt of the individual States, should be assumed by the general
-government, _and that all should be fully paid_. By this measure the
-credit of the country was vastly improved. Hamilton's financial schemes
-were violently opposed by Jefferson and the anti-Federal party. In 1791
-the BANK OF THE UNITED STATES was established by an act of Congress.
-
-[Sidenote: =Admission of Vermont.=]
-
-5. The question of fixing the seat of government was discussed; and
-it was agreed to establish the capital for ten years at Philadelphia,
-and afterwards at some locality on the Potomac. The next measure was
-the organization of the territory southwest of the Ohio. On the 4th of
-March, 1791, Vermont, which had been an independent territory since
-1777, was admitted into the Union as the fourteenth State. The census
-of the United States, for 1790, showed a population of three million
-nine hundred and twenty-nine thousand.
-
-[Sidenote: =Indian Troubles in the N.W. Territory.=]
-
-6. In 1790 a war broke out with the Miami Indians. These tribes went to
-war to recover the lands which they had ceded to the United States. In
-September General Harmar, with fourteen hundred men, marched from Fort
-Washington, on the present site of Cincinnati, to the Maumee. On the
-21st of October the army was defeated, with great loss, at a ford of
-this stream. General Harmar retreated to Fort Washington.
-
-7. After the defeat of Harmar, General St. Clair, with two thousand
-men, set out from Fort Washington to break the power of the Miamis. On
-the 4th of November he was attacked in the southwest angle of Mercer
-County, Ohio, by more than two thousand warriors. After a terrible
-battle, St. Clair was completely defeated, with a loss of half his
-men. The fugitives retreated precipitately to Fort Washington. The
-news of the disaster spread sorrow throughout the land. St. Clair was
-superseded by General Wayne, whom the people had named Mad Anthony.
-
-[Sidenote: =Admission of Kentucky.=]
-
-8. The population of Kentucky had now reached seventy-three thousand.
-Seventeen years before, Daniel Boone, the hardy hunter of North
-Carolina, had settled at Boonesborough. Harrodsburg and Lexington
-were founded about the same time. During the Revolution the pioneers
-were constantly beset by the savages. After the expedition of General
-Clark, in 1779, thousands of immigrants came annually. On the 1st of
-June, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union. At the presidential
-election of 1792, Washington was again unanimously chosen; as
-Vice-president, John Adams was reelected.
-
-9. Washington's second administration was greatly troubled in its
-relations with foreign governments. Citizen Genet, who was sent by
-the French republic as minister to the United States, arrived at
-Charleston, and was greeted with great enthusiasm. Taking advantage
-of his popularity, he fitted out privateers to prey on the commerce
-of Great Britain, and planned an expedition against Louisiana. When
-Washington refused to enter into an alliance with France, the minister
-threatened _to appeal to the people_. But Washington stood unmoved, and
-demanded the minister's recall. The authorities of France heeded the
-demand, and Genet was superseded by M. Fouchet.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Whiskey Insurrection.=]
-
-10. In 1794 the country was disturbed by a difficulty in western
-Pennsylvania, known as the WHISKEY INSURRECTION. Congress had, three
-years previously, imposed a tax on all ardent spirits distilled in the
-United States. Genet and his partisans had incited the people of the
-distilling regions to resist the tax collectors. The disaffected rose
-in arms. Washington issued two proclamations, warning the insurgents
-to disperse; but instead of obeying, they fired upon the officers of
-the government. General Henry Lee, with a strong detachment of troops,
-then marched to the scene of the disturbance and dispersed the rioters.
-
-11. In the fall of 1793 General Wayne entered the Indian country with
-a force of three thousand men. Near the scene of St. Clair's defeat
-he built Fort Recovery, and then pressed on to the junction of the
-Auglaize and the Maumee. Here he built Fort Defiance. On the 20th of
-August Wayne overtook the savages at the town of Waynesfield, and
-routed them with terrible losses. The chieftains were obliged to
-purchase peace by ceding to the United States all the territory east
-of a line drawn from Fort Recovery to the mouth of the Kentucky River.
-This was the last service of General Wayne. In December of 1796 he
-died, and was buried at Presque Isle.
-
-[Sidenote: =British Privateers.=]
-
-12. In 1793 George III. issued instructions to British privateers to
-seize all neutral vessels found trading in the French West Indies.
-The United States had no notification of this measure, and American
-commerce to the value of many millions of dollars was swept from the
-sea. Chief-justice Jay was sent to demand redress, and in November of
-1794 an honorable treaty was concluded. It was specified in the treaty
-that Great Britain should make reparation for the injuries done, and
-surrender to the United States certain Western posts which until now
-had been held by that country.
-
-13. In 1795 the boundary between the United States and Louisiana
-was settled. Spain granted to the Americans the free navigation of
-the Mississippi. About this time a difficulty arose with the dey of
-Algiers. For many years Algerine pirates had been preying upon the
-commerce of civilized nations. The dey had agreed with these nations
-that his pirate ships should not attack their vessels if they would pay
-him an annual tribute. The Algerine sea-robbers were now turned loose
-on American commerce, and the government of the United States was also
-obliged to purchase safety by paying tribute.
-
-[Illustration: Algerine Pirates.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Admission of Tennessee.=]
-
-14. In 1796 Tennessee, the third new State, was admitted into the
-Union. The population already numbered more than seventy thousand. The
-first inhabitants of Tennessee were as hardy a race of pioneers as ever
-braved the wilderness.
-
-15. Washington was solicited to become a candidate for a third
-election; but he refused. In September of 1796 he issued to the
-people of the United States his Farewell Address--a document full
-of wisdom and patriotism. The political parties at once put forward
-their candidates--John Adams as the choice of the Federal, and Thomas
-Jefferson of the anti-Federal party. The chief question between the
-parties was whether it was the true policy of the United States to
-enter into intimate relations with France. The anti-Federalists said,
-_Yes!_ The Federalists said, _No!_ On that issue Mr. Adams was elected,
-but Mr. Jefferson, having the next highest number of votes, became
-Vice-president.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXX.
-
-ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801.
-
-
-On the 4th of March, 1797, President Adams was inaugurated. From the
-beginning, his administration was embarrassed by political opposition.
-Adet, the French minister, urged the government to conclude a league
-with France against Great Britain. When the President and Congress
-refused, the French Directory began _to demand_ an alliance. On the
-10th of March that body issued instructions to French men-of-war to
-assail the commerce of the United States. Mr. Pinckney, the American
-minister, was ordered to leave France.
-
-[Illustration: John Adams.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Troubles with France.=]
-
-2. These proceedings were equivalent to a declaration of war. The
-President convened Congress in extraordinary session. Elbridge Gerry
-and John Marshall were directed to join Mr. Pinckney in a final effort
-for a peaceable adjustment of the difficulties. But the Directory
-refused to receive the ambassadors except upon condition that they
-would pay into the French treasury a quarter of a million dollars.
-Pinckney answered that the United States had _millions for defense,
-but not one cent for tribute_. The envoys were then ordered to leave
-the country.
-
-3. In 1798 an act was passed by Congress completing the organization
-of the army. Washington was called from his retirement and appointed
-commander-in-chief. Six American frigates put to sea, and, in the fall
-of 1799 did good service for the country. Commodore Truxtun, in the
-_Constellation_, won distinguished honors. On the 9th of February,
-while cruising in the West Indies, he attacked the _Insurgent_, a
-French man-of-war, carrying forty guns and more than four hundred
-seamen. A desperate engagement ensued; and Truxtun gained a complete
-victory.
-
-4. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte had overthrown the Directory of
-France and made himself First Consul. He immediately sought peace with
-the United States. Three American ambassadors were sent to Paris, in
-March of 1800. Negotiations were at once opened, and in the following
-September were terminated with a treaty of peace.
-
-[Illustration: Home of Washington at Mount Vernon.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Death of Washington.=]
-
-5. Before the war-cloud was scattered America was called to mourn the
-loss of Washington. On the 14th of December, 1799, after an illness
-of only a day, the chieftain passed from among the living. All hearts
-were touched with sorrow. Congress went in funeral procession to the
-German Lutheran church, where General Henry Lee delivered a touching
-and eloquent oration. Throughout the world the memory of the great dead
-was honored with appropriate ceremonies.
-
-[Sidenote: =Washington City.=]
-
-6. The administration of Adams and the eighteenth century drew to a
-close together. The new Republic was growing strong and influential.
-The census of 1800 showed that the population of the country had
-increased to over five millions. The seventy-five post-offices reported
-by the census of 1790 had been multiplied to nine hundred and three;
-the exports of the United States had grown from twenty millions to
-nearly seventy-one millions of dollars. In December of 1800, Congress
-assembled in Washington City. Virginia and Maryland had ceded to the
-United States the District of Columbia, a tract ten miles square lying
-on both sides of the Potomac. The city was laid out in 1792; and in
-1800 the population numbered between eight and nine thousand.
-
-7. With prudent management the Federal party might have retained
-control of the government. But much of the legislation of Congress had
-been unwise and unpopular. The "Alien Law," by which the President was
-authorized to send foreigners out of the country, was specially odious.
-The "Sedition Law," which punished with fine and imprisonment the
-freedom of speech and of the press, was denounced as an act of tyranny.
-Partisan excitement ran high. Mr. Adams and Mr. Charles C. Pinckney
-were put forward as the candidates of the Federalists, and Thomas
-Jefferson and Aaron Burr of the Democrats. The election was thrown into
-the House of Representatives, and the choice fell on Jefferson and
-Burr.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXI.
-
-JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1801-1809.
-
-
-At the beginning of his administration, Mr. Jefferson transferred the
-chief offices of the government to members of the Democratic party.
-Such action was justified by the adherents of the President on the
-ground that the affairs of a republic will be best administered when
-the officers hold the same political sentiments. One of the first
-acts of Congress was to abolish the system of internal revenues. The
-unpopular "Alien" and "Sedition" laws were also repealed.
-
-2. In the year 1800 a line was drawn through the Northwest Territory
-from the mouth of the Great Miami River northward, through Fort
-Recovery on the head waters of the Wabash, to Canada. Two years
-afterwards the country east of this line was erected into the State of
-Ohio, which, in 1803, was admitted into the Union. The portion west of
-the line was organized under the name of INDIANA TERRITORY.
-
-[Illustration: Thomas Jefferson.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Indiana Territory.=]
-
-3. The new region thus brought under civil government embraced a vast
-area of country. It included all of the present States of Indiana,
-Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and a small portion of Minnesota.
-Vincennes was made the capital. The appointment of Governor and
-Superintendent of Indian Affairs was conferred on General William Henry
-Harrison. The work imposed upon him was very great. First appointed
-by President John Adams, he was afterwards reappointed to the same
-position by Presidents Jefferson and Madison. Repairing to his field of
-duty, he convened the first Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in
-1805, and entered at once into negotiations with the Indian tribes.
-
-4. During the administration of Governor Harrison, many salutary
-measures were adopted with respect to the natives. The Governor sought
-to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors among them, and induced
-many of the tribes to submit to inoculation, as a means of preventing
-the ravages of smallpox. In September, 1809, he met a congress of the
-tribes at Vincennes, and effected the purchase of about three million
-acres of valuable land in the valleys of the Wabash and White rivers.
-It was these progressive measures which aroused the jealousy and alarm
-of the Red men, and brought on the Indian war of 1811.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Louisiana Purchase.=]
-
-5. About the same time of the organization of Indiana Territory the
-MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY was organized. More important still was the
-purchase of the vast region called Louisiana. In 1800 Napoleon had
-compelled Spain to make a cession of this territory to France. He now
-authorized his minister to dispose of Louisiana by sale. The President
-appointed Mr. Livingston and James Monroe to negotiate the purchase.
-On the 30th of April, 1803, terms were agreed on; and for the sum of
-eleven million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars Louisiana was
-ceded to the United States. It was also agreed that the United States
-should pay certain debts due from France to American citizens--the sum
-not to exceed three million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
-Thus did that vast domain west of the Mississippi pass under the
-dominion of the United States.
-
-6. Out of the southern portion of the great province the TERRITORY OF
-ORLEANS was organized with the same limits as the present State of
-Louisiana; the rest continued to be called the TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA.
-Very justly did Mr. Livingston say to the French minister as they arose
-from signing the treaty: "This is the noblest work of our lives."
-
-7. In 1801 John Marshall became Chief-justice of the United States.
-In the colonial times, the English constitution and common law had
-prevailed in America. When the new Republic was organized, it became
-necessary to modify the principles of law and to adapt them to the
-altered form of government. This great work was accomplished by
-Chief-justice Marshall.
-
-[Sidenote: =War with Tripoli.=]
-
-8. The Mediterranean pirates still annoyed American merchantmen.
-The emperors of Morocco, Algiers, and Tripoli became especially
-troublesome. In 1803 Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean
-to protect American commerce and punish the pirates. The frigate
-_Philadelphia_, under Captain Bainbridge, sailed directly to Tripoli.
-When nearing his destination, Bainbridge gave chase to a pirate which
-fled for safety to the harbor. The _Philadelphia_, in close pursuit,
-ran upon a reef of rocks near the shore, and was captured by the
-Tripolitans. The officers were treated with some respect, but the crew
-were enslaved.
-
-9. In the following February Captain Decatur sailed to Tripoli in a
-Moorish ship, called the _Intrepid_. At nightfall Decatur steered into
-the harbor, slipped alongside of the _Philadelphia_, sprang on deck
-with his daring band, and killed or drove overboard every Moor on the
-vessel. In a moment the frigate was fired; Decatur and his crew escaped
-to the _Intrepid_ without the loss of a man.
-
-10. In July of 1804 Commodore Preble arrived at Tripoli and began
-a siege. The town was bombarded, and several Moorish vessels were
-destroyed. In the mean time, William Eaton, the American consul at
-Tunis, had organized a force, and was marching overland to Tripoli.
-Hamet, who was the rightful sovereign of Tripoli, was cooperating
-with Eaton in an effort to recover his kingdom. Yusef, the Tripolitan
-emperor, made overtures for peace. His offers were accepted, and a
-treaty was concluded on the 4th of June, 1805.
-
-[Sidenote: =Schemes of Aaron Burr.=]
-
-11. In 1804 the country was shocked by the intelligence that
-Vice-president Burr had killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. As his
-term of office drew to a close, Burr foresaw that he would not be
-renominated. In 1803 he became a candidate for governor of New York;
-but Hamilton's influence in that State prevented his election. Burr
-thereupon sought a quarrel with Hamilton, challenged him, met him at
-Weehawken on the morning of the 11th of July, and deliberately murdered
-him. Thus the brightest intellect in America was put out in darkness.
-
-12. After the death of Hamilton, Burr fled to the South. At the opening
-of the next session of Congress he returned to preside over the Senate.
-Then he took up his residence with an Englishman named Blennerhassett,
-who had built a mansion on an island in the Ohio, near the mouth of
-the Muskingum. Here Burr made a treasonable scheme to raise a military
-force, invade Mexico, detach the Southwestern States from the Union,
-and overthrow the government of the United States. But his purposes
-were suspected. The military preparations at Blennerhassett's Island
-were broken up. Burr was arrested in Alabama and taken to Richmond to
-be tried for treason. Chief-justice Marshall presided at the trial, and
-Burr conducted his own defence. The verdict was, "Not guilty--_for want
-of sufficient proof_." Burr afterward practiced law in New York, lived
-to old age, and died in poverty.
-
-[Sidenote: =Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.=]
-
-13. In the autumn of 1804 Jefferson was reelected. For Vice-president,
-George Clinton of New York was chosen in place of Burr. In the next
-year a part of the Northwest Territory was organized under the name
-of MICHIGAN. In the same spring, Captains Lewis and Clarke set out
-from the falls of the Missouri River with thirty-five soldiers and
-hunters to explore Oregon. For two years, through forests of gigantic
-pines, and along the banks of unknown rivers, did they continue their
-explorations. After wandering among unheard-of tribes of savages, and
-traversing a route of six thousand miles, the adventurers, with the
-loss of but one man, returned to civilization.
-
-[Illustration: Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.]
-
-14. During Jefferson's second term, the country was much agitated by
-the aggressions of the British navy. England and France were engaged in
-war. The British authorities struck blow after blow against the trade
-between France and foreign nations; and Napoleon retaliated. The plan
-adopted by the two powers was to blockade each other's ports with
-men-of-war. By such means the commerce of the United States was greatly
-injured.
-
-[Sidenote: =Aggressions on American Commerce.=]
-
-15. In May of 1806 England blockaded the whole coast of France.
-American vessels, approaching the French ports, were seized as prizes.
-The following November Bonaparte issued a decree blockading the British
-isles. Again American merchantmen were subjected to seizure. In January
-of the next year Great Britain retaliated by prohibiting the French
-coasting-trade. These measures were all in violation of the law of
-nations.
-
-16. Great Britain next set up the peculiar claim of citizenship, that
-whoever is born in England remains through life a subject of England.
-English cruisers were authorized to search American vessels for
-persons suspected of being British subjects. Those who were taken were
-impressed as seamen in the English navy.
-
-[Sidenote: =Impressment of Seamen.=]
-
-17. On the 22d of June, 1807, the frigate _Chesapeake_ was hailed
-near Fortress Monroe by a British man-of-war called the _Leopard_.
-British officers came on board and demanded _to search the vessel for
-deserters_. The demand was refused and the ship cleared for action. But
-before the guns could be charged, the _Leopard_ poured in a destructive
-fire and compelled a surrender. Four men were taken from the captured
-ship, three of whom proved to be American citizens. Great Britain
-disavowed this outrage, and promised reparation; but the promise was
-never fulfilled.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Embargo Act.=]
-
-18. The President issued a proclamation forbidding British ships of
-war to enter American harbors. On the 21st of December Congress passed
-the EMBARGO ACT, by which all American vessels were detained in the
-ports of the United States. The object was to cut off commercial
-intercourse with France and Great Britain. But after fourteen months
-the embargo act was repealed. Meanwhile, in November of 1808, the
-British government published an "order in council," prohibiting _all_
-trade with France and her allies. Thereupon Napoleon issued the "Milan
-decree," forbidding all trade with England and her colonies. By these
-outrages the commerce of the United States was well-nigh destroyed.
-
-19. While the country was thus distracted, Robert Fulton was building
-the FIRST STEAMBOAT. Fulton was an Irishman by descent and a
-Pennsylvanian by birth. His education in boyhood was imperfect, but was
-afterward improved by study at London and Paris.
-
-[Illustration: Fulton's "Clermont."]
-
-[Sidenote: =Robert Fulton's Steamboat.=]
-
-20. Returning to New York, he began the construction of a steamboat.
-When the ungainly craft was completed, Fulton invited his friends to
-go on board and enjoy a trip to Albany. On the 2d of September, 1807,
-the crowds gathered on the shore. The word was given, and the boat did
-not move. Fulton went below. Again the word was given, and _the boat
-moved_. On the next day the company reached Albany. For many years this
-first rude steamer, called the _Clermont_, plied the Hudson.
-
-21. Jefferson's administration drew to a close. The territorial area of
-the United States had been vastly extended. But the foreign relations
-of the nation were troubled. The President declined a third election,
-and was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. For Vice-president,
-George Clinton was reelected.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXII.
-
-MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.--WAR OF 1812.
-
-
-[Illustration: James Madison.]
-
-[Sidenote: =War Threatened with England.=]
-
-The new President had been a member of the Continental Congress, a
-delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and Secretary of
-State under Jefferson. He owed his election to the Democratic party,
-whose sympathy with France and hostility to Great Britain were well
-known. On the 1st of March the embargo act was repealed by Congress,
-and another measure adopted by which American ships were allowed to go
-abroad, but were forbidden to trade with Great Britain. Mr. Erskine,
-the British minister, now gave notice that by the 10th of June the
-"orders in council," so far as they affected the United States, should
-be repealed.
-
-2. In the following spring Bonaparte issued a decree for the seizure of
-all American vessels that might approach the ports of France. But in
-November the decree was reversed, and all restrictions on the commerce
-of the United States were removed. But the government of Great Britain
-adhered to its former measures, and sent ships of war to enforce the
-"orders in council."
-
-3. The affairs of the two nations were fast approaching a crisis. The
-government of the United States had fallen completely under control of
-the party which sympathized with France. The American people, smarting
-under the insults of Great Britain, had adopted the motto of FREE
-TRADE AND SAILORS' RIGHTS, and had made up their minds to fight; the
-sentiment was that war was preferable to national disgrace.
-
-4. In the spring of 1810 the third census of the United States was
-completed. The population had increased to seven million two hundred
-and forty thousand souls. The States now numbered seventeen; and
-several new Territories were preparing for admission into the Union.
-The rapid march of civilization westward had aroused the jealousy of
-the Red men, and Indiana Territory was afflicted with an Indian war.
-
-[Sidenote: =Gen. Harrison in Indiana.=]
-
-5. Tecumtha, chief of the Shawnees--a brave and sagacious warrior--and
-his brother, called the Prophet, were the leaders of the revolt. Their
-plan was to unite all the nations of the Northwest Territory in a final
-effort to beat back the whites. When, in September of 1809, Governor
-Harrison met the chiefs of several tribes at Fort Wayne, and purchased
-three million acres of land, Tecumtha refused to sign the treaty, and
-threatened death to those who did. In 1810 he visited the nations of
-Tennessee and exhorted them to join his confederacy.
-
-6. Governor Harrison stood firm, sent for soldiers, and mustered the
-militia of the Territory. The Indians began to prowl through the
-Wabash Valley, murdering and stealing. The governor then advanced to
-Terre Haute, built Fort Harrison, and hastened toward the town of the
-Prophet, at the mouth of the Tippecanoe. When within a few miles of
-this place, Harrison was met by Indian ambassadors, who asked for a
-conference on the following day. Their request was granted; and the
-American army encamped for the night. The place selected was a piece of
-high ground covered with oaks.
-
-[Sidenote: Battle of Tippecanoe.]
-
-7. Before daybreak on the morning of November 7th, 1811, the savages,
-seven hundred strong, crept through the marshes, surrounded Harrison's
-position, and burst upon the camp. But the American militia fought in
-the darkness, held the Indians in check until daylight, and then routed
-them in several vigorous charges. On the next day, the Americans burned
-the Prophet's town, and soon afterwards returned to Vincennes. Such
-was the success of the campaign that the Indians were overawed, the
-peace of the white settlements secured, and the way made easy for the
-organization and admission of the State of Indiana into the Union five
-years afterwards.
-
-[Illustration: Western Battle-fields located relatively to Present
-Cities.]
-
-8. Meanwhile, Great Britain and the United States had come into
-conflict on the ocean. On the 16th of May, Commodore Rodgers,
-commanding the frigate _President_, hailed a vessel off the coast of
-Virginia. Instead of a polite answer, he received a cannon-ball in the
-mainmast. Rodgers responded with a broadside, silencing the enemy's
-guns. In the morning--for it was already dark--the hostile ship was
-found to be the British sloop-of-war _Little Belt_.
-
-9. On the 4th of November, 1811, the twelfth Congress of the United
-States assembled. Many of the members still hoped for peace; and the
-winter passed without decisive measures. On the 4th of April, 1812,
-an act was passed laying an embargo for ninety days on all British
-vessels within the harbors of the United States. But Great Britain
-would not recede from her hostile attitude. Before the actual outbreak
-of hostilities, Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was, on the 8th of
-April, admitted into the Union. Her population had already reached
-seventy-seven thousand.
-
-[Sidenote: Declaration of War.]
-
-10. On the 19th of June a declaration of war was made against Great
-Britain. Vigorous preparations for the conflict were made by Congress.
-It was ordered to raise twenty-five thousand regular troops and
-fifty thousand volunteers. The several States were requested to call
-out a hundred thousand militia. A national loan of eleven million
-dollars was authorized. Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was chosen
-commander-in-chief of the army.
-
-11. The war was begun by General William Hull, governor of Michigan
-Territory. On the 1st of June he marched from Dayton with fifteen
-hundred men. For a full month the army toiled through the forests to
-the western extremity of Lake Erie. Arriving at the Maumee, Hull sent
-his baggage to Detroit. But the British at Malden were on the alert,
-and captured Hull's boat with everything on board. Nevertheless, the
-Americans pressed on to Detroit, and on the 12th of July crossed the
-river to Sandwich.
-
-12. Hull, hearing that Mackinaw had been taken by the British, soon
-returned to Detroit. From this place he sent Major Van Horne to meet
-Major Brush, who had reached the river Raisin with reinforcements.
-But Tecumtha laid an ambush for Van Horne's forces and defeated them
-near Brownstown. Colonel Miller, with another detachment, attacked and
-routed the savages with great loss, and then returned to Detroit.
-
-[Sidenote: The Surrender of Detroit.]
-
-[Illustration: Engagement of the Wasp and the Frolic.]
-
-13. General Brock, governor of Canada, now took command of the British
-at Malden. On the 16th of August he advanced to the siege of Detroit.
-The Americans in their trenches were eager for battle. When the British
-were within five hundred yards, Hull _hoisted a white flag over the
-fort_. Then followed a surrender, the most shameful in the history of
-the United States. All the forces under Hull's command became prisoners
-of war. The whole of Michigan Territory was surrendered to the British.
-Hull was afterward court-martialed and sentenced to be shot; but the
-President pardoned him.
-
-14. About the time of the fall of Detroit, Fort Dearborn, on the
-present site of Chicago, was surrendered to an army of Indians. The
-garrison capitulated on condition of retiring without molestation.
-But the savages fell upon the retreating soldiers, killed some, and
-distributed the rest as captives.
-
-[Sidenote: The War at Sea.]
-
-15. On the 19th of August the frigate _Constitution_, commanded by
-Captain Isaac Hull, overtook the British _Guerriere_ off the coast of
-Massachusetts. The vessels maneuvered for a while, the _Constitution_
-closing with her antagonist, until at half pistol-shot she poured in
-a broadside, sweeping the decks of the _Guerriere_ and deciding the
-contest. On the following morning, the _Guerriere_, being unmanageable,
-was blown up; and Hull returned to port with his prisoners and spoils.
-
-16. On the 18th of October the American _Wasp_, under Captain Jones,
-fell in with a fleet of British merchantmen off the coast of Virginia.
-The squadron was under protection of the _Frolic_, commanded by Captain
-Whinyates. A terrible engagement ensued, lasting for three quarters of
-an hour. Finally, the American crew boarded the _Frolic_ and struck the
-British flag. Soon afterwards the _Poictiers_, a British seventy-four
-gun ship, bore down upon the scene, captured the _Wasp_, and retook the
-wreck of the _Frolic_.
-
-17. On the 25th of the month Commodore Decatur, commanding the frigate
-_United States_, captured the British _Macedonian_, a short distance
-west of the Canary Islands. The loss of the enemy in killed and
-wounded amounted to more than a hundred men. On the 12th of December
-the _Essex_, commanded by Captain Porter, captured the _Nocton_, a
-British packet, having on board fifty-five thousand dollars in specie.
-On the 29th of December the _Constitution_, under command of Commodore
-Bainbridge, met the _Java_ on the coast of Brazil. A furious battle
-ensued, continuing for two hours. The _Java_ was reduced to a wreck
-before the flag was struck. The crew and passengers, numbering upward
-of four hundred, were transferred to the _Constitution_, and the hull
-was burned at sea. The news of these victories roused the enthusiasm of
-the people.
-
-[Sidenote: Van Rensselaer at Queenstown.]
-
-18. On the 13th of October a thousand men, commanded by General Stephen
-Van Rensselaer, crossed the Niagara River to capture Queenstown.
-They were resisted at the water's edge; but the British batteries on
-the heights were finally carried. The enemy's forces, returning to
-the charge, were a second time repulsed. The Americans intrenched
-themselves, and waited for reinforcements. None came; and, after losing
-a hundred and sixty men, they were then obliged to surrender. General
-Van Rensselaer resigned his command, and was succeeded by General
-Alexander Smyth.
-
-19. The Americans now rallied at Black Rock, a few miles north of
-Buffalo. From this point, on the 28th of November, a company was sent
-across to the Canada shore, but General Smyth ordered the advance party
-to return. A few days afterward, another crossing was planned, with
-the same results. The militia became mutinous. Smyth was charged with
-cowardice and deposed from his command. In the autumn of 1812 Madison
-was reelected President; the choice for Vice-president fell on Elbridge
-Gerry, of Massachusetts.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXIII.
-
-WAR OF 1812.--EVENTS OF 1813.
-
-
-In the beginning of 1813 the American army was organized in three
-divisions: THE ARMY OF THE NORTH, under General Wade Hampton; THE ARMY
-OF THE CENTER, under General Dearborn; THE ARMY OF THE WEST, under
-General Winchester, who was soon superseded by General Harrison. Early
-in January the Army of the West moved toward Lake Erie to regain the
-ground lost by Hull. On the 10th of the month the American advance
-reached the rapids of the Maumee, thirty miles from Winchester's
-camp. A detachment then pressed forward to Frenchtown, on the river
-Raisin, captured the town, and on the 20th of the month were joined by
-Winchester with the main division.
-
-[Sidenote: Events in the West.]
-
-2. Two days afterwards the Americans were assaulted by a thousand five
-hundred British and Indians under General Proctor. A severe battle was
-fought. General Winchester, having been taken by the enemy, advised his
-forces to capitulate. The American wounded _were left to the mercy of
-the savages_, who at once completed their work of butchery. The rest of
-the prisoners were dragged away, through untold sufferings, to Detroit,
-where they were afterward ransomed.
-
-3. General Harrison now built Fort Meigs, on the Maumee. Here he was
-besieged by two thousand British and savages, led by Proctor and
-Tecumtha. Meanwhile, General Clay, with twelve hundred Kentuckians,
-advanced to the relief of the fort. In a few days the Indians deserted
-in large numbers, and Proctor, becoming alarmed, abandoned the siege,
-and retreated to Malden.
-
-[Sidenote: Ft. Meigs and Ft. Stephenson.]
-
-4. Late in July Proctor and Tecumtha, with nearly four thousand men,
-again besieged Fort Meigs. Failing to draw out the garrison, the
-British general filed off with half his forces and attacked Fort
-Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky. This place was defended by a hundred and
-sixty men under Colonel Croghan, a stripling but twenty-one years of
-age. On the 2d of August the British advanced to storm the fort. Having
-crowded into the trench, they were swept away almost to a man. The
-repulse was complete. Proctor now raised the siege at Fort Meigs and
-returned to Malden.
-
-[Sidenote: Perry on Lake Erie.]
-
-5. At this time Lake Erie was commanded by a British squadron of six
-vessels. The work of recovering these waters was intrusted to Commodore
-Oliver H. Perry. His antagonist, Commodore Barclay, was a veteran from
-Europe. With great energy Perry directed the construction of nine
-ships, and was soon afloat. On the 10th of September the two fleets met
-near Put-in Bay. The battle was begun by the American squadron, Perry's
-flag-ship, the _Lawrence_, leading the attack. His principal antagonist
-was the _Detroit_, under command of Barclay. The British guns had the
-wider range, and were better served. In a short time the _Lawrence_ was
-ruined, and Barclay's flagship was almost a wreck.
-
-6. Perceiving how the battle stood, Perry seized his banner, got
-overboard into an open boat, passed within pistol-shot of the enemy's
-ships, a storm of balls flying around him, and transferred his flag to
-the _Niagara_. With this powerful vessel he bore down upon the enemy's
-line, drove right through the midst, discharging terrible broadsides
-right and left. In fifteen minutes the British fleet was helpless.
-Perry returned to the hull of the _Lawrence_, and there received the
-surrender. And then he sent to General Harrison this dispatch: "We have
-met the enemy, and they are ours--two ships, two brigs, one schooner,
-and one sloop."
-
-[Illustration: Fall of Tecumtha at the Battle of the Thames.]
-
-[Sidenote: Battle of the Thames.]
-
-7. For the Americans the way was now opened to Canada. On the 27th of
-September Harrison's army was landed near Malden. The British retreated
-to the river Thames, and there faced about to fight. The battlefield
-extended from the river to a swamp. Here, on the 5th of October, the
-British were attacked by Generals Harrison and Shelby. In the beginning
-of the battle Proctor fled. The British regulars were broken by the
-Kentuckians under Colonel Richard M. Johnson. The Americans wheeled
-against the fifteen hundred Indians, who lay hidden in the swamp.
-Tecumtha had staked all on the issue. For a while his war-whoop sounded
-above the din of the conflict. Presently his voice was heard no
-longer, for the great chieftain had fallen. The savages, appalled by
-the death of their leader, fled in despair. So ended the campaign in
-the West. All that Hull had lost was regained.
-
-[Sidenote: General Jackson in Alabama.]
-
-8. Meanwhile, the Creeks of Alabama had taken up arms. In the latter
-part of August, Fort Mims, forty miles north of Mobile, was surprised
-by the savages, who murdered nearly four hundred people. The governors
-of Tennessee, Georgia, and Mississippi made immediate preparation for
-invading the country of the Creeks. The Tennesseeans, under General
-Jackson, were first to the rescue. Nine hundred men, led by General
-Coffee, reached the Indian town of Tallushatchee, burned it, and left
-not an Indian alive. On the 8th of November a battle was fought at
-Talladega, and the savages were defeated with severe losses.
-
-9. During the winter, Jackson's troops became mutinous and were going
-home. But the general set them the example of living on acorns, and
-threatened with death the first man who stirred from the ranks. And
-no man stirred. At Horseshoe Bend the Creeks made their final stand.
-On the 27th of March, the whites under General Jackson stormed the
-breastworks and drove the Indians into the bend of the river. There,
-huddled together, a thousand Creek warriors, with the women and
-children of the tribe, met their doom. The nation was completely
-conquered.
-
-[Sidenote: Expedition against Toronto.]
-
-10. On the 25th of April, 1813, General Dearborn embarked his forces
-at Sackett's Harbor, and proceeded against Toronto. On the 27th of the
-month, seventeen hundred men, landing near Toronto, drove the British
-from the water's edge, stormed a battery, and rushed forward to carry
-the main defences. At that moment the British magazine blew up with
-terrific violence. Two hundred men were killed or wounded. General Pike
-was fatally injured; but the Americans continued the charge and drove
-the enemy out of the town. Property to the value of a half million
-dollars was secured to the victors.
-
-11. While this movement was taking place the enemy made a descent on
-Sackett's Harbor. But General Brown rallied the militia and drove back
-the assailants. The victorious troops at Toronto reembarked and crossed
-the lake to the mouth of the Niagara. On the 27th of May the Americans,
-led by Generals Chandler and Winder, stormed Fort George. The British
-retreated to Burlington Bay, at the western extremity of the lake.
-
-[Sidenote: Expedition against Montreal.]
-
-12. After the battle of the Thames, General Harrison resigned his
-commission. General Dearborn was succeeded by General Wilkinson. The
-next campaign embraced the conquest of Montreal. On the 5th of November
-seven thousand men, embarking twenty miles north of Sackett's Harbor,
-sailed against Montreal. Parties of British, Canadians, and Indians,
-gathering on the bank of the river, impeded the expedition. General
-Brown was landed with a considerable force to drive the enemy into the
-interior. On the 11th of the month a severe but indecisive battle was
-fought at a place called Chrysler's Field. The Americans passed down
-the river to St. Regis, and went into winter quarters at Fort Covington.
-
-13. In the mean time, the British on the Niagara rallied and recaptured
-Fort George. Before retreating, General McClure, the commandant, burned
-the town of Newark. The British and Indians crossed the river, took
-Fort Niagara, and fired the villages of Youngstown, Lewiston, and
-Manchester. On the 30th of December, Black Rock and Buffalo were burned.
-
-[Sidenote: The War on the Ocean.]
-
-14. Off the coast of Demerara, on the 24th of February, 1813, the
-sloop-of-war _Hornet_, commanded by Captain James Lawrence, fell in
-with the British brig _Peacock_. A terrible battle of fifteen minutes
-ensued, and the _Peacock_ struck her colors. While the Americans were
-transferring the conquered crew, the brig sank. Nine of the British
-sailors and three of Lawrence's men were drowned.
-
-[Illustration: "Don't give up the Ship."]
-
-15. On returning to Boston the command of the _Chesapeake_ was given to
-Lawrence, and again he put to sea. He was soon challenged by Captain
-Broke, of the British _Shannon_, to fight him. Eastward from Cape Ann
-the two vessels met on the 1st day of June. The battle was obstinate,
-brief, dreadful. In a short time, every officer of the _Chesapeake_ was
-either killed or wounded. Lawrence was struck with a musket-ball, and
-fell dying on the deck. As they bore him down the hatchway, he gave his
-last order--ever afterwards the motto of the American sailor--"DON'T
-GIVE UP THE SHIP!" The _Shannon_ towed her prize into the harbor of
-Halifax. There the bodies of Lawrence and Ludlow, second in command,
-were buried by the British.
-
-16. On the 14th of August the American brig _Argus_ was overtaken by
-the _Pelican_ and obliged to surrender. On the 5th of September the
-British brig _Boxer_ was captured by the American _Enterprise_ off the
-coast of Maine. On the 28th of the following March, while the _Essex_,
-commanded by Captain Porter, was lying in the harbor of Valparaiso,
-she was attacked by two British vessels, the _Phœbe_ and the _Cherub_.
-Captain Porter fought his antagonists until nearly all of his men were
-killed or wounded; then struck his colors and surrendered.
-
-[Sidenote: British Marauding.]
-
-17. From honorable warfare the naval officers of England stooped to
-marauding. Early in the year, Lewiston was bombarded by a British
-squadron. Other British men-of-war entered the Chesapeake and burned
-several villages on the shores of the bay. At the town of Hampton the
-soldiers and marines perpetrated great outrages. Commodore Hardy, to
-whom the blockade of New England had been assigned, behaved with more
-humanity. Even the Americans praised him for his honorable conduct. So
-the year 1813 closed without decisive results.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXIV.
-
-THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1814.
-
-
-[Sidenote: Operations about Niagara.]
-
-In the spring of 1814 another invasion of Canada was planned; but there
-was much delay. Not until the 3d of July did Generals Scott and Ripley,
-with three thousand men, cross the Niagara and capture Fort Erie. On
-the following day the Americans advanced in the direction of Chippewa
-village, but were met by the British, led by General Riall. On the
-evening of the 5th a severe battle was fought on the plain south of
-Chippewa Creek. The Americans, led on by Generals Scott and Ripley, won
-the day.
-
-[Illustration: OPERATIONS ABOUT NIAGARA.]
-
-2. General Riall retreated to Burlington Heights. On the evening of
-the 25th of July, General Scott, commanding the American right, found
-himself confronted by Riall's army, on the high grounds in sight
-of Niagara Falls. Here was fought the hardest battle of the war.
-Scott held his own until reinforced by other divisions of the army.
-The British reserves were brought into action. Twilight faded into
-darkness. A detachment of Americans, getting upon the British rear,
-captured General Riall and his staff. The key to the enemy's position
-was a high ground crowned with a battery. Calling Colonel James Miller
-to his side, General Brown said, "Colonel, take your regiment and
-storm that battery." "I'LL TRY, SIR," was Miller's answer; and he _did_
-take it, and held it against three assaults of the British. General
-Drummond was wounded, and the royal army, numbering five thousand,
-was driven from the field with a loss of more than eight hundred. The
-Americans lost an equal number.
-
-[Illustration: Colonel Miller at Lundy's Lane.]
-
-3. After this battle of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane, the American forces
-fell back to Fort Erie. General Gaines crossed over from Buffalo, and
-assumed command of the army. General Drummond received reinforcements,
-and on the 4th of August invested Fort Erie. The siege continued
-until the 17th of September, when a sortie was made and the works
-of the British were carried. General Drummond then raised the siege
-and retreated to Fort George. On the 5th of November Fort Erie was
-destroyed by the Americans, who recrossed the Niagara and went into
-winter quarters at Black Rock and Buffalo.
-
-4. The winter of 1813-14 was passed by the army of the North at Fort
-Covington. At this time, the American fleet on Lake Champlain was
-commanded by Commodore McDonough. The British general Prevost now
-advanced into New York at the head of fourteen thousand men, and
-ordered Commodore Downie to ascend the Sorel with his fleet.
-
-[Sidenote: Battle of Plattsburgh.]
-
-5. The invading army reached Plattsburgh. Commodore McDonough's
-squadron lay in the bay. On the 6th of September, Macomb retired with
-his forces to the south bank of the Saranac. For four days the British
-renewed their efforts to cross the river. Downie's fleet was now ready
-for action, and a general battle was planned for the 11th. Prevost's
-army was to carry Macomb's position, while the British flotilla was
-to bear down on McDonough. The naval battle began first, and was
-obstinately fought for two hours and a half. Downie and many of his
-officers were killed; the heavier British vessels were disabled and
-obliged to strike their colors. The smaller ships escaped. After a
-severe action, the British army on the shore was also defeated. Prevost
-retired precipitately to Canada; and the English ministry began to
-devise measures of peace.
-
-[Sidenote: The British Burn Washington.]
-
-6. Late in the summer Admiral Cochrane arrived off the coast of
-Virginia with an armament of twenty-one vessels. General Ross, with
-an army of four thousand veterans, came with the fleet. The American
-squadron, commanded by Commodore Barney, was unable to oppose so
-powerful a force. The enemy entered the Chesapeake with the purpose of
-attacking Washington and Baltimore. The larger division sailed into the
-Patuxent, and on the 19th of August, the forces of General Ross were
-landed at Benedict. Commodore Barney was obliged to blow up his vessels
-and take to the shore. From Benedict the British advanced against
-Washington. At Bladensburg, six miles from the capital, they were
-met, on the 24th of the month, by the forces of Barney. Here a battle
-was fought. The militia behaved badly; Barney was defeated and taken
-prisoner. The President, the cabinet, and the people betook themselves
-to flight; and Ross marched unopposed into Washington. All the public
-buildings except the Patent Office were burned, together with many of
-the public archives. The unfinished Capitol and the President's house
-were left a mass of ruins.
-
-[Sidenote: The Siege of Baltimore.]
-
-7. Five days afterwards a portion of the British fleet reached
-Alexandria. The inhabitants purchased the forbearance of the enemy by
-the surrender of twenty-one ships, sixteen thousand barrels of flour,
-and a thousand hogsheads of tobacco. After the capture of Washington,
-General Ross proceeded with his army and fleet to lay siege to the city
-of Baltimore. The militia, to the number of ten thousand, gathered
-under command of General Samuel Smith. On the 12th of September the
-British were landed at the mouth of the Patapsco, and the fleet began
-the ascent of the river. The land-forces were met by the Americans
-under General Stricker. A skirmish ensued, in which General Ross
-was killed; but Colonel Brooks assumed command, and the march was
-continued. Near the city the British came upon the American lines and
-were brought to a halt.
-
-8. Meanwhile the British squadron had ascended the Patapsco and begun
-the bombardment of Fort McHenry. From sunrise of the 13th until after
-midnight, the guns of the fleet poured a tempest of shells upon the
-fortress.[C] At the end of that time the works were as strong as at the
-beginning. The British had undertaken more than they could accomplish.
-Disheartened and baffled, they ceased to fire. The land-forces retired,
-and the siege of Baltimore was at an end.
-
-[Footnote C: During the night of this bombardment, Francis S. Key, who
-was detained on board a British ship in the bay, composed _The Star
-Spangled Banner_.]
-
-9. On the 9th and 10th of August the village of Stonington,
-Connecticut, was bombarded by Commodore Hardy; but the British,
-attempting to land, were driven back. The fisheries of New England were
-broken up. The salt-works at Cape Cod escaped by the payment of heavy
-ransoms. All the harbors from Maine to Delaware were blockaded. The
-foreign commerce of the Eastern States was totally destroyed.
-
-[Sidenote: The Hartford Convention.]
-
-10. From the beginning, many of the people of New England had opposed
-the war. The members of the Federal party cried out against it. The
-legislature of Massachusetts advised the calling of a convention. The
-other Eastern States responded to the call; and on the 14th of December
-the delegates assembled at Hartford. The leaders of the Democratic
-party did not hesitate to say that the purposes of the assembly were
-disloyal and treasonable. After remaining in session, with closed
-doors, for nearly three weeks, the delegates published an address, and
-then adjourned. The political prospects of those who participated in
-the convention were ruined.
-
-[Sidenote: Affairs in the South.]
-
-11. During the progress of the war the Spanish authorities of Florida
-sympathized with the British. In August of 1814 a British fleet was
-allowed by the commandant of Pensacola to use that post for the purpose
-of fitting out an expedition against Fort Bowyer, on the bay of Mobile.
-General Jackson, who commanded in the South, remonstrated with the
-Spaniards, but received no satisfaction. He thereupon marched a force
-against Pensacola, stormed the town, and drove the British out of
-Florida.
-
-12. General Jackson next learned that the British were making
-preparations for the conquest of Louisiana. Repairing to New Orleans,
-he declared martial law, mustered the militia, and adopted measures for
-repelling the invasion. The British army, numbering twelve thousand,
-came from Jamaica, under Sir Edward Pakenham. On the 10th of December
-the squadron entered Lake Borgne, sixty miles northeast of New Orleans.
-
-[Illustration: The Battle of New Orleans.]
-
-13. On the 22d of the month Pakenham's advance reached the Mississippi,
-nine miles below the city. On the night of the 23d Generals Jackson
-and Coffee advanced with two thousand Tennessee riflemen to attack
-the British camp. After a bloody assault, Jackson was obliged to fall
-back to a strong position on the canal, four miles below the city.
-Pakenham advanced, and on the 28th cannonaded the American position. On
-New Year's day the attack was renewed, and the enemy was driven back.
-Pakenham now made arrangements for a general battle.
-
-[Sidenote: The Battle of New Orleans.]
-
-14. Jackson was ready. Earthworks had been constructed, and a long line
-of cotton-bales and sand-bags thrown up for protection. On the 8th of
-January the British moved forward. The battle began with the light of
-morning, and was ended before nine o'clock. Column after column of
-the British was smitten with irretrievable ruin. Jackson's men were
-almost entirely secure from the enemy's fire, while every discharge
-of the Tennessee and Kentucky rifles told with awful effect on the
-exposed veterans of England. Pakenham was killed; General Gibbs was
-mortally wounded. Only General Lambert was left to call the fragments
-of the army from the field. Of the British, seven hundred were killed,
-fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The
-American loss amounted to _eight killed and thirteen wounded_.
-
-15. General Lambert retired with his ruined army. Jackson marched
-into New Orleans and was received with great enthusiasm. Such was
-the close of the war on land. On the 20th of February the American
-_Constitution_, off Cape St. Vincent, captured two British vessels, the
-_Cyane_ and the _Levant_. On the 23d of March the American _Hornet_
-ended the conflict, by capturing the British _Penguin_ off the coast of
-Brazil.
-
-[Sidenote: Treaty of Ghent.]
-
-16. Already a treaty of peace had been made. In the summer of 1814,
-American commissioners were sent to Ghent, in Belgium, and were there
-met by the ambassadors of Great Britain. The agents of the United
-States were John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan
-Russell, and Albert Gallatin. On the 24th of December a treaty was
-agreed to and signed. In both countries the news was received with deep
-satisfaction. On the 18th of February the treaty was ratified by the
-Senate, and peace was publicly proclaimed.
-
-17. The only significance of the treaty was that Great Britain and
-the United States agreed to be at peace. Not one of the issues, to
-decide which the war had been undertaken, _was even mentioned_. Of the
-impressment of American seamen not a word was said. The wrongs done
-to the commerce of the United States were not referred to. Of "free
-trade and sailors' rights," the battle-cry of the American navy, no
-mention was made. The treaty was chiefly devoted to the settlement of
-unimportant boundaries and the possession of some small islands in the
-Bay of Passamaquoddy.
-
-[Sidenote: Condition of the Country.]
-
-18. The country was now burdened with a war-debt of one hundred million
-dollars. The monetary affairs of the nation were in a deplorable
-condition. The charter of the Bank of the United States expired in
-1811, and the other banks had been obliged to suspend specie payment.
-Trade was paralyzed for the want of money. In 1816 a bill was passed
-by Congress to recharter the Bank of the United States. The President
-interposed his veto; but in the following session the bill was again
-passed in an amended form. On the 4th of March, 1817, the bank went
-into operation; and the business and credit of the country began to
-revive.
-
-[Sidenote: Decatur in the Barbary States.]
-
-19. During the war with Great Britain the Algerine pirates renewed
-their depredations on American commerce. The government of the United
-States now ordered Commodore Decatur to proceed to the Mediterranean
-and chastise the sea-robbers into submission. After capturing two of
-their frigates he sailed into the Bay of Algiers, and obliged the
-frightened dey to make a treaty. The Moorish emperor released his
-American prisoners, relinquished all claims to tribute, and gave a
-pledge that his ships should trouble American merchantmen no more.
-Decatur next sailed against Tunis and Tripoli, compelled these states
-to give pledges of good conduct, and to pay large sums for former
-depredations.
-
-[Sidenote: Indiana Admitted.]
-
-20. The close of Madison's administration was signalized by the
-admission of Indiana into the Union. The new commonwealth was admitted
-in December, 1816. About the same time was founded the Colonization
-Society of the United States. Many distinguished Americans became
-members of the association, the object of which was to provide a refuge
-for free persons of color. Liberia, in western Africa, was selected
-as the seat of the proposed colony. Immigrants arrived in sufficient
-numbers to found a flourishing negro State. The capital was named
-Monrovia, in honor of James Monroe, who, in the fall of 1816, was
-elected as Madison's successor. Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, was
-chosen Vice-president.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXV.
-
-MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1817-1825.
-
-
-[Illustration: James Monroe.]
-
-The policy of Madison was adopted by his successor. The stormy times
-of the war gave place to many years of peace. The new President was
-a native of Virginia, a man of great talents and accomplishments. He
-had been a Revolutionary soldier, a member of Congress, governor of
-Virginia, envoy to France and England, and Secretary of State under
-Madison. The members of the cabinet were: John Quincy Adams, Secretary
-of State; William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury; John C.
-Calhoun, Secretary of War; William Wirt, Attorney-general. Statesmen of
-all parties devoted their energies to the payment of the national debt.
-Commerce soon revived; the government was economically administered,
-and in a few years the debt was honestly paid.
-
-[Sidenote: Mississippi Admitted.]
-
-2. In December of 1817 Mississippi was organized and admitted into the
-Union. The new State came with a population of sixty-five thousand
-souls. At the same time the attention of the government was called to a
-nest of pirates on Amelia Island, off the coast of Florida. An armament
-was sent against them, and the lawless establishment was broken up.
-Another company, on the island of Galveston, was also suppressed.
-
-3. The question of internal improvements now began to be agitated.
-Without railroads and canals the products of the interior could never
-reach a market. Whether Congress had a right to vote money to make
-public improvements was a question of debate. Among the States, New
-York took the lead in improvements by constructing a canal from Buffalo
-to Albany. The cost of the work was nearly eight million dollars.
-
-[Sidenote: Trouble with the Seminoles.]
-
-4. In 1817 the Seminole Indians of Georgia and Alabama became hostile.
-Some negroes and Creeks joined the savages in their depredations.
-General Jackson was ordered to reduce the Indians to submission. He
-mustered a thousand riflemen from Tennessee, and in the spring of 1818
-completely overran the hostile country.
-
-[Sidenote: The Cession of Florida.]
-
-5. While on this expedition, Jackson took possession of St. Mark's.
-The Spanish troops stationed there were removed to Pensacola. Two
-Englishmen, named Arbuthnot and Ambrister, charged with inciting the
-Seminoles to insurrection, were tried by a court-martial and hanged.
-Jackson then captured Pensacola, and sent the Spanish authorities
-to Havana. The enemies of General Jackson condemned him for these
-proceedings, but the President and Congress justified his deeds. The
-king of Spain now proposed to cede Florida to the United States. On the
-22d of February, 1819, a treaty was concluded at Washington City by
-which the whole province was surrendered to the American government.
-The United States agreed to relinquish all claim to Texas, and to pay
-to American citizens, for depredations committed by Spanish vessels,
-five million dollars.
-
-[Sidenote: New States.]
-
-6. In 1818 Illinois, the twenty-first State, was organized and admitted
-into the Union. The population of the new commonwealth was forty-seven
-thousand. In December of 1819 Alabama was added, with a population
-of one hundred and twenty-five thousand. About the same time Arkansas
-Territory was organized. In 1820 the province of Maine was separated
-from Massachusetts and admitted into the Union. The population of the
-new State had reached two hundred and ninety-eight thousand. In August
-of 1821 Missouri, with a population of about seventy-four thousand
-souls, was admitted as the twenty-fourth member of the Union.
-
-[Sidenote: The Missouri Compromise.]
-
-7. When the bill to admit Missouri was brought before Congress, a
-proposition was made _to prohibit slavery in the new State_. This
-was supported by the free States of the North, and opposed by the
-slaveholding States of the South. After long and angry debates the
-measure brought forward by Henry Clay, and known as the MISSOURI
-COMPROMISE, was adopted. Its provisions were--_first_, the admission
-of Missouri as a slaveholding State; _secondly_, the division of the
-rest of the Louisiana purchase by the parallel of thirty-six degrees
-and thirty minutes; _thirdly_, the admission of new States south of
-that line, with or without slavery, as the people might determine;
-_fourthly_, the prohibition of slavery in all the new States north of
-the dividing-line.
-
-8. The President's administration grew into high favor with the people;
-and in 1820 he was reelected. As Vice-president, Mr. Tompkins was again
-chosen. The attention of the government was next called to a system
-of piracy which had sprung up in the West Indies. Early in 1822 an
-American fleet was sent thither, and more than twenty piratical ships
-were captured. In the following summer, Commodore Porter was dispatched
-with a larger squadron. The retreats of the sea-robbers were completely
-broken up.
-
-[Sidenote: The Monroe Doctrine.]
-
-9. About this time many of the countries of South America declared
-their independence of foreign nations. The people of the United States
-sympathized with the patriots of the South. Henry Clay urged upon
-the government the duty of recognizing the South American republics.
-In March of 1822, a bill was passed by Congress embodying his views.
-In the President's message of 1823 the declaration was made that _the
-American continents are not subject to colonization by any European
-power_. This is the principle ever since known as the MONROE DOCTRINE.
-
-[Illustration: Henry Clay.]
-
-10. In the summer of 1824 the venerated La Fayette, now aged and
-gray, revisited the land for whose freedom he had shed his blood. The
-patriots who had fought by his side came forth to greet him. In every
-city he was surrounded by a throng of shouting freemen. His journey
-through the country was a triumph. In September of 1825 he bade adieu
-to the people, and sailed for his native land. While Liberty remains,
-the name of La Fayette shall be hallowed.
-
-11. In the fall of 1824 four candidates were presented for the
-presidency. John Quincy Adams was put forward as the candidate of the
-East; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, as the choice of the South;
-Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson as the favorites of the West. Neither
-candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, and the choice of
-President was referred to the House of Representatives. By that body
-Mr. Adams was elected. For Vice-president, John C. Calhoun, of South
-Carolina, was chosen by the electoral college.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXVI.
-
-ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1825-1829.
-
-
-[Sidenote: John Quincy Adams.]
-
-The new President was a man of the highest attainments in literature
-and statesmanship. At the age of eleven years he accompanied his
-father, John Adams, to Europe. At Paris, and Amsterdam, and St.
-Petersburg the son continued his studies, and became acquainted with
-the politics of the Old World. In his riper years, he served as
-ambassador to the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, and England.
-He had also held the offices of United States Senator, and Secretary of
-State.
-
-[Illustration: John Quincy Adams.]
-
-2. The new administration was a time of peace; but the spirit of
-party manifested itself with much violence. The adherents of General
-Jackson and Mr. Crawford united in opposition to the President. In the
-Senate the political friends of Mr. Adams were in the minority, and
-their majority in the lower House lasted for only one session. In his
-inaugural address the President strongly advocated the doctrine of
-internal improvements.
-
-[Sidenote: The Creek Cession.]
-
-3. When, in the year 1802, Georgia relinquished her claim to
-Mississippi Territory, the general government agreed to purchase for
-the State all the Creek lands lying within her borders. This pledge
-the United States had never fulfilled, and Georgia complained of bad
-faith. Finally, in March of 1826, a treaty was concluded between the
-Creek chiefs and the President, by which a cession of all their lands
-in Georgia was obtained. At the same time, the Creeks agreed to remove
-beyond the Mississippi.
-
-4. On the 4th July, 1826--fifty years after the Declaration of
-Independence--John Adams, second President, and his successor, Thomas
-Jefferson, died. Both had lifted their voices for freedom in the days
-of the Revolution. One had written, and both had signed, the great
-Declaration. Both had lived to see their country's independence. Both
-had reached extreme old age: Adams was ninety; Jefferson, eighty-two.
-
-[Sidenote: The Protective Tariff.]
-
-5. The question of the tariff was much discussed in Congress at this
-time. By a tariff is understood a duty levied on imported goods. The
-object is--_first_, to produce a revenue for the government; and,
-_secondly_, to raise the price of the article on which the duty is
-laid, in order that the domestic manufacturer of the thing taxed may be
-able to compete with the foreign producer. When the duty is levied for
-the latter purpose it is called a _protective tariff_. Mr. Adams and
-his friends favored the tariff; and in 1828 protective duties were laid
-on fabrics made of wool, cotton, linen and silk; and those on articles
-manufactured of iron, lead, etc., were much increased.
-
-6. With the fall of 1828, Mr. Adams, supported by Mr. Clay, was put
-forward for reelection. General Jackson appeared as the candidate of
-the opposition. In the previous election Jackson had received more
-electoral votes than Adams, but the House of Representatives had chosen
-the latter. Now the people had their way. Jackson was triumphantly
-elected, receiving one hundred and seventy-eight electoral votes
-against eighty-three for his opponent.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXVII.
-
-JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1829-1837.
-
-
-The new President was a military hero--a man of great talents and
-inflexible honesty. His integrity was unassailable; his will like iron.
-He was one of those men for whom no toils are too arduous. His personal
-character was impressed upon his administration. At the beginning he
-removed nearly seven hundred office-holders and appointed in their
-stead his own political friends.
-
-[Sidenote: National Bank Abolished.]
-
-[Illustration: Andrew Jackson.]
-
-2. In his first message the President took ground against rechartering
-the Bank of the United States. He recommended that the old charter be
-allowed to expire by its own limitation in 1836. But the influence of
-the bank was very great; and in 1832 a bill to recharter was passed
-by Congress. The President opposed his veto; a two thirds majority in
-favor of the bill could not be secured, and the new charter failed.
-
-[Sidenote: Nullification Debates.]
-
-3. In the congressional session of 1831-32, additional tariffs were
-levied upon goods imported from abroad. By this act the manufacturing
-districts were favored at the expense of the agricultural States. South
-Carolina was specially offended. Open resistance was threatened in case
-the officers should attempt to collect the revenues at Charleston.
-In the United States Senate the right of a State to nullify an act of
-Congress was boldly proclaimed. On that question had already occurred
-the great debate between Colonel Hayne, senator from South Carolina,
-and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts.
-
-[Illustration: Daniel Webster.]
-
-4. The President now took the matter in hand and issued a proclamation
-denying the right of a State to nullify the laws of Congress. But Mr.
-Calhoun, the Vice-president, resigned his office to accept a seat in
-the Senate, where he might defend the doctrines of his State. The
-President, having warned the South Carolinians, ordered a body of
-troops under General Scott to proceed to Charleston. The leaders of the
-nullifying party receded from their position, and bloodshed was avoided.
-
-[Sidenote: The Black Hawk War.]
-
-5. The lands of the Sacs and Foxes had been purchased by the
-government, but the Indians, influenced by the chief Black Hawk,
-refused to quit them. The government insisted that they fulfill their
-contract, and hostilities began in 1832. General Scott was sent with
-troops to Chicago to cooperate with General Atkinson. The latter
-waged a vigorous campaign, defeated the Indians, and made Black Hawk
-prisoner. The captive chief was taken to Washington and the great
-cities of the East. Returning to his own people, he advised them to
-make peace. The warriors abandoned the disputed lands and retired into
-Iowa.
-
-6. Difficulties also arose with the Cherokees of Georgia--the most
-civilized of all the Indian nations. The President recommended the
-removal of the Cherokees to lands beyond the Mississippi. The INDIAN
-TERRITORY was accordingly set apart in 1834. The Indians yielded with
-great reluctance. More than five million dollars was paid them for
-their lands. At last General Scott was ordered to remove them; and
-during the years 1837-38, the Cherokees were transferred to their new
-homes in the West.
-
-[Sidenote: The Seminole War.]
-
-7. More serious was the conflict with the Seminoles. The trouble arose
-from an attempt to remove the tribe beyond the Mississippi. Hostilities
-began in 1835, and continued for four years. Osceola and Micanopy,
-chiefs of the nation, denied the validity of a former cession of
-Seminole lands. General Thompson was obliged to arrest Osceola and put
-him in irons. The chief then gave his assent to the old treaty, and was
-liberated, but immediately entered into a conspiracy to slaughter the
-whites.
-
-8. Major Dade, with a hundred and seventeen men, was now dispatched to
-reinforce General Clinch at Fort Drane, seventy-five miles from St.
-Augustine. Dade's forces fell into an ambuscade, and all except one
-man were massacred. On the same day Osceola, with a band of warriors,
-surrounded a storehouse where General Thompson was dining, and killed
-him and four of his companions.
-
-9. In two successive engagements in December and February the Seminoles
-were repulsed. In October Governor Call of Florida, with two thousand
-men, overtook the savages in the Wahoo Swamp, near the scene of Dade's
-massacre. Here the Indians were again defeated and driven into the
-Everglades.
-
-10. In the mean time, the President had put an end to the Bank of the
-United States. After vetoing the bill to recharter that institution, he
-conceived that the surplus funds which had accumulated in its vaults
-had better be distributed among the States. Accordingly, in October
-of 1833 he ordered the funds of the bank, amounting to ten million
-dollars, to be distributed among certain State banks designated for
-that purpose. The financial panic of 1836-37, following soon afterward,
-was attributed by the Whigs to the destruction of the national bank and
-the removal of the funds. But the adherents of the President replied
-that the panic was attributable to the bank itself.
-
-11. In 1834 the strong will of the chief magistrate was brought into
-conflict with France. In 1831 the French king had agreed to pay five
-million dollars for injuries formerly done to American commerce. But
-the government of France neglected the payment until the President
-recommended to Congress to make reprisals on French merchantmen. This
-measure had the desired effect, and the indemnity was paid. Portugal
-was brought to terms in a similar manner.
-
-[Sidenote: Arkansas and Michigan Admitted.]
-
-12. In June of 1836, Arkansas, with a population of seventy thousand,
-was admitted into the Union. In the following January, Michigan
-Territory was organized as a State and added to the Republic. The
-new commonwealth brought a population of one hundred and fifty-seven
-thousand. In the autumn of 1836 Martin Van Buren was elected President.
-As to the Vice-presidency, no one secured a majority, and the choice
-devolved on the Senate. By that body Colonel Richard M. Johnson of
-Kentucky was chosen.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXVIII.
-
-VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1837-1841.
-
-
-Martin Van Buren, eighth President, was born at Kinderhook, New York,
-on the 5th of December, 1782. After receiving a limited education he
-became a student of law. In 1821 he was chosen United States Senator.
-Seven years afterward he was elected governor of New York, and was then
-appointed Minister to England. From that important mission he returned
-to accept the office of Vice-president.
-
-[Illustration: Martin Van Buren.]
-
-[Sidenote: Taylor's Campaign in Florida.]
-
-2. One of the first duties of the new administration was to finish
-the Seminole War. In the fall, Osceola came to the American camp with
-a flag of truce; but he was suspected of treachery, seized and sent
-a prisoner to Fort Moultrie, where he died. The Seminoles, however,
-continued the war. In December Colonel Zachary Taylor, with a thousand
-men, marched into the Everglades of Florida, and overtook the savages
-near Lake Okeechobee. A hard battle was fought, and the Indians were
-defeated. For more than a year Taylor continued to hunt them through
-the swamps. In 1839 a treaty was signed, and the Seminoles were slowly
-removed to the West.
-
-3. In 1837 the country was afflicted with a serious monetary panic.
-The preceding years had been a time of great prosperity. A surplus
-of nearly forty million dollars, in the national treasury, had been
-distributed among the States. Owing to the abundance of money, the
-credit system was greatly extended. The banks of the country were
-multiplied to seven hundred. Vast issues of irredeemable paper money
-increased the opportunities for fraud.
-
-[Sidenote: Financial Panic.]
-
-4. The bills of these unsound banks were receivable for the public
-lands. Seeing that the government was likely to be defrauded out
-of millions, President Jackson issued an order, called the SPECIE
-CIRCULAR, by which the land agents were directed _to receive nothing
-but coin in payment for the lands_. The effects of this circular
-followed in the first year of Van Buren's administration. The banks
-suspended specie payment. In the spring of 1837, the failures in New
-York and New Orleans amounted to one hundred and fifty million dollars.
-
-5. When Congress convened in the following September, a bill
-authorizing the issue of ten millions of dollars in treasury notes
-was passed as a temporary expedient. More important by far was the
-measure proposed by the President under the name of the INDEPENDENT
-TREASURY BILL, by which the public funds were to be kept in a treasury
-established for that special purpose. It was the President's plan thus
-to separate the business of the United States from the general business
-of the country.
-
-6. The Independent Treasury Bill was at first defeated, but in the
-following regular session of Congress the bill was again brought
-forward and adopted. During the year 1838 the banks resumed specie
-payments. But trade was less vigorous than before. Discontent
-prevailed; and the administration was blamed with everything.
-
-[Sidenote: Canadian Insurrection.]
-
-7. In the after part of 1837 a portion of the people of Canada
-attempted to establish their independence. The insurgents found
-sympathy in the United States. Seven hundred men from New York seized
-and fortified Navy Island, in the Niagara River. The loyalists of
-Canada, however, succeeded in firing the _Caroline_, the supply ship
-of the adventurers, cut her moorings, and sent the burning vessel
-over Niagara Falls. For a while the peaceful relations of the United
-States and Great Britain were endangered. But the President issued a
-proclamation of neutrality, forbidding further interference with the
-affairs of Canada.
-
-8. Mr. Van Buren became a candidate for reelection, and received
-the support of the Democratic party. The Whigs put forward General
-Harrison. The canvass was one of the most exciting in the history of
-the country. Harrison was elected. After controlling the government
-for forty years, the Democratic party was temporarily overthrown. For
-Vice-president, John Tyler of Virginia was chosen.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XXXIX.
-
-ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER, 1841-1845.
-
-
-[Illustration: William H. Harrison.]
-
-[Illustration: John Tyler.]
-
-[Sidenote: Death of Pres. Harrison.]
-
-President Harrison was a Virginian by birth, the adopted son of Robert
-Morris. He was graduated at Hampden-Sidney College, and afterwards
-entered the army of St. Clair. He became governor of Indiana Territory,
-which office he filled with great ability. He began his duties as
-President by calling a special session of Congress. An able cabinet
-was organized, with Daniel Webster as Secretary of State. Everything
-promised well for the new Whig administration; but before Congress
-could convene, the President, now sixty-eight years of age, fell sick,
-and died just one month after his inauguration. On the 6th of April Mr.
-Tyler became President of the United States.
-
-2. He was a statesman of considerable distinction; a native of
-Virginia; a graduate of William and Mary College. In 1825 he was
-elected governor of Virginia, and from that position he was sent to
-the Senate of the United States. He had been put upon the ticket with
-General Harrison through motives of expediency; for although a Whig in
-political principles, he was _known to be hostile to the United States
-Bank_.
-
-3. One of the first measures of the new Congress was the repeal of
-the Independent Treasury Bill. A bankrupt law was then passed for the
-relief of insolvent business men. The next measure was the rechartering
-of the Bank of the United States. A bill for that purpose was brought
-forward and passed; but the President interposed his veto. Again the
-bill received the assent of both Houses, only to be rejected by the
-executive. By this action a rupture was produced between the President
-and the party which had elected him. All the members of the cabinet,
-except Mr. Webster, resigned their offices.
-
-[Sidenote: Webster-Ashburton Treaty.]
-
-4. A difficulty now arose with Great Britain about the northeastern
-boundary of the United States. Since the treaty of 1783 that boundary
-had been in question. Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great Britain,
-and Mr. Webster, on the part of the United States, were called upon to
-settle the dispute. They performed their work in a manner honorable to
-both nations; and the present boundary was established.
-
-5. In the next year, the country was vexed with a domestic trouble in
-Rhode Island. By the terms of the old charter of that State the right
-of suffrage was restricted to property-holders. A proposition was now
-agreed upon to change the constitution, but in respect to the _manner_
-of annulling the old charter there was a division.
-
-[Sidenote: Dorr's Rebellion.]
-
-6. In 1842 the "law and order party," under Governor King, undertook
-to suppress the "suffrage party" under Thomas W. Dorr. The latter
-resisted, and made an attempt to capture the State arsenal. But
-the militia drove the assailants away. Dorr was arrested, tried for
-treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. He was set at liberty
-again in 1845.
-
-[Sidenote: The Mormons.]
-
-7. About the same time, a difficulty occurred with the Mormons. Under
-the leadership of Joseph Smith, they first settled in Missouri. But
-the people of Missouri opposed them. The militia was called out, and
-the Mormons crossed into Illinois, and laid out the city of Nauvoo.
-But serious troubles soon arose with the people of Illinois. Smith and
-his brother were arrested and lodged in jail. In 1844 a mob broke open
-the jail doors and killed the prisoners. Two years later the Mormons
-resolved to leave the States. They made a toilsome march to the far
-West; crossed the Rocky Mountains; reached the Great Salt Lake; and
-founded Utah Territory.
-
-[Illustration: Fall of Crockett in the Alamo.]
-
-8. Meanwhile, a great agitation had arisen in regard to Texas. From
-1821 to 1836 this vast territory had been a province of Mexico. In the
-year 1835 the Texans raised the standard of rebellion. In a battle
-at Gonzales, a thousand Mexicans were defeated by a Texan force of
-five hundred. On the 6th of March, 1836, the Texan fort Alamo was
-surrounded by eight thousand Mexicans, led by Santa Anna. The garrison
-was overpowered and massacred. The daring David Crockett was one of
-the victims of the butchery. In the next month was fought the decisive
-battle of San Jacinto, which gave to Texas her independence.
-
-[Sidenote: Texas applies for Admission.]
-
-9. Texas now asked to be admitted into the Union. At first the
-proposition was declined by President Van Buren. In 1844 the question
-of annexation was again agitated; and on that question the people
-divided in the presidential election. The annexation was favored by
-the Democrats, and opposed by the Whigs. James K. Polk of Tennessee
-was put forward as the Democratic candidate; while the Whigs chose
-their favorite leader, Henry Clay. The former was elected; for
-Vice-president, George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania was chosen.
-
-10. On the 29th of May, 1844, the news of the nomination of Mr. Polk
-was sent from Baltimore to Washington by the MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH. It
-was the first dispatch ever so transmitted; and the event marks an era
-in the history of civilization. The inventor of the telegraph, which
-has proved so great a blessing to mankind, was Professor Samuel F. B.
-Morse of Massachusetts. Perhaps no other invention has exercised so
-beneficent an influence on the welfare of the human race.
-
-[Sidenote: Admission of Texas, Florida, and Iowa.]
-
-11. When Congress convened in December of 1844, a bill to annex Texas
-to the United States was brought forward, and, on the first of the
-following March, was passed. The President immediately gave his assent;
-and, on the 29th of December, Texas took her place in the Republic. On
-the 3d of March in this year, bills for the admission of Florida and
-Iowa were also signed; but the latter State was not formally admitted
-until December 28th, 1846.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XL.
-
-POLK'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE MEXICAN WAR, 1845-49.
-
-
-President Polk was a native of North Carolina. In boyhood he removed
-with his father to Tennessee, and in 1839 rose to the position of
-governor of that State. At the head of his cabinet he placed James
-Buchanan of Pennsylvania.
-
-[Sidenote: Causes of Mexican War.]
-
-2. A war with Mexico was at hand. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Texan
-legislature ratified the act of annexation. The Mexican minister at
-Washington immediately left the country. The authorities of Texas
-sent an urgent request to the President to dispatch an army for their
-protection. Accordingly, General Zachary Taylor was ordered to march
-thither from Louisiana. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as her western
-limit, while Mexico was determined to have the Nueces as the separating
-line. The government of the United States resolved to support the claim
-of Texas. General Taylor was sent to the mouth of the Nueces, and in
-January, 1846, he moved forward to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and
-built Fort Brown.
-
-[Illustration: James K. Polk.]
-
-[Sidenote: Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.]
-
-3. On the 26th of April a company of American dragoons was attacked by
-the Mexicans, _east of the Rio Grande_, and was obliged to surrender.
-This was the first bloodshed of the war. General Taylor hastened to
-Point Isabel and strengthened the defenses. This done, he set out with
-a provision-train and an army of two thousand men to return to Fort
-Brown. Meanwhile, the Mexicans had crossed the Rio Grande and taken a
-position at Palo Alto. On the 8th of May the Americans came in sight
-and joined battle. After a severe engagement the Mexicans were driven
-from the field.
-
-4. On the following day General Taylor resumed his march, and came
-upon the Mexicans again at a place called Resaca de la Palma. Here the
-enemy fought better than on the previous day. The American lines were
-severely galled until Captain May's dragoons charged through a storm
-of grape-shot, rode over the Mexican batteries, and captured La Vega,
-the commanding general. The Mexicans, abandoning their guns, fled in a
-general rout.
-
-[Sidenote: War Declared.]
-
-5. When the news from the Rio Grande was borne through the Union, the
-war spirit was everywhere aroused. On the 11th of May, 1846, Congress
-made a declaration of war. The President was authorized to accept
-fifty thousand volunteers, and ten million dollars was placed at his
-disposal. Nearly three hundred thousand men rushed forward to enter the
-ranks.
-
-6. The American forces were organized in three divisions: THE ARMY OF
-THE WEST, under General Kearny, to cross the Rocky Mountains against
-the northern Mexican provinces; THE ARMY OF THE CENTER, under General
-Scott as commander-in-chief, to march from the Gulf coast into the
-heart of the enemy's country; THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION, under General
-Taylor, to hold the districts on the Rio Grande.
-
-[Sidenote: Monterey.]
-
-7. Ten days after the battle of Resaca de la Palma General Taylor
-captured Matamoras, and in August laid siege to Monterey. On the 21st
-of September the Americans carried the heights in the rear of the
-town. The Bishop's Palace was taken by storm on the following day. On
-the 23d the city was successfully assaulted in front. The American
-storming parties charged into the town; hoisted the victorious flag of
-the Union; turned upon the buildings where the Mexicans were concealed;
-charged up dark stairways to the flat roofs of the houses; and drove
-the enemy to a surrender.
-
-[Illustration: John Charles Fremont.]
-
-8. General Santa Anna was now called home from Havana to take the
-presidency of Mexico. A Mexican army of twenty thousand men was sent
-into the field. General Taylor again moved forward, and on the 15th
-of November captured the town of Saltillo. Victoria, a city in the
-province of Tamaulipas, was taken by General Patterson.
-
-9. In June of 1846 the Army of the West, led by General Kearny, set out
-from Fort Leavenworth for the conquest of New Mexico and California.
-After a wearisome march he reached Santa Fé, and on the 18th of August
-captured the city. With four hundred dragoons Kearny continued his
-march toward the Pacific coast to find that California had already been
-subdued.
-
-[Sidenote: Conquest of California.]
-
-10. For four years Colonel John C. Fremont had been exploring the
-country west of the Rocky Mountains. In California he received
-dispatches informing him of the war with Mexico, and began to urge the
-people of California to declare their independence. A campaign was
-begun to overthrow the Mexican authority. Meanwhile, Commodore Sloat
-had captured the town of Monterey, on the coast. A few days afterward
-Commodore Stockton took San Diego. Before the end of summer the whole
-of California was subdued. On the 8th of January, 1847, the Mexicans
-were decisively defeated in the battle of San Gabriel, by which the
-authority of the United States was completely established.
-
-[Sidenote: Buena Vista.]
-
-11. General Scott now arrived in Mexico and ordered the Army of
-Occupation to join him on the Gulf for the conquest of the capital.
-This left Taylor and Wool in a critical condition at Monterey; for
-Santa Anna was advancing against them with twenty thousand men. General
-Taylor was able to concentrate at Saltillo an effective force of but
-four thousand eight hundred. At the head of this small army he chose a
-battlefield at Buena Vista. On the 23d of February the battle began.
-Against tremendous odds the field was fairly won by the Americans.
-The Mexicans, having lost nearly two thousand men, made a precipitate
-retreat.
-
-[Sidenote: Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo.]
-
-12. On the 9th of March, 1847, General Scott, with twelve thousand
-men, landed to the south of Vera Cruz, and invested the city. On the
-morning of the 22d a cannonade was begun. On the waterside, Vera
-Cruz was defended by the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. For four days
-the bombardment continued without cessation. An assault was already
-planned, when the authorities of the city proposed capitulation. On the
-27th the American flag was raised over Vera Cruz.
-
-13. The route to the capital was now open. On the 12th of the month
-General Twiggs came upon Santa Anna, with fifteen thousand men, on the
-heights of Cerro Gordo. On the 18th, the American army advanced to
-the assault; and before noonday every position of the Mexicans had
-been successfully stormed. Nearly three thousand prisoners were taken,
-together with forty-three pieces of bronze artillery.
-
-[Illustration: Operations in Mexico.]
-
-14. On the next day the victorious army entered Jalapa. The strong
-castle of Perote was taken without resistance. Turning southward,
-General Scott next entered the ancient city of Puebla, no opposition
-being encountered. Scott here waited for reinforcements from Vera Cruz.
-On the 7th of August General Scott began his march upon the capital.
-The army swept through the passes of the Cordilleras to look down on
-the VALLEY OF MEXICO.
-
-[Sidenote: The City of Mexico.]
-
-15. The city of Mexico could be approached only by causeways leading
-across marshes and the beds of bygone lakes. At the ends of these
-causeways were massive gates strongly defended. To the left were
-Contreras, San Antonio, and Molino del Rey. Directly in front were the
-powerful defences of Churubusco and Chapultepec.
-
-16. On the 20th of August Generals Pillow and Twiggs stormed the
-Mexican position at Contreras. A few hours afterwards General Worth
-carried San Antonio. General Pillow led a column against one of the
-heights of Churubusco; and after a terrible assault the position was
-carried. General Twiggs stormed another height of Churubusco. Still
-another victory was achieved by Generals Shields and Pierce, who
-defeated Santa Anna's reserves.
-
-[Illustration: Scott's Army Entering the City of Mexico.]
-
-17. On the morning after the battles the Mexican authorities came out
-to negotiate. General Scott rejected their proposals. On the 8th of
-September General Worth stormed the western defences of Chapultepec,
-and on the 13th that citadel itself was carried by storm.
-
-18. On the following morning forth came a deputation from the city
-to beg for mercy; but General Scott, tired of trifling, turned them
-away with contempt. "Forward!" was the order that rang along the lines
-at sunrise. The war-worn regiments swept into the famous city, and
-at seven o'clock the flag of the Union floated over the halls of the
-Montezumas.
-
-19. On leaving his capital, Santa Anna turned about to attack the
-hospitals at Puebla. Here eighteen hundred sick men had been left
-in charge of Colonel Childs. A gallant resistance was made by the
-garrison, until General Lane, on his march to the capital, fell upon
-the besiegers and scattered them. It was the closing stroke of the war.
-
-[Sidenote: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.]
-
-20. The military power of Mexico was completely broken. In the winter
-of 1847-48, American ambassadors met the Mexican Congress at Guadalupe
-Hidalgo, and on the 2d of February a treaty was concluded. By the terms
-of settlement the boundary-line between Mexico and the United States
-was established on the Rio Grande from its mouth to the southern limit
-of New Mexico; thence westward along the southern, and northward along
-the western boundary of that territory to the Gila; thence down that
-river to the Colorado; thence westward to the Pacific. New Mexico
-and Upper California were relinquished to the United States. Mexico
-guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California and the river
-Colorado. The United States agreed to surrender all places in Mexico,
-to pay that country fifteen million dollars, and to assume all debts
-due from Mexico to American citizens.
-
-[Sidenote: California and Wisconsin Admitted.]
-
-21. A few days after the signing of the treaty, a laborer, employed by
-Captain Sutter on the American fork of Sacramento River, in California,
-_discovered some pieces of gold in the sand_. The news went flying to
-the ends of the world. Men thousands of miles away were crazed with
-excitement. From all quarters adventurers came flocking. Before the
-end of 1850, San Francisco had grown to be a city of fifteen thousand
-inhabitants. In September of that year, California was admitted into
-the Union; and by the close of 1852, the State had a population of more
-than a quarter of a million.
-
-22. In 1848 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. The new commonwealth
-came with a population of two hundred and fifty thousand. Another
-presidential election was already at hand. General Lewis Cass, of
-Michigan, was nominated by the Democrats, and General Zachary Taylor by
-the Whigs. As the candidate of the new Free Soil party, ex-President
-Martin Van Buren was put forward. The memory of his recent victories
-in Mexico made General Taylor the favorite with the people, and he was
-elected by a large majority. As Vice-president, Millard Fillmore, of
-New York, was chosen.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLI.
-
-ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND FILLMORE, 1849-1853.
-
-
-The new President was a Virginian by birth, a soldier by profession.
-During the war of 1812 he distinguished himself in the Northwest.
-In the Seminole War he bore a part, but earned his greatest renown
-in Mexico. His administration began with a violent agitation on the
-question of slavery in the territories.
-
-[Sidenote: Slavery in the Territories.]
-
-2. In his first message the President advised the people of California
-to prepare for admission into the Union. The advice was promptly
-accepted. A convention was held at Monterey in September of 1849. A
-constitution _prohibiting slavery_ was framed, submitted to the people,
-and adopted.
-
-[Illustration: Zachary Taylor.]
-
-3. When the question of admitting California came before Congress the
-members were sectionally divided. The admission of the new State was
-favored by the representatives of the North, and opposed by those
-of the South. The latter claimed that, with the extension of the
-Missouri Compromise to the Pacific, the right to introduce slavery into
-California was guaranteed by the general government, and that therefore
-the proposed constitution of the State ought to be rejected. The
-reply of the North was that the Missouri Compromise had respect only
-to the Louisiana purchase, and that the Californians had framed their
-constitution in their own way.
-
-4. Other questions added fuel to the controversy. Texas claimed New
-Mexico as a part of her territory, and the claim was resisted by the
-people of Santa Fé. The people of the South complained that fugitive
-slaves were aided and encouraged in the North. The opponents of slavery
-demanded the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia.
-
-[Sidenote: The Omnibus Bill.]
-
-[Illustration: Millard Fillmore.]
-
-5. Henry Clay appeared as a peacemaker. On the 9th of May, 1850, he
-brought forward, as a compromise, the OMNIBUS BILL, of which the
-provisions were as follows: _first_, the admission of California as a
-free State; _second_, the formation of new States, not exceeding four
-in number, out of Texas, said States to permit or exclude slavery as
-the people should determine; _third_, the organization of territorial
-governments for New Mexico and Utah, without conditions as to slavery;
-_fourth_, the establishment of the present boundary between Texas and
-New Mexico; _fifth_, the enactment of a stringent law for the recovery
-of fugitive slaves; _sixth_, the abolition of the slave-trade in the
-District of Columbia.
-
-6. When the Omnibus Bill was laid before Congress, the debates broke
-out anew. While the discussion was at its height, President Taylor fell
-sick, and died on the 9th of July, 1850. Mr. Fillmore at once took the
-oath of office and entered upon the duties of the Presidency. A new
-cabinet was formed, with Daniel Webster at the head as Secretary of
-State.
-
-7. On the 18th of September the compromise proposed by Mr. Clay was
-adopted, and received the sanction of the President. The excitement
-in the country rapidly abated, and the controversy seemed at an end.
-Shortly afterwards Mr. Clay bade adieu to the Senate, and sought at
-Ashland a brief rest from the cares of public life.
-
-[Sidenote: "Filibustering" in Cuba.]
-
-8. The year 1850 was marked by an attempt of some American adventurers
-to conquer Cuba. It was thought that the Cubans were anxious to annex
-themselves to the United States. General Lopez organized an expedition
-in the South, and on the 19th of May, 1850, effected a landing in Cuba.
-But there was no uprising in his favor; and he was obliged to return
-to Florida. Renewing the attempt, he and his band were defeated and
-captured by the Spaniards. Lopez and the ringleaders were taken to
-Havana and executed.
-
-9. In 1852 a serious trouble arose with England. By the terms of
-former treaties the coast-fisheries of Newfoundland belonged to Great
-Britain. But, outside of a line drawn three miles from the shore,
-American fishermen enjoyed equal rights. A quarrel now arose as to how
-the line should be drawn across the bays and inlets; and both nations
-sent men-of-war to the contested waters. But in 1854 the difficulty was
-settled happily by negotiation; and the right to take fish in the bays
-of the British possessions was conceded to American fishermen.
-
-10. During the summer of 1852 the Hungarian patriot Louis Kossuth
-made a tour of the United States. He came to plead the cause of
-Hungary before the American people, and was everywhere received with
-expressions of sympathy and good-will. But the policy of the United
-States forbade the government to interfere on behalf of the Hungarian
-patriots.
-
-[Sidenote: Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition.]
-
-11. The attention of the American people was next directed to
-explorations in the Arctic Ocean. In 1845 Sir John Franklin, a brave
-English seaman, went on a voyage of discovery to the North. Years went
-by, and no tidings came from the daring sailor. Other expeditions
-were sent in search, but returned without success. In 1853 an Arctic
-squadron was equipped, the command of which was given to Dr. Elisha
-Kent Kane; but the expedition returned without the discovery of
-Franklin.
-
-12. During the administrations of Taylor and Fillmore, many
-distinguished men fell by the hand of death. On the 31st of March,
-1850, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina passed away. His death was
-much lamented, especially in his own State, to whose interests he
-had devoted the energies of his life. Then followed the death of the
-President; and then, on the 28th June, 1852, the great Henry Clay sank
-to rest. On the 24th of the following October, Daniel Webster died at
-his home at Marshfield, Massachusetts. The office of Secretary of State
-was then conferred on Edward Everett.
-
-13. The political parties again marshaled their forces. Franklin Pierce
-of New Hampshire appeared as the candidate of the Democratic party,
-and General Winfield Scott as the choice of the Whigs. The question
-at issue before the country was the Compromise Act of 1850. Both the
-Whig and Democratic platforms stoutly reaffirmed the doctrines of the
-Omnibus Bill. A third party arose, however, whose members declared that
-_all_ the Territories of the United States ought to be free. John P.
-Hale of New Hampshire was put forward as the candidate of this Free
-Soil party. Mr. Pierce was elected by a large majority, and William R.
-King of Alabama was chosen Vice-president.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLII.
-
-PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1853-1857.
-
-
-The new chief magistrate was a native of New Hampshire, a graduate of
-Bowdoin College, and a statesman of considerable abilities. On account
-of ill health, Mr. King, the Vice-president, was sojourning in Cuba.
-Growing more feeble, he returned to Alabama, where he died in April,
-1853. William L. Marcy of New York was chosen as Secretary of State.
-
-[Illustration: Franklin Pierce.]
-
-2. In 1853 a corps of engineers was sent out to explore the route for a
-PACIFIC RAILROAD. The enterprise was at first regarded as visionary and
-impossible. In the same year, the southwestern boundary was settled, by
-purchase of the claim of Mexico. The territory thus acquired is known
-as the GADSDEN PURCHASE.
-
-[Sidenote: =Perry in Japan.=]
-
-3. In the same year intercourse was opened between the United States
-and Japan. Hitherto the Japanese ports had been closed against the
-vessels of Christian nations. In order to remove this restriction,
-Commodore Perry sailed into the Bay of Yeddo, and prepared the way for
-a treaty, by which the privileges of commerce were granted to American
-merchantmen.
-
-4. On the very day of Perry's introduction to the Emperor, the Crystal
-Palace was opened in New York for the WORLD'S FAIR. The palace was
-built of iron and glass. Specimens of the arts and manufactures of all
-nations were put on exhibition within the building.
-
-[Sidenote: The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.]
-
-5. In January of 1854, Senator Douglas of Illinois brought forward a
-proposition to organize Kansas and Nebraska. A clause was inserted in
-the bill providing that the people of the territories _should decide
-for themselves_ whether the new States should be free or slaveholding.
-This was a repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1821. After several
-months' debate, Mr. Douglas's KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL, was finally passed.
-
-[Sidenote: Disturbances in Kansas.]
-
-6. Whether Kansas should admit slavery now depended upon the vote of
-the people. The territory was soon filled with an agitated mass of
-people, thousands of whom had been sent thither _to vote_. In the
-elections of 1854-55, the pro-slavery party was triumphant. The State
-Legislature at Lecompton framed a constitution permitting slavery.
-The Free Soil party, declaring the elections to have been illegal,
-assembled at Topeka, and framed a constitution excluding slavery. Civil
-war broke out between the factions. The hostile parties were quieted,
-but the agitation extended to all parts of the Union. The Kansas
-question became the issue in the presidential election of 1856.
-
-7. James Buchanan of Pennsylvania was nominated as the Democratic
-candidate. He planted himself on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and secured
-a heavy vote both North and South. As the candidate of the Free Soil
-or People's party, John C. Fremont of California was brought forward.
-The exclusion of slavery from all the Territories was the principle of
-the Free Soil platform. The American or Know Nothing party nominated
-Millard Fillmore. Mr. Buchanan was elected by a large majority, while
-the choice for the Vice-presidency fell on John C. Breckinridge of
-Kentucky.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLIII.
-
-BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1857-1861.
-
-
-James Buchanan was a native of Pennsylvania, born on the 13th of April,
-1791. In 1831 he was appointed Minister to Russia, was afterwards
-senator of the United States, and Secretary of State under President
-Polk. In 1853 he received the appointment of Minister to Great Britain.
-As Secretary of State in the new cabinet, General Lewis Cass of
-Michigan was chosen.
-
-[Sidenote: Trouble with the Mormons.]
-
-2. In the first year of Buchanan's administration, serious trouble
-occurred with the Mormons concerning the enforcement of the authority
-of the United States over Utah. An army was sent to the Territory in
-1857 to compel obedience. For awhile the Mormons resisted; but when the
-President proclaimed a pardon to all who would submit, they yielded;
-and order was restored.
-
-[Illustration: James Buchanan.]
-
-[Sidenote: Admission of Minnesota and Oregon.]
-
-3. The 5th of August, 1858, was noted for the completion of the FIRST
-TELEGRAPHIC CABLE across the Atlantic. The success of this great work
-was due to the genius of Cyrus W. Field of New York. The cable was
-stretched from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valencia Bay, Ireland.
-After successful operation for a few weeks the cable ceased to work.
-In 1858 Minnesota was added to the Union. The population of the new
-State was a hundred and fifty thousand. In the next year, Oregon, the
-thirty-third State, was admitted, with a population of forty-eight
-thousand.
-
-[Sidenote: John Brown's Raid.]
-
-4. The slavery question continued to vex the nation. In 1857 the
-Supreme Court of the United States, after hearing the cause of Dred
-Scott, formerly a slave, decided _that negroes are not and can not
-become citizens_. Thereupon, in several of the free States, PERSONAL
-LIBERTY BILLS were passed, to defeat the Fugitive Slave Law. In the
-fall of 1859, John Brown of Kansas, with a party of twenty-one daring
-men, captured the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and held his ground for
-two days. The national troops were called out to suppress the revolt.
-Thirteen of Brown's men were killed, two made their escape, and the
-rest were captured. The leader and his six companions were tried by the
-authorities of Virginia, condemned and hanged.
-
-[Sidenote: Election of Abraham Lincoln.]
-
-5. In the presidential canvass of 1860 the candidate of the Republican
-party was Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. The distinct principle of
-this party was opposition to the extension of slavery. In April the
-Democratic convention assembled at Charleston; but the Southern
-delegates withdrew from the assembly. The rest adjourned to Baltimore
-and chose Douglas as their standard-bearer. There, also, the delegates
-from the South reassembled in June, and nominated John C. Breckinridge
-of Kentucky. The American party chose as their candidate John Bell of
-Tennessee. The contest resulted in the election of Mr. Lincoln.
-
-6. The leaders of the South had declared that the choice of Lincoln
-for the presidency would be a just cause for the dissolution of the
-Union. A majority of the cabinet, and a large number of senators and
-representatives in Congress, were advocates of disunion. It was seen
-that all the departments of the government would shortly pass under the
-control of the Republican party. President Buchanan was not himself a
-disunionist; but he declared himself not armed with the constitutional
-power to prevent secession by force.
-
-[Sidenote: The Secession of Southern States.]
-
-7. On the 17th of December, 1860, a convention met at Charleston,
-and after three days passed a resolution _that the union hitherto
-existing between South Carolina and the other States was dissolved_.
-The sentiment of disunion spread with great rapidity. By the first
-of February, 1861, six other States--Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
-Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas--had all passed ordinances of secession.
-Nearly all the senators and representatives of those States resigned
-their seats in Congress and gave themselves to the disunion cause.
-
-8. In the secession conventions a few of the speakers denounced
-disunion as bad and ruinous. In the convention of Georgia, Alexander
-H. Stephens delivered a powerful oration in which he defended the
-theory of secession, but urged that _the measure was impolitic, unwise,
-disastrous_.
-
-[Sidenote: Confederation of the South.]
-
-9. On the 4th of February, 1861, delegates from six of the seceded
-States assembled at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new government,
-called the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. On the 8th, the government
-was organized by the election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as
-provisional President, and Alexander H. Stephens, as Vice-president. A
-few days previous a peace conference met at Washington, and proposed
-certain amendments to the Constitution. But Congress gave little heed;
-and the conference adjourned.
-
-10. The country seemed on the verge of ruin. The army was on remote
-frontiers--the fleet in distant seas. With the exception of Forts
-Sumter, Moultrie, Pickens, and Monroe, all the important posts in the
-seceded States had been seized by the Confederate authorities. Early in
-January, the President sent the _Star of the West_ to reinforce Fort
-Sumter. But the ship was fired on, and not allowed to land.
-
-
-
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART V.
-
-  CHAPTER XXIX.
-
-  1. Give an account of the inauguration of the first President, and of
-     the organization of his Cabinet.
-
-  2. Outline the important measures of Washington's first and of his
-     second Administration.
-
-  3. Tell about the troubles with the Miami Indians.
-
-  4. What difficulty with Great Britain arose during the second
-     Administration, and how was it adjusted?
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXX.
-
-  5. Sketch the Administration of the second President, and give the
-     relations existing at this time between the United States and France.
-
-  6. Tell about the "Alien" and "Sedition" laws.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXI.
-
-  7. Give an account of the election of Thomas Jefferson, and of the
-     changes that took place in the early part of his Administration.
-
-  8. Give an account of the organization of Indiana Territory, and also
-     of the Louisiana Purchase.
-
-  9. Tell the story of Aaron Burr and his treason.
-
-  10. Tell of the British claim to the "right of search," and of the
-      immediate results in America.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXII.
-
-  11. Give an account of the election of President Madison, and of our
-      relations with Great Britain.
-
-  12. Follow the Indian war in the Territory of Indiana.
-
-  13. Outline the movements, by land and by sea, of the opening campaign
-      of the war of 1812.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXIII.
-
-  14. Describe the organization of the American army and the war
-      movements of 1813.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXIV.
-
-  15. Give the campaigns of 1814 and their results.
-
-  16. Tell about the treaty of peace, also state what had been the causes
-      of the war, and how the treaty affected the points in dispute.
-
-  17. State the condition of monetary affairs in the United States, and
-      the measures that were adopted in their interest.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXV.
-
-  18. What characterized the Administration of James Monroe?
-
-  19. Give an account of the affairs in Florida, and of the cession of
-      that territory by Spain to the United States.
-
-  20. Tell about the "Missouri Compromise," and the "Monroe Doctrine."
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXVI.
-
-  21. Give the principal features of the peaceful Administration of John
-      Quincy Adams.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXVII.
-
-  22. Give an account of President Jackson, and of his treatment of the
-      nullification doctrines that were brought forward in his time.
-
-  23. Tell of the Indian affairs of these years, and of their adjustment.
-
-  24. Describe the bank questions that now arose.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXVIII.
-
-  25. Outline the Administration of Martin Van Buren, and especially the
-      measures adopted to settle the monetary questions.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XXXIX.
-
-  26. Sketch the Administrations of Harrison and Tyler.
-
-  27. Tell the story of the Mormons.
-
-  28. Give an account of the affairs of Texas, and its admission into the
-      Union as a State.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XL.
-
-  29. What was the issue upon which President Polk was elected, and what
-      were the great events of his term of office?
-
-  30. Follow the course of the Mexican war, giving its causes, prominent
-      generals, leading events, and results.
-
-  31. Give an account of the treaty with Mexico.
-
-  32. Tell about the affairs in California, and the discovery of gold.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLI.
-
-  33. State how the discussions of the slavery question were reopened by
-      the admission of California into the Union, and tell of the "Omnibus
-      Bill."
-
-  34. Give an account of the Arctic expeditions of this period.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLII.
-
-  35. Give an account of the leading measures of President Pierce's
-      Administration, and of the general progress of the nation.
-
-  36. What issues were prominent in the election of 1856?
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLIII.
-
-  37. Tell of the civil and political affairs of the first three years of
-      Buchanan's Administration.
-
-  38. Give an account of the political campaign of 1860, and the results
-      of the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency.
-
-
-
-
-PART VI.
-
-THE CIVIL WAR.
-
-1861-1865.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLIV.
-
-LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.--THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.
-
-
-Abraham Lincoln was a native of Kentucky, born on the 12th of February,
-1809. At the age of seven he was taken to southern Indiana, where
-his boyhood was passed in poverty and toil. On reaching his majority
-he removed to Illinois, where he distinguished himself as a lawyer.
-He gained a national reputation in 1858, when, as the competitor of
-Stephen A. Douglas, he canvassed Illinois for the United States Senate.
-
-[Illustration: Abraham Lincoln.]
-
-2. The new cabinet was organized with William H. Seward of New York
-as Secretary of State. Salmon P. Chase of Ohio was chosen Secretary
-of the Treasury, and Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; but he was soon
-succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton. The secretaryship of the navy was
-conferred on Gideon Welles. In his inaugural address, the President
-declared his purpose to repossess the forts and public property which
-had been seized by the Confederates. On the 12th of March, a futile
-effort was made by the seceded States to obtain recognition from the
-national government. Then followed a second attempt to reinforce Fort
-Sumter.
-
-[Sidenote: Fort Sumter Fired upon.]
-
-3. The defences of Charleston were held by seventy-nine men under Major
-Robert Anderson. With this small force he retired to Fort Sumter.
-Confederate volunteers flocked to the city, and batteries were built
-about the harbor. The authorities of the Confederate States determined
-to anticipate the movement of the government by compelling Anderson to
-surrender. On the 11th of April, General P. T. Beauregard, commandant
-of Charleston, sent a flag to Sumter, demanding an evacuation. Major
-Anderson replied that he should defend the fortress. On the following
-morning the first gun was fired from a Confederate battery; and a
-bombardment of thirty-four hours' duration followed. The fort was
-obliged to capitulate. The honors of war were granted to Anderson and
-his men.
-
-[Sidenote: The President calls for Volunteers.]
-
-4. Three days after the fall of Sumter the President issued a call for
-seventy-five thousand volunteers to serve three months. Two days later
-Virginia seceded from the Union. On the 6th of May, Arkansas followed,
-and then North Carolina, on the 20th of the month. In Tennessee there
-was a powerful opposition to disunion, and it was not until the 8th
-of June that a secession ordinance could be passed. In Missouri the
-movement resulted in civil war, while in Kentucky the authorities
-issued a proclamation of neutrality. The people of Maryland were
-divided into hostile parties.
-
-[Sidenote: Harper's Ferry and Norfolk seized.]
-
-5. On the 19th of April, when the Massachusetts volunteers were passing
-through Baltimore, they were fired upon by the citizens and three men
-killed. This was the first bloodshed of the war. On the day previous,
-a body of Confederate soldiers captured the armory of the United
-States at Harper's Ferry. On the 20th of the month another company
-obtained possession of the great navy yard at Norfolk. The property
-thus captured amounted to fully ten millions of dollars. On the 3d of
-May the President issued a call for eighty-three thousand soldiers to
-serve for three years or during the war. General Winfield Scott was
-made commander-in-chief. War ships were sent to blockade the Southern
-ports. In the seceded States there was boundless activity. The Southern
-Congress adjourned from Montgomery, to meet on the 20th of July, at
-Richmond. There Mr. Davis and the officers of his cabinet had assembled
-to direct the affairs of the government. So stood the antagonistic
-powers in the beginning of June, 1861. It is appropriate to look
-briefly into THE CAUSES of the conflict.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLV.
-
-CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR.
-
-
-[Sidenote: Meaning of the Constitution.]
-
-The most general cause of the civil war in the United States was _the
-different construction put upon the Constitution by the people of the
-North and of the South_. A difference of opinion existed as to how that
-instrument was to be understood. One party held that the Union of the
-States is indissoluble; that the States are subordinate to the central
-government; that the acts of Congress are binding on the States; and
-that all attempts at nullification and disunion are disloyal and
-treasonable. The other party held that the national Constitution is a
-compact between sovereign States; that for certain reasons the Union
-may be dissolved; that the sovereignty of the nation belongs to the
-individual States; that a State may annul an act of Congress; that the
-highest allegiance of the citizen is due to his own State; and that
-nullification and disunion are justifiable and honorable.
-
-2. This question struck into the very heart of the government. It
-threatened to undo the whole civil structure of the United States. In
-the earlier history of the country the doctrine of State sovereignty
-was most advocated in New England. Afterwards the people of that
-section passed over to the advocacy of national sovereignty, while the
-people of the South took up the doctrine of State rights. As early as
-1831 the right of nullifying an act of Congress was openly advocated in
-South Carolina. Thus it happened that the belief in State sovereignty
-became more prevalent in the South than in the North.
-
-[Sidenote: Systems of Labor.]
-
-3. A second cause of the civil war was _the different system of labor
-in the North and in the South_. In the former section the laborers
-were freemen; in the latter, slaves. In the South the theory was that
-capital should own labor; in the North that both labor and capital are
-free. In the beginning all the colonies had been slaveholding. In the
-Eastern and Middle States the system of slave-labor had been abolished.
-In the Northwestern Territory slavery was excluded from the beginning.
-Thus there came to be a dividing line drawn through the Union. Whenever
-the question of slavery was agitated, a sectional division would arise
-between the North and the South. The danger arising from this source
-was increased by several subordinate causes.
-
-4. The first of these was the invention of the COTTON GIN to replace
-hand-labor in separating the fiber from the seeds of the cotton plant.
-It was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, and through
-its immediate adoption cotton suddenly became the most profitable of
-all the staples. In proportion to the increased profitableness of
-cotton, slave-labor grew in demand and slavery became an important and
-deep-rooted institution.
-
-5. From this time onward, there was constant danger of disunion.
-In the MISSOURI AGITATION of 1820-21, threats of dissolving the
-Union were freely made in both the North and the South. When the
-Missouri Compromise was enacted, it was the hope of Mr. Clay and his
-fellow-statesmen to save the Union by removing the slavery question
-from politics.
-
-6. Next came the NULLIFICATION ACTS of South Carolina. The Southern
-States had become cotton-producing; the Eastern States had given
-themselves to manufacturing. The tariff measures favored manufacturers
-at the expense of producers. Mr. Calhoun proposed to remedy the evil
-by annulling the laws of Congress; and another compromise was found
-necessary in order to allay the animosities which had been awakened.
-
-7. The ANNEXATION OF TEXAS led to a renewal of the agitation. Those who
-opposed the Mexican War did so because of the fact that thereby slavery
-would be extended. Whether the territory acquired should be made into
-free or slaveholding States was the question next agitated. This led to
-the OMNIBUS BILL, by which the excitement was again allayed.
-
-8. In 1854 the KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL opened the question anew.
-Meanwhile, the character of the Northern and the Southern people had
-become quite different. In population and wealth the North had far
-outgrown the South. In 1860 Mr. Lincoln was elected by the votes of the
-Northern States. The people of the South were exasperated at the choice
-of a chief-magistrate whom they regarded as hostile to their interests.
-
-[Sidenote: Sectional Estrangement.]
-
-9. The third general cause of the war was _the want of intercourse
-between the people of the North and the South_. The great railroads ran
-east and west. Between the North and the South there was little travel.
-From want of acquaintance the people became estranged, jealous, and
-suspicious.
-
-10. A fourth cause was _the publication of sectional books_. During
-the twenty years preceding the war, many works were published whose
-popularity depended on the animosity existing between the two sections.
-In such books the manners and customs of one section were held up to
-the contempt of the people of the other section. In the North the
-belief was fostered that the South was given up to inhumanity; while in
-the South the opinion prevailed that the Northern people were a mean
-race of cowardly Yankees.
-
-[Sidenote: Influence of Demagogues.]
-
-11. _The evil influence of demagogues_ may be cited as the fifth
-general cause of the war. From 1850 to 1860, American statesmanship
-and patriotism were at a low ebb. Ambitious and scheming politicians
-had obtained control of the political parties. The welfare of the
-country was put aside as of little value. In order to gain power, many
-unprincipled men in the South were anxious _to destroy_ the Union,
-while others in the North were willing _to abuse_ the Union for the
-same purpose.
-
-12. Added to all these causes was _a growing public opinion in the
-North against the institution of slavery itself_; a belief that slavery
-was wrong and ought to be destroyed. This opinion, comparatively feeble
-at the beginning of the war, was rapidly developed, and had much to do
-in determining the final character of the conflict.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLVI.
-
-EVENTS OF 1861.
-
-
-[Sidenote: Operations in West Virginia.]
-
-On the 24th of May the Union army crossed the Potomac from Washington
-to Alexandria. At this time Fortress Monroe was held by twelve thousand
-men, under General B. F. Butler. At Bethel Church, in that vicinity,
-was stationed a detachment of Confederates. On the 10th of June, a
-body of Union troops was sent to dislodge them, but was repulsed with
-considerable loss.
-
-[Illustration: Vicinity of Manassas Junction, 1861.]
-
-2. In the last of May, General T. A. Morris moved forward from
-Parkersburg to Grafton, West Virginia. On the 3d of June he defeated
-a force of Confederates at Phillippi. General George B. McClellan now
-took the command, and on the 11th of July gained a victory at Rich
-Mountain. On the 10th of August, General Floyd, with a detachment
-of Confederates at Carnifex Ferry, was attacked by General William
-S. Rosecrans and obliged to retreat. On the 14th of September the
-Confederates, under General Robert E. Lee, were beaten in an engagement
-at Cheat Mountain.
-
-3. In the beginning of June, General Robert Patterson marched against
-Harper's Ferry. On the 11th of the month a division commanded by
-Colonel Lewis Wallace made a successful onset upon the Confederates
-at Romney. Patterson then crossed the Potomac and pressed back the
-Confederate forces to Winchester. Thus far there had been only petty
-engagements and skirmishes. The time had now come for the first great
-battle of the war.
-
-[Sidenote: First Battle of Bull Run.]
-
-4. The main body of the Confederates, under General Beauregard,
-was concentrated at Manassas Junction, twenty-seven miles west of
-Alexandria. Another large force, commanded by General Joseph E.
-Johnston, was in the Shenandoah Valley. The Union army at Alexandria
-was commanded by General Irwin McDowell, while General Patterson was
-stationed in front of Johnston. On the 16th of July the national army
-moved forward, and on the morning of the 21st came upon the Confederate
-army between Bull Run and Manassas Junction. A general battle ensued,
-continuing with great severity until noonday. In the crisis of the
-conflict General Johnston arrived with nearly six thousand fresh troops
-from the Shenandoah Valley; and in a short time McDowell's army was
-hurled back in rout and confusion into the defenses of Washington. The
-Union loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners amounted to two thousand
-nine hundred and fifty-two; that of the Confederates to two thousand
-and fifty.
-
-5. Meanwhile, on the 20th of July, the new Confederate government was
-organized at Richmond. Jefferson Davis, the President, was a man of
-wide experience in the affairs of state, and considerable reputation as
-a soldier. He had served in both houses of the national Congress, and
-as a member of Pierce's cabinet. His decision of character and advocacy
-of State rights had made him a natural leader of the South.
-
-[Sidenote: Operations in Missouri.]
-
-6. The next military movements were made in Missouri. A convention,
-called by Governor Jackson in the previous March, had refused to
-pass an ordinance of secession. But the disunionists were numerous
-and powerful; and the State became a battlefield. Both Federal and
-Confederate camps were organized. By capturing the United States
-arsenal at Liberty, the Confederates obtained a supply of arms and
-ammunition.
-
-7. They hurried up troops, also, from Arkansas and Texas in order to
-secure the lead mines in the southwest part of the State. On the 17th
-of June Lyon defeated Governor Jackson at Booneville, and on the 5th of
-July the Unionists, led by Colonel Franz Sigel, were again successful
-in a fight at Carthage. On the 10th of August a hard battle was fought
-at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. General Lyon made a daring attack
-on the Confederates under Generals McCulloch and Price. The Federals
-at first gained the field, but General Lyon was killed, and his men
-retreated.
-
-8. General Price now pressed northward to Lexington, which was defended
-by two thousand six hundred Federals, commanded by Colonel Mulligan. A
-stubborn defence was made, but Mulligan was obliged to capitulate. On
-the 16th of October Lexington was retaken by the Federals. General John
-C. Fremont followed the retreating Confederates as far as Springfield,
-when he was superseded by General Hunter. The latter retreated to St.
-Louis, and Price fell back toward Arkansas.
-
-9. The Confederates captured the town of Columbus in Kentucky, and also
-gathered in force at Belmont, on the opposite bank of the Mississippi.
-Colonel Ulysses S. Grant, with three thousand Illinois troops, was now
-sent into Missouri. On the 7th of November he made a successful attack
-on Belmont; but was afterwards obliged to retreat.
-
-[Sidenote: Ball's Bluff.]
-
-10. After the rout at Bull Run, troops were rapidly hurried to
-Washington. The aged General Scott retired from active duty, and
-General McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac. By October
-his forces had increased to a hundred and fifty thousand men. On the
-21st of that month two thousand troops were sent across the Potomac at
-Ball's Bluff. Without proper support, the Federals were attacked by a
-force of Confederates under General Evans, driven to the river, their
-leader, Colonel Baker, killed, and the whole force routed with a loss
-of eight hundred men.
-
-[Sidenote: Southern Coast Blockaded.]
-
-11. In the summer of 1861 a naval expedition proceeded to the North
-Carolina coast, and on the 29th of August captured the forts at
-Hatteras Inlet. On the 7th of November an armament, under Commodore
-Samuel F. Du Pont and General Thomas W. Sherman, reached Port Royal,
-and captured Forts Walker and Beauregard. The blockade became so
-rigorous that communication between the Confederate States and foreign
-nations was cut off. In this juncture of affairs, a serious difficulty
-arose with Great Britain.
-
-[Illustration: George B. McClellan.]
-
-[Sidenote: Mason and Slidell.]
-
-12. The Confederate government appointed James M. Mason and John
-Slidell as ambassadors to France and England. The envoys, escaping from
-Charleston, reached Havana in safety. At that port they took passage
-on the British steamer _Trent_ for Europe. On the 8th of November
-the vessel was overtaken by the United States frigate _San Jacinto_,
-commanded by Captain Wilkes. The _Trent_ was hailed and boarded; the
-two ambassadors were seized, transferred to the _San Jacinto_, and
-carried to Boston. When the _Trent_ reached England, the whole kingdom
-burst out in a blaze of wrath.
-
-13. At first the government of the United States was disposed to
-defend Captain Wilkes's action. Had such a course been taken, war with
-Great Britain would have been inevitable. The country was saved from
-the peril by the diplomacy of William H. Seward, the Secretary of
-State. When Great Britain demanded reparation for the insult, and the
-liberation of the prisoners, he replied in a mild, cautious, and very
-able paper. It was conceded that the seizure of Mason and Slidell was
-not justifiable according to the law of nations. An apology was made
-for the wrong done; the Confederate ambassadors were liberated, put on
-board a vessel, and sent to their destination. So ended the first year
-of the civil war.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLVII.
-
-CAMPAIGNS OF 1862.
-
-
-The Federal forces now numbered about four hundred and fifty thousand
-men. Of these nearly two hundred thousand, under General McClellan,
-were encamped near Washington. Another army, commanded by General
-Buell, was stationed at Louisville, Kentucky.
-
-2. At the beginning of the year the capture of Fort Henry on the
-Tennessee and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, was planned by General
-Halleck. Commodore Foote was sent up the Tennessee with a fleet of
-gunboats, and General Grant was ordered to move forward against
-Fort Henry. Before the land-forces reached that place, the flotilla
-compelled the evacuation of the fort, the Confederates escaping to
-Donelson.
-
-[Sidenote: Fort Donelson.]
-
-3. The Federal gunboats now dropped down the Tennessee and then
-ascended the Cumberland. Grant pressed on from Fort Henry, and began
-the siege of Fort Donelson. The defences were manned by ten thousand
-Confederates, under General Buckner. Grant's force numbered nearly
-thirty thousand. On the 16th of February Buckner was obliged to
-surrender. His army became prisoners of war, and all the magazines,
-stores, and guns of the fort fell into the hands of the Federals.
-
-[Sidenote: Battle of Shiloh.]
-
-4. General Grant now ascended the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing. A
-camp was established at Shiloh Church, near the river; and here, on
-the 6th of April, the Union army was attacked by the Confederates, led
-by Generals Albert S. Johnston and Beauregard. All day long the battle
-raged with great slaughter on both sides. Night fell on the scene
-with the conflict undecided; but in the crisis General Buell arrived
-with strong reinforcements. In the morning General Grant assumed the
-offensive. General Johnston had been killed, and Beauregard was obliged
-to retreat to Corinth. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing were
-more than ten thousand on each side.
-
-[Sidenote: Island Number Ten.]
-
-5. After the Confederates evacuated Columbus, Kentucky, they fortified
-Island Number Ten in the Mississippi, opposite New Madrid. Against
-this place General Pope advanced with a body of Western troops, while
-Commodore Foote descended the Mississippi with his gunboats. Pope
-captured New Madrid; and for twenty-three days Island Number Ten was
-besieged. On the 7th of April the Confederates attempted to escape;
-but Pope had cut off the retreat, and the garrison, numbering five
-thousand, was captured. On the 6th of June the city of Memphis was
-taken by the fleet of Commodore Davis.
-
-6. Early in the year General Curtis pushed forward into Arkansas, and
-took position at Pea Ridge, among the mountains. Here he was attacked
-on the 6th of March by a Confederate force of twenty thousand men,
-which included a large number of Indians from the adjacent Indian
-Territory. A hard-fought battle ensued, lasting for two days, in which
-the Federals were victorious.
-
-[Sidenote: The Merrimac and the Monitor.]
-
-7. After the destruction of the navy yard at Norfolk, the Confederates
-had raised the frigate _Merrimac_, one of the sunken ships, and plated
-the sides with iron. The vessel was then sent to attack the Union
-fleet at Fortress Monroe. Reaching that place on the 8th of March, the
-_Merrimac_ began the work of destruction; and two valuable vessels,
-the _Cumberland_ and the _Congress_, were sent to the bottom. During
-the night, however, a strange ship, called the _Monitor_, invented by
-Captain John Ericsson, arrived from New York; and on the following
-morning the two iron-clad monsters turned their enginery upon each
-other. After fighting for five hours, the _Merrimac_ was obliged to
-retire to Norfolk, badly damaged.
-
-[Illustration: Merrimac and Monitor.]
-
-8. On the 8th of February a Federal squadron attacked the Confederate
-fortifications on Roanoke Island. The garrison, nearly three thousand
-strong, were taken prisoners. Burnside next proceeded against Newbern,
-and on the 14th of March captured the city. Proceeding southward,
-he reached the harbor of Beaufort, and on the 25th of April took
-possession of the town.
-
-[Sidenote: Capture of New Orleans.]
-
-9. On the 11th of the same month Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the
-Savannah, surrendered to General Gillmore. Early in April, a powerful
-squadron, under General Butler and Admiral Farragut, ascended the
-Mississippi and attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip, thirty miles
-above the Gulf. From the 18th to the 24th the fight continued without
-cessation. At the end of that time Admiral Farragut succeeded in
-running past the batteries. On the next day he reached New Orleans,
-and captured the city. General Butler became commandant, and the
-fortifications were manned with fifteen thousand Federal soldiers.
-Three days afterwards, Forts Jackson and St. Philip surrendered to
-Admiral Porter.
-
-[Sidenote: Campaign in Kentucky.]
-
-10. The Confederates now invaded Kentucky, in two strong divisions, the
-one led by General Kirby Smith and the other by General Bragg. On the
-30th of August Smith's army reached Richmond, and routed the Federals
-stationed there, with heavy losses. Lexington was taken, and then
-Frankfort; and Cincinnati was saved from capture only by the exertions
-of General Wallace. Meanwhile, the army of General Bragg advanced from
-Chattanooga, and on the 17th of September captured a Federal division
-of four thousand five hundred men at Mumfordsville. The Confederate
-general pressed on toward Louisville, and would have taken the city but
-for the arrival of General Buell. Buell's army was increased to one
-hundred thousand men. In October he again took the field, and on the
-8th of the month overtook General Bragg at Perryville. Here a severe
-but indecisive battle was fought; and the Confederates, laden with
-spoils, continued their retreat into east Tennessee.
-
-[Sidenote: Operations in Mississippi.]
-
-11. On the 19th of September a hard battle was fought at Iuka,
-between a Federal army, under Generals Rosecrans and Grant, and a
-Confederate force, under General Price. The latter was defeated,
-losing, in addition to his killed and wounded, nearly a thousand
-prisoners. Rosecrans now took post at Corinth with twenty thousand
-men; while Grant, with the remainder of the Federal forces, proceeded
-to Jackson, Tennessee. Generals Van Dorn and Price turned about to
-recapture Corinth. There, on the 3d of October, another severe battle
-ensued, which ended, after two days' fighting, in the repulse of the
-Confederates.
-
-12. In December General Sherman dropped down the river from Memphis
-to the Yazoo. On the 29th of the month he made an unsuccessful attack
-on the Confederates at Chickasaw Bayou. The assault was exceedingly
-disastrous to the Federals, who lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners
-more than three thousand men.
-
-[Sidenote: Battle of Murfreesborough.]
-
-13. General Rosecrans was now transferred to the command of the
-Army of the Cumberland, with headquarters at Nashville. General
-Bragg, on his retirement from Kentucky, had thrown his forces into
-Murfreesborough. Rosecrans moved forward, and on the 30th of December
-came upon the Confederates on Stone's River, a short distance northwest
-of Murfreesborough. On the following morning a furious battle ensued,
-continuing until nightfall. The Union army was brought to the verge
-of ruin. But during the night Rosecrans rallied his forces, and at
-daybreak was ready to renew the conflict. On that day there was a lull.
-On the morning of the 2d of January Bragg's army again rushed to the
-onset, gained some successes at first, was then checked, and finally
-driven back with heavy losses. Bragg withdrew his shattered columns,
-and filed off toward Chattanooga.
-
-[Sidenote: Jackson's Valley Campaign.]
-
-14. In Virginia the first scenes of the year were enacted in the
-Shenandoah Valley. General Banks was sent forward with a strong
-division, and in the last of March occupied the town of Harrisonburg.
-To counteract this movement, Stonewall Jackson was sent with twenty
-thousand men to pass the Blue Ridge and cut off Banks's retreat. At
-Front Royal, the Confederates fell upon the Federals, routed them, and
-captured their guns and stores. Banks succeeded, however, in passing
-with his main division to Strasburg and escaping out of the valley.
-
-15. Jackson now found himself in great peril, for General Fremont had
-been sent into the valley to intercept the Confederate retreat. But
-he succeeded in reaching Cross Keys before Fremont could attack him.
-The battle at Cross Keys was not decisive, and Jackson pressed on to
-Port Republic, where he attacked and defeated the division of General
-Shields.
-
-[Illustration: Vicinity of Richmond, 1862.]
-
-16. On the 10th of March the Army of the Potomac set out from the
-camps about Washington to capture the Confederate capital. The advance
-proceeded as far as Manassas Junction, where McClellan, changing his
-plan, embarked a hundred and twenty thousand of his men for Fortress
-Monroe. From that place, on the 4th of April, the Union army advanced
-to Yorktown. This place was defended by ten thousand Confederates,
-under General Magruder; and here McClellan's advance was delayed for
-a month. On the 4th of May, Yorktown was taken and the Federal army
-pressed on to West Point. McClellan reached the Chickahominy without
-serious resistance, and crossed at Bottom's Bridge.
-
-[Sidenote: The Peninsular Campaign.]
-
-17. On the 10th of May General Wool, the commandant of Fortress Monroe,
-led an expedition against Norfolk and captured the town. On the next
-day the Confederate iron-clad _Virginia_ was blown up to save her from
-capture. The James River was thus opened for the supply-transports of
-the Army of the Potomac. On the 31st of May that army was attacked at
-a place called Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. Here for a part of two days
-the battle raged with great fury. At last the Confederates were driven
-back; but McClellan's victory was by no means decisive. General Joseph
-E. Johnston, the commander-in-chief of the Confederates, was severely
-wounded; and the command devolved on General Robert E. Lee.
-
-[Illustration: Robert E. Lee.]
-
-18. McClellan now formed the design of retiring to a point on the James
-below Richmond. Before the movement fairly began, General Lee, on the
-25th of June, struck the right wing of the Union army at Oak Grove,
-and a hard-fought battle ensued. On the next day another engagement
-occurred at Mechanicsville, and the Federals won the field. On the
-following morning Lee renewed the struggle at Gaines's Mill, and came
-out victorious. On the 29th McClellan's army was attacked at Savage's
-Station and again in the White Oak Swamp--but the Confederates were
-kept at bay. On the 30th was fought the desperate battle of Glendale,
-or Frazier's Farm. On that night the Federal army reached Malvern Hill,
-twelve miles below Richmond. General Lee determined to carry the place
-by storm. On the morning of the 1st of July the whole Confederate
-army rushed forward to the assault. All day long the struggle for the
-possession of the high grounds continued. Not until nine o'clock at
-night did Lee's columns fall back exhausted. For seven days the roar
-of battle had been heard almost without cessation.
-
-19. On the 2d of July McClellan retired with his army to Harrison's
-Landing, a few miles down the river; and the great campaign was at an
-end. The Federal army had lost more than fifteen thousand men, and the
-losses of the Confederates had been still greater.
-
-[Sidenote: Cedar Mountain.]
-
-20. General Lee now formed the design of capturing the Federal capital.
-The Union troops between Richmond and Washington were under command of
-General John Pope. Lee moved northward, and, on the 20th of August,
-Pope retreated beyond the Rappahannock. Meanwhile, General Banks was
-attacked by Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, where nothing but hard
-fighting saved the Federals from a rout.
-
-21. Jackson next dashed by with his division, on a flank movement to
-Manassas Junction, where he made large captures. Pope then threw his
-army between the two divisions of the Confederates. On August 28th and
-29th, there was terrible fighting on the old Bull Run battle-ground.
-At one time it seemed that Lee's army would be defeated; but Pope's
-reinforcements were withheld by General Porter, and on the 31st the
-Confederates struck the Union army at Chantilly, winning a complete
-victory. Pope withdrew his broken columns as rapidly as possible, and
-found safety within the defences of Washington.
-
-[Sidenote: Lee in Maryland.]
-
-22. General Lee crossed the Potomac, and on the 6th of September
-captured Frederick. On the 10th Hagerstown was taken, and on the 15th
-Stonewall Jackson seized Harper's Ferry, with nearly twelve thousand
-prisoners. On the previous day, there was a hard-fought engagement at
-South Mountain, in which the Federals were victorious. McClellan's army
-was now in the rear of Lee, who fell back to Antietam Creek and took a
-strong position near Sharpsburg. Then followed two days of skirmishing,
-which terminated on the 17th in one of the great battles of the war.
-From morning until night the struggle continued with unabated violence,
-and ended in a drawn battle, after a loss of more than ten thousand men
-on each side. Lee withdrew his forces from the field and recrossed the
-Potomac.
-
-[Sidenote: Fredericksburg.]
-
-23. General McClellan moved forward to Rectortown, Virginia. Here
-he was superseded by General Burnside, who changed the plan of the
-campaign, and advanced against Fredericksburg. At this place the
-two armies were again brought face to face. Burnside's movement was
-delayed, and it was not until the 12th of December that a passage
-could be effected. Meanwhile, the heights south of the river had been
-fortified, and the Union columns were hurled back in several desperate
-assaults which cost the assailants more than twelve thousand men. Thus
-in disaster to the Federal cause ended the campaigns of 1862.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLVIII.
-
-THE EVENTS OF 1863.
-
-
-The war had now grown to enormous proportions. The Confederate States
-were draining every resource of men and means. The superior energies of
-the North were greatly taxed. On the day after the battle of Malvern
-Hill, President Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand
-troops. During Pope's retreat from the Rappahannock he sent forth
-another call for three hundred thousand, and to that was added a draft
-of three hundred thousand more. Most of these demands were promptly
-met, and it became evident that in resources the Federal government was
-vastly superior to the Confederacy.
-
-[Sidenote: The Emancipation Proclamation.]
-
-2. On the 1st day of January, 1863, the President issued the
-EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. The war had been begun with no well-defined
-intention to free the slaves of the South. But during the progress
-of the war the sentiment of abolition had grown with great rapidity;
-and when at last it became a military necessity to strike a blow at
-the labor-system of the South, the step was taken with but little
-opposition. Thus, after an existence of two hundred and forty-four
-years, African slavery in the United States was swept away.
-
-3. Early in January General Sherman dispatched an expedition to
-capture Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. The Union forces reached
-their destination on the 10th of the month, fought a battle with
-the Confederates and gained a victory. On the next day the post was
-surrendered with nearly five thousand prisoners.
-
-4. Soon afterwards the Union forces were concentrated for the capture
-of Vicksburg. Three months were spent by General Grant in beating
-about the bayous around Vicksburg, in the hope of getting a position
-in the rear of the town. A canal was cut across a bend in the river
-with a view to opening a passage for the gunboats. But a flood washed
-the works away. Then another canal was begun, only to be abandoned.
-Finally, it was determined to run the fleet past the Vicksburg
-batteries. On the night of the 16th of April the boats dropped down
-the river. All of a sudden the guns of the enemy burst forth with shot
-and shell, pelting the passing steamers; but they went by with little
-damage.
-
-[Sidenote: Operations about Vicksburg.]
-
-5. General Grant now marched his land-forces down the Mississippi and
-formed a junction with the squadron. On the 1st day of May he defeated
-the Confederates at Port Gibson. The evacuation of Grand Gulf followed
-immediately. The Union army now swept around to the rear of Vicksburg.
-On the 12th of May a Confederate force was defeated at Raymond. On
-the 14th of the month a decisive battle was fought near Jackson; the
-Confederates were beaten, and the city captured. General Pemberton,
-sallying forth with his forces from Vicksburg, was defeated by Grant
-on the 16th at Champion Hills, and again on the 17th at Black River
-Bridge. Pemberton then retired within the defences of Vicksburg.
-
-[Illustration: Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863.]
-
-6. The city was now besieged. On the 19th of May Grant made an assault,
-but was repulsed with terrible losses. Three days afterwards the
-attempt was renewed with a still greater destruction of life. But
-the siege was pressed with ever-increasing severity. Admiral Porter
-bombarded the town incessantly. Reinforcements swelled the Union
-ranks. Pemberton held out until the 4th of July, and was then driven
-to surrender. The defenders of Vicksburg, numbering thirty thousand,
-became prisoners of war. Thousands of small arms, hundreds of cannon,
-and vast quantities of ammunition and stores were the fruits of the
-great victory.
-
-7. Meanwhile, General Banks had been conducting a campaign on the Lower
-Mississippi. From Baton Rouge he advanced into Louisiana, and gained a
-victory over the Confederates at Bayou Teche. He then moved northward
-and besieged Port Hudson, the last fort held by the Confederates on the
-Mississippi. The garrison made a brave defence; and it was not until
-the 8th of July that the commandant, with his force of six thousand
-men, was obliged to capitulate.
-
-[Sidenote: =Operations about Chattanooga.=]
-
-8. In the latter part of June Rosecrans succeeded in crowding General
-Bragg out of Tennessee. The Union general followed and took post at
-Chattanooga, on the left bank of the Tennessee. During the summer Bragg
-was reinforced by the corps of Johnston and Longstreet.
-
-9. On the 19th of September he turned upon the Federals at Chickamauga
-Creek, in the northwest angle of Georgia. A hard battle was fought, but
-night came with the victory undecided. On the following morning the
-fight was renewed. Bragg cut through the Union battle line and drove
-the right wing into a rout. General Thomas, with desperate firmness,
-held the left until nightfall, and then withdrew into Chattanooga.
-The Union loss amounted to nearly nineteen thousand, and that of the
-Confederates was even greater.
-
-[Illustration: MAP SHOWING STATES IN SECESSION during the CIVIL WAR]
-
-10. General Bragg pressed forward to besiege Chattanooga. But General
-Hooker arrived with two corps from the Army of the Potomac, opened the
-Tennessee River, and brought relief. At the same time General
-Grant assumed the direction of affairs at Chattanooga. General Sherman
-arrived with his division, and offensive operations were at once
-renewed. On the 24th of November Lookout Mountain, overlooking the
-town and river, was stormed by the division of General Hooker. On the
-following day, Missionary Ridge was also carried, and Bragg's army fell
-back in full retreat toward Ringgold.
-
-[Illustration: A Truce in the Trenches.]
-
-11. On the 1st of September General Burnside arrived with his command
-at Knoxville. After the battle of Chickamauga General Longstreet was
-sent into East Tennessee, where he arrived and began the siege of
-Knoxville. On the 29th of November the Confederates attempted to carry
-the town by storm, but were repulsed with heavy losses. General Sherman
-soon marched to the relief of Burnside; and Longstreet retreated into
-Virginia.
-
-[Sidenote: Events West of the Mississippi.]
-
-12. Early in 1863 the Confederates resumed activity in Arkansas and
-southern Missouri. On the 8th of January they attacked Springfield,
-but were repulsed. Several other attempts were made with similar
-results. On the 13th of August Lawrence, Kansas, was sacked, and a
-hundred and forty persons killed, by a band of desperate fellows, led
-by a chieftain called Quantrell. On the 10th of September the Federal
-general Steele captured Little Rock, Arkansas.
-
-[Sidenote: John Morgan's Raid.]
-
-13. In the summer of this year General John Morgan made a great
-raid through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. He crossed the Ohio at
-Brandenburg, and began his march to the north. At Corydon and other
-points he was resisted by the home guards and pursued by General
-Hobson. Morgan crossed into Ohio, made a circuit north of Cincinnati,
-and attempted to recross the river. But the raiders were driven back.
-The Confederate leader pressed on until he came near New Lisbon, where
-he was captured by the brigade of General Shackelford. After a four
-months' imprisonment Morgan escaped and made his way to Richmond.
-
-[Sidenote: Operations Along the Coast.]
-
-14. On the 1st of January General Magruder captured Galveston,
-Texas. By this means the Confederates secured a port of entry in
-the Southwest. On the 7th of April Admiral Du Pont, with a fleet of
-iron-clads, attempted to capture Charleston, but was driven back. In
-June the city was besieged by a strong land-force, under General Q. A.
-Gillmore, assisted by Admiral Dahlgren's fleet. After the bombardment
-had continued for some time, General Gillmore, on the 18th of July,
-attempted to carry Fort Wagner by assault, but was repulsed with
-severe loss. The siege progressed until the 6th of September, when the
-Confederates evacuated the fort and retired to Charleston. Gillmore now
-brought his guns to bear on the wharves and buildings in the lower part
-of the city. But Charleston still held out; and the only gain of the
-Federals was the establishment of a complete blockade.
-
-[Sidenote: =Battle of Chancellorsville.=]
-
-15. After his repulse at Fredericksburg, General Burnside was
-superseded by General Joseph Hooker, who, in the latter part of April,
-crossed the Rappahannock and reached Chancellorsville. Here, on the
-morning of the 2d of May, he was attacked by the Army of Northern
-Virginia, led by Lee and Jackson. The latter general, at the head of
-twenty-five thousand men, outflanked the Union army, burst upon the
-right wing, and swept everything to destruction. But it was the last of
-Stonewall Jackson's battles. As night came on the Confederate leader
-received a volley _from his own lines_, and fell to rise no more.
-
-[Illustration: Stonewall Jackson.]
-
-16. On the 3d the battle was renewed. General Sedgwick was defeated
-and driven across the Rappahannock. The main army was crowded between
-Chancellorsville and the river, where it remained until the 5th, when
-General Hooker succeeded in withdrawing his forces to the northern
-bank. The Union losses amounted in killed, wounded, and prisoners to
-about seventeen thousand; that of the Confederates was less by five
-thousand.
-
-17. Next followed the cavalry raid of General Stoneman. On the 29th
-of April he crossed the Rappahannock with ten thousand men, tore up
-the Virginia Central Railroad, cut General Lee's communications,
-swept around within a few miles of Richmond, and then recrossed the
-Rappahannock in safety.
-
-[Sidenote: Lee Invades Pennsylvania.]
-
-18. General Lee now determined to carry the war into the North. In the
-first week of June he crossed the Potomac, and captured Hagerstown. On
-the 22d he entered Chambersburg, and then pressed on through Carlisle
-to within a few miles of Harrisburg. The militia of Pennsylvania was
-called out, and volunteers came pouring in from other States. General
-Hooker pushed forward to strike his antagonist. General Lee rapidly
-concentrated his forces near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the eve of
-battle the command of the Union army was transferred to General George
-G. Meade, who took up a position on the hills around Gettysburg. Here
-the two armies, each numbering about eighty thousand men, were brought
-face to face.
-
-[Sidenote: Battle of Gettysburg.]
-
-19. On the 1st of July the struggle began, and for three days the
-conflict raged. The battle reached its climax on the 3d, when a
-Confederate column, three miles long, headed by the Virginians under
-General Pickett, made a final charge on the Union center. But the onset
-was in vain, and the men who made it were mowed down with terrible
-slaughter. The victory remained with the National army, and Lee was
-obliged to turn back to the Potomac. The entire Confederate loss was
-nearly thirty thousand; that of the Federals twenty-three thousand one
-hundred and eighty-six. General Lee withdrew his forces into Virginia,
-and the Union army resumed its position on the Potomac.
-
-[Sidenote: Conscription in the North.]
-
-20. The administration of President Lincoln was beset with many
-difficulties. The last calls for volunteers had not been fully met. The
-anti-war party of the North denounced the measures of the government.
-On the 3d of March the CONSCRIPTION ACT was passed by Congress, and
-the President ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men. The
-measure was bitterly opposed, and in many places the draft-officers
-were resisted. On the 13th of July, in the city of New York, a mob rose
-in arms, demolished buildings, burned the colored orphan asylum, and
-killed about a hundred people. For three days the authorities were set
-at defiance; but a force of regulars and volunteers gathered at the
-scene, and the riot was suppressed.
-
-21. Only about fifty thousand men were obtained by the draft. But
-volunteering was quickened by the measure, and the employment of
-substitutes soon filled the ranks. In October the President issued
-another call for three hundred thousand men. By these measures the
-columns of the Union army were made more powerful than ever. In the
-armies of the South, on the other hand, there were already symptoms
-of exhaustion. On the 20th of June in this year West Virginia was
-separated from the Old Dominion and admitted as the thirty-fifth State
-of the Union.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XLIX.
-
-THE CLOSING CONFLICTS.--EVENTS OF 1864 AND 1865.
-
-
-Early in February, 1864, General Sherman moved from Vicksburg to
-Meridian. In this vicinity the railroad tracks were torn up for a
-hundred and fifty miles. At Meridian General Sherman expected a force
-of Federal cavalry, which had been sent out from Memphis under General
-Smith. The latter advanced into Mississippi, but was met by the cavalry
-of Forrest, and driven back to Memphis. General Sherman thereupon
-retraced his course to Vicksburg. Forrest continued his raid northward
-to Paducah, Kentucky, and made an assault on Fort Anderson, but was
-repulsed with a severe loss. Turning back into Tennessee, he came upon
-Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, and carried the place by storm.
-
-[Sidenote: The Red River Expedition.]
-
-2. In the spring of 1864, the RED RIVER EXPEDITION was undertaken
-by General Banks. The object was to capture Shreveport, the seat of
-the Confederate government of Louisiana. On the 14th of March the
-Federal advance captured Fort de Russy, on Red River. The Confederates
-retreated to Alexandria, which was taken on the 16th by the Federals.
-
-3. At Mansfield, on the 8th of April, the advancing Federals were
-attacked by the Confederates, and completely routed. At Pleasant
-Hill, on the next day, the main body of the Union army was badly
-defeated. The flotilla now descended the river from the direction of
-Shreveport. The whole expedition returned as rapidly as possible to the
-Mississippi. General Steele had, in the mean time, advanced from Little
-Rock to aid in the reduction of Shreveport; but learning of the Federal
-defeats, he withdrew after several severe engagements.
-
-4. On the 2d of March, 1864, General Grant was appointed
-general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. Seven hundred
-thousand soldiers were now to move at his command. Two great campaigns
-were planned for the year. The army of the Potomac, under Meade and the
-general-in-chief, was to advance upon Richmond. General Sherman, with
-one hundred thousand men, was to march from Chattanooga against Atlanta.
-
-[Sidenote: =Sherman's Advance on Atlanta.=]
-
-5. On the 7th of May General Sherman moved forward. At Dalton he
-succeeded in turning General Johnston's flank, and obliged him to fall
-back to Resaca. After two hard battles, on the 14th and 15th of May,
-this place was carried, and the Confederates retreated to Dallas. Here,
-on the 28th, Johnston made a second stand, but was again outflanked,
-and compelled to fall back to Lost Mountain. He was forced from
-this position on the 17th of June. The next stand was made on Great
-and Little Kenesaw Mountains. From this line on the 22d of June the
-division of General Hood made a fierce attack, but was repulsed with
-heavy losses. Five days afterward, General Sherman attempted to carry
-Great Kenesaw by storm; but the assault ended in a dreadful repulse.
-Sherman resumed his former tactics, and by the 10th of July the whole
-Confederate army had retired to Atlanta.
-
-[Illustration: William T. Sherman.]
-
-6. This stronghold was at once besieged. Here were the machine shops,
-foundries, and car works of the Confederacy. At the beginning of the
-siege the cautious General Johnston was superseded by the rash General
-J. B. Hood. On the 20th, 22d and 28th of July, the latter made three
-assaults on the Union lines, but was repulsed with dreadful losses. At
-last Hood was obliged to evacuate Atlanta; and on the 2d of September
-the Union army marched into the captured city.
-
-[Illustration: Sherman's Campaign, 1864.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Hood's Nashville Campaign.=]
-
-7. General Hood now marched northward through Northern Alabama, and
-advanced on Nashville. Meanwhile, General Thomas, with the Army of the
-Cumberland, had been detached from Sherman's army and sent northward
-to confront Hood. General Schofield, who commanded the Federal forces
-in Tennessee, fell back before the Confederates, and took post at
-Franklin. Here, on the 30th of November, he was attacked by Hood's
-legions, and held them in check until nightfall, when he retreated
-within Thomas's defenses at Nashville. Hood followed, but on the 15th
-of December General Thomas fell upon the Confederate army, and, routing
-it with a loss of twenty-five thousand men, drove it back into Alabama.
-
-[Sidenote: =Sherman's Great March.=]
-
-8. On the 14th of November General Sherman burned Atlanta and began
-his MARCH TO THE SEA. His army numbered sixty thousand men. He cut
-his communications with the North, abandoned his base of supplies,
-and struck out for the sea-coast, two hundred and fifty miles away.
-The Union army passed through Macon and Milledgeville, crossed the
-Ogeechee, captured Gibson and Waynesborough, and on the 10th of
-December arrived in the vicinity of Savannah. On the 13th, Fort
-McAllister was carried by storm. On the night of the 20th, General
-Hardee, the Confederate commandant, escaped from Savannah and retreated
-to Charleston. On the 22d, General Sherman made his headquarters in the
-city.
-
-[Illustration: Joseph E. Johnston.]
-
-9. January, 1865, was spent by the Union army at Savannah. On the
-1st of February, General Sherman began his march against Columbia,
-South Carolina. The Confederates had not sufficient force to stay his
-progress. On the 17th of the month, Columbia was surrendered. On the
-same night, Hardee, having destroyed the public property of Charleston,
-and kindled fires which laid four squares in ashes, evacuated the city;
-and on the following morning the national forces entered. From Columbia
-General Sherman marched into North Carolina, and on the 11th of March
-captured the town of Fayetteville.
-
-[Sidenote: =Surrender of Gen. Johnston.=]
-
-10. General Johnston was now recalled to the command of the Confederate
-forces, and the advance of the Union army began to be seriously
-opposed. On the 19th of March, General Sherman was attacked by Johnston
-near Bentonville; but Johnston was defeated, and on the 21st Sherman
-entered Goldsborough. Here he was reinforced by Generals Schofield and
-Terry. The Federal army turned to the northwest, and on the 13th of
-April entered Raleigh. This was the end of the great march; and here,
-on the 26th of the month, General Sherman received the surrender of
-Johnston's army.
-
-[Sidenote: Farragut at Mobile.]
-
-11. Meanwhile, important events had occurred on the Gulf. Early in
-August, 1864, Admiral Farragut bore down on the defenses of Mobile. The
-harbor was defended by a Confederate fleet and the monster iron-clad
-_Tennessee_. On the 5th of August, Farragut ran past Forts Morgan
-and Gaines into the harbor. In order to direct the movements of his
-vessels, the old admiral mounted to the maintop of the _Hartford_,
-lashed himself to the rigging, and from that high perch gave his
-commands during the battle. One of the Union ships struck a torpedo and
-sank. The rest attacked and dispersed the Confederate squadron; but
-just as the day seemed won, the _Tennessee_ came down at full speed
-to strike the _Hartford_. Then followed one of the fiercest conflicts
-of the war. The Union iron-clads closed around their antagonist and
-battered her with fifteen-inch bolts of iron until she surrendered.
-
-[Sidenote: Fort Fisher.]
-
-12. Next came the capture of Fort Fisher, at the entrance to Cape
-Fear River. In December, Admiral Porter was sent with a powerful
-American squadron to besiege and take the fort. General Butler, with
-six thousand five hundred men, accompanied the expedition. On the 24th
-of the month, the troops were sent ashore with orders to storm the
-works. When the generals in command came near enough to reconnoiter,
-they decided that an assault could only end in disaster, and the
-enterprise was abandoned. Admiral Porter remained before Fort Fisher
-with his fleet, and General Butler returned to Fortress Monroe. Early
-in January, the siege was renewed, and on the 15th of the month Fort
-Fisher was taken by storm.
-
-13. In the previous October, Lieutenant Cushing, with a number of
-volunteers, embarked in a small steamer and entered the Roanoke. A
-tremendous iron ram, called the _Albemarle_, was discovered lying at
-the harbor of Plymouth. Cautiously approaching, the lieutenant sank a
-torpedo under the Confederate ship, exploded it, and left the ram a
-ruin. The adventure cost the lives or capture of all of Cushing's party
-except himself and one other, who made good their escape.
-
-[Sidenote: =Confederate Cruisers.=]
-
-14. During the progress of the war the commerce of the United States
-was greatly injured by the Confederate cruisers. The first ship sent
-out was the _Savannah_, which was captured on the same day that she
-escaped from Charleston. In June of 1861, the _Sumter_, commanded by
-Captain Semmes, ran the blockade at New Orleans, and did fearful work
-with the Union merchantmen. But in February of 1862, Semmes was chased
-into the harbor of Gibraltar, where he was obliged to sell his vessel.
-The _Nashville_ ran out from Charleston, and returned with a cargo
-worth three millions of dollars. In March of 1863 she was sunk by a
-Union iron-clad in the Savannah River.
-
-15. The ports of the Southern States were now closely blockaded. In
-this emergency the Confederates turned to the ship-yards of Great
-Britain, and began to build cruisers. In the harbor of Liverpool the
-_Florida_ was fitted out; and going to sea in the summer of 1862, she
-succeeded in running into Mobile Bay. She afterward destroyed fifteen
-merchantmen, and was then captured and sunk in Hampton Roads. The
-_Georgia_, the _Olustee_, the _Shenandoah_ and the _Chickamauga_, all
-built at the ship-yards of Glasgow, Scotland, escaped to sea and made
-great havoc with the merchant-ships of the United States.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Alabama.=]
-
-16. Most destructive of all was the _Alabama_, built at Liverpool.
-Her commander was Captain Raphael Semmes. A majority of the crew were
-British subjects; and her armament was entirely British. In her
-whole career, involving the destruction of sixty-six vessels and a
-loss of ten million dollars, she never entered a Confederate port. In
-the summer of 1864 Semmes was overtaken in the harbor of Cherbourg,
-France, by the steamer _Kearsarge_. On the 19th of June, Semmes went
-out to give his antagonist battle. After a desperate fight of an hour's
-duration, the _Alabama_ was sunk. Semmes was picked up by the English
-_Deerhound_ and carried to Southampton.
-
-[Sidenote: Grant's Advance on Richmond.]
-
-17. On the night of the 3d of May, 1864, the national camp at Culpepper
-was broken up, and the march on Richmond was begun. On the first day
-of the advance, Grant crossed the Rapidan and entered the Wilderness,
-a country of oak woods and thickets. He was immediately attacked by
-the Confederate army. During the 5th, 6th, and 7th of the month, the
-fighting continued incessantly with terrible losses; but the results
-were indecisive. Grant next made a flank movement in the direction of
-Spottsylvania Courthouse. Here followed, from the 9th until the 12th,
-one of the bloodiest struggles of the war. The Federals gained some
-ground and captured the division of General Stewart; but the losses of
-Lee were less than those of his antagonist.
-
-18. Grant again moved to the left, and came to Cold Harbor, twelve
-miles northeast of Richmond. Here, on the 1st of June, he attacked
-the Confederates, but was repulsed with heavy losses. On the morning
-of the 3d the assault was renewed, and in half an hour nearly ten
-thousand Union soldiers fell dead or wounded before the Confederate
-intrenchments. The repulse of the Federals was complete, but they held
-their lines as firmly as ever.
-
-19. General Grant now changed his base to James River. General Butler
-had already taken City Point and Bermuda Hundred. Here, on the 15th of
-June, he was joined by General Grant's whole army, and the combined
-forces moved forward and began the siege of Petersburg.
-
-[Sidenote: Operations in the Valley.]
-
-20. Meanwhile important movements were taking place on the Shenandoah.
-When Grant moved from the Rapidan, General Sigel marched up the valley
-to New Market, where he was met and defeated by the Confederate
-cavalry, under General Breckinridge. The latter then returned to
-Richmond, whereupon the Federals faced about, overtook the Confederates
-at Piedmont, and gained a signal victory. From this place Generals
-Hunter and Averill advanced against Lynchburg. By this movement the
-valley of the Shenandoah was again exposed to invasion.
-
-[Illustration: Philip H. Sheridan.]
-
-21. Lee immediately dispatched General Early to cross the Blue Ridge,
-invade Maryland and threaten Washington City. With twenty thousand men
-Early began his march, and on the 5th of July crossed the Potomac. On
-the 9th he defeated the division of General Wallace on the Monocacy.
-But the battle saved Washington and Baltimore from capture.
-
-22. General Wright followed Early as far as Winchester. But the latter
-wheeled upon him, and the Union troops were driven across the Potomac.
-Early next invaded Pennsylvania and burned Chambersburg. General
-Grant now appointed General Philip H. Sheridan to command the army on
-the Upper Potomac. The troops placed at his disposal numbered nearly
-forty thousand. On the 19th of September, Sheridan marched upon Early
-at Winchester, and routed him in a hard-fought battle. On the 22d of
-September he gained another complete victory at Fisher's Hill.
-
-[Sidenote: =Sheridan's Ride from Winchester.=]
-
-23. Sheridan next turned about to ravage the valley. The ruinous work
-was fearfully well done. Nothing worth fighting for was left between
-the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies. Maddened by his defeats, Early
-rallied his forces, and again entered the valley. Sheridan had posted
-his army on Cedar Creek, and, feeling secure, had gone to Washington.
-On the 19th of October, Early surprised the Union camp, captured the
-artillery, and sent the routed troops flying in confusion toward
-Winchester. The Confederates pursued as far as Middletown, and there
-paused to eat and rest. On the previous night, Sheridan had returned to
-Winchester, and was now coming to rejoin his army. He rode twelve miles
-at full speed, rallied the fugitives, and gained one of the most signal
-victories of the war. Early's army was completely ruined.
-
-[Illustration: Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865.]
-
-24. All fall and winter General Grant pressed the siege of Petersburg.
-On the 30th of July a mine was exploded under one of the forts; but the
-assaulting column was repulsed with heavy losses. On the 18th of August
-a division of the Union army seized the Weldon Railroad and held it
-against several assaults. On the 28th of September, Battery Harrison
-was stormed by the Federals, and on the next day General Paine's
-brigade carried the redoubt on Spring Hill. On the 27th of October,
-there was a battle on the Boydton road; and then the army went into
-winter quarters.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Fall of Richmond.=]
-
-25. On the 27th of February, Sheridan gained a victory over Early at
-Waynesboro, and then joined the general-in-chief. On the 1st of April,
-a severe battle was fought at Five Forks, in which the Confederates
-were defeated with a loss of six thousand prisoners. On the next day
-Grant ordered a general assault on the lines of Petersburg, and the
-works were carried. On that night Lee's army and the Confederate
-government fled from Richmond; and on the following morning the Federal
-troops entered the city. The warehouses were fired by the retreating
-Confederates, and the better part of the city was reduced to ruins.
-
-[Sidenote: =Lee's Surrender.=]
-
-26. General Lee retreated as rapidly as possible to the southwest.
-Once the Confederates turned and fought, but were defeated with great
-losses. For five days the pursuit was kept up; and then Lee was brought
-to bay at Appomattox Courthouse. There, on the 9th of April, 1865, the
-work was done. General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia,
-and the Confederacy was hopelessly overthrown. General Grant signalized
-the end of the strife by granting to his antagonist the most liberal
-terms. How the army of General Johnston was surrendered a few days
-later has already been narrated. After four dreadful years of bloodshed
-and sorrow, THE CIVIL WAR WAS AT AN END.
-
-[Sidenote: =Jefferson Davis Captured.=]
-
-27. The Federal authority was rapidly extended over the South. Mr.
-Davis and his cabinet escaped to Danville, and there for a few days
-kept up the forms of government. From that place they fled into North
-Carolina. The ex-President continued his flight into Georgia, and
-encamped near Irwinsville, where, on the 10th of May, he was captured
-by General Wilson's cavalry. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and
-kept in confinement until May of 1867, when he was taken to Richmond to
-be tried for treason. He was admitted to bail; and his case was finally
-dismissed.
-
-[Sidenote: Nevada Admitted.]
-
-28. At the presidential election of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was chosen
-for a second term. As Vice-president, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee
-was elected. In the preceding summer, the people of Nevada framed a
-constitution, and on the 31st of October the new commonwealth was
-proclaimed as the thirty-sixth State. The gold and silver mines of
-Nevada soon surpassed those of California in their yield of precious
-metals.
-
-[Sidenote: The Finances of the War.]
-
-29. At the outbreak of the civil war the financial credit of the
-United States sank to a very low ebb. Mr. Chase, the Secretary of the
-Treasury, first sought relief by issuing TREASURY NOTES, receivable
-as money. By the beginning of 1862, the expenses of the government
-had risen to more than a million of dollars daily. To meet these
-tremendous demands on the government, Congress next provided INTERNAL
-REVENUE. This was made up from two general sources: first, _a tax on
-manufactures, incomes and salaries_; second, _a stamp-duty on all
-legal documents_. The next measure was the issuance of LEGAL TENDER
-NOTES of the United States, to be used as money. These are the notes
-called _Greenbacks_. The third great measure adopted by the government
-was the sale of UNITED STATES BONDS. The interest upon them was fixed
-at six per cent., payable semi-annually in gold. In the next place,
-Congress passed an act providing for the establishment of NATIONAL
-BANKS. National bonds, instead of gold and silver, were used as a basis
-of the circulation of these banks; and the redemption of their bills
-was guaranteed by the treasury of the United States. At the end of the
-conflict, _the national debt had reached nearly three thousand millions
-of dollars_.
-
-[Sidenote: =Pres. Lincoln's Assassination.=]
-
-30. On the 4th of March, 1865, President Lincoln was inaugurated for
-his second term. Three days after the evacuation of Richmond by Lee's
-army, the President made a visit to that city. On the evening of the
-14th of April, he, with his wife and a party of friends, attended
-Ford's Theater in Washington. As the play drew near its close, an
-actor, named John Wilkes Booth, stole into the President's box and shot
-him through the brain. Mr. Lincoln lingered in an unconscious state
-until morning, and died. It was the greatest tragedy of modern times.
-The assassin, after the murder, escaped into the darkness.
-
-[Sidenote: =Secretary Seward Stabbed.=]
-
-31. At the same hour another murderer, named Lewis Payne Powell, burst
-into the bed-chamber of Secretary Seward, sprang upon the couch of
-the sick man, and stabbed him nigh unto death. The city was wild with
-alarm. Troops of cavalry departed in all directions to hunt down the
-assassins. On the 26th of April, Booth was found concealed in a barn
-south of Fredericksburg. Refusing to surrender, he was shot by Sergeant
-Boston Corbett. Powell was caught and hanged. David E. Herrold and Geo.
-A. Atzerott, together with Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, at whose house the
-plot was formed, were also condemned and executed. Michael O'Laughlin,
-Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, and Samuel Arnold were sentenced to imprisonment
-for life, and Edward Spangler for six years.
-
-32. So ended in darkness, but not in shame, the career of Abraham
-Lincoln--one of the most remarkable men of any age or country. He
-was prudent, far-sighted, and resolute; thoughtful, calm, and just;
-patient, tender-hearted, and great. The manner of his death consecrated
-his memory. From city to city, in one vast funeral procession, the
-mourning people followed his remains to their last resting-place at
-Springfield, Illinois.
-
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART VI.
-
-  CHAPTER XLIV.
-
-  1. Describe the situation of affairs at the opening of Lincoln's
-     Administration.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLV.
-
-  2. Give the causes, general and special, of the Civil War.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLVI.
-
-  3. Outline the campaigns of 1861.
-
-  4. Tell of the organization of the Confederate Government.
-
-  5. State the difficulty that now arose with Great Britain.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLVII.
-
-  6. Give an account of the campaigns along the Cumberland, the
-     Tennessee, and the Mississippi Rivers.
-
-  7. Outline the movements of the year 1862 in and about Virginia.
-
-  8. What were the general conditions and prospects of the armies at the
-     close of 1862?
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLVIII.
-
-   9. Tell about the Emancipation Proclamation.
-
-  10. Describe the capture of Vicksburg.
-
-  11. Sketch the subsequent movements of 1863.
-
-  12. Tell of the Conscription Act, and the results from it.
-
-
-  CHAPTER XLIX.
-
-  13. Outline the military movements of 1864 under General Sherman.
-
-  14. Sketch the campaigns along the Potomac, with the capture of
-      Richmond, and the retreat and surrender of Lee's army.
-
-  15. Tell of the breaking up of the Confederate Government.
-
-  16. What was the condition of the National finances, and what measures
-      had been enacted, from 1862 to 1865, for their relief.
-
-  17. Give an account of the assassination of President Lincoln.
-
-
-
-
-PART VII.
-
-THE NATION REUNITED.
-
-A. D. 1865-1891.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER L.
-
-JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1865-1869.
-
-
-On the day after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Andrew Johnson
-became President of the United States. He was a native of Raleigh,
-North Carolina--born in 1808. With no advantages of education, he
-passed his boyhood in poverty. In 1828 he removed to Greenville,
-Tennessee, where he soon rose to distinction, and was elected to
-Congress. As a member of the United States Senate in 1860-61, he
-opposed secession with all his powers. In 1862 he was appointed
-military governor of Tennessee. This office he held until he was
-nominated for the vice-presidency.
-
-[Illustration: Andrew Johnson.]
-
-2. On the 1st of February, 1865, Congress adopted an amendment to the
-Constitution by which slavery was abolished throughout the Union. By
-the 18th of the following December, the amendment had been ratified by
-the legislatures of twenty-seven States, and was duly proclaimed as a
-part of the Constitution. The emancipation proclamation had been issued
-_as a military necessity_; and the results of the instrument were now
-incorporated in the fundamental law of the land.
-
-[Sidenote: =Amnesty Proclamation.=]
-
-3. On the 29th of May, the AMNESTY PROCLAMATION was issued by
-the President. By its provisions a pardon was extended to all
-persons--except those specified in certain classes--who had taken part
-in upholding the Confederacy. During the summer of 1865, the great
-armies were disbanded, and the victors and vanquished returned to their
-homes to resume the works of peace.
-
-4. The finances of the nation were in an alarming condition. The
-war-debt went on increasing until the beginning of 1866. The yearly
-interest grew to a hundred and thirty-three million dollars in gold.
-The expenses of the government had reached two hundred millions of
-dollars annually. But the revenues of the nation proved sufficient to
-meet these enormous outlays, and at last the debt began to diminish.
-
-[Sidenote: =The French in Mexico.=]
-
-5. During the civil war, the emperor Napoleon III. succeeded in
-setting up a French empire in Mexico. In 1864 the Mexican crown was
-conferred on Maximilian of Austria, who sustained his authority with
-French and Austrian soldiers. But the Mexican president Juarez headed
-a revolution; the government of the United States rebuked France for
-her conduct; Napoleon withdrew his army; Maximilian was overthrown; and
-eventually, on the 13th of June, 1867, was tried and condemned to be
-shot. Six days afterwards the sentence was carried into execution.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Atlantic Cable.=]
-
-6. After a few weeks of successful operation, the first Atlantic
-telegraph had ceased to work. But Mr. Field continued to advocate his
-measure and to plead for assistance both in Europe and America. He
-made fifty voyages across the Atlantic, and finally secured sufficient
-capital to lay a second cable. The work began from the coast of Ireland
-in the summer of 1865; but the first cable parted and was lost. In July
-of 1866 a third cable, two thousand miles in length, was coiled in the
-_Great Eastern_, and again the vessel started on its way. This time the
-work was completely successful. Mr. Field received a gold medal from
-Congress, and the plaudits of all civilized nations.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Territories.=]
-
-7. In March of 1861, the Territory of Dakota, destined after
-twenty-eight years to become two great states, was detached from
-Nebraska and given a distinct organization. The State of Kansas had
-at last, on the 29th of January, 1861, been admitted into the Union,
-under a constitution framed at Wyandotte. In February, 1863, Arizona
-was separated from New Mexico, and on the 3d of March, in that year,
-Idaho was organized out of portions of Dakota, Nebraska, and Washington
-Territories. On the 26th of May, 1864, Montana was cut off from Idaho.
-On the 1st of March, 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the Union as the
-thirty-seventh State. Finally, on the 25th of July, 1868, the Territory
-of Wyoming was organized out of portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah.
-
-[Sidenote: =Purchase of Alaska.=]
-
-8. The year 1867 was signalized by the PURCHASE OF ALASKA. Two years
-previously, the territory had been explored by a corps of scientific
-men with a view of establishing telegraphic communication with Asia.
-The explorers found that the coast-fisheries were of great value, and
-that the forests of white pine and yellow cedar were among the finest
-in the world. Negotiations for the purchase were at once opened, and on
-the 30th of March, 1867, a treaty was concluded by which, for the sum
-of seven million two hundred thousand dollars, Russia ceded Alaska to
-the United States. The territory embraced an area of five hundred and
-eighty thousand square miles, and a population of twenty-nine thousand
-souls.
-
-9. Very soon after his accession, a serious disagreement arose between
-the President and Congress. The difficulty grew out of the question of
-reorganizing the Southern States. The point in dispute was the relation
-which those States had sustained to the Federal Union during the civil
-war. The President held that the ordinances of secession were null and
-void, and that the seceded States _had never been out of the Union_.
-The majority in Congress held that the acts of secession were illegal
-and unconstitutional, but that the seceded States had been actually
-detached from the Union, and that special legislation was necessary in
-order to restore them to their former relations.
-
-[Sidenote: =Reconstruction.=]
-
-10. In 1865, measures of reconstruction were begun by the President.
-On the 9th of May, a proclamation was issued for the restoration of
-Virginia to the Union. Twenty days later a provisional government was
-established over South Carolina; and similar measures were adopted in
-respect to the other States of the Confederacy. On the 24th of June,
-all restrictions on trade and intercourse with the Southern States
-were removed. On the 7th of September a second amnesty proclamation
-was issued, by which all persons who had upheld the Confederate
-cause--excepting the leaders--were unconditionally pardoned. Meanwhile,
-Tennessee had been reorganized, and in 1866 was restored to its place
-in the Union. When Congress convened, a committee of fifteen members
-was appointed, to which were referred all questions concerning the
-reorganization of the Southern States. In accordance with measures
-reported by this committee, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Florida,
-Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina were reconstructed, and
-in June and July of 1868 readmitted into the Union. Congress had, in
-the mean time, passed the CIVIL RIGHTS BILL, by which the privileges of
-citizenship were conferred on the freedmen of the South. All of these
-congressional enactments were effected over the veto of the President.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Impeachment Trial.=]
-
-11. Meanwhile, a difficulty had arisen in the President's cabinet
-which led to his impeachment. On the 21st of February, 1868, he
-notified Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, of his dismissal from
-office. The act was regarded by Congress as a usurpation of authority
-and a violation of law. On the 3d of March, articles of impeachment
-were agreed to by the House of Representatives, and the President was
-summoned before the Senate for trial. Proceedings began on the 23d
-of March and continued until the 26th of May, when the President was
-acquitted. Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase, one of the most eminent of
-American statesmen and jurists, presided during the impeachment.
-
-12. The time for another presidential election was already at hand.
-General Ulysses S. Grant was nominated by the Republicans, and Horatio
-Seymour, of New York, by the Democrats. The canvass was one of great
-excitement. The questions most discussed by the political speakers
-were those arising out of the civil war. The principles advocated by
-the majority in Congress furnished the Republican platform of 1868,
-and on that platform General Grant was elected by a large majority. As
-Vice-president, Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was chosen.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER LI.
-
-GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1877.
-
-
-Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth President of the United States, was born
-at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822. At the age of seventeen he
-entered the Military Academy at West Point, and was graduated in 1843.
-He served with distinction in the Mexican war; but his first national
-reputation was won by the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. From
-that time he rapidly rose in rank, and in March, 1864, was appointed
-lieutenant-general and general-in-chief of the Union army.
-
-[Illustration: Ulysses S. Grant.]
-
-[Sidenote: =The Pacific Railroad.=]
-
-2. The first great event of the new administration was the completion
-of the PACIFIC RAILROAD. The first division of the road extended
-from Omaha, Nebraska, to Ogden, Utah, a distance of one thousand and
-thirty-two miles. The western division reached from Ogden to San
-Francisco, a distance of eight hundred and eighty-two miles. On the
-10th of May, 1869, the work was completed with appropriate ceremonies.
-
-3. Before the inauguration of President Grant two additional amendments
-to the Constitution had been adopted. The first of these, known as the
-Fourteenth Amendment, extended the right of citizenship to all persons
-born or naturalized in the United States, and declared the validity of
-the public debt. Early in 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted by
-Congress, providing that the right of citizens to vote shall not be
-denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of
-servitude. This clause was proclaimed by the President as a part of the
-Constitution on the 30th of March, 1870.
-
-4. In the first three months of the same year, the reorganization of
-the Southern States was completed. On the 24th of January, the senators
-and representatives of Virginia were readmitted to their seats in
-Congress. On the 23d of February a like action was taken in regard to
-Mississippi; and on the 30th of March the work was finished by the
-readmission of Texas.
-
-[Sidenote: =Growth of the Nation.=]
-
-5. In 1870 was completed the ninth census of the United States.
-Notwithstanding the ravages of war, the past ten years had been a
-period of growth and progress. During that time the population had
-increased to thirty-eight million five hundred and eighty-seven
-thousand souls. The national debt was rapidly falling off. The
-products of the United States had grown to a vast aggregate. American
-manufacturers were competing with those of all nations in the markets
-of the world. The Union now embraced thirty-seven States and eleven
-Territories. The national domain had spread to the vast area of three
-million six hundred and four thousand square miles. Few things have
-been more wonderful than the territorial and material growth of the
-United States.
-
-[Sidenote: =San Domingo Commission.=]
-
-6. In January of 1871, President Grant appointed Senator Wade of Ohio,
-Professor White of New York, and Dr. Samuel Howe of Massachusetts, to
-visit San Domingo and report upon the desirability of annexing that
-island to the United States. The measure was earnestly favored by the
-President. After three months spent abroad, the commissioners returned
-and reported in favor of annexation; but the proposal met with
-opposition in Congress, and was defeated.
-
-[Sidenote: =Alabama Claims.=]
-
-7. The claim of the United States against the British government
-for damages done by Confederate cruisers during the civil war still
-remained unsettled. After the war Great Britain grew anxious for an
-adjustment of the difficulty. On the 27th of February, 1871, a joint
-high commission, composed of five British and five American statesmen,
-assembled at Washington City. From the fact that the cruiser _Alabama_
-had done most of the injury complained of, the claims of the United
-States were called the ALABAMA CLAIMS. After much discussion, the
-commissioners framed a treaty, known as the Treaty of Washington. It
-was agreed that all claims of either nation against the other should
-be submitted to a board of arbitration to be appointed by friendly
-nations. Such a court was formed, and in the summer of 1872 convened at
-Geneva, Switzerland. The cause of the two nations was heard, and on the
-14th of September decided in favor of the United States. Great Britain
-was required to pay into the Federal treasury fifteen million five
-hundred thousand dollars.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Chicago Fire.=]
-
-8. The year 1871 is noted in American history for the burning of
-Chicago. On the evening of the 8th of October a fire broke out in De
-Koven street, and was driven by a high wind into the lumber-yards and
-wooden houses of the neighborhood. All the next day the flames rolled
-on, sweeping into a blackened ruin the most valuable portion of the
-city. The area burned over was two thousand one hundred acres, or three
-and a third square miles. Nearly two hundred lives were lost, and the
-property destroyed amounted to about two hundred millions of dollars.
-
-9. As the first term of President Grant drew to a close, the political
-parties made ready for the twenty-second presidential election. Many
-parts of the chief magistrate's policy had been made the subjects
-of controversy. The congressional plan of reconstruction had been
-unfavorably received in the South. The elevation of the negro race to
-the rights of citizenship was regarded with apprehension. The military
-spirit was still rife in the country, and the issues of the civil war
-were rediscussed with much bitterness. On these issues the people
-divided in the election of 1872. The Republicans renominated General
-Grant for the presidency. For the vice-presidency Mr. Colfax was
-succeeded by Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. As the standard-bearer of
-the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties, Horace Greeley, editor
-of the New York _Tribune_, was nominated. This was the last act in
-that remarkable man's career. For more than thirty years he had been
-a leader of public opinion in America. The canvass was one of wild
-excitement. Mr. Greeley was overwhelmingly defeated, and died in less
-than a month after the election.
-
-[Illustration: Horace Greeley.]
-
-[Sidenote: =The Boston Fire.=]
-
-10. On the evening of the 9th of November, a fire broke out on the
-corner of Kingston and Summer streets, Boston; spread to the northeast;
-and continued with unabated fury until the morning of the 11th. The
-best portion of the city, embracing some of the finest blocks in the
-United States, was laid in ashes. The burnt district covered an area of
-sixty-five acres. Fifteen lives, eight hundred buildings, and property
-to the value of eighty million dollars were lost in the conflagration.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Modoc War.=]
-
-11. In the spring of 1872, the Modoc Indians were ordered to remove
-from their lands on Lake Klamath, Oregon, to a new reservation. They
-refused to go; and in the following November, a body of troops was sent
-to force them into compliance. The Modocs resisted, kept up the war
-during the winter, and then retreated into a volcanic region called the
-lava-beds. Here, in the spring of 1873, the Indians were surrounded. On
-the 11th of April, a conference was held between them and six members
-of the peace commission; but in the midst of the council the savages
-rose upon the kind-hearted men who sat beside them, and murdered
-General Canby and Dr. Thomas in cold blood. Mr. Meacham, another member
-of the commission, was shot, but escaped with his life. The Modocs were
-then besieged in their stronghold; but it was the 1st of June before
-Captain Jack and his band were obliged to surrender. The chiefs were
-tried by court-martial and executed in the following October.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Credit Mobilier.=]
-
-12. About the beginning of President Grant's second term, the country
-was agitated by the CREDIT MOBILIER INVESTIGATION in Congress. The
-Credit Mobilier was a joint stock company, organized in 1863 for the
-purpose of constructing public works. In 1867, another company, which
-had undertaken to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased the charter of
-the Credit Mobilier, and the capital was increased to three million
-seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Owing to the profitableness
-of the work, the stock rose in value and large dividends were paid to
-the shareholders. In 1872 it became known that much of this stock _was
-owned by members of Congress_. A suspicion that those members had voted
-corruptly in matters affecting the Pacific Railroad seized the public
-mind, and led to a congressional investigation, in the course of which
-many scandalous transactions were brought to light.
-
-13. In the autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous financial
-panics ever known in the United States. The alarm was given by the
-failure of Jay Cooke & Company of Philadelphia. Other failures followed
-in rapid succession. Depositors hurried to the banks and withdrew
-their money. Business was paralyzed, and many months elapsed before
-confidence was sufficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers to
-engage in the usual transactions of trade.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Centennial Exposition.=]
-
-14. With the coming of 1876 the people made ready to celebrate the
-CENTENNIAL OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. The city of Philadelphia was
-the central point of interest. There, on the 10th of May, the great
-International Exposition was opened with imposing ceremonies. In
-Fairmount Park, on the Schuylkill, were erected beautiful buildings
-to receive the products of art and industry from all nations. By the
-beginning of summer these stately edifices were filled to overflowing
-with the richest products, gathered from every clime and country.
-On the 4th of July the centennial of the great Declaration was
-commemorated in Philadelphia with an impressive oration by William M.
-Evarts, of New York, and a National Ode by the poet, Bayard Taylor.
-The average daily attendance of visitors at the Exposition was
-over sixty-one thousand. The grounds were open for one hundred and
-fifty-eight days; and the receipts for admission amounted to more than
-three million seven hundred thousand dollars. On the 10th of November,
-the Exposition, the most successful of its kind ever held, was formally
-closed by the President of the United States.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Sioux War.=]
-
-15. The last year of President Grant's administration was noted for the
-WAR WITH THE SIOUX. These fierce savages had, in 1867, made a treaty
-with the United States, agreeing to relinquish all of the territory
-south of the Niobrara, west of the one hundred and fourth meridian,
-and north of the forty-sixth parallel. By this treaty the Sioux were
-confined to a large reservation in southwestern Dakota, and upon this
-they agreed to retire by the first of January, 1876. But many of the
-tribes continued to roam at large through Wyoming and Montana, burning
-houses, stealing horses, and murdering whoever opposed them.
-
-[Illustration: Custer's Last Fight.]
-
-16. The Government now undertook to drive the Sioux upon their
-reservation. A large force of regulars, under Generals Terry and Crook,
-was sent into the mountainous country of the Upper Yellowstone, and the
-savages, to the number of several thousand, were crowded back against
-the Big Horn Mountains and River. Generals Custer and Reno, who were
-sent forward with the Seventh Cavalry to discover the whereabouts of
-the Indians, found them on the left bank of the Little Horn.
-
-[Sidenote: =Custer's Defeat on the Little Horn.=]
-
-17. On the 25th of June, General Custer, without waiting for
-reinforcements, charged headlong with his division into the Indian
-town, and was immediately surrounded. The struggle equaled in
-desperation and disaster any other Indian battle ever fought in
-America. _General Custer and every man of his command fell in the
-fight._ The whole loss of the Seventh Cavalry was two hundred and
-sixty-one killed, and fifty-two wounded. General Reno held his
-position, on the bluffs of the Little Horn, until General Gibbon
-arrived with reinforcements and saved the remnant from destruction.
-
-18. Other divisions of the army were soon hurried forward, and during
-the summer and autumn the Indians were beaten in several engagements.
-On the 24th of November, the Sioux were decisively defeated by Colonel
-McKenzie at a pass in the Big Horn Mountains. On the 5th of January,
-the savages were again overtaken and routed by the forces of Colonel
-Miles. The remaining bands, under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, being
-able to offer no further serious resistance, escaped across the border
-into Canada.
-
-19. In August, 1876, Colorado took her place as the thirty-eighth
-State of the Union. The population of the "Centennial State" numbered
-forty-five thousand.
-
-20. The twenty-third presidential election was one of the most exciting
-and critical in the history of the nation. General Rutherford B. Hayes,
-of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, were chosen as candidates
-by the Republicans; Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A.
-Hendricks, of Indiana, by the Democrats. The Independent Greenback
-party presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New York, and Samuel F.
-Cary, of Ohio. The canvass began early and with great spirit. The real
-contest lay between the Republicans and the Democrats. The election was
-held. The general result was uncertain, _and both parties claimed the
-victory_! The election was so evenly balanced; there had been so much
-irregularity in the elections in South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana,
-and Oregon; and the power of Congress over the electoral proceedings
-was so poorly defined, that no certain result could be announced. For
-the first time in the history of the country, there was _a disputed
-presidency_.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Electoral Commission.=]
-
-21. When Congress convened in December, the whole question came before
-that body for adjustment. After much debating it was agreed that the
-disputed election returns should be referred for decision to a JOINT
-HIGH COMMISSION, consisting of five members chosen from the United
-States Senate, five from the House of Representatives, and five from
-the Supreme Court. The Commission was accordingly constituted. The
-returns of the disputed States were referred to the tribunal; and on
-the 2d of March a result was reached. The Republican candidates were
-declared elected. One hundred and eighty-five electoral votes were cast
-for Hayes and Wheeler, and one hundred and eighty-four for Tilden and
-Hendricks.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER LII.
-
-HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION, 1877-1881.
-
-
-Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the United States, was
-born in Delaware, Ohio, on the 4th of October, 1822. His ancestors
-were soldiers of the Revolution. His primary education was received
-in the public schools. At the age of twenty, he was graduated from
-Kenyon College. In 1845 he completed his legal studies, and began the
-practice of his profession, first at Marietta, then at Fremont, and
-finally as city solicitor, in Cincinnati. During the Civil War he
-performed much honorable service in the Union cause, rose to the rank
-of major-general, and in 1864, while still in the field, was elected
-to Congress. Three years later, he was chosen governor of his native
-State, and was reelected in 1869, and again in 1875.
-
-[Illustration: Rutherford B. Hayes.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Great Railroad Strike.=]
-
-2. In the summer of 1877, in consequence of a threatened reduction in
-the wages of railway employes, occurred what is known as the GREAT
-RAILROAD STRIKE. On the 16th of July, the workmen of the Baltimore and
-Ohio Railroad left their posts and gathered such strength in Baltimore
-and at Martinsburg, West Virginia, as to prevent the running of
-trains. The militia was called out by Governor Matthews, but was soon
-dispersed by the strikers. The President then ordered General French
-to the scene with a body of regulars, and the blockade of the road was
-raised.
-
-3. Meanwhile, the trains had been stopped on all the important roads
-between the Hudson and the Mississippi, and business was paralyzed. In
-Pittsburgh the strikers, rioters, and dangerous classes, gathering in
-a mob to the number of twenty thousand, held, for two days, a reign of
-terror unparalleled in the history of the country. The insurrection
-was finally suppressed by the regular troops and the Pennsylvania
-militia, but not until nearly one hundred lives, and property to the
-value of more than three millions of dollars, had been lost. Riots also
-occurred, or were threatened, at Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco,
-Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville, Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne. By the
-close of the month, the alarming insurrection was at an end.
-
-[Sidenote: =Nez Percé War.=]
-
-4. In the spring of 1877 a war broke out with the Nez Percé Indians of
-Idaho. The national authorities in 1854 purchased a part of the Nez
-Percé territory, large reservations being made in northwestern Idaho
-and northeastern Oregon, but some of the chiefs refused to ratify the
-compact, and remained at large. This was the beginning of difficulties.
-
-5. The war began with the usual depredations by the Indians. General
-Howard marched against them with a small force of regulars; but the Nez
-Percés, led by their noted chieftain Joseph, fled. During the greater
-part of summer the pursuit continued. In the fall they were chased
-through the mountains into northern Montana, where they were confronted
-by other troops commanded by Colonel Miles.
-
-6. The Nez Percés were next driven across the Missouri River, and were
-finally surrounded in their camp north of the Bear Paw Mountains. Here,
-on the 4th of October, they were attacked, and completely routed by
-the forces of Colonel Miles. Only a few, led by the chief White Bird,
-escaped. Three hundred and seventy-five of the captive Nez Percés were
-brought back to the American post on the Missouri.
-
-[Sidenote: =Remonetization of Silver.=]
-
-7. During the year 1877 the public mind was greatly agitated concerning
-the REMONETIZATION OF SILVER. By the first coinage regulations of the
-United States the standard unit of value was the silver dollar. From
-1792 until 1873, the quantity of pure metal in this unit had never been
-changed, though the amount of alloy contained in the dollar was altered
-several times. In 1849 a gold dollar was added to the coinage, and from
-that time forth the standard unit of value existed in both metals. In
-1873-74 a series of acts were adopted by Congress bearing upon the
-standard unit of value, whereby the legal-tender quality of silver was
-abolished, and the silver dollar omitted from the list of coins to be
-struck at the national mints.
-
-8. In January, 1875, the RESUMPTION ACT was passed by Congress. It was
-declared that on the 1st of January, 1879, the Government should begin
-to redeem its outstanding legal-tender notes _in coin_. The question
-was now raised as to the meaning of the word "coin" in the act; and,
-for the first time, the attention of the people was aroused to the fact
-that the privilege of paying debts in silver had been taken away. A
-great agitation followed, and in 1878 a measure in Congress was passed
-over the President's veto, for the restoration of the legal-tender
-quality of the old silver dollar, and for the compulsory coinage of
-that unit at a rate of not less than two millions of dollars a month.
-
-[Sidenote: =Yellow Fever Epidemic.=]
-
-9. In the summer of 1878 several of the Gulf States were scourged
-with a YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC. The disease made its appearance in New
-Orleans, and from thence was scattered among the towns along the
-Mississippi. A regular system of contributions was established in the
-Northern States, and men and treasure were poured out without stint to
-relieve the suffering South. After more than twenty thousand people had
-fallen victims to the plague, the frosts of October came and ended the
-pestilence.
-
-10. By the Treaty of Washington (1871), it was agreed that the right
-of the United States in certain sea-fisheries in the neighborhood of
-the Gulf of St. Lawrence, hitherto claimed by Great Britain, should be
-acknowledged and maintained. The government of the United States agreed
-to relinquish the duties which had hitherto been charged on certain
-kinds of fish imported by British subjects into American harbors; and,
-in order to balance any discrepancy, it was further agreed that any
-total advantage to the United States might be compensated by a gross
-sum to be paid by the American government. This sum was fixed at five
-million dollars in November, 1877, and a year later the amount was paid
-to the British government.
-
-[Sidenote: =Chinese Embassy.=]
-
-11. The year 1878 witnessed the establishment of a RESIDENT CHINESE
-EMBASSY at Washington. For twenty years the great treaty negotiated by
-Anson Burlingame had been in force between the United States and China.
-The commercial relations of the two countries had been vastly extended.
-On the 28th of September the embassy chosen by the imperial government
-was received by the President. The ceremonies of the occasion were
-among the most interesting ever witnessed in Washington. The speech of
-Chen Lan Pin, the minister, was equal in dignity and appropriateness to
-the best efforts of a European diplomatist.
-
-[Sidenote: =Life Saving Service.=]
-
-12. In June, 1878, the LIFE SAVING SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES was
-established by act of Congress. The plan proposed the establishment
-of regular stations and lighthouses on all the exposed parts of the
-Atlantic coast and along the Great Lakes. Each station was to be
-manned by a band of surfmen experienced in the dangers peculiar to the
-shore in times of storms, and drilled in the best methods of rescue and
-resuscitation. Boats and other appliances of the most approved pattern
-were provided and equipped. The success of the enterprise has been so
-great as to reflect the highest credit on its promoters. The number
-of lives saved through the agency of the service reaches to thousands
-annually, and the amount of human suffering and distress alleviated by
-this beneficent movement is beyond computation.
-
-[Sidenote: =Specie Resumption.=]
-
-13. On the 1st of January, 1879, the RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS was
-accomplished by the treasury of the United States. After seventeen
-years' disappearance, gold and silver coin, which during that time had
-been at a premium over the legal-tender notes of the government, again
-came into common circulation.
-
-14. The presidential election of 1880 was accompanied with the
-excitement usually attendant upon great political struggles in the
-United States. The Republican national convention was held in Chicago
-on the 2d and 3d of June; a platform of principles was adopted, and
-General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated for President.
-For Vice-president, Chester A. Arthur, of New York, received the
-nomination. The Democratic national convention assembled at Cincinnati
-on the 22d of June, and nominated for the presidency General Winfield
-S. Hancock, of New York, and for the Vice-presidency William H.
-English, of Indiana. The National Greenback party held a convention
-in Chicago on the 9th of June, and nominated General James B. Weaver,
-of Iowa, for President, and General Benjamin J. Chambers, of Texas,
-for Vice-president. The election resulted in the choice of Garfield
-and Arthur. Two hundred and fourteen electoral votes, embracing those
-of nearly all the Northern States, were cast for the Republican
-candidates.
-
-[Sidenote: =General Grant's Tour.=]
-
-15. Soon after retiring from the presidency, General Grant, with his
-family and a company of personal friends, set out to make a TOUR OF
-THE WORLD. The expedition attracted the most conspicuous attention
-both at home and abroad. The departure from Philadelphia on the 17th
-of May, 1877, was the beginning of such a pageant as was never before
-extended to any citizen of any nation of the earth. General Grant
-visited Europe, India, Burmah and Siam; China and Japan. In the fall of
-1879 the party returned to San Francisco, bearing with them the highest
-tokens of esteem which the great nations of the Old World could bestow
-upon the honored representative of the New.
-
-[Illustration: Oliver P. Morton.]
-
-16. The CENSUS OF 1880 was undertaken with more system and care than
-ever before in the history of the country. The work was intrusted to
-the superintendency of Professor Francis A. Walker. In every source
-of national power, the development of the country was shown to have
-continued without abatement. The total population of the States and
-Territories now amounted to 50,182,525--an increase since 1870 of _more
-than a million inhabitants a year_! The center of population had moved
-westward about fifty miles, to the vicinity of Cincinnati.
-
-[Sidenote: =Oliver P. Morton.=]
-
-17. During the administration of Hayes several eminent Americans passed
-from the scene of their earthly activities. On the 1st of November,
-1877, the distinguished senator, Oliver P. Morton, died of paralysis
-at his home in Indianapolis. His reputation in his own State and
-throughout the Union was very great, and his sterling character had
-won the respect even of his political enemies. As War Governor of
-Indiana, he had been one of the main pillars of support to the Union in
-the trying days of the Civil War. After that event he had become one
-of the foremost men of the nation. Although but fifty-four years of
-age, he had risen to be a recognized leader in American statesmanship.
-His death was regarded as a public calamity, and the Nation, without
-distinction of party, joined with his own State in doing honor to the
-memory of the great dead.
-
-18. Still more universally felt was the loss of the great poet and
-journalist, William Cullen Bryant, who on the 12th of June, 1878, at
-the advanced age of eighty-four, passed from among the living. For
-more than sixty years his name had been known and honored wherever
-the English language was spoken. On the 19th of December, in the same
-year, the illustrious Bayard Taylor, who had recently been appointed
-American Minister to the German Empire, died suddenly in the city of
-Berlin. His life had been exclusively devoted to literary work; and
-almost every department of letters, from the common tasks of journalism
-to the highest charms of poetry, had been adorned by his genius. On the
-1st day of November, 1879, Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, one of the
-organizers of the Republican party, and a great leader of that party in
-the times of the civil war, died suddenly at Chicago; and on the 24th
-day of April, 1881, the noted publisher and author, James T. Fields,
-died at his home in Boston.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER LIII.
-
-ADMINISTRATION OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR, 1881-1885.
-
-
-James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United J States, was born
-at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831. He was left in
-infancy to the sole care of his mother and to the rude surroundings of
-a backwoods home. In boyhood he served as a driver and pilot of a canal
-boat plying the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal. At the age of seventeen
-he attended the High School in Chester, was afterwards a student at
-Hiram College, and in 1854 entered Williams College, from which he was
-graduated with honor.
-
-[Illustration: James A. Garfield.]
-
-2. In the same year, Garfield returned to Ohio, and was made first a
-professor and afterwards president of Hiram College. This position
-he held until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he left his post
-to enter the army. In the service he rose to distinction, and while
-still in the field was elected by the people of his district to the
-lower house of Congress. In 1879 he was elected to the United States
-Senate, and hard upon this followed his nomination and election to the
-presidency. American history has furnished but few instances of a more
-steady and brilliant rise, from the poverty of an obscure boyhood, to
-the most distinguished elective office in the gift of mankind.
-
-[Sidenote: =The "Spoils System."=]
-
-3. On the 4th of March, 1881, President Garfield delivered his
-inaugural address, and the new administration entered upon its course
-with omens of an auspicious future. But its prospects were soon
-darkened with political difficulties. A division arose in the ranks of
-the Republican party. The two wings of the Republicans were nicknamed
-the "Stalwarts" and the "Half-Breeds": the former, headed by Senator
-Conkling of New York; the latter, led by Mr. Blaine, Secretary of
-State, and indorsed by the President himself. The Stalwarts claimed the
-right of dispensing the appointive offices of the Government, after
-the manner which had prevailed for many preceding administrations; the
-President, supported by his division of the party, insisted on naming
-the officers in the various States according to his own wishes.
-
-4. The chief clash between the two influences in the party occurred
-in New York. The collectorship of customs for the port of New York is
-the best appointive office in the Government. To fill this position
-the President nominated Judge William Robertson, and the appointment
-was antagonized by the New York senators, Conkling and Platt, who,
-failing to prevent the confirmation of Robertson, resigned their seats,
-returned to their State, and failed of a reelection.
-
-[Sidenote: =Assassination of Pres. Garfield.=]
-
-5. A few days after the adjournment of the Senate in June, the
-President, in company with Secretary Blaine and a few friends, entered
-the railroad depot at Washington to take the train for Long Branch, New
-Jersey. A moment afterwards he was approached by a miserable miscreant,
-who, unperceived, came within a few feet of the company, drew a pistol,
-and fired upon the Chief Magistrate. The shot struck the President in
-the back, and inflicted a dreadful wound. The bleeding chieftain was
-borne away to the executive mansion, and the wretch who had committed
-the crime was hurried to prison. For eighty days the stricken President
-lingered between life and death, bearing the pain and anguish of his
-situation with a fortitude and heroism rarely witnessed among men; but
-at half-past ten on the evening of September 19th, the anniversary of
-the battle of Chickamauga, his vital powers suddenly gave way, and in a
-few moments death closed the scene.
-
-[Sidenote: =President Arthur Installed.=]
-
-6. On the day following this deplorable event, Vice-president Arthur
-took the oath of office in New York, and repaired to Washington.
-Chester A. Arthur was born in Vernon, Franklin County, Vermont, October
-5, 1830. He was of Irish descent, and was educated at Union College,
-from which institution he was graduated in 1849. For awhile he taught
-school in his native State, and then came to New York City to study
-law. During the civil war he was Quartermaster-General of the State
-of New York. After 1865 he returned to the practice of law, and in
-1871 was appointed Collector of Customs for the port of New York. This
-position he held until July, 1878, when he was removed by President
-Hayes. Again he returned to his law practice, but was soon called by
-the voice of his party to be a standard-bearer in the Presidential
-canvass of 1880.
-
-[Illustration: Chester A. Arthur.]
-
-7. The administration of President Arthur proved to be uneventful.
-The government pursued the even tenor of its way, and the progress of
-the country was unchecked by calamity. Several important scientific
-inventions were perfected about this time, and several great public
-works completed.
-
-[Sidenote: =Scientific Inventions.=]
-
-8. One of the best examples of the application of scientific discovery
-to the affairs of every-day life is that of the TELEPHONE. It has
-remained for our day to discover the possibility of transmitting or
-reproducing the human voice at a distance of hundreds or even thousands
-of miles. By means of a simple contrivance, a person in one part of the
-country is able to converse with friends in another part, as if face
-to face. The invention of this wonderful instrument is to be credited
-to Professor A. Graham Bell, of Massachusetts, and Elisha P. Gray, of
-Chicago. It should be mentioned, also, that Professor A. C. Dolbear, of
-Tufts College, and the great inventor, Thomas A. Edison, have succeeded
-in the production of telephonic instruments.
-
-9. Another recent invention is the PHONOGRAPH. It is the nature of the
-phonograph to receive and retain the wave-lines and figures of sound,
-whether of the human voice or some other sound, and by an ingenious
-contrivance to reproduce those sounds as if they were the original
-utterance. It is to be regretted that thus far the phonograph has
-proved to be of little or no practical utility.
-
-10. But perhaps the greatest invention of the age is the ELECTRIC
-LIGHT. About 1870 it was first proposed to use electricity for
-practical illumination. Long before this time the possibility of
-electric lighting had been shown by the philosopher Gramme, of Paris.
-About the same time the Russian scientist, Jablokoff, also succeeded in
-converting electricity into light. It remained, however, for the great
-American inventor, Thomas A. Edison, to remove the difficulties in the
-way of electric lighting, and to make the invention practical. The
-systems produced by him and others are rapidly taking the place of the
-old methods of illumination.
-
-[Sidenote: =Great Public Works.=]
-
-11. Among the great public works may be mentioned the EAST RIVER
-BRIDGE, joining New York with Brooklyn, which was opened with
-appropriate ceremonies on the 24th of May, 1883. This structure is the
-largest of the kind in the world, being a suspension bridge, with a
-total length of 5,989 feet. The span from pier to pier is 1,595 feet;
-and the estimated capacity of resistance is 49,200 tons. The engineer
-under whose direction the great bridge was constructed was Mr. John
-A. Roebling, who may properly be regarded as the originator of wire
-suspension bridges. Though he did not live to see the completion of the
-work which he had planned, the same was taken up and finished by his
-son, scarcely less noted than his father.
-
-12. The recurrence of the birthday of Washington, 1885, was noted for
-the completion of the great monument, erected at the Capital, in honor
-of the Father of his Country. The cost of the completed structure
-was about $1,500,000. The shaft of the monument, exclusive of the
-foundation, is 555 feet in height, being 30 feet higher than the
-cathedral of Cologne, and 75 feet higher than the pyramid of Cheops.
-
-13. In the last year of Arthur's administration the command of the army
-of the United States was transferred from General William T. Sherman to
-General Philip H. Sheridan. The former eminent soldier, having reached
-the age at which, according to Act of Congress, he might retire from
-active service, availed himself of the provision, and laid down the
-command which he had so long and honorably held. Nor could it be said
-that the new General, to whom the command of the American army was now
-given, was less a patriot and soldier than his eminent predecessor.
-
-[Sidenote: =Disappearance of Political Issues.=]
-
-14. During this administration there was a gradual obliteration of
-those sharply defined issues which for a quarter of a century had
-divided the two great political parties. Partisan animosity in some
-measure abated, and it was with difficulty that the managers were able
-to direct the people in the political contest of 1884. The issue most
-clearly defined was that of tariff and free trade, and even this,
-when much discussed, tended to break up both the existing political
-organizations.
-
-15. During the year 1883 many distinguished men were named for the
-presidential office. The first national convention was that of the
-Greenback-Labor party, held at Indianapolis, in April of 1884. By this
-party, General Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and A. N. West,
-of Texas, were put in nomination. The Republican convention met on the
-3d of June, in Chicago, and, after a session of three days, closed its
-labors by the nomination of James G. Blaine, of Maine, and General
-John A. Logan, of Illinois. The Democratic convention met in the same
-city, on the 9th of July, and chose for its standard-bearers Grover
-Cleveland, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The result
-showed that the Democratic party had drawn to its banners a majority of
-the American people. Cleveland and Hendricks were elected, receiving
-219 ballots in the Electoral College, against 182 votes which were cast
-for Blaine and Logan.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER LIV.
-
-CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION, 1885-1889.
-
-
-The new President was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1885. Perhaps
-the history of the country has furnished no other example of such rapid
-rise to great distinction. Grover Cleveland, twenty-second President of
-the United States, was born in Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18th, 1837.
-With his father he removed to Fayetteville, New York, in 1840. Here the
-youth grew to manhood. His education was obtained in the common schools
-and academies of the neighborhood. In 1857 he removed to New York City,
-and became a student of law. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar, and
-four years afterwards was appointed Assistant District Attorney for
-Erie County. In 1869 he was elected Sheriff of the same county, and in
-1881 he was chosen mayor of Buffalo. In 1882 he was elected governor of
-New York, receiving for that office a plurality of more than 190,000
-votes. Before his term of office had expired he was called by the voice
-of his party to be its standard-bearer in the presidential campaign of
-1884, in which he was again successful.
-
-[Illustration: Grover Cleveland.]
-
-[Sidenote: =New Orleans Exposition.=]
-
-2. The last months of Arthur's and the first of Cleveland's
-administration were noted for the INTERNATIONAL COTTON EXPOSITION
-at New Orleans. This, after the Centennial Exposition of 1876, was
-the greatest display of the kind ever held in the United States. The
-Exposition extended from December of 1884 to June of 1885, and was
-daily attended by thousands of visitors from all parts of the United
-States and from many foreign countries. The display was varied and full
-of interest. Intended, in the first place, to exhibit the wonderful
-resources of the South in her peculiar products, the exhibition was
-enlarged to include all branches of production and every species of
-mechanism and art. Among the incidental benefits of the Exposition may
-be mentioned the increased intercourse and consequent friendliness of
-the people of the Northern and Southern States.
-
-3. The first year of Cleveland's administration was uneventful. The
-great question before the President was that of the REFORM OF THE
-CIVIL SERVICE. In attempting to substitute a new series of rules
-for appointment to office, by which the persons appointed should be
-selected rather for their fitness than for their party services, the
-President was greatly embarrassed. He found that the old forces in
-American politics were as active as ever, and that a reform was almost
-impossible under existing conditions.
-
-[Sidenote: =Labor Agitations.=]
-
-4. The first great national event of the Cleveland administration was
-that of the LABOR AGITATIONS, which broke out in the spring of 1886.
-It was not until after the Civil War that the first symptoms appeared
-of a renewal, in the New World, of the struggle which has been long
-going on in Europe between Capital and Labor. The first difficulties
-of this sort in our country appeared in the mining regions, and in the
-factories of the Eastern States. The agitation soon spread to the West.
-As early as 1867 the peculiar method of action, called "striking,"
-began among the laborers of the country. An account of the great
-railroad strike of 1877 has already been presented. (Pages 337 and
-338.)
-
-[Sidenote: =The Southwestern Strike.=]
-
-5. At the same time monopolies sprang up and flourished; and,
-coincident with this, American labor discovered the salutary but
-dangerous power of combination. When the trade season of 1886 opened, a
-series of strikes and labor troubles broke out in several parts of the
-country. The cities and towns were most involved in these agitations.
-The first serious conflict was on what is known as the Gould System
-of Railways, in the Southwest. A single workman, belonging to the
-Knights of Labor, and employed on a branch of the Texas and Pacific
-Railway, was discharged from his place. This action was resented by
-the Knights, and the laborers on a great part of the Gould System were
-ordered to strike. The movement was, for a season, successful, and the
-transportation of freights from St. Louis to the Southwest ceased.
-Gradually, however, other workmen were substituted for the striking
-Knights; but the end was not reached until a severe riot in East
-St. Louis had occasioned the sacrifice of much property and several
-innocent lives.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Chicago Anarchists.=]
-
-6. Far more alarming was the outbreak in Chicago. In that city the
-socialistic and anarchic elements were sufficiently powerful to present
-a bold front to the authorities. Processions bearing red flags and
-banners, with communistic devices and mottoes, frequently paraded the
-streets, and were addressed by demagogues who avowed themselves the
-open enemies of society and the existing order. On the 4th of May,
-1886, a vast crowd of this reckless material collected in a place
-called the Haymarket, and were about to begin the usual inflammatory
-proceedings, when a band of policemen, mostly officers, drew near, with
-the evident purpose of controlling or dispersing the meeting.
-
-7. A terrible scene ensued. Dynamite bombs were thrown from the crowd
-and exploded among the officers, several of whom were blown to pieces,
-and others shockingly mangled. The mob was, in turn, attacked by the
-police, and many of the insurgents were shot down. Order was presently
-restored in the city; several of the leading anarchists were arrested
-on the charge of inciting to murder, were tried, condemned, and four of
-them executed. On the day following the Chicago riot, a similar, though
-less dangerous, outbreak, which was suppressed without serious loss of
-life, occurred in Milwaukee.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Charleston Earthquake.=]
-
-8. The summer of 1886 is memorable on account of the great natural
-catastrophe known as the CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE. On the night of the
-31st of August, at ten minutes before ten o'clock, without a moment's
-warning, the city of Charleston, S. C., was rocked and rent to its very
-foundations. Hardly a building in the limits of Charleston, or in the
-country surrounding, escaped serious injury; and perhaps one half of
-all were in a state of semi-wreck or total ruin.
-
-9. The whole coast in the central region of the disturbance was
-modified with respect to the sea, and the ocean itself was thrown into
-turmoil for miles from the shore. The people in the city fled from
-their falling houses to the public squares and parks and far into
-the country. Afraid to return into the ruins, they threw up tents
-and light booths for protection, and abode for weeks away from their
-homes. Nothing before in the limits of our knowledge has been at all
-comparable with it in extent and violence, except the great earthquake
-of New Madrid in 1811.
-
-10. The disaster to Charleston served to bring out some of the better
-qualities of our civilization. Personal assistance and contributions
-from all quarters poured in for the support and encouragement of the
-afflicted people. For several weeks a series of diminishing shocks
-continued to terrify the citizens; but it was discovered that these
-shocks were only the dying away of the great convulsion, and that they
-gave cause for hope of entire cessation rather than continued alarm. In
-the course of a few months the ruins were cleared away, business was
-resumed, and the people were again safe in their homes.
-
-11. On the 4th of March, 1887, the second session of the Forty-ninth
-Congress expired. The work of the body had not been so fruitful
-of results as had been desired and anticipated by the friends of
-the government. On the question of the tariff nothing of value was
-accomplished. A measure of REVENUE REFORM had been brought forward at
-an early date in the session, but the act failed of adoption.
-
-[Sidenote: =Pension Legislation.=]
-
-12. On the question of EXTENDING THE PENSION LIST, however, the case
-was different. A great majority of both parties favored such measures
-as looked to the increase of benefits to the soldiers. At the first,
-only a limited number of pensions had been granted, and these only to
-actually disabled or injured veterans of the War for the Union. But
-it became more and more important to each of the parties to secure
-and hold the soldier vote, without which it was felt that neither
-could maintain ascendency in the government. The ARREARS OF PENSIONS
-ACT, making up to those who were already recipients of pensions such
-amounts as would have accrued if the benefit had dated from the time
-of disability, instead of from the time of granting the pension, was
-passed in 1879; and at the same time the list of pensioners was greatly
-enlarged.
-
-13. The measure presented in the Fiftieth Congress was designed to
-extend the pension list so as to include all regularly enlisted
-and honorably discharged soldiers of the Civil War, who had become
-in whole, or in part, _dependent upon the aid of others_ for their
-maintenance. The measure was known as the DEPENDENT PENSIONS BILL. Many
-opposed the enactment of a law which appeared to give the bounty of the
-government to the deserving and the undeserving alike, and to compel
-the worthy recipients of pensions to rank themselves with those who
-had gone into the army for pay, and had been brought to want through
-improvidence. A majority was easily obtained for the measure in both
-Houses of Congress, and the act was passed. President Cleveland,
-however, interposed his veto, and the proposed law fell to the ground.
-
-14. The most important and noted legislation of the session was the
-act known as the INTER-STATE COMMERCE BILL. For some fifteen years
-complaints against the methods and management of the railways of the
-United States had been heard on many sides, and in cases not a few the
-complaints had originated in actual abuses. A large class of people
-became clamorous that Congress should compel railways to accept a
-system of uniformity as to all charges for service rendered. With this
-object in view the Inter-State Commerce Bill was accordingly prepared,
-and became a law.
-
-[Sidenote: =Death of Prominent Generals.=]
-
-15. In the spring of 1885 it became known that General Ulysses S. Grant
-was stricken with a fatal malady. The announcement at once drew to
-the General and ex-President the interest and sympathies of the whole
-American people. The hero of Vicksburg and Appomattox sank under the
-ravages of a malignant cancer, which had fixed itself in his throat.
-On the 23d of July, 1885, he expired at a summer cottage on Mount
-McGregor, New York. His last days were hallowed by the love of the
-nation which he had so gloriously defended. No funeral west of the
-Atlantic--not even that of Lincoln--was more universally observed. The
-procession in New York City was perhaps as imposing a pageant as was
-ever exhibited in honor of the dead. On the 8th of August the body
-of General Grant was laid to rest in Riverside Park, overlooking the
-Hudson. There, on the summit from which may be seen the great river
-and the metropolis of the nation, is the tomb of him whose courage
-and magnanimity in war will forever give him rank with the few master
-spirits who have honored the human race and changed the course of
-history.
-
-16. Within scarcely more than a year from the funeral of Grant
-several other distinguished Union Generals fell. On the 29th of
-October General George B. McClellan died at his home at St. Cloud,
-New Jersey. After another brief interval General Winfield S. Hancock,
-senior Major-General of the American Army, breathed his last. In the
-mean time, within a brief period, Generals Irwin McDowell, Ambrose
-E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade, each of whom, in a
-critical period of the war, had commanded the Army of the Potomac,
-passed away. Before the close of 1886 Major-General John A. Logan,
-greatest of the volunteer commanders, who, without previous military
-education, won for themselves distinguished honors in the War for
-the Union, fell sick and died at his home, called Calumet Place, in
-Washington City.
-
-[Illustration: Thomas A. Hendricks.]
-
-[Sidenote: =Death of Prominent Civilians.=]
-
-17. In the mean time, several distinguished civilians had passed away.
-On the 25th of November, 1885, Vice-president Thomas A. Hendricks,
-after an illness of a single day, died suddenly at his home in
-Indianapolis. The life of Mr. Hendricks had been one of singular purity
-as well as of greatness. His character had been noted for its mildness
-and serenity in the stormy arena of politics. The goodness of the man
-in private life, combined with his distinction as governor, senator,
-and Vice-president of the United States, drew from the people every
-evidence of public and private respect for his memory. The body of the
-dead statesman was buried in Crown Hill cemetery, near Indianapolis.
-The funeral pageant surpassed in grandeur any other display of the kind
-ever witnessed in the Western States, except the funeral of Lincoln.
-Shortly after his death, the funds were easily subscribed by the
-people, for the erection of the magnificent bronze monument and statue
-standing at one of the entrances to the Capitol of Indiana.
-
-18. The death of Hendricks was soon followed by that of Horatio
-Seymour, of New York. On the 12th of February, 1886, this distinguished
-citizen, who had been governor of the Empire State, and a candidate for
-the Presidency against General Grant, died at his home in Utica. Still
-more distinguished in reputation and ability was Samuel J. Tilden, also
-of New York, who died at his home, called Greystone, at Yonkers, near
-New York City, on the 4th of August, 1886.
-
-19. To this list of deaths must be added the illustrious name of Henry
-Ward Beecher. To him, with little reservation, must be assigned the
-first place among our orators and philanthropists. He had the happy
-fortune to retain his faculties unimpaired to the close of his career.
-On the evening of the 5th of March, 1887, at his home in Brooklyn,
-he sank down under a stroke of apoplexy. He was nearing the close
-of his seventy-fourth year. He lived until the morning of the 8th,
-and quietly entered the shadows. He was followed to the grave by the
-common eulogium of mankind, and every circumstance of his passing away
-showed that he had occupied the supreme place among men of his class in
-America.
-
-20. On the 23d of March, 1888, Morrison R. Waite, Chief-Justice of
-the United States, died at his home in Washington City. The death of
-this able jurist imposed on President Cleveland the duty of naming his
-successor. Judge Melville W. Fuller, of Chicago, was appointed, and
-confirmed on the 30th of April, 1888.
-
-21. During the whole of Cleveland's administration, the public mind
-was swayed and excited by the movements of politics. The universality
-of partisan newspapers, the combination in their columns of all the
-news of the world with the invectives and misrepresentations of
-party leaders, kept political questions constantly uppermost to the
-detriment of social progress and industrial interests. Scarcely had
-President Cleveland entered upon his office as chief magistrate when
-the question of the succession to the Presidency was agitated.
-
-22. By the last year of the administration it was seen that there would
-be no general break-up of the existing parties. It was also perceived
-that the issues between them must be _made_ rather than found in the
-existing state of affairs. The sentiment in the United States in favor
-of the Constitutional prohibition of the manufacture and sale of
-intoxicating liquors had become somewhat extended and intensified since
-the last general election. But the discerning eye might perceive that
-the real issue was between the Republican and Democratic parties.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Protective Tariff.=]
-
-23. One issue, however, had a living and practical relation to affairs,
-and that was the question of PROTECTION TO AMERICAN INDUSTRY. Since the
-campaign of 1884, the agitation had been gradually extended. At the
-opening of the session, in 1887, the President, in his annual message
-to Congress, devoted the whole document to the discussion of the single
-question of a _Reform of the Revenue System_ of the United States.
-The existing rates of duty on imported articles of commerce had so
-greatly augmented the income of the Government, that a large surplus
-had accumulated in the treasury of the United States. This fact was
-made the basis of the President's argument in favor of a new system of
-revenue, or at least an ample reduction in the tariff rates under the
-old. It was immediately charged by the Republicans, that the project
-in question meant the substitution of the system of Free Trade in the
-United States as against the system of protective duties. The question
-thus involved was made the bottom issue in the Presidential campaign of
-1888.
-
-24. The Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis on the 5th
-day of June, 1888, and Mr. Cleveland was renominated by acclamation.
-For the Vice-presidential nomination the choice fell on ex-Senator
-Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio. The Republican National Convention was held
-in Chicago, on the 19th day of June. Many candidates were ardently
-pressed upon the body, and the contest was long and spirited. The
-voting was continued to the eighth ballot, when the choice fell upon
-Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana. In the evening, Levi P. Morton, of New
-York, was nominated for the Vice-presidency on the first ballot.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Party Platforms.=]
-
-25. In the mean time, the Prohibition party had held its National
-Convention at Indianapolis, and on the 30th of May had nominated for
-the Presidency General Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, and for the
-Vice-presidency John A. Brooks, of Missouri. The Democratic platform
-declared for a reform of the revenue system of the United States, and
-reaffirmed the principle of adjusting the tariff on imports with strict
-regard to the actual needs of governmental expenditure. The Republican
-platform declared also for a reform of the tariff schedule, but at the
-same time stoutly affirmed the maintenance of the protective system
-as a part of the permanent policy of the United States. Both parties
-deferred to the patriotic sentiment of the country in favor of the
-soldiers. The Prohibitionists entered the campaign, on the distinct
-proposition that the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors
-should be prohibited throughout the United States by Constitutional
-amendment. To this was added a clause in favor of extending the right
-of suffrage to women.
-
-26. As the canvass progressed during the summer and autumn of 1888,
-it became evident that the result was in doubt. The contest was
-exceedingly close. The result showed success for the Republican
-candidate. He received 233 electoral votes, against 168 votes for Mr.
-Cleveland. The latter, however, appeared to a better advantage on the
-popular count, having a considerable majority over General Harrison.
-General Fisk, the Prohibition candidate, received nearly three hundred
-thousand votes; but, under the system of voting, no electoral vote of
-any State was obtained for him.
-
-[Sidenote: =Four New States.=]
-
-27. The last days of Cleveland's administration and of the Fiftieth
-Congress were signalized by the admission into the Union of FOUR NEW
-STATES, making the number forty-two. In 1887 the question of dividing
-Dakota Territory by a line running east and west was agitated, and
-the measure finally prevailed. Steps were taken by the people of both
-sections for admission into the Union. Montana, with her 146,080 square
-miles of territory, had meanwhile acquired a sufficient population;
-and Washington Territory, with its area of 69,180 square miles, also
-knocked for admission. In the closing days of the Fiftieth Congress a
-bill was passed raising all of these four Territories--South Dakota,
-North Dakota, Montana, and Washington--to the plane of Statehood.
-The Act contemplated the adoption of State Constitutions, and a
-proclamation of admission by the next President. It thus happened that
-the honor of bringing in this great addition to the States of the Union
-was divided between the outgoing and incoming administrations.
-
-[Sidenote: =Agricultural Department.=]
-
-28. Another Act of Congress was also of national importance. Hitherto
-the government had been administered through seven departments, at the
-head of each of which was placed a Cabinet officer, the seven together
-constituting the advisers of the President. Early in 1889 a measure was
-brought forward in Congress, and adopted, for the institution of a new
-department, to be called the Department of Agriculture. Practically
-the measure involved the elevation of what had previously been an
-Agricultural Bureau in the Department of the Interior, to the rank of
-a Cabinet office. Hitherto, though agriculture has been the greatest
-of all the producing interests of the people, it has been neglected
-for more political and less useful departments of American life and
-enterprise.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER LV.
-
-HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1889- ----.
-
-
-Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States, was
-born at North Bend, Ohio, on the 20th of August, 1833. He is a grandson
-of President William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin
-Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence.
-
-[Illustration: Benjamin Harrison.]
-
-2. Harrison's early home was on a farm. He was a student at the
-institution called Farmers' College, for two years. Afterwards, he
-attended Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, and was graduated therefrom
-in June, 1852. He took in marriage the daughter of Dr. John W. Scott,
-President of the University. After a course of study, he entered the
-profession of law, removed to Indianapolis, and established himself
-in that city. With the outbreak of the war he became a soldier of the
-Union, and rose to the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General of Volunteers.
-Before the close of the war, he was elected Reporter of the decisions
-of the Supreme Court of Indiana.
-
-3. In the period following the Civil War, General Harrison rose to
-distinction as a civilian. In 1876 he was the unsuccessful candidate
-of the Republican party for governor of Indiana. In 1881 he was
-elected to the United States Senate, where he won the reputation of a
-leader and statesman. In 1884, his name was prominently mentioned in
-connection with the Presidency; and in 1888 it was found that he, more
-than any other, combined in himself all the elements of a successful
-candidate. The event justified the choice of the party in making him
-the standard-bearer in the ensuing campaign.
-
-4. General Harrison was inaugurated President on the 4th of March,
-1889. His Cabinet appointments were as follows: Secretary of State,
-James G. Blaine, of Maine; Secretary of the Treasury, William Windom,
-of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor, of Vermont; Secretary
-of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy, of New York; Postmaster-General, John
-Wanamaker, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, John W. Noble,
-of Missouri; Attorney-General, William H. H. Miller, of Indiana;
-and Secretary of Agriculture--the new department--Jeremiah Rusk, of
-Wisconsin.
-
-[Sidenote: =Affairs in Oklahoma.=]
-
-5. As the more fertile and accessible public lands in the Mississippi
-valley were gradually taken up, new settlers began to cast envious eyes
-upon Indian Territory, and especially upon a central region, called
-Oklahoma, or the "beautiful country," which was supposed to be very
-fertile. Several illegal attempts were made by bands of adventurers to
-settle upon these lands, and the military had been employed to eject
-the "Oklahoma Boomers," as the intruders were called.
-
-6. The Indian title to Oklahoma had gradually been acquired by the
-United States, and one of the first acts of President Harrison was to
-issue a proclamation declaring that this region, embracing nearly 3000
-square miles, should be thrown open to public settlement at noon of
-April 22, 1889.
-
-7. As this date approached, settlers to the number of over ten thousand
-collected and formed camps along the southern boundary of Kansas, and,
-at the hour named, made a wild race to Oklahoma across the intervening
-strip of Indian Territory. Towns were started in several localities,
-and within a few days the region had a population of more than 30,000.
-Though the country proved somewhat less fertile than had been supposed,
-the new community continued to grow, and the following year, with
-greatly enlarged boundaries and a population of 62,000, was organized
-as the Territory of Oklahoma.
-
-[Sidenote: =Centennial of the Republic.=]
-
-8. Within two months after Harrison's inauguration occurred the
-CENTENNIAL OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC. On the 30th of April, 1789, the
-Father of his Country had taken the oath of office and entered upon his
-duties as first President of the United States, and the corresponding
-date in 1889 was fixed upon for the centennial celebration of the
-event. The holidays in the metropolis included the 29th and 30th days
-of April and the 1st day of May. The event drew to New York the largest
-concourse of people ever seen at one place within the limits of the
-United States. Fully half a million strangers visited the city and were
-present at the ceremonies.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Samoan Difficulty.=]
-
-9. The close of the year 1888 and the beginning of 1889 were marked by
-a dangerous complication between the United States and Germany relative
-to the Samoan Islands. In order to settle the difficulty, the President
-of the United States sent three commissioners to Berlin, to confer with
-the German Government. The result was wholly satisfactory to the United
-States. The attitude and demand of the American Government in favor of
-the independence of Samoa, under its native sovereign, were supported
-by the decision of the commissioners, and the difficulty ended with the
-recognition of King Malietoa.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Johnstown Inundation.=]
-
-10. The last week of May, 1889, was memorable in the history of
-our country for the destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. That
-city lay at the junction of a stream, known as the South Fork, with
-the Conemaugh River. Several miles up the South Fork some wealthy
-fishermen had constructed a dam and a reservoir, where the waters
-had accumulated in an immense volume. The level of the lake was high
-above the valley and the city. During the last days of May heavy rains
-fell, and the country was inundated. On the afternoon of the 31st of
-the month, the dam which held the lake in place was burst asunder, and
-the deluge of waters poured suddenly down the valley. Everything was
-swept away by the flood. Johnstown, a manufacturing city, was totally
-wrecked, and thrown in an indescribable mass against the aqueduct of
-the Pennsylvania Railway below the town. Here the ruins caught fire,
-and the wild shrieks of hundreds of miserable victims were heard above
-the roar of the deluge and the conflagration. The heart of the nation
-responded quickly to the sufferings of the people, and millions of
-dollars in money and supplies were poured into the Conemaugh valley to
-relieve the destitution of those who survived the calamity.
-
-[Sidenote: =The McKinley Bill.=]
-
-11. The work of the fifty-first Congress was marked with much partisan
-bitterness and excitement. The first question which occupied the
-attention of the body was the revision of the tariff. On this question
-the political parties were strongly opposed to each other. The policy
-of the Republican party, though the platform of 1888 had declared for
-a revision of the tariff, was favorable to the perpetuation of the
-protective system as a part of the permanent policy of the Government.
-The Democrats favored a great reduction in the existing rates of
-duties, and the ultimate adoption of the principle of free trade.
-What was known as the McKinley Bill was introduced into Congress, and
-finally adopted, by which the Republican policy was incorporated as
-a part of the governmental system. The average rate of import duties
-was raised from about forty-seven per cent. to more than fifty-three
-per cent.; but in a few instances the existing duties were abolished,
-and in the case of raw sugar a bounty to the producers was provided
-instead.
-
-[Sidenote: =Counting a Quorum.=]
-
-12. Early in the session a serious difficulty arose in the House of
-Representatives between the Democrats and the Speaker, Thomas B. Reed,
-of Maine. The Republican majority in the House was not large, and the
-minority were easily able in matters of party legislation to break
-the quorum by refusing to vote. In order to counteract this policy, a
-new system of rules was reported empowering the Speaker to count the
-minority as present whether voting or not, and thus to compel a quorum.
-These rules were violently resisted by the Democrats, and Speaker Reed
-was denounced by his opponents as an unjust officer. It was under the
-provision of the new rule that nearly all of the party measures of the
-fifty-first Congress were adopted.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Force Bill.=]
-
-13. One of the most important of these was the attempt to pass through
-Congress what was known as the Force Bill, by which it was proposed to
-transfer the control of the Congressional elections in the States of
-the Union, from State to National authority. This measure provoked the
-strongest opposition, part of which arose within the Republican party.
-In the Senate certain Republicans refused to support the bill, and it
-was finally laid aside for the consideration of other business.
-
-[Sidenote: =Free Coinage of Silver.=]
-
-14. A third measure was the attempt to restore silver to a perfect
-equality with gold in the coinage of the country. Since 1874 there
-had been an increasing difference in the purchasing power of the two
-money metals of the country. That is, the purchasing power of gold
-had, in the last fifteen years, risen about fifteen per cent., while
-the purchasing power of silver had fallen about five per cent. in the
-markets of the world. One class of theorists, assuming that gold is
-the only invariable standard of values, insisted that this difference
-in the purchasing power of the two metals had risen wholly from a
-depreciation in the price of silver; while the opposing class argued
-that the difference had arisen most largely from an increase in the
-purchasing power of gold, and that equal legislation and equal favor
-shown to the two money metals would bring them to par, the one with the
-other, and keep them in that relation in the markets of the world.
-
-15. The advocates of free coinage claimed that the laws discriminating
-against silver and in favor of gold were impolitic, unjust, and
-un-American. They urged that the free coinage of silver would be
-of vast advantage to the financial interests of the country. This
-view, however, was strongly opposed by the money centers and by the
-fund-holding classes, to whom the payment of all debts according to the
-highest standard of value--that is, in gold only--was a fundamental
-principle. A bill for the free coinage of silver was passed by the
-Senate, but rejected by the House, and the question was handed over to
-the next Congress.
-
-[Sidenote: =Idaho and Wyoming.=]
-
-16. This Congress passed the necessary acts for the admission of Idaho
-and Wyoming as the forty-third and forty-fourth States respectively.
-Idaho was admitted with a population of 84,385, on the 3d of July,
-1890; while on the 10th of the same month 60,705 souls were added to
-the Union with the State of Wyoming.
-
-[Sidenote: =The Eleventh Census.=]
-
-17. The Eleventh Decennial Census of the United States was taken in
-June, 1890. Its results indicated that the population of the country
-had increased to 62,622,250, exclusive of Indians not taxed, and whites
-in Alaska and Indian Territory. These swell the grand total to about
-63,000,000 souls. Indiana was found to contain 2,195,404 inhabitants,
-and to include, near the hamlet of Westport in Decatur County, the
-center of population of the United States.
-
-[Sidenote: =Death of General Sheridan.=]
-
-18. Meanwhile three other great leaders of the Civil War passed away
-by death. On the 5th of August, 1888, Lieutenant-General Sheridan, at
-that time Commander-in-chief of the American army, died at his home in
-Nonquitt, Massachusetts. Few other generals of the Union army had won
-greater admiration and higher honors. He was in many senses a model
-soldier, and his death at the comparatively early age of fifty-seven
-was the occasion of great grief throughout the country.
-
-[Sidenote: =Death of General Sherman.=]
-
-19. Still more conspicuous was the fall of General William T. Sherman.
-Among the Union commanders in the great Civil War he stood easily next
-to Grant in greatness and reputation. In vast and varied abilities,
-particularly in military accomplishment, he was perhaps superior to
-all. Born in 1820, he reached the mature age of seventy-one, and died
-at his home in New York on the 14th day of February, 1891. The event
-produced a profound impression. Sherman, more than any other great
-military captain of his time, had shunned and put aside political
-ambition. Of his sterling patriotism there was never a doubt. As to his
-wonderful abilities, all men were agreed. His remains were taken under
-escort from New York to St. Louis, where they were deposited in the
-family burying grounds in Mount Calvary cemetery.
-
-[Sidenote: =Death of General Johnston.=]
-
-20. After the death of General Sherman, only two commanders of the
-first class remained on the stage of action from the great Civil
-War--both Confederates. These were Generals Joseph E. Johnston and
-James Longstreet. The former of these was destined to follow his rival
-and conqueror at an early day to the land of rest. General Johnston,
-who had been an honorary pall bearer at the funeral of Sherman,
-contracted a heavy cold on that occasion, which resulted in his death
-on the 20th of February, 1891, at his home in Washington City. General
-Johnston was in his eighty-third year at the time of his decease. Among
-the Confederate commanders none were his superiors, with the single
-exception of Lee. After the close of the war, his conduct had been of a
-kind to win the confidence of Union men; and at the time of his death
-he was held in almost universal honor.
-
-[Sidenote: =The New Orleans Massacre.=]
-
-21. In February of 1891 a serious event occurred in the city of New
-Orleans. There existed in that metropolis a secret social organization
-among the Italians, known as the Mafia Society. The principles of the
-brotherhood involved mutual protection and even the law of revenge
-against enemies. Several breaks occurred between members of the society
-and the police authorities of the city, and the latter, by arrest
-and prosecution, incurred the dislike and hatred of the former. The
-difficulty grew until at length Captain David C. Hennessey, chief of
-the police, was assassinated by some secret murderer or murderers,
-who for the time escaped detection. It was believed, however, that
-the Mafia Society was at the bottom of the assassination, and several
-members of the brotherhood were arrested under the charge of murder.
-
-22. A trial followed, and the circumstances tended to establish the
-guilt of the prisoners. But the proof was not positive, and the first
-three of those on trial were acquitted. A great excitement followed
-this decision, and charges were published that the jury had been
-bribed or terrorized with threats into making a false verdict. On the
-following day a public meeting was called, and a great crowd gathered
-around the statue of Henry Clay, standing in one of the public squares.
-Speeches were made. A mob was organized and directed against the jail
-where the Italian prisoners were confined. The jail was entered by
-force. The prisoners were driven from their cells, and nine of them
-were shot to death in the court of the prison. Two others were dragged
-forth and hanged. Nor can it be doubted that the innocent as well as
-the guilty suffered in the slaughter.
-
-23. The event was followed by intense public excitement. The affair
-became of national, and then of international, importance. The Italian
-minister, Baron Fava, at Washington, entered his solemn protest
-against the killing of his countrymen, and the American Secretary of
-State communicated with King Humbert on the subject. The Italian
-societies in other American cities passed angry resolutions against the
-destruction of their fellow-countrymen by the mob; and the newspapers
-of the country teemed with discussions of the subject. Threats of war
-were heard between Italy and the United States; but the more thoughtful
-looked with confidence to the settlement of the question by peaceable
-means.
-
-24. THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY has thus been traced from the times of
-the aborigines to the present day. The story is done. The Republic
-has passed through stormy times, but has at last entered her second
-century in safety and peace. The clouds that were recently so black
-overhead have broken, and are sinking behind the horizon. The equality
-of all men before the law has been written with the iron pen of
-war in the Constitution of the Nation. The Union of the States has
-been consecrated anew by the blood of patriots and the tears of the
-lowly. The temple of freedom reared by our fathers still stands in
-undiminished glory. THE PAST HAS TAUGHT ITS LESSON; THE PRESENT HAS
-ITS DUTY; AND THE FUTURE ITS HOPE.
-
-
-REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART VII.
-
-  CHAPTER L.
-
-  1. Tell about the thirteenth amendment.
-
-  2. Trace the reconstruction measures of President Johnson's
-     administration.
-
-  3. Give an account of the purchase of Alaska.
-
-  4. Tell about the Atlantic cable.
-
-
-  CHAPTER LI.
-
-  5. Give an account of the adoption of the fourteenth and fifteenth
-     amendments.
-
-  6. Detail the Alabama Claims controversy and tell how it was settled.
-
-  7. Tell about the great fires of 1871-72.
-
-  8. Outline the Indian troubles with the Modocs and the Sioux.
-
-  9. Give an account of the Credit Mobilier.
-
-  10. Tell about the Centennial exposition.
-
-  11. Give an account of the contested election of 1876, and how it was
-      adjusted.
-
-
-  CHAPTER LII.
-
-  12. Tell about the railroad strikes in the early part of President
-      Hayes's administration.
-
-  13. Give an account of the troubles with the Nez Percé Indians.
-
-  14. Give the leading Congressional measures of these four years.
-
-  15. Tell about General Grant's tour around the world.
-
-
-  CHAPTER LIII.
-
-  16. Give an account of the presidency and death of Garfield.
-
-  17. Outline the presidency of Arthur and the progress of applied
-      science during his term of office.
-
-
-  CHAPTER LIV.
-
-  18. State the general condition and trace the measures of Cleveland's
-      administration.
-
-  19. Tell about the Charleston earthquake.
-
-  20. What great leaders of the Civil War died during these four years?
-
-
-  CHAPTER LV.
-
-  21. Give an account of the election of President Harrison, and of his
-      entrance upon office.
-
-  22. Summarize the leading events which have occurred during his
-      administration.
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX.
-
-
-
-
-CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
-
-
-We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
-union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the
-common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings
-of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
-Constitution for the United States of North America.
-
-
-ARTICLE I.
-
-SECTION 1.--All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in
-a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
-House of Representatives.
-
-SEC. 2.--The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
-chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the
-electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
-electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.
-
-No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the
-age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
-States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State
-in which he shall be chosen.
-
-Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several
-States which may be included within this Union, according to their
-respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
-number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term
-of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other
-persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after
-the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
-every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
-direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every
-thirty thousand; but each State shall have at least one representative;
-and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
-shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island
-and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six;
-New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six;
-Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia,
-three.
-
-When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
-executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
-vacancies.
-
-The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other
-officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
-
-SEC. 3.--The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
-senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
-years; and each senator shall have one vote.
-
-Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
-election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three
-classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated
-at the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the
-expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at the expiration
-of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year;
-and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the
-recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make
-temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature which
-shall then fill such vacancies.
-
-No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of
-thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
-who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which
-he shall be chosen.
-
-The Vice-president of the United States shall be president of the
-Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
-
-The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president
-_pro tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall
-exercise the office as President of the United States.
-
-The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
-sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When
-the President of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall
-preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
-two thirds of the members present.
-
-Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to
-removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
-of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party
-convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
-trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.
-
-SEC. 4.--The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
-senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
-legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make
-or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.
-
-The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
-meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
-law appoint a different day.
-
-SEC. 5.--Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns,
-and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall
-constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
-from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
-absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house
-may provide.
-
-Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
-members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two
-thirds, expel a member.
-
-Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
-time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment
-require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house,
-on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be
-entered on the journal.
-
-Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
-consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
-other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
-
-SEC. 6.--The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation
-for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the
-treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason,
-felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
-attendance on the session of their respective houses, and in going to
-and returning from the same; and, for any speech or debate in either
-house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
-
-No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
-elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
-United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
-shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
-office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
-his continuance in office.
-
-SEC. 7.--All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
-Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
-as on other bills.
-
-Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the
-Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of
-the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not, he shall
-return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have
-originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal,
-and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two
-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,
-together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall
-likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two thirds of that house,
-it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses
-shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons
-voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each
-house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President
-within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented
-to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it,
-unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which
-case it shall not be a law.
-
-Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the
-Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
-question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of
-the United States; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be
-approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two
-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the
-rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
-
-SEC. 8.--The Congress shall have power:--
-
-To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the
-debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare, of the
-United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform
-throughout the United States:
-
-To borrow money on the credit of the United States:
-
-To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
-States, and with the Indian tribes:
-
-To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the
-subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:
-
-To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix
-the standard of weights and measures:
-
-To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
-current coin of the United States:
-
-To establish post-offices and post-roads:
-
-To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
-limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their
-respective writings and discoveries:
-
-To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:
-
-To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,
-and offenses against the law of nations:
-
-To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
-concerning captures on land and water:
-
-To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use
-shall be for a longer term than two years:
-
-To provide and maintain a navy:
-
-To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
-forces:
-
-To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
-Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:
-
-To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
-for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of
-the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment
-of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to
-the discipline prescribed by Congress:
-
-To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
-such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
-particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
-government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over
-all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State
-in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines,
-arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings:--And
-
-To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
-into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by
-this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
-department or officer thereof.
-
-SEC. 9.--The migration or importation of such persons, as any of
-the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
-prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
-and eight; but a tax, or duty, may be imposed on such importation, not
-exceeding ten dollars for each person.
-
-The privilege of the writ of _habeas corpus_ shall not be suspended,
-unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may
-require it.
-
-No bill of attainder or _ex post facto_ law shall be passed.
-
-No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
-to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken.
-
-No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No
-preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to
-the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound
-to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, in
-another.
-
-No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
-appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
-receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
-time to time.
-
-No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no
-person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
-the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
-or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
-
-SEC. 10.--No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
-confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
-bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
-payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, _ex post facto_ law,
-or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of
-nobility.
-
-No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or
-duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
-for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties
-and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the
-use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be
-subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall,
-without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops
-or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact
-with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless
-actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
-
-
-ARTICLE II.
-
-SECTION 1.--The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
-United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
-four years, and together with the Vice-president, chosen for the same
-term, be elected as follows:--
-
-Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may
-direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and
-representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but
-no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or
-profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
-
-The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
-for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant
-of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all
-the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which
-list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of
-the government of the United States, directed to the president of the
-Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
-Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates; and the
-votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number
-of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the
-whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who
-have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House
-of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them
-for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five
-highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the
-President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by
-States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum
-for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds
-of the States; and a majority of all the States shall be necessary
-to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the
-person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be
-Vice-president. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal
-votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-president.
-
-The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
-day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
-throughout the United States.
-
-No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
-States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
-eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
-eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
-thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
-States.
-
-In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
-resignation, or inability to discharge the powers or duties of the said
-office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president; and the Congress
-may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation,
-or inability, both of the President and Vice-president, declaring
-what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act
-accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
-elected.
-
-The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
-compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during
-the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not
-receive within that period any other emolument from the United States
-or any of them.
-
-Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
-following oath or affirmation:--
-
-"I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the
-office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my
-ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
-States."
-
-SEC. 2.--The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and
-navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States,
-when called into the actual service of the United States; he may
-require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of
-the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of
-their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves
-and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of
-impeachment.
-
-He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
-to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur;
-and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
-the Senate, shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and
-consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
-United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided
-for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may, by
-law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think
-proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads
-of departments.
-
-The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen
-during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall
-expire at the end of their next session.
-
-SEC. 3.--He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information
-of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration
-such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
-extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and,
-in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of
-adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
-he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
-care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the
-officers of the United States.
-
-SEC. 4.--The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the
-United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and
-conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
-
-
-ARTICLE III.
-
-SECTION 1.--The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in
-a Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from
-time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and
-inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and
-shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation,
-which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
-
-SEC. 2.--The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
-equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States,
-and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to
-all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls;
-to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies
-to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between
-two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State,
-between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same
-State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between
-a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or
-subjects.
-
-In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
-and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall
-have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned,
-the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and
-fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress
-shall make.
-
-The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
-jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
-shall have been committed; but, when not committed within any State,
-the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law
-have directed.
-
-SEC. 3.--Treason against the United States shall consist only in
-levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
-aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
-testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
-open court.
-
-The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but
-no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture,
-except during the life of the person attainted.
-
-
-ARTICLE IV.
-
-SECTION 1.--Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
-public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State.
-And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
-acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
-
-SEC. 2.--The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
-and immunities of citizens in the several States.
-
-A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
-who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
-demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
-delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
-crime.
-
-No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof,
-escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation
-therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be
-delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be
-due.
-
-SEC. 3.--New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
-but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of
-any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more
-States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislature of
-the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
-
-The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules
-and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging
-to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
-construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any
-particular State.
-
-SEC. 4.--The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
-a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
-invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive
-(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.
-
-
-ARTICLE V.
-
-The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it
-necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the
-application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
-shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
-case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this
-Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of
-the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the
-one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
-Provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one
-thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first
-and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
-no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
-in the Senate.
-
-
-ARTICLE VI.
-
-All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption
-of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under
-this Constitution as under the Confederation.
-
-This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
-made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be
-made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
-law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
-any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
-notwithstanding.
-
-The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members
-of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial
-officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall
-be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no
-religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
-or public trust under the United States.
-
-
-ARTICLE VII.
-
-The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
-for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
-ratifying the same.
-
- _Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present,
- the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand
- seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United
- States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto
- subscribed our names._
-
-                                 GEORGE WASHINGTON, _President,
-                                     and Deputy from Virginia_.
- NEW HAMPSHIRE.--John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.
-
- MASSACHUSETTS.--Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.
-
- CONNECTICUT.--William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman.
-
- NEW YORK.--Alexander Hamilton.
-
- NEW JERSEY.--William Livingston, David Bearly, William Patterson,
- Jonathan Dayton.
-
- PENNSYLVANIA.--Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris,
- George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson,
- Gouverneur Morris.
-
- DELAWARE.--George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard
- Bassett, Jacob Broom.
-
- MARYLAND.--James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll.
-
- VIRGINIA.--John Blair, James Madison, Jr.
-
- NORTH CAROLINA.--William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh
- Williamson.
-
- SOUTH CAROLINA.--John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles
- Pinckney, Pierce Butler.
-
- GEORGIA.--William Few, Abraham Baldwin.
-
-  _Attest_:                  WILLIAM JACKSON, _Secretary_.
-
-
-
-
-AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.
-
-
-ARTICLE I.
-
-Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
-or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
-of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
-assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
-
-
-ARTICLE II.
-
-A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free
-State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
-infringed.
-
-
-ARTICLE III.
-
-No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without
-the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
-prescribed by law.
-
-
-ARTICLE IV.
-
-The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
-and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not
-be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause,
-supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
-to be searched, and the person or things to be seized.
-
-
-ARTICLE V.
-
-No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
-crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
-cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in
-actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person
-be subject, for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life
-or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness
-against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
-without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
-public use without just compensation.
-
-
-ARTICLE VI.
-
-In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
-speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
-wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
-been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature
-and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
-against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
-favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
-
-
-ARTICLE VII.
-
-In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
-twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no
-fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the
-United States than according to the rules of the common law.
-
-
-ARTICLE VIII.
-
-Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
-cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
-
-
-ARTICLE IX.
-
-The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be
-construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
-
-
-ARTICLE X.
-
-The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
-nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
-respectively, or to the people.
-
-
-ARTICLE XI.
-
-The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
-extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
-one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens
-or subjects of any foreign State.
-
-
-ARTICLE XII.
-
-The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
-for President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not
-be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
-in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct
-ballots the person voted for as Vice-president; and they shall make
-distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
-persons voted for as Vice-president, and of the number of votes for
-each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed
-to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
-president of the Senate; the president of the Senate shall, in the
-presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
-certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having
-the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if
-such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;
-and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
-highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for
-as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately,
-by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes
-shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one
-vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
-from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall
-be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall
-not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve
-upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the
-Vice-president shall act as President, as in the case of the death or
-other constitutional disability of the President.
-
-The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-president shall
-be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole
-number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then
-from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
-Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of
-the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
-be necessary to a choice.
-
-But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
-shall be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States.
-
-
-ARTICLE XIII.
-
-SECTION 1.--Neither slavery nor voluntary servitude, except as
-a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly
-convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject
-to their jurisdiction.
-
-SEC. 2.--Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by
-appropriate legislation.
-
-
-ARTICLE XIV.
-
-SECTION 1.--All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
-subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States
-and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce
-any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
-of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,
-liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any
-person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
-
-SEC. 2.--Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States,
-according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
-persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
-right to vote at any election for choice of electors for President
-and Vice-president of the United States, representatives in Congress,
-the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
-legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
-State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States,
-or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other
-crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
-proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
-whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
-
-SEC. 3.--No person shall be a senator, or representative in Congress,
-or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil
-or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
-previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
-the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
-executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
-of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
-against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof;
-but Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such
-disability.
-
-SEC. 4.--The validity of the public debt of the United States
-authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions,
-and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
-shall not be questioned. But neither the United States, nor any
-State, shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of
-insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for
-the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations,
-and claims shall be held illegal and void.
-
-SEC. 5.--The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate
-legislation the provisions of this Article.
-
-
-ARTICLE XV.
-
-SECTION 1.--The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
-not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on
-account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
-
-SEC. 2.--The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by
-appropriate legislation.
-
-
-
-
-INDEX.
-
-  A
-
-  =Abercrombie=, General, defeat of, at Ticonderoga, 143.
-
-  =Abraham=, Plains of, battle of, 146.
-
-  =Acadia=, named, 39;
-    conquered by the English, 141.
-
-  =Acadians=, exile of the, 141.
-
-  =Act=, the Importation, 150;
-    the Stamp, 151;
-    the Embargo, 219;
-    the Conscription, 308;
-    the Resumption, 339.
-
-  =Adams=, John, predicts American Independence, 150;
-    nominates Washington, 161;
-    on Declaration Committee, 165;
-    Commissioner to Paris, 197;
-    elected first Vice-president, 202;
-    reelected Vice-president, 208;
-    elected President, 210;
-    administration of, 211-213;
-    death of, 249.
-
-  =Adams=, John Quincy, Secretary of State, 244;
-    elected President, 247;
-    sketch of, 248;
-    administration of, 248, 249.
-
-  =Adams=, Samuel, at Boston town-meeting, 150.
-
-  =Agricultural= Department, established, 360.
-
-  =Aix-la-Chapelle=, treaty of, 93.
-
-  =Alabama=, admission of, 246.
-
-  =Alabama Claims=, the, 330.
-
-  =Alabama=, depredations by the, 315.
-
-  =Alaska=, purchase of, 325.
-
-  =Algiers=, tribute paid to, 210;
-    subdued by Decatur, 242.
-
-  =Alexander=, Pope, gives New World to Spain, 43.
-
-  =Algonquins=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-  =Allen=, Ethan, captures Fort Ticonderoga, 159.
-
-  =America=, discovery of, 25;
-    derivation of name, 26.
-
-  =Amendments= to the Constitution, fourteenth and fifteenth, 328.
-
-  =Amherst=, general-in-chief of American forces, 144.
-
-  =Amnesty= proclamation, the, 324.
-
-  =Anarchists=, the Chicago, 352.
-
-  =Anderson=, Robert, defends Fort Sumter, 282.
-
-  =André=, John, capture of, 191.
-
-  =Andros=, Sir Edmund, royal governor of New England, 86;
-    demands surrender of Connecticut charter, 87;
-    governor of New York, 101;
-    treaty of with the Iroquois, 102.
-
-  =Antietam=, battle of, 301.
-
-  =Anti-Federalist= party, the, 201.
-
-  =Appomattox= Courthouse, surrender at, 319.
-
-  =Arctic= expeditions, 272.
-
-  =Argall=, Samuel, abducts Pocahontas, 65;
-    expedition against Acadia, 65;
-    elected governor of Virginia, 67.
-
-  =Arizona= Territory, organization of, 325.
-
-  =Arkansas=, organization of Territory, 246;
-    admission of State, 253.
-
-  =Arlington=, Earl of, grant of Virginia to, 73;
-    surrenders claim to Culpepper, 75.
-
-  =Arnold=, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 159;
-    expedition against Canada, 162;
-    at camp on Delaware, 172;
-    at Bemis's Heights, 174;
-    treason of, 190;
-    in British army, 192.
-
-  =Arthur=, Chester A., elected Vice-president, 341;
-    becomes President, 346;
-    sketch of, 346;
-    administration of, 346-349.
-
-  =Atlanta=, capture of, 312.
-
-  =Aztecs=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-
-  B
-
-  =Bacon=, Nathaniel, rebellion led by, 74.
-
-  =Balboa= discovers the Pacific, 27.
-
-  =Ball's= Bluff, battle of, 291.
-
-  =Baltimore=, Lord, secures charter for New Maryland, 122.
-
-  =Baltimore=, siege of, 238;
-    mob at fire on Union soldiers, 282.
-
-  =Bank= of North America, organization of, 192.
-
-  =Bank= of the United States, organization of, 207;
-    rechartered, 242;
-    rechartering vetoed by Jackson, 250;
-    rechartering vetoed by Tyler, 258.
-
-  =Banks=, N. P., in West Virginia, 297;
-    at Cedar Mountain, 300;
-    captures Port Hudson, 304;
-    Red River expedition of, 310.
-
-  =Barclay=, Commodore, on Lake Erie, 229.
-
-  =Battle= of Antietam, 301;
-    Atlanta, 312;
-    Ball's Bluff, 291;
-    Bemis's Heights, 174;
-    Bennington, 173;
-    Brandywine, 175;
-    Brier Creek, 185;
-    Buena Vista, 264;
-    Bull Run, 289, 300;
-    Bunker Hill, 159;
-    Cerro Gordo, 264;
-    Champion Hills, 303;
-    Chancellorsville, 307;
-    Chapultepec, 267;
-    Chickamauga, 304;
-    Chippewa, 235;
-    Chrysler's Field, 232;
-    Churubusco, 266;
-    City of Mexico, 265;
-    Cold Harbor, 316;
-    Corinth, 297;
-    Cowpens, 193;
-    Eutaw Springs, 195;
-    Fair Oaks, 299;
-    Five Oaks, 319;
-    Fort Edward, 142;
-    Fort Meigs, 228;
-    Fort Stephenson, 229;
-    Fredericksburg, 301;
-    Frenchtown, 228;
-    Germantown, 176;
-    Gettysburg, 308;
-    Guilford Courthouse, 194;
-    Kenesaw Mountain, 311;
-    King's Mountain, 189;
-    Lake Erie, 229;
-    Long Island, 166;
-    Lookout Mountain, 305;
-    Lundy's Lane, 235;
-    Malvern Hill, 299;
-    Missionary Ridge, 305;
-    Monmouth, 180;
-    Monterey, 263;
-    Murfreesborough, 297;
-    Nashville, 312;
-    New Orleans, 241;
-    Palo Alto, 262;
-    Plains of Abraham, 145;
-    Plattsburgh, 237;
-    Princeton, 171;
-    Queenstown, 226;
-    Resaca de la Palma, 262;
-    Sag Harbor, 171;
-    Sander's Creek, 188;
-    San Gabriel, 264;
-    Saratoga, 174;
-    Savannah, 183;
-    Shiloh, 293;
-    Spottsylvania Courthouse, 316;
-    Talladega, 231;
-    Thames, 230;
-    Tippecanoe, 223;
-    Trenton, 169;
-    Vera Cruz, 264;
-    Vicksburg, 303;
-    White Plains, 168;
-    Wilson's Creek, 290;
-    Yorktown, 196.
-
-  =Beecher=, Henry Ward, death of, 357.
-
-  =Bell=, A. Graham, inventor of telephone, 357.
-
-  =Bellomont=, Earl of, governor of New York, 103.
-
-  =Bemis's= Heights, battle of, 174.
-
-  =Bennington=, battle of, 264.
-
-  =Berkeley=, Sir William, governor of Virginia, 71;
-    elected by burgesses, 72;
-    rebellion against, 74;
-    oppression by, 75;
-    grant of New Jersey to, 115;
-    sells interest, 116.
-
-  =Beverley=, Robert, royalist captain, 74.
-
-  =Black= Hawk War, the, 251.
-
-  =Blaine=, James G., Secretary of State under Garfield, 345;
-    nominated for President, 349;
-    Secretary of State under Harrison, 362.
-
-  =Block=, Adrian, explorations by, 55.
-
-  =Body= of Liberties, 82.
-
-  =Boone=, Daniel, colonizes Kentucky, 208.
-
-  =Booth=, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, 321;
-    death of, 321.
-
-  =Boston=, founded, 79;
-    occupied by British, 154;
-    massacre at, 154;
-    tea party, 155;
-    Port Bill, 156;
-    siege of, 159-164;
-    fire in, 331.
-
-  =Braddock=, Edward, arrives in America, 139;
-    defeat and death of, 140.
-
-  =Bradford=, John, landing of, 51.
-
-  =Bradford=, William, governor of Massachusetts, 77.
-
-  =Bragg=, Braxton, at Murfreesborough, 297;
-    at Chickamauga, 304;
-    at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, 305.
-
-  =Brandywine=, battle of, 175.
-
-  =Breckinridge=, John C., elected Vice-president, 274;
-    commands Confederate cavalry, 317.
-
-  =Breed's= Hill, fortification of, 159.
-
-  =Brier= Creek, battle of, 185.
-
-  =Brooklyn= Bridge, construction of the, 347.
-
-  =Brown=, John, insurrection led by, 276.
-
-  =Bryant=, William Cullen, death of, 343.
-
-  =Buchanan=, James, Secretary of State, 261;
-    elected President, 274;
-    sketch of, 275;
-    administration of, 275-277.
-
-  =Buckner=, S. B., defends Fort Donelson, 293.
-
-  =Buena= Vista, battle of, 264.
-
-  =Bull= Run, battles of, 289, 300.
-
-  =Bunker= Hill, battle of, 159.
-
-  =Burgesses=, House of, organized, 67;
-    scene in, 152.
-
-  =Burgoyne=, Gen., campaign of, 172-175;
-    surrender of, 175.
-
-  =Burnside=, Ambrose E., takes command of Army of the Potomac, 301;
-    at Fredericksburg, 301;
-    death of, 356.
-
-  =Burr=, Aaron, elected Vice-president, 213;
-    duel with Hamilton, 217;
-    schemes of, 217.
-
-  =Butler=, Benjamin F., at New Orleans, 296;
-    at Fort Fisher, 314;
-    joins Grant at Bermuda Hundred, 316;
-    nominated for presidency, 349.
-
-
-  C
-
-  =Cabinet=, the first, 205.
-
-  =Cable=, Atlantic, laying of the, 275, 325.
-
-  =Cabot=, John, voyage and discoveries of, 41.
-
-  =Cabot=, Sebastian, voyage and explorations of, 42.
-
-  =Calhoun=, John C., Secretary of War, 244;
-    elected Vice-president, 247;
-    for nullification, 251;
-    death of, 272.
-
-  =California=, conquest of, 264;
-    discovery of gold in, 267;
-    admission of, 268.
-
-  =Californians=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-  =Calvert=, Sir Cecil, charter issued to, 123.
-
-  =Calvert=, Sir George, in Maryland, 122.
-
-  =Cambridge=, named, 81.
-
-  =Canadian= insurrection, the, 256.
-
-  =Canonchet=, King, violates treaty, 84;
-    death of, 85.
-
-  =Canonicus=, King of the Narragansetts, 107.
-
-  =Capitol= of the United States, location of the, 213.
-
-  =Carolinas=, history of the, 125-127;
-    separation of the, 127.
-
-  =Caroline=, firing of the, 256.
-
-  =Carteret=, Sir George, proprietor of New Jersey, 115.
-
-  =Cartier=, James, voyages of, 36, 37.
-
-  =Carver=, John, governor of the Pilgrims, 51;
-    death of, 76.
-
-  =Census= of 1790 and 1800, 213;
-    of 1810, 222;
-    of 1870, 329;
-    of 1880, 342;
-    of 1890, 366.
-
-  =Centennial= Exposition, the, 333.
-
-  =Centennial= of the Republic, the, 362.
-
-  =Cerro Gordo=, battle of, 264.
-
-  =Champion Hills=, battle of, 303.
-
-  =Champlain=, Lake, discovered, 40;
-    expedition to, 141;
-    abandoned by the French, 145.
-
-  =Champlain=, Samuel, voyages of, 39, 40;
-    founds Quebec, 39;
-    discovers Lake Champlain, 40;
-    governs New France, 40.
-
-  =Chancellorsville=, battle of, 307.
-
-  =Chandler=, Zackariah, death of, 343.
-
-  =Chapultepec=, battle of, 267.
-
-  =Charlesbourg=, Fort, settlement at, 47.
-
-  =Charleston=, founded, 128;
-    British repulsed at, 164;
-    taken by British, 187;
-    evacuated, 195;
-    taken by Sherman, 313.
-
-  =Charleston= earthquake, the, 353.
-
-  =Charter= Oak, the, 87.
-
-  =Charter= of New England, 78.
-
-  =Chase=, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury, 281;
-    as Chief-justice presides at impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, 327.
-
-  =Chen= Lan Pin, the Chinese Minister, 340.
-
-  =Cherokees=, regions inhabited by the, 16;
-    difficulties with the, 252.
-
-  =Cherry Valley=, massacre at, 181.
-
-  =Chesapeake=, the affair of the, 233.
-
-  =Chesapeake Bay=, explored, 61.
-
-  =Chicago=, the great fire in, 330;
-    the Anarchists in, 352.
-
-  =Chickamauga=, battle of, 304.
-
-  =Chicora=, first name of South Carolina, 29.
-
-  =Chinese= Embassy, establishment of the, 340.
-
-  =Chippewa=, battle of, 235.
-
-  =Chrysler's= Field, battle of, 232.
-
-  =Churubusco=, battle of, 266.
-
-  =Circumnavigation= of the globe, 28.
-
-  =Civil= Rights Bill, the, 326.
-
-  =Civil= Service Reform, the, 351.
-
-  =Civil= War, causes of the, 284-287;
-    history of the, 281-319.
-
-  =Clark=, George Rogers, campaigns of in the West, 181.
-
-  =Clarke=, William, expedition of, 218.
-
-  =Clay=, Henry, advocates Missouri Compromise, 246;
-    advocates Omnibus Bill, 270;
-    death of, 272.
-
-  =Clayborne=, William, surveys of, 122.
-
-  =Cleveland=, Grover, elected President, 349;
-    sketch of, 350;
-    administration of, 350-360;
-    renominated, 358;
-    receives majority of popular vote, 359.
-
-  =Clinton=, Sir Henry, repulsed at New York, 164;
-    bombards Charleston, 164;
-    at battle of Long Island, 166.
-
-  =Code= of Laws, given by London Company, 68.
-
-  =Cold= Harbor, battle of, 316.
-
-  =Colonies=, the American, war of with Great Britain, 157-198;
-    independence of, 165-197.
-
-  =Colonization= Society, founded, 243.
-
-  =Colorado=, admission of, 335.
-
-  =Columbia=, District of, organized, 213.
-
-  =Columbus=, Christopher, sketch of, 24;
-    discovers America, 25;
-    other voyages of, 26;
-    misfortunes of, 26;
-    death of, 26;
-    discovers Orinoco, 43.
-
-  =Comanches=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-  =Commerce=, aggressions on American, 219.
-
-  =Concessions=, account of the, 116.
-
-  =Concord=, founded, 80.
-
-  =Confederacy=, the Southern, 277.
-
-  =Confederation=, articles of, 199;
-    history of the, 199.
-
-  =Confederate= cruisers, depredations by, 315.
-
-  =Congress= of the Colonies, 139;
-    the Stamp Act, 152;
-    the First Continental, 156;
-    the Second Continental, 161.
-
-  =Conkling=, Roscoe, resigns seat in Senate, 345.
-
-  =Connecticut=, colonization of, 106;
-    history of, 106;
-    charter of, 109;
-    joins New England, 111.
-
-  =Conscription= in the North, 308.
-
-  =Constitution= of the United States, proposed, 200;
-    committee appointed, 200;
-    report of committee adopted, 201;
-    provisions of, 201;
-    adopted by the States, 202.
-
-  =Constitution=, the affair of the, 225.
-
-  =Continental= Army, organization of the, 162.
-
-  =Convention=, the Constitutional, 200;
-    the Hartford, 239.
-
-  =Cooke=, Jay & Co., disastrous failure of, 333.
-
-  =Cooper=, Peter, candidate for Presidency, 335.
-
-  =Cordova=, Fernandez de, explorations of, 28.
-
-  =Corinth=, battle of, 297.
-
-  =Cornbury=, Lord, governor of New York, 104.
-
-  =Cornwallis=, Lord, joins Clinton, 164;
-    at Long Island, 167;
-    takes Fort Lee, 168;
-    pursues Washington, 169;
-    at Brandywine, 176;
-    at Monmouth, 180;
-    at Sander's Creek, 188;
-    pursues Greene, 194;
-    in Virginia, 195;
-    blockaded in Yorktown, 196;
-    surrender of, 197.
-
-  =Cortereal=, Gaspar, voyages of, 34.
-
-  =Cortez=, Fernando, conquers Mexico, 28.
-
-  =Cotton= gin, invention of the, 285.
-
-  =Cowpens=, battle of, 193.
-
-  =Cranfield=, Edward, governor of Province of New Hampshire, 86.
-
-  =Credit= Mobilier, the, 332.
-
-  =Creek= cession, the, 249.
-
-  =Creeks=, war with the, 231.
-
-  =Crown= Point, Johnson's expedition against, 141;
-    deserted by the French, 145.
-
-  =Cuban= "Filibusters," the, 271.
-
-  =Culpepper=, John, leader of insurrection in North Carolina, 126.
-
-  =Culpepper=, Lord, grant of Virginia to, 73;
-    appointed governor, 75;
-    sole proprietor, 75;
-    removed, 75.
-
-  =Custer=, General, defeat of, 334.
-
-
-  D
-
-  =Da Gama=, Vasco, doubles Cape of Good Hope, 42.
-
-  =Dakota= Territory, organized, 325.
-
-  =Dakotas=, the separation of the, 360.
-
-  =Dakotas=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-  =Dare=, Virginia, birth of, 46.
-
-  =Darrah=, Lydia, story of, 176.
-
-  =Davis=, Jefferson, President of Confederacy, 277;
-    sketch of, 289;
-    escape of, 319;
-    capture of, 320.
-
-  =Daye=, Stephen, first printer in America, 81.
-
-  =Deane=, Silas, commissioner to France, 178.
-
-  =Dearborn=, Fort, surrender of, 225.
-
-  =Dearborn=, Henry, commander-in-chief of American army, 224;
-    expedition against Toronto, 231.
-
-  =De Ayllon=, voyage of, 29.
-
-  =Decatur=, captures the _Philadelphia_, 216;
-    captures the _Macedonian_, 226;
-    conquers the Algerian pirates, 242.
-
-  =Declaration= of Rights, 153;
-    of Independence, 165.
-
-  =Decree=, the Milan, 220.
-
-  =De Gourgues=, Dominic, revenge of, 38.
-
-  =De Kalb=, joins patriot forces, 172;
-    killed, 181.
-
-  =Delaware=, Lord, governor of Virginia, 62;
-    voyage to Virginia, 63;
-    return to England, 34;
-    death of, 67.
-
-  =Delaware=, secession of, 120.
-
-  =Delaware=, the, crossed by Washington, 169.
-
-  =De Monts=, patent of, 38;
-    at Port Royal, 39.
-
-  =De Soto=, Ferdinand, expedition of, 30-32;
-    discovers the Mississippi, 31;
-    death of, 32.
-
-  =D'Estaing=, fleet of, 179.
-
-  =Detroit=, surrender of, 225.
-
-  =Dieskau=, defeat of, 142.
-
-  =Discovery= of America, 25.
-
-  =Division= of land, 64.
-
-  =Dolbear=, A. C., inventor of the telephone, 347.
-
-  =Donelson=, Fort, capture of, 293.
-
-  =Dorchester= Heights, fortification of, 163.
-
-  =Dorr's= Rebellion, 258.
-
-  =Douglas=, Stephen A., advocates State sovereignty, 274.
-
-  =Dover=, founded, 113.
-
-  =Drake=, Sir Francis, voyages of, 44;
-    at Roanoke, 45.
-
-  =Dred= Scott case, the, 276.
-
-  =Du Quesne=, Fort, built, 138;
-    battle near, 140;
-    destruction of, 144.
-
-
-  E
-
-  =Early=, J. A., invades Pennsylvania, 317;
-    surprises Union camp, 318;
-    defeated at Winchester, 318.
-
-  =East= India Company, the Dutch, 53.
-
-  =Edison=, Thomas A., inventor of the telephone and electric light, 347.
-
-  =Edward=, Fort, built, 141;
-    battle at, 142.
-
-  =Electoral= Commission, the, 336.
-
-  =Electric= light, invention of the, 347.
-
-  =Elizabethtown=, founded, 115.
-
-  =Emancipation= Proclamation, issued, 302.
-
-  =Embargo= Act, passage of, 219;
-    repeal of the, 321.
-
-  =Endicott=, John, governor of Plymouth, 78.
-
-  =Ericsson=, John, invents the _Monitor_, 294.
-
-  =Ericsson=, Leif, discovers America, 21.
-
-  =Ericsson=, Thorwald and Thorstein, 22.
-
-  =Erie=, Fort, siege of, 236.
-
-  =Erie=, Lake, battle of, 229.
-
-  =Esquimos=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-  =Eutaw= Springs, battle of, 195.
-
-  =Evarts=, William A., delivers Centennial oration, 333.
-
-
-  F
-
-  =Fair= Oaks, battle of, 299.
-
-  =Farragut=, Admiral, captures New Orleans, 296;
-    captures Mobile, 314.
-
-  =Fava=, Baron, Italian minister, 368.
-
-  =Federalist= party, the, 201.
-
-  =Field=, Cyrus W., lays Atlantic cables, 275, 324.
-
-  =Fields=, James T., death of, 343.
-
-  =Fillmore=, Millard, elected Vice-president, 268;
-    becomes President, 270;
-    administration of, 270-272.
-
-  =Fisher=, Fort, capture of, 314.
-
-  =Fishery= award, the, 340.
-
-  =Fishery= dispute, the, 271.
-
-  =Fisk=, Clinton B., prohibition candidate for Presidency, 359.
-
-  =Five= Forks, battle of, 319.
-
-  =Florida=, origin of name, 27;
-    cession of, 245;
-    admission of, 260.
-
-  =Force= Bill, introduction of the, 365.
-
-  =Fort= Charlesbourg, settlement at, 37.
-
-  ---- Dearborn, surrender of, 225.
-
-  ---- Donelson, capture of, 293.
-
-  ---- Du Quesne, built, 138;
-       destruction of, 114.
-
-  ---- Edward, built, 141;
-       battle at, 142.
-
-  ---- Fisher, capture of, 314.
-
-  ---- Jackson, capture of, 296.
-
-  ---- Le Bœuf, built, 136;
-       arrival of Washington at, 136.
-
-  ---- McHenry, bombarded, 238.
-
-  ---- Meigs, building and siege of, 228.
-
-  ---- Mercer, taken by British, 176.
-
-  ---- Mifflin, taken by British, 176.
-
-  ---- Moultrie, bombarded, 164.
-
-  ---- Nassau, building of, 55.
-
-  ---- Necessity, built and defended, 138.
-
-  ---- Stephenson, siege of, 229.
-
-  ---- St. Philip, capture of, 296.
-
-  ---- Sumter, fired upon, 282.
-
-  ---- Venango, built, 136.
-
-  ---- William Henry built, 142;
-       massacre at, 143.
-
-  ---- Windsor, building of, 95.
-
-  =France=, explorers sent from, 35;
-    colony at Fort Charlesbourg, 37;
-    colonizes Florida, 37;
-    settlement at Quebec, 39;
-    aid of, 172;
-    treaty with America, 178;
-    relations with America, 178-186;
-    troubles with, 211;
-    treaty of peace with, 212.
-
-  =Franklin=, Benjamin, one of Declaration Committee, 165;
-    in France, 178;
-    sketch of, 179;
-    plan of confederation by, 191.
-
-  =Franklin=, Sir John, Arctic expedition of, 272.
-
-  =Fredericksburg=, battle of, 301.
-
-  =Free= Coinage Bill, introduction of the, 365.
-
-  =Free= Soil Party, organization of the, 272.
-
-  =Fremont=, John C., in California, 263.
-
-  =French= and Indian War, history of the, 135-146.
-
-  =Frenchtown=, battle of, 228.
-
-  =Frobisher=, Martin, searching for northwest passage, 43.
-
-  =Fuller=, Melville W., appointed Chief-justice of the United States, 357.
-
-  =Fulton=, Robert, invents the steamboat, 220.
-
-
-  G
-
-  =Gadsden= Purchase, the, 273.
-
-  =Gage=, General, occupies Boston, 154.
-
-  =Garfield=, James A., elected President, 341;
-    sketch of, 344;
-    administration of, 344-346;
-    assassination of, 345;
-    death of, 346.
-
-  =Gates=, Horatio, commands northern army, 175;
-    defeat at Sander's Creek, 188.
-
-  =Gates=, Sir Thomas, in Virginia, 63-66.
-
-  =Genet=, Citizen, trouble caused by, 208.
-
-  =Georgia=, history of, 130-134;
-    named, 131.
-
-  =Germantown=, battle of, 176.
-
-  =Gerry=, Elbridge, envoy to France, 211;
-    Vice-president, 227.
-
-  =Gettysburg=, battle of, 308.
-
-  =Ghent=, the treaty of, 241.
-
-  =Gilbert=, Sir Humphrey, voyage of, 44;
-    lost at sea, 45.
-
-  =Gist=, Christopher, commands exploring party, 136.
-
-  =Gold=, searches for, 43;
-    discovery of in California, 267.
-
-  =Gorges=, Sir Ferdinand, proprietor New Hampshire, 113.
-
-  =Gosnold=, Bartholomew, voyage and explorations of, 46;
-    in the London Company, 47.
-
-  =Grant=, Ulysses S., captures Fort Donelson, 293;
-    at Shiloh, 293;
-    at Vicksburg, 303;
-    general-in-chief, 311;
-    in the wilderness, 316;
-    at Petersburg, 318;
-    enters Richmond, 319;
-    final victory of, 319;
-    elected President, 327;
-    sketch of, 328;
-    administration of, 328-336;
-    reelected, 331;
-    tour of the world, 342;
-    death of, 355;
-    tomb of, 355.
-
-  =Gray=, Elisha P., inventor of telephone, 347.
-
-  =Great= Britain colonizes America, 41-52;
-    governs Virginia, 70-75;
-    governs New York, 100-105;
-    oppressions by, 149-156;
-    revolutionary war with, 157-197;
-    war of 1812 with, 221-241;
-    treaties with, 197, 241, 258, 330.
-
-  =Great= Eastern, the, carries Atlantic cable, 325.
-
-  =Great= Meadows, battle at, 138.
-
-  =Greeley=, Horace, nominated for Presidency, 331;
-    death of, 331.
-
-  =Greenbacks=, issued, 320.
-
-  =Greene=, Nathaniel, campaigns of, 193.
-
-  =Grenville=, Sir Richard, voyage of, 45.
-
-  =Guadalupe= Hidalgo, treaty of, 267.
-
-  =Guilford= Court House, battle of, 194.
-
-
-  H
-
-  "=Half= Breeds," the, 345.
-
-  =Half= Moon, voyages of the, 53, 54.
-
-  =Hamilton=, Alexander, builds Fort Washington, 168;
-    urges adoption of Constitution, 201;
-    first Secretary of the Treasury, 206;
-    financial policy of, 207;
-    killed by Burr, 217.
-
-  =Hamilton=, Andrew, defends Zenger, 104.
-
-  =Hancock=, Winfield S., death of, 356.
-
-  =Harmar=, General, expedition of, 207.
-
-  =Harrison=, Benjamin, nominated for Presidency, 359;
-    elected, 359;
-    sketch of, 361;
-    administration of, 361-369.
-
-  =Harrison=, William Henry, governor Indiana Territory, 215;
-    at Tippecanoe, 222;
-    campaigns of, 228-330;
-    resigns commission, 232;
-    elected President, 256;
-    sketch of, 257;
-    death of, 258.
-
-  =Hartford=, founded, 80.
-
-  =Hartford= Convention, the, 239.
-
-  =Harvard= College founded, 81.
-
-  =Harvey=, Sir John, governor of Virginia, 70.
-
-  =Hayes=, Rutherford B., elected President, 336;
-    sketch of, 337;
-    administration of, 337-343.
-
-  =Hayne=, Isaac, hanging of, 195.
-
-  =Hayne=, Senator, debate with Daniel Webster, 251.
-
-  =Hendricks=, Thomas A., elected Vice-president, 349;
-    death of, 356;
-    sketch of, 356;
-    statue of, 357.
-
-  =Hennessey=, David C., assassination of, 368.
-
-  =Henry=, Patrick, speech of, 152.
-
-  =Herjulfson=, discovers America, 21.
-
-  =Hood=, J. B., evacuates Atlanta, 312;
-    Nashville campaign of, 312.
-
-  =Hooker=, Joseph, storms Lookout Mountain, 305;
-    commands Army of the Potomac, 307;
-    at Chancellorsville, 307;
-    death of, 356.
-
-  =Howe=, Admiral, at battle of Long Island, 166.
-
-  =Howe=, General, arrives in Boston, 159;
-    at Bunker Hill, 160;
-    surrenders Boston, 163;
-    at Battle of Long Island, 166;
-    at White Plains, 168;
-    at Brandywine, 176.
-
-  =Hudson=, Sir Henry, voyages of, 53;
-    mutiny against, 54.
-
-  =Huguenots=, massacre of the, 33, 38;
-    colony of, 37;
-    in South Carolina, 129.
-
-  =Hull=, Isaac, in naval battle, 225.
-
-  =Hull=, William, begins War of 1812, 224;
-    surrenders Detroit, 225.
-
-  =Hunt=, Robert, in London Company, 47.
-
-  =Huron-Iroquois=, regions inhabited by the, 16;
-    characteristics of the, 16.
-
-  =Hutchinson=, Ann, accused of heresy, 80;
-    exile of, 81.
-
-
-  I
-
-  =Icelanders=, the, in America, 21-23.
-
-  =Idaho=, organization of Territory, 325;
-    admission of State, 366.
-
-  =Illinois=, admission of, 245.
-
-  =Impeachment= trial of Andrew Johnson, 327.
-
-  =Importation= Act, the, 150.
-
-  =Independence=, Declaration of, by North Carolina Convention, 161;
-    by congress of the United Colonies, 165;
-    leading principles of, 166.
-
-  =Independent= Treasury Bill, the, proposed by Van Buren, 255;
-    repeal of, 258.
-
-  =Indiana=, organization of Territory, 214;
-    admission of State, 242.
-
-  =Indians=, sketch of the, 15-19;
-    troubles with in Northwest Territory, 207.
-
-  =Indian= Territory, set apart, 252.
-
-  =Internal= revenue, sources of, 320.
-
-  =Iowa=, admission of, 260.
-
-  =Iroquois=, regions inhabited by the, 16.
-
-  =Isabella=, Queen, sympathy with, and aid to Columbus, 25.
-
-  =Island= Number Ten, siege of, 294.
-
-
-  J
-
-  =Jack=, Captain, leads Modoc war, 332.
-
-  =Jackson=, Andrew, begins career, 188;
-    subdues the Creeks, 231;
-    drives British from Florida, 239;
-    in command at New Orleans, 239-241;
-    subdues Seminoles, 245;
-    elected President, 249;
-    administration of, 250-253.
-
-  =Jackson=, Stonewall, valley campaign of, 297;
-    at Cedar Mountain, 300;
-    seizes Harper's Ferry, 300;
-    at Chancellorsville, 307;
-    death of, 307.
-
-  =Jamestown=, settlement of, 48;
-    colony at, 57.
-
-  =Japan=, intercourse opened with, 273.
-
-  =Jay=, John, first Chief-justice, 206;
-    envoy to England, 210.
-
-  =Jefferson=, Thomas, prepares Declaration of Independence, 165;
-    Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 205;
-    elected Vice-president, 210;
-    elected President, 213;
-    administration of, 214-220;
-    reelected, 217;
-    death of, 249.
-
-  =Johnson=, Andrew, elected Vice-president, 320;
-    becomes President, 323;
-    sketch of, 323;
-    administration of, 323-327;
-    issues Amnesty Proclamation, 324;
-    impeachment of, 327.
-
-  =Johnston=, Joseph E., at Bull Run, 289;
-    wounded at Fair Oaks, 299;
-    surrender of, 313;
-    death of, 367.
-
-  =Johnstown= flood, the, 363.
-
-  =Jones=, Paul, conquers the _Serapis_, 186.
-
-  =Joseph=, chief of the Nez Percé Indians, 338.
-
-
-  K
-
-  =Kane=, Elisha Kent, Arctic expedition of, 272.
-
-  =Kansas=, troubles in, 274;
-    admission of, 325.
-
-  =Kansas=-Nebraska Bill, the, 274.
-
-  =Karlsefne=, Thorfinn, explorations of, 22.
-
-  =Kearny=, Philip, expedition to California, 263.
-
-  =Kenesaw= Mountain, battle of, 311.
-
-  =Kentucky=, admission of, 208.
-
-  =Kidd=, Captain William, story of, 103.
-
-  =Kieft=, Sir William, governor of New Amsterdam, 96.
-
-  =King's= Mountain, battle of, 189.
-
-  =Kingston=, destroyed by Indians, 98.
-
-  =Kossuth=, Louis, tour of in America, 271.
-
-
-  L
-
-  =Labor= agitations, the, 351.
-
-  =Lafayette=, Marquis de, enters American army, 172;
-    wounded at Brandywine, 176;
-    campaigns of in Virginia, 194-196;
-    revisits America, 246.
-
-  =La Roche=, Marquis of, brings colonists to America, 38.
-
-  =Laudonniere=, in Florida, 38.
-
-  =Law=, the alien, 213; the sedition, 213.
-
-  =Lawrence=, James, commands the _Hornet_, 232;
-    commands the _Chesapeake_, 233;
-    death of, 234.
-
-  =Le Bœuf=, Fort, built by the French, 136.
-
-  =Lee=, Charles, besieges Boston, 162;
-    captured by British, 169;
-    exchanged, 172;
-    trouble with Washington, 180.
-
-  =Lee=, Richard Henry, offers Resolutions of Independence in
-    Congress, 164.
-
-  =Lee=, Robert E., at Cheat Mountain, 288;
-    Confederate commander-in-chief, 299;
-    at Bull Run, 300;
-    invades Maryland, 300;
-    at Antietam, 301;
-    at Chancellorsville, 307;
-    invades Pennsylvania, 308;
-    at Gettysburg, 308;
-    in the Wilderness, 316;
-    at Spottsylvania C. H., 319;
-    flees from Richmond, 319;
-    surrender of, 319.
-
-  =Leisler=, Jacob, insurrection of, 102.
-
-  =Lewis=, Captain, expedition of, 218.
-
-  =Lexington=, battle of, 157.
-
-  =Liberia=, colony in, 243.
-
-  =Liberty= pole, fight at, 154.
-
-  =Life-saving= Service, establishment of the, 340.
-
-  =Lincoln=, Abraham, elected President, 276;
-    sketch of, 281;
-    administration of, 281-321;
-    issues Emancipation Proclamation, 302;
-    reelected, 320;
-    assassination of, 321;
-    burial of, 321.
-
-  =Lincoln=, General, campaigns of in the north, 174-175;
-    campaigns of in the south, 185-187.
-
-  =Livingston=, Edward, negotiates purchase of Louisiana, 215.
-
-  =Livingston=, Robert R., on Declaration Committee, 165.
-
-  =Locke=, John, draws up the Grand Model, 125.
-
-  =Logan=, John A., death of, 356.
-
-  =London= Company, organization of, 47;
-    grants to, 47;
-    settlement of Jamestown, 48;
-    new charter of, 62;
-    third patent, 65;
-    charter cancelled, 69.
-
-  =Long= Island, battle of, 166.
-
-  =Longstreet=, James, death of, 367.
-
-  =Lookout= Mountain, storming of, 305.
-
-  =Loudoun=, Earl of, commands Colonial army, 142.
-
-  =Louisburg=, captures of, 92, 143.
-
-  =Louisiana=, purchase of, 215;
-    Territory of, 216;
-    admission of, 224.
-
-  =Lovelace=, governor of New York, 100.
-
-  =Lundy's= Lane, battle of, 235.
-
-  =Lyon=, Nathaniel, at Booneville, 290;
-    killed at Wilson's Creek, 290.
-
-
-  M
-
-  =Madison=, James, elected President, 220;
-    administration of, 221-227.
-
-  =Mafia= Society, in New Orleans, 368.
-
-  =Magellan=, Ferdinand, voyage of around the world, 28.
-
-  =Maine=, the Province of, 85;
-    admission of, 246.
-
-  =Malietoa=, king of Samoa, 363.
-
-  =Malvern= Hill, battle of, 299.
-
-  =Manhattan= Island, purchase of, 94.
-
-  =Marion=, Francis, raids of, in South Carolina, 188.
-
-  =Marshall=, John, envoy to France, 211;
-    Chief-justice of the United States, 216;
-    presides at trial of Aaron Burr, 217.
-
-  =Maryland=, history of, 122-125.
-
-  =Mason=, James M., Confederate ambassador to England, 291.
-
-  =Mason=, John, in Pequod war, 107;
-    grant to, 113.
-
-  =Massachusetts=, colonization of, 47-52;
-    history of, 76-93.
-
-  =Massachusetts= Bay Colony, 78.
-
-  =Massacre=, the Boston, 154;
-    the Cherry Valley, 181;
-    the Indian, 68;
-    the New Orleans, 367;
-    the Wyoming, 180.
-
-  =Massasoit=, visits Plymouth, 76.
-
-  =Mather=, Cotton, favors prosecution of witches, 89, 91.
-
-  =May=, Cornelius, explorations of, 55;
-    leader in Dutch settlement, 94.
-
-  =Mayflower=, voyage of the, 50.
-
-  =McClellan=, George B., campaigns of, in West Virginia, 288;
-    commands Army of the Potomac, 290;
-    Peninsular campaign of, 299;
-    at Antietam, 301;
-    death of, 356.
-
-  =McDonough=, Commodore, at battle of Plattsburg, 237.
-
-  =McDowell=, Irwin, at Bull Run, 289;
-    death of, 356.
-
-  =McHenry=, Fort, bombardment of, 238.
-
-  =McKinley= Bill, adoption of the, 364.
-
-  =Meade=, George G., in command of Army of the Potomac, 308;
-    at Gettysburg, 308;
-    in the Wilderness, 316;
-    flees from Richmond, 319;
-    surrender of, 319;
-    death of, 356.
-
-  =Meigs=, Colonel, attacks Sag Harbor, 171;
-    rewarded by Congress, 172.
-
-  =Meigs=, Fort, built, 228;
-    siege of, 228.
-
-  =Menendez=, Pedro, expedition of, 32;
-    massacre of Huguenots, 33, 34, 38.
-
-  =Mercer=, Fort, taken by British, 176.
-
-  =Merrimac=, the, fights with the _Monitor_, 294.
-
-  =Mexico=, City of, siege of the, 265.
-
-  =Mexico=, French occupation of, 324.
-
-  =Mexico=, war with, 261-267;
-    declaration of war with, 262.
-
-  =Miamis=, war with the, 207.
-
-  =Miantonomah=, gives Rhode Island, 81.
-
-  =Michigan=, organization of Territory, 218;
-    admission of State, 253.
-
-  =Mifflin=, Fort, taken by British, 176.
-
-  =Miller=, James, at Lundy's Lane, 236.
-
-  =Mims=, Fort, attacked by savages, 231.
-
-  =Minnesota=, admission of, 276.
-
-  =Missionary= Ridge, storming of, 305.
-
-  =Mississippi=, organization of Territory, 215;
-    admission of State, 244.
-
-  =Mississippi= River, discovery of, 31.
-
-  =Missouri=, admission of, 246.
-
-  =Missouri= Compromise, the, 246.
-
-  =Mobilians=, regions inhabited by the, 16;
-    tribes of the, 16.
-
-  =Model=, the Grand, account of, 125.
-
-  =Modocs=, war with the, 332.
-
-  =Monitor=, fights the _Merrimac_, 294.
-
-  =Monmouth=, battle of, 180.
-
-  =Monroe= Doctrine, the, 246.
-
-  =Monroe=, James, negotiates Louisiana purchase, 216;
-    elected President, 243;
-    sketch of, 244;
-    administration of, 244-247;
-    reelected, 246.
-
-  =Montana=, organization of Territory, 325;
-    admission of State, 360.
-
-  =Montcalm=, General, at Fort William Henry, 142;
-    at Plains of Abraham, 145.
-
-  =Monterey=, capture of, 263.
-
-  =Montgomery=, Richard, attack of on Quebec, 162;
-    death of, 162.
-
-  =Mont= Real, island and town of, 36.
-
-  =Morgan=, John, raid of, 306.
-
-  =Mormons=, troubles with the, 259, 275.
-
-  =Morris=, Robert, gives financial aid, 170;
-    Secretary of Finance, 192;
-    brought to poverty, 200.
-
-  =Morse=, Samuel F. B., inventor of the telegraph, 260.
-
-  =Morton=, Levi P., elected Vice-president, 359.
-
-  =Morton=, Oliver P., death of, 343.
-
-  =Mound-builders=, account of the, 12-15.
-
-  =Moultrie=, bombardment of, 164.
-
-  =Murfreesborough=, battle of, 297.
-
-  =Mutiny= in Continental Army, 192.
-
-
-  N
-
-  =Narvaez=, De, governor of Florida, 29.
-
-  =Nashville=, siege of, 312.
-
-  =National= Banks, establishment of, 320.
-
-  =National= debt, the, 320, 324.
-
-  =Naval= battles between the _Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_, 219;
-    _Chesapeake_ and the _Shannon_, 233;
-    _Constellation_ and the _Insurgent_, 212;
-    _Constitution_ and the _Guerriere_, 225;
-    _Constitution_ and the _Java_, 226;
-    _Essex_ and the _Nocton_, 226;
-    _Essex_ and the _Phoebe_ and _Cherub_, 234;
-    _Hartford_ and the _Tennessee_, 314;
-    _Hornet_ and the _Peacock_, 232;
-    _Hornet_ and the _Penguin_, 241;
-    _Lawrence_ and the _Detroit_, 229;
-    _Monitor_ and the _Merrimac_, 294;
-    _Niagara_ and British fleet, 229;
-    _Poictiers_ and the _Wasp_, 226;
-    _Poor Richard_ and the _Serapis_, 186;
-    _President_ and the _Little Belt_, 223;
-    _United States_ and the _Macedonian_, 226;
-    _Wasp_ and the _Frolic_, 226.
-
-  =Nebraska=, admission of 325.
-
-  =Necessity=, Fort, built and defended, 138.
-
-  =Negro= Plot, the, 104.
-
-  =Nevada=, admission of, 320.
-
-  =New= Amsterdam, founded, 54.
-
-  =New= England, named, 49;
-    colonization of, 51, 52, 76-93, 106-114.
-
-  =New= France, 36-40.
-
-  =New= Hampshire, the province of, 86, 113;
-    history of, 113.
-
-  =New= Haven, founded, 108.
-
-  =New= Jersey, named, 115;
-    history of, 115-118;
-    division of, 116.
-
-  =New= Netherlands named, 55;
-    history of, 94-99.
-
-  =New= Orleans, battle of, 241;
-    capture of, 295;
-    exposition in, 350;
-    massacre in, 367.
-
-  =Newport=, Christopher, commands fleet, 48;
-    brings immigrants, 61.
-
-  =New= Sweden, colonization of, 95-99.
-
-  =New= York, colonization of, 94-99;
-    named, 99;
-    under English, 100-105.
-
-  =New= York City, settlement of, 94;
-    under Dutch, 94-99;
-    under English, 100-105;
-    occupied by Washington, 164;
-    operations about, 166;
-    taken by British, 167;
-    evacuation of, 198;
-    world's fair in, 274;
-    riots in, 309.
-
-  =Nez= Percé Indians, war with the, 338.
-
-  =Niagara=, captured by English, 144.
-
-  =Norsemen=, early discoveries by the, 21;
-    voyages of the, 20-23;
-    remains in America of the, 23.
-
-  =North= Carolina, history of, 125-127;
-    ratifies constitution, 206.
-
-  =North= Dakota, admission of, 360.
-
-  =Northeastern= boundary, establishment of, 258.
-
-  =Northwest= Passage, the, 43.
-
-  =Nullification=, account of, 250-251.
-
-
-  O
-
-  =Oglethorpe=, James, founding of Georgia by, 130-134.
-
-  =Ohio=, admission of, 214.
-
-  =Ohio= Company, organization of, 136.
-
-  =Omnibus= Bill, the, 270.
-
-  =Oregon=, admission of, 276.
-
-
-  P
-
-  =Pacific=, discovery of the, 27.
-
-  =Pacific= Railroad, route of surveyed, 278;
-    completion of, 328.
-
-  =Pakenham=, Sir Edward, commands British at New Orleans, 239-241.
-
-  =Palo= Alto, battle of, 262.
-
-  =Panic= of 1836-37, the financial, 253, 255;
-    of 1873, 332.
-
-  =Paper= Money, origin of in America, 89.
-
-  =Patroons=, account of the, 95.
-
-  =Paris=, the treaty of, 146.
-
-  =Parris=, Samuel, joins in witchcraft persecutions, 89.
-
-  =Penn=, William, purchases East Jersey, 117;
-    proprietor of Pennsylvania 118;
-    sketch of, 119;
-    treaty of with Indians, 119;
-    founds Philadelphia, 120;
-    death of, 120.
-
-  =Pennsylvania=, history of, 118-120.
-
-  =Pension= legislation, 354.
-
-  =Pequods=, war with the, 107.
-
-  =Perry=, Oliver H., victory of on Lake Erie, 229.
-
-  =Petersburg=, siege of, 316;
-    capture of, 319.
-
-  =Philadelphia=, founded, 120;
-    taken by British, 176;
-    evacuated by British, 180.
-
-  =Philadelphia=, the, captured and retaken, 216.
-
-  =Philip=, King, war with, 84.
-
-  =Phipps=, Sir William, commands English troops, 88.
-
-  =Pickett=, George G., charge at Gettysburg, 308.
-
-  =Pierce=, Franklin, elected President, 272;
-    administration of, 273-274.
-
-  =Pilgrims=, so named, 50;
-    promise to the, 50;
-    landing, 51;
-    sufferings, 51.
-
-  =Pirates=, the Algerine, 210.
-
-  =Pittsburgh=, building on site of, 137;
-    named, 144.
-
-  =Platt=, Thomas C., resigns seat in Senate, 345.
-
-  =Plattsburgh=, battle of, 237.
-
-  =Plymouth= Company, the, organization of, 47;
-    grants to, 47;
-    attempt at colonization, 48.
-
-  =Plymouth= Council, organization of, 49;
-    grant to, 49.
-
-  =Plymouth= Rock, landing at, 51.
-
-  =Pocahontas=, rescues John Smith, 60;
-    abducted by Argall, 65;
-    marriage of, 65.
-
-  =Polk=, James K., elected President, 260;
-    sketch of, 261;
-    administration of, 261-268.
-
-  =Ponce= de Leon, voyages of, 27.
-
-  =Pope=, John, takes Island Number Ten, 294;
-    at Bull Run, 300.
-
-  =Port= Bill, the Boston, 156.
-
-  =Porter=, Admiral, bombards Vicksburg, 304;
-    captures Fort Fisher, 314.
-
-  =Port= Royal, founded, 39.
-
-  =Portuguese= explorations, 34.
-
-  =Prescott=, William, fortifies Breed's Hill, 159.
-
-  =Prideaux=, General, campaign of against Niagara, 144.
-
-  =Princeton=, battle of, 171.
-
-  =Pring=, Martin, voyage of, 46.
-
-  =Printing-press=, introduction of in America, 81.
-
-  =Privateers=, British, 209.
-
-  =Prohibition= Party candidates, the, of 1884, 359.
-
-  =Proprietors'= Rights, purchase of, 77.
-
-  =Providence=, R. I., founded, 80.
-
-  =Pulaski=, Count, honored by Congress, 176;
-    killed at Savannah, 186.
-
-  =Puritans=, sketch of the, 49;
-    character of the, 93.
-
-
-  Q
-
-  =Quakers=, persecution of the, 82.
-
-  =Quebec=, founded, 39;
-    captured by Wolfe, 146;
-    expedition of Arnold against, 162.
-
-  =Queenstown=, battle of, 226.
-
-
-  R
-
-  =Ragged= Regiment, Marion's, 188.
-
-  =Raleigh=, Sir Walter, voyage of with Gilbert, 44;
-    expeditions of, 45, 46.
-
-  =Randolph=, Edmund, introduces resolution to adopt a new
-   Constitution, 200.
-
-  =Rebellion=, Bacon's, 74.
-
-  =Reconstruction=, measures of, 325.
-
-  =Red= River Expedition, the, 310.
-
-  =Reed=, Thomas B., Speaker of House of Representatives, 365.
-
-  =Remonetization= of silver, 339.
-
-  =Republic=, the New, 202.
-
-  =Resaca= de la Palma, battle of, 262.
-
-  =Resumption= Act, adoption of the, 339.
-
-  =Revere=, Paul, ride of, 157.
-
-  =Revolution=, causes of the, 149-156;
-    history of the, 157-198.
-
-  =Rhode= Island, founded, 80;
-    history of, 111-113;
-    ratifies the Constitution, 206;
-    Dorr's rebellion in, 258.
-
-  =Ribault=, John, voyages of, 37.
-
-  =Richmond=, capital of Southern Confederacy, 283;
-    fall of, 319.
-
-  =Rights=, declaration of, 153.
-
-  =Roanoke=, colony at, 45.
-
-  =Roberval=, Frances of, attempts to found colony in New France, 37.
-
-  =Rodgers=, Commodore, commander of the _President_, 223.
-
-  =Roebling=, John, architect of the Brooklyn bridge, 348.
-
-  =Rolfe=, John, marriage of, 65.
-
-  =Rosecrans=, W. S., at Murfreesborough, 297;
-    at Chickamauga, 304.
-
-  =Ross=, General, captures Washington, 237;
-    expedition against Baltimore, 238.
-
-  =Ryswick=, treaty of, 89.
-
-
-  S
-
-  =Salem=, founded, 78;
-    witchcraft at, 89.
-
-  =Samoa=, difficulty in, 363.
-
-  =Samoset=, welcomes the Pilgrims, 76.
-
-  =Sander's= Creek, battle of, 188.
-
-  =San= Domingo Commission, the, 329.
-
-  =Sandys=, Sir Edwyn, treasurer of London Company, 68;
-    sends wives to colonists, 68.
-
-  =San= Gabriel, battle of, 264.
-
-  =Santa= Anna, called to Mexico, 263;
-    at Buena Vista and Cerro Gordo, 264;
-    driven from Mexico, 267.
-
-  =Saratoga=, battle of, 174.
-
-  =Savannah=, founded, 131;
-    taken by British, 183;
-    bombardment of, 185;
-    taken by Sherman, 313.
-
-  =Saybrook=, founded, 107.
-
-  =Scott=, Winfield S., at Lundy's Lane, 235;
-    commander-in-chief in Mexican war, 262-267;
-    commander-in-chief of the Union, 283;
-    retires from service, 290.
-
-  =Seamen=, the impressment of, 219.
-
-  =Secession=, account of the, 277.
-
-  =Seminoles=, war with the, 245, 252.
-
-  =Seven= Days' battles, the, 299.
-
-  =Seward=, William H., Secretary of State, 281;
-    diplomacy of, 292;
-    attempted assassination of, 321.
-
-  =Seymour=, Horatio, death of, 357.
-
-  =Shackamaxon=, treaty of, 119.
-
-  =Sheridan=, Philip H., ravages Shenandoah valley, 318;
-    ride to Winchester, 318;
-    general-in-chief, 348;
-    death of, 367.
-
-  =Sherman=, Roger, on declaration committee, 165.
-
-  =Sherman=, William Tecumseh, at Chickasaw Bayou, 297;
-    advance on Atlanta, 311;
-    captures Atlanta, 312;
-    march to the sea, 312;
-    resigns command, 348;
-    death of, 367.
-
-  =Shiloh=, battle of, 293.
-
-  =Silver=, remonetization of, 339.
-
-  =Sioux= Indians, war with the, 333.
-
-  =Sitting= Bull, in Sioux war, 335.
-
-  =Slavery=, introduction of in Virginia, 67;
-    in South Carolina, 128;
-    in the Territories, 269;
-    abolition of, 302;
-    amendment to the Constitution, 323.
-
-  =Slidell=, John, Confederate ambassador to England, 291.
-
-  =Sloughter=, Colonel, governor of New York, 103.
-
-  =Smith=, John, in London Company, 47;
-    at Jamestown settlement, 48;
-    voyages of, 48;
-    names New England, 49;
-    admiral of New England, 49;
-    trouble with colonists, 58;
-    captured by Indians, 59;
-    rescue by Pocahontas, 60;
-    explores Chesapeake Bay, 61;
-    president of Virginia, 62;
-    returns to England, 63.
-
-  =Smyth=, Alexander, takes command of American forces, 226;
-    charged with cowardice, 227.
-
-  =Sons= of Liberty, organization of, 153.
-
-  =South= Carolina, history of, 128-130.
-
-  =South= Dakota, admission of, 360.
-
-  =Spain=, discovers and colonizes America, 24-34;
-    treaty with, 245.
-
-  =Spanish= Florida, war with, 133.
-
-  =Specie= Circular, the, 255.
-
-  =Specie= Resumption, the, 341.
-
-  "=Spoils= System," the, 345.
-
-  =Spottsylvania= Courthouse, battle of, 316.
-
-  "=Stalwarts=," the, 345.
-
-  =Stamp= Act, adoption of the, 151;
-    repeal of the, 153.
-
-  =Standish=, Miles, landing of, 51;
-    expedition of, 76.
-
-  =Stanton=, Edwin M., Secretary of War, 281.
-
-  =Starving= Time, the, 63.
-
-  =St.= Augustine, founded, 33.
-
-  =St.= Clair, expedition of against Miami Indians, 207.
-
-  =Steamboat=, invention of, 220.
-
-  =Stephens=, Alexander, defends theory of secession, 277;
-    Vice-president of Southern Confederacy, 277.
-
-  =Stephenson=, Fort, siege of, 229.
-
-  =St.= Lawrence River, named, 36.
-
-  =Stony= Point, taken by British, 184;
-    retaken by General Wayne, 184.
-
-  =Strike=, the great railroad, 337;
-    the southwestern, 352.
-
-  =Stuyvesant=, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, 97-99.
-
-  =Sumter=, Fort, fired upon, 282.
-
-  =Sumter=, Thomas, raids of, in South Carolina, 188.
-
-  =Supreme= Court, organization of, 206.
-
-
-  T
-
-  =Talladega=, battle of, 231.
-
-  =Tariff=, the protective, agitation of, 249;
-    issue in presidential campaign, 358, 359.
-
-  =Taylor=, Bayard, author of National Ode, 333;
-    death of, 343.
-
-  =Taylor=, Zachary, campaign in Florida, 254;
-    campaigns in Mexican War, 261-264;
-    elected President, 268;
-    administration of, 269-270;
-    death of, 270.
-
-  =Tea= Party, the Boston, 155.
-
-  =Tecumtha=, conspiracy of, 222;
-    lays ambush, 224;
-    besieges Fort Meigs, 228, 229;
-    death of, 231.
-
-  =Telegraph=, invention of the, 260.
-
-  =Telephone=, invention of the, 347.
-
-  =Tennessee=, admission of, 210.
-
-  =Territory=, southwest of the Ohio, organization of the, 207.
-
-  =Territories=, organization of the, 325.
-
-  =Texas=, secedes from Mexico, 260;
-    annexation of, 260.
-
-  =Thames=, battle of the, 230.
-
-  =Ticonderoga=, defeat of English at, 143;
-    abandoned by French, 145;
-    taken by Ethan Allen, 159;
-    captured by British, 173.
-
-  =Tilden=, Samuel J., election as President claimed by Democrats, 355;
-    death of, 357.
-
-  =Tippecanoe=, battle of, 223.
-
-  =Tobacco=, cultivation of, 67.
-
-  =Toronto=, attacked by Americans, 231.
-
-  =Treaty= with Indians, 77;
-    of Ryswick, 89;
-    of Utrecht, 92;
-    of Aix-la-Chapelle, 93;
-    of Shackamaxon, 119;
-    of Paris, 146;
-    with France, 178;
-    of 1783, 197;
-    with France, 212;
-    of Ghent, 241;
-    with Spain, 245;
-    the Webster-Ashburton, 258;
-    of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 267;
-    of Washington, 330.
-
-  =Trent=, affair of the, 291.
-
-  =Trenton=, battle at, 169.
-
-  =Tripoli=, war with, 216.
-
-  =Truxtun=, Commodore, 212.
-
-  =Tyler=, John, elected Vice-president, 256;
-    becomes President, 257;
-    sketch of, 258;
-    administration of, 258-260.
-
-
-  U
-
-  =Underhill=, John, commands Dutch forces, 96.
-
-  =Union= of Independent Colonies, the, 200.
-
-  =United= Colonies of New England, 82.
-
-  =United= Colonies of America, the, 161.
-
-  =Utah= Territory, founded, 259;
-    difficulties in, 275.
-
-  =Utrecht=, treaty of, 92.
-
-
-  V
-
-  =Valley= Forge, American army at, 177.
-
-  =Van= Buren, Martin, elected President, 253;
-    sketch of, 254;
-    administration of, 254-256.
-
-  =Van= Rensselaer, Stephen, at Queenstown, 226.
-
-  =Van= Twiller, Wouter, governor of New Netherlands, 95.
-
-  =Venango=, Fort, built, 136.
-
-  =Vera= Cruz, surrender of, 264.
-
-  =Vermont=, admission of, 207.
-
-  =Verrazano=, John, explorations of, 35.
-
-  =Vespucci=, Amerigo, voyages of, 26.
-
-  =Vicksburg=, battle of, 303.
-
-  =Vincennes=, capture of, 183.
-
-  =Virginia= named, 45;
-    colonization of, 48;
-    history of, 57-75.
-
-
-  W
-
-  =Wadsworth=, Joseph, hides the charter, 87.
-
-  =Waite=, Morrison R., Chief-justice of the United States, death of, 357.
-
-  =Wallace=, Lewis, at Romney, 289;
-    saves Cincinnati from capture, 296;
-    defeated by Early, 317.
-
-  =Walloons=, at New Amsterdam, 94.
-
-  =Walker=, Francis A., superintendent of Tenth Census, 342.
-
-  =War=, with Indians, 92, 96;
-    with Susquehannas, 73;
-    King Philip's, 84;
-    King William's, 88;
-    Queen Anne's, 91;
-    King George's, 92;
-    with Pequods, 107;
-    Yamassees, 129;
-    with Spanish Florida, 133;
-    French and Indian, 135-146;
-    with Great Britain, 157-198;
-    with Miamis, 207;
-    with Tripoli, 216;
-    of 1812, 221-241;
-    Black Hawk, 251;
-    Seminole, 252;
-    with Mexico, 261-267;
-    the Civil, 281-319;
-    Modoc, 332;
-    Sioux, 333;
-    Nez Percé, 338.
-
-  =Warren=, Joseph, at Bunker Hill, 160.
-
-  =Washington=, admission of, 360.
-
-  =Washington= City, founded, 213;
-    burned by the British, 238.
-
-  =Washington=, George, embassy to St. Pierre, 136;
-    at Great Meadows, 138;
-    with Braddock, 139;
-    in Shenandoah, 142;
-    against Fort Du Quesne, 144;
-    commander-in-chief, 161;
-    sketch of, 161;
-    besieges Boston, 162;
-    occupies Boston, 163;
-    at New York, 164;
-    on Long Island, 166;
-    retreats to New York, 167;
-    occupies Fort Lee, 168;
-    retreats to Trenton, 169;
-    crosses the Delaware, 169;
-    at Trenton, 170;
-    at Princeton, 171;
-    at Brandywine, 176;
-    at Germantown, 176;
-    at Valley Forge, 177;
-    at Monmouth, 180;
-    quells mutiny, 192;
-    farewell to army, 198;
-    elected President, 202;
-    administration of, 205-210;
-    inauguration of, 205;
-    reelected, 208;
-    farewell address, 210;
-    recalled from retirement, 212;
-    death of, 213.
-
-  =Washington= Monument, completion of the, 348.
-
-  =Washington=, Treaty of, 330.
-
-  =Wayne=, Anthony, at Stony Point, 184;
-    subdues the Indians, 208, 209.
-
-  =Webster=, Daniel, reply to Hayne, 251;
-    Secretary of State, 257, 271;
-    concludes Ashburton Treaty, 258;
-    death of, 272.
-
-  =Wesley=, Charles, in America, 133.
-
-  =Wesley=, John, in America, 132.
-
-  =West= India Company, the Dutch, organization of, 94.
-
-  =West= Virginia, admission of, 309.
-
-  =Weymouth=, founded, 77.
-
-  =Wheeler=, William A., elected Vice-president, 336.
-
-  =Whisky= Insurrection, the, 208.
-
-  =Whitefield=, George, preaching in America, 133.
-
-  =Whitemarsh=, operations at, 176.
-
-  =White= Plains, battle of, 168.
-
-  =Whitney=, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, 285.
-
-  =Wilderness=, battles in the, 316.
-
-  =Wingfield=, Edward, in London Company, 47;
-    at Jamestown settlement, 48;
-    embezzles stores, 58.
-
-  =William= Henry, Fort, building of, 142;
-    massacre at, 143.
-
-  =Williams=, Roger, arraigned for heresy, 79;
-    banished from Massachusetts, 80;
-    with the Narragansetts, 107;
-    founds Providence, 111;
-    founds Rhode Island, 112.
-
-  =Wilson's= Creek, battle of, 290.
-
-  =Winthrop=, John, governor of Massachusetts, 79.
-
-  =Winthrop=, the younger, founds Saybrook, 107;
-    secures charter for Connecticut, 109.
-
-  =Wisconsin=, admission of, 268.
-
-  =Witchcraft= in Salem, 89-91.
-
-  =Wives= for colonists, 68.
-
-  =Wolfe=, General, captures Quebec, 145;
-    death of, 146.
-
-  =World's= Fair in New York, the, 274.
-
-  =Writs= of Assistance, the, 150.
-
-  =Wyatt=, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, 68;
-    retires from office, 70;
-    reelected, 21.
-
-  =Wyoming=, massacre of, 180.
-
-  =Wyoming=, organization of Territory, 325;
-    admission of State, 366.
-
-
-  Y
-
-  =Yale= College, founded, 110.
-
-  =Yamassees=, war with the, 129.
-
-  =Yeamans=, Sir John, governor of Carolina, 128.
-
-  =Yeardley=, George, appointed governor of Virginia, 67;
-    reappointed, 70;
-    death of, 70.
-
-  =Yellow= fever epidemic, the, 339.
-
-  =Yorktown=, siege of, 196.
-
-      +------------------------------------------------------------+
-      |                Transcriber notes:
-      |
-      |    Tags that surround the words: =Wyoming= indicate bold.
-      |                                  _fish_ indicate italics.
-
-          Words in small capitals are shown in UPPERCASE.
-
-          Footnotes have been moved to the end of the paragraph.
-
-          Sidenotes have been moved out of paragraphs.             |
-                                                                   |
-          Inconsistent hyphenation and variant spelling remain.
-
-          Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
-      +------------------------------------------------------------+
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-<pre>
-
-Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-Title: History of the United States
-
-Author: John Clark Ridpath
-
-Release Date: September 9, 2016 [EBook #53019]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Richard Hulse, Alan and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-
-<div class="transnote">
-<h2>Transcriber's Note:</h2>
-
-<p>The front cover is the transcibers creation, not the original.
-It is in the public domain. More notes at the end of the book.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover"/>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="center space-above break-before">
-<i>THE POPULAR SERIES</i></p>
-
-<h1>HISTORY<br />
-<br />
-    <span class="small">OF THE</span><br />
-<br />
-    UNITED STATES</h1>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="Flag"/>
-</div>
-
-<p class="center">
-
-<span class="small2">NEW YORK&nbsp;</span><img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt=""/>
-<span class="small2">CINCINNATI&nbsp;</span><img src="images/fig2.jpg" alt=""/>
-<span class="small2">CHICAGO&nbsp;</span><br />
-
- AMERICAN&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BOOK &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;COMPANY<br />
-</p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center">
-      1891<br />
-</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">
-<span class="smcap">Copyright, 1891, by American Book Company.</span><br />
-</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h2>
-
-
-<p>To the American youth the history of our country is more
-important than any other branch of education. A fair
-degree of knowledge respecting the progress of the American
-people from the discovery of the New World to the
-present is almost essential to that citizenship into which our
-youth are soon expected to enter. In a government of the
-people, for the people and by the people, a familiar acquaintance
-with the course of events, with the movements of society
-in peace and war, is the great prerequisite to the exercise of
-those rights and duties which the American citizen must
-assume if he would hold his true place in the Nation.</p>
-
-<p>Fortunately, the means for studying the history of our
-country are abundant and easy. American boys and girls
-have little cause any longer to complain that the writers and
-teachers have put beyond their reach the story of their native
-land. Great pains have been taken, on the contrary, to
-gather out of our annals as a people and nation the most important
-and romantic parts, and to recite in pleasing style,
-and with the aid of happy illustrations, the lessons of the past.</p>
-
-<p>The author of the present volume has tried in every particular
-to put himself in the place of the student. He has
-endeavored to bring to the pupils of our great Common
-Schools a brief and easy narrative of all the better parts of
-our country's history. It has been his aim to tell the story as
-a lover of his native land should recite for others that which is
-dearest and best to memory and affection. He has sought to
-bring the careful results of historical research into the schoolroom
-without any of the superfluous rubbish and scaffolding
-of obtrusive scholarship and erudition.</p>
-
-<p>Another aim in the present text-book for our youth has been
-to consider the events of our country's history somewhat from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
-our own point of view&mdash;not to despise the history of civilization
-in the Mississippi Valley, or to seek wholly for examples
-of heroism and greatness in the older States of the Union.
-Perhaps no part of our country is more favorably situated for
-taking such a view of our progress as a nation than is that
-magnificent region, constituting as it does the most fertile and
-populous portion of the continent. In the present History of
-the United States the author has not hesitated to make emphatic
-those paragraphs which relate to the development and
-progress of this region.</p>
-
-<p>For the rest the author has followed the usual channel of
-narration from the aboriginal times to the colonization of our
-Atlantic coast by the peoples of Western Europe; from that
-event by way of the Old Thirteen Colonies to Independence;
-from Independence to regeneration by war; and from our
-second birth to the present epoch of greatness and promise. He
-cherishes the hope that his work in the hands of the boys and
-girls of our public schools may pass into their memories and
-hearts; that its lessons may enter into union with their lives,
-and conduce in some measure to their development into men
-and women worthy of their age and country.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-
-<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
-
-
-
-<div class="center">
-<table class="break-before" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="left">&nbsp;</td><td></td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Contents</span></td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART I.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PRIMITIVE AMERICA.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Chapter</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">I.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Aborigines</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART II.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">II.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Norsemen in America</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">III.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Spanish Discoveries in America</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">IV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Spanish Discoveries in America.&mdash;Continued</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">V.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The French in America</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">VI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;English Discoveries and Settlements</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">VII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;English Discoveries and Settlements.&mdash;Continued</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">VIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Voyages and Settlements of the Dutch</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART III.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">COLONIAL HISTORY.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">IX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Virginia.&mdash;The First Charter</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">X.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Charter Government.&mdash;Continued</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Virginia.&mdash;The Royal Government</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Massachusetts.&mdash;Settlement and Union</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Massachusetts.&mdash;War and Witchcraft</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XIV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;New York.&mdash;Settlement and Administration of Stuyvesant</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;New York under the English</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XVI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XVII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;New Jersey and Pennsylvania</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XVIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Maryland and North Carolina</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XIX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;South Carolina and Georgia</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;French and Indian War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART IV.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Causes of the Revolution</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Beginning of the Revolution.&mdash;Events of 1775</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Events of 1776</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXIV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Operations of 1777</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Events of 1778 and 1779</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXVI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Reverses and Treason.&mdash;Events of 1780</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXVII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Events of 1781</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXVIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Confederation and Union</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART V.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">GROWTH OF THE UNION.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXIX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Washington's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Adams's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Jefferson's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Madison's Administration.&mdash;War of 1812</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;War of 1812.&mdash;Events of 1813</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXIV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Campaigns of 1814</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Monroe's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXVI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Adams's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXVII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Jackson's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXVIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Van Buren's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XXXIX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Administrations of Harrison and Tyler</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XL.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Polk's Administration and the Mexican War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Pierce's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Buchanan's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART VI.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">THE CIVIL WAR.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLIV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Lincoln's Administration and the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Causes of the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLVI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Events of 1861</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLVII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Campaigns of 1862</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLVIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Events of 1863</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">XLIX.</td><td align="left">&mdash;The Closing Conflicts.&mdash;Events of 1864 and 1865</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">PART VII.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td align="center">THE NATION REUNITED.</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">L.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Johnson's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">LI.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Grant's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">LII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Hayes's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">LIII.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Administrations of Garfield and Arthur</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">LIV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Cleveland's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">LV.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Harrison's Administration</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">Appendix.</td><td align="left">&mdash;Constitution of the United States</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="right">Index</td><td></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_387">387</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-
-
-<h2>MAPS AND PORTRAITS.</h2>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<h3>COLORED MAPS.</h3>
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="center">&nbsp;</td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The New World, with Routes of Discoveries</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Colonies at the time of the French and Indian War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Colonies at the time of the Revolution</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The States in America during the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The States in America during the Civil War</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<h3>OUTLINE MAPS.</h3>
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The First English Settlements</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Early Settlements in East Mass.</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Middle Colonies</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Washington's Route to Fort LeB&#339;uf</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Lake Champlain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Quebec in 1759</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Vicinity of Boston</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">New York and Vicinity</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Central New Jersey</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Hudson River</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Philadelphia and Vicinity</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">The Carolinas</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Western Battlefields of the War of 1812</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Operations about Niagara</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Vicinity of Manassas Junction</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Vicinity of Richmond, 1862</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Sherman's Atlanta Campaign</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<h3>PORTRAITS.</h3>
-
-<div class="center">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">George Washington</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Christopher Columbus</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Pedro Menendez</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Samuel Champlain</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Sebastian Cabot</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Sir Walter Raleigh</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Captain John Smith</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Peter Stuyvesant</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">William Penn</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">James Oglethorpe</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Patrick Henry</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Marquis de La Fayette</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Franklin</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Paul Jones</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">General Greene</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">John Adams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Thomas Jefferson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">James Madison</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">James Monroe</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Henry Clay</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">John Quincy Adams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Andrew Jackson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Daniel Webster</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Martin Van Buren</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">William Henry Harrison</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">John Tyler</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">James K. Polk</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">John Charles Fremont</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Zachary Taylor</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Millard Fillmore</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Franklin Pierce</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">James Buchanan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Abraham Lincoln</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">George B. McClellan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Robert E. Lee</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Stonewall Jackson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">William T. Sherman</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Joseph E. Johnston</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Philip H. Sheridan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Andrew Johnson</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Ulysses S. Grant</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Horace Greeley</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Rutherford B. Hayes</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Oliver P. Morton</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">James A. Garfield</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_344">344</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Chester A. Arthur</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Grover Cleveland</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_350">350</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Thomas A. Hendricks</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_356">356</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left">Benjamin Harrison</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THERE are several Periods in the history of the United
-States. It is important for the student to understand
-these at the beginning. Without such an understanding his
-notion of our country's history will be confused and his study
-rendered difficult.</p>
-
-<p>2. First of all, there was a time when the Western continent
-was under the dominion of the Red men. The savage races
-possessed the soil, hunted in the forests, roamed over the prairies.
-This is the Primitive Period in American history.</p>
-
-<p>3. After the discovery of America, the people of Europe
-were for a long time engaged in exploring the New World
-and in becoming familiar with its shape and character. For
-more than a hundred years, curiosity was the leading passion
-with the adventurers who came to our shores. Their disposition
-was to go everywhere and settle nowhere. These early
-times may be called the Period of Voyage and Discovery.</p>
-
-<p>4. Next came the time of planting colonies. The adventurers,
-tired of wandering about, became anxious to found
-new States in the wilderness. Kings and queens turned their
-attention to the work of colonizing the New World. Thus
-arose a third period&mdash;the Period of Colonial History.</p>
-
-<p>5. The colonies grew strong and multiplied. There were
-thirteen little seashore republics. The rulers of the mother-country
-began a system of oppression and tyranny. The
-colonies revolted, fought side by side, and won their freedom.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
-Not satisfied with mere independence, they formed a Union
-destined to become strong and great. This is the Period of
-Revolution and Confederation.</p>
-
-<p>6. Then the United States of America entered upon its
-career as a nation. Emigrants flocked to the Land of the
-Free. New States were formed and added to the Union in
-rapid succession. To protect itself from jealous neighbors,
-the nation pushed her boundaries across the continent. This
-Period may be called the Growth of the Union.</p>
-
-<p>7. But the nation was not truly free. Human slavery existed
-in the South. This institution engendered sectional hatred
-and desires for disunion which finally developed into the dark
-and bloody Period of the Civil War.</p>
-
-<p>8. Then the reunited nation laid aside its arms and entered
-upon a period of prosperity and material development which
-has not yet reached its culmination and with which History
-affords no parallel.</p>
-
-<p>9. We thus find seven periods in the history of our country:</p>
-
-<ol class="roman">
-<li><span class="smcap">Primitive America</span>; prior to the coming of white men.</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Voyage and Discovery</span>; A. D. 986-1607.</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">The Colonies</span>; A. D. 1607-1775.</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">Revolution and Confederation</span>; A. D. 1775-1789.</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">The Growth of the Union</span>; A. D. 1789-1861.</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">The Civil War</span>; A. D. 1861-1865.</li>
-<li><span class="smcap">The Reunited Nation</span>; A. D. 1865-1891.</li>
-</ol>
-
-<p>In this order the History of the United States will be presented
-in the following pages.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig3.jpg" alt="G. Washington"/>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="HISTORY_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="HISTORY_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES">HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.</a></h2>
-
-
-<h2><a name="Part_I" id="Part_I"></a><span class="smcap">Part I.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>PRIMITIVE AMERICA.</h2>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig4.jpg" alt="An Ancient Mound"/>
-<p class="caption center">An Ancient Mound</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Aborigines.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">BEFORE the times of the Red men, North
-America was inhabited by other races, of
-whom we know but little. Of these primitive
-peoples the Indians preserved many traditions. Vague stories
-of the wars, migrations, and cities of the nations that preceded
-them were recited by the red hunters at their camp-fires, and
-were repeated from generation to generation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>2. Other evidences, more trustworthy than legend and story,
-exist of the presence of aboriginal peoples in our country. The
-traces of a rude civilization are found in almost every part of
-the present United States. It is certain that the relics left
-behind by the prehistoric peoples are not the work of the Indian
-races, but of peoples who preceded them in the occupation
-of this continent. That class of scholars called antiquarians,
-or arch�ologists, have taken great pains to restore for us
-an outline of the life and character of the nations who first dwelt
-in the great countries between the Atlantic and the Pacific.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Mound-builders.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. These primitive peoples are known to
-us by the name of <span class="smcap">Mound-builders</span>. The
-building of mounds seems to have been one
-of their chief forms of activity. The traveler of to-day, in
-passing across our country, will ever and anon discover one of
-those primitive works of a race which has left to us no other
-monuments. As the ancient people of Egypt built pyramids
-of stone for their memorials, so the unknown peoples of the
-New World raised huge mounds of earth as the tokens of their
-presence, the evidences of their work in ancient America.</p>
-
-<p>4. The mounds referred to are found in many parts of the
-United States, but are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley.
-Here also they are of greatest extent and variety. Some of
-them are as much as ninety feet in height, and one has been
-estimated to contain twenty million cubic feet of earth. It is
-evident that they were formed before the present forest growth
-of the United States sprang into existence. The mounds are
-covered with trees, some of them several feet in diameter; and
-the surface has the same appearance as that of the surrounding
-country.</p>
-
-<p>5. As we have said, we know but little of the people by
-whom the mounds and earthworks of primitive America were
-constructed. Some of the works in question are of a military
-character. One of these, called Fort Hill, near the mouth of
-the Little Miami River, has a circumference of nearly four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
-miles. It is certain that great nations, frequently at war with
-each other, dwelt in our country between the Northern Lakes
-and the Southern Gulf; but who those peoples were we have
-no method of ascertaining. Their language has perished with
-the people who spoke it. Only a few of the relics and implements
-of the primitive races remain to inform us of the men by
-whom they were made.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Distribution of Mounds.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. In many parts of the Mississippi Valley,
-particularly in the States of Ohio and
-Indiana, the ancient mounds may be seen
-as they were at the time of the discovery of America. One
-of the greatest is situated in Illinois, opposite the city of St.
-Louis. It is elliptical in form, being about seven hundred
-feet in length by five hundred feet in breadth. It rises to a
-height of ninety feet. Another of much interest is at Grave
-Creek, near Wheeling, in West Virginia. A mound at Miamisburg,
-Ohio, is nearly seventy feet in height. One of the finest
-of all is the conical mound at Marietta, Ohio. Some of the
-mounds, as those of Wisconsin, are shaped like animals. One
-of the most peculiar and interesting is the great serpent mound
-in Adams County, Ohio. The work has the shape of a serpent
-more than a thousand feet in length, the body being about thirty
-feet broad at the surface. The mouth of the serpent is opened
-wide, and an object resembling a great egg lies partly within
-the jaws.</p>
-
-<p>7. The use of the mounds has not been ascertained. Some
-have supposed that they were tombs in which the slain of great
-armies were buried, but on opening them, human remains are
-rarely found. Others have believed that the mounds were
-true memorials, intended by their magnitude to impress the
-beholder and transmit a memory. Still others have thought
-the elevations were intended for watch-towers from which the
-movements of the enemy might be watched and thwarted.</p>
-
-<p>8. What we know of the prehistoric races has been mostly
-gained from an examination of their implements and utensils.</p>
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p>
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig5.jpg" alt="Relics from the Mounds."/>
-<p class="caption center">Relics from the Mounds.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Relics from the Mounds.</b></div>
-
-<p>These were of either stone or copper. It appears that the more
-advanced of the peoples, especially the nations living on the
-borders of the Great Lakes, were able to
-manufacture utensils of copper. In other
-parts of the country, the weapons and implements
-were made of flint and other varieties of stone, by
-chipping or polishing. The range of tools and implements
-was extensive, including axes, spear-heads, arrow-points, knives,
-chisels, hammers, rude millstones, and many varieties of
-earthen ware. Besides these, there were articles of ornamentation
-and personal use, such as pipes, bracelets, ear-rings, and
-beads. The common belief that the articles here referred to
-were the product of Indian workmanship is held by many antiquarians
-to be wholly erroneous. These antiquarians think
-that the Indians knew nothing more of the origin and production
-of such implements as the arrow-points, spear-heads,
-and stone axes than we know ourselves.</p>
-
-
-<p>9. In many parts of Indiana the mounds of the ancient
-races are plentifully distributed. Almost every county has
-some relics of this kind within its borders. But the most interesting
-remains of the primitive races are those discovered in
-the ancient cemeteries scattered between Lake Michigan and
-the Tennessee River. In many places the aboriginal tombs
-still yield the relics of this people of whom we know so little.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
-In recent years a burial ground near Bedford, Indiana, has
-been opened, from which have been taken primitive skulls and
-other parts of human skeletons, belonging possibly to some
-unknown race long preceding the Indians in our country.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Indians, or Red Men.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. With the Mound-builders, history can
-be but little concerned; but with the Red
-men, or Indians, who succeeded them, the
-white race was destined to have many relations of peace
-and war. On the first arrival of Europeans on the Atlantic
-coast, the country was found in possession of wild tribes
-living in the woods and on the river banks, in rude villages
-from which they went forth to hunt or to make war on other
-tribes. Their manners and customs were fixed by usage and
-law, and there was at least the beginning of civil government
-among them.</p>
-
-<p>11. To these tribes the name <span class="smcap">Indian</span> was given from their
-supposed identity with the people of India. Columbus and
-his followers believed that they had reached the islands of the
-far East, and that the natives were of the same race as the
-inhabitants of the Indies. The mistake of the Spaniards was
-soon discovered; but the name Indian has ever since remained
-to designate the native tribes of the Western continent.</p>
-
-<p>12. The origin of the Indians is involved in obscurity. At
-what date or by what route they came to the New World is
-unknown. The notion that the Red men are the descendants
-of the Israelites is absurd. That Europeans or Africans, at
-some early period, crossed the Atlantic by sailing from island
-to island, seems improbable. That the people of Kamchatka
-came by way of Bering Strait into the northwestern parts of
-America, has little evidence to support it. Perhaps a more
-thorough knowledge of the Indian languages may yet throw
-some light on the origin of the race.</p>
-
-<p>13. The Indians belong to the Bow-and-Arrow family of
-men. To the Red man the chase was everything. Without the
-chase he languished and died. To smite the deer and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
-bear was his chief delight and profit. Such a race could live
-only in a country of woods and wild animals.</p>
-
-<p>14. The northern parts of America were inhabited by the
-<span class="smcap">Esquimos</span>. The name means <i>the eaters of raw meat</i>. They
-lived in snow huts or hovels. Their manner of life was that
-of fishermen and hunters. They clad themselves in winter
-with the skins of seals, and in summer with those of reindeer.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Tribes.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. The greater portion of the United
-States east of the Mississippi was peopled
-by the family of the <span class="smcap">Algonquins</span>. They
-were divided into many tribes, each having its local name and
-tradition. Agriculture was but little practiced by them. They
-roamed about from one hunting-ground and river to another.
-When the White men came, the Algonquin nations were
-already declining in numbers and influence. Only a few
-thousands now remain.</p>
-
-<p>16. Around the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario lived the
-<span class="smcap">Huron-Iroquois</span>. At the time of their greatest power, they
-embraced no fewer than nine nations. The warriors of this
-confederacy presented the Indian character in its best aspect.
-They were brave, patriotic, and eloquent; faithful as friends,
-but terrible as enemies.</p>
-
-<p>17. South of the Algonquins were the <span class="smcap">Cherokees</span> and the
-<span class="smcap">Mobilian Nations</span>. The former were highly civilized for a
-primitive people. The principal tribes of the Mobilians were
-the Yamassees and Creeks of Georgia, the Seminoles of Florida,
-and the Choctaws and Chickasaws of Mississippi. These displayed
-the usual disposition and habits of the Red men.</p>
-
-<p>18. West of the Mississippi was the family of the <span class="smcap">Dakotas</span>.
-South of these, in a district nearly corresponding with the
-State of Texas, lived the wild <span class="smcap">Comanches</span>. Beyond the Rocky
-Mountains were the Indian nations of the Plains; the great
-families of the <span class="smcap">Shoshones</span>, the <span class="smcap">Selish</span>, the <span class="smcap">Klamaths</span>, and
-the <span class="smcap">Californians</span>. On the Pacific slope, farther southward,
-dwelt in former times the civilized but feeble race of <span class="smcap">Aztecs</span>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig6.jpg" alt="INDIAN LIFE"/>
-<p class="caption center">INDIAN LIFE</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>19. The Red men had a great passion for war. Their wars
-were undertaken for revenge rather than conquest. To forgive
-an injury was considered a shame. Revenge was the
-noblest of the virtues. The open battle of the field was unknown
-in Indian warfare. Fighting was limited to the ambuscade
-and the massacre. Quarter was rarely asked, and never
-granted.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>20. In times of peace the Indian character appeared to a
-better advantage. But the Red man was always unsocial and
-solitary. He sat by himself in the woods. The forest was
-better than a wigwam, and a wigwam better than a village.
-The Indian woman was a degraded creature&mdash;a mere drudge
-and beast of burden.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Characteristics.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. In the matter of the arts the Indian
-was a barbarian. His house was a hovel,
-built of poles set up in a circle, and covered
-with skins and the branches of trees. Household utensils were
-few and rude. Earthen pots, bags, and pouches for carrying
-provisions, and stone hammers for pounding corn, were the
-stock and store. His weapons of offense and defense were the
-hatchet and the bow and arrow. In times of war the Red man
-painted his face and body with all manner of glaring colors.
-The fine arts were wanting. Indian writing consisted of half-intelligible
-hieroglyphics scratched on the face of rocks or cut
-in the bark of trees.</p>
-
-<p>22. The Indian languages bear little resemblance to those
-of other races. The Red man's vocabulary was very limited.
-The principal objects of nature had special names, but abstract
-ideas could hardly be expressed. Indian words had a very intense
-meaning. There was, for instance, no word signifying to
-<i>hunt</i> or to <i>fish</i>; but one word signified "to-kill-a-deer-with-an-arrow";
-another, "to-take-fish-by-striking-the-ice." Among
-some of the tribes, the meaning of words was so restricted that
-the warrior would use one term and the squaw another to express
-the same idea.</p>
-
-<p>23. The Indians were generally serious in manners and
-behavior. Sometimes, however, they gave themselves up to
-merry-making and hilarity. The dance was universal&mdash;not the
-social dance of civilized nations, but the solemn dance of religion
-and of war. Gaming was much practiced among all the
-tribes. Other amusements were common, such as running,
-wrestling, shooting at a mark, and racing in canoes.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>24. In personal appearance the Indians were strongly
-marked. In stature they were below the average of Europeans.
-The Esquimos are rarely five feet high. The Algonquins
-are taller and lighter in build; straight and agile; lean
-and swift of foot. The eyes are jet-black and sunken; hair
-black and straight; skin copper-colored or brown; hands and
-feet small; body lithe, but not strong; expression sinister, or
-sometimes dignified and noble.</p>
-
-<p>25. The best hopes of the Indian race seem now to center
-in the Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickasaws of the
-Indian Territory. These nations have attained a considerable
-degree of civilization. Most of the other tribes are declining
-in numbers and influence. Whether the Indians have been
-justly deprived of the New World will remain a subject of debate.
-That they <i>have</i> been deprived of it can not be questioned.
-The white races have taken possession of the vast
-domain. To the prairies and forests, the hunting-grounds of
-his fathers, the Red man says farewell.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig7.jpg" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.&mdash;Part I.</span></h2>
-
-<ol>
-<li>What is meant by the Aborigines?</li>
-<li>What evidences indicate an earlier race than the Indians?</li>
-<li>What is known of the Mound-builders?</li>
-<li>What are the most notable mounds?</li>
-<li>Where are they located?</li>
-<li>Describe the shapes of the mounds.</li>
-<li>For what supposed purposes were they built?</li>
-<li>What are sometimes found in the mounds?</li>
-<li>Why were the native races of America called Indians?</li>
-<li>What is said of the origin of these races?</li>
-<li>To what family of men do the Indians belong?</li>
-<li>Name the principal Indian nations in America.</li>
-<li>What regions did the Algonquins inhabit?</li>
-<li>Where did the Huron-Iroquois live?</li>
-<li>What were the characteristics of this nation?</li>
-<li>Where did the Cherokees and Mobilian nations live?</li>
-<li>What were the principal tribes of the Mobilians?</li>
-<li>What regions did the Dakotas inhabit?</li>
-<li>Give the names of other Indian nations.</li>
-<li>What regions did they inhabit?</li>
-<li>What were the leading characteristics of the Indians?</li>
-<li>What can you tell of the Indian languages?</li>
-<li>Describe the personal appearance of the Indians.</li>
-<li>What tribes of Indians are now the most civilized?</li>
-<li>Give some account of the Esquimos.</li>
-<li>What does the name Esquimo mean?</li>
-</ol>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Part II.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">A. D. 986-1607.</div>
-
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Norsemen in America.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE western continent was first seen by white men in A. D.
-986. A Norse navigator by the name of <span class="smcap">Herjulfson</span>,
-sailing from Iceland to Greenland, was caught in a storm and
-driven westward to Newfoundland or Labrador. Two or three
-times the shores were seen, but no landing was attempted. The
-coast was so different from the well-known cliffs of Greenland
-as to make it certain that another shore, hitherto unknown, was
-in sight. On reaching Greenland, Herjulfson and his companions
-told wonderful stories of the new land seen in the west.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Leif, Son of Eric.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. Fourteen years later, the actual discovery
-of America was made by <span class="smcap">Leif</span>, a son of
-Eric. Resolving to know the truth about
-the country which Herjulfson had seen, he sailed westward
-from Greenland, and in the spring of the year 1001 reached
-Labrador. Landing with his companions, he made explorations
-for a considerable distance along the coast. The country was
-milder and more attractive than his own, and he was in no
-haste to return. Southward he went as far as Massachusetts,
-where the company remained for more than a year. Rhode
-Island was also visited; and it is alleged that the adventurers
-found their way into New York harbor.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>3. In the years that followed Leif's discovery, other bands
-of Norsemen came to the shores of America. <span class="smcap">Thorwald</span>,
-Leif's brother, made a voyage to Maine and Massachusetts
-in 1002, and is said to have died at Fall River in the latter
-State. Then another brother, <span class="smcap">Thorstein</span> by name, arrived
-with a band of followers in 1005; and in the year 1007, <span class="smcap">Thorfinn
-Karlsefne</span>, the most distinguished mariner of his day,
-came with a crew of a hundred and fifty
-men, and made explorations along the
-coast of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
-and perhaps as far south as the capes of
-Virginia.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig8.jpg" alt="Norsemen in America."/>
-<p class="caption center">Norsemen in America.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Vinland.</b></div>
-<p>4. Other companies of Icelanders and
-Norwegians visited the countries farther
-north, and planted colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
-Little, however, was known or imagined by these rude sailors
-of the extent of the country which they had discovered. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
-supposed that it was only a portion of Western Greenland,
-which, bending to the north around an arm of the ocean, had
-reappeared in the west. Their settlements
-were feeble and were soon broken up. Commerce
-was an impossibility in a country where there were only
-a few wretched savages with no disposition to buy and nothing
-at all to sell. The spirit of adventure was soon appeased, and
-the restless Norsemen returned to their own country. To this
-undefined line of coast, now vaguely known to them, the Norse
-sailors gave the name of <span class="smcap">Vinland</span>.</p>
-
-<p>5. During the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries
-occasional voyages were made; and as late as A. D. 1347, a
-Norwegian ship visited Labrador and the northeastern parts
-of the United States. In 1350 Greenland and Vinland were
-depopulated by a great plague which had spread thither from
-Norway. From that time forth communication with the New
-World ceased, and the history of the Northmen in America
-was at an end. The Norse remains, which have been found
-at Newport, at Fall River, and several other places, point
-clearly to the events here narrated; and the Icelandic historians
-give a consistent account of these early exploits of their
-countrymen. When the word <i>America</i> is mentioned in the
-hearing of the schoolboys of Iceland, they will at once answer,
-with enthusiasm, "Oh, yes; Leif Ericsson discovered that
-country in the year 1001."</p>
-
-<p>6. An event is to be weighed by its consequences. From
-the discovery of America by the Norsemen, <i>nothing whatever
-resulted</i>. The world was neither wiser nor better. Among the
-Icelanders themselves the place and the very name of Vinland
-were forgotten. Europe never heard of such a country or such
-a discovery. Historians have until late years been incredulous
-on the subject, and the fact is as though it had never been.
-The curtain which had been lifted for a moment was stretched
-again from sky to sea, and the New World still lay hidden in
-the shadows.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig9.jpg" alt="The New World, with Routes of Discoveries"/>
-<p class="caption center">The New World, with Routes of Discoveries</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Spanish Discoveries in America.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Christopher Columbus.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">IT was reserved for the people of a sunnier
-clime than Iceland first to make
-known to the European nations the existence
-of a Western continent. Spain was the happy country
-under whose patronage a new world was to be added to
-the old; but the man who was destined to make the revelation
-was not himself a Spaniard: he was to come from Italy,
-the land of valor and the home of greatness. <span class="smcap">Christopher
-Columbus</span> was the name of that man whom after ages have
-rewarded with imperishable fame.</p>
-
-<p>2. The idea that the world is round was not original with
-Columbus. The English traveler, Sir John Mandeville, had
-declared in the first English book ever written (A. D. 1356)
-that the world is a sphere, and that it was practicable for a
-man to sail around the world and return to the place of starting.
-But Columbus was the first <i>practical</i> believer in the
-theory of circumnavigation.</p>
-
-<p>3. The great mistake with Columbus was not concerning
-the <i>figure</i> of the earth, but in regard to its <i>size</i>. He believed
-the world to be no more than ten thousand or twelve thousand
-miles in circumference. He therefore confidently expected
-that, after sailing about three thousand miles to the westward,
-he should arrive at the East Indies.</p>
-
-<p>4. Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy, in A. D.
-1435. He was carefully educated, and then devoted himself
-to the sea. For twenty years he traversed the parts of the
-Atlantic adjacent to Europe; he visited Iceland; then went to
-Portugal, and finally to Spain. He spent ten years in trying
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>to explain to dull monarchs
-the figure of the earth and the
-ease with which the rich islands
-of the East might be
-reached by sailing westward.
-He found one appreciative
-listener, the noble and sympathetic
-Isabella,
-Queen of Castile. To the faith, insight, and decision of a
-<i>woman</i> the final success of Columbus must be attributed.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig10.jpg" alt="SHIPS OF COLUMBUS"/>
-<p class="caption center">SHIPS OF COLUMBUS</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Discovery of America.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. On the morning of the 3d day of August,
-1492, Columbus, with three ships, left
-the harbor of Palos. After seventy-one days
-of sailing, in the early dawn of October 12, Rodrigo Triana,
-a sailor on the <i>Pinta</i>, set up a shout of "<i>Land!</i>" A gun was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
-fired as the signal. The ships lay to. Just at sunrise Columbus
-stepped ashore, set up the banner of Castile in the presence of
-the natives, and named the island San Salvador. During the
-three remaining months of this first voyage, the islands of Concepcion,
-Cuba, and San Domingo were added to the list of
-discoveries; and in the last-named island was erected a fort,
-the first structure built by Europeans in the New World. In
-January, 1493, Columbus sailed for Spain, where he arrived in
-March, and was greeted with rejoicings and applause.</p>
-
-<p>6. In the following autumn, Columbus sailed on his second
-voyage, which resulted in the discovery of the Windward group
-and the islands of Jamaica and Porto Rico. It was at this
-time, and in San Domingo, that the first colony was established.
-Columbus's brother was appointed governor. After an absence
-of nearly three years, Columbus returned to Spain. The rest
-of his life was clouded with persecutions and misfortunes.</p>
-
-<p>7. In 1498, during a third voyage, Columbus discovered the
-island of Trinidad and the mainland of South America. Thence
-he sailed back to San Domingo, where he found his colony disorganized;
-and here, while attempting to restore order, he was
-seized by an agent of the Spanish government, put in chains,
-and carried to Spain. After much disgraceful treatment, he was
-sent out on a fourth and last voyage, in search of the Indies;
-but the expedition accomplished little, and Columbus returned
-to his ungrateful country. The good Isabella was dead, and
-the great discoverer, a friendless and neglected old man, sank
-into the grave.</p>
-
-<p>8. Columbus was even robbed of the name of the new continent.
-In the year 1499, <span class="smcap">Amerigo Vespucci</span>, a Florentine
-navigator, reached the eastern coast of South America. Two
-years later he made a second voyage, and then gave to Europe
-the first published account of the Western World. In his narrative
-all reference to Columbus was omitted; and thus the
-name of Vespucci, rather than that of the true discoverer, was
-given to the New World.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Discovery of the Pacific.</div>
-
-<p>9. The discovery of America produced
-great excitement in Europe. Within ten
-years after the death of Columbus, the principal
-islands of the West Indies were explored and colonized.
-In the year 1510 the Spaniards planted on the Isthmus
-of Darien their first continental colony. Three years later,
-<span class="smcap">De Balboa</span>, the governor of the colony, crossed the isthmus,
-and from an eminence looked down upon the Pacific. Not
-satisfied with merely seeing the great water, he waded in a
-short distance, and, drawing his sword, took possession of the
-ocean in the name of the king of Spain.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Florida.</div>
-
-<p>10. Meanwhile, <span class="smcap">Ponce de Leon</span>, who had been a companion
-of Columbus, fitted out an expedition of discovery.
-He had grown rich as governor of Porto Rico, and had also
-grown old. But there was a Fountain of Perpetual Youth
-somewhere in the Bahamas&mdash;so said a tradition in Spain&mdash;and
-in that fountain the old soldier would bathe and be young
-again. So in the year 1512 he set sail from
-Porto Rico; and on Easter Sunday came in
-sight of an unknown shore. There were waving forests, green
-leaves, and birds of song. In honor of the day, called <i>Pascua Florida</i>,
-he named the new shore <span class="smcap">Florida</span>&mdash;the Land of Flowers.</p>
-
-<p>11. A landing was made near where St. Augustine was
-afterwards founded. The country was claimed for the king
-of Spain, and the search was continued for the Fountain of
-Youth. The adventurer turned southward, discovered the
-Tortugas, and then sailed back to Porto Rico, no younger
-than when he started.</p>
-
-<p>12. The king of Spain gave Ponce the governorship of his
-Land of Flowers, and sent him thither to establish a colony.
-He reached his province in the year 1521, and found the
-Indians hostile. Scarcely had he landed when they fell upon
-him in battle; many of the Spaniards were killed, and the rest
-had to fly to the ships for safety. Ponce de Leon himself was
-wounded, and carried back to Cuba to die.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Spanish Discoveries in America.</span>&mdash;(<span class="smcap">Continued.</span>)</h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE year 1517 was marked by the discovery of Yucatan by
-<span class="smcap">Fernandez de Cordova</span>. While exploring the northern
-coast of the country, he was attacked by the natives, and
-mortally wounded. During the next year the coast of Mexico
-was explored for a great distance by <span class="smcap">Grijalva</span>, assisted by
-Cordova's pilot. In the year 1519 <span class="smcap">Fernando Cortez</span> landed
-with his fleet at Tabasco, and, in two years, conquered the
-Aztec empire of Mexico.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Circumnavigation of the Globe.</div>
-
-<p>2. Among the daring enterprises at the
-beginning of the sixteenth century was that
-of <span class="smcap">Ferdinand Magellan</span>. A Portuguese
-by birth, this bold man determined to discover a southwest
-passage to Asia. He appealed to the king of Portugal for
-ships and men; but the monarch gave no encouragement.
-Magellan then went to Spain, and laid his plans before
-Charles V., who ordered a fleet of five ships to be fitted out
-at the public expense.</p>
-
-<p>3. The voyage was begun from Seville in August of 1519.
-Magellan soon reached the shores of South America, and passed
-the winter on the coast of Brazil. Renewing his voyage southward,
-he came to that strait which still bears his name, and
-passing through, found himself in the open and boundless ocean
-which he called the <span class="smcap">Pacific</span>.</p>
-
-<p>4. Magellan held on his course for nearly four months, suffering
-much for water and provisions. In March of 1520 he
-came to the islands called the Ladrones. Afterwards he reached
-the Philippine group, where he was killed in battle with the
-natives. But a new captain was chosen, and the voyage was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
-continued to the Moluccas. Only a single ship remained; but
-in this vessel the crews embarked, and, returning by way of the
-Cape of Good Hope, arrived in Spain in September, 1522. The
-first circumnavigation of the globe had been accomplished.</p>
-
-<p>5. The next important voyage to America was in the year
-1520. <span class="smcap">De Ayllon</span>, a judge in St. Domingo, and six other
-wealthy men, determined to stock their plantations with slaves,
-by kidnapping natives from the Bahamas. Two vessels reached
-the coast of South Carolina. The name of Chicora was given
-to the country, and the River Combahee was called the Jordan.
-The natives made presents to the strangers and treated them
-with great cordiality. They flocked on board the ships; and
-when the decks were crowded De Ayllon weighed anchor and
-sailed away. A few days afterwards a storm wrecked one of
-the ships; while most of the poor wretches who were in the
-other ship died of suffocation.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Expedition of De Narvaez.</div>
-
-<p>6. In 1526 Charles V. appointed <span class="smcap">De
-Narvaez</span> governor of Florida. His territory
-extended from Cape Sable three fifths
-of the way around the Gulf of Mexico. De Narvaez arrived
-at Tampa Bay with two hundred and sixty soldiers and
-forty horsemen. The natives treated them with suspicion,
-and holding up their gold trinkets, pointed to the north.
-The Spaniards, whose imaginations were fired with the sight
-of the precious metal, struck into the forests, expecting to
-find cities and empires, and found instead swamps and savages.
-They finally came to Appalachee, a squalid village of
-forty cabins.</p>
-
-<p>7. Oppressed with fatigue and hunger, they wandered on,
-until they reached the harbor of St. Mark's. Here they constructed
-some brigantines, and put to sea in hope of reaching
-Mexico. After shipwrecks and almost endless wanderings,
-four men only of all the company, under the leadership of the
-heroic De Vaca, reached the village of San Miguel, on the
-Pacific coast, and were conducted to the city of Mexico.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">De Soto's Expedition.</div>
-
-<p>8. In the year 1537 <span class="smcap">Ferdinand de Soto</span>
-was appointed governor of Cuba and Florida,
-with the privilege of exploring and
-conquering the latter country. He selected six hundred
-of the most gallant and daring young Spaniards, and great
-preparations were made for the conquest. Arms and stores
-were provided; shackles were wrought for the slaves; tools
-for the forge and workshop were supplied; twelve priests were
-chosen to conduct religious ceremonies; and a herd of swine
-was driven on board to fatten on the maize and mast of the
-country.</p>
-
-<p>9. The fleet first touched at Havana, where De Soto left
-his wife to govern Cuba during his absence. After a voyage
-of two weeks, the ships cast anchor in Tampa Bay. Some of
-the Cubans who had joined the expedition were terrified and
-sailed back to the security of home; but De Soto and his
-cavaliers began their march into the interior. In October of
-1539 they arrived at the country of the Appalachians, where
-they spent the winter. For four months they remained in this
-locality, sending out exploring parties in various directions.
-One of these companies reached Pensacola, and made arrangements
-that supplies should be sent out from Cuba to that
-place in the following summer.</p>
-
-<p>10. In the early spring the Spaniards continued their march
-to the north and east. An Indian guide told them of a populous
-empire in that direction; a woman was empress, and the
-land was full of gold. De Soto and the freebooters pressed on
-through the swamps and woods, and in April, 1540, came upon
-the Ogeechee River. Here the Indian guide went mad, and
-lost the whole company in the forest. By the 1st of May they
-reached South Carolina, near where De Ayllon had lost his
-ships.</p>
-
-<p>11. From this place the wanderers passed across Northern
-Georgia from the Chattahoochee to the Coosa; thence down
-that river to Lower Alabama. Here they came upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
-Indian town of Mauville, or Mobile,
-where a battle was fought
-with the natives. The town was set on fire, and two thousand
-five hundred of the Indians were killed or burned to death.
-Eighteen of De Soto's men were killed and a hundred and fifty
-wounded. The Spaniards also lost most of their horses and
-baggage.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig11.jpg" alt="De Soto Reaches the Mississippi."/>
-<p class="caption center">De Soto Reaches the Mississippi.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>12. De Soto and his men next turned to the north, and by
-the middle of December reached the country of the Chickasaws.
-They crossed the Yazoo, and found an Indian village,
-which promised them shelter for the winter. Here, in February,
-1541, they were attacked by the Indians, who set the town
-on fire, but Spanish weapons and discipline
-again saved De Soto and his men.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Discovery of the Mississippi.</div>
-
-<p>13. The Spaniards next set out to journey
-farther westward, and the guides brought them to the Mississippi.
-The point where the Father of Waters was first seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
-by White men was a little north of the thirty-fourth parallel of
-latitude; the day of the discovery can not certainly be known.
-The Indians came down the river in a fleet of canoes, and
-offered to carry the Spaniards over; but a crossing was not
-effected until the latter part of May.</p>
-
-<p>14. De Soto's men now found themselves in the land of the
-Dakotas. The natives at one place were going to worship the
-Spaniards, but De Soto would not permit such idolatry. They
-continued their march to the St. Francis River; thence westward
-for about two hundred miles; thence southward to the
-tributaries of the Washita River. On the banks of this stream
-they passed the winter of 1541-42.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Death of De Soto.</div>
-
-<p>15. De Soto now turned toward the sea,
-and came upon the Mississippi in the neighborhood
-of Natchez. His spirit was completely
-broken. A fever seized upon his emaciated frame, and
-death shortly ensued. The priests chanted a requiem, and in
-the middle of the night his companions put his body into a
-rustic coffin and sunk it in the Mississippi.</p>
-
-<p>16. Before his death, De Soto had named Moscoso as his
-successor. Under his leadership, the half-starved adventurers
-next crossed the country to the upper waters of the Red River,
-and then ranged the hunting-grounds of the Pawnees and the
-Comanches. In December of 1542 they came again to the
-Mississippi, where they built seven boats, and on the 2d of
-July, 1543, set sail for the sea. The distance was almost five
-hundred miles, and seventeen days were required to make the
-descent. On reaching the Gulf of Mexico, they steered to the
-southwest, and finally reached the settlement at the mouth of
-the River of Palms.</p>
-
-<p>17. The next attempt to colonize Florida was in the year
-1565. The enterprise was intrusted to <span class="smcap">Pedro Menendez</span>, a
-Spanish soldier. He was commissioned by Philip II. to plant
-in some favorable district of Florida a colony of not less than
-five hundred persons, and was to receive two hundred and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
-twenty-five square miles of land adjacent to the settlement.
-Twenty-five hundred persons joined the expedition.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig12.jpg" alt="Pedro Menendez."/>
-<p class="caption center">Pedro Menendez.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>18. The real object of Menendez was to destroy a colony of
-French Protestants, called Huguenots, who had made a settlement
-near the mouth of the St. John's River. This was within
-the limits of the territory claimed by Spain. The Catholic
-party of the French court had communicated with the Spanish
-court as to the whereabouts and intentions of the Huguenots,
-so that Menendez knew where to find and how to destroy them.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Founding of St. Augustine.</div>
-
-<p>19. It was St. Augustine's day when the
-Spaniards came in sight of the shore, and
-the harbor and river which enters it were
-named in honor of the saint. On the 8th day of September,
-Philip II. was proclaimed monarch of North America;
-a solemn mass was said by
-the priests; and the foundations
-of the oldest town
-in the United States were
-laid. This was seventeen
-years before the founding
-of Santa F�, and forty-two
-years before the settlement
-at Jamestown.</p>
-
-<p>20. Menendez soon
-turned his attention to the
-Huguenots. He collected
-his forces at St. Augustine,
-stole through the woods,
-and falling on the defenseless
-colony, utterly destroyed
-it. Men, women, and
-children were alike given
-up to butchery. Two hundred were massacred. A few escaped
-into the forest, Laudonniere, the Huguenot leader, among the
-number, and were picked up by two French ships.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>21. The crews of the vessels were the next object of vengeance.
-Menendez discovered them, and deceiving them with
-treacherous promises, induced them to surrender. As they
-approached the Spanish fort a signal was given, and seven
-hundred defenceless victims were slain. Only a few mechanics
-and Catholic servants were left alive.</p>
-
-<p>22. The Spaniards had now explored the coast from the
-Isthmus of Darien to Port Royal in South Carolina. They
-were acquainted with the country west of the Mississippi as
-far north as New Mexico and Missouri, and east of that river
-they had traversed the Gulf States as far as the mountain
-ranges of Tennessee and North Carolina. With the establishment
-of their first permanent colony on the coast of Florida,
-the period of Spanish voyage and discovery may be said to end.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Portuguese Explorations.</div>
-
-<p>23. A brief account of the only important
-voyages of the Portuguese to America
-will here be given. In 1495, John II.,
-king of Portugal, was succeeded by his cousin Manuel, who, in
-order to secure some of the benefits which yet remained to discoverers,
-fitted out two vessels, and in the summer of 1501
-sent <span class="smcap">Gaspar Cortereal</span> to make a voyage to America.</p>
-
-<p>24. The Portuguese ships reached Maine in July, and explored
-the coast for nearly seven hundred miles. Little attention
-was paid by Cortereal to the great forests of pine which
-stood along the shore, promising ship-yards and cities. He
-satisfied his rapacity by kidnapping fifty Indians, whom, on his
-return to Portugal, he sold as slaves. A new voyage was then
-undertaken, with the purpose of capturing another cargo of
-natives; but a year went by, and no tidings arrived from the
-fleet. The brother of the Portuguese captain sailed in hope
-of finding the missing vessels. He also was lost, but in what
-manner is not known. The fate of the Cortereals and their
-slave-ships has remained a mystery of the sea.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The French in America.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">Early French Explorations.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">FRANCE was not slow to profit by the
-discoveries of Columbus. As early
-as 1504 the fishermen of Normandy and
-Brittany reached the banks of Newfoundland. A map of the
-Gulf of St. Lawrence was drawn by a Frenchman in the year
-1506. Two years later some Indians were taken to France;
-and in 1518 the attention of Francis I. was turned to the New
-World. In 1523 <span class="smcap">John Verrazano</span>, of Florence, was commissioned
-to conduct an expedition for the discovery of a northwest
-passage to the East Indies.</p>
-
-<p>2. In January, 1524, Verrazano left the shores of Europe,
-with a single ship, called the <i>Dolphin</i>. After fifty days he discovered
-the mainland in the latitude of Wilmington. He sailed
-southward and northward along the coast and began a traffic
-with the natives. The Indians were found to be a timid race,
-unsuspicious and confiding. A half-drowned sailor, washed
-ashore by the surf, was treated with kindness, and permitted to
-return to the ship.</p>
-
-<p>3. The voyage was continued toward the north. The coast
-of New Jersey was explored, and the hills marked as containing
-minerals. The harbor of New York was entered, and at Newport
-Verrazano anchored for fifteen days. Here the French
-sailors repaid the confidence of the natives by kidnapping a
-child and attempting to steal an Indian girl.</p>
-
-<p>4. From Newport, Verrazano continued his explorations
-northward. The long line of the New England coast was
-traced with care. The Indians of the north would buy no toys,
-but were eager to purchase knives and weapons of iron. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
-latter part of May, Verrazano reached Newfoundland. In July
-he returned to France and published an account of his great
-discoveries. The name of <span class="smcap">New France</span> was given to the
-country.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Cartier on the St. Lawrence.</div>
-
-<p>5. In 1534, <span class="smcap">James Cartier</span>, a seaman
-of St. Malo, made a voyage to America.
-His two ships, after twenty days of sailing,
-anchored on the 10th day of May off the coast of Newfoundland.
-Cartier circumnavigated the island, crossed the Gulf of
-St. Lawrence, and ascended the estuary until the narrowing
-banks made him aware that he was in the mouth of a river.
-Cartier, thinking it impracticable to pass the winter in the
-New World, set sail for France, and in thirty days reached
-St. Malo.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Island of Montreal.</div>
-
-<p>6. Another voyage was planned immediately. Three ships
-were provided; a number of young noblemen joined the expedition,
-and on the 19th of May the voyage was begun. The
-passage to Newfoundland was made by the 10th of August.
-It was the day of St. Lawrence, and the name of that martyr
-was given to the gulf and to the stream which enters it from
-the west. The expedition proceeded to the island of Orleans,
-where the ships were moored. Two Indians, whom Cartier
-had taken with him to France, gave information that there was
-an important town higher up the river. Proceeding thither,
-the French captain found a village at the
-foot of a high hill in the middle of an island.
-Cartier named the island and town Mont
-Real, and the country was declared to belong to the king of
-France. During this winter twenty-five of Cartier's men were
-swept off by the scurvy.</p>
-
-<p>7. With the opening of spring, a cross was planted on the
-shore, and the homeward voyage began. The good king of
-the Hurons was decoyed on board and carried off to die.
-On the 6th of July the fleet reached St. Malo; but the
-accounts which Cartier published greatly discouraged the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
-French; for neither silver nor gold had been found in New
-France.</p>
-
-<p>8. <span class="smcap">Francis of Roberval</span> was next commissioned by the
-court of France to plant a colony on the St. Lawrence. The
-man who was chiefly relied on to give character to the proposed
-colony was James Cartier. His name was accordingly
-added to the list, and he was honored with the office of chief
-pilot and captain-general.</p>
-
-<p>9. It was difficult to find material for the colony. The
-French peasants were not eager to embark, and the work of enlisting
-volunteers went on slowly, until the government opened
-the prisons of the kingdom, giving freedom to whoever would
-join the expedition. There was a rush of robbers and swindlers,
-and the lists were immediately filled. Only counterfeiters and
-traitors were denied the privilege of gaining their liberty in the
-New World.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Fort on the site of Quebec.</div>
-
-<p>10. In May of 1541, five ships, under
-command of Cartier, left France, reached
-the St. Lawrence, and ascended the river
-to the site of Quebec, where a fort was erected and named
-Charlesbourg. Here the colonists passed the winter. Cartier
-soon sailed away with his part of the squadron, and returned
-to Europe. Roberval was left in New France with three shiploads
-of criminals who could be restrained only by whipping
-and hanging. The winter was long and severe, and spring
-was welcomed for the opportunity which it gave of returning
-to France.</p>
-
-<p>11. About the middle of the sixteenth century Admiral
-Coligny, of France, formed the design of establishing in America
-a refuge for the Huguenots of his own country. In 1562
-<span class="smcap">John Ribault</span>, of Dieppe, was selected to lead the Huguenots
-to the land of promise. In February the colony reached the
-coast of Florida near the site of St. Augustine. The River St.
-John's was entered and named the River of May. The vessel
-then sailed to the entrance of Port Royal; here it was deter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>mined
-to make the settlement. The colonists were landed on
-an island, and a stone was set up to mark the place. A fort
-was erected and named <span class="smcap">Carolina</span>. In this fort Ribault left
-twenty-six men, and then sailed back to France. In the following
-spring the men in the fort mutinied and killed their
-leader. Then they built a rude brig and put to sea. They
-were at last picked up by an English ship and carried to France.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">French in Florida.</div>
-
-<p>12. Two years later another colony was
-planned, and <span class="smcap">Laudonniere</span> chosen leader.
-The character, however, of this second
-Protestant company was very bad. A point on the River
-St. John's was selected for the settlement. A fort was built
-here, but a part of the colonists contrived to get away with two
-of the ships. The rest of the settlers were on the eve of departure
-when Ribault arrived with supplies and restored order.
-It was at this time that Menendez discovered the Huguenots
-and murdered them.</p>
-
-<p>13. But <span class="smcap">Dominic de Gourgues</span>, of Gascony, visited the
-Spaniards with signal vengeance. This man fitted out three
-ships, and with only fifty seamen arrived on the coast of Florida.
-He surprised three Spanish forts on the St. John's, and made
-prisoners of the inmates. Unable to hold his position, he
-hanged the leading captives to the trees, and put up this inscription
-to explain what he had done: "Not as Spaniards,
-but as murderers."</p>
-
-<p>14. In the year 1598 the <span class="smcap">Marquis of La Roche</span> was commissioned
-to found a colony in the New World. The prisons
-of France were again opened to furnish the emigrants. The
-vessels reached Sable Island, a dismal place off Nova Scotia,
-where forty men were left to form a settlement. La Roche returned
-to France and died, and for seven years the forty criminals
-languished on Sable Island. Then they were picked up
-and carried back to France, but were never remanded to prison.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Founding of Port Royal.</div>
-<p>15. In the year 1603 the country, from the latitude of Philadelphia
-to that of Quebec, was granted to <span class="smcap">De Monts</span>. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
-chief provisions of his patent were a monopoly of the fur-trade,
-and religious freedom for the Huguenots. With two
-shiploads of colonists De Monts left France in March of
-1604, and reached the Bay of Fundy. Poutrincourt, the captain
-of one of the ships, asked and obtained a grant of some
-beautiful lands in Nova Scotia, and with a part of the crew
-went on shore. De Monts began to build a fort at the
-mouth of the St. Croix. But in the following
-spring they abandoned this place and
-joined Poutrincourt. Here, on the 14th of
-November, 1605, the foundations of <i>the first permanent French
-settlement in America were laid</i>. The name of Port Royal
-was given to the fort, and
-the country was called
-<span class="smcap">Acadia</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig13.jpg" alt="Samuel Champlain."/>
-<p class="caption center">Samuel Champlain.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. In 1603 <span class="smcap">Samuel
-Champlain</span>, the most soldierly
-man of his times,
-was commissioned by Rouen
-merchants to establish
-a trading-post on the St.
-Lawrence. The traders
-saw that a traffic in furs
-was a surer road to riches
-than the search for gold
-and diamonds. Champlain
-crossed the ocean,
-sailed up the river, and
-selected the spot on which Quebec now stands as the site
-for a fort. In the autumn he returned to France.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Founding of Quebec.</div>
-
-<p>17. In 1608 Champlain again visited
-America, and on the 3d of July in that
-year the foundations of Quebec were laid.
-The next year he and two other Frenchmen joined a company
-of Huron and Algonquin Indians who were at war with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
-the Iroquois of New York. With this band he ascended the
-Sorel River until he came to the long, narrow lake, which has
-ever since borne the name of its discoverer.</p>
-
-<p>18. In 1612 Champlain came to New France for the third
-time, and the success of the colony at Quebec was assured.
-Franciscan monks came over and began to preach among the
-Indians. Champlain again went with a war-party against the
-Iroquois. His company was defeated, he himself wounded and
-obliged to remain all winter among the Hurons. In 1617 he
-returned to the colony, and in 1620 began to build the fortress
-of St. Louis. Champlain became governor of New France,
-and died in 1635. To him, more than to any other man, the
-success of the French colonies in North America must be
-attributed.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">English Discoveries and Settlements.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">John Cabot's Discoveries.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 5th of May, 1496, Henry VII.,
-king of England, commissioned <span class="smcap">John
-Cabot</span>, of Venice, to make discoveries in
-the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and to take possession of
-all countries which he might discover. Cabot was a brave,
-adventurous man, who had been a sailor from his boyhood, and
-was now a wealthy merchant of Bristol. Five ships were fitted
-out, and in April, 1497, the fleet left Bristol. On the morning
-of the 24th of June, the gloomy shore of Labrador was seen.
-<i>This was the real discovery of the American continent.</i> Fourteen
-months elapsed before Columbus reached the coast of
-Guiana, and more than two years before Vespucci saw the main
-land of South America.</p>
-
-<p>2. Cabot explored the coast of the country for several hundred
-miles. He supposed that the land was a part of the
-dominions of the Khan of Tartary; but finding no inhabitants,
-he went on shore and took possession in the name of
-the English king. No man forgets his native land; by the
-side of the flag of his adopted country Cabot set up the banner
-of the <i>republic</i> of Venice&mdash;emblem of <i>another republic</i>
-which should one day rule from sea to sea.</p>
-
-<p>3. As soon as he had satisfied himself of the extent of the
-country, Cabot sailed for England. On the voyage he twice
-saw the coast of Newfoundland. After an absence of three
-months he reached Bristol, and was greeted with enthusiasm.
-The town had holiday, and the people were wild about the
-great discovery. The king gave him money; new ships were
-fitted out, and a new commission was signed in February,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
-1498. But after the date of this patent the name of John
-Cabot disappears from history.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig14.jpg" alt="Sebastian Cabot."/>
-<p class="caption center">Sebastian Cabot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Sebastian Cabot.</div>
-
-<p>4. Sebastian, son of John Cabot, inherited
-his father's genius. He had already been
-to the New World on the first voyage,
-and now he took up his father's work with all the fervor of
-youth. The very fleet which had been equipped for John
-Cabot was intrusted to Sebastian. The object in view was the
-discovery of a northwest passage to the Indies.</p>
-
-<p>5. The voyage was made in the spring of 1498. Far to the
-north the icebergs compelled Sebastian to change his course.
-It was July, and the sun scarcely
-set at midnight. Seals were seen,
-and the ships plowed through such
-shoals of codfish as had never before
-been heard of. Labrador was again
-seen. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
-and Maine were next explored. The
-whole coast of New England and
-of the Middle States was now, for
-the first time since the days of the
-Norsemen, traced by Europeans.
-Nor did Cabot desist from this work,
-which was bestowing the title of discovery
-on the crown of England, until he reached Cape Hatteras.</p>
-
-<p>6. The future career of Cabot was a strange one. Henry VII.
-was slow to reward the discoverer. When that monarch died, the
-king of Spain enticed Cabot away from England and made him
-pilot-major of the Spanish navy. He lived to be very old, but the
-place and circumstances of his death are unknown.</p>
-
-<p>7. The year 1498 is the most marked in the whole history of
-discovery. In the month of May, <span class="smcap">Vasco da Gama</span>, of Portugal,
-doubled the Cape of Good Hope and succeeded in reaching
-Hindostan. During the summer, the younger Cabot traced
-the eastern coast of North America through more than twenty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
-degrees of latitude. In August, Columbus himself reached the
-mouth of the Orinoco. Of the three great discoveries, that of
-Cabot has proved to be by far the most important.</p>
-
-<p>8. In 1493 Pope Alexander drew an imaginary line three
-hundred miles west of the Azores, and gave all countries west
-of that line to Spain. Henry VII. was a Catholic and did not
-care to have a conflict with his Church by claiming the New
-World. Henry VIII. adopted the same policy, and it was not
-until after the Reformation in England that the decision of the
-pope was disregarded.</p>
-
-<p>9. During the reign of Edward VI. the spirit of adventure
-was again aroused. In 1548 the old admiral Sebastian Cabot
-quitted Seville and once more sailed under the English flag.
-In the reign of Queen Mary the power of England on the sea
-was not materially extended, but with the accession of Elizabeth
-a new impulse was given to voyage and adventure.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Northwest Passage.</div>
-
-<p>10. <span class="smcap">Martin Frobisher</span> began anew the
-work of discovery. Three small vessels
-were fitted out to sail in search of a northwest
-passage to Asia. One ship was lost on the voyage, another
-returned to England, but the third sailed on as far north
-as Hudson Strait. A large island lying northward was named
-Meta Incognita. Frobisher entered the strait which has
-ever since borne his name, and then sailed for England, carrying
-with him an Esquimo and a stone said to contain gold.</p>
-
-<p>11. London was greatly excited. In May, 1577, a new
-fleet departed for Meta Incognita to gather the precious metal.
-But the vessels did not sail as far as Frobisher had done on a
-previous voyage. The mariners sought the first opportunity to
-get out of these dangerous seas and return to England.</p>
-
-<p>12. The English gold-hunters were not yet satisfied. Fifteen
-new vessels were fitted out, and in 1578 a third voyage was
-begun. Three of the ships, loaded with emigrants, were to
-remain in the promised land. The vessels, struggling through
-the icebergs, finally reached Meta Incognita and took on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
-cargoes of <i>dirt</i>. With several tons of the supposed ore under
-the hatches, the ships set sail for home. The El Dorado of
-the Esquimos had proved a failure.</p>
-
-<p>13. In 1577 <span class="smcap">Sir Francis Drake</span>, following Magellan,
-became a terror to the Spanish vessels in the Pacific. He
-hoped to find a northwest passage, and thence sail eastward
-around the continent. He proceeded northward as far as
-Oregon, when his sailors began to shiver with the cold, and
-the enterprise was given up. Drake passed the winter of
-1579-80 in a harbor on the coast of Mexico.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig15.jpg" alt="Sir Walter Raleigh."/>
-<p class="caption center">Sir Walter Raleigh.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Plans for Colonization.</div>
-
-<p>14. <span class="smcap">Sir Humphrey Gilbert</span> was perhaps
-the first to form a rational plan of
-colonization in America. His idea was to
-plant an agricultural and commercial state. Assisted by his
-illustrious half-brother, <span class="smcap">Walter Raleigh</span>, Gilbert prepared
-five vessels, and in June of 1583 sailed for the west. In August
-Gilbert reached Newfoundland,
-and took possession of
-the country. Soon the sailors
-discovered some scales
-of mica, and went to digging
-the supposed silver, while
-others attacked the Spanish
-fishing-ships in the neighboring
-harbors.</p>
-
-<p>15. One of Gilbert's vessels
-became worthless, and
-was abandoned. With the
-rest he sailed toward the
-south. Off the coast of
-Massachusetts the largest
-of the ships was wrecked,
-and a hundred sailors were drowned. Gilbert determined to
-return to England. The weather was stormy, and the two
-ships now remaining were unfit for the sea. The captain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
-remained in the weaker vessel, called the <i>Squirrel</i>. As the
-ships were struggling through the sea at midnight, the
-<i>Squirrel</i> was suddenly engulfed; not a man of the crew
-was saved. The other vessel finally reached Falmouth in
-safety.</p>
-
-<p>16. The project of colonization was renewed by Raleigh. In
-the spring of 1584 he obtained a new patent for a tract in
-America extending from the thirty-third to the fortieth parallel
-of latitude. This territory was to be peopled and organized
-into a state. Two ships were fitted out, and the command
-given to Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Virginia.</div>
-
-<p>17. In July the vessels reached Carolina.
-The woods were full of beauty and song.
-The natives were generous and hospitable. The shores of
-Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds were explored, and a landing
-effected on Roanoke Island, where the English were entertained
-by the Indian queen. But after a stay of two months
-Amidas and Barlow returned to England, praising the beauties
-of the new land. Queen Elizabeth gave to her delightful
-country in the New World the name of <span class="smcap">Virginia</span>, for she
-was called the Virgin Queen.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Colony at Roanoke.</div>
-
-<p>18. In December, 1584, Sir Walter fitted
-out a second expedition, and appointed
-Ralph Lane governor of the colony. Sir
-Richard Grenville commanded the fleet, and a company, partly
-composed of young nobles, made up the crew. The fleet of
-seven vessels reached Roanoke on the 26th of June.</p>
-
-<p>Here Lane was left with a hundred and ten of the immigrants
-to form a settlement. But hostilities soon broke out
-between the English and the Indians; and when Sir Francis
-Drake came with a fleet, the colonists prevailed on him to
-carry them back to England.</p>
-
-<p>19. Soon Sir Richard Grenville came to Roanoke with three
-well-laden ships, and made a fruitless search for the colonists.
-Not to lose possession of the country, he left fifteen men on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
-island, and set sail for home. Another colony was easily made
-up, and in July the emigrants arrived in Carolina. A search for
-the fifteen men who had been left on Roanoke revealed the fact,
-that the natives had murdered them. Nevertheless, the northern
-extremity of the island was chosen as the site for a city.</p>
-
-<p>20. Disaster attended the enterprise. The Indians were hostile,
-and the fear of starvation soon compelled Governor White
-to return to England for supplies. The 18th of August was
-the birthday of Virginia Dare, the first-born of English children
-in the New World. Raleigh returned in 1590 to search for the
-unfortunate colonists. No soul remained to tell their story.
-Sir Walter, after spending two hundred thousand dollars, gave
-up the enterprise, and assigned his rights to an association of
-London merchants.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">English Explorations in the North.</div>
-
-<p>21. The next English expedition was that
-of <span class="smcap">Bartholomew Gosnold</span> in 1602. Thus
-far all the voyages to America had been by
-way of the Canary Islands and the West Indies. Abandoning
-this path, Gosnold, in a small vessel called the <i>Concord</i>, sailed
-directly across the Atlantic, and in seven weeks reached Maine.
-He explored the coast and went on shore at Cape Cod. It
-was the first landing of Englishmen within the limits of New
-England. He loaded the <i>Concord</i> with sassafras root, and
-reached home in safety.</p>
-
-<p>22. Another expedition to America was soon planned, with
-<span class="smcap">Martin Pring</span> for commander. In April, 1603, his vessels
-came safely to Penobscot Bay, and spent some time in exploring
-the harbors of Maine. He loaded his vessels with sassafras
-at Martha's Vineyard, and returned to England, after an
-absence of six months.</p>
-
-<p>23. Two years later, <span class="smcap">George Waymouth</span> made a voyage to
-America. He reached the coast of Maine, and explored a harbor.
-Trade was opened with the Indians, some of whom returned
-with Waymouth to England. This was the last English expedition
-before the actual establishment of a colony in America.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">English Discoveries and Settlements.</span>&mdash;(<span class="smcap">Continued.</span>)</h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 10th of April, 1606, King James I. issued two patents
-to men of his kingdom, authorizing them to colonize
-all that portion of North America lying between the thirty-fourth
-and forty-fifth parallels of latitude. The immense tract
-extended from the mouth of Cape Fear River to Passamaquoddy
-Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean.</p>
-
-<p>2. The first patent was to an association of nobles, gentlemen
-and merchants called the <span class="smcap">London Company</span>; and the
-second to a similar body bearing the name of the <span class="smcap">Plymouth
-Company</span>. To the former corporation was given the region
-between the thirty-fourth and the thirty-eighth degrees of latitude,
-and to the latter the tract from the forty-first to the forty-fifth
-degree. The belt of three degrees between the thirty-eighth
-and forty-first parallels was to be open to colonies of either
-company, but no settlement of one party was to be made
-within less than a hundred miles of the nearest settlement of
-the other.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The London Company.</div>
-
-<p>3. The leading man in the London
-Company was Bartholomew Gosnold. His
-principal associates were Edward Wingfield,
-a rich merchant, Robert Hunt, a clergyman, and John
-Smith, an adventurer. The affairs of the company were to be
-administered by a Superior Council in England, and an Inferior
-Council in the colony. All legislative authority was vested in
-the king. A provision in the patent required the colony to
-hold all property in common for five years. The best law of
-the charter allowed the emigrants to retain in the New World
-all the rights of Englishmen.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Plymouth Company.</div>
-
-<p>4. In 1606 the Plymouth Company sent
-two ships to America, and in the summer
-of 1607 dispatched a colony of one hundred
-persons. A settlement was begun at the mouth of the
-Kennebec. The ships returned to England, leaving a colony
-of forty-five persons;
-but in the winter of
-1607-8, some of the
-settlers were starved
-and some frozen; the
-storehouse was burned,
-and the remnant escaped
-to England.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig16.jpg" alt="The First English Settlements."/>
-<p class="caption center">The First English Settlements.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Settlement of Jamestown.</div>
-
-<p>5. The London Company
-had better fortune.
-A fleet of three vessels
-was fitted out under
-command of Christopher
-Newport. In
-December the ships,
-having on board a hundred
-and five colonists,
-among whom were
-Wingfield and Smith,
-left England. Entering
-Chesapeake Bay, the
-vessels came to the mouth of a beautiful river, which was named
-in honor of King James. Proceeding up stream about fifty
-miles, Newport found on the northern bank a peninsula noted
-for its beauty; the ships were moored and the emigrants went on
-shore. Here, on the 13th of May (Old Style),
-1607, were laid the foundations of Jamestown,
-<i>the oldest English settlement in America</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">New England Named.</div>
-
-<p>6. Meanwhile Captain John Smith, in 1609, left Jamestown
-and returned to England. There he formed a partnership with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
-four wealthy merchants of London to trade in furs and establish
-a colony within the limits of the Plymouth grant. Two
-ships were freighted with goods and put under Smith's command.
-The summer of 1614 was spent on the coast of Maine,
-where a traffic was carried on with the Indians. But Smith
-himself explored the country, and drew a map of the whole
-coast from the Penobscot to Cape Cod.
-In this map, the country was called <span class="smcap">New
-England</span>.</p>
-
-<p>7. In 1615 a small colony of sixteen persons, led by Smith,
-was sent out in a single ship. When nearing the American
-coast, they encountered a storm and were obliged to return
-to England. The leader renewed the enterprise, and raised
-another company. Part of his crew mutinied in mid-ocean.
-His own ship was captured by a band of French pirates, and
-himself imprisoned. But he escaped and made his way to
-London. The years 1617-18 were spent in making plans of
-colonization, until finally the Plymouth Company was superseded
-by a new corporation called the <span class="smcap">Council of Plymouth</span>.
-On this body were conferred almost unlimited powers and
-privileges. All that part of America lying between the fortieth
-and the forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, and extending
-from ocean to ocean, was given to forty men.</p>
-
-<p>8. John Smith was now appointed admiral of New England.
-The king issued a proclamation enforcing the charter, and everything
-gave promise of the early settlement of America. Meanwhile
-the time had come when, without the knowledge or
-consent of James I. or the Council of Plymouth, a permanent
-settlement should be made on the shores of New England.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Puritans.</div>
-
-<p>9. About the close of the sixteenth century,
-a number of poor Puritans in the
-north of England joined together for free religious worship.
-They believed that every man has a right to know
-the truth of the Scriptures for himself. Such a doctrine
-was repugnant to the Church of England. Queen Eliza<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>beth
-declared such teaching to be subversive of the monarchy.
-King James was also intolerant; and violent persecutions
-broke out against the sect.</p>
-
-<p>10. Many of the Puritans went into exile in Holland. They
-took the name of <span class="smcap">Pilgrims</span>, and grew content to have no
-home or resting-place. But they did not forget their native
-land. They pined with unrest, and were anxious to do something
-to convince King James of their patriotism.</p>
-
-<p>11. In 1617 the Puritans began to meditate a removal to
-the New World. John Carver and Robert Cushman were
-dispatched to England to ask permission to settle in America.
-The agents of the Council of Plymouth favored the request,
-but the king refused. The most that he would do was to
-make a promise <i>to let the Pilgrims alone in America</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Mayflower.</div>
-
-<p>12. The Puritans were not discouraged.
-The <i>Speedwell</i>, a small vessel, was purchased
-at Amsterdam, and the <i>Mayflower</i>, a larger ship, was hired for
-the voyage. The former was to carry the emigrants to Southampton,
-where they were to be joined by the <i>Mayflower</i> from
-London. Assembling at the harbor of Delft, as many of the
-Pilgrims as could be accommodated went on board the <i>Speedwell</i>.
-The whole congregation accompanied them to the shore,
-where their pastor gave them a farewell address, and the prayers
-of those who were left behind followed the vessel out of sight.</p>
-
-<p>13. On the 5th of August, 1620, the vessels left Southampton;
-but the <i>Speedwell</i> was unable to breast the ocean, and put back
-to Plymouth. The Pilgrims were encouraged by the citizens,
-and the more zealous went on board the <i>Mayflower</i> for a final
-effort. On the 6th of September the first colony of New
-England, numbering one hundred and two souls, saw the
-shores of Old England sink behind the sea.</p>
-
-<p>14. For sixty-three days the ship was buffeted by storms.
-On the 9th of November the vessel was anchored in the bay
-off Cape Cod; a meeting was held and the colony organized
-under a solemn compact. In the charter which they made for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
-themselves the emigrants declared their loyalty to the English
-king, and agreed to live in peace and harmony. Such was the
-simple constitution of the oldest New England State. To this
-instrument all the heads of families, forty-one in number, set
-their names. An election was held, and John Carver was
-chosen governor.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig17.jpg" alt="The Landing of the Pilgrims."/>
-<p class="caption center">The Landing of the Pilgrims.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Landing of the Pilgrims.</div>
-
-<p>15. Miles Standish, John Bradford, and
-a few others, went on shore and explored
-the country; nothing was found but a heap
-of Indian corn under the snow. On the 6th of December
-the governor landed with fifteen companions. The
-weather was dreadful. Snow-storms covered the clothes of the
-Pilgrims with ice. They were attacked by the Indians, but
-escaped to the ship with their lives. The vessel was at last
-driven by accident into a haven on the west side of the bay.
-The next day, being the Sabbath, was spent in religious
-services, and on Monday, the 11th of December (Old Style),
-1620, the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock.</p>
-
-<p>16. It was the dead of winter. The houseless immigrants
-fell a-dying of hunger and cold. But a site was selected near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
-the first landing, and, on the 9th of January, the toilers began
-to build New Plymouth. Every man took on himself the
-work of making his own house; but the ravages of disease
-grew daily worse. At one time only seven men were able to
-work on the sheds which were built for protection. If an early
-spring had not brought relief, the colony must have perished.
-Such were the sufferings of the winter when New England
-began its being.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Voyages and Settlements of the Dutch.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig18.jpg" alt="The Half Moon on Hudson River."/>
-<p class="caption center">The Half Moon on Hudson River.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Dutch East India Company.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE first Dutch settlement in America
-was made on Manhattan Island.
-The colony resulted from the voyages of
-Sir <span class="smcap">Henry Hudson</span>. In the year 1607 this great sailor was
-employed by a company of London merchants to discover a
-new route to the Indies. He first made two unsuccessful
-voyages into the North Atlantic, and his employers gave up
-the enterprise. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company
-furnished him with a ship called the <i>Half Moon</i>, and in April
-he set out for the Indies. Again he ran among the icebergs,
-and further sailing was impossible. But not discouraged, he
-immediately set sail for America.</p>
-
-<p>2. In July Hudson reached the coast of Maine; and in
-August, the Chesapeake. On the 28th of the month he an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>chored
-in Delaware Bay, and on the 3d of September the
-<i>Half Moon</i> came to Sandy Hook. Two days later a landing
-was effected. The natives came with gifts of corn,
-wild fruit, and oysters. On the 10th the vessel passed the
-Narrows, and entered the noble river which bears the name
-of <span class="smcap">Hudson</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Discovery of Hudson River.</div>
-
-<p>3. For eight days the <i>Half Moon</i> sailed up
-the river. Such beautiful forests and valleys,
-the Dutch had never seen before. On the
-19th of September the vessel was moored at Kinderhook; but
-an exploring party rowed up stream beyond the site of Albany.
-The vessel then dropped down the river, and on the 4th of
-October the sails were spread for Holland. But the <i>Half
-Moon</i> was detained in England.</p>
-
-<p>4. In the summer of 1610 a ship, called the <i>Discovery</i>, was
-given to Hudson, who sailed in the track which Frobisher had
-taken, and on the 2d day of August entered the strait which
-bears the name of its discoverer. The great captain believed
-that the route to China was at last discovered; but he soon
-found himself environed in the frozen gulf of the North. With
-great courage he bore up until his provisions were almost exhausted.
-Then the crew broke out in mutiny. They seized
-Hudson and his only son, with seven other faithful sailors, and
-cast them off among the icebergs. The fate of the illustrious
-mariner has never been ascertained.</p>
-
-<p>5. In 1610 the <i>Half Moon</i> was liberated and returned to
-Amsterdam. In the same year several ships owned by Dutch
-merchants sailed to the banks of the Hudson and engaged in
-the fur-trade. In 1614 an act was passed by the States-General
-of Holland, giving to merchants of Amsterdam the right to trade
-and establish settlements in the country explored by Hudson.
-A fleet of five trading-vessels arrived in the summer of the same
-year at Manhattan Island. Here some rude huts had already
-been built by former traders, and the settlement was named
-New Amsterdam.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>6. In the fall of 1614 Adrian Block sailed into Long Island
-Sound, and made explorations as far as Cape Cod. Christianson,
-another Dutch commander, sailed up the river from Manhattan
-to Castle Island, and erected a block-house, which was named
-Fort Nassau. Cornelius May, the captain of a small vessel
-called the <i>Fortune</i>, sailed from New Amsterdam and explored
-the Jersey coast as far as the Bay of Delaware. Upon these
-two voyages Holland set up a claim to the country, which was
-now named <span class="smcap">New Netherlands</span>, extending from Cape Henlopen
-to Cape Cod. Such were the feeble beginnings of the
-Dutch colonies in New York and Jersey.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.&mdash;Part II.</span></h2>
-
-
-<h3>CHAPTER II.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Tell about the Icelanders and Norwegians in America.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER III.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>2. Give an account of Columbus, and of his discoveries and explorations
-in the New World.</li>
-<li>3. Give an account of the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, and of how this
-Continent came to be known by his name.</li>
-<li>4. What were the services of Balboa, and of Ponce de Leon?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER IV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>5. Sketch the later discoveries by the Spaniards in America.</li>
-<li>6. Tell of the coming of the Portuguese.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER V.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>7. Trace the progress of the French discoverers and explorers on the
-new Continent.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>8. Give an account of the commission, and of the explorations of John
-and Sebastian Cabot.</li>
-<li>9. What work of discovery was attempted by Martin Frobisher, and
-with what result?</li>
-<li>10. Outline the colonization schemes of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and
-Sir Walter Raleigh.</li>
-<li>11. What change of plan for colonization was adopted by Gosnold, and
-with what success?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER VII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>12. Tell of the Royal Patents to the London and Plymouth Companies.</li>
-<li>13. Sketch the efforts of the Plymouth Company toward colonization,
-and the coming of the Puritans.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER VIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>14. Give an account of the voyages and final successes of Sir Henry
-Hudson.</li>
-<li>15. On what did the Dutch base their early claim to lands in America?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Part_III" id="Part_III"></a><span class="smcap">Part III.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>COLONIAL HISTORY.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">A. D. 1607-1754.</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Virginia&mdash;The First Charter.</span></h2>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig19.jpg" alt=""/>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Colony at Jamestown.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE first settlers at Jamestown were
-idle and improvident. Only twelve
-of those who came in 1607 were common
-laborers. There were four carpenters in the company, six or
-eight masons and blacksmiths, and a long list of <i>gentlemen</i>. The
-few married men had left their families in England.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>2. The affairs of the colony were badly managed. Captain
-John Smith, the best man in the colony, was suspected of
-making a plot to murder the council and to make himself king
-of Virginia. He was arrested and confined until the end of the
-voyage. When the colonists reached their destination, the
-king's instructions were unsealed and the names of the Inferior
-Council made known. A meeting was held and Edward
-Wingfield elected first governor.</p>
-
-<p>3. As soon as the settlement was well begun, Smith and
-Newport, with twenty others, explored James River for forty-five
-miles. Just below the falls, the explorers found the capital
-of Powhatan, the Indian king. But the "city" was only
-a squalid village of twelve wigwams. The monarch received
-the foreigners with courtesy and showed no dislike at the
-intrusion.</p>
-
-<p>4. The colonists now began to realize their situation. They
-were alone in the New World. Winter was approaching. Dreadful
-diseases broke out, and the colony was brought almost to
-ruin. At one time only five men were able to go on duty as
-sentinels, and before the middle of September one half of the
-colonists died. But the frosts came, and disease was checked.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Civil Dissensions.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. Civil dissension arose. President Wingfield
-and George Kendall were detected
-in embezzling the stores, and were removed
-from office. Ratcliffe was then chosen president, but
-was found incompetent. Only Martin and Smith now remained
-in the council, and the latter took charge of the colony.
-Under his administration the new settlement soon began to
-show signs of progress. His first care was to improve the
-buildings of the plantation; then to secure a supply of provisions.
-There had been a plentiful harvest among the Indians; but the
-work of procuring corn was not an easy task. Descending James
-River to Hampton Roads, Smith landed with five companions
-and offered the natives hatchets and copper coins in exchange
-for corn.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>6. But the Indians only laughed at the proposal. The
-English then charged on the wigwams, and the warriors were
-obliged to purchase peace by loading the boats of the English
-with corn. Soon the Indians in the neighborhood began to
-come with voluntary contributions. The fear of famine passed
-away. The woods were full of wild turkeys. Good discipline
-was maintained in the colony, and friendly relations were
-established with the natives. The colonists became cheerful
-and happy.</p>
-
-<p>7. As soon as winter set in, the president, with six Englishmen
-and two Indian guides, began to explore along the Chickahominy.
-It was believed by the people of Jamestown that by
-going up this stream <i>they could reach the Pacific Ocean</i>! Smith
-knew the absurdity of such an opinion, but humored it because
-of the opportunity it gave him to see the country and make maps.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Capt. Smith and the Indians.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The president and his companions ascended
-the river until it dwindled to a mere
-creek. The men who were left to protect
-the boats were attacked by Indians, and several of the
-English were killed. Smith was wounded with an arrow, and
-chased through the woods. He fought, ran, and fired by turns,
-but was finally overtaken.</p>
-
-<p>9. Smith demanded to see the Indian chief, and excited his
-curiosity by showing him a pocket-compass and a watch. These
-instruments struck the Indians with awe; but the savages bound
-their captive to a tree, and prepared to shoot him, but he
-flourished his compass in the air and the Indians were afraid
-to fire.</p>
-
-<p>10. Smith was next taken to Orapax, a few miles from the
-site of Richmond. Here he found the Indians making preparations
-to attack Jamestown. They invited him to become
-their leader, but he refused and managed to write a warning
-letter to his countrymen. This letter, because of its mysterious
-power of carrying intelligence, frightened them more than
-ever. When the warriors arrived at Jamestown and found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
-everything as Smith
-had said, all thought
-of attacking the colony
-was given up.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig20.jpg" alt="Captain John Smith."/>
-<p class="caption center">Captain John Smith.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>11. The Indians
-now marched their
-captive from village
-to village. Near the
-fork of York River,
-at Pamunkey, Smith
-was turned over to
-the priests, who assembled
-in their
-Long House and for
-three days danced
-around him, sang
-and yelled, to determine
-by this wild
-ceremony what his
-fate should be. The decision was against him, and he was
-condemned to death.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Pocahontas saves Smith.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. Smith was next taken to a town
-where Powhatan lived in winter. The savage
-monarch, now sixty years of age, took
-his seat in the Long House. His two daughters sat near him,
-and warriors and women were ranged around the hall. The
-king reviewed the cause and confirmed the sentence of death.
-Two large stones were brought, Smith was dragged forth
-bound, and his head put into position to be crushed with a
-war-club; but as the executioner raised his club, Matoaka,<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>
-the eldest daughter of Powhatan, rushed between it and the
-prostrate prisoner. She clasped his head in her arms and held
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>on until her father ordered Smith to be unbound. Soon it was
-agreed that he should return to Jamestown.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Powhatan's tribe had a superstition that a person <i>whose real name was
-unknown</i> could not be injured. They therefore told the English falsely that
-Matoaka's name was <i>Pocahontas</i>.</p></div>
-
-<p>13. Only thirty-eight of the settlers were now alive, and
-these were frost-bitten and half-starved. Their leader had
-been absent for seven weeks. The old fears of the colonists
-had revived, and when Smith returned he found all hands preparing
-to abandon the settlement. He induced the majority
-to abandon this project, but the rest, burning with resentment,
-made a conspiracy to kill him.</p>
-
-<p>14. In these days Newport arrived from England, bringing
-supplies and a hundred and twenty immigrants. But the
-new-comers were gentlemen, gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers,
-adventurers, and strollers. Smith was much vexed at this, for
-he had urged Newport to bring over only a few industrious
-mechanics and laborers.</p>
-
-<p>15. Soon the new-comers and some of the old settlers began
-to stroll about the country digging for gold. At the mouth of
-a small creek some glittering particles were found, and the
-whole settlement was thrown into excitement. Soon afterwards
-a company sailed up James River to find the Pacific Ocean!
-Fourteen weeks were consumed in this nonsense. Even the
-Indians ridiculed the madness of men who were wasting their
-chances for a crop of corn.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Chesapeake Bay Explored.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. But Smith had formed the design
-of exploring Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.
-Accompanied by Dr. Russell and
-thirteen others, he left Jamestown on the 2d day of June.
-He steered his barge by way of Hampton Roads as far
-as Smith's Island. Returning thence around Cape Charles,
-he continued northward as far as the river Wicomico, then
-crossed over to the Patuxent, and thence northward to the
-Patapsco. Then steering southward he had the good fortune
-to enter the mouth of the Potomac and continue the voyage
-as far as the falls at Georgetown. He then dropped down the
-river to the bay, and reached Jamestown on the 21st of July.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>17. After three days a second voyage was begun. The
-expedition reached the head of the bay, and sailed far up the
-Susquehanna. On the return, Smith explored every sound
-and inlet of any note as far as the Rappahannock. This stream
-he ascended to the head of navigation, and then returned
-to Jamestown. He had been absent a little more than three
-months, and had explored the coast of the great bay for fully
-three thousand miles. Now he was come back to the colony
-with a <span class="smcap">Map of the Chesapeake</span>, which he sent by Newport
-to England, and which is still preserved.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Smith Elected President.</b></div>
-
-<p>18. Smith was now formally elected president.
-Soon there was a marked change
-for the better; gold-hunting ceased, and
-the rest of the year was noted as a time of prosperity. In the
-autumn Newport arrived with seventy additional immigrants.
-The health was so good that only seven deaths occurred between
-September and the following May. Every well man was
-obliged to work six hours a day. New houses were built, new
-fields fenced in; and through the winter the sound of ax and
-hammer gave token of a prosperous and growing village.</p>
-
-<p>19. On the 23d day of May, 1609, King James granted to
-the London Company a new charter for the government of Virginia.
-The territory was extended from Cape Fear to Sandy
-Hook, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The members of the
-Superior Council were now to be chosen by the stockholders
-of the company, vacancies were to be filled by the councilors,
-who were also to elect a governor. The new council was at
-once organized, and Lord De La Ware chosen governor for
-life. Five hundred emigrants were collected, and in June
-a fleet of nine vessels sailed for America. Lord Delaware did
-not himself accompany the expedition. In July the ships, then
-in the West Indies, were scattered by a storm. One vessel was
-wrecked, and another, having on board the commissioners of
-Delaware, was driven ashore on one of the Bermudas; the
-other seven ships came safely to Jamestown.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>20. Captain Smith continued in authority under the old
-constitution; but the colony was in an uproar. The president
-was in daily peril of his life. He put some of the most rebellious
-brawlers in prison, and planned two new settlements&mdash;one,
-of a hundred and twenty men, at Nansemond; the other,
-of the same number, at the falls of the James. Both companies
-behaved badly. In a few days after their departure troubles
-arose with the Indians. While attempting to quell these difficulties,
-Smith was wounded, and fearing the imperfect medical
-treatment which the colony afforded, he decided to return
-to England. He accordingly delegated his authority to Sir
-George Percy, and about the middle of September, 1609, left
-the scene of his toils and sufferings, never to return.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Starving Time.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. A colony of four hundred and ninety
-persons remained at Jamestown. The settlement
-was soon brought face to face with
-starvation. The Indians became hostile; stragglers were
-murdered; houses were set on fire; disease returned to add
-to the desolation; and cold and hunger made the winter long
-remembered as <span class="smcap">The Starving Time</span>. By the last of March
-only sixty persons were left alive.</p>
-
-<p>22. Meanwhile, Sir Thomas Gates and his companions, who
-had been shipwrecked in the Bermudas, constructed two small
-vessels, and came to Virginia, where a few wan, half-starved
-wretches crawled out of their cabins to beg for bread! Whatever
-stores the commissioners had brought with them were
-distributed, and Gates assumed control of the government.
-But the colonists had now determined to abandon the place
-forever. In vain did the commissioners remonstrate. An
-agreement was made to sail for Newfoundland, and on the
-8th of June the colonists, embarking in their four boats,
-dropped down the river, and Jamestown was abandoned.</p>
-
-<p>23. Lord Delaware was already on his way to America.
-Before the escaping settlers had reached the sea, the ships of
-the governor came in sight with additional immigrants, plen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>tiful
-supplies, and promise of better things. The colonists
-returned, and before nightfall the fires were again kindled at
-Jamestown. On the next day the governor caused his commission
-to be read, and entered upon the discharge of his
-duties. His amiability and virtue, and the wisdom of his
-administration, endeared him to all and inspired the colony
-with hope.</p>
-
-<p>24. Lord Delaware was compelled, on account of ill-health,
-to return to England. His authority was delegated to Percy,
-the deputy of Captain Smith. The Superior Council had
-already dispatched new stores and more emigrants, under Sir
-Thomas Dale. When the vessel arrived at Jamestown, Percy
-was superseded by Dale, who adopted a system of martial law
-as the basis of his administration. In the latter part of August,
-Sir Thomas Gates arrived with six ships, three hundred additional
-immigrants, and a large quantity of stores.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Land Divided.</b></div>
-
-<p>25. Thus far the property of the settlers
-at Jamestown had been held in common.
-Now the right of holding private property
-was recognized. Governor Gates had the lands divided
-so that each settler should have three acres of his own; every
-family might cultivate a garden and plant an orchard, the fruits
-of which no one but the owner was allowed to gather. The
-benefits of this system of labor were at once apparent, and the
-laborers became cheerful and industrious.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X.</h2>
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Charter Government.&mdash;(Continued.)</span></h2>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">IN the year 1612 the London Company obtained from the
-king a third patent, by which the government was again
-changed. The Superior Council was abolished, and the stockholders
-were authorized to elect their own officers and to govern
-the colony on their own responsibility. The new patent
-was a great step toward a democratic form of government in
-Virginia.</p>
-
-<p>2. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall, on an expedition up
-the Potomac, learned that Pocahontas was residing in that
-neighborhood. He enticed the girl on board his vessel and
-carried her captive to Jamestown. It was decided that Powhatan
-should pay a heavy ransom for his daughter's liberation.
-The king refused, and ordered his tribes to prepare for war.
-Meanwhile, Pocahontas was converted to the Christian faith
-and became a member of the Episcopal Church.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Marriage of Pocahontas.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. Soon afterwards John Rolfe, of the colony, sought the
-hand of the princess in marriage. Powhatan gave his consent,
-and the nuptials were celebrated in the
-spring of the next year. Three years later,
-Pocahontas, while visiting in England, fell
-sick and died. There was left of this marriage a son, who
-came to Jamestown, and to whom several families of Virginians
-still trace their origin. John Randolph of Roanoke was a
-descendant of Pocahontas.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig21.jpg" alt="Marriage of Pocahontas."/>
-<p class="caption center">Marriage of Pocahontas.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Expedition against Acadia.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. Captain Argall was next sent with an armed vessel to
-the coast of Maine, to protect the English fishermen, and to
-destroy the colonies of France, if any should be found within
-the territory claimed by England. The French authorities of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
-Acadia were building a village near the mouth of the Penobscot.
-The settlement was pillaged and the houses burned.
-The French colony at the mouth of the St.
-Croix was attacked, and the fort cannonaded
-and destroyed; the hamlet at Port
-Royal was burned. By these outrages, the French settlements
-in America were confined to the banks of the St. Lawrence.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Cultivation of Tobacco.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. In March of 1614 Sir Thomas Gates returned to England,
-leaving the government with Dale. In these times the
-laws of the colony were much improved, and the industry took
-a better form. Hitherto the settlers had engaged in planting
-vineyards and in the manufacture of soap, glass, and tar. The
-managers of the company had at last learned that these articles
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
-could be produced more cheaply in Europe than in America,
-while some products of the New World might be raised and
-exported with great profit. The chief of these
-was the tobacco-plant, the use of which had
-become fashionable in Spain, England, and
-France. This, then, became the leading staple of the colony,
-and was even used for money. So entirely did the settlers
-give themselves to the cultivation of the weed that the streets
-of Jamestown were plowed up and planted with it.</p>
-
-<p>6. In 1617 the unprincipled Captain Argall was elected
-governor. When the news of his fraudulent and violent proceedings
-reached England emigration ceased, and Lord Delaware
-embarked for Virginia, in the hope of restoring order. But
-he died on the voyage, and Argall continued in office until 1619,
-when Sir George Yeardley was appointed to succeed him.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The House of Burgesses.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. Martial law was now abolished. Taxes
-were repealed, and the people freed from
-many burdens. Governor Yeardley divided
-the plantations into eleven boroughs, and ordered the citizens
-of each to elect two of their number to take part in the government.
-The elections were duly held, and on the 30th of July,
-1619, the Virginia <span class="smcap">House of Burgesses</span> was organized&mdash;the
-first popular assembly in the New World. In this body there
-was freedom of debate but very little political power.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Introduction of Slavery.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The year 1619 was also marked by
-the introduction of slavery. The servants
-at Jamestown had hitherto been English or
-Germans, whose term of service had varied from a few months
-to many years. No perpetual servitude had thus far been recognized.
-In the month of August a Dutch man-of-war sailed up
-the river to the plantations, and offered by auction twenty
-Africans. They were purchased by the wealthier class of planters,
-and made slaves for life.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Wives for the Colonists.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. There were now six hundred men in the colony, for the
-most part rovers who intended to return to England. Very few
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
-families had emigrated. In this condition of affairs, Sir Thomas
-Smith was superseded by Sir Edwyn Sandys, a man of prudence
-and integrity. In the summer of 1620, the
-new treasurer sent to America a company
-of twelve hundred and sixty-one persons.
-Among the number were ninety young women of good breeding
-and modest manners. In the following spring, sixty others
-of similar good character came over, and received a hearty
-welcome.</p>
-
-<p>10. When Sandys sent these women to America, he charged
-the colonists with the expense of the voyage, as the company
-was bankrupt. An assessment was made, and the rate fixed at
-a hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco for each passenger&mdash;a
-sum which the settlers cheerfully paid. There were merry
-marriages at Jamestown, and the social condition was much improved.
-When the second shipload came, the cost of transportation
-was a hundred and fifty pounds for each passenger, which
-was also paid without complaint.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>A Code of Laws.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. In July of 1621 the London Company
-gave to Virginia a code of written laws,
-and in October Sir Francis Wyatt, who
-had been commissioned as governor, began to administer the
-new constitution. The colony was found in a flourishing condition.
-The settlements extended for a hundred and forty
-miles along the banks of James River, and far into the interior.
-But the Indians had grown jealous of the colonists. Pocahontas
-was dead. The peaceable Powhatan had likewise
-passed away. Opechancanough, who succeeded him in 1618,
-had long been plotting the destruction of the English, and the
-time had come for the tragedy.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Indian Massacre.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. Until the very day of the massacre,
-the Indians continued on terms of friendship
-with the colonists. On the 22d of
-March, at midday, the work of butchery began. Every hamlet
-in Virginia was attacked. Men, women, and children were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
-indiscriminately slaughtered, until three hundred and forty-seven
-had perished under the hatchets of the savages.</p>
-
-<p>13. But Indian treachery was thwarted by Indian faithfulness.
-A converted Red man, wishing to save an Englishman
-who had been his friend, went to him on the night before the
-massacre and revealed the plot. The alarm was spread, and
-thus the greater part of the colony escaped destruction. But
-the outer plantations were entirely destroyed. The people
-crowded together on the larger farms about Jamestown, until
-of the eighty settlements there were only eight remaining.
-Still, there were sixteen hundred brave men in the colony; and
-the next year the population increased to two thousand five
-hundred.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Charter Cancelled.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. The liberal constitution of Virginia soon
-proved offensive to King James. A committee
-was appointed to look into the affairs of
-the London Company. The commissioners performed their
-duty, and reported that the company was unsound in its principles,
-that the treasury was bankrupt, and that the government
-of Virginia was very bad.</p>
-
-<p>15. Legal proceedings were now instituted against the company,
-and the judges decided that the patent was null and void.
-The charter was canceled by the king, and in June of 1624
-the London Company ceased to exist. But its work had
-been well done. A torch of liberty had been lighted on the
-banks of the James, which all the tyranny of after times could
-not extinguish.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Virginia.&mdash;The Royal Government.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Royal Governors.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">A royal government was now established
-in Virginia consisting of a governor
-and twelve councilors. The General
-Assembly of the colony was left undisturbed, and the rights
-of the colonists remained as before. Governor Wyatt was continued
-in office. Charles I., the successor of King James, paid
-but little attention to the affairs of his American colony until the
-commerce in tobacco attracted his notice, and he then made an
-unsuccessful attempt to gain a monopoly of the trade.</p>
-
-<p>2. In 1626 Governor Wyatt retired from office, and Yeardley,
-the old friend of the colonists, was reappointed. The
-young State was never more prosperous than under this administration,
-which was ended with the governor's death in 1627.
-During the preceding summer a thousand new immigrants had
-come to swell the population of the province.</p>
-
-<p>3. The council of Virginia had the right, in case of an emergency,
-to elect a governor. In this manner Francis West was
-chosen by the councilors; but as soon as the death of Yeardley
-was known in England, King Charles commissioned John
-Harvey to assume the government. He arrived in the autumn
-of 1629, and became a most unpopular chief magistrate. He
-began his administration by taking the part of certain land
-speculators against the people. The assembly of 1635 passed
-a resolution that Sir John Harvey be thrust out of office, and
-Captain West be appointed in his place "until the king's pleasure
-may be known in this matter." But King Charles treated
-the whole affair with contempt, and Harvey continued in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
-power until the year 1639, when he was superseded by Wyatt,
-who ruled until the spring of 1642.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig22.jpg" alt="Life at Old Jamestown."/>
-<p class="caption center">Life at Old Jamestown.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Effect of the Protectorate.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. About this time monarchy was abolished in England.
-Oliver Cromwell was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth,
-and this government continued until Charles II., exiled
-son of Charles I., was restored to the throne of England. Virginia
-shared in some degree the distractions of the mother-country.
-In 1642 Sir William Berkeley became
-governor, and remained in office for ten
-years. His administration was noted as a
-time of rapid growth and development. The laws were greatly
-improved. The old disputes about the lands were satisfactorily
-settled. Cruel punishments were abolished, and the
-taxes equalized. The general assembly was regularly convened,
-and Virginia became a free and prosperous State. In 1646
-there were twenty thousand people in the colony.</p>
-
-<p>5. In March of 1643, a law was enacted by the assembly
-declaring that no person who disbelieved the doctrines of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
-English Church should be allowed to teach, or to preach the
-gospel, within the limits of Virginia. This act was the source
-of much bitterness among the people. The few Puritans were
-excluded from places of trust, and some were driven from their
-homes. Governor Berkeley was a leader in these persecutions,
-by which all friendly relations with New England were broken
-off for many years.</p>
-
-<p>6. Next came another war with the Indians. Early in 1644,
-the natives planned a general massacre. On the 18th of April
-the savages fell upon the frontier settlements, and murdered
-three hundred people before assistance could be brought. The
-warriors then fled, but were closely followed by the English.
-Opechancanough was captured, and died a prisoner. The
-tribes were punished without mercy, and were soon glad to buy
-a peace by the cession of large tracts of land.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Election of Governors.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. For a while the colonists conducted
-their government as they wished. The important
-matter of choosing a governor was
-submitted to the House of Burgesses; when so great a power
-had been once exercised, it was not likely to be relinquished.
-Three governors were chosen in this way, and the <i>privilege</i> of
-electing soon became a <i>right</i>. The assembly even declared
-that such a right existed, and that it should not be taken away.</p>
-
-<p>8. In 1660 Samuel Matthews, the last of the three elected
-governors, died. The Burgesses were convened and an ordinance
-passed declaring that the supreme authority of Virginia
-was <i>in the colony</i>, and would continue there until a delegate
-should arrive from the British government. The house then
-elected as governor Sir William Berkeley, who acknowledged
-the right of the Burgesses to choose.</p>
-
-<p>9. As soon as it was known in Virginia that Charles II. had
-become king, Governor Berkeley issued writs in the name of
-the king for the election of a new assembly. The adherents of
-the Commonwealth were thrust out of office, and royal favorites
-established in their places. The Virginians soon found<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
-that they had exchanged a republican tyrant with good
-principles for a monarchial tyrant with bad ones. The former
-commercial system was reenacted in a worse form than ever.
-The new law provided that all the colonial commerce should
-be carried on in English ships; the trade of the colonies was
-burdened with a heavy tax, and tobacco, the staple of Virginia,
-could be sold nowhere but in England.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Effects of the Restoration.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. King Charles soon began to reward
-the profligates who thronged his court,
-by granting them large tracts of land in
-Virginia. It was no uncommon thing for an American planter
-to find that his farm had been given away to some flatterer
-of the royal household, and finally, in 1673, the king set a
-limit to his own recklessness <i>by giving away the whole province</i>.
-Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington received a deed by
-which was granted to them for thirty-one years all the country
-called Virginia.</p>
-
-<p>11. The colonial legislation of these times was selfish and
-narrow-minded. The aristocratic party had obtained control
-of the House of Burgesses. A statute was passed against the
-Baptists, and the peace-loving Quakers were fined and persecuted.
-Personal property was heavily taxed, while the large
-estates were exempt. The salaries of the officers were secured
-by a duty on tobacco, and the biennial election of Burgesses
-was abolished.</p>
-
-<p>12. When the people were worn out with the governor's
-exactions, they availed themselves of a pretext to assert their
-rights by force of arms. A war with the Susquehanna Indians
-furnished the occasion for an insurrection. The tribes about the
-head of Chesapeake Bay fell upon the English settlers of Maryland,
-and the banks of the Potomac became the scene of a border
-war. Virginia and Maryland made common cause. John
-Washington, great-grandfather of the first President, led a company
-of militia against the Indians, and a devastating warfare
-raged along the whole frontier.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>13. Governor Berkeley sided with the Indians; but the
-colonists remembered only the acts of treachery of which the
-Red men had been guilty, and thirsted for revenge. The
-aristocratic party took sides with the governor and favored
-a peace; while the popular party, led by young Nathaniel
-Bacon, clamored for war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Bacon's Rebellion.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. Five hundred men rushed to arms.
-Berkeley and the aristocratic faction proclaimed
-Bacon a traitor. Troops were levied
-to disperse the militia: but scarcely had Berkeley and his forces
-left Jamestown when another popular uprising compelled him to
-return. Bacon came home victorious. The old assembly was
-broken up, and a new one elected on the basis of universal suffrage.
-Bacon was chosen a member, and made commander of
-the Virginia army. A force was now stationed on the frontier,
-and peace returned to all the settlements. But Berkeley repaired
-to the county of Gloucester, where he summoned a convention
-of loyalists, and Bacon was again proclaimed a traitor.</p>
-
-<p>15. The governor's forces were collected on the eastern shore
-of the Chesapeake; the crews of some English ships were joined
-to his command, and the fleet set sail for Jamestown. The
-place was taken without much resistance; but when Bacon
-and the patriots drew near, the loyal forces went over to his
-standard. Berkeley was again obliged to fly, and the capital
-was held by the people's party. It was now rumored that
-an English fleet was approaching for the subjugation of the
-colonies. The patriot leaders held a council, and it was decided
-that Jamestown should be burned. Accordingly, in the dusk
-of the evening the torch was applied, and the only town in
-Virginia was laid in ashes.</p>
-
-<p>16. In this juncture of affairs Bacon fell sick and died, and
-the patriot party was easily dispersed. A few feeble efforts
-were made to revive the cause of the people, but the animating
-spirit was gone. The royalists found an able captain in
-Robert Beverly, and the authority of the governor was rapidly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
-restored. Berkeley's vindictive passions were now let loose
-upon the defeated insurgents. Twenty-two of the leading patriots
-were seized and hanged with scarcely time to bid their friends
-farewell. Nor is it certain when the executions would have
-ended had not the assembly met and passed an act that no
-more blood should be spilled for past offenses.</p>
-
-<p>17. The consequences of the rebellion were very disastrous.
-Berkeley and the aristocratic party had now a good excuse for
-suppressing all liberal principles. The printing-press was interdicted.
-Education was forbidden. To speak or to write any
-thing against the administration or in defense of the late insurrection,
-was made a crime to be punished by fine or whipping.
-If the offense should be three times repeated, it was declared
-to be treason punishable with death. The former methods of
-taxation were revived, and Virginia was left at the mercy of
-arbitrary rulers.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Proprietary Government.</b></div>
-
-<p>18. In 1675 Lord Culpepper, to whom,
-with Arlington, the province had been
-granted, obtained the appointment of governor
-for life, and Virginia became a proprietary government.
-The new magistrate arrived in 1680 and assumed the duties of
-his office. His administration was characterized by avarice
-and dishonesty. Regarding Virginia as his personal estate, he
-treated the Virginians as his tenants and slaves.</p>
-
-<p>19. In 1683, Arlington surrendered his claim to Culpepper,
-who thus became sole proprietor as well as governor. Charles
-II., however, soon found in Culpepper's vices and frauds a
-sufficient excuse to remove him from office and to revoke his
-patent. In 1684 Virginia again became a royal province,
-under the government of Lord Howard, of Effingham. The
-affairs of the colony during the next fifty years are not of sufficient
-interest and importance to require extended notice.
-When the French and Indian War shall come, Virginia will
-show to the world that the labors of Smith and Gosnold and
-Bacon were not in vain.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts.&mdash;Settlement and Union.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Early Struggles.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE spring of 1621 brought hope to
-the Pilgrims of New Plymouth. The
-winter had swept off half the number.
-The governor himself sickened and died. Now, with the approach
-of warm weather, the pestilence was checked, the survivors
-revived with the season,
-and the Puritans came forth
-triumphant.</p>
-
-<p>2. In February Miles Standish
-was sent out with his soldiers
-to gather information concerning
-the natives. The army of New
-England consisted of six men
-besides the general. Deserted
-wigwams were found; the smoke
-of camp-fires arose in the distance;
-savages were occasionally
-seen in the forest. These
-fled at the approach of the
-English, and Standish returned
-to Plymouth.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig23.jpg" alt="A Puritan."/>
-<p class="caption center">A Puritan.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Relations with the Indians.</b></div>
-<p>3. A month later a Wampanoag
-Indian, named Samoset,
-ran into the village and bade
-the strangers welcome; friendly
-relations were soon established with the Wampanoags. Massasoit,
-the sachem of the nation, was invited to visit Plymouth.
-The Pilgrims received him with much ceremony, and then and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
-there was ratified the first treaty made in New England. This
-treaty remained inviolate for fifty years. Other chiefs followed
-the example of Massasoit. Nine of the
-tribes acknowledged the English king. One
-chief sent to William Bradford, who succeeded
-Governor Carver, a bundle of arrows wrapped in the
-skin of a rattlesnake; but the governor stuffed the skin with
-powder and balls and sent it back to the chief, who did not
-dare to accept the challenge.</p>
-
-<p>4. The summer was unfruitful, and the Pilgrims were brought
-to the point of starvation. New immigrants, without provisions
-or stores, arrived, and were quartered on the colonists
-during the winter. For six months the settlers were obliged
-to subsist on half allowance. At one time only a few grains of
-corn remained to be distributed, and at another there was absolute
-want. Then some English fishing-vessels came to Plymouth
-and charged the colonists two prices for food enough to
-keep them alive. The new immigrants remained at Plymouth
-until the summer of 1622, then removed to the south side of
-Boston harbor and founded Weymouth.</p>
-
-<p>5. The summer of 1623 brought a plentiful harvest, and
-there was no longer any danger of starvation. The natives
-became dependent on the settlement for corn, and brought in
-an abundance of game. At the end of the fourth year, there
-were a hundred and eighty persons in New England. The
-managers, who had expended thirty-four thousand dollars
-on the enterprise, were discouraged, and proposed to sell out
-their claims to the colonists. The offer was accepted; and, in
-November of 1627, eight of the leading men of Plymouth
-purchased from the Londoners their entire interest for nine
-thousand dollars.</p>
-
-<p>6. Before this transfer, the colony had been much vexed by
-the attempt to set over them a minister of the English Church.
-They had come to the New World to avoid this very thing.
-There was dissension for a while. The English managers with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>held
-support; the stores of the colonists were sold to them at
-three prices; and they were obliged to borrow money at sixty
-per cent. But the Pilgrims would not yield, and the conflict
-ended with the purchase of the proprietors' rights in the colony.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Government of the Colonies.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. In 1624 a settlement was made at
-Cape Ann, but after two years the cape
-was abandoned; the company moved farther
-south and founded Salem. In 1628 a second colony arrived
-in charge of John Endicott, who was chosen governor. In
-1629 Charles I. issued a
-charter by which the colonists
-were incorporated
-under the name of <span class="smcap">The
-Governor and Company
-of Massachusetts
-Bay in New England</span>.
-In July two hundred
-immigrants arrived,
-half of
-whom settled
-at Plymouth,
-while the other
-half removed
-to the north
-side of Boston
-harbor
-and founded
-Charlestown.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig24.jpg" alt="Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts."/>
-<p class="caption center">Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>8. In September,
-1629,
-it was decreed that the government of the colony should be
-transferred from England to America, and that the charter
-should be intrusted to the colonists themselves. Emigration
-then began on an extensive scale. In the year 1630 about
-three hundred of the best Puritan families came to New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
-England. They were virtuous, well-educated, courageous men
-and women, who left comfortable homes with no expectation of
-returning. It was their good fortune to choose a noble leader.</p>
-
-<p>9. The name of John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts,
-is worthy of lasting remembrance. Born a royalist, he cherished
-the principles of republicanism. Surrounded with affluence
-and comfort, he left all to share the destiny of the
-Pilgrims. Calm, prudent, and peaceful, he joined the zeal of
-an enthusiast with the faith of a martyr. A part of the new
-immigrants settled at Salem; others at Cambridge and Watertown,
-on Charles River; while others founded Roxbury and
-Dorchester. The governor resided for a while at Charlestown,
-but soon crossed over to the peninsula of Shawmut and
-founded <span class="smcap">Boston</span>, which became henceforth the capital of the
-colony.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Religious Intolerance.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. In 1631 a law was passed restricting
-the right of suffrage. It was enacted
-that none but church members should be
-permitted to vote at the elections. Nearly three fourths of
-the people were thus excluded from exercising the rights of
-freemen. Taxes were levied for the support of the gospel;
-attendance on public worship was enforced by law; none but
-members of the church were eligible to office. The very men
-who had so recently escaped with only their lives to find
-religious freedom in another continent, began their career in
-the New World with intolerance.</p>
-
-<p>11. Young <span class="smcap">Roger Williams</span>, minister of Salem, cried out
-against these laws. For this he was obliged to quit the ministry
-of the church at Salem and retire to Plymouth. Finally,
-in 1634, he wrote a paper in which he declared that grants of
-land, though given by the king of England, were invalid until
-the natives were justly paid. When arraigned for these teachings,
-he told the court that a test of church-membership in a
-voter was as ridiculous as the selection of a doctor on account
-of his skill in theology.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Roger Williams Banished.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. After a trial, Williams was condemned
-for heresy and banished. In mid-winter
-he left home and became an exile in
-the forest. For fourteen weeks he wandered through the
-snow, sleeping on the ground or in a hollow tree, living on
-parched corn and acorns. He carried with him a private letter
-from the good Governor Winthrop, and the Indians showed
-him kindness. Wandering from place to place, in June of
-1636 he became the founder of Rhode Island by laying out
-the city of <span class="smcap">Providence</span>.</p>
-
-<p>13. In 1634 a representative form of government was established
-in Massachusetts. The restriction on the right of suffrage
-was the only remaining bar to free government in New
-England. During the next year three thousand new immigrants
-arrived. It was worth while to come to a country where
-the principles of freedom were recognized.</p>
-
-<p>14. New settlements were now formed at a distance from
-the bay. One company of twelve families marched through
-the woods to some open meadows sixteen miles from Boston,
-and there founded Concord. Another colony of sixty persons
-pressed their way westward to the Connecticut River,
-and became the founders of Windsor, <span class="smcap">Hartford</span>, and
-Wethersfield.</p>
-
-<p>15. The banishment of Roger Williams created strife among
-the people of Massachusetts. The ministers were stern and
-exacting. Still, the advocates of free opinion multiplied. The
-clergy, notwithstanding their great influence, felt insecure.
-Religious debates became the order of the day. Every sermon
-was reviewed and criticised.</p>
-
-<p>16. Prominent among those who were accused of heresy was
-Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who desired the privilege of speaking
-at the weekly debates, and was refused. Indignant at this,
-she became the champion of her sex, and declared that the
-ministers were no better than Pharisees. She called meetings
-of her friends, and pleaded with fervor for the freedom of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
-conscience. The doctrines of Williams were reaffirmed with
-more power and eloquence than ever.</p>
-
-<p>17. The synod of New England convened in August of
-1637, and Mrs. Hutchinson and her friends were banished
-from Massachusetts. A large number of the exiles wended
-their way toward the home of Roger Williams. Miantonomah,
-a Narragansett chieftain, made them a gift of the island of
-Rhode Island; there, in 1641, a little republic was established,
-in which persecution, for opinion's sake, was forbidden.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Harvard College Founded.</b></div>
-
-<p>18. In 1636 the general court of the colony
-passed an act appropriating between
-one and two thousand dollars to found a
-college. Newtown was selected as the site of the proposed
-school. Plymouth and Salem gave gifts to help the enterprise;
-and from villages in the Connecticut valley came contributions
-of corn and wampum. In 1638 John Harvard, a minister of
-Charlestown, died, bequeathing his library and nearly five
-thousand dollars to the school. To perpetuate his memory,
-the new institution was named <span class="smcap">Harvard College</span>. At the
-same time the name of Newtown was changed to Cambridge.</p>
-
-<p>19. The <span class="smcap">PRINTING-PRESS</span> came also. In 1638 Stephen
-Daye, an English printer, arrived at Boston, and in the following
-year set up a press at Cambridge. The first American
-publication was an almanac for New England, bearing date of
-1639. During the next year, Thomas Welde and John Eliot,
-two ministers of Roxbury, and Richard Mather, of Dorchester,
-translated the Hebrew Psalms into English verse. This was
-the first book printed in America.</p>
-
-<p>20. New England was fast becoming a nation. Well-nigh
-fifty villages dotted the face of the country. Enterprises of all
-kinds were rife. Manufactures, commerce, and the arts were
-introduced. William Stephens, a shipbuilder of Boston, had
-already built and launched an American vessel of four hundred
-tons burden. Twenty-one thousand two hundred people had
-found a home between Plymouth Rock and the Connecticut.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Union of the Colonies.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. Circumstances suggested a union of
-the colonies. The western frontier was exposed
-to the hostilities of the Dutch on
-the Hudson. Similar trouble was apprehended from the French
-on the north. Indian tribes capable of mustering a thousand
-warriors were likely at any hour to fall upon the helpless villages.
-Common interests made a union indispensable.</p>
-
-<p>22. The first effort to consolidate the colonies was ineffectual.
-But in 1643, a plan of union was adopted, by which
-Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven were
-joined in a confederacy, called <span class="smcap">The United Colonies of New
-England</span>. The chief authority was conferred upon an assembly
-composed of two representatives from each colony. These
-delegates were chosen annually at an election where all the
-freemen voted by ballot. There was no president other than
-the speaker of the assembly. Provision was made for the
-admission of other colonies into the union, but none were ever
-admitted.</p>
-
-<p>23. At a meeting of the assembly in December, 1641, Nathaniel
-Ward brought forward a written instrument, which was
-adopted as the constitution of the State. This statute was called
-the <span class="smcap">Body of Liberties</span>, and was ever afterward esteemed as
-the great charter of colonial freedom.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Persecution of the Quakers.</b></div>
-
-<p>24. In July of 1656 the <span class="smcap">Quakers</span> began
-to arrive at Boston. The first who came
-were Ann Austin and Mary Fisher. They
-were caught and searched for marks of witchcraft, and then
-thrown into prison. After several weeks' confinement they
-were brought forth and banished. Before the end of the year,
-eight others were arrested and sent back to England. A law
-was passed that Quakers who persisted in coming to Massachusetts
-should have their ears cut off and their tongues bored
-through with a red-hot iron. In 1657 the assembly of the
-four colonies convened, and the penalty of death was passed
-against the Quakers as disturbers of the public peace.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Trade Restrictions.</b></div>
-
-<p>25. The English Revolution had now run its course. Cromwell
-was dead. Tidings of the restoration of Charles II.
-reached Boston on the 27th of July, 1660. On the reestablishment
-of the English monarchy, a law was
-passed by which all vessels not bearing the
-English flag were forbidden to trade in New
-England. Articles produced in the colonies and demanded
-in England should be shipped to England only. The products
-of England should not be manufactured in America, and should
-be bought from England only; and a duty of five per cent. was
-put on both exports and imports. This was the beginning of
-those measures which produced the <span class="smcap">American Revolution</span>.</p>
-
-<p>26. In 1664 war broke out between England and Holland.
-It became a part of the English plans to conquer the Dutch
-settlements on the Hudson. Charles II. was also anxious to
-obtain control of all the New England colonies. He therefore
-appointed four commissioners to settle colonial disputes, and to
-exercise authority in the name of the king. The real object
-was to get possession of the charter of Massachusetts. In July,
-1664, the royal judges arrived at Boston. They were rejected
-in all the colonies except Rhode Island. Meanwhile, the
-English monarch, learning how his judges had been received,
-recalled them, and they left the country. For ten years after
-this event the colony was very prosperous.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig25.jpg" alt="Harvard College in 1770."/>
-<p class="caption center">Harvard College in 1770.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Massachusetts.&mdash;War and Witchcraft.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE old king Massasoit died in 1662. His son, Alexander,
-now became chief of the nation, but died within the year;
-and the chieftainship descended to the younger brother, <span class="smcap">Philip
-of Mount Hope</span>. It was the fate of this brave man to lead
-his people in a final struggle against the whites. Causes of war
-already existed, and the time had come for the conflict.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>King Philip's War.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The natives of New England had sold
-their lands. The English were the purchasers;
-the chiefs had signed the deeds; the price
-had been fairly paid. There were at this time in the country east
-of the Hudson about twenty-five thousand Indians and fifty
-thousand English. The young warriors could not understand
-the validity of land-titles. They sighed for the freedom of their
-fathers' hunting-grounds. The Wampanoags had nothing left
-but the peninsulas of Bristol and Tiverton. There were personal
-grievances also. King Alexander had been arrested, tried
-by an English jury, and imprisoned. He had caught his death-fever
-in a Boston jail. On the 24th of June, 1675, the village
-of Swanzey was attacked, and eight Englishmen were killed.</p>
-
-<p>3. Within a week the militia of Plymouth, joined by volunteers
-from Boston, entered the enemy's country. A few Indians
-were overtaken and killed. The troops marched into the peninsula
-of Bristol, and compelled Philip to fly for his life. A
-general Indian war broke out. The hatred of the savages was
-easily kindled into hostility. For a whole year the settlements
-on the frontier became a scene of burning and massacre.</p>
-
-<p>4. King Canonchet of the Narragansetts first made a treaty
-of peace with the English, but later violated it and chose to
-share the fate of Philip. But after much desperate fighting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
-and heavy losses on both sides, the resources of the savages
-were exhausted and their numbers daily grew less. In April,
-1676, Canonchet was captured on the banks of the Blackstone.
-Refusing to make a treaty, the haughty chieftain was put to
-death. Philip's company had dwindled to a handful. His
-wife and son were made prisoners; the latter was sold as a
-slave, and ended his life in the Bermudas. The savage monarch
-cared no longer to live. A company of soldiers surrounded
-him near his old home at Mount Hope. A treacherous Indian
-took a deadly aim at the breast of his chieftain. The report
-of a musket rang through the woods, and the king of the Wampanoags
-sprang forward and fell dead.</p>
-
-<p>5. New England suffered terribly in this war. The losses
-of the war amounted to five hundred thousand dollars. Thirteen
-towns and six hundred dwellings lay in ashes. Six hundred
-men had fallen in the field. Gray-haired sire, mother
-and babe had sunk together under the blow of the Red man's
-tomahawk. Now there was peace again. The Indian race
-had been swept out of New England. The tribes beyond the
-Connecticut came and pleaded for their lives. The colonists
-returned to their farms and villages, to build new homes in the
-ashes of old ruins.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Province of Maine.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. The next trouble was concerning the
-province of Maine. Sir Ferdinand Gorges,
-the old proprietor, was now dead; but
-his heirs still claimed the territory. The people of Maine had
-put themselves under the authority of Massachusetts; but the
-heirs of Gorges carried the matter before the English council,
-and in 1677 a decision was given in their favor. The Boston
-government then made a proposition to the Gorges family to
-purchase their claims; this was accepted, and for the sum of
-twelve hundred and fifty pounds the province was transferred
-to Massachusetts.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Province of New Hampshire.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. A similar difficulty arose in regard to New Hampshire.
-As early as 1622 the Plymouth council had granted this territory
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
-to Ferdinand Gorges and Captain John Mason. Seven
-years afterward Gorges surrendered his claim to Mason, who
-thus became sole proprietor. But this territory
-was also covered by the charter of
-Massachusetts. Mason died, and in 1679 his
-son Robert came forward and claimed the province. This
-cause was also taken before the ministers, who decided that
-the title of the younger Mason was valid. To the great disappointment
-of the people of both provinces the two governments
-were separated. A royal government, the first in New
-England, was now established over New Hampshire, and
-Edward Cranfield became Governor.</p>
-
-<p>8. But the people refused to recognize Cranfield's authority.
-The king attributed this conduct to the influence of Massachusetts,
-and directed his judges to make an inquiry as to
-whether Massachusetts had not forfeited her charter. In
-1684 the royal court gave a decision in accordance with the
-monarch's wishes. But before the charter could be revoked,
-Charles II. fell sick and died.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Royal Governor of New England.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. The new king, James II., adopted his
-brother's policy, and in 1686 the scheme
-so long entertained was carried out. The
-charter of Massachusetts was formally revoked; all the
-colonies between Nova Scotia and Narragansett Bay were
-consolidated, and Sir Edmund Andros was appointed royal
-governor of New England.</p>
-
-<p>10. His despotism was quickly extended from Cape Cod
-Bay to the Piscataqua. The civil rights of New Hampshire
-were overthrown. In May of 1686, the charter of Rhode
-Island was taken away and her constitution subverted. The
-seal was broken, and a royal council appointed to conduct the
-government. Andros next proceeded to Connecticut. Arriving
-at Hartford in October of 1687, he found the assembly
-in session, and demanded the surrender of the charter. The
-instrument was brought in and laid upon the table. A debate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
-ensued, and continued until evening. When it was about to
-be decided that the charter should be given up, the lamps
-were dashed out. Other lights were brought in; but the
-charter had disappeared. Joseph Wadsworth, snatching up
-the parchment, bore it off through the darkness and concealed
-it in a hollow tree, ever afterwards remembered as <span class="smcap">The
-Charter Oak</span>. But the assembly was overawed, and the
-authority of Andros established throughout the country.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig26.jpg" alt="Andros demanding the Charter of Connecticut."/>
-<p class="caption center">Andros demanding the Charter of Connecticut.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>11. His dominion ended suddenly. The English Revolution
-of 1688 was at hand. James II. was driven from his
-throne; the system of arbitrary rule which he had established
-fell with a crash, and Andros with the rest. The news of the
-accession of William and Mary reached Boston on the 4th of
-April, 1689. On the 18th of the month, the citizens of Boston
-rose in rebellion. Andros was seized and marched to prison.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
-The insurrection spread; and before the 10th of May, New
-England had regained her liberties.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>King William's War.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. In 1689 war was declared between
-France and England. This conflict is known
-in American history as <span class="smcap">King William's
-War</span>. When James II. escaped from his kingdom, he took
-refuge at the court of Louis XIV. of France. The two monarchs
-were Catholics, and on this account an alliance was
-made between them. Louis agreed to support James in his
-effort to recover the English throne. Parliament, meanwhile,
-had conferred the crown on King William. Thus the new
-sovereign was brought into conflict with the exiled James and
-his ally, the king of France. The war which thus originated
-in Europe soon extended to the French and English colonies
-in America.</p>
-
-<p>13. The struggle began on the frontier of New Hampshire
-in June, 1689. Later in the same year, the English and the
-Mohawks entered into an alliance, but the latter refused to
-make war upon their countrymen of Maine. The Dutch settlements
-of New Netherland made common cause with the English
-against the French.</p>
-
-<p>14. New England at length became thoroughly aroused.
-To provide the means of war, a congress was convened at New
-York. Here it was resolved to attempt the conquest of Canada.
-At the same time, Massachusetts was to cooperate by sending
-a fleet up the St. Lawrence against Quebec. Thirty-four
-vessels, carrying two thousand troops, were fitted out, and the
-command given to Sir William Phipps. Proceeding first against
-Port Royal, he compelled a surrender; the whole of Nova
-Scotia submitted without a struggle. The expedition was foolishly
-delayed until October; and an Indian carried the news
-to the governor of Canada. When the fleet came in sight of
-the town, the castle was so well garrisoned as to bid defiance
-to the English; and it only remained for Phipps to sail back to
-Boston. To meet the expenses of this expedition, Massachu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>setts
-issued bills of credit which were made a legal tender.
-Such was the origin of <span class="smcap">PAPER MONEY</span> in America.</p>
-
-<p>15. Meanwhile, the land forces had proceeded from Albany
-to Lake Champlain. Here dissensions arose among the commanders,
-and the expedition had to be abandoned. The war
-continued nearly five years longer, but with only here and there
-a marked event.</p>
-
-<p>16. Early in 1697, commissioners of France and England
-assembled at the town of Ryswick, in Holland; and, on the
-10th of the following September, a treaty of peace was concluded.
-King William was acknowledged as the rightful
-sovereign of England, the colonial boundary-lines of the two
-nations in America were established as before, and King
-William's war was at an end.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Salem Witchcraft.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. The darkest page in the history of
-New England is that which records the
-<span class="smcap">Salem Witchcraft</span>. In February of 1692,
-in that part of Salem afterwards called Danvers, a daughter
-and a niece of Samuel Parris, the minister, were attacked with
-a nervous disorder which rendered them partially insane. Parris
-pretended to believe the girls were bewitched, and that an
-Indian maid-servant was the author of the affliction. He
-accordingly tied the ignorant creature and whipped her until
-she confessed herself a witch. Here, perhaps, the matter
-would have ended had not other causes existed for the spread
-of the delusion.</p>
-
-<p>18. But Parris had a quarrel in his church. A part of
-the congregation disbelieved in witchcraft, while Parris and
-the rest thought such disbelief the height of wickedness. The
-celebrated Cotton Mather, minister of Boston, had recently
-preached much on the subject of witchcraft, teaching that witches
-were dangerous and ought to be put to death. Sir William
-Phipps, the royal governor, was a member of Mather's church.</p>
-
-<p>19. By the laws of England and of Massachusetts, witchcraft
-was punishable with death. In the early history of the colony,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
-one person charged with being a wizard had been arrested at
-Charlestown, convicted and executed. But many people had
-now grown bold enough to denounce the baleful superstition;
-and something had to be done to save witchcraft from falling
-into contempt. A special court was accordingly appointed by
-Phipps to go to Salem and judge the persons accused.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig27.jpg" alt="A Suspected Witch."/>
-<p class="caption center">A Suspected Witch.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>20. On the 21st of March the proceedings began. Mary
-Cory was arrested, brought before the court, convicted, and
-hurried to prison. Sarah Cloyce and Rebecca Nurse, two innocent
-sisters, were next apprehended as witches. The only
-witnesses against them were the foolish Indian woman and
-the niece of Parris. The victims were sent to prison, protesting
-their innocence. And so the work went on, until seventy-five
-innocent people were locked up in dungeons. In
-hope of saving their lives, some of the prisoners confessed
-themselves witches. It was soon found that those were to be
-put to death who denied the reality of witchcraft. Five women
-were hanged in one day.</p>
-
-<p>21. Between June and September, twenty victims were hurried
-to their doom. Fifty-five others were tortured into the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
-confession of falsehoods. A hundred and fifty lay in prison
-awaiting their fate. Two hundred were accused or suspected,
-and ruin seemed to impend over New England. But a reaction
-at last set in among the people. The court which Phipps had
-appointed to sit at Salem was dismissed. The prisons were
-opened, and the victims of superstition went forth free. In the
-beginning of the next year, a few persons were arrested and tried
-for witchcraft. Some were even convicted; but not another
-life was sacrificed.</p>
-
-<p>22. Most of those who participated in these terrible scenes
-confessed the wrong which they had done; but confessions
-could not restore the dead. Mather, in a vain attempt to justify
-himself, wrote a book in which he expressed his thankfulness
-<i>that so many witches had met their just doom</i>; and the
-hypocritical pamphlet received the approbation of the president
-of Harvard College.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Queen Anne's War.</b></div>
-
-<p>23. In less than four years after the
-treaty of Ryswick, France and England
-were again involved in a war which soon
-extended to the American colonies. In the year 1700 Charles
-II., king of Spain, died, having named as his successor Philip
-of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. This measure pointed to
-a union of the crowns of France and Spain. The jealousy of
-England, Holland, and Austria was aroused; the archduke
-Charles, of the latter country, was put forward as a candidate
-for the Spanish throne; and war was declared against Louis
-XIV. for supporting Philip.</p>
-
-<p>24. In 1701 James II., the exiled king of Great Britain, died
-at the court of Louis, who now recognized the son of James as
-sovereign of England. This action was regarded as an insult
-to English nationality. King William prepared for war, but
-did not live to carry out his plans. In May of 1702 he died,
-leaving the crown to his sister-in-law, Anne, daughter of James
-II. From the fact of her sovereignty, the conflict with France
-is known in American history as <span class="smcap">Queen Anne's War</span>; but a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
-better name is the War of the Spanish Succession. This continued
-feebly through eleven years, and with many of the horrors
-incident to Indian warfare, as the Indians were leagued
-with the French against the English.</p>
-
-<p>25. On the 11th of April, 1713, a treaty was concluded at
-Utrecht, a town of Holland. By it England obtained control
-of the fisheries of Newfoundland. Labrador, the Bay of Hudson,
-and Nova Scotia, were ceded to Great Britain. On the
-13th of July a second treaty was concluded with the Indians,
-by which peace was secured throughout the colonies.</p>
-
-<p>26. In the times that followed Queen Anne's war, the people
-were greatly dissatisfied with the royal governors. The opposition
-to those officers took the form of a controversy about
-their salaries. The royal commissions gave to each officer a
-fixed salary, which was frequently out of proportion to the
-services required. The difficulty was finally adjusted by an
-agreement that the salaries should be allowed annually, and
-the amount fixed by vote of the assembly.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>King George's War.</b></div>
-
-<p>27. On the death of Charles VI. of
-Austria, in 1740, there were two claimants
-to the crown of the empire&mdash;Maria
-Theresa, daughter of the late emperor, and Charles Albert of
-Bavaria. Each claimant had his party and his army; war
-followed; and nearly all the nations of Europe were swept into
-the conflict. England and France were arrayed against each
-other. The contest that ensued is generally known as the War
-of the Austrian Succession, but in American history is called
-<span class="smcap">King George's War</span>, for George II. was now king of
-England. In America the only important event of the war
-was the capture of Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island.</p>
-
-<p>28. In 1748 a treaty of peace was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle,
-a town of western Germany. Nothing was gained
-but a restoration of conquests. Not a single boundary line
-was settled by the treaty. The real war between France and
-England for supremacy in the West was yet to be fought.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Character of the Puritans.</b></div>
-
-<p>29. The history of Massachusetts has now
-been traced through a period of one hundred
-and thirty years. A few words on <span class="smcap">the
-Character of the Puritans</span> may be added. They were a
-vigorous and hardy people, firm-set in the principles of honesty
-and virtue. They were sober, industrious, frugal; resolute,
-zealous, and steadfast. They esteemed truth more than riches.
-Loving home and native land, they left both for the sake of
-freedom; and finding freedom, they cherished it with the devotion
-of martyrs. Despised and hated, they rose above their
-revilers. In the school of evil fortune they gained the discipline
-of patience. They were the children of adversity and the fathers
-of renown.</p>
-
-<p>30. The gaze of the Puritan was turned ever to posterity.
-He believed in the future. For his children he toiled and
-sacrificed. The system of free schools is the monument of his
-love. The printing-press is his memorial. Almshouses and
-asylums are the tokens of his care for the unfortunate. He
-was the earliest champion of civil rights, and the builder of
-<span class="smcap">the Union</span>.</p>
-
-<p>31. In matters of religion, the fathers of New England were
-sometimes intolerant and superstitious. Their religious faith
-was gloomy. Human life was deemed a sad, a miserable
-journey. To be mistaken was to sin. To fail in trifling ceremonies
-was reckoned a crime. In the shadow of such belief
-the people became austere and melancholy. They set up a
-cold and severe form of worship. Dissenters themselves, they
-could not tolerate the dissent of others. To punish error seemed
-to the Pilgrims right and necessary. But Puritanism contained
-within itself the power to correct its own abuses. The
-evils of the system may well be forgotten in the glory of its
-achievements. Without the Puritans, America would have been
-a delusion and liberty only a name.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">New York.&mdash;Settlement and Administration of
-Stuyvesant.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig28.jpg" alt="New Amsterdam."/>
-<p class="caption center">New Amsterdam.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE settlement of New Amsterdam resulted from the
-voyages of the brave Sir Henry Hudson. For ten years
-after its founding, the colony was governed by the directors of
-the Dutch East India Company. In 1621 the Dutch West
-India Company was organized, and Manhattan Island, with
-its cluster of huts, passed at once under the control of the new
-corporation.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Dutch Settlements.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. In April, 1623, the ship <i>New Netherland</i>,
-with thirty families on board, arrived
-at New Amsterdam. The colonists, called
-<span class="smcap">Walloons</span>, were Dutch Protestant refugees. Cornelius May
-was the leader of the company. Most of the new immigrants
-settled with their friends on Manhattan; but the captain, with
-a party of fifty, made explorations as far as Delaware Bay.</p>
-
-<p>3. In May the island, containing more than twenty thousand
-acres, was purchased from the natives <i>for twenty-four dollars</i>.
-A block-house was built and surrounded with a palisade. New
-Amsterdam was already a town of thirty houses. The Dutch
-of New Amsterdam and the Pilgrims of New Plymouth were
-early and fast friends.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Patroons.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. In 1628 the population of Manhattan
-numbered two hundred and seventy. The
-settlers engaged in the fur-trade. In 1629 the West India
-Company framed a <span class="smcap">Charter of Privileges</span>, under which
-a class of proprietors, called patroons, were authorized to colonize
-the country. The conditions were that each patroon
-should purchase his lands of the Indians; and that he should
-establish a colony of not less than fifty persons. Five estates
-were immediately laid out. Three of them were on the
-Hudson; the fourth, on Staten Island; and the fifth, in the
-southern half of Delaware.</p>
-
-<p>5. In April of 1633 Wouter van Twiller became Governor.
-Three months previously the Dutch erected a block-house at
-Hartford. In October an armed vessel from Plymouth sailed
-up the Connecticut, and defied the Dutch commander. The
-English proceeded up stream to the mouth of the Farmington,
-where they built Fort Windsor. Two years later, by the
-building of Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut, they
-obtained control of the river above and below the Dutch fort.</p>
-
-<p>6. In 1626 Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant king of Sweden,
-formed the design of establishing settlements in America. But
-before his plans could be carried into effect, he was killed in
-battle. In 1632, the Swedish minister took up the work which
-his master had left unfinished; and, after four years, the enterprise
-was brought to a successful issue.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>New Sweden.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. Late in 1637 a company of Swedes
-and Finns left the harbor of Stockholm,
-and in the following February arrived in
-Delaware Bay. The name of <span class="smcap">New Sweden</span> was given to the
-territory. On the left bank of a small tributary of the Brandywine,
-a spot was chosen for the settlement. The immigrants
-soon provided themselves with houses. The creek and the
-fort were both named Christiana, in honor of the maiden queen
-of Sweden. In a short time the banks of the bay and river
-were dotted with pleasant hamlets.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>8. The authorities of New Amsterdam were jealous of the
-Swedish colony. Sir William Kieft, who had succeeded Van
-Twiller, warned the settlers of their intrusion on Dutch territory.
-But the Swedes went on enlarging their borders.</p>
-
-<p>9. In 1640 New Netherland became involved in a war with
-the Indians. New Amsterdam was soon put in a state of defense,
-and a company of militia was sent against the savages.
-On both sides the war degenerated into treachery and murder.
-Through the mediation of Roger Williams a truce was obtained,
-but was immediately broken.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>War with the Indians.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. Soon a party of Mohawks came down
-the river to enforce their supremacy over the
-Algonquins in the vicinity of New Amsterdam.
-The latter begged assistance of the Dutch. Kieft now
-saw an opportunity for wholesale destruction. A company of
-soldiers set out from Manhattan, and discovered the camp
-of the Algonquins. The
-place was surrounded by
-night, and nearly a hundred
-of the poor wretches were
-killed by those to whom
-they had appealed for help.
-When it was known among
-the tribes that the Dutch,
-and not the Mohawks, were
-the authors of this outrage,
-the war was renewed with
-fury.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig29.jpg" alt="Peter Stuyvesant."/>
-<p class="caption center">Peter Stuyvesant.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>11. In 1643 Captain John
-Underhill, of Massachusetts,
-was appointed to command
-the Dutch forces. He first
-invaded New Jersey, and brought the Delawares into subjection.
-A decisive battle was fought on Long Island; and at
-Greenwich, in western Connecticut, the power of the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
-was finally broken. On the 30th of August, 1645, a treaty was
-concluded at Fort Amsterdam.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Governor Stuyvesant.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. In 1647 the West India Company revoked Governor
-Kieft's commission, and appointed Peter Stuyvesant to succeed
-him. Kieft embarked for Europe, but perished during
-the voyage. Peter Stuyvesant entered upon
-his duties on the 11th of May, 1647, and continued
-in office for seventeen years. His first
-care was to conciliate the Indians. So intimate and cordial
-became the relations between the natives and the Dutch, that
-they were suspected of making common cause against the
-English. Massachusetts was alarmed lest such an alliance
-should be formed. But the policy of Stuyvesant was based on
-nobler principles.</p>
-
-<p>13. Until now the West India Company had exclusive
-control of the commerce of New Netherland. In 1648 this
-monopoly was abolished, and regular export duties were substituted.
-The benefit of the change was soon apparent in the
-improvement of the Dutch province.</p>
-
-<p>14. In a letter written to Stuyvesant by the secretary of the
-company, the prediction was made that the commerce of New
-Amsterdam would cover every ocean, and the ships of all
-nations crowd into her harbor. But for many years the growth
-of the city was slow. The better parts of Manhattan Island
-were still divided among the farmers. Central Park was a
-forest of oaks and chestnuts.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Boundary of New Netherland.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. In 1650 the boundary was fixed between
-New England and New Netherland.
-The line extended across Long Island north
-and south, passing through Oyster Bay, and thence to Greenwich,
-on the other side of the Sound. From this point northward
-the dividing line was nearly identical with the present
-boundary of Connecticut on the west. This treaty was ratified
-by the colonies, by the West India Company, and by the
-States-General of Holland.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Conquest of New Sweden.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. Stuyvesant now determined to subdue the colony of
-New Sweden. In 1651 an armament left New Amsterdam
-for the Delaware, and made an unsuccessful expedition. In
-September of 1655 the old governor again
-sailed against New Sweden. Before the 25th
-of the month every fort belonging to the Swedes
-had been forced to surrender. Honorable terms were granted
-to all, and in a few days the authority of New Netherland was
-established. The little State of New Sweden had ceased to exist.</p>
-
-<p>17. While Stuyvesant was absent on his expedition against
-the Swedes, the Algonquins rose in rebellion. In a fleet of
-sixty-four canoes, they appeared before New Amsterdam, yelling
-and discharging arrows, then they went on shore and began
-to burn and murder. The return of the Dutch from Delaware
-induced the chiefs to sue for peace, which Stuyvesant granted
-on better terms than the Indians deserved.</p>
-
-<p>18. In 1663 the town of Kingston was attacked and destroyed
-by the Indians. Sixty-five of the inhabitants were
-tomahawked or carried into captivity. To punish this outrage
-a strong force was sent from New Amsterdam. The Indians
-fled to the woods; but the Dutch soldiers pursued them to
-their villages, burned their wigwams, and killed every warrior
-who could be overtaken. In May of 1664 a treaty of peace
-was concluded.</p>
-
-<p>19. Governor Stuyvesant had great difficulty in defending
-his province against the claims of other nations. Discord at
-home added to his embarrassments. For many years the
-Dutch had witnessed the growth and prosperity of the English
-colonies. Boston had outgrown New Amsterdam. The
-schools of Massachusetts and Connecticut flourished; the
-academy on Manhattan, after a sickly career of two years, was
-discontinued. In New Netherland heavy taxes were levied
-for the support of the poor; New England had no poor. The
-Dutch attributed their own want of thrift to the mismanagement
-of the West India Company.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The English Conquest.</b></div>
-
-<p>20. On the 12th of March, 1664, the
-duke of York received from Charles II. a
-patent for the whole country between the
-Connecticut and the Delaware. The duke made haste to secure
-his territory. An English squadron was immediately sent to
-America. On the 28th of August the fleet anchored before
-New Amsterdam. Governor Stuyvesant convened the Dutch
-council, and exhorted them to rouse to action and fight. Some
-one replied that the West India Company <i>was not worth fighting
-for</i>. The brave old man was forced to sign the capitulation;
-and on the 8th of September, 1664, New Netherland
-ceased to exist.</p>
-
-<p>21. The English flag was hoisted over the fort and town,
-and the name of <span class="smcap">New York</span> was substituted for New Amsterdam.
-The remaining Swedish and Dutch settlements soon
-capitulated. The supremacy of Great Britain in America was
-finally established. From Maine to Georgia, every mile of the
-American coast was under the flag of England.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">New York Under the English.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>English Governors.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE Dutch had surrendered themselves
-to the English government in
-the hope of obtaining civil liberty. But
-it was a poor sort of liberty that any province was likely to
-receive from Charles II. The promised rights of the people
-were evaded and withheld. The old titles by which the Dutch
-farmers held their lands were annulled. The people were
-obliged to accept new deeds from the English governor, and
-to pay him therefor large sums of money.</p>
-
-<p>2. In 1667 Nicolls, the first English governor of New York,
-was superseded by the tyrannical Lord Lovelace. The people
-became dissatisfied and gloomy. The discontent was universal.
-Several towns resisted the tax-gatherers and passed resolutions
-denouncing the government. The only attention which
-Lovelace and his council paid to these resolutions was to order
-them to be burnt before the town-house of New York. When
-the Swedes, a quiet people, resisted the governor's exactions,
-he wrote to his deputy: "If there is any more murmuring
-against the taxes, make them so heavy that the people can do
-nothing but think how to pay them."</p>
-
-<p>3. In 1672 Charles II. was induced by the king of France
-to begin a war with Holland. The struggle extended to the
-colonies, and New York was for a short time revolutionized.
-But the conquest was only a brief military occupation of the
-country. The civil authority of the Dutch was never reestablished.
-In 1674 Charles II. was obliged to conclude a treaty
-of peace. All conquests made during the war were restored.
-New York reverted to the English government, and the rights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
-of the duke of York were again recognized in the province.
-Sir Edmund Andros was now appointed governor. On the last
-day of October the Dutch forces were finally withdrawn, and
-Andros assumed control of the government.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig30.jpg" alt="Dutch Costumes and Architecture."/>
-<p class="caption center">Dutch Costumes and Architecture.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>4. It was a sad sort of government for the people. All the
-abuses of Lovelace's administration were revived. Taxes were
-levied without authority of law, and the protests of the people
-were treated with scorn. A popular legislative assembly was
-demanded, but the duke of York wrote to Andros that popular
-assemblies were dangerous to the government, and that <i>he did
-not see any use for them</i>.</p>
-
-<p>5. In July of 1675 Andros made an unsuccessful effort to
-extend his authority over Connecticut, and later an equally
-ineffectual attempt to gain control of New Jersey. The representatives
-of the people at this latter place declared themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
-to be under the protection of the Great Charter, which not even
-the duke of York could alter or annul. In August of 1682 the
-"Territories" beyond the Delaware were granted by the Duke
-of York to William Penn. This little district, first settled by
-the Swedes, afterwards conquered by the Dutch, then transferred
-to England, was now finally separated from New York
-and joined to the new province of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Popular Assembly Granted.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. For thirty years the people had been
-clamoring for a general assembly. At last
-the duke of York yielded to the demand.
-Then, for the first time, the people of the province were
-permitted to choose their own rulers and to frame their
-own laws. The new assembly made haste to declare <span class="smcap">THE
-PEOPLE</span> to be a part of the government. All freeholders were
-granted the right of suffrage; trial by jury was established;
-taxes should not be levied except by the assembly; soldiers
-should not be quartered on the people; martial law should
-not exist; no person should be persecuted on account of his
-religion.</p>
-
-<p>7. In July of 1684 the governors of New York and Virginia
-were met by the chiefs of the Iroquois at Albany, and the terms
-of a lasting peace were settled. In 1685 the duke of York
-became king of England. It was soon found that even a monarch
-could violate his pledges. King James became the enemy
-of the government which had been established in his American
-province. The legislature of New York was dismissed. An
-odious tax was levied. Printing-presses were forbidden; and
-the old abuses were revived.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Leisler's Insurrection.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. When the news of the accession of William of Orange
-reached New York there was great rejoicing. The people
-rose in rebellion against deputy-governor
-Nicholson, who was glad to escape to England.
-The leader of the insurrection was
-Captain Jacob Leisler. He was appointed commandant of New
-York, and afterwards provisional governor. The councilors,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
-who were friends of the deposed Nicholson, left the city and
-went to Albany. Here the party opposed to Leisler organized
-a second provisional government. Both factions began to rule
-in the name of William and Mary, the new sovereigns of
-England. Such was the condition of affairs at the beginning
-of King William's War. In the spring of 1690, the authority
-of Leisler as governor of New York was recognized throughout
-the province.</p>
-
-<p>9. In March, 1691, Colonel Sloughter arrived, with appointment
-as governor; and Leisler, on the same day, tendered
-his submission. He wrote a letter to Sloughter, expressing a
-desire to surrender the post to the governor. But Sloughter
-preferred to treat him as a traitor, and had him seized and sent
-to prison.</p>
-
-<p>10. As soon as the government was organized the prisoner
-was brought to trial. It was decided that he had been a
-usurper. Sentence of death was passed on him, but Sloughter
-hesitated to put the sentence into execution. In this state of
-affairs the governor was invited to a banquet by the royal
-councilors; and when heated with drink, the death-warrant
-was thrust before him for his signature. He succeeded in signing
-his name to the parchment; and before his drunken revel
-had passed away, his victim had met his fate. On the 16th of
-May Leisler was taken from prison and hanged.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>French Invasion.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. In 1696 New York was invaded by
-the French. But they were soon driven
-back by the English and Iroquois. Before
-a second invasion could be undertaken, King William's War
-was ended. In 1697 the Irish earl of Bellomont became governor.
-His administration was the happiest in the history
-of the colony. Massachusetts and New Hampshire were
-under his jurisdiction, but Connecticut and Rhode Island
-remained independent.</p>
-
-<p>12. To Bellomont's administration belongs the story of Captain
-William Kidd, the pirate. A vessel was fitted out by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
-company of distinguished Englishmen to protect the commerce
-of Great Britain and to punish piracy. Governor Bellomont
-was one of the proprietors, and Kidd received a commission as
-captain. The ship sailed from England before Bellomont's
-departure for New York. Soon the news came that Kidd
-himself had turned pirate and become the terror of the seas.
-For two years he continued his career, then appeared publicly
-in the streets of Boston, was seized, sent to England, tried,
-convicted, and hanged.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>New York and New Jersey United.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. In May of 1702 Bellomont was superseded
-by Lord Cornbury. A month previously
-the proprietors of New Jersey had
-surrendered their province to the English
-Crown. All obstacles being thus removed, the two colonies
-were formally united in one government under Cornbury. For
-thirty-six years the two provinces continued under the jurisdiction
-of a single governor.</p>
-
-<p>14. In 1732, New York was troubled with a dispute about
-the freedom of the press. The liberal party of the province
-held that a public journal might criticise the acts of the administration.
-The aristocratic party opposed such liberty as dangerous
-to good government. Zenger, an editor who published
-criticisms on the governor, was seized and put in prison. Great
-excitement ensued. The people praised their champion. Andrew
-Hamilton, a lawyer of Philadelphia, went to New York
-to defend Zenger, who was brought to trial in July of 1735.
-The cause was heard, and the jury brought in a verdict of
-acquittal. The aldermen of New York, in order to testify their
-appreciation of Hamilton's services, made him a present of an elegant
-gold box, and the people were enthusiastic over their victory.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Negro Plot.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. In the year 1741 occurred what is
-known as <span class="smcap">the Negro Plot</span>. Negroes constituted
-a large fraction of the people. Several
-fires occurred, and the slaves were suspected of having
-kindled them; now they became feared and hated. A rumor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
-was started that the negroes had made a plot to burn the city,
-and set up one of their own number as governor. The reward
-of freedom was offered to any slave who would reveal the plot.
-Many witnesses rushed forward; the jails were filled with the
-accused; and more than thirty of the miserable creatures, with
-hardly the form of a trial, were convicted and then hanged or
-burned to death. Others were transported and sold as slaves
-in foreign lands. As soon as the excitement had subsided, it
-came to be doubted whether the whole affair had not been the
-result of terror and fanaticism. The verdict of after times has
-been <i>that there was no plot at all</i>.</p>
-
-<p>16. Such is the history of the little colony planted on Manhattan
-Island. A hundred and thirty years had passed since
-the first feeble settlements were made; the valley of the Hudson
-was filled with farms and villages. The Walloons of
-Flanders and the Puritans of New England had blended into
-one people. Discord and contention had only resulted in
-colonial liberty. There were other struggles through which
-the sons of New York had to pass before they gained their
-freedom. But the oldest and greatest of the Middle Colonies
-had entered upon a glorious career, and the foundations of an
-<span class="smcap">Empire State</span> were laid.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Rival Claims to Connecticut.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE history of Connecticut begins with
-the year 1630. The first grant of
-the territory was made by the council of
-Plymouth to the earl of Warwick; and in March, 1631,
-the claim was transferred by him to Lord Say-and-Seal,
-Lord Brooke, and John Hampden. Before a colony could be
-planted, the Dutch of New Netherland reached the Connecticut
-and built a fort at Hartford. The people of Plymouth
-immediately sent out a force to counteract this movement of
-their rivals, for the territorial claim of the Puritans extended
-over Connecticut and over New Netherland itself.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig31.jpg" alt="Early Settlements in Connecticut."/>
-<p class="caption center">Early Settlements in Connecticut.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. In October of 1635 a colony of sixty persons from
-Boston settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Earlier<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
-in the same year the younger Winthrop, son of the governor
-of Massachusetts, arrived in New England. Under his direction
-a fort was built at the mouth of the Connecticut. Such
-was the founding of Saybrook, named in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal
-and Lord Brooke.</p>
-
-<p>3. To the early annals of Connecticut belongs the sad story
-of <span class="smcap">the Pequod War</span>. The country west of the Thames was
-more thickly peopled with savages than any other portion of
-New England. The warlike Pequods were able to muster
-seven hundred warriors. The whole force of the English did
-not amount to two hundred men. But the superior numbers
-of the savages were more than balanced by the courage and
-weapons of the English. In the year 1633 the crew of a
-trading-vessel were murdered on the banks of the Connecticut.
-An Indian embassy went to Boston to apologize; a treaty
-was made, and the Pequods acknowledged the king of England.
-But soon they began to violate the treaty. Outrages
-were committed, and war began in earnest.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Pequod War.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. In this state of affairs the Pequods
-attempted to induce the Narragansetts and
-the Mohegans to join in a war against
-the English. But Roger Williams, now in Rhode Island, used
-his endeavors to thwart the alliance. Embarking alone in a
-canoe, he crossed the bay to the house of Canonicus, king of
-the Narragansetts. There he found the ambassadors of the
-Pequods. For three days and nights, at the peril of his life,
-he pleaded with Canonicus to reject the proposals of the
-hostile tribe. At last his efforts were successful, and the
-Narragansetts voted to remain at peace. The Mohegans also
-rejected the proposed alliance. In the mean time, repeated acts
-of violence had aroused the colony. On the 1st of May the
-towns of Connecticut declared war. Sixty volunteers were put
-under command of Captain John Mason, of Hartford. Seventy
-Mohegans joined the expedition; and Sir Henry Vane sent
-Captain Underhill with twenty soldiers from Boston.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>5. The descent from Hartford to Saybrook occupied one
-day. On the 20th of the month the expedition passed the
-mouth of the Thames; here was the principal seat of the
-Pequod nation. When the savages saw the squadron go by
-they set up shouts of exultation, and persuaded themselves
-that the English were afraid to hazard battle. The fleet proceeded
-quietly into Narragansett Bay. Here the troops landed
-and began their march into the country of the Pequods.</p>
-
-<p>6. On the 25th of May the troops came within hearing of
-the Pequod fort. The warriors spent the night in uproar and
-jubilee. At two o'clock in the morning the English soldiers
-rose from their places of concealment and rushed forward to
-the fort. A dog ran howling among the wigwams, and the
-warriors sprang to arms. The English leaped over the puny
-palisades and began the work of death. "Burn them!"
-shouted Mason, seizing a flaming mat, and running among
-the cabins; and in a few minutes the wigwams were a sheet
-of flame. The English and Mohegans hastily withdrew.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Destruction of the Pequods.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. The savages ran round and round
-like wild beasts in a burning circus. If
-one of the wretched creatures burst through
-the flames it was only to meet certain death. The destruction
-was complete. Only seven warriors escaped; seven others
-were made prisoners. Six hundred men, women, and children
-perished, nearly all being burned to death. The remnants of
-the Pequods were pursued into the swamps west of Saybrook.
-Every wigwam was burned and every field laid waste. Two
-hundred fugitives were hunted to death or captivity. The
-prisoners were distributed as servants among the Narragansetts,
-or sold as slaves.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>New Haven Founded.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. In the pursuit of the Pequods, the
-English became acquainted with the coast
-west of the mouth of the Connecticut.
-Here some men of Boston tarried over winter, built cabins, and
-founded <span class="smcap">New Haven</span>. In June of 1639 the men of New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
-Haven held a convention <i>in a barn</i>, and adopted the Bible for
-a constitution. The government was called the House of
-Wisdom, and none but church members were admitted to
-citizenship.</p>
-
-<p>9. In 1643 Connecticut became a member of the Union of
-New England. New Haven was also admitted; and in the
-next year Saybrook was annexed to Connecticut. In 1650
-Governor Stuyvesant met the commissioners of the province
-at Hartford, and established the western boundary.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Winthrop secures a Charter.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. On the restoration of monarchy in England, Connecticut
-recognized King Charles as rightful sovereign. The
-younger Winthrop was sent as ambassador to London to procure
-a royal patent for the colony. He bore with him a
-charter which had been prepared by the authorities of Hartford.
-Lord Say-and-Seal and the earl of Manchester lent
-their influence to induce the king to sign
-it. Winthrop showed him a ring which
-Charles I. had given to Winthrop's grandfather;
-and the token so moved the monarch's feelings that in
-a careless moment he signed the colonial charter&mdash;the most
-liberal and ample ever granted by an English king.</p>
-
-<p>11. When Winthrop returned to Connecticut he was chosen
-governor of the colony, and continued in office for fourteen
-years. The civil institutions of the province were the best in
-New England. Peace reigned. During King Philip's War,
-Connecticut was saved from invasion. Not a hamlet was
-burned, not a life lost within her borders.</p>
-
-<p>12. In October of 1687 Andros, now governor of all New
-England, made his famous visit to Hartford. On the day of
-his arrival he invaded the assembly while in session, seized the
-book of minutes, and wrote <span class="smcap">Finis</span> at the bottom of the page.
-He then demanded the surrender of the colonial charter. Governor
-Treat pleaded earnestly for the preservation of the document.
-Andros was inexorable. The shades of evening fell.
-How Joseph Wadsworth carried away and concealed the pre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>cious
-parchment has been told in the history of Massachusetts.
-When the government of Andros was overthrown, Connecticut,
-with the other New England colonies, regained her liberty.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Yale College Founded.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. "I give these books for the founding
-of a college in this colony." Such were
-the words of ten ministers who, in 1700,
-assembled at Branford, New Haven. Each of them, as
-he uttered the words, deposited a few volumes on the table
-where they were sitting; such was the founding of <span class="smcap">Yale College</span>.
-In 1702 the school was opened at Saybrook, where it
-continued for fifteen years, and was then removed to New
-Haven. One of the most liberal patrons of the college was
-Elihu Yale, from whom the institution took its name. Common
-schools already existed in almost every village of Connecticut.</p>
-
-<p>14. The half century preceding the French and Indian war
-was a time of prosperity in the western parts of New England.
-Connecticut was especially favored. Peace reigned throughout
-her borders. The farmer reaped his fields in cheerfulness
-and hope. The mechanic made glad his dusty shop with anecdote
-and song. The merchant feared no tariff, the villager no
-taxes. Want was unknown, and pauperism unheard of. With
-fewer dark pages in her history, Connecticut had all the lofty
-purposes and noble virtues of Massachusetts.</p>
-
-<p>15. In June of 1636 the exiled Roger Williams left the
-country of the Wampanoags, and passed down the Seekonk to
-Narragansett River. With his five companions he landed on
-the western bank, purchased the soil of the Narragansetts, and
-laid the foundations of Providence. Other exiles joined the
-company. New farms were laid out and new houses built.
-Here, at last, was found at <span class="smcap">Providence Plantation</span> a refuge
-for all the persecuted.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Providence Plantation.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. The leader of the new colony was a native of Wales;
-born in 1606; liberally educated at Cambridge. He had been
-the friend of Milton, and was a great hater of ceremonies. He
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
-had been exiled <i>to</i> Massachusetts, and was
-now exiled <i>by</i> Massachusetts. He brought
-to the banks of the Narragansett the great
-doctrines of religious liberty and the equal rights of men.</p>
-
-   <div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig32.jpg" alt="A New England Kitchen in the Olden Time."/>
-<p class="caption center">A New England Kitchen in the Olden Time.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>17. The beginning of civil government in Rhode Island
-was equally simple. Williams was the natural ruler of the
-little province, but he reserved for himself no wealth, no privilege.
-The lands, purchased from Canonicus, were freely distributed
-among the colonists. Only two small fields were kept
-by the founder for himself. All the powers of the government
-were intrusted to the people. A simple agreement was made
-by the settlers that in matters not affecting the conscience they
-would yield obedience to such rules as the majority might
-make for the public good. In questions of religion the conscience
-should be to every man a guide.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>18. The new government stood the test of experience.
-Providence Plantation had peace and quiet. It was found
-that all religious sects could live together in harmony. Miantonomah,
-chief of the Narragansetts, loved Roger Williams
-as a brother. It was his friendship that enabled Williams
-to notify Massachusetts of the
-Pequod conspiracy, and to defeat
-the plans of the hostile
-nation. This good deed induced
-his friends at Salem to
-make an effort to recall him
-from banishment; but his enemies
-prevented his return.</p>
-
-   <div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig33.jpg" alt="Stone Tower at Newport."/>
-<p class="caption center">Stone Tower at Newport.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Plantation of Rhode Island.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. In 1639 a settlement
-was made at Portsmouth, in
-the northern part of the island,
-and at the same time a
-party of colonists removed to
-the southwestern part of the island, and laid the foundations
-of <span class="smcap">Newport</span>. In sight of this last-named settlement
-stood the old stone tower, a monument built by the Norsemen.
-In March of 1641 a public meeting was convened;
-the citizens came together on terms of equality, and the
-task of framing a constitution was undertaken. In three
-days the instrument was completed. The government was
-declared to be a "<span class="smcap">Democracie</span>." The supreme authority was
-lodged with the freemen of the island. The
-vote of the majority should always rule.
-No one should be distressed on account
-of religious doctrine. The little republic was named the
-<span class="smcap">Plantation of Rhode Island</span>.</p>
-
-<p>20. In 1643 Providence and Rhode Island were refused
-admission into the Union of New England. Soon afterward
-Roger Williams was sent to London to procure a charter for
-the new colonies. On the 14th of March in the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
-year the patent was granted, and Rhode Island became an
-independent commonwealth. With but few and brief interruptions
-it enjoyed peace and prosperity. The principles of
-the illustrious founder became the principles of the commonwealth.
-The renown of Rhode Island has not been in vastness
-of territory, in mighty cities, or in victorious armies, but
-in devotion to truth, justice, and freedom.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Province of New Hampshire.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. In 1622 the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec
-was granted by the council of Plymouth to Sir Ferdinand
-Gorges and John Mason. The proprietors made haste to
-secure their new domain by actual settlements. In the spring
-of 1623 two small companies of colonists were sent out by
-Mason and Gorges to people their province. One party of
-immigrants landed at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, and
-began to build a village. The other company proceeded
-up stream and laid the foundations of Dover. With the exception
-of Plymouth and Weymouth, Portsmouth and Dover
-are the oldest towns in New England. But the progress of
-the settlements was slow; for many years
-the two villages were only fishing stations.
-In 1629 the name of <span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span>
-was given to the province. Very soon Massachusetts began
-to urge her rights to the district north of the Merrimac.</p>
-
-<p>22. On the 14th of April, 1642, New Hampshire was united
-with Massachusetts. The law restricting the rights of citizenship
-to church members was not extended over the new
-province, for the people of Portsmouth and Dover belonged
-to the Church of England. New Hampshire was the only
-colony east of the Hudson not originally founded by the Puritans.
-The union continued in force until 1679, when New
-Hampshire was separated from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts,
-and organized as a distinct royal province. Edward
-Cranfield was chosen governor.</p>
-
-<p>23. Before his arrival the sawyers and lumbermen of the
-Piscataqua convened a general assembly at Portsmouth. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
-resolution was passed by the representatives that no act, law,
-or ordinance should be valid unless made by the assembly and
-approved by the people. When the king heard of this resolution
-he declared it to be both wicked and absurd.</p>
-
-<p>24. Of all the colonies, New Hampshire suffered most from
-the Indian wars. Her settlements were constantly exposed to
-savage invasion. During King Philip's War the suffering along
-the frontier was very great. In the wars of William, Anne, and
-George the province was visited with devastation and ruin.
-But in the intervals of peace the spirits of the people revived,
-and the hardy settlers returned to their wasted farms. Out of
-these conflicts and trials came that sturdy race of pioneers
-who bore such a heroic part in the contests of after years.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">New Jersey and Pennsylvania.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE history of New Jersey begins with the founding of
-Elizabethtown, in 1664. As early as 1618, a trading-station
-had been established at Bergen; but forty years passed
-before permanent dwellings were built in that neighborhood.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Claims to New Jersey.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The territory of New Jersey was included
-in the grant made to the duke of
-York. In 1664 that portion of the province
-lying between the Hudson and the Delaware, extending
-as far north as forty-one degrees and forty minutes, was assigned
-to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Just after
-the conquest, a company of Puritans received a grant of land
-on Newark Bay. The Indian titles were purchased; in the
-following October a village was begun and named Elizabethtown.</p>
-
-<p>3. In August of 1665 Philip Carteret arrived as governor.
-Elizabethtown was made the capital of the colony; Newark
-was founded; flourishing hamlets appeared on the shores of
-the bay as far south as Sandy Hook. In honor of Sir George
-Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of Jersey, his
-American domain was named <span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>. In 1668 the
-first assembly convened at Elizabethtown. The representatives
-were Puritans, and the laws of New England were repeated
-in the legislation of the colony.</p>
-
-<p>4. After the conquest of New York by the Dutch, and the
-restoration of the province to England, the duke of York received
-from the king a second patent for the country between
-the Connecticut and the Delaware. At the same time he
-confirmed his former grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
-Carteret. But soon afterwards Sir Edmund Andros was appointed
-royal governor of the whole country. Carteret defended
-his claim against Andros; but Berkeley sold his interest in
-New Jersey to John Fenwick, to be held in trust for Edward
-Byllinge, who after a time made an assignment of his property
-to Gawen Laurie, Nicholas Lucas, and William Penn.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Division of New Jersey.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. These men were Quakers. Here, then,
-was an opportunity to establish an asylum
-for the persecuted Friends. Penn and
-his associates applied to Sir George Carteret for a division
-of the province. It was accordingly agreed to divide New
-Jersey so that Carteret's district should be separated from that
-of the Quakers. The line of division was drawn from the
-southern point of land on the east side of Little Egg Harbor
-to a point on the Delaware in the latitude of forty-one degrees
-and forty minutes. The
-territory lying east of this
-line remained to Sir George
-as sole proprietor, and was
-named <span class="smcap">East Jersey</span>; while
-that portion lying between
-the line and the Delaware
-was called <span class="smcap">West Jersey</span>,
-and passed under the control
-of Penn.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig34.jpg" alt="Middle Colonies."/>
-<p class="caption center">Middle Colonies.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>6. Early in the following
-March the Quaker
-proprietors published a
-code of laws called <span class="smcap">The
-Concessions</span>. The constitution
-rivaled the charter
-of Connecticut in the
-liberality of its principles.
-The authors of the instrument then addressed the Quakers
-of England, recommending the province and inviting im<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>migration.
-Before the end of the year a colony of more
-than four hundred Friends found homes in West Jersey.
-An effort was now made by the proprietors of East Jersey
-to secure a deed of release from the duke of York. The
-petition was granted, and the whole territory was freed from
-foreign authority.</p>
-
-<p>7. In November of 1681 Jennings, the deputy-governor of
-West Jersey, convened the first general assembly. The Quakers
-now met together to make their own laws. The Concessions
-were reaffirmed. Men of all races and religions were declared
-to be equal. Imprisonment for debt was forbidden. The sale
-of ardent spirits to the Red men was prohibited. Taxes should
-be voted by the representatives of the people. The lands of
-the Indians should be acquired by purchase. Finally, a criminal
-might be pardoned by the person against whom the offense
-was committed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Quakers purchase East Jersey.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. In 1682 William Penn and eleven
-other Friends purchased the province of
-East Jersey. The whole of New Jersey
-was now held by the Friends. In 1685 James II. appointed
-Edmund Andros royal governor of the colonies from Maine to
-Delaware. In 1688 the Jerseys were brought under his jurisdiction.
-When the news came of the abdication of the English
-monarch, Andros could do nothing but surrender to the indignant
-people.</p>
-
-<p>9. But the condition of New Jersey was deplorable. It was
-almost impossible to tell to whom the territory rightfully belonged.
-Finally, in April of 1702, all proprietary claims being
-waived in favor of the king, the territory between the Hudson
-and the Delaware became a royal province.</p>
-
-<p>10. New Jersey was now attached to the government of
-Lord Cornbury of New York. But each province retained its
-own legislative assembly and a distinct organization. This
-method of government continued for thirty-six years, and was
-then ended by the action of the people. In 1728 the repre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>sentatives
-of New Jersey sent a petition to George II., praying
-for a separation of the two colonies. Ten years later the effort
-was renewed and brought to a successful issue. New Jersey
-was made independent, and Lewis Morris
-received a commission as royal governor of
-the province.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>New Jersey a Royal Province.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. The Quakers were greatly encouraged with the success
-of their colonies in New Jersey. For more than a quarter of
-a century they had been buffeted with persecutions. But imprisonment
-and exile had not abated their zeal. The benevolent
-spirit of Penn urged him to find for his people an asylum in
-the New World. In June of 1680 he appealed to King Charles
-for the privilege of founding a Quaker commonwealth in
-America.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Pennsylvania.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. The petition was heard with favor.
-On the 5th of March, 1681, a charter was
-granted by Charles II., and William Penn became the proprietor
-of <span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>. The vast domain embraced under
-the new patent was bounded on the east by the Delaware,
-extended north and south over three degrees of latitude,
-and westward through five degrees of longitude. The three
-counties of Delaware were reserved for the duke of York.
-Within a month from the date of his charter, Penn published
-a glowing account of his new country, promising freedom of
-conscience, and inviting emigration. During the summer three
-shiploads of Quakers left England for the land of promise.</p>
-
-<p>13. During the winter of 1681-82, Penn drew up a constitution
-for his people. In the mean time, the duke of York had
-surrendered his claim to the three counties on the Delaware.
-The whole country on the west bank of the river, from Cape
-Henlopen to the forty-third degree of latitude, was now transferred
-to Penn, who, with a large company of emigrants, landed
-at New Castle on the 27th of October, 1682.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>William Penn.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. <span class="smcap">William Penn</span> was born on the 14th of October, 1644.
-He was the oldest son of Sir William Penn of the British navy.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
-At the age of twelve he was sent to the University of Oxford,
-where he distinguished himself as a student until he was expelled
-on account of his religion. Afterwards
-he traveled on the Continent, and
-then became a student of law at London.
-For a while he was a soldier, and was then converted to the
-Quaker faith. His father drove him out of doors, but he was
-not to be turned from his
-course. He proclaimed the
-doctrines of the Friends;
-was arrested and imprisoned,
-first in the Tower of London,
-and afterward at Newgate.
-Despairing of toleration
-in England, he cast his
-gaze across the Atlantic.
-West Jersey was purchased;
-Pennsylvania was granted
-by King Charles; and now
-Penn himself arrived in
-America to found a government
-on the basis of peace.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig35.jpg" alt="William Penn."/>
-<p class="caption center">William Penn.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Treaty of Shackamaxon.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. The Quaker governor
-delivered an affectionate address to the crowd of Swedes,
-Dutch, and English who came to greet him. His pledges
-of a liberal government were renewed, and the people
-were exhorted to sobriety and honesty.
-Friendly relations were established between
-the Friends and Red men. A great conference,
-appointed with the sachems of the neighboring
-tribes, was held on the banks of the Delaware. Penn declared
-his brotherly affection for the Indians. Standing before
-them, clad in the simple garb of the Quakers, he said:&mdash;"<span class="smcap">My
-Friends</span>: We have met on the broad pathway of good
-faith. We are all one flesh and blood. Being brethren, no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
-advantage shall be taken on either side. When disputes arise,
-we will settle them in council. Between us there shall be
-nothing but openness and love." The chiefs replied: "While
-the rivers run and the sun shines we will live in peace with the
-children of William Penn." And the treaty was sacredly kept.
-The Quaker hat and coat proved to be a better defense than
-coat-of-mail and musket.</p>
-
-<p>16. In February of 1683 the native chestnuts, walnuts and
-elms were blazed to indicate the lines of the streets, and <span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>
-was founded. Within a month a general assembly
-was in session at the new capital. A democratic form of government
-was adopted. The growth of Philadelphia was astonishing.
-In 1683 there were only three or four houses. In
-1685 the city contained six hundred houses; the schoolmaster
-had come, and the printing-press had begun its work. In another
-year Philadelphia had outgrown New York. In August
-of 1684 Penn took leave of his colony and sailed for England.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Secession of Delaware.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. Nothing occurred to disturb the peace
-of Pennsylvania until the secession of Delaware
-in 1691. The three lower counties,
-which had been united on terms of equality with the six
-counties of Pennsylvania, became dissatisfied with some acts
-of the assembly and insisted on a separation. The proprietor
-gave consent; Delaware withdrew from the union, and received
-a separate deputy-governor.</p>
-
-<p>18. In December of 1699 Penn visited his American commonwealth,
-and drew up another constitution, more liberal than
-the first. But Delaware would not accept the new form of
-government. In 1702 the assemblies of the two provinces sat
-apart; and in the following year Delaware and Pennsylvania
-were finally separated.</p>
-
-<p>19. In July of 1718 the founder of Pennsylvania sank to
-rest. His estates, vast and valuable, were bequeathed to his
-three sons, John, Thomas, and Richard. By them, or their
-deputies, Pennsylvania was governed until the American Revo<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>lution.
-In the year 1779 the claims of the Penn family were
-purchased by the legislature of Pennsylvania for a hundred
-and thirty thousand pounds.</p>
-
-<p>20. The colonial history of the State founded by Penn is one
-of special interest and pleasure. It is a narrative of the victories
-of peace, and of the triumph of peaceful principles over
-violence and wrong. It is doubtful whether the history of any
-other colony in the world is touched with so many traits of innocence
-and truth. "I will found a free colony for all mankind,"
-were the words of William Penn. How well his work was done
-shall be told when the bells of his capital city shall ring out the
-glad notes of <span class="smcap">American Independence</span>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Maryland and North Carolina.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">CAPTAIN John Smith was the first white man to explore
-the Chesapeake. In 1621 William Clayborne, an
-English surveyor, was sent out by the London Company to
-make a map of the country around the bay. By the second
-charter of Virginia that province included all of the present
-State of Maryland. To explore and occupy the country was
-an enterprise of the highest importance to the Virginians. In
-May of 1631 Clayborne was authorized to survey the country
-as far north as the forty-first degree of latitude, and to establish
-a trade with the Indians. In the spring of 1632 he began his
-important work.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>First Posts in Maryland.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The enterprise was attended with success.
-A trading-post was established on
-Kent Island, and another near Havre de
-Grace. The Chesapeake was explored and a trade opened
-with the natives. The limits of Virginia were about to be extended
-to the borders of New Netherland. But, in the mean
-time, religious persecutions were preparing the way for the
-foundation of a new State in the wilderness. Sir George Calvert,
-a Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, better known by
-his title of <span class="smcap">Lord Baltimore</span>, was destined to become the
-founder.</p>
-
-<p>3. In 1629 he made a visit to Virginia. The general assembly
-offered him citizenship, but required such an oath of
-allegiance as no honest Catholic could take. Lord Baltimore
-thereupon left the narrow-minded legislators; returned to London;
-drew up a charter for a new State on the Chesapeake,
-and induced King Charles to sign it.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>4. The provisions of the charter were ample. No preference
-was given to any particular religion. The lives and
-property of the colonists were carefully guarded. Arbitrary
-taxation was forbidden. The power of making the laws was
-conceded to the freemen of the colony.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Lord Baltimore's Charter.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. Before the patent could receive the
-seal of state, Sir George Calvert died.
-His title descended to his son Cecil; and
-the charter was issued to him on the 20th of June, 1632. In
-honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., the name of
-<span class="smcap">Maryland</span> was conferred on the new province. In the fall
-of 1633 a colony numbering two hundred persons was collected.
-Leonard Calvert, a brother of Cecil, was appointed to
-accompany the colonists to America.</p>
-
-   <div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig36.jpg" alt="Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore."/>
-<p class="caption center">Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>6. In March of 1634 the immigrants arrived at Old Point
-Comfort. They proceeded up the bay and ascended the Potomac.
-Finding a half-deserted
-Indian village at the mouth
-of the St. Mary's, the English
-moved into the vacant huts.
-The rest of the town was purchased;
-and the name of
-<span class="smcap">St. Mary's</span> was given to the
-colony. Friendly relations
-were established with the natives.
-The Indian women
-taught the wives of the
-English how to make cornbread,
-and the warriors instructed
-the colonists in the
-art of hunting. There was
-neither anxiety nor want in
-the colony. Within six months the settlement had grown
-into greater prosperity than Jamestown had reached in as
-many years.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>7. In 1639 a representative government was established in
-Maryland. Hitherto a system of democracy had prevailed;
-each freeman had been allowed a vote in determining the laws.
-When the new delegates came together, a declaration of rights
-was adopted. All the liberal principles of the colonial patent
-were reaffirmed. The rights of citizenship were declared to be
-the same as those of the people of England.</p>
-
-<p>8. In 1642 Indian hostilities were begun on the Potomac.
-But the settlements of Maryland were compact, and no great
-suffering was occasioned. In 1644 the savages agreed to bury
-the hatchet and to renew the pledges of friendship.</p>
-
-<p>9. In 1650 the legislature of Maryland was divided into two
-branches. The rights of Lord Baltimore were defined by law.
-An act was passed declaring that no taxes should be levied
-without the consent of the assembly. Such was the condition
-of affairs in the colony of Maryland when the Commonwealth
-was established in England.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Conflict with Parliament.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. In 1651 parliamentary commissioners
-came to America to assume control
-of Maryland. Stone, the deputy of Baltimore,
-was deposed from office; but in the following year he
-was permitted to resume the government. In April of 1653
-he published a proclamation, declaring that the recent interference
-had been a rebellion. Clayborne thereupon collected
-a force in Virginia, drove Stone out of office, and directed the
-government himself.</p>
-
-<p>11. In 1654 a Protestant assembly was convened at Patuxent.
-The supremacy of Cromwell was acknowledged, and the
-Catholics were deprived of the protection of the laws. Civil
-war ensued. Governor Stone armed the militia, and seized the
-records of the colony. A battle was fought near Annapolis,
-and the Catholics were defeated, with a loss of fifty men.
-Stone was taken prisoner, but was saved from death by the
-friendship of some of the insurgents. Three of the Catholics
-were tried and executed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>12. After the death of Cromwell, Maryland was declared
-independent. On the 12th of March, 1660, the rights of Lord
-Baltimore were set aside, and the whole power of government
-was assumed by the House of Burgesses. On the restoration
-of monarchy the Baltimores were again recognized, and Philip
-Calvert was sent out as governor. From 1675 to 1691 Charles
-Calvert was governor of Maryland.</p>
-
-<p>13. On the 1st of June, 1691, the charter of Lord Baltimore
-was taken away and a royal governor appointed. The Episcopal
-Church was established by law. Religious toleration
-was abolished and the government administered on despotic
-principles. This condition of affairs continued until 1715, when
-Queen Anne restored the heir of Lord Baltimore to the rights
-of his family. Maryland remained under the authority of
-the Calverts until the Revolution.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Settlement of the Carolinas.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. The first effort to colonize North Carolina
-was made by Sir Walter Raleigh. In
-1630 the country was granted to Sir Robert
-Heath. But, after thirty-three years, the patent was revoked by
-the English king. The name of <span class="smcap">Carolina</span> had been given to the
-country by John Ribault, in 1562. The first actual settlement
-was made on the Chowan about the year 1651. In 1661 a
-company of Puritans settled on Oldtown Creek. In 1663 Lord
-Clarendon, and seven other noblemen, received a grant of all the
-country between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St. John's.</p>
-
-<p>15. The work of preparing a frame of government for the
-new province was assigned to Sir Ashley Cooper. The philosopher
-John Locke was employed by him and his associates
-to prepare the constitution. From March until July of 1669,
-Locke worked away in drawing up a plan which he called
-<span class="smcap">The Grand Model</span>. <i>It contained one hundred and twenty
-articles</i>; and this was but the beginning! The empire of
-Carolina was divided into districts of four hundred and eighty
-thousand acres each. The offices were divided between two
-grand orders of nobility.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>16. All attempts to establish the new government ended in
-failure. But the settlers had meanwhile learned to govern
-themselves. They grew prosperous by trading in staves and
-furs; and when this traffic was exhausted, they began to
-remove to other settlements.</p>
-
-<p>17. The people of the colony were greatly oppressed with
-taxes. The trade with New England alone was weighed down
-with an annual duty of twelve thousand dollars. A gloomy
-opposition to the government prevailed; and when, in 1676,
-large numbers of refugees from Virginia arrived in Carolina, the
-discontent was kindled into an insurrection. The people seized
-Governor Miller and his council, and established a new government
-of their own. John Culpepper, the leader of the insurgents,
-was chosen governor. In 1679 Miller and his associates
-escaped from confinement and went to London. Governor
-Culpepper, who followed to defend himself, was seized, indicted
-for treason, tried, and acquitted. After a time new settlers came
-from Virginia and Maryland&mdash;Quakers from New England,
-Huguenots from France, and peasants from Switzerland.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Troubles.</b></div>
-
-<p>18. The Indians of North Carolina gradually
-wasted away. Some of the nations
-were already extinct. The lands of the
-savages had passed to the whites, sometimes by purchase,
-sometimes by fraud. Of all the tribes of the Carolinas, only
-the Corees and the Tuscaroras were still formidable. These
-grew jealous and went to war with the whites.</p>
-
-<p>19. On the night of the 22d of September, 1711, the savages
-fell upon the scattered settlements and murdered a hundred
-and thirty persons. Civil dissensions prevented the authorities
-from adopting vigorous measures of defence. But Colonel
-Barnwell came from South Carolina with a company of militia
-and friendly Indians; and the savages were driven into their
-fort. A treaty of peace was made; but, on their way homeward,
-Barnwell's men sacked an Indian village, and the war
-was at once renewed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>20. In the next year, Colonel Moore of South Carolina
-arrived with a regiment of whites and Indians, and the Tuscaroras
-were pursued to their fort, which was carried by assault.
-Eight hundred warriors were taken prisoners. The power of
-the hostile nation was broken; and the Tuscaroras, abandoning
-their hunting-grounds, marched across Virginia, Maryland,
-and Pennsylvania, joined their kinsmen of New York, and
-became the sixth nation of the Iroquois.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Separation of the Carolinas.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. In 1729 a separation was effected
-between the two Carolinas, and a royal
-governor was appointed over each. In
-spite of many reverses, the northern colony had greatly prospered.
-Intellectual development had not been as rapid as the
-growth in numbers and wealth. Little attention had been
-given to questions of religion. There was no minister in the
-province until 1703. Two years later the first church was
-built. The printing-press did not begin its work until 1754.
-But the people were brave and patriotic. They loved their
-country, and called it the <span class="smcap">Land of Summer</span>.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">South Carolina and Georgia.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">IN January of 1670 the proprietors of Carolina sent out a
-colony under command of Joseph West and William Sayle.
-On the first high land upon the southern bank of the Ashley
-River were laid the foundations of Old Charleston, named in
-honor of Charles II. Sayle had been commissioned as governor
-of the colony, and he at once assumed control.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Introduction of Slaves.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. In 1671 he died, and West entered upon
-the duties of the vacant office. In a few
-months Sir John Yeamans, who had been
-governor of the northern province, was commissioned as chief
-magistrate of the southern colony. He brought with him
-to Ashley River a cargo of African slaves. Thus the labor of
-the black man was substituted for the labor of the white man,
-and in less than two years slavery was firmly established. The
-importation of negroes went on so rapidly that soon the negroes
-were twice as numerous as the white men.</p>
-
-<p>3. During the year 1671 the country was rapidly filled with
-people. Fertile lands were abundant. Wars and pestilence
-had almost destroyed the native tribes. The proprietors of
-Carolina sent several ships to New York, loaded them with
-the discontented people of that province, and brought them to
-Charleston. Charles II. collected a company of Protestant
-refugees in Europe, and sent them to Carolina to introduce the
-silk-worm and to cultivate the grape.</p>
-
-<p>4. In 1680 the present city of Charleston was founded.
-Thirty dwellings were erected during the first summer. The
-village immediately became the capital of the colony. The
-unhealthy climate retarded the progress of the new town, but
-the people were full of life and enterprise.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>French Huguenots.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. England, France, Scotland, and Ireland
-sent colonies to South Carolina. Especially
-did the French Huguenots come
-in great numbers, for they were now persecuted in their own
-country. They were met by the proprietors with a promise
-of citizenship; but the promise was not well kept, for the
-general assembly claimed the right of fixing the conditions of
-naturalization. Not until 1697 were all discriminations against
-the French immigrants removed.</p>
-
-<p>6. In April of 1693 the proprietors of Carolina annulled
-the Grand Model, and Thomas Smith was appointed governor.
-He was soon superseded by John Archdale, a distinguished
-Quaker, under whose administration the colony entered upon
-a new career of prosperity. The quit-rents on lands were remitted
-for four years. The Indians were conciliated with kindness,
-and the Huguenots protected in their rights. It was a
-real misfortune when, in 1698, the good governor was recalled
-to England.</p>
-
-<p>7. James Moore was next commissioned as chief magistrate.
-In December of 1705 he led an expedition against the
-Indians. On the 14th of the month the invaders reached a
-fortified town near St. Mark's. The place was carried by
-assault, and more than two hundred prisoners were taken. On
-the next day Moore's forces defeated a large body of Indians
-and Spaniards. Five towns were carried in succession, and the
-English flag was borne to the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
-
-<p>8. In the first year of Governor Johnson's administration,
-an act was passed disfranchising all dissenters from the English
-Church, but Parliament voted that the act was contrary to the
-laws of England. In November of the same year the colonial
-legislature revoked the law; but Episcopalianism continued to
-be the established faith of the province.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Yamassee War.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. In the spring of 1715 the Yamassees rose upon the
-frontier settlements and committed an atrocious massacre.
-The desperate savages came within a short distance of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
-capital, and the whole colony was threatened
-with destruction. But Governor Craven
-rallied the militia, and the savages were
-pursued to the banks of the Salkehatchie. Here a decisive
-battle was fought, and the Indians were completely routed.
-The Yamassees collected their tribe and retired into Florida.</p>
-
-<p>10. At the close of the war the assembly petitioned the proprietors
-to bear a portion of the expense. But they refused,
-and would take no measures for the protection of the colony.
-The people, greatly burdened with rents and taxes, grew dissatisfied
-with the proprietary government. In the new election
-every delegate was chosen by the popular party. When James
-Moore, the new chief magistrate elected by the people, was to
-be inaugurated, Governor Johnson tried to prevent the ceremony.
-But the militia collected in the public square, and
-before nightfall the government of Carolina was overthrown.
-Governor Moore, the people's choice, was duly inaugurated in
-the name of King George I.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Becomes a Royal Province.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. Still another change in colonial affairs
-was now at hand. In 1729 seven of the
-proprietors of Carolina sold their claims
-in the province to the king. The sum paid by George II.
-for the two colonies was twenty-two thousand five hundred
-pounds. Royal governors were appointed, and the affairs of
-the province were settled on a permanent basis.</p>
-
-<p>12. The people who colonized South Carolina were brave
-and chivalrous. The Huguenot, the Scotch Presbyterian,
-the English dissenter, the Irish adventurer, and the Dutch
-mechanic, composed the material of the <span class="smcap">Palmetto State</span>.
-Equally with the Puritans of the North, the South Carolinians
-were lovers of liberty. The people became the leaders in
-politeness and honor between man and man.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Georgia Chartered.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. Georgia, the thirteenth American colony, was founded
-by James Oglethorpe, an English philanthropist. The laws
-of England permitted imprisonment for debt. Thousands of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
-English laborers were annually arrested and
-thrown into jail. In order to provide a
-refuge for the poor and the distressed,
-Oglethorpe appealed to George II. for the privilege of planting
-a colony in America. The petition was favorably heard,
-and on the 9th of June, 1732,
-a charter was issued by which
-the territory between the Savannah
-and Altamaha Rivers,
-and westward to the Pacific,
-was granted to a corporation,
-<i>to be held in trust for
-the poor</i>. In honor of the
-king, the new province was
-named <span class="smcap">Georgia</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Savannah Founded.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. Oglethorpe, who was
-a brave soldier and a member
-of Parliament, was the
-principal member of the corporation.
-To him was entrusted
-the leadership of the
-first colony to be planted on
-the Savannah. By the middle of November a hundred and
-twenty emigrants were ready to sail for the New World. In
-January of 1733 the company was welcomed at Charleston.
-Further south the colonists entered the river,
-and on the 1st of February laid the foundations
-of Savannah.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig37.jpg" alt="James Oglethorpe."/>
-<p class="caption center">James Oglethorpe.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>15. The chief of the Yamacraws came from his cabin to
-see the new-comers. "Here is a present for you," said he to
-Oglethorpe. The present was a buffalo robe painted with the
-head and feathers of an eagle. "The feathers are soft, and
-signify love; the buffalo skin is the emblem of protection.
-Therefore love us and protect us," said the old chieftain.
-Seeing the advantages of peace, Oglethorpe invited a council<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
-at his capital. The conference was held on the 29th of May.
-Long King, the sachem, spoke for all the tribes. The English
-were welcomed to the country. Gifts were made, and the
-governor responded with words of friendship.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig38.jpg" alt="Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief."/>
-<p class="caption center">Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. The councilors in England encouraged emigration.
-Swiss peasants, Scotch Highlanders, and German Protestants
-all found a home on the Savannah. In April of 1734, Oglethorpe
-made a visit to England. It was said in London that
-no colony was ever before founded so wisely as Georgia. The
-councilors prohibited the importation of rum. Traffic with the
-Indians was regulated by a license. Slavery was positively
-forbidden. While the governor was still abroad, a company
-of Moravians arrived at Savannah.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Coming of the Missionaries.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. In February of 1736 Oglethorpe came
-back with a colony of three hundred.
-These were also Moravians, people of
-deep piety and fervent spirit. First among them was John
-Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He came to Georgia to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
-spread the gospel and convert the Indians. But he was doomed
-to much disappointment in his work; and after a residence of
-less than two years he left the colony. His brother, Charles
-Wesley, came also as a secretary to Governor Oglethorpe. In
-1738 the famous George Whitefield came, and preached with
-fiery eloquence through all the colonies.</p>
-
-<p>18. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe, anticipating war with Florida,
-began to fortify. All of Georgia was embraced in the Spanish
-claim. But Oglethorpe had a charter for the territory as far
-south as the Altamaha. In 1736 he ascended the Savannah
-and built a fort at Augusta. On the north bank of the Altamaha,
-he built Fort Darien. On St. Simon's Island a fortress
-was erected and named Frederica. The St. John's was claimed
-from this time forth as the southern boundary of Georgia.
-The governor again visited England, and returned with a regiment
-of troops.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>War with Spanish Florida.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. In October, 1739, England published
-a declaration of war against Spain.
-In the first week of the following January,
-Oglethorpe invaded Florida, and captured two fortified towns.
-Soon, with a force of more than a thousand men, he marched
-against St. Augustine, but after a siege of five weeks was compelled
-to withdraw.</p>
-
-<p>20. The Spaniards now determined to carry the war into
-Georgia. In June of 1742 a fleet of thirty-six vessels, carrying
-more than three thousand troops, sailed from St. Augustine for
-the reduction of Fort William on Cumberland Island. But
-Oglethorpe reinforced the garrison, and then fell back to Frederica.
-The Spanish vessels followed. From the southern point
-of the island to Frederica, Oglethorpe had cut a road which
-lay between a morass and a forest. The Spaniards must pass
-along this path to attack the town.</p>
-
-<p>21. The English general posted his men between the swamp
-and the forest. On the 7th of July the enemy reached the
-pass, were fired on from the thicket, and driven back in con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>fusion.
-The main body of the Spanish forces pressed on into
-the same position, stood firm for a while, but were presently
-routed with the loss of two hundred men. The name of
-Bloody Marsh was given to this battlefield. Within a week
-the whole Spanish force reembarked and sailed for Florida.</p>
-
-<p>22. The colony of Georgia was now firmly established. In
-1743 Oglethorpe departed for England, after having devoted
-ten years to the colony. He had never owned a house nor
-possessed an acre of ground in the province.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Georgia a Royal Province.</b></div>
-
-<p>23. The regulations which the councilors
-for Georgia had adopted were poorly
-suited to the wants of the colony. The
-settlers had no titles to their lands. Estates could descend
-only to the oldest sons of families. The colonists charged
-their poverty to the fact that slave-labor was forbidden in the
-province. The proprietary laws became unpopular. The statute
-excluding slavery was not enforced. Slaves began to be hired,
-first for short terms of service, then for longer periods, then <i>for
-one hundred years</i>. Finally, slaves were brought directly from
-Africa and sold to the planters below the Savannah.</p>
-
-<p>24. The new order of things was acknowledged by the
-councilors; and in June of 1752 they surrendered their patent
-to the king. A royal government was established over the
-country, and the people were granted the freedom of Englishmen.
-For some time the progress of the colony was not equal
-to the expectations of its founder, but before the Revolution
-Georgia had become a growing province.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">French and Indian War.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE time came when the American colonies began to act
-together. The final struggle between France and England
-for colonial supremacy in America was at hand. Necessity
-compelled the English colonies to join in a common cause
-against the foe. This is the conflict known as the <span class="smcap">French
-and Indian War</span>. Causes of war had existed for many years.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Causes of the War.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The first of these causes was <i>the conflicting
-territorial claims</i> of the two nations. England
-had colonized the sea-coast; France
-had colonized the interior of the continent. The English
-kings claimed the country from one ocean to the other. The
-French, however, began to push their way westward and southward
-along the great lakes to the head-waters of the Wabash,
-the Illinois, and the St. Croix, then down these streams to the
-Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of the
-French was to divide the American continent and take the
-larger portion.</p>
-
-<p>3. The French soon established military posts at Frontenac,
-at Niagara, at the Straits of Mackinaw, and on the
-Illinois. Before 1750, settlements had been made on the
-Maumee, at Detroit, at Green Bay, at Vincennes, at Kaskaskia,
-at Natchez, at New Orleans, and on the Bay of Biloxi. At this
-time the only outposts of the English were a fort at Oswego
-and a few cabins in West Virginia.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Ohio Company.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. The immediate cause of hostilities was <i>a conflict between
-the frontiersmen of the two nations</i> in the Ohio valley. In order
-to prevent the intrusion of the French fur-traders into this country,
-a number of Virginians joined themselves together in a body
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
-called the <span class="smcap">Ohio Company</span>. In March of
-1749, they received from George II. a
-land-grant of five hundred thousand acres,
-located between the Kanawha and the Monongahela. But
-before the company could send out a colony, the governor of
-Canada dispatched three hundred men to occupy the valley of
-the Ohio. In the next year, however, the Ohio Company sent
-out an exploring party under Christopher Gist, who traversed
-the country and returned to Virginia in 1751.</p>
-
-<p>5. This expedition was followed by vigorous movements of
-the French. They built a fort called Le B&#339;uf, on French
-Creek, and another named Venango, on the Alleghany. About
-the same time, the country south of the Ohio was again explored
-by Gist and a party of armed surveyors.</p>
-
-<p>6. The Indians were greatly alarmed at the prospect.
-They rather favored the English cause, but their allegiance
-was uncertain. In the spring of 1753, the Miami tribes,
-under the leadership of the Half-King, met Benjamin
-Franklin at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and made a treaty with
-the English.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington sent to St. Pierre.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. Before proceeding to actual war, Governor
-Dinwiddie determined to try a final
-remonstrance with the French. A paper
-was drawn up setting forth the nature of the English
-claim to the valley of the Ohio, and warning the authorities
-of France against further intrusion. A young surveyor, named
-<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, was called upon to carry this paper
-from Williamsburg, Virginia, to General St. Pierre at Presque
-Isle, on Lake Erie.</p>
-
-<p>8. On the last day of October, 1753, Washington set out on
-his journey. He was attended by four comrades besides an
-interpreter and Christopher Gist, the guide. At Logstown,
-Washington held a council with the Indians, and then pressed
-on to Fort Le B&#339;uf. Here the conference was held with St.
-Pierre. Washington was received with courtesy, but the gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>eral
-of the French was acting, he said, under military instructions,
-and would eject every Englishman from the valley of
-the Ohio.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig39.jpg" alt="Washington's Route to Ft. le B&#339;uf."/>
-<p class="caption center">Washington's Route to Ft. le B&#339;uf.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>9. Washington
-soon took leave of
-the French, and returned
-to Venango.
-Then, with Gist as
-his sole companion,
-he left the river and
-struck into the woods.
-Clad in the robe of
-an Indian; sleeping
-with frozen clothes on
-a bed of pine-brush;
-guided at night by the
-North Star; fired at
-by a prowling savage
-from his covert; lodging
-on an island in
-the Alleghany until
-the river was frozen
-over; plunging again
-into the forest, the
-young ambassador
-came back without
-wound or scar to the
-capital of Virginia.
-The answer of St. Pierre was laid before the governor, and
-the first public service of Washington was ended.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>English post on the Ohio.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. In the mean time the Ohio Company
-had sent thirty-three men, under
-command of Trent, to erect a fort at the
-source of the Ohio. In March, 1754, they built the first rude
-block-house on the site of Pittsburgh. After all the threats of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
-the French, the English had beaten them in seizing the key
-to the Ohio valley.</p>
-
-<p>11. Soon, however, French boats came down the river; and
-Trent was obliged to surrender. Washington was now stationed
-at Alexandria to enlist recruits. But it was too late
-to save Trent's men from capture. The French immediately
-occupied the post, built barracks and laid the foundations of
-<span class="smcap">Fort Du Quesne</span>. To retake this place Colonel Washington
-set out from Will's Creek in May of 1754. The possession of
-the disputed territory was now to be determined by war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle at Great Meadows.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. Washington, with his little army of
-Virginians, was commissioned to build a
-fort at the source of the Ohio, and to repel
-all who interrupted the English settlements in that country. In
-April the young commander left Will's Creek, and on the 26th
-of May the English reached the Great Meadows. Here Washington
-was informed that the French were on the march to
-attack him. A stockade was immediately erected, and named
-Fort Necessity. Washington determined to strike the first
-blow. Two Indians followed the trail of the enemy, and discovered
-their hiding-place. The French were on the alert,
-and flew to arms. "Fire!" was the command of Washington;
-and the first volley of a great war went flying through the forest.
-The engagement was brief and decisive. Jumonville, the
-leader of the French, and ten of his party, were killed, and
-twenty-one were made prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>13. Before advancing farther, Washington waited for reinforcements.
-Only one company of volunteers arrived. His
-whole force numbered scarcely four hundred. Learning that
-the French general De Villiers was approaching, Washington
-deemed it prudent to fall back to Fort Necessity.</p>
-
-<p>14. Scarcely were Washington's forces safe within the stockade,
-when, on the 3d of July, the regiment of De Villiers came
-in sight, and surrounded the fort. The French stationed themselves
-on the eminence, and fired down upon the English with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
-fatal effect. The Indians climbed into the tree-tops. For nine
-hours the assailants poured a shower of balls upon Washington's
-men. At length, seeing that it would be impossible to
-hold out, he accepted the terms which were offered by the
-French general. On the 4th of July the English garrison
-marched out of the fort, and withdrew from the country.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Congress of the Colonies.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. Meanwhile, a congress of the American
-colonies had assembled at Albany.
-The first object was to renew the treaty
-with the Iroquois; the second, to unite the colonies in a common
-government. On the 10th of July, Benjamin Franklin
-presented the draft of a constitution, which was finally adopted.
-Philadelphia was to be the capital. The chief executive was
-to be a governor appointed by the king. Each colony should
-be represented in congress by not less than two or more than
-seven representatives.</p>
-
-<p>16. Copies of this constitution were transmitted to the several
-colonies; but the new scheme of government was everywhere
-received with disfavor. The English ministers also
-rejected it, saying that the Americans <i>were trying to make
-a government of their own</i>. Meanwhile, the French were constantly
-preparing for war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>General Braddock Arrives.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. Early in 1755 General Braddock arrived
-in America; the plans of four campaigns
-were agreed on. Lawrence, the
-governor of Nova Scotia, was to complete the conquest of that
-province. Governor Johnson, of New York, was to capture
-Crown Point. Shirley, of Massachusetts, was to take Fort
-Niagara. Braddock himself was to lead the main army against
-Fort Du Quesne.</p>
-
-<p>18. In the latter part of April, the British general set out with
-two thousand veterans, from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland.
-A few provincial troops joined the expedition. Washington
-became an aide-de-camp of Braddock, and frequently gave
-him honest counsel, which the British general rejected.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>19. Braddock marched with the main body. On the 19th
-of June he put himself at the head of twelve hundred chosen
-troops, and pressed forward toward Fort Du Quesne. On
-the 9th of July, when the English were only twelve miles
-from Fort Du Quesne, they were suddenly fired upon by the
-French and Indians, who were hidden among the rocks and
-ravines.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Braddock's Defeat.</b></div>
-
-<p>20. The battle began with a panic. The men fired constantly,
-but could see no enemy. Braddock rushed to the
-front and rallied his men; but it was all in
-vain. They stood huddled together like
-sheep. The forest was strewn with the dead.
-Out of eighty-two officers, twenty-six were killed. Of the privates
-seven hundred and fourteen had fallen. A retreat began
-at once, and Washington, with the Virginians, covered the
-flight of the army.</p>
-
-<p>21. On the next day the Indians returned to Fort Du Quesne
-clad in the laced coats of the British officers. The wounded Braddock
-was borne in the train of the fugitives to Fort Necessity,
-where he died. When they reached Dunbar's camp the confusion
-was greater than ever. The artillery, baggage, and
-public stores were destroyed. Then followed a hasty retreat
-to Fort Cumberland, and finally to Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The English in Acadia.</b></div>
-
-<p>22. By the treaty of Utrecht, made in
-1713, Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was ceded
-by France to England. The great majority
-of the people in that province were French, and the
-English government was only a military occupation. At the
-outbreak of the French and Indian War the population
-amounted to more than sixteen thousand. In a campaign of
-a month, the English now made themselves masters of the
-whole country east of the St. Croix.</p>
-
-<p>23. The French inhabitants still outnumbered the English,
-and Governor Lawrence determined to drive them into banishment.
-The English officers first demanded an oath of alle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>giance,
-and the surrender of all firearms and boats. The British
-vessels were then made ready to carry the people into exile.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig40.jpg" alt="Embarkation at Acadia."/>
-<p class="caption center">Embarkation at Acadia.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Exile of Acadians.</b></div>
-
-<p>24. The country about the isthmus was
-now laid waste, and the peasants driven
-into the larger towns. Wherever a sufficient
-number could be got together they were compelled to go on
-shipboard. At the village of Grand Pr�, more than nineteen
-hundred people were driven into the boats at the point of the
-bayonet. Wives and children, old men and mothers, the sick
-and the infirm, all shared the common fate. More than three
-thousand of the Acadians were carried away and scattered,
-helpless and half starved, among the English colonies.</p>
-
-<p>25. The third campaign planned by Braddock was to be
-conducted by Governor Shirley against Fort Niagara. Early
-in August the attempt was made, but in October had to be
-abandoned.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Expedition to Lake Champlain.</b></div>
-
-<p>26. The fourth expedition was intrusted to
-General William Johnson. The object was to
-capture Crown Point, and drive the French
-from Lake Champlain. Early in August the army proceeded to
-the Hudson above Albany, and built Fort Edward. Thence
-Johnson marched to Lake George and laid out a camp.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Dieskau Defeated.</b></div>
-
-<p>27. In the mean time, Dieskau, the French
-commandant at Crown Point, advanced with
-fourteen hundred French, Canadians, and Indians
-to capture Fort Edward. The Canadians and French
-regulars, unsupported by the Indians, then attacked the English
-position. For five hours the battle was incessant. Nearly
-all of Dieskau's men were killed. At last the English
-troops charged across the field, and completed the rout.
-Dieskau was mortally wounded. Two hundred and sixteen
-of the English were killed. General Johnson now constructed
-Fort William Henry on the site of his
-camp. Meanwhile, the French had fortified
-Ticonderoga. Such was the condition
-of affairs at the close of 1755.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig41.jpg" alt="Lake Champlain."/>
-<p class="caption center">Lake Champlain.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>28. In the beginning of the next year
-the command of the English forces was
-given to Governor Shirley. Washington,
-at the head of the Virginia provincials,
-repelled the French and Indians in the
-valley of the Shenandoah. The expeditions,
-which were planned for the year,
-embraced the conquest of Quebec and
-the capture of Forts Frontenac, Toronto,
-Niagara, and Du Quesne.</p>
-
-<p>29. The earl of Loudoun now received
-the appointment of commander-in-chief
-of the British forces. On the 17th of
-May Great Britain, after nearly two
-years of actual hostilities, made a declaration
-of war against France. In July Lord Loudoun assumed
-the command of the colonial army. The French, meanwhile,
-led by the marquis of Montcalm, who had succeeded Dieskau,
-besieged and captured Oswego.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Massacre at Ft. William Henry.</b></div>
-
-<p>30. In the following campaign the daring Montcalm, with
-more than seven thousand French, Canadians, and Indians,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
-advanced against Fort William Henry. For six days the
-French pressed the siege with vigor. The ammunition of the
-garrison was exhausted, and nothing remained
-but to surrender. Honorable terms
-were granted by the French. On the 9th of
-August the French took possession of the fortress. Unfortunately,
-the Indians procured a quantity of spirits from the
-English camp. In spite of the utmost exertions of Montcalm,
-the savages fell upon the prisoners and massacred thirty of them
-in cold blood.</p>
-
-<p>31. Such had been the successes of France during the year,
-that the English had not a single hamlet left in the whole basin
-of the St. Lawrence. Every cabin where English was spoken
-had been swept out of the Ohio valley. At the close of the
-year 1757 France possessed twenty times as much American
-territory as England, and five times as much as England and
-Spain together.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Louisburg Captured.</b></div>
-
-<p>32. William Pitt was now placed at the
-head of the English ministry. Loudoun
-was deposed from the American army.
-General Abercrombie was appointed to succeed him. General
-Amherst was to lead a division, and young Lord Howe
-was next in rank to Abercrombie. Three expeditions were
-planned for 1758: one to capture Louisburg; a second, to
-reduce Crown Point and Ticonderoga; and the third to retake
-Fort Du Quesne from the French. The first was successful,
-and on the 28th of July, Louisburg capitulated. Cape
-Breton and Prince Edward Island were surrendered to Great
-Britain. The garrison, numbering nearly six thousand men,
-became prisoners of war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Defeat at Ticonderoga.</b></div>
-
-<p>33. On the 5th of July General Abercrombie,
-with an army of fifteen thousand
-men, moved against Ticonderoga. On the
-morning of the 6th the English fell in with the picket line of
-the French. A severe skirmish ensued; the French were over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>whelmed,
-but Lord Howe was killed in the onset. On the
-morning of the 8th, the English divisions were arranged to
-carry Ticonderoga by assault. A desperate battle of more
-than four hours followed, until, at six o'clock in the evening,
-the English were finally repulsed. The loss on the side of the
-assailants amounted in killed and wounded to nineteen hundred
-and sixteen. In no battle of the Revolution did the
-British have so large a force engaged, or meet such terrible loss.</p>
-
-<p>34. The English now retreated to Fort George. Soon afterward
-three thousand men, under Colonel Bradstreet, were sent
-against Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, which, after a siege
-of two days, was compelled to capitulate. The fortress was
-demolished. Bradstreet's success more than counterbalanced
-the failure of the English at Ticonderoga.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Destruction of Ft. Du Quesne.</b></div>
-
-<p>35. Late in the summer General Forbes,
-with nine thousand men, advanced against
-Fort Du Quesne. Washington led the Virginia
-provincials. On the 24th of November he was within
-ten miles of Du Quesne. During that night the garrison took
-the alarm, burned the fortress, and floated down the Ohio.
-On the 25th the victorious army marched in, raised the English
-flag, and named the place <span class="smcap">Pittsburgh</span>.</p>
-
-<p>36. General Amherst was now promoted to the chief command
-of the American forces. By the beginning of summer,
-1759, the British and colonial armies numbered nearly fifty
-thousand men. The entire French army scarcely exceeded
-seven thousand. Three campaigns were planned for the year:
-General Prideaux was to conduct an expedition against Niagara.
-Amherst was to lead the main division against Ticonderoga
-and Crown Point. General Wolfe was to proceed up the
-St. Lawrence and capture Quebec.</p>
-
-<p>37. On the 10th of July, Niagara was invested by Prideaux.
-Two weeks later the fort capitulated, and the French, to the
-number of six hundred, became prisoners of war. At the same
-time Amherst was marching with an army of eleven thousand<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
-men against Ticonderoga. On the 22d of July the English
-forces landed, and on the 26th the garrison retreated to Crown
-Point. Five days afterwards they deserted this place also, and
-withdrew to Isle-aux-Noix, in the river Sorel.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig42.jpg" alt="MAP"/>
-<p class="caption center">MAP SHOWING THE COLONIES at the time of FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>38. Early in the spring General Wolfe began the ascent of
-the St. Lawrence. His force consisted of nearly eight thousand
-men, and a fleet of forty-four vessels. On the 29th of June
-General Monckton was sent to seize Point Levi.</p>
-
-<p>39. On the 9th of July, General Wolfe crossed the north
-channel, and encamped on the east bank of the Montmorenci.
-This stream was fordable at low water. On the 31st of the
-month a severe battle was fought at the fords of the river, and
-the English were repulsed with heavy losses.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Plains of Abraham.</b></div>
-
-<p>40. Exposure and fatigue threw the English
-general into a fever. It was decided to
-ascend the St. Lawrence, and gain the Plains
-of Abraham, in the rear of the city. The lower camp was
-broken up, and on the 6th of September the troops were
-conveyed to Point Levi.
-Wolfe then transferred his
-army to a point several
-miles up the river.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig43.jpg" alt="QUEBEC IN 1759."/>
-<p class="caption center">QUEBEC IN 1759.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>41. On the night of
-the 12th of September,
-the English dropped down
-the river to a place called
-Wolfs Cove, and in the
-dawn of morning the general
-marshaled his army
-for battle on the Plains
-of Abraham. Montcalm
-was in amazement when
-he heard the news. With
-great haste the French were brought from the trenches on the
-Montmorenci, and thrown between Quebec and the English.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Taking of Quebec.</b></div>
-
-<p>42. The battle began with an hour's cannonade.
-The Canadians and Indians were
-routed. The French regulars wavered and
-were thrown into confusion. Wolfe, leading the charge, was
-twice wounded, but pressed on. At the moment of victory a
-third ball pierced his breast, and he sank to the earth. "They
-run, they run!" said the attendant who bent over him. "Who
-run?" was the response. "The French are flying everywhere,"
-replied the officer. "Do they run already? Then I die
-happy," said the expiring hero.</p>
-
-<p>43. Montcalm, attempting to rally his regiments, was struck
-by a ball and mortally wounded. "Shall I survive?" said
-he to his surgeon. "But a few hours at most," answered the
-attendant. "So much the better," replied the heroic Frenchman;
-"I shall not live to witness the surrender of Quebec."</p>
-
-<p>44. Five days after the battle, Quebec was surrendered, and
-an English garrison took possession of the citadel. On the 8th
-of September, in the same year, Montreal, the last important
-post of France in the valley of the St. Lawrence, was surrendered
-to General Amherst.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Treaty of Paris.</b></div>
-
-<p>45. For three years the war between France and England
-continued on the ocean. The English fleets were everywhere
-victorious. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace
-was made at Paris. All the French possessions in North
-America, eastward of the Mississippi from
-its source to the river Iberville, and thence
-through Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain
-to the Gulf of Mexico, were surrendered to Great Britain. At
-the same time, Spain, with whom England had been at war,
-ceded East and West Florida to the English Crown. Thus
-closed the French and Indian War. By this conflict it was
-decided that the decaying institutions of the Middle Ages
-should not prevail in America, and that the powerful language,
-just laws, and priceless liberties of the English race should be
-planted forever in the vast domains of the New World.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Review_Questions_Part_III" id="Review_Questions_Part_III"></a><span class="smcap">Review Questions&mdash;Part III.</span></h2>
-
-
-<h3>CHAPTER IX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Give an account of the first settlement at Jamestown.</li>
-<li>2. What troubles arose within the colony itself, and how were these
-adjusted?</li>
-<li>3. Trace the course of Captain Smith among the Indians, and in his
-voyages of discovery.</li>
-<li>4. Describe the government of Virginia under the First and Second
-Charters.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER X.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>5. What changes in government were made by the Third Charter?</li>
-<li>6. Mention the improvement in the colonial industries.</li>
-<li>7. Describe the hardships and the growth of the Virginia colony.</li>
-<li>8. Give an account of the Indian massacre of 1622.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>9. Tell of the farther changes in the government, first to a Royal, then
-to a Proprietary.</li>
-<li>10. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion, with its causes and results.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>11. Give an account of the condition and prospects of the Plymouth
-colonists.</li>
-<li>12. What relations existed between these colonists and the Indians?</li>
-<li>13. Tell about the sectarian troubles and their adjustment.</li>
-<li>14. Outline the general prosperity of New England.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>15. Follow the farther strife between the colonists and the Indians.</li>
-<li>16. Trace the changes in government in the New England Colonies from
-1622-1689.</li>
-<li>17. Give an account of King William's War, with the results to New
-England.</li>
-<li>18. Tell about Salem Witchcraft.</li>
-<li>19. Give an account of Queen Anne's and King George's wars, with the
-causes of each and the final adjustments.</li>
-<li>20. Sketch the character of the Puritan.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XIV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>21. Outline the settlements of the Dutch and their conflicts with the
-English and the Swedes.</li>
-<li>22. Trace the conflict between the Dutch and the Indians</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>23. What of the condition, the government, and the progress of New
-York under the English rule?</li>
-<li>24. Give an account of the "Negro Plot."</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XVI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>25. Mention the several claims to the territory of Connecticut.</li>
-<li>26. Tell the story of the Pequod War.</li>
-<li>27. Outline the government and the general prosperity of Connecticut.</li>
-<li>28. Give an account of Roger Williams, and the organization of the
-"Plantation of Rhode Island."</li>
-<li>29. Tell of the founding and growth of New Hampshire.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XVII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>30. Sketch the history of New Jersey, and its final separation from
-Pennsylvania.</li>
-<li>31. Tell the story of William Penn, and his career in Pennsylvania.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XVIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>32. Give an account of the founding and development of Maryland.</li>
-<li>33. Give an account of the colonization and progress of North Carolina.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XIX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>34. Tell of the founding of South Carolina.</li>
-<li>35. Recite the affairs of Georgia under Oglethorpe.</li>
-<li>36. Outline the troubles between the English and the Spaniards in
-Georgia and Florida.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>37. What were the leading causes of the French and Indian War?</li>
-<li>38. Give an account of Washington's expedition to St. Pierre.</li>
-<li>39. Give an account of the capture of Fort Necessity.</li>
-<li>40. Give an outline of Braddock's campaign.</li>
-<li>41. What were the leading events of the campaign of Wolfe?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Part_IV" id="Part_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Part IV.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">A. D. 1775-1789.</div>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Causes of the Revolution.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE American Revolution was an event of vast importance.
-The question decided by it was whether the English
-colonies in America should govern themselves, or be ruled by
-Great Britain. The decision was in favor of independence.
-The result has been the grandest republican government the
-world has ever known.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>General Causes.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The most general cause of the Revolution
-was <span class="smcap">THE RIGHT OF ARBITRARY GOVERNMENT</span>,
-claimed by Great Britain and denied
-by the colonies. The question began to be discussed
-about the time of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748; and
-from that period until 1775, each year witnessed a renewal of
-the agitation. But there were also many minor causes tending
-to bring on a conflict with the mother-country.</p>
-
-<p>3. First of these was <i>the influence of France</i>, inciting the
-colonies to rebel. The French had ceded Canada to Great
-Britain with the hope of securing American independence.
-England feared such a result. It was even proposed in Parliament
-to re-cede Canada to France, in order to check the
-growth of the American States.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>4. Another cause was <i>the natural disposition of the colonists</i>.
-Many of the original settlers came to America to escape the
-tyranny of kings, and their descendants naturally favored a
-representative government. The dealings of the colonists with
-the royal officers had created a dislike for foreign institutions.</p>
-
-<p>5. <i>The growth of public opinion in the colonies</i> tended to independence.
-The better class of men came to believe that a
-separation from England was very desirable. As early as 1755,
-John Adams, then a young school-teacher in Connecticut, wrote
-in his diary: "In another century all Europe will not be able
-to subdue us. The only way to keep us from setting up for
-ourselves is to disunite us."</p>
-
-<p>6. Another cause of the Revolution was <i>the personal character
-of the king</i>. George III. was one of the worst of rulers,
-and had no true notion of human rights. His ministers were,
-for the most part, men like himself.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Immediate Causes.</b></div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Acts Restricting Trade.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. The more immediate cause of the war
-was the passage by Parliament of a number
-of laws destructive of colonial liberty. The
-first of these was the <span class="smcap">Importation Act</span> of 1733. By this
-statute exorbitant duties were laid on sugar, molasses, and
-rum. In 1750 it was enacted that iron-works should not be
-erected in America. The manufacture of steel was forbidden,
-and the felling of pines outside of inclosures. These laws were
-disregarded by the colonists, who considered them unjust and
-tyrannical. In 1761 the courts were authorized to issue to
-petty officers search-warrants, called Writs of
-Assistance, by which constables might enter
-every place, searching for goods suspected
-of having evaded the duty. At Salem and Boston the writs
-were resisted.</p>
-
-<p>8. In 1763, and again in the following year, the English
-officers were authorized to seize all vessels engaged in unlawful
-trade. Before this was known at Boston, a great town-meeting
-was held. Samuel Adams was the orator. A powerful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
-argument was produced, showing that under the British constitution
-<i>taxation and representation were inseparable</i>.</p>
-
-<p>9. On the 10th of March, 1764, Mr. Grenville, the prime
-minister, brought before the House of Commons a resolution
-that it would be proper to charge certain stamp-duties on the
-American colonies. The news of the measure was borne to
-America, producing universal excitement. Resolutions against
-the acts of the ministers were passed in almost every town.
-Remonstrances were addressed to the king and the Parliament.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Stamp Act.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. Nevertheless, in March of 1765, the
-English Parliament passed the <span class="smcap">Stamp Act</span>.
-In the House of Commons it received a
-majority of five to one. In the House of Lords the vote
-was unanimous. On the 22d of the month, the royal assent
-was given. Benjamin Franklin, then in London, wrote to a
-friend at home that the sun of American liberty had set.</p>
-
-<p>11. The provisions of the Stamp Act were these: Every
-legal document required in the colonies should, after the 1st
-day of the following November, be executed on stamped paper
-to be furnished by the British government. For each sheet
-the colonists were required to pay a sum varying from three
-pence to six pounds sterling. Every pamphlet, almanac, and
-newspaper was to be printed on paper of the same sort, the
-value of the stamps ranging from a half-penny to four pence.
-No contract should be binding unless bearing the stamp.</p>
-
-<p>12. The news of the hateful act created great wrath in
-America. The bells of Philadelphia and Boston rang a funeral
-knell. In New York a copy of the Stamp Act was carried
-through the streets with a death's-head nailed to it, and a
-placard bearing this inscription: <span class="smcap">The Folly of England and
-the Ruin of America</span>. The general assemblies were at first
-slow to move; there were many old royalists among the members.
-But the younger representatives did not hesitate to
-express their sentiments. In the Virginia House of Burgesses
-there was a memorable scene.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Patrick Henry.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. Patrick Henry, the youngest member of
-the House, after waiting in vain for some older
-delegate to lead in opposition to Parliament,
-snatched a blank leaf out of an old law book and drew up a
-series of six resolutions, declaring that the Virginians were Englishmen
-with English rights; that the colonists were not bound
-to yield obedience to any law imposing taxation on them; and
-that whoever said the contrary was an enemy to the country.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig44.jpg" alt="Patrick Henry."/>
-<p class="caption center">Patrick Henry.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>14. A violent debate ensued. Two future Presidents of the
-United States were in the
-audience: Washington as a
-delegate, and Thomas Jefferson,
-a young collegian, outside
-of the railing. The eloquent
-Henry bore down all
-opposition. "C�sar had his
-Brutus," said the orator;
-"Charles I. had his Cromwell,
-and George III.&mdash;"
-"Treason!" shouted the
-speaker. "Treason! treason!"
-exclaimed the royalists,
-springing to their feet.
-"And George III. may profit
-by their example," continued
-Henry; and then added, "If that be treason, make the most of
-it!" The six resolutions were carried; but on the next day,
-when Henry was absent, the powerful aristocratic and church
-party secured the repeal of two of the more violent resolutions.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The "Stamp Act Congress," 1765.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. Similar resolutions were adopted by
-the assemblies of New York and Massachusetts.
-James Otis proposed an American
-Congress. The proposition was favorably received by nine
-of the colonies; and, on the 7th of October, the first colonial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
-Congress, called the <span class="smcap">Stamp Act Congress</span>, assembled at New
-York. Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was chosen president.
-A Declaration of Rights was adopted setting forth that
-the American colonists, as Englishmen, could not consent to
-be taxed but by their own representatives. Memorials were
-sent to Parliament and a petition to the king.</p>
-
-<p>16. On the 1st of November the Stamp Act was to take effect.
-During the summer great quantities of the stamped paper had
-been sent to America. But everywhere it was rejected or destroyed.
-The 1st of November was kept as a day of mourning.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Sons of Liberty.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. At first, legal business was suspended.
-The court-houses were shut up. Not even
-a marriage license could be legally issued.
-By and by, the offices were opened, and business went
-on as before, but <i>not</i> with stamped paper. It was at this time
-that the patriotic society, known as the <span class="smcap">Sons of Liberty</span>, was
-organized. The merchants of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia
-entered into a compact to purchase no more goods of
-Great Britain until the Stamp Act should be repealed.</p>
-
-<p>18. The colonists had their friends in England. Eminent
-statesmen espoused the cause of America. In the House of
-Commons Mr. Pitt delivered a powerful address. "You have,"
-said he, "no right to tax America. I rejoice that America has
-resisted." On the 18th of March, 1766, the Stamp Act was
-formally repealed. But at the same time a resolution was
-added, declaring that Parliament had the right <i>to bind the colonies
-in all cases whatsoever</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Repeal of the Stamp Act.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. The repeal of the Stamp Act produced
-great joy, both in England and America.
-But on the 29th of June, 1767, another
-act was passed imposing a duty on all the glass, paper,
-painters' colors, and tea which should thereafter be imported
-into the colonies.</p>
-
-<p>20. The resentment of the Americans burst out anew. Another
-agreement not to purchase British goods was entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
-into by the American merchants. The newspapers were
-filled with denunciations of Parliament. In the month of June,
-a sloop, charged with evading the payment of duty, was seized
-by the custom-house officers of Boston. But the people attacked
-the houses of the officers, and obliged the occupants to
-fly to Castle William. General Gage was now ordered to
-bring from Halifax a regiment of regulars and overawe the
-people. On the 1st of October the troops, seven hundred
-strong, marched with fixed bayonets into the capital of Massachusetts.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Resistance of the Colonies.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. In February of 1769 the people of
-Massachusetts were declared rebels, and
-the governor was directed to arrest those
-deemed guilty and send them to England for trial. The
-general assembly met this outrage with defiant resolutions.
-Similar scenes were enacted in Virginia and North Carolina.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Massacre.</b></div>
-
-<p>22. Early in 1770 the soldiers in New York cut down a
-liberty pole which stood in the park. A conflict ensued,
-in which the people won the day. On the 5th of March, a
-more serious difficulty occurred in Boston. A crowd of
-people surrounded Captain Preston's company of the city
-guard, hooted at them, and dared them to fire. At length the
-soldiers discharged a volley, killing three of the citizens and
-wounding several others. This outrage, known as the <span class="smcap">Boston
-Massacre</span>, created a profound sensation.
-Captain Preston and his company were arrested
-and tried for murder. Two of the
-offenders were convicted of manslaughter.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig45.jpg" alt="Fight at the Liberty Pole, New York."/>
-<p class="caption center">Fight at the Liberty Pole, New York.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Tea Party.</b></div>
-
-<p>23. Parliament now passed an act repealing all duties on
-American imports except that on tea. The people, in answer,
-pledged themselves to use no more tea until the duty should
-be <i>unconditionally repealed</i>. In 1773 Parliament removed the
-export duty which had hitherto been charged on tea shipped
-from England. The price of tea was thus lowered, and the
-ministers thought that, when the cheaper tea was offered in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
-America, the colonists would pay
-the import duty without suspicion.
-Ships were loaded with
-tea for the American market.
-Some of the vessels reached
-Charleston; but the chests were stored in cellars, and
-the contents ruined. At New York and Philadelphia the
-ships were forbidden to enter. At Boston
-the authorities would not permit the
-tea to be landed. On the 16th of December
-there was a great town-meeting, at which seven
-thousand people were present. Adams and Quincy spoke
-to the multitudes. Evening came on, and the meeting
-was about to adjourn, when a war-whoop was heard, and
-fifty men disguised as Indians marched to the wharf where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
-the tea-ships were at anchor, boarded the vessels, and emptied
-three hundred and forty chests of tea into the bay. Such was
-the <span class="smcap">Boston Tea Party</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Port Bill.</b></div>
-
-<p>24. Parliament made haste to find revenge.
-On the last day of March, 1774,
-the <span class="smcap">Boston Port Bill</span> was passed. It was
-enacted that no kind of merchandise should any longer be
-landed or shipped at the wharves of Boston. The custom-house
-was removed to Salem, but the people of that town
-refused to accept it. The inhabitants of Marblehead gave the
-free use of their warehouses to the merchants of Boston. When
-the news of the Port Bill reached Virginia, the burgesses
-entered a protest on their journal. Governor Dunmore ordered
-the members to their homes; but they met and continued their
-work in another place. On the 20th of May, the charter of
-Massachusetts was annulled. The people were declared rebels,
-and the governor was ordered to send abroad for trial all persons
-who should resist the officers.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>First Continental Congress, 1774.</b></div>
-
-<p>25. In September the <span class="smcap">First Continental
-Congress</span> assembled at Philadelphia.
-Eleven colonies were represented. One address
-was sent to the king; another to the English nation; and
-another to the people of Canada. A resolution was adopted
-to suspend all commercial intercourse with Great Britain.
-Parliament retaliated by ordering General Gage to reduce the
-colonists by force. A fleet and ten thousand soldiers were sent
-to aid him.</p>
-
-<p>26. Boston Neck was seized and fortified by the British.
-The stores at Cambridge and Charlestown were conveyed to
-Boston; and the general assembly was ordered to disband.
-Instead of doing so, the members voted to equip an army of
-twelve thousand men for defence. There was no longer any
-hope of a peaceable adjustment. The colonists were few and
-feeble; but they were men of iron wills who had made up their
-minds to die for liberty.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Beginning of the Revolution.&mdash;Events of 1775.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Paul Revere's Ride.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">AS soon as the intentions of General Gage
-were known, the people of Boston, concealing
-their ammunition in carts, conveyed
-it to Concord. On the night of the 18th of April, Gage
-dispatched eight hundred men to destroy the stores. The plan
-of the British was made with great secrecy; but the patriots
-discovered the movement. When the regiment, under command
-of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, set out for Concord,
-the people of Boston were roused by the ringing of bells and
-the firing of cannon. William Dawes and Paul Revere rode
-with all speed to Lexington and spread the alarm through the
-country.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Fight at Lexington.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. At two o'clock in the morning, a company
-of one hundred and thirty minute-men
-assembled on the common at Lexington. No
-enemy appeared until five o'clock, when the British, under
-command of Pitcairn, came in sight. The provincials were led
-by Captain Parker. Pitcairn rode up and exclaimed: "Disperse,
-ye villains! Throw down your arms!" The minute-men
-stood still, and Pitcairn cried, "Fire!" The first volley of the
-Revolution whistled through the air, and sixteen of the patriots
-fell dead or wounded. The rest fired a few shots and dispersed.</p>
-
-<p>3. The British pressed on to Concord; but the inhabitants
-had removed the stores to a place of safety, and there was but
-little destruction. While the British were ransacking the town,
-the minute-men encountered a company of soldiers who were
-guarding the North Bridge. Here the Americans fired, and
-two British soldiers were killed. The rest began a retreat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
-through the town toward Lexington. For six miles the battle
-was kept up along the road. Hidden behind trees, fences, and
-barns, the patriots poured a constant fire upon the ranks of the
-enemy. The American loss was forty-nine killed, thirty-four
-wounded, and five missing; that of the enemy was two hundred
-and seventy-three.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig46.jpg" alt="THE FIGHT AT LEXINGTON"/>
-<p class="caption center">THE FIGHT AT LEXINGTON</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>4. The battle of Lexington fired the country. Within a
-few days an army of twenty thousand men gathered about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
-Boston. A line of intrenchments was drawn from Roxbury
-to Chelsea. John Stark came down with the New Hampshire
-militia. Rhode Island sent her men under Nathaniel Greene.
-Benedict Arnold came with the provincials of New Haven.
-Ethan Allen, with a company of two hundred and seventy
-patriots, advanced against Ticonderoga. Benedict Arnold
-joined the expedition as a private. On the evening of the 9th
-of May, the force reached the shore of Lake George, opposite
-Ticonderoga.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. On the following morning, eighty-three
-men succeeded in crossing. With this mere
-handful, Allen made a dash and gained
-the gateway of the fort. He rushed to the quarters of the
-commandant, and cried out: "Surrender this fort instantly!"
-"By what authority?" inquired the officer. "In the name
-of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," said
-Allen, flourishing his sword. The garrison were made prisoners
-and sent to Connecticut, and vast quantities of military
-stores fell into the hands of the Americans. Two days afterwards
-Crown Point was also taken.</p>
-
-<p>6. On the 25th of May, Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne
-arrived at Boston. The British army was augmented to
-more than ten thousand men. It was now rumored that Gage
-was about to sally out of Boston to burn the neighboring towns
-and devastate the country. The Americans determined to
-anticipate this movement by fortifying Bunker Hill, which
-commanded the peninsula of Charlestown.</p>
-
-<p>7. On the night of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was
-sent with a thousand men to intrench the hill. The provincials
-reached the eminence; but Prescott and his engineer, not
-liking the position, proceeded down the peninsula to Breed's
-Hill, within cannon range of Boston. Here a redoubt was
-thrown up during the night. The British ships in the harbor
-were so near that the Americans could hear the sentinels repeating
-the night-call, "All is well."</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Bunker Hill.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. As soon as it was light, General Gage
-ordered the ships to cannonade the American
-position. The British batteries on
-Copp's Hill also opened fire. Just after noon, three thousand
-British veterans, commanded by Generals Howe and Pigot,
-landed at Morton's Point. The Americans numbered about
-fifteen hundred. Charlestown was burned by the British as
-they advanced. Thousands of spectators climbed to the house-tops
-in Boston to watch the battle. On came the British in a
-stately and imposing column.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig47.jpg" alt="VICINITY OF BOSTON."/>
-<p class="caption center">VICINITY OF BOSTON.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>9. The Americans reserved their fire until the advancing line
-was within a hundred and fifty feet. Then instantly every gun
-was discharged. The front rank of the British melted away,
-and the rest hastily retreated. Howe rallied his men and led
-the second charge. Again the American fire was withheld
-until the enemy was but a
-few rods distant. Then
-volley after volley was
-poured upon the column
-until it was broken and
-driven into flight.</p>
-
-<p>10. The vessels of the
-British fleet now changed
-position until the guns
-were brought to bear upon
-the American works. For
-the third time, the British
-soldiers charged with fixed
-bayonets up the hillside.
-The Americans had but
-three or four rounds of ammunition remaining. These were expended
-on the advancing enemy. Then there was a lull. The
-British clambered over the ramparts. The provincials hurled
-stones at the assailants. It was in vain; they were driven out of
-their trenches at the point of the bayonet. The brave Warren gave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
-his life for freedom. The loss of the British in the engagement
-was a thousand and fifty-four in killed and wounded. The
-Americans lost one hundred and fifteen killed, three hundred
-and five wounded, and thirty-two prisoners. Prescott and Putnam
-conducted the retreat to Prospect Hill.</p>
-
-<p>11. The battle of Bunker Hill rather inspired than discouraged
-the colonists. The news was borne to the South, and a
-spirit of determined opposition was everywhere aroused. The
-people began to speak of the <span class="smcap">United Colonies of America</span>.
-At Charlotte, North Carolina, the citizens came together in
-convention, and made <i>a declaration of independence</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Second Continental Congress, 1775.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. On the day of the capture of Ticonderoga,
-the Continental Congress assembled
-at Philadelphia. Washington was there, and
-John Adams and Samuel Adams, Franklin and Patrick
-Henry; Jefferson came soon afterwards. A last appeal was
-addressed to the king; and he was told that the colonists had
-chosen war in preference to slavery. Early in the session
-John Adams made an address, in the course of which he noticed
-the necessity of appointing a commander-in-chief, and the qualities
-requisite in that high officer. The speaker concluded by
-putting in nomination George Washington, of Virginia. On
-the 15th of June, the nomination was confirmed by Congress;
-and the man who had saved the wreck of Braddock's army
-was called to build a nation.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington Commander-in-chief.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. <span class="smcap">George Washington</span> was born in
-Westmoreland county, Virginia, on the 11th
-of February (Old Style), 1732. At the age
-of eleven he was left to the sole care of his
-mother. His education was limited to the common branches
-of learning. Surveying was his favorite study. At the age of
-sixteen he was sent by his uncle to survey a tract of land on
-the South Potomac. The important duties which he performed
-in the service of the Ohio Company, and his campaign with
-Braddock have already been narrated. With great dignity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
-he accepted the appointment of commander-in-chief, and set
-out to join the army at Cambridge.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Organization of Continental Army.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. Congress had voted to equip twenty
-thousand men, but the means of doing so
-were not furnished. Washington had a force
-of fourteen thousand five hundred volunteers, undisciplined and
-insubordinate. The supplies of war were almost wholly wanting.
-The army was soon organized in three divisions: the
-right wing was under General Ward, the left commanded by
-General Charles Lee, the center under the commander-in-chief.
-The siege of Boston was pressed with vigor. The
-king's authority was overthrown in all the colonies.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Expedition against Canada.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. The Americans looked to Canada for
-aid. In order to encourage the people of
-that province to take up arms, Generals
-Schuyler and Montgomery were ordered to proceed against
-St. John and Montreal, both of which were finally taken.
-Montgomery next proceeded, with three hundred men, against
-Quebec. In the mean time, Colonel Arnold had set out with
-a thousand men from Cambridge. At Point aux Trembles
-he was joined by Montgomery, who assumed command. For
-three weeks, with his handful of troops, Montgomery besieged
-Quebec, and then staked everything on an assault.</p>
-
-<p>16. Before daybreak on the 31st of December, Montgomery
-attacked the Lower Town. At the first discharge Montgomery
-fell dead. The men, heartbroken at their loss, retreated above
-the city. Arnold had meanwhile fought his way into the
-Lower Town, but was severely wounded and borne to the
-rear. Captain Morgan led his brave band along the narrow
-streets until he was overwhelmed and compelled to surrender.
-Arnold retired to a point three miles above the city. The
-small-pox broke out in the camp; and in the following June
-the Americans evacuated Canada.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Events of 1776.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap">AT last came the king's answer to the appeal of Congress.
-The petition of the colonies was rejected with contempt.
-By this tyrannical answer the day of independence was brought
-nearer. Meanwhile, General Howe had succeeded Gage in
-command of the British troops in Boston.</p>
-
-<p>2. All winter long the city was besieged by Washington.
-By the first of spring, 1776, it was resolved to seize Dorchester
-Heights and drive Howe out of Boston. On the night of the
-4th of March a detachment under cover of the darkness
-reached the Heights unperceived. The British noticed nothing
-unusual; but, when morning dawned, Howe saw at a glance
-that he must carry the American position or abandon the city.
-He ordered his men to storm the Heights before nightfall.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The British driven from Boston.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. Washington visited the trenches and
-exhorted his men. It was the anniversary
-of the Boston Massacre. A battle was momentarily
-expected; but while the British delayed, a storm
-arose and rendered the harbor impassable, and the attack could
-not be made. Before the following morning the Americans
-had so strengthened their fortifications that all thoughts of
-an assault were abandoned. Howe found himself reduced to
-the extremity of giving up the capital of New England.</p>
-
-<p>4. After some days there was an agreement between Washington
-and the British general that the latter should retire from
-Boston unmolested on condition that the city should not be
-burned. On the 17th of March, the whole British army sailed
-away. The American advance at once entered the city. On
-the 20th, Washington made a formal entry at the head of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
-triumphant army. The country was wild with delight. Congress
-ordered a gold medal to be struck in honor of Washington's
-victory over the enemy.</p>
-
-<p>5. In a short time, the commander-in-chief repaired with
-the army to New York. General Lee pressed forward with
-the Connecticut militia, and reached that city just in time to
-baffle an attempt of Sir Henry Clinton, who next sailed southward,
-and was joined by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis
-with two thousand five hundred men. The force of the
-British was deemed sufficient to capture Charleston.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>British Repulsed at Charleston.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. The Carolinians, led by General Lee,
-rose in arms and flocked to Charleston.
-The city was fortified; and a fort, which
-commanded the entrance to the harbor, was built on Sullivan's
-Island. On the 4th of June the British squadron came in sight.
-On the 28th the British fleet began a bombardment of the fortress,
-which was commanded by Colonel Moultrie; but the walls,
-built of palmetto, were little injured. As evening drew on, the
-British were obliged to retire with a loss of two hundred men.
-The loss of the garrison amounted to thirty-two.</p>
-
-<p>7. During the summer Washington's forces were increased
-to twenty-seven thousand men, but the effective force was little
-more than half that number. Great Britain was making the
-greatest preparations. By a treaty with some of the German
-States, seventeen thousand Hessians were hired to fight against
-America. Twenty-five thousand English troops were levied;
-and a million dollars were voted for the expenses of the war.</p>
-
-<p>8. Thus far the colonists had claimed to be loyal subjects
-of Great Britain. Now the case seemed hopeless. The people
-urged the general assemblies, and the general assemblies urged
-Congress, to a declaration of independence. Congress responded
-by recommending the colonies to adopt such governments
-as might best conduce to the safety of the people.</p>
-
-<p>9. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia,
-offered a resolution in Congress declaring that the United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
-Colonies are, and of right ought to be, <i>free and independent States</i>.
-A long and exciting debate ensued. The final consideration of
-Lee's resolution was postponed until the 1st of July. On the
-11th of June, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,
-Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were appointed
-a committee to prepare a formal declaration.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig48.jpg" alt="Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee."/>
-<p class="caption center">Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Declaration of Independence.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. On the 1st of July the committee's report was laid before
-Congress. On the next day Lee's resolution
-was adopted. During the 3d the formal
-declaration was debated with great spirit. The
-discussion was resumed on the 4th, and at two o'clock in the
-afternoon the <span class="smcap">Declaration of American Independence</span> was
-adopted by a unanimous vote.</p>
-
-<p>11. The old bellman of the State House rang out the note of
-freedom to the nation. The multitudes caught the signal and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
-answered with shouts. Everywhere the declaration was received
-with enthusiastic applause. At Philadelphia the king's
-arms were torn down and burned in the street. At Williamsburg,
-Charleston, and Savannah there were bonfires. At Boston
-the declaration was read in Faneuil Hall. At New York
-the populace pulled down the statue of George III. <i>and cast it
-into bullets</i>. Washington ordered that the declaration be read
-at the head of each brigade.</p>
-
-<p>12. The leading principles of the Declaration of Independence
-are these: That all men are created equal; that governments
-are instituted for the welfare of the people; that the
-people have a right to alter their government; that the government
-of George III. had become destructive of liberty; that
-the king's tyranny over his American subjects was no longer
-endurable; and that, therefore, the United Colonies of America
-are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Operations about New York.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. Early in July, General Howe landed
-a force of nine thousand men on Staten Island.
-Thither Clinton came from the siege
-of Charleston, and Admiral Howe from England. The
-British force in the vicinity of New York amounted to thirty
-thousand men. Nearly half of them were Hessians. Washington's
-army was greatly inferior in numbers and discipline.</p>
-
-<p>14. Lord Howe had been instructed to try conciliatory
-measures with the Americans. First, he sent to the American
-camp a dispatch directed to George Washington, <i>Esquire</i>.
-Washington refused to receive a communication which did not
-recognize his official position. Howe then sent another message,
-addressed to George Washington, etc., etc., etc.; and the
-bearer insisted that <i>and-so-forth</i> might mean <i>General of the
-American Army</i>. But Washington sent the officer away.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Long Island.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. Lord Howe and his brother at once
-began hostilities. On the 22d of August,
-the British, to the number of ten thousand,
-landed on Long Island. The Americans, about eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
-thousand strong, were posted in the vicinity of Brooklyn.
-On the morning of the 27th of August, Grant's division of the
-British army was met by General Stirling with fifteen hundred
-men, and the battle at once began, but there was no decisive
-result. General Heister advanced beyond Flatbush, and engaged
-the main body of the Americans, under General Sullivan.
-Here the Hessians gained little or no ground until Sullivan
-was alarmed by the noise of battle on his left and rear.</p>
-
-<p>16. During the night General Clinton had occupied the
-heights above the Jamaica road, and now came down by way
-of Bedford. Sullivan found himself surrounded and cut off.
-The men fought bravely, and many broke through the lines of
-the British. The rest were scattered, killed, or taken prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>17. Cornwallis, attempting to cut off Stirling's retreat, was
-repulsed. Most of Stirling's men reached the American lines
-at Brooklyn. Generals Stirling, Sullivan, and Woodhull were
-taken prisoners. Nearly a thousand patriots were killed or
-missing. It seemed an easy thing for Clinton and Howe to
-capture all the rest.</p>
-
-<p>18. Washington resolved to withdraw to New York. The
-enterprise was extremely hazardous. At eight o'clock in the
-evening the embarkation of the army began. All night with
-muffled oars the boatmen rowed silently back and forth. At
-daylight the movement was discovered by the British. They
-rushed into the American intrenchments and found nothing
-but a few worthless guns.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>British Occupy New York.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. The defeat on Long Island was very
-disastrous to the American cause. Many of
-the troops returned to their homes. Only by
-constant exertion did Washington keep his army from disbanding.
-The British fleet anchored within cannon-shot of New
-York. Washington retired to the Heights of Harlem. On the
-15th of September the British landed three miles above New
-York. Thence they extended their lines and took possession
-of the city.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of White Plains.</b></div>
-
-<p>20. On the 16th of October, Howe embarked
-his forces, passed into Long Island
-Sound, and landed in the vicinity of Westchester.
-The object was to get upon the American flank
-and cut off communications with the Eastern States. On the
-28th a battle was brought on at White Plains. The Americans
-were driven from one
-position, but intrenched
-themselves in another,
-then withdrew to the
-heights of North Castle.
-Howe remained for a few
-days at White Plains, and
-returned to New York.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig49.jpg" alt="NEW YORK and VICINITY"/>
-<p class="caption center">NEW YORK and VICINITY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>21. Washington now
-crossed to the west bank
-of the Hudson and took
-post at Fort Lee. Four
-thousand men were left
-at North Castle under
-General Lee. Fort Washington,
-on Manhattan
-Island, was defended by
-three thousand men under
-Colonel Magaw. The skillful construction of this fort
-had attracted the attention of Washington, and led to an
-acquaintance with the engineer, <span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>, then
-a stripling but twenty years of age.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington retreats to Trenton.</b></div>
-
-<p>22. On the 16th of November, Fort Washington
-was captured by the British. The
-garrison were made prisoners of war and
-crowded into the jails of New York. Two days after the surrender,
-Fort Lee was taken by Lord Cornwallis. Washington
-with his army, now reduced to three thousand men, retreated
-to Trenton on the Delaware. Nothing but the skill of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
-commander saved the remnant of his forces from destruction.</p>
-
-<p>23. On the 8th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware.
-Cornwallis, having no boats, was obliged to wait for
-the freezing of the river. It was seen that as soon as the river
-should be frozen the British would march into Philadelphia.
-Congress accordingly adjourned to Baltimore. During his retreat
-across New Jersey, Washington sent dispatches to General
-Lee, at North Castle, to join the main army as soon as
-possible. That officer took up his quarters at Basking Ridge.
-On the 13th of December, a squad of British cavalry captured
-Lee and hurried him off to New York. General Sullivan took
-command of Lee's division, and hastened to join Washington.
-The entire American force now amounted to a little more than
-six thousand.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Victory at Trenton.</b></div>
-
-<p>24. The tide of misfortune turned at last.
-Washington saw in the disposition of the
-British forces an opportunity to strike a
-blow for his country. The leaders of the enemy were off
-their guard. The Hessians on the east side of the river were
-spread out from Trenton to Burlington. Washington conceived
-the design of crossing the Delaware and striking the
-detachment at Trenton before a concentration of the enemy's
-forces could be effected. The American army was arranged
-in three divisions under Generals Cadwallader, Ewing, and
-Washington himself. Christmas night was selected as the time
-for the movement.</p>
-
-<p>25. The Delaware was filled with floating ice. Ewing and
-Cadwallader were both baffled in their efforts to cross the
-river. Washington, having succeeded in getting over, divided
-his army of twenty-four hundred men into two columns and
-pressed forward. At eight o'clock in the morning the Americans
-came rushing into Trenton from both directions. The
-Hessians sprang from their quarters and attempted to form in
-line. Colonel Rall was mortally wounded. Nearly a thou<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>sand
-of the Hessians threw down their arms and begged for
-quarter. Before nightfall Washington, with his army and the
-whole body of captives, was safe on the other side of the
-Delaware.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig50.jpg" alt="CENTRAL NEW JERSEY 1778."/>
-<p class="caption center">CENTRAL NEW JERSEY 1778.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Effect of the victory.</b></div>
-
-<p>26. The battle of Trenton roused the
-nation from despondency. The militia
-flocked to the general's standard; and fourteen
-hundred soldiers, whose term of enlistment now expired,
-reentered the service. Robert Morris, the great financier
-of the Revolution,
-came forward
-with his fortune to
-the support of his
-country.</p>
-
-<p>27. Three days
-after his victory,
-Washington again
-crossed the Delaware.
-Here all the
-American detachments
-in the vicinity
-were ordered to assemble.
-To General
-Heath, stationed at
-Peekskill, Washington
-sent orders to
-move into New Jersey. The British fell back from their outposts
-and concentrated at Princeton. Cornwallis resumed
-command in person. So closed the year. Ten days previously,
-Howe only waited for the freezing of the Delaware before taking
-up his quarters in Philadelphia. Now it was a question
-whether he would be able to hold a single town in New Jersey.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXIV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Operations of 1777.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 1st of January, 1777, Washington's army at Trenton
-numbered about five thousand men. On the next day
-Cornwallis approached with greatly superior forces. During
-the afternoon there was severe skirmishing along the roads east
-of Trenton. During the night Washington called a council of
-war, and it was determined to leave the camp, pass the British
-left flank, and strike the enemy at Princeton. The baggage was
-removed to Burlington. The camp-fires were brightly kindled
-and kept burning through the night, while the army was in
-motion toward Princeton. Everything was done in silence.
-The morning light showed the British sentries a deserted camp.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Princeton.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. At sunrise Washington was entering
-Princeton. At the same time the British
-were marching out to reinforce Cornwallis.
-The Americans met them in the edge of the village, and the
-battle at once began. The British charged bayonets, and the
-militia gave way in confusion. General Mercer received a
-mortal wound. But the Pennsylvania regulars, led by the commander-in-chief,
-stood their ground. Washington rallied his
-men with the greatest bravery; and the British were routed,
-with a loss of four hundred and thirty men in killed, wounded,
-and missing.</p>
-
-<p>3. On the night of the 22d of May, Colonel Meigs, of Connecticut,
-embarked two hundred men in whale-boats, crossed
-the sound, and attacked Sag Harbor. The British were overpowered;
-only four of them escaped; five or six were killed,
-and the remaining ninety were made prisoners. The stores
-were destroyed by the patriots, who, without the loss of a man,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
-returned to Guilford. Colonel Meigs was rewarded by Congress
-with an elegant sword.</p>
-
-<p>4. The patriot forces of the North were now concentrated
-on the Hudson; and a camp, under Arnold, was laid out on
-the Delaware. In the latter part of May, Washington broke
-up his winter-quarters and took an advantageous position only
-ten miles from the British camp. Howe crossed over from
-New York and threatened an attack upon the American lines.
-Finally, the British, on the 30th of June, crossed over to Staten
-Island. On the 10th of July, General Prescott, of the British
-army, was captured at a farm-house near Newport. This gave
-the Americans an officer of equal rank to exchange for General
-Lee. Congress in the mean time returned to Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>French Aid and Sympathy.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. From the beginning of the war the
-people of France had been friendly to the
-American cause. By and by their sympathy
-became more outspoken. The French ministers would do
-nothing openly to provoke a war with Great Britain; but
-secretly they rejoiced at every British misfortune. During the
-year 1777, the French managed to supply the colonies with
-twenty thousand muskets and a thousand barrels of powder.</p>
-
-<p>6. At last the republicans of France began to embark for
-America. Foremost of all came the young <span class="smcap">Marquis de La
-Fayette</span>. Fitting a vessel at his own expense, he eluded
-the officers, and with the brave De Kalb and a small company
-of followers reached South Carolina in April of 1777. He entered
-the army as a volunteer, and in the following July was
-commissioned a major-general.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Burgoyne's Campaign.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. One of the most important events of
-the war was the campaign of General Burgoyne.
-In command of the English forces
-in Canada, he spent the spring of 1777 in organizing an
-army of ten thousand men for the invasion of New York. The
-force consisted of British, Hessians, Canadians, and Indians.
-The plan of the campaign embraced a descent upon Albany<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
-and New York, and the cutting off of New England from the
-Middle and Southern colonies.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig51.jpg" alt="Marquis de La Fayette."/>
-<p class="caption center">Marquis de La Fayette.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>8. On the 1st of June,
-Burgoyne reached Lake
-Champlain, and on the
-16th proceeded to Crown
-Point. This place was
-occupied by the British;
-and on the 5th of July,
-Ticonderoga, which was
-defended by three thousand
-men under General
-St. Clair, was captured.
-Soon afterward the British
-reached Whitehall
-and seized a large quantity
-of stores.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Bennington.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. At this time the
-American army of the
-North was commanded
-by General Schuyler. His
-forces, numbering between four and five thousand, were at Fort
-Edward. This place was captured by Burgoyne on the 30th of
-July, the Americans retreating down the Hudson.
-The British general now dispatched Colonels
-Baum and Breymann to seize the stores
-at Bennington, Vermont. Colonel John Stark rallied the New
-Hampshire militia, and on the 15th of August met the British
-near the village. On the following morning there was a furious
-battle, in which Baum's force was completely routed. The
-British lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners more than eight
-hundred men. The country was thrilled by the victory.</p>
-
-<p>10. A few days after the battle of Bennington, Burgoyne received
-intelligence of a still greater reverse, at Fort Schuyler,
-on the Mohawk.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig52.jpg" alt="Chart of HUDSON RIVER."/>
-<p class="caption center">Chart of HUDSON RIVER.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>11. The British general lost a month in procuring supplies
-from Canada. He now found himself hemmed in
-by nine thousand patriot soldiers.
-General Lincoln arrived with the
-militia of New England. Washington
-sent several detachments from
-the regular army. Morgan came
-with his riflemen. General Gates
-superseded Schuyler in command of
-the northern army. On the 8th of
-September, the American headquarters
-were advanced to Stillwater.
-On the 14th of the month, Burgoyne
-crossed the Hudson and took post
-at Saratoga. The two armies now
-came face to face. On the 19th,
-a general battle ensued, continuing
-until nightfall. The conflict, though
-severe, was indecisive; the Americans
-retired within their lines, and
-the British slept on the field. To
-the patriots the result of the battle
-was equivalent to a victory.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Bemis's Heights.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. The condition of Burgoyne
-grew critical. His supplies failed;
-his Canadian and Indian allies deserted his standard. On
-the 7th of October, he hazarded another battle, in which
-he lost his bravest officers and nearly
-seven hundred privates. The brave General
-Fraser was killed, and his disheartened men
-turned and fled from the field. The Americans were completely
-victorious.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Burgoyne's Surrender.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. Burgoyne now began a retreat, and on the 9th of
-October reached Saratoga. Here he was intercepted by
-Gates and Lincoln, and forced to surrender. On the 17th
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
-of October terms of capitulation were agreed on, and the
-whole army, numbering five thousand seven hundred and
-ninety-one, became prisoners of war. Among the captives
-were six members of the British Parliament. Forty-two pieces
-of brass artillery, five thousand muskets, and
-an immense quantity of stores were the fruits
-of the victory.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig53.jpg" alt="PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY."/>
-<p class="caption center">PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>14. As soon as the invasion was at an end, a large portion
-of the army was dispatched to aid Washington in a great campaign
-in progress in the South. On the 23d of July, Howe had
-sailed from New York,
-with eighteen thousand
-men, to attack Philadelphia.
-Washington advanced
-his headquarters
-from Philadelphia to Wilmington.
-The American
-army, numbering about
-eleven thousand men, was
-concentrated at that place.
-The forces of Howe were
-vastly superior, but Washington
-hoped to beat back
-the invaders and save the
-capital.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Brandywine.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. On the 25th of
-August the British landed at Elk River, in Maryland, and began
-their march toward Philadelphia. Washington selected the
-Brandywine as his line of defence. The left wing was stationed
-at Chad's Ford, while the right, under General
-Sullivan, was extended up the river. On
-the 11th of September the British reached the
-opposite bank and began battle. The Hessians, under Knyphausen,
-attacked at the ford; but the British, led by Cornwallis
-and Howe, marched up the Brandywine and crossed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
-above the American right. Sullivan allowed himself to be
-outflanked. Washington was misled by false information; the
-right wing was crushed by Cornwallis, and the day was lost.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The British in Philadelphia.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. During the night the patriots retreated to West Chester.
-The loss of the Americans amounted to a thousand men; that
-of the British to five hundred and eighty-four. La Fayette
-was severely wounded. Count Pulaski so distinguished
-himself in this engagement that
-Congress honored him with the rank of brigadier.
-Washington continued his retreat as far as Germantown.
-On the 15th of the month he recrossed the Schuylkill and met
-Howe at Warren's Tavern. But just as the conflict was beginning,
-a violent tempest swept over the field. The combatants
-were deluged, their cartridges soaked, and fighting made
-impossible. Howe succeeded in crossing the Schuylkill, and
-hastened to Philadelphia. On the 26th of September the city
-was taken, and the main division of the British army encamped
-at Germantown.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Germantown.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. Congress adjourned, first to Lancaster, and afterward to
-York, where they held their sessions until the next summer.
-On the night of the 3d of October Washington attempted to
-surprise the British at Germantown. But the
-roads were rough, and the different columns
-reached the British outpost at irregular intervals.
-There was much severe fighting, but the British gained
-possession of a large stone house and could not be dislodged.
-The tide turned against the patriots, and the day was lost. On
-the 22d of October, Fort Mercer, on the Delaware, was taken
-by Hessians, while the British fleet took Fort Mifflin, on Mud
-Island. General Howe thus obtained control of the Delaware.</p>
-
-<p>18. After the battle of Germantown, Washington took up
-his headquarters at White Marsh. The patriots began to suffer
-for food and clothing. On the evening of the 2d of December,
-Howe held a council of war at the house of Lydia Darrah
-in Philadelphia. It was decided to surprise Washington in hi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>s
-camp. But Lydia, who overheard the plans of Howe, left the
-city on pretence of <i>going to mill</i>, rode to the American lines,
-and gave the alarm. When the British approached White
-Marsh, they found the cannons mounted and the patriots in
-order of battle. The British general maneuvered for four days,
-and then marched back to Philadelphia.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig54.jpg" alt="Valley Forge."/>
-<p class="caption center">Valley Forge.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Valley Forge.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. On the 11th of December Washington
-went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, on
-the right bank of the Schuylkill. Thousands
-of the soldiers were without shoes, and the frozen ground was
-marked with bloody footprints. Log cabins were built, and
-everything was done that <i>could</i> be done to secure the comfort
-of the suffering patriots. But it was a long and dreary winter.
-These were the darkest days of Washington's life. Congress
-in a measure abandoned him. Many men high in military
-and civil station left the great leader unsupported. But the
-allegiance of the army remained unshaken, and the nation's
-confidence in the chieftain became stronger than ever.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXV" id="CHAPTER_XXV"></a>CHAPTER XXV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Events of 1778 and 1779.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">IN November of 1776 Silas Deane, of Connecticut, was appointed
-commissioner to France. His first service was to
-make a secret arrangement to supply the Americans with materials
-for carrying on the war. In the autumn of 1777 a ship,
-laden with two hundred thousand dollars' worth of arms, ammunition,
-and specie, was sent to America.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Negotiations with France.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. Arthur Lee and Benjamin Franklin were
-also appointed by Congress to negotiate a
-treaty with the French king. In December
-of 1776 they reached Paris and began their duties. For a
-long time King Louis and his minister stood aloof from
-the proposed alliance. They hated Great Britain, and gave
-secret encouragement to the colonies; but an open treaty with
-the Americans was equivalent to a war with England, and that
-the French court dreaded.</p>
-
-<p>3. Now it was, that the genius of Dr. Franklin shone with a
-peculiar luster. At the gay court of Louis XVI. he stood as
-the representative of his country. His wit and genial humor
-made him admired; his talents and courtesy commanded respect;
-his patience and perseverance gave him final success.
-During the whole of 1777 he remained at Paris and Versailles.
-At last came the news of Burgoyne's surrender. A powerful
-British army had been subdued by the colonists without aid
-from abroad. This success induced the king to accept the
-proposed alliance with the colonies. On the 6th of February,
-1778, a treaty was concluded; France acknowledged the independence
-of the United States, and entered into relations of
-friendship with the new nation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Benjamin Franklin.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. <span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>, the author of
-the first treaty between the United States
-and a foreign nation, was born in Boston,
-on the 17th of January, 1706. His father was a
-manufacturer of soap and candles. At the age of twelve,
-Benjamin was apprenticed
-to his brother
-to learn the art of
-printing. In 1723 he
-went to Philadelphia,
-entered a printing-office,
-and rose to distinction.
-He visited England;
-returned; founded
-the first circulating
-library in America;
-edited <i>Poor Richard's
-Almanac</i>; discovered
-the identity of electricity
-and lightning; espoused
-the patriot
-cause; and devoted his
-old age to perfecting
-the American Union.
-The name of Franklin is one of the brightest in history.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig55.jpg" alt="Benjamin Franklin."/>
-<p class="caption center">Benjamin Franklin.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>D'Estaing's French Fleet.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. In May of 1778 Congress ratified the
-treaty with France. A month previously
-a French fleet, under Count d'Estaing, had
-been sent to America. Both France and Great Britain immediately
-prepared for war. George III. now became willing
-to treat with his American subjects. Lord North brought
-forward two bills in which everything the colonists had
-claimed was conceded. The bills were passed by Parliament,
-and the king assented. Commissioners were sent to America;
-but Congress informed them that nothing but an acknowledg<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>ment
-of the independence of the United States would now be
-accepted.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>British Evacuate Philadelphia.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. The British army remained at Philadelphia until June of
-1778. The fleet of Admiral Howe lay in the Delaware. When
-the rumor came that the fleet of D'Estaing was approaching,
-the English admiral set sail for New York.
-On the 18th of June the British army evacuated
-Philadelphia and retreated across New
-Jersey. Washington occupied the city, and followed the retreating
-foe. At Monmouth the British were overtaken.
-On the morning of the 28th General Lee was ordered to attack
-the enemy. The American cavalry under La Fayette was
-driven back by Cornwallis. Lee ordered his line to retire to a
-stronger position; but the troops mistook the order and began
-a retreat. Washington met the fugitives and administered a
-severe rebuke to Lee. The fight continued until nightfall, and
-Washington anxiously waited for the morning. During the
-night, however, Clinton withdrew his forces and escaped.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington and Lee.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. The loss of the Americans was two
-hundred and twenty-seven. The British left
-nearly three hundred dead on the field.
-On the day after the battle Washington received an insulting
-letter from Lee demanding an apology. Washington replied
-that his language had been warranted by the circumstances.
-Lee answered in a still more offensive manner, and
-was thereupon arrested, tried by a court-martial, and dismissed
-from his command for twelve months. He never reentered
-the service, and did not live to see his country's independence.
-The British forces were now concentrated at New York. Washington
-took up his headquarters at White Plains. D'Estaing
-repaired to Boston. Howe returned to New York.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Massacre of Wyoming.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The command of the British naval forces was now transferred
-to Admiral Byron. Early in October a band of incendiaries,
-led by Colonel Ferguson, burned the American ships
-at Little Egg Harbor. In the preceding July, Major John
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
-Butler, in command of sixteen hundred royalists, Canadians,
-and Indians, marched into the valley of Wyoming, Pennsylvania.
-The settlement was defenceless. On
-the approach of the tories and savages, a few
-militia, old men, and boys, rallied to protect
-their homes. A battle was fought, and the patriots were routed.
-The fugitives fled to a fort, which was crowded with women
-and children. Honorable terms were promised by Butler,
-and the garrison capitulated. On the 5th of July the gates
-were opened and the barbarians entered. Immediately they
-began to plunder and butcher. Nearly all the prisoners fell
-under the hatchet and the scalping-knife.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Massacre at Cherry Valley.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. In November there was a similar massacre
-at Cherry Valley, New York. The invaders
-were led by Joseph Brandt, chief of
-the Mohawks, and Walter Butler, a son of Major John Butler.
-The people of Cherry Valley were driven from their homes;
-women and children were tomahawked and scalped; and forty
-prisoners dragged into captivity. To avenge these outrages,
-an expedition was sent against the savages on the Susquehanna;
-and they were made to feel the terrors of war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>George Rogers Clark in the West.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. In the spring of 1778, Major George
-Rogers Clark, who three years previously had
-descended the Ohio River with a single companion,
-from Pittsburgh to the Falls of the Ohio, organized
-an expedition against the British posts on the Wabash and
-Mississippi rivers. All the country northwest of the river Ohio
-was at this time under British authority, but the scattered white
-inhabitants were nearly all French. The most important post
-was the town of Vincennes, in what was afterwards the Territory
-of Indiana. Major Clark gathered his forces on Corn
-Island, in the Ohio, between the present cities of Louisville
-and Jeffersonville. The regiment was made up of backwoods
-militiamen and hunters from Kentucky and the Upper Ohio
-Valley.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig56.jpg" alt="Attack on Vincennes."/>
-<p class="caption center">Attack on Vincennes.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>11. Major Clark first descended the Ohio to a suitable
-point, and landed in what was afterwards the Territory of Illinois.
-From this point
-he marched across
-the country to the
-mouth of the Kaskaskia
-River, where,
-on the 4th of July,
-1778, he surprised and
-captured the town of Kaskaskia from the British. Here he
-divided his forces, and sent one division against the British post<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
-of Cahokia, opposite St. Louis. This place also was surprised
-and taken. Soon afterwards the French inhabitants of Vincennes
-rose against the British garrison, and took possession
-of the town. But Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, came down
-later in the year, and the British authority was restored.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Capture of Vincennes.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. Hearing of this event, Major Clark collected his forces
-at Kaskaskia, and in the beginning of 1779 marched against
-Vincennes. At the same time he sent part of his forces by
-water, bearing a few small cannon in a boat
-around by the Ohio and up the Wabash, to a
-point below Vincennes. At this time the
-lower Illinois country was covered with water, and Major
-Clark's campaign was attended with the greatest hardships.
-On the 18th of February, however, he gained a position on the
-Indiana side of the Wabash, and made an attack on Vincennes.
-By skillful maneuvering he deceived the British commander,
-and on the 24th of the month compelled him to surrender.
-Thus was the great territory northwest of the River Ohio recovered
-from the British, and secured for the United States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The British take Savannah.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. On the 3d of November, Count d'Estaing's
-fleet sailed for the West Indies. In
-December, Admiral Byron left New York
-to try the fortunes of war on the ocean. Colonel Campbell,
-with two thousand men, was sent by General Clinton for
-the conquest of Georgia. On the 29th of December the expedition
-reached Savannah. The place was defended by
-General Robert Howe with eight hundred men. A battle was
-fought, and the Americans were driven out of the city. The
-patriots crossed into South Carolina and found refuge at
-Charleston. Such was the only real conquest made by the
-British during the year 1778.</p>
-
-<p>14. The winter of 1778-79 was passed by the American army
-at Middlebrook. There was much discouragement among the
-soldiers, for they were neither paid nor fed. But the influence
-of Washington prevented a mutiny. In the latter part of May<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
-Clinton sailed with an armament up the Hudson to Stony
-Point. The garrison, unable to resist, escaped from the fortifications.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>General Wayne at Stony Point.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. On the 15th of July General Wayne
-marched against Stony Point. In the evening
-he halted near the fort and gave
-his orders. The British pickets were caught and gagged.
-Everything was done in silence. Muskets were unloaded and
-bayonets fixed; not a gun was to be fired. The assault was
-made a little after midnight. The patriots never wavered in
-the charge. The ramparts were scaled; and the British, finding
-themselves between two lines of bayonets, cried out for
-quarter. Sixty-three of the enemy fell; the remaining five hundred
-and forty-three were made prisoners. Of the Americans
-only fifteen were killed and eighty-three wounded. General
-Wayne secured the ordnance and stores, and then destroyed
-the fort.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Campaign against the Indians.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. In the summer of 1799, four thousand
-six hundred men, led by Generals
-Sullivan and James Clinton, were sent
-against the Indians on the Susquehanna. At Elmira the
-savages and tories had fortified themselves; but on the 29th
-of August they were forced from their stronghold and utterly
-routed. The country between the Susquehanna and the Genesee
-was wasted by the patriots. Forty Indian villages were
-destroyed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Campaigns in the South.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. A little later, the tories, who were
-advancing to join the British at Augusta,
-were defeated by the patriots under Captain
-Anderson. On the 14th of February they were again overtaken
-and routed by Colonel Pickens. Colonel Boyd, the
-tory leader, and seventy of his men were killed. Seventy-five
-others were captured, and five of the ringleaders hanged.
-The western half of Georgia was quickly recovered by the
-patriots.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>18. General Ashe was sent with two thousand men to intercept
-the enemy. On the 25th of February the Americans
-crossed the Savannah, and pursued Campbell as far as Brier
-Creek. Here the patriots came to a halt; and General Prevost,
-marching from Savannah, surrounded Ashe's command. A
-battle was fought on the 3d of March; the Americans were
-totally routed and driven into the swamps. By this defeat
-Georgia was again prostrated, and a royal government was
-established over the State.</p>
-
-<p>19. Within a month General Lincoln was again in the field
-with five thousand men. He advanced up the left bank of the
-river in the direction of Augusta; but, at the same time, General
-Prevost, now commanding the British forces in the South,
-crossed the Savannah and marched against Charleston. General
-Lincoln turned back to attack him, and the British made a
-hasty retreat. The Americans overtook the enemy at Stone
-Ferry, ten miles west of Charleston, but were repulsed with
-considerable loss. Prevost then fell back to Savannah.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Attempts to retake Savannah.</b></div>
-
-<p>20. In September, Count d'Estaing arrived
-before Savannah with his fleet. Prevost concentrated
-his forces for the defence of the
-city. The French effected a landing, and advanced to the
-siege. D'Estaing demanded a surrender; but Prevost answered
-with a message of defiance. The siege was pressed with vigor,
-and the city constantly bombarded. But the defences remained
-unshaken. At last D'Estaing notified Lincoln that
-the city must be stormed. Before sunrise on the 9th of
-October the allies advanced with great vehemence against the
-redoubts of the British, but were driven back with fearful losses.
-Count Pulaski was struck with a grape-shot, and was borne
-dying from the field. D'Estaing retired on board the fleet, and
-Lincoln retreated to Charleston.</p>
-
-<p>21. On the 23d of September, Paul Jones, cruising off the
-coast of Scotland with a fleet of French and American vessels,
-fell in with a British squadron, and a bloody battle ensued.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
-The <i>Serapis</i>, a British frigate of forty-four guns, engaged the
-<i>Poor Richard</i> within musket-shot. At last the vessels were
-lashed together, and the <i>Serapis</i> struck her colors. Jones
-transferred his men to the
-conquered ship, and the <i>Poor
-Richard</i> went down. Of the
-three hundred and seventy-five
-men on board the fleet
-of Jones, three hundred were
-either killed or wounded.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig57.jpg" alt="Paul Jones."/>
-<p class="caption center">Paul Jones.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>22. So closed the year
-1779. The national treasury
-was bankrupt. The patriots
-of the army were poorly fed,
-and paid only with unkept
-promises. The disposition
-of Great Britain was still for
-war. The levies of sailors
-and soldiers made by Parliament
-amounted to one hundred and twenty thousand, while
-the expenses of the War Office were set at twenty million
-pounds sterling.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXVI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Reverses and Treason. Events of 1780.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>French Allies in Rhode Island.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">DURING the year 1780 military operations
-at the North were suspended.
-Early in July Admiral De Ternay arrived
-at Newport with a French squadron, and six thousand land-troops
-under Count Rochambeau. In September the commander-in-chief
-held a conference with Rochambeau, and the
-plans of future campaigns were determined.</p>
-
-<p>2. In the South the patriots suffered many reverses. South
-Carolina was completely overrun by the enemy. On the 11th
-of February, Admiral Arbuthnot anchored before Charleston.
-Sir Henry Clinton and five thousand men were on board the
-fleet. The city was defended by fourteen hundred men under
-General Lincoln. The British effected a landing, and advanced
-up the right bank of Ashley River. On the 7th of
-April Lincoln was reinforced by seven hundred Virginians.
-Two days afterwards Arbuthnot succeeded in passing Fort
-Moultrie, and came within cannon-shot of the city.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The British take Charleston.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. A siege was at once begun, and prosecuted
-with vigor. From the beginning the
-defense was hopeless. The fortifications
-were beaten down, and Lincoln, dreading an assault,
-agreed to capitulate. On the 12th of May, Charleston was
-surrendered to the British, and the garrison became prisoners
-of war. A few days before the surrender Tarleton surprised
-and dispersed a body of militia on the Santee. Afterwards
-three successful expeditions were sent into different sections of
-the State.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>4. The authority of Great Britain was reestablished over
-South Carolina. Clinton and Arbuthnot returned to New
-York, and Cornwallis was left to hold the conquered territory.
-In this condition of affairs, Thomas Sumter and Francis Marion
-appeared as the protectors of the State. They rallied the militia
-and began an audacious partisan warfare. Detachments of
-the British were swept off as though an enemy had fallen on
-them from the skies. It was here that young Andrew Jackson,
-then but thirteen years of age, began his career as a soldier.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Marion's Ragged Regiment.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. Marion's company consisted of twenty
-men and boys, white and black, half clad
-and poorly armed. But the number increased,
-and the "Ragged Regiment" soon became a terror
-to the enemy. There was no telling when or where the
-sword of the fearless leader would fall. During the summer
-and autumn of 1780 he swept around Cornwallis's positions,
-making incessant onsets.</p>
-
-<p>6. General Gates now advanced into the Carolinas. Lord
-Rawdon concentrated his forces at Camden. Hither came
-Cornwallis with reinforcements. The Americans took post at
-Clermont. Cornwallis and Gates each formed the design of
-surprising the other in the night. On the evening of the 15th
-of August they both moved from their camps and met midway
-on Sander's Creek. After a severe battle the Americans were
-completely defeated with a loss of more than a thousand men.
-Baron De Kalb was mortally wounded. The reputation of
-Gates was blown away like chaff, and he was superseded by
-General Greene.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Affairs in North Carolina.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. A few days after the battle, Sumter's
-corps was overtaken and completely routed.
-Only Marion remained to harass the enemy.
-In September the British advanced into North Carolina as
-far as Charlotte. Colonel Ferguson, with eleven hundred
-regulars and tories, was sent into the country west of the
-Catawba to encourage the royalists. On the 7th of October,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
-while he and his men were encamped on King's Mountain,
-they were attacked by a thousand riflemen led by Colonel
-Campbell. A desperate battle ensued; Ferguson was slain,
-and three hundred of his men were killed or wounded.
-The remaining eight hundred threw down their arms and
-begged for quarter. Ten of the leading tory prisoners were
-condemned by a court-martial and hanged.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig58.jpg" alt="MAP OF THE CAROLINAS"/>
-<p class="caption center">MAP OF THE CAROLINAS</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Continental Paper Money.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. Meanwhile, the credit of the nation
-was sinking to the lowest ebb. Congress
-resorted to paper money. At first the continental
-bills were received at par; but the value of the
-notes rapidly diminished, until, by the middle of 1780, they
-were not worth two cents to the dollar. Business was paralyzed
-for the want of a currency; but Robert Morris and a few
-other wealthy patriots came forward with their private fortunes
-and saved the colonies from ruin. The mothers of America
-also lent a helping hand; and the patriot soldiers were supplied
-with food and clothing.</p>
-
-<p>9. In the midst of the gloom, the country was shocked by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
-the news that Benedict Arnold had turned traitor. After the
-battle of Bemis's Heights, in the fall of 1777, he had been promoted
-to the rank of major-general, and made commandant of
-Philadelphia. Here he married the daughter of a royalist, and
-entered upon a career of extravagance which overwhelmed him
-with debt. He then began a system of frauds on the commissary
-department of the army. Charges were preferred against
-him by Congress, and he was convicted by a court-martial.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Treason of Benedict Arnold.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. Seeming to forget this disgrace, Arnold
-obtained command of the fortress of West
-Point, on the Hudson. On the last day of
-July, 1780, he assumed control of the arsenal and depot of
-stores at that place. He then entered into a secret correspondence
-with Sir Henry Clinton, and finally offered to betray
-his country. It was agreed that the British fleet should ascend
-the Hudson, and that the garrison and fortress should be given
-up without a struggle.</p>
-
-<p>11. On the 21st of September, Clinton sent Major John
-Andr� to make arrangements for the surrender. Andr�, who
-was adjutant-general of the British army, went ashore from the
-<i>Vulture</i> about midnight, and met Arnold in a thicket. Daydawn
-approached, and the conspirators entered the American
-lines. Andr�, disguising himself, assumed the character of a spy.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Capture of Major Andr�.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. During the next day the business was
-completed. Arnold agreed to surrender
-West Point for ten thousand pounds and
-a commission as brigadier in the British army. Andr� received
-papers containing a description of West Point, its
-defences, and the best method of attack. During that day an
-American battery drove the <i>Vulture</i> down the river, and Andr�
-was obliged to cross to the other side and return by land.
-He passed the American outposts in safety; but at Tarrytown
-he was confronted by three militiamen<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> who stripped him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
-found his papers, and delivered
-him to Colonel Jameson
-at North Castle. Arnold, on
-hearing the news, escaped on board the <i>Vulture</i>. Andr� was
-tried by a court-martial at Tappan, and condemned to death.
-On the 2d of October he was led to the gallows, and, under
-the stern code of war, was hanged.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac van Wart. Congress afterwards
-rewarded them with silver medals and pensions for life.</p></div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig59.jpg" alt="Capture of Andr�."/>
-<p class="caption center">Capture of Andr�.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>13. For several years Holland had favored the Americans;
-now she began negotiations for a treaty similar to that between
-France and the United States. Great Britain discovered the
-purposes of the Dutch government, and remonstrated. On the
-20th of December an open declaration of war was made. Thus
-the Netherlands were added to the enemies of England.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXVII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Events of 1781.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Mutiny in the Continental Army.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">FOR the Americans the year 1781 opened
-gloomily. The condition of the army was
-desperate&mdash;no food, no pay, no clothing.
-On the first day of January, the whole Pennsylvania line
-mutinied and marched on Philadelphia. At Princeton they
-were met by emissaries from Sir Henry Clinton, and were
-tempted with offers of money and clothing if they would desert
-the American standard. The patriots answered by seizing
-the British agents and delivering them to General Wayne
-to be hanged. The commissioners of Congress offered the insurgents
-a large reward, which was refused; and a few liberal
-concessions on the part of the government quieted the mutiny.</p>
-
-<p>2. About the middle of the month the New Jersey brigade
-revolted. This movement Washington quelled by force. General
-Howe marched to the camp with five hundred regulars
-and compelled the mutineers to execute their own leaders.
-From that day order was restored. Congress was thoroughly
-alarmed. An agent was sent to France to obtain a loan of
-money. Robert Morris was appointed secretary of finance;
-and the Bank of North America was organized to aid the
-government.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Traitor Arnold in the British Army.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. On arriving at New York, Arnold received
-his commission as brigadier in the
-British army. In January the traitor began
-war on his countrymen. His proceedings were marked
-with much ferocity. In the vicinity of Richmond a vast
-quantity of property was destroyed. Arnold then took up his
-headquarters in Portsmouth; and Washington, for the second
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>time, planned his capture. The French fleet was ordered to
-cooperate with La Fayette in the attempt. But Admiral
-Arbuthnot drove the French
-squadron back to Rhode Island.
-La Fayette abandoned
-the undertaking, and Arnold
-again escaped.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig60.jpg" alt="MAP SHOWING THE COLONIES at the time of THE REVOLUTION."/>
-<p class="caption center">MAP SHOWING THE COLONIES at the time of THE REVOLUTION.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig61.jpg" alt="General Greene."/>
-<p class="caption center">General Greene.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>4. In April, General Phillips
-arrived at Portsmouth
-and assumed command of the
-army. In May Phillips died,
-and for seven days Arnold
-held the supreme command
-of the British forces in Virginia.
-On the 20th of the
-month Lord Cornwallis arrived
-and ordered him to
-be gone. Returning to New
-York he made an expedition against New London, in his
-native State. Fort Griswold, which was defended by Colonel
-Ledyard, was carried by storm. When Ledyard surrendered,
-seventy-three of the garrison were murdered in cold blood.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle at Cowpens.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. General Greene was now in command
-of the American army at Charlotte,
-North Carolina. Early in January, General
-Morgan was sent into South Carolina to repress the tories.
-Colonel Tarleton followed with his cavalry. The Americans
-took a position at the Cowpens, where, on the 17th of January,
-they were attacked by the British. Tarleton made the onset
-with impetuosity; but Morgan's men bravely held their ground.
-At last the American cavalry, under Colonel William Washington,
-made a charge and scattered the British dragoons like
-chaff. Ten British officers and ninety privates were killed.</p>
-
-<p>6. When Cornwallis heard of the battle he marched up the
-river to cut off Morgan's retreat. But Greene hastened to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
-Morgan's camp and took command in person. On the 28th
-of January, the Americans reached the Catawba and crossed
-to the northern bank. Within two hours the British arrived at
-the ford. During the night the rain poured down in torrents;
-the river was swollen to a flood; and it was many days before
-the British could cross. Then began a race for the Yadkin.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Two Armies in North Carolina.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. The distance was sixty miles. In two
-days the Americans reached the river. The
-crossing was nearly effected when the British
-appeared in sight. That night the Yadkin was made impassable
-by rains, and Cornwallis was again delayed. On
-the 9th of February the British succeeded in crossing. The
-lines of retreat and pursuit were now nearly parallel. A third
-time the race began, and again the Americans won it. On the
-13th Greene, with the main division, crossed the Dan into
-Virginia, and on the 22d of February returned into North
-Carolina.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Guilford Courthouse.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. Greene's army now numbered more
-than four thousand men. Determining to
-avoid battle no longer, he marched to Guilford
-Courthouse. Cornwallis moved forward to the attack.
-On the 15th of March the two armies met, and a severe but
-indecisive battle was fought. The Americans were driven back
-for several miles; but in killed and wounded the British loss
-was greatest.</p>
-
-<p>9. Early in April, Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, and
-then proceeded to Virginia. The British forces in the Carolinas
-remained under Lord Rawdon. On the 10th of May, Lord
-Rawdon retired to Eutaw Springs. The British posts at
-Orangeburg and Augusta fell into the hands of the patriots.
-General Greene passed the sickly months of summer in the
-hill country of the Santee.</p>
-
-<p>10. Sumter, Lee, and Marion were constantly abroad, smiting
-the tories right and left. Lord Rawdon now went to
-Charleston and became a principal actor in one of the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
-shameful scenes of the Revolution. Colonel Isaac Hayne, a
-patriot who had once taken an oath of allegiance to the king,
-was caught in command of a troop of American cavalry. He
-was arraigned before Colonel Balfour, the commandant of
-Charleston, and condemned to death. Rawdon gave his
-sanction, and Colonel Hayne was hanged.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Eutaw Springs.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. On the 22d of August, General Greene
-marched toward Orangeburg. The British
-retired to Eutaw Springs. There the Americans
-overtook them on the 8th of September. One of the
-fiercest battles of the war ensued, and General Greene was
-denied a decisive victory only by the bad conduct of some
-of his troops. After losing five hundred and fifty-five men, he
-gave up the struggle. The British lost in killed and wounded
-nearly seven hundred. Stuart retreated to Monk's Corner;
-Greene followed; and after two months of maneuvering, the
-British were driven into Charleston. In the whole South
-only Charleston and Savannah were now held by the king's
-army; the latter city was evacuated on the 11th of July, and
-the former on the 14th of December, 1782. Such was the
-close of the Revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Cornwallis in Virginia.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. In the beginning of May, 1781, Cornwallis
-took command of the British army
-in Virginia. The country was ravaged, and
-property destroyed to the value of fifteen million dollars.
-La Fayette, to whom the defence of the State had
-been intrusted, was unable to meet Cornwallis in the field.
-While the British were near Richmond, a detachment under
-Tarleton proceeded to Charlottesville, and captured the town
-and seven members of the legislature. Governor Jefferson
-escaped into the mountains. The British marched to Portsmouth;
-but early in August the army was conveyed to Yorktown,
-on the southern bank of York River.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Cornwallis Blockaded in Yorktown.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. La Fayette followed and took post eight miles from the
-British. During July and August, Washington, from his camp
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
-on the Hudson, looked wistfully to the South. Clinton was
-kept in alarm by false dispatches, indicating that the Americans
-would immediately besiege New York. When Clinton
-was informed that Washington was marching
-toward Virginia, he would not believe it.
-Washington pressed rapidly forward, and
-joined La Fayette at Williamsburg. On the
-30th of August, a French fleet, with four thousand troops on
-board, reached the Chesapeake and anchored in the mouth
-of York River. Cornwallis was blockaded by sea and land.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Surrender of Cornwallis.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. Count de Barras, who commanded the French flotilla at
-Newport, also arrived. On the 5th of September, Admiral
-Graves appeared in the bay, and a naval battle ensued, in
-which the British ships were roughly handled. On the 28th,
-the allied armies encamped around Yorktown and began their
-intrenchments. On the night of the 14th,
-the enemy's outer works were carried by
-storm. On the 16th the British made a
-sortie, but were repulsed. The next day Cornwallis proposed
-a surrender; on the 18th terms of capitulation were
-signed; and on the afternoon of the 19th the whole British
-army, consisting of seven thousand two hundred and forty-seven
-English and Hessian soldiers, laid down their arms and
-became prisoners of war. This event virtually terminated the
-war of the Revolution.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>News of the Victory.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. On the evening of the 23d the news
-was borne to Congress. On the morning of
-the 24th, the members went in concourse with
-the citizens to the Dutch Lutheran church, and turned the afternoon
-into a thanksgiving. The note of rejoicing sounded
-throughout the land. In England the king and his ministers
-heard the tidings with rage; but the English people were
-secretly pleased. On the 20th of March, 1782, Lord North
-and his friends resigned their offices. A new ministry was
-formed, favorable to peace. The command of the British<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
-forces in the United States was transferred to Sir Guy Carleton,
-a man friendly to American interests.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig62.jpg" alt="Surrender of Cornwallis."/>
-<p class="caption center">Surrender of Cornwallis.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. In the summer of 1782, Richard Oswald was sent by
-Parliament to Paris, to confer with Franklin and Jay in regard
-to the terms of peace. John Adams and Henry Laurens also
-entered into the negotiations. On the 30th of November
-preliminary articles of peace were signed; and in the following
-April the terms were ratified by Congress. On the 3d of September,
-1783, a final treaty was effected between all the nations
-that had been at war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Treaty of Peace.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. The terms of the <span class="smcap">Treaty of 1783</span>
-were these: A complete recognition of the
-independence of the United States; the
-cession by Great Britain of Florida to Spain; the surrender
-of the remaining territory east of the Mississippi to the United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
-States; the free navigation of the Mississippi and the lakes;
-and the retention by Great Britain of Canada and Nova
-Scotia.</p>
-
-<p>18. Early in August Sir Guy Carleton received instructions
-to evacuate New York City. By the 25th of November everything
-was in readiness; the British army was embarked; the
-sails were spread; the ships stood out to sea and disappeared.
-The Briton was gone. After the struggles of an eight years'
-war the patriots had achieved their independence.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington's Farewell to the Army.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. On the 4th of December Washington
-assembled his officers to bid them a
-final adieu. When they were met, he spoke
-a few affectionate words to his comrades, who
-came forward, and with tears and sobs bade him farewell.
-Washington then departed to Annapolis, where Congress
-was in session. At Philadelphia he made a report of his
-expenses during the war. The account, in his own handwriting,
-embraced an expenditure of seventy-four thousand
-four hundred and eighty-five dollars&mdash;all correct to a cent.</p>
-
-<p>20. The route of the chief to Annapolis was a continuous
-triumph. The people by thousands flocked to the roadsides
-to see him pass. On the 23d of December, Washington was
-introduced to Congress, and delivered an address full of wisdom
-and modesty. With great dignity he surrendered his
-commission as commander-in-chief of the army. General
-Mifflin, the president of Congress, responded in an eloquent
-manner, and then the hero retired to his home at Mount
-Vernon.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Confederation and Union.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>American Government.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">DURING the progress of the Revolution
-the civil government of the United
-States was in a deplorable condition. Nothing
-but the peril of the country had, in the first place, led
-to the calling of a Congress. When that body assembled,
-it had no constitution nor power of efficient action. The two
-great wants of the country were <i>money</i> to carry on the war, and
-<i>a central authority</i> to direct the war. Whenever Congress
-would attempt a firmer government, the movement would be
-checked by the remonstrance of the colonies.</p>
-
-<p>2. Foremost of those who worked for better government
-was Benjamin Franklin. In 1775 he laid before Congress the
-plan of a perpetual confederation of the States. But the attention
-of that body was occupied with the war, and Franklin's
-measure received little notice. Congress, without any
-real authority, began to conduct the government, and its
-legislation was generally accepted by the States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Articles of Confederation.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. On the 11th of June, 1776, a committee
-was appointed by Congress to prepare
-a plan of confederation. After a
-month the work was completed and laid before the house.
-The debates on the subject continued at intervals until the 15th
-of November, 1777, when a vote was taken in Congress, and
-the <span class="smcap">Articles of Confederation</span> were adopted, which were
-then transmitted to the State legislatures for ratification. By
-them the new frame of government was returned to Congress
-with many amendments. These having been considered, the
-articles were signed by the delegates of eight States on the 9th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
-of July, 1778. Those of Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey,
-and Delaware signed before February, of 1779. Maryland
-did not assent until March of 1781.</p>
-
-<p>4. The government of the United States under the confederation
-was a loose union of independent commonwealths.
-The executive and legislative powers were vested in Congress&mdash;a
-body composed of not less than two nor more than
-seven representatives from each State. The sovereignty was
-reserved to the States. There was no chief magistrate and
-no general judiciary. The consent of nine States was necessary
-to complete an act of legislation. The union was declared
-to be perpetual.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Inadequacy of the Confederation.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. On the 2d of March, 1781, Congress
-assembled under the new government. From
-the first, its inadequacy was manifest. Congress
-had no real authority. The first duty was to provide
-for the payment of the war debt of thirty-eight million dollars.
-Congress recommended a general tax. Some of the States
-made the levy, others refused. Robert Morris was brought to
-poverty in a vain effort to sustain the government.</p>
-
-<p>6. In this condition of affairs, Washington advised the calling
-of a convention to meet at Annapolis. In September of
-1786 the representatives of five States assembled. The questions
-of a tariff and a revision of the articles of confederation
-were discussed. It was finally resolved to adjourn until the
-following year.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Constitution Proposed.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. Congress invited the legislatures to appoint delegates to
-the convention. All of the States except Rhode Island responded;
-and on the second Monday in May,
-1787, the representatives assembled at Philadelphia.
-Washington was chosen president of
-the convention. On the 29th Edmund Randolph introduced
-a resolution to adopt a new constitution. A committee was
-accordingly appointed to revise the articles of confederation.
-Early in September, the report of the committee was adopted;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
-and that report was <span class="smcap">the Constitution of the United
-States</span>.</p>
-
-<p>8. On the question of <i>adopting</i> the Constitution the people
-were divided. Those who favored the new government were
-called <span class="smcap">Federalists</span>; those who opposed, <span class="smcap">Anti-Federalists</span>.
-The leaders of the former were Washington, Jay, Madison, and
-Hamilton, the latter statesman throwing his whole energies
-into the controversy. In the papers called <i>The Federalist</i> he
-and Madison answered every objection of the anti-Federal
-party. To Hamilton the Republic owes a debt of gratitude
-for having established on a firm basis the true principles of
-free government.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Provisions of the Constitution.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. Under the Constitution the powers of
-government are arranged under three heads&mdash;<span class="smcap">Legislative</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Executive</span>, and <span class="smcap">Judicial</span>.
-The legislative power is vested in Congress&mdash;composed of a
-Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senators are
-chosen, for a term of six years, by the legislatures of the several
-States. Each State is represented by two Senators. The Representatives
-are elected by the people; and each State is entitled
-to a number of representatives proportionate to its population.
-The members of this branch are chosen for two years.</p>
-
-<p>10. The executive power of the United States is vested in a
-President, chosen for four years by the Electoral College.
-The electors composing the college are chosen by the people;
-and each State is entitled to a number of electors equal to the
-number of its representatives and senators in Congress. The
-duty of the President is to enforce the laws of Congress in
-accordance with the Constitution. He is also commander-in-chief
-of the armies and navies. In case of the death or
-resignation of the President, the Vice-president becomes chief
-magistrate.</p>
-
-<p>11. The judicial power of the United States is vested in a
-Supreme Court and in inferior courts established by Congress.
-The highest judicial officer is the Chief-justice. The judges<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
-hold their offices during life or good behavior. The right of
-trial by jury is granted in all cases except the impeachment
-of public officers. Treason against the United States consists
-in levying war against them, or in giving aid to their enemies.</p>
-
-<p>12. The Constitution provides that new territories maybe
-organized and new States admitted into the Union; that to
-every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government;
-and that the Constitution may be altered or amended
-by the consent of two thirds of both houses of Congress and
-three fourths of the legislatures of the States. In accordance
-with this provision, fifteen amendments have since been made
-to the Constitution.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Constitution Adopted.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. Before the end of 1788 eleven States
-had adopted the Constitution. The new
-government was to go into operation when
-nine States should ratify. For a while, North Carolina
-and Rhode Island hesitated. In accordance with an act of
-Congress, the first Wednesday of January, 1789, was named as
-the time for the election of a chief-magistrate. The people had
-but one voice as to the man who should be honored with
-that high trust. Early in April, the ballots of the electors were
-counted, and George Washington was unanimously chosen President
-and John Adams Vice-president of the United States.
-On the 14th of the month, Washington received notification
-of his election, and departed for New York. His route was a
-constant triumph. With this event the era of nationality in
-the New Republic is ushered in.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.&mdash;Part IV.</span></h2>
-
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Trace the causes, general and special, of the Revolutionary War.</li>
-<li>2. Give an account of the Stamp Act Congress, and of the important
-measure adopted by it.</li>
-<li>3. How did the movements in America affect the British king and
-parliament?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>4. Give an account of the beginnings of war, and of the engagements
-at that time about Boston.</li>
-<li>5. Tell of the condition of the American forces, and of the appointment
-of a commander-in-chief.</li>
-<li>6. What were the relations between the American colonies and
-Canada?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>7. Describe the military movements of the first half of the year 1776.</li>
-<li>8. Who were the Hessians, and how were they brought into this war?</li>
-<li>9. Give an account of the preparation and adoption of the <i>Declaration
-of Independence</i>.</li>
-<li>10. Follow the military movements of the latter half of the year 1776.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXIV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>11. What were the military movements of the early part of the year
-1777?</li>
-<li>12. Tell of the attitude of France toward the war, and of the coming
-over of La Fayette and his followers.</li>
-<li>13. Give an account of the campaigns under Burgoyne.</li>
-<li>14. Trace the movements in the south and along the Delaware.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>15. Give an account of the treaty with France, and of the coming over
-of the French fleet under D'Estaing.</li>
-<li>16. Tell the story of the massacres at Wyoming and at Cherry Valley.</li>
-<li>17. Outline the campaigns of 1779.</li>
-<li>18. What was now the condition of the Americans on the seas?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXVI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>19. Describe the military movements of 1780.</li>
-<li>20. Give an account of the treachery of Benedict Arnold.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXVII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>21. Sketch the campaigns of 1781.</li>
-<li>22. Tell of the surrender of Cornwallis and the British army.</li>
-<li>23. Give an account of the Treaty of Peace, and of the disbanding of
-the American army.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXVIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>24. Tell of the government of America in the early part of the war, and
-under the Articles of Confederation.</li>
-<li>25. What led to the adoption of the new constitution, and what are
-some of its leading provisions?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Part_V" id="Part_V"></a><span class="smcap">Part V.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>GROWTH OF THE UNION.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">A. D. 1789-1861.</div>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXIX.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Washington's Administration, 1789-1797.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington's Inauguration.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 30th of April, 1789, Washington
-was inaugurated first President of the
-United States. The ceremony was performed
-in New York City, on the site of the Custom-house, in
-Wall Street. Chancellor Livingston, of New York, administered
-the oath of office. The streets and house-tops were
-thronged with people; flags fluttered; cannon boomed from
-the Battery. Washington retired to the Senate chamber and
-delivered his inaugural address. Congress had already been
-organized.</p>
-
-<p>2. The new government was embarrassed with many difficulties.
-By the treaty of 1783 the free navigation of the
-Mississippi had been guaranteed. Now the Spaniards of New
-Orleans hindered the passage of American ships. On the
-frontier the Red men were at war with the settlers. As to
-financial credit or income, the United States had none.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The First Cabinet.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. On the 10th of September an act was
-passed by Congress instituting a department
-of foreign affairs, a treasury department,
-and a department of war. Washington nominated
-Jefferson as Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Knox, Secretary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
-War; and Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. A Supreme
-Court was also organized, John Jay receiving the appointment
-of first Chief-justice. Edmund Randolph was chosen Attorney-General.
-Meanwhile, the objections of North Carolina and
-Rhode Island were removed, and both States ratified the Constitution,
-the former in November of 1789, and the latter in
-the following May.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig63.jpg" alt="Inauguration of Washington."/>
-<p class="caption center">Inauguration of Washington.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Financial Policy.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. The war debt of the United States, including the revolutionary
-expenses of the several States, amounted to nearly
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
-eighty million dollars. Hamilton adopted a broad and honest
-policy. His plan proposed that the debt of the United
-States due to American citizens, as well as
-the debt of the individual States, should be
-assumed by the general government, <i>and that
-all should be fully paid</i>. By this measure the credit of the
-country was vastly improved. Hamilton's financial schemes
-were violently opposed by Jefferson and the anti-Federal party.
-In 1791 the <span class="smcap">Bank of the United States</span> was established by
-an act of Congress.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Admission of Vermont.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. The question of fixing the seat of government was discussed;
-and it was agreed to establish the capital for ten
-years at Philadelphia, and afterwards at some locality on the
-Potomac. The next measure was the organization of the
-territory southwest of the Ohio. On the
-4th of March, 1791, Vermont, which had
-been an independent territory since 1777,
-was admitted into the Union as the fourteenth State. The
-census of the United States, for 1790, showed a population of
-three million nine hundred and twenty-nine thousand.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Indian Troubles in the N.W. Territory.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. In 1790 a war broke out with the
-Miami Indians. These tribes went to war
-to recover the lands which they had ceded
-to the United States. In September General Harmar, with
-fourteen hundred men, marched from Fort Washington, on
-the present site of Cincinnati, to the Maumee. On the 21st
-of October the army was defeated, with great loss, at a ford of
-this stream. General Harmar retreated to Fort Washington.</p>
-
-<p>7. After the defeat of Harmar, General St. Clair, with two
-thousand men, set out from Fort Washington to break the
-power of the Miamis. On the 4th of November he was
-attacked in the southwest angle of Mercer County, Ohio,
-by more than two thousand warriors. After a terrible battle,
-St. Clair was completely defeated, with a loss of half his men.
-The fugitives retreated precipitately to Fort Washington. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
-news of the disaster spread sorrow throughout the land. St.
-Clair was superseded by General Wayne, whom the people
-had named Mad Anthony.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Admission of Kentucky.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The population of Kentucky had now
-reached seventy-three thousand. Seventeen
-years before, Daniel Boone, the hardy
-hunter of North Carolina, had settled at Boonesborough.
-Harrodsburg and Lexington were founded about the same
-time. During the Revolution the pioneers were constantly
-beset by the savages. After the expedition of General Clark,
-in 1779, thousands of immigrants came annually. On the 1st
-of June, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union. At the
-presidential election of 1792, Washington was again unanimously
-chosen; as Vice-president, John Adams was reelected.</p>
-
-<p>9. Washington's second administration was greatly troubled
-in its relations with foreign governments. Citizen Genet, who
-was sent by the French republic as minister to the United
-States, arrived at Charleston, and was greeted with great
-enthusiasm. Taking advantage of his popularity, he fitted out
-privateers to prey on the commerce of Great Britain, and
-planned an expedition against Louisiana. When Washington
-refused to enter into an alliance with France, the minister
-threatened <i>to appeal to the people</i>. But Washington stood
-unmoved, and demanded the minister's recall. The authorities
-of France heeded the demand, and Genet was superseded by
-M. Fouchet.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Whiskey Insurrection.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. In 1794 the country was disturbed by
-a difficulty in western Pennsylvania, known
-as the <span class="smcap">Whiskey Insurrection</span>. Congress
-had, three years previously, imposed a tax on all ardent spirits
-distilled in the United States. Genet and his partisans had
-incited the people of the distilling regions to resist the tax
-collectors. The disaffected rose in arms. Washington issued
-two proclamations, warning the insurgents to disperse; but
-instead of obeying, they fired upon the officers of the govern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>ment.
-General Henry Lee, with a strong detachment of troops,
-then marched to the scene of the disturbance and dispersed
-the rioters.</p>
-
-<p>11. In the fall of 1793 General Wayne entered the Indian
-country with a force of three thousand men. Near the scene
-of St. Clair's defeat he built Fort Recovery, and then pressed
-on to the junction of the Auglaize and the Maumee. Here
-he built Fort Defiance. On the 20th of August Wayne overtook
-the savages at the town of Waynesfield, and routed them
-with terrible losses. The chieftains were obliged to purchase
-peace by ceding to the United States all the territory east of a
-line drawn from Fort Recovery to the mouth of the Kentucky
-River. This was the last service of General Wayne. In
-December of 1796 he died, and was buried at Presque Isle.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>British Privateers.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. In 1793 George III. issued instructions
-to British privateers to seize all neutral
-vessels found trading in the French
-West Indies. The United States had no notification of this
-measure, and American commerce to the value of many millions
-of dollars was swept from the sea. Chief-justice Jay was
-sent to demand redress, and in November of 1794 an honorable
-treaty was concluded. It was specified in the treaty that
-Great Britain should make reparation for the injuries done, and
-surrender to the United States certain Western posts which until
-now had been held by that country.</p>
-
-<p>13. In 1795 the boundary between the United States and
-Louisiana was settled. Spain granted to the Americans the
-free navigation of the Mississippi. About this time a difficulty
-arose with the dey of Algiers. For many years Algerine pirates
-had been preying upon the commerce of civilized nations.
-The dey had agreed with these nations that his pirate ships
-should not attack their vessels if they would pay him an annual
-tribute. The Algerine sea-robbers were now turned loose on
-American commerce, and the government of the United States
-was also obliged to purchase safety by paying tribute.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig64.jpg" alt="Algerine Pirates."/>
-<p class="caption center">Algerine Pirates.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Admission of Tennessee.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. In 1796 Tennessee, the third new State,
-was admitted into the Union. The population
-already numbered more than seventy
-thousand. The first inhabitants of Tennessee were as hardy
-a race of pioneers as ever braved the wilderness.</p>
-
-<p>15. Washington was solicited to become a candidate for a
-third election; but he refused. In September of 1796 he issued
-to the people of the United States his Farewell Address&mdash;a
-document full of wisdom and patriotism. The political
-parties at once put forward their candidates&mdash;John Adams as
-the choice of the Federal, and Thomas Jefferson of the anti-Federal
-party. The chief question between the parties was
-whether it was the true policy of the United States to enter
-into intimate relations with France. The anti-Federalists said,
-<i>Yes!</i> The Federalists said, <i>No!</i> On that issue Mr. Adams
-was elected, but Mr. Jefferson, having the next highest number
-of votes, became Vice-president.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXX" id="CHAPTER_XXX"></a>CHAPTER XXX.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Adams's Administration, 1797-1801.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 4th of March, 1797, President Adams was inaugurated.
-From the beginning, his administration was
-embarrassed by political
-opposition. Adet, the
-French minister, urged
-the government to conclude
-a league with
-France against Great
-Britain. When the President
-and Congress refused,
-the French Directory
-began <i>to demand</i> an
-alliance. On the 10th of
-March that body issued
-instructions to French
-men-of-war to assail the
-commerce of the United
-States. Mr. Pinckney, the American minister, was ordered
-to leave France.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig65.jpg" alt="John Adams."/>
-<p class="caption center">John Adams.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Troubles with France.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. These proceedings were equivalent to
-a declaration of war. The President convened
-Congress in extraordinary session.
-Elbridge Gerry and John Marshall were directed to join Mr.
-Pinckney in a final effort for a peaceable adjustment of the
-difficulties. But the Directory refused to receive the ambassadors
-except upon condition that they would pay into the
-French treasury a quarter of a million dollars. Pinckney<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>
-answered that the United States had <i>millions for defense, but
-not one cent for tribute</i>. The envoys were then ordered to
-leave the country.</p>
-
-<p>3. In 1798 an act was passed by Congress completing the
-organization of the army. Washington was called from his
-retirement and appointed commander-in-chief. Six American
-frigates put to sea, and, in the fall of 1799 did good service for
-the country. Commodore Truxtun, in the <i>Constellation</i>, won
-distinguished honors. On the 9th of February, while cruising
-in the West Indies, he attacked the <i>Insurgent</i>, a French man-of-war,
-carrying forty guns and more than four hundred seamen.
-A desperate engagement ensued; and Truxtun gained
-a complete victory.</p>
-
-<p>4. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte had overthrown the Directory
-of France and made himself First Consul. He immediately
-sought peace with the United States. Three American
-ambassadors were sent to Paris, in March of 1800. Negotiations
-were at once opened, and in the following September
-were terminated with a treaty of peace.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig66.jpg" alt="Home of Washington at Mount Vernon."/>
-<p class="caption center">Home of Washington at Mount Vernon.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of Washington.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. Before the war-cloud was scattered
-America was called to mourn the loss of
-Washington. On the 14th of December,
-1799, after an illness of only a day, the chieftain passed from
-among the living. All hearts were touched with sorrow. Congress
-went in funeral procession to the German Lutheran
-church, where General Henry Lee delivered a touching and
-eloquent oration. Throughout the world the memory of the
-great dead was honored with appropriate ceremonies.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Washington City.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. The administration of Adams and the eighteenth century
-drew to a close together. The new Republic was growing
-strong and influential. The census of 1800 showed that the
-population of the country had increased
-to over five millions. The seventy-five
-post-offices reported by the census of 1790
-had been multiplied to nine hundred and three; the exports of
-the United States had grown from twenty millions to nearly
-seventy-one millions of dollars. In December of 1800, Congress
-assembled in Washington City. Virginia and Maryland
-had ceded to the United States the District of Columbia, a
-tract ten miles square lying on both sides of the Potomac. The
-city was laid out in 1792; and in 1800 the population numbered
-between eight and nine thousand.</p>
-
-<p>7. With prudent management the Federal party might have
-retained control of the government. But much of the legislation
-of Congress had been unwise and unpopular. The
-"Alien Law," by which the President was authorized to send
-foreigners out of the country, was specially odious. The "Sedition
-Law," which punished with fine and imprisonment the
-freedom of speech and of the press, was denounced as an act
-of tyranny. Partisan excitement ran high. Mr. Adams and
-Mr. Charles C. Pinckney were put forward as the candidates
-of the Federalists, and Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr of
-the Democrats. The election was thrown into the House of
-Representatives, and the choice fell on Jefferson and Burr.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXI" id="CHAPTER_XXXI"></a>CHAPTER XXXI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Jefferson's Administration, 1801-1809.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap">AT the beginning of his administration, Mr. Jefferson transferred
-the chief offices of the government to members of
-the Democratic party. Such action was justified by the adherents
-of the President on the ground that the affairs of a
-republic will be best administered when the officers hold the
-same political sentiments. One of the first acts of Congress
-was to abolish the system of internal revenues. The unpopular
-"Alien" and "Sedition" laws were also repealed.</p>
-
-<p>2. In the year 1800 a line was drawn through the Northwest
-Territory from the mouth of the Great Miami River
-northward, through Fort Recovery on the head waters of
-the Wabash, to Canada.
-Two years afterwards the
-country east of this line
-was erected into the State
-of Ohio, which, in 1803,
-was admitted into the
-Union. The portion west
-of the line was organized
-under the name of <span class="smcap">Indiana
-Territory</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig67.jpg" alt="Thomas Jefferson."/>
-<p class="caption center">Thomas Jefferson.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Indiana Territory.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. The new region thus
-brought under civil government
-embraced a vast area
-of country. It included
-all of the present States of
-Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and a small portion of
-Minnesota. Vincennes was made the capital. The appointment
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
-of Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs was
-conferred on General William Henry Harrison. The work
-imposed upon him was very great. First appointed
-by President John Adams, he was
-afterwards reappointed to the same position
-by Presidents Jefferson and Madison. Repairing to his field
-of duty, he convened the first Territorial Legislature at Vincennes,
-in 1805, and entered at once into negotiations with the
-Indian tribes.</p>
-
-<p>4. During the administration of Governor Harrison, many
-salutary measures were adopted with respect to the natives.
-The Governor sought to prevent the sale of intoxicating
-liquors among them, and induced many of the tribes to submit
-to inoculation, as a means of preventing the ravages of
-smallpox. In September, 1809, he met a congress of the tribes
-at Vincennes, and effected the purchase of about three million
-acres of valuable land in the valleys of the Wabash and White
-rivers. It was these progressive measures which aroused the
-jealousy and alarm of the Red men, and brought on the Indian
-war of 1811.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Louisiana Purchase.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. About the same time of the organization of Indiana Territory
-the <span class="smcap">Mississippi Territory</span> was organized. More important
-still was the purchase of the vast region called Louisiana.
-In 1800 Napoleon had compelled Spain to make a cession of this
-territory to France. He now authorized his minister to dispose
-of Louisiana by sale. The President appointed Mr. Livingston
-and James Monroe to negotiate the purchase. On the 30th
-of April, 1803, terms were agreed on; and for the sum of
-eleven million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars Louisiana
-was ceded to the United States. It was
-also agreed that the United States should pay
-certain debts due from France to American
-citizens&mdash;the sum not to exceed three million seven hundred
-and fifty thousand dollars. Thus did that vast domain west of
-the Mississippi pass under the dominion of the United States.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>6. Out of the southern portion of the great province the
-<span class="smcap">Territory of Orleans</span> was organized with the same limits
-as the present State of Louisiana; the rest continued to be
-called the <span class="smcap">Territory of Louisiana</span>. Very justly did Mr.
-Livingston say to the French minister as they arose from signing
-the treaty: "This is the noblest work of our lives."</p>
-
-<p>7. In 1801 John Marshall became Chief-justice of the
-United States. In the colonial times, the English constitution
-and common law had prevailed in America. When the new
-Republic was organized, it became necessary to modify the principles
-of law and to adapt them to the altered form of government.
-This great work was accomplished by Chief-justice
-Marshall.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>War with Tripoli.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The Mediterranean pirates still annoyed
-American merchantmen. The emperors of
-Morocco, Algiers, and Tripoli became especially
-troublesome. In 1803 Commodore Preble was sent
-to the Mediterranean to protect American commerce and
-punish the pirates. The frigate <i>Philadelphia</i>, under Captain
-Bainbridge, sailed directly to Tripoli. When nearing his destination,
-Bainbridge gave chase to a pirate which fled for
-safety to the harbor. The <i>Philadelphia</i>, in close pursuit, ran
-upon a reef of rocks near the shore, and was captured by the
-Tripolitans. The officers were treated with some respect, but
-the crew were enslaved.</p>
-
-<p>9. In the following February Captain Decatur sailed to
-Tripoli in a Moorish ship, called the <i>Intrepid</i>. At nightfall
-Decatur steered into the harbor, slipped alongside of the <i>Philadelphia</i>,
-sprang on deck with his daring band, and killed or
-drove overboard every Moor on the vessel. In a moment
-the frigate was fired; Decatur and his crew escaped to the
-<i>Intrepid</i> without the loss of a man.</p>
-
-<p>10. In July of 1804 Commodore Preble arrived at Tripoli
-and began a siege. The town was bombarded, and several
-Moorish vessels were destroyed. In the mean time, William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
-Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, had organized a force,
-and was marching overland to Tripoli. Hamet, who was the
-rightful sovereign of Tripoli, was cooperating with Eaton in an
-effort to recover his kingdom. Yusef, the Tripolitan emperor,
-made overtures for peace. His offers were accepted, and a
-treaty was concluded on the 4th of June, 1805.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Schemes of Aaron Burr.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. In 1804 the country was shocked by the intelligence that
-Vice-president Burr had killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
-As his term of office drew to a close, Burr foresaw that he
-would not be renominated. In 1803 he became a candidate
-for governor of New York; but Hamilton's
-influence in that State prevented his election.
-Burr thereupon sought a quarrel with
-Hamilton, challenged him, met him at Weehawken on the
-morning of the 11th of July, and deliberately murdered him.
-Thus the brightest intellect in America was put out in
-darkness.</p>
-
-<p>12. After the death of Hamilton, Burr fled to the South. At
-the opening of the next session of Congress he returned to preside
-over the Senate. Then he took up his residence with an
-Englishman named Blennerhassett, who had built a mansion on
-an island in the Ohio, near the mouth of the Muskingum.
-Here Burr made a treasonable scheme to raise a military force,
-invade Mexico, detach the Southwestern States from the
-Union, and overthrow the government of the United States.
-But his purposes were suspected. The military preparations at
-Blennerhassett's Island were broken up. Burr was arrested in
-Alabama and taken to Richmond to be tried for treason.
-Chief-justice Marshall presided at the trial, and Burr conducted
-his own defence. The verdict was, "Not guilty&mdash;<i>for
-want of sufficient proof</i>." Burr afterward practiced law in
-New York, lived to old age, and died in poverty.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. In the autumn of 1804 Jefferson was reelected. For
-Vice-president, George Clinton of New York was chosen in
-place of Burr. In the next year a part of the Northwest
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
-Territory was organized under the name of
-<span class="smcap">Michigan</span>. In the same spring, Captains
-Lewis and Clarke set out from the falls of
-the Missouri River with thirty-five soldiers and hunters to
-explore Oregon. For two years, through forests of gigantic
-pines, and along the banks of unknown rivers, did they continue
-their explorations. After wandering among unheard-of
-tribes of savages, and traversing a route of six thousand miles,
-the adventurers, with the loss of but one man, returned to
-civilization.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig68.jpg" alt="Lewis and Clarke's Expedition."/>
-<p class="caption center">Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>14. During Jefferson's second term, the country was much
-agitated by the aggressions of the British navy. England and
-France were engaged in war. The British authorities struck
-blow after blow against the trade between France and foreign
-nations; and Napoleon retaliated. The plan adopted by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
-two powers was to blockade each other's ports with men-of-war.
-By such means the commerce of the United States was
-greatly injured.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Aggressions on American Commerce.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. In May of 1806 England blockaded
-the whole coast of France. American vessels,
-approaching the French ports, were seized as
-prizes. The following November Bonaparte
-issued a decree blockading the British isles. Again American
-merchantmen were subjected to seizure. In January of the
-next year Great Britain retaliated by prohibiting the French
-coasting-trade. These measures were all in violation of the
-law of nations.</p>
-
-<p>16. Great Britain next set up the peculiar claim of citizenship,
-that whoever is born in England remains through life a
-subject of England. English cruisers were authorized to search
-American vessels for persons suspected of being British subjects.
-Those who were taken were impressed as seamen in
-the English navy.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Impressment of Seamen.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. On the 22d of June, 1807, the frigate
-<i>Chesapeake</i> was hailed near Fortress Monroe
-by a British man-of-war called the
-<i>Leopard</i>. British officers came on board and demanded
-<i>to search the vessel for deserters</i>. The demand was refused and
-the ship cleared for action. But before the guns could be
-charged, the <i>Leopard</i> poured in a destructive fire and compelled
-a surrender. Four men were taken from the captured ship,
-three of whom proved to be American citizens. Great Britain
-disavowed this outrage, and promised reparation; but the
-promise was never fulfilled.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Embargo Act.</b></div>
-
-<p>18. The President issued a proclamation
-forbidding British ships of war to enter
-American harbors. On the 21st of December
-Congress passed the <span class="smcap">Embargo Act</span>, by which all American
-vessels were detained in the ports of the United States. The
-object was to cut off commercial intercourse with France and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
-Great Britain. But after fourteen months the embargo act
-was repealed. Meanwhile, in November of 1808, the British
-government published an "order in council," prohibiting <i>all</i>
-trade with France and her allies. Thereupon Napoleon
-issued the "Milan decree," forbidding all trade with England
-and her colonies. By these outrages the commerce of
-the United States was well-nigh destroyed.</p>
-
-<p>19. While the country was thus distracted, Robert Fulton
-was building the <span class="smcap">FIRST STEAMBOAT</span>. Fulton was an Irishman
-by descent and a Pennsylvanian by birth. His education in
-boyhood was imperfect, but was afterward improved by study
-at London and Paris.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig69.jpg" alt="Fulton's Clermont."/>
-<p class="caption center">Fulton's "Clermont."</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Robert Fulton's Steamboat.</b></div>
-
-<p>20. Returning to New York, he began the
-construction of a steamboat. When the ungainly
-craft was completed, Fulton invited
-his friends to go on board and enjoy a trip to Albany.
-On the 2d of September, 1807, the crowds gathered on
-the shore. The
-word was given, and
-the boat did not
-move. Fulton went
-below. Again the
-word was given, and
-<i>the boat moved</i>. On
-the next day the
-company reached
-Albany. For many
-years this first rude steamer, called the <i>Clermont</i>, plied the
-Hudson.</p>
-
-<p>21. Jefferson's administration drew to a close. The territorial
-area of the United States had been vastly extended. But
-the foreign relations of the nation were troubled. The President
-declined a third election, and was succeeded by James
-Madison, of Virginia. For Vice-president, George Clinton was
-reelected.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXII" id="CHAPTER_XXXII"></a>CHAPTER XXXII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Madison's Administration.&mdash;War of 1812.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig70.jpg" alt="James Madison."/>
-<p class="caption center">James Madison.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>War Threatened with England.</b></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President had been a member of the Continental
-Congress, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of
-1787, and Secretary of
-State under Jefferson. He
-owed his election to the
-Democratic party, whose
-sympathy with France and
-hostility to Great Britain
-were well known. On the
-1st of March the embargo
-act was repealed by Congress,
-and another measure
-adopted by which American
-ships were allowed to go
-abroad, but were forbidden
-to trade with Great
-Britain. Mr. Erskine, the
-British minister, now gave notice that by the 10th of
-June the "orders in council," so far as
-they affected the United States, should be
-repealed.</p>
-
-<p>2. In the following spring Bonaparte issued a decree for the
-seizure of all American vessels that might approach the ports
-of France. But in November the decree was reversed, and
-all restrictions on the commerce of the United States were
-removed. But the government of Great Britain adhered to
-its former measures, and sent ships of war to enforce the
-"orders in council."</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>3. The affairs of the two nations were fast approaching a
-crisis. The government of the United States had fallen completely
-under control of the party which sympathized with
-France. The American people, smarting under the insults of
-Great Britain, had adopted the motto of <span class="smcap">Free Trade and
-Sailors' Rights</span>, and had made up their minds to fight; the
-sentiment was that war was preferable to national disgrace.</p>
-
-<p>4. In the spring of 1810 the third census of the United States
-was completed. The population had increased to seven million
-two hundred and forty thousand souls. The States now
-numbered seventeen; and several new Territories were preparing
-for admission into the Union. The rapid march of civilization
-westward had aroused the jealousy of the Red men, and
-Indiana Territory was afflicted with an Indian war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Gen. Harrison in Indiana.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. Tecumtha, chief of the Shawnees&mdash;a
-brave and sagacious warrior&mdash;and his
-brother, called the Prophet, were the leaders
-of the revolt. Their plan was to unite all the nations of the
-Northwest Territory in a final effort to beat back the whites.
-When, in September of 1809, Governor Harrison met the
-chiefs of several tribes at Fort Wayne, and purchased three
-million acres of land, Tecumtha refused to sign the treaty, and
-threatened death to those who did. In 1810 he visited the
-nations of Tennessee and exhorted them to join his confederacy.</p>
-
-<p>6. Governor Harrison stood firm, sent for soldiers, and
-mustered the militia of the Territory. The Indians began to
-prowl through the Wabash Valley, murdering and stealing.
-The governor then advanced to Terre Haute, built Fort Harrison,
-and hastened toward the town of the Prophet, at the
-mouth of the Tippecanoe. When within a few miles of this
-place, Harrison was met by Indian ambassadors, who asked for
-a conference on the following day. Their request was granted;
-and the American army encamped for the night. The place
-selected was a piece of high ground covered with oaks.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Battle of Tippecanoe.</div>
-
-<p>7. Before daybreak on the morning of November 7th, 1811,
-the savages, seven hundred strong, crept through the marshes,
-surrounded Harrison's position, and burst upon the camp.
-But the American militia fought in the
-darkness, held the Indians in check until
-daylight, and then routed them in several
-vigorous charges. On the next day, the Americans burned
-the Prophet's town, and soon afterwards returned to Vincennes.
-Such was the success of the campaign that the Indians were
-overawed, the peace of the white settlements secured, and the
-way made easy for the organization and admission of the
-State of Indiana into the Union five years afterwards.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig71.jpg" alt="Western Battle-fields located relatively to Present Cities."/>
-<p class="caption center">Western Battle-fields located relatively to Present Cities.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>8. Meanwhile, Great Britain and the United States had
-come into conflict on the ocean. On the 16th of May, Commodore
-Rodgers, commanding the frigate <i>President</i>, hailed a
-vessel off the coast of Virginia. Instead of a polite answer, he
-received a cannon-ball in the mainmast. Rodgers responded
-with a broadside, silencing the enemy's guns. In the morning&mdash;for
-it was already dark&mdash;the hostile ship was found to be
-the British sloop-of-war <i>Little Belt</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>9. On the 4th of November, 1811, the twelfth Congress of
-the United States assembled. Many of the members still
-hoped for peace; and the winter passed without decisive
-measures. On the 4th of April, 1812, an act was passed laying
-an embargo for ninety days on all British vessels within
-the harbors of the United States. But Great Britain would
-not recede from her hostile attitude. Before the actual outbreak
-of hostilities, Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was, on
-the 8th of April, admitted into the Union. Her population
-had already reached seventy-seven thousand.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Declaration of War.</div>
-
-<p>10. On the 19th of June a declaration
-of war was made against Great Britain.
-Vigorous preparations for the conflict were
-made by Congress. It was ordered to raise twenty-five
-thousand regular troops and fifty thousand volunteers. The
-several States were requested to call out a hundred thousand
-militia. A national loan of eleven million dollars was authorized.
-Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was chosen commander-in-chief
-of the army.</p>
-
-<p>11. The war was begun by General William Hull, governor
-of Michigan Territory. On the 1st of June he marched from
-Dayton with fifteen hundred men. For a full month the army
-toiled through the forests to the western extremity of Lake
-Erie. Arriving at the Maumee, Hull sent his baggage to
-Detroit. But the British at Malden were on the alert, and
-captured Hull's boat with everything on board. Nevertheless,
-the Americans pressed on to Detroit, and on the 12th of July
-crossed the river to Sandwich.</p>
-
-<p>12. Hull, hearing that Mackinaw had been taken by the
-British, soon returned to Detroit. From this place he sent
-Major Van Horne to meet Major Brush, who had reached the
-river Raisin with reinforcements. But Tecumtha laid an ambush
-for Van Horne's forces and defeated them near Brownstown.
-Colonel Miller, with another detachment, attacked and
-routed the savages with great loss, and then returned to Detroit.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig72.jpg" alt="Engagement of the Wasp and the Frolic."/>
-<p class="caption center">Engagement of the Wasp and the Frolic.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Surrender of Detroit.</div>
-
-<p>13. General Brock, governor of Canada,
-now took command of the British at Malden.
-On the 16th of August he advanced to
-the siege of Detroit. The Americans in their trenches were
-eager for battle. When the British were within five hundred
-yards, Hull <i>hoisted
-a white flag over the
-fort</i>. Then followed
-a surrender, the most
-shameful in the history
-of the United
-States. All the forces
-under Hull's command
-became prisoners
-of war. The
-whole of Michigan
-Territory was surrendered
-to the
-British. Hull was
-afterward court-martialed and sentenced to be shot; but the
-President pardoned him.</p>
-
-<p>14. About the time of the fall of Detroit, Fort Dearborn, on
-the present site of Chicago, was surrendered to an army of
-Indians. The garrison capitulated on condition of retiring
-without molestation. But the savages fell upon the retreating
-soldiers, killed some, and distributed the rest as captives.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The War at Sea.</div>
-
-<p>15. On the 19th of August the frigate
-<i>Constitution</i>, commanded by Captain Isaac
-Hull, overtook the British <i>Guerriere</i> off
-the coast of Massachusetts. The vessels maneuvered for
-a while, the <i>Constitution</i> closing with her antagonist, until at
-half pistol-shot she poured in a broadside, sweeping the decks
-of the <i>Guerriere</i> and deciding the contest. On the following
-morning, the <i>Guerriere</i>, being unmanageable, was blown up;
-and Hull returned to port with his prisoners and spoils.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>16. On the 18th of October the American <i>Wasp</i>, under
-Captain Jones, fell in with a fleet of British merchantmen off
-the coast of Virginia. The squadron was under protection of
-the <i>Frolic</i>, commanded by Captain Whinyates. A terrible engagement
-ensued, lasting for three quarters of an hour. Finally,
-the American crew boarded the <i>Frolic</i> and struck the British
-flag. Soon afterwards the <i>Poictiers</i>, a British seventy-four gun
-ship, bore down upon the scene, captured the <i>Wasp</i>, and retook
-the wreck of the <i>Frolic</i>.</p>
-
-<p>17. On the 25th of the month Commodore Decatur, commanding
-the frigate <i>United States</i>, captured the British <i>Macedonian</i>,
-a short distance west of the Canary Islands. The loss
-of the enemy in killed and wounded amounted to more than a
-hundred men. On the 12th of December the <i>Essex</i>, commanded
-by Captain Porter, captured the <i>Nocton</i>, a British
-packet, having on board fifty-five thousand dollars in specie.
-On the 29th of December the <i>Constitution</i>, under command
-of Commodore Bainbridge, met the <i>Java</i> on the coast of Brazil.
-A furious battle ensued, continuing for two hours. The <i>Java</i>
-was reduced to a wreck before the flag was struck. The crew
-and passengers, numbering upward of four hundred, were
-transferred to the <i>Constitution</i>, and the hull was burned at
-sea. The news of these victories roused the enthusiasm of
-the people.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Van Rensselaer at Queenstown.</div>
-
-<p>18. On the 13th of October a thousand
-men, commanded by General Stephen Van
-Rensselaer, crossed the Niagara River to
-capture Queenstown. They were resisted at the water's
-edge; but the British batteries on the heights were finally
-carried. The enemy's forces, returning to the charge, were a
-second time repulsed. The Americans intrenched themselves,
-and waited for reinforcements. None came; and, after losing
-a hundred and sixty men, they were then obliged to surrender.
-General Van Rensselaer resigned his command, and was succeeded
-by General Alexander Smyth.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>19. The Americans now rallied at Black Rock, a few miles
-north of Buffalo. From this point, on the 28th of November,
-a company was sent across to the Canada shore, but General
-Smyth ordered the advance party to return. A few days afterward,
-another crossing was planned, with the same results.
-The militia became mutinous. Smyth was charged with
-cowardice and deposed from his command. In the autumn
-of 1812 Madison was reelected President; the choice for Vice-president
-fell on Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">War of 1812.&mdash;Events of 1813.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">IN the beginning of 1813 the American army was organized
-in three divisions: <span class="smcap">the Army of the North</span>, under
-General Wade Hampton; <span class="smcap">the Army of the Center</span>, under
-General Dearborn; <span class="smcap">the Army of the West</span>, under General
-Winchester, who was soon superseded by General Harrison.
-Early in January the Army of the West moved toward
-Lake Erie to regain the ground lost by Hull. On the 10th of
-the month the American advance reached the rapids of the
-Maumee, thirty miles from Winchester's camp. A detachment
-then pressed forward to Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, captured
-the town, and on the 20th of the month were joined by
-Winchester with the main division.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Events in the West.</div>
-
-<p>2. Two days afterwards the Americans were
-assaulted by a thousand five hundred British
-and Indians under General Proctor. A severe
-battle was fought. General Winchester, having been taken by
-the enemy, advised his forces to capitulate. The American
-wounded <i>were left to the mercy of the savages</i>, who at once
-completed their work of butchery. The rest of the prisoners
-were dragged away, through untold sufferings, to Detroit,
-where they were afterward ransomed.</p>
-
-<p>3. General Harrison now built Fort Meigs, on the Maumee.
-Here he was besieged by two thousand British and savages,
-led by Proctor and Tecumtha. Meanwhile, General Clay,
-with twelve hundred Kentuckians, advanced to the relief of
-the fort. In a few days the Indians deserted in large numbers,
-and Proctor, becoming alarmed, abandoned the siege, and
-retreated to Malden.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Ft. Meigs and Ft. Stephenson.</div>
-
-<p>4. Late in July Proctor and Tecumtha,
-with nearly four thousand men, again besieged
-Fort Meigs. Failing to draw out the
-garrison, the British general filed off with half his forces and
-attacked Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky. This place
-was defended by a hundred and sixty men under Colonel
-Croghan, a stripling but twenty-one years of age. On the 2d
-of August the British advanced to storm the fort. Having
-crowded into the trench, they were swept away almost to a
-man. The repulse was complete. Proctor now raised the
-siege at Fort Meigs and returned to Malden.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Perry on Lake Erie.</div>
-
-<p>5. At this time Lake Erie was commanded
-by a British squadron of six vessels.
-The work of recovering these waters
-was intrusted to Commodore Oliver H. Perry. His antagonist,
-Commodore Barclay, was a veteran from Europe. With
-great energy Perry directed the construction of nine ships, and
-was soon afloat. On the 10th of September the two fleets met
-near Put-in Bay. The battle was begun by the American
-squadron, Perry's flag-ship, the <i>Lawrence</i>, leading the attack.
-His principal antagonist was the <i>Detroit</i>, under command of
-Barclay. The British guns had the wider range, and were
-better served. In a short time the <i>Lawrence</i> was ruined, and
-Barclay's flagship was almost a wreck.</p>
-
-<p>6. Perceiving how the battle stood, Perry seized his banner,
-got overboard into an open boat, passed within pistol-shot of
-the enemy's ships, a storm of balls flying around him, and
-transferred his flag to the <i>Niagara</i>. With this powerful vessel
-he bore down upon the enemy's line, drove right through the
-midst, discharging terrible broadsides right and left. In fifteen
-minutes the British fleet was helpless. Perry returned to the
-hull of the <i>Lawrence</i>, and there received the surrender. And
-then he sent to General Harrison this dispatch: "We have
-met the enemy, and they are ours&mdash;two ships, two brigs, one
-schooner, and one sloop."</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig73.jpg" alt="Fall of Tecumtha at the Battle of the Thames."/>
-<p class="caption center">Fall of Tecumtha at the Battle of the Thames.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Battle of the Thames.</div>
-
-<p>7. For the Americans the way was now
-opened to Canada. On the 27th of September
-Harrison's army was landed near
-Malden. The British retreated to the river Thames, and there
-faced about to fight. The battlefield extended from the river
-to a swamp. Here, on the 5th of October, the British were
-attacked by Generals Harrison and Shelby. In the beginning
-of the battle Proctor fled. The British regulars were broken
-by the Kentuckians under Colonel Richard M. Johnson. The
-Americans wheeled against the fifteen hundred Indians, who
-lay hidden in the swamp. Tecumtha had staked all on the
-issue. For a while his war-whoop sounded above the din of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
-the conflict. Presently his voice was heard no longer, for the
-great chieftain had fallen. The savages, appalled by the death
-of their leader, fled in despair. So ended the campaign in the
-West. All that Hull had lost was regained.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">General Jackson in Alabama.</div>
-
-<p>8. Meanwhile, the Creeks of Alabama
-had taken up arms. In the latter part of
-August, Fort Mims, forty miles north of
-Mobile, was surprised by the savages, who murdered nearly
-four hundred people. The governors of Tennessee, Georgia,
-and Mississippi made immediate preparation for invading
-the country of the Creeks. The Tennesseeans, under General
-Jackson, were first to the rescue. Nine hundred men, led
-by General Coffee, reached the Indian town of Tallushatchee,
-burned it, and left not an Indian alive. On the 8th of November
-a battle was fought at Talladega, and the savages were
-defeated with severe losses.</p>
-
-<p>9. During the winter, Jackson's troops became mutinous and
-were going home. But the general set them the example of
-living on acorns, and threatened with death the first man who
-stirred from the ranks. And no man stirred. At Horseshoe
-Bend the Creeks made their final stand. On the 27th of
-March, the whites under General Jackson stormed the breastworks
-and drove the Indians into the bend of the river. There,
-huddled together, a thousand Creek warriors, with the women
-and children of the tribe, met their doom. The nation was
-completely conquered.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Expedition against Toronto.</div>
-
-<p>10. On the 25th of April, 1813, General
-Dearborn embarked his forces at Sackett's
-Harbor, and proceeded against Toronto. On
-the 27th of the month, seventeen hundred men, landing near
-Toronto, drove the British from the water's edge, stormed a
-battery, and rushed forward to carry the main defences. At
-that moment the British magazine blew up with terrific violence.
-Two hundred men were killed or wounded. General Pike
-was fatally injured; but the Americans continued the charge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
-and drove the enemy out of the town. Property to the value
-of a half million dollars was secured to the victors.</p>
-
-<p>11. While this movement was taking place the enemy made
-a descent on Sackett's Harbor. But General Brown rallied
-the militia and drove back the assailants. The victorious troops
-at Toronto reembarked and crossed the lake to the mouth of
-the Niagara. On the 27th of May the Americans, led by
-Generals Chandler and Winder, stormed Fort George. The
-British retreated to Burlington Bay, at the western extremity
-of the lake.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Expedition against Montreal.</div>
-
-<p>12. After the battle of the Thames, General
-Harrison resigned his commission. General
-Dearborn was succeeded by General
-Wilkinson. The next campaign embraced the conquest of
-Montreal. On the 5th of November seven thousand men,
-embarking twenty miles north of Sackett's Harbor, sailed
-against Montreal. Parties of British, Canadians, and Indians,
-gathering on the bank of the river, impeded the expedition.
-General Brown was landed with a considerable force to drive
-the enemy into the interior. On the 11th of the month a
-severe but indecisive battle was fought at a place called
-Chrysler's Field. The Americans passed down the river to
-St. Regis, and went into winter quarters at Fort Covington.</p>
-
-<p>13. In the mean time, the British on the Niagara rallied and
-recaptured Fort George. Before retreating, General McClure,
-the commandant, burned the town of Newark. The British
-and Indians crossed the river, took Fort Niagara, and fired the
-villages of Youngstown, Lewiston, and Manchester. On the
-30th of December, Black Rock and Buffalo were burned.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The War on the Ocean.</div>
-
-<p>14. Off the coast of Demerara, on the 24th
-of February, 1813, the sloop-of-war <i>Hornet</i>,
-commanded by Captain James Lawrence, fell
-in with the British brig <i>Peacock</i>. A terrible battle of fifteen
-minutes ensued, and the <i>Peacock</i> struck her colors. While
-the Americans were transferring the conquered crew, the brig<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
-sank. Nine of the British sailors and three of Lawrence's
-men were drowned.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig74.jpg" alt="Don't give up the Ship."/>
-<p class="caption center">"Don't give up the Ship."</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>15. On returning to Boston the command of the <i>Chesapeake</i>
-was given to Lawrence, and again he put to sea. He was
-soon challenged by Captain Broke, of the British <i>Shannon</i>, to
-fight him. Eastward from Cape Ann the two vessels met on
-the 1st day of June. The battle was obstinate, brief, dreadful.
-In a short time, every officer of the <i>Chesapeake</i> was either
-killed or wounded. Lawrence was struck with a musket-ball,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
-and fell dying on the deck. As they bore him down the hatchway,
-he gave his last order&mdash;ever afterwards the motto of the
-American sailor&mdash;"<span class="smcap">Don't give up the ship!</span>" The <i>Shannon</i>
-towed her prize into the harbor of Halifax. There the bodies
-of Lawrence and Ludlow, second in command, were buried
-by the British.</p>
-
-<p>16. On the 14th of August the American brig <i>Argus</i> was
-overtaken by the <i>Pelican</i> and obliged to surrender. On the
-5th of September the British brig <i>Boxer</i> was captured by the
-American <i>Enterprise</i> off the coast of Maine. On the 28th of
-the following March, while the <i>Essex</i>, commanded by Captain
-Porter, was lying in the harbor of Valparaiso, she was attacked
-by two British vessels, the <i>Ph&#339;be</i> and the <i>Cherub</i>. Captain
-Porter fought his antagonists until nearly all of his men were
-killed or wounded; then struck his colors and surrendered.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">British Marauding.</div>
-
-<p>17. From honorable warfare the naval officers
-of England stooped to marauding. Early
-in the year, Lewiston was bombarded by a
-British squadron. Other British men-of-war entered the Chesapeake
-and burned several villages on the shores of the bay.
-At the town of Hampton the soldiers and marines perpetrated
-great outrages. Commodore Hardy, to whom the blockade
-of New England had been assigned, behaved with more humanity.
-Even the Americans praised him for his honorable
-conduct. So the year 1813 closed without decisive results.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIV" id="CHAPTER_XXXIV"></a>CHAPTER XXXIV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Campaigns of 1814.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations about Niagara.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">IN the spring of 1814 another invasion
-of Canada was planned; but there was
-much delay. Not until the 3d of July did
-Generals Scott and Ripley, with three thousand men, cross
-the Niagara and capture Fort Erie. On the following day
-the Americans advanced in the direction of Chippewa village,
-but were met by the British, led
-by General Riall. On the evening
-of the 5th a severe battle was
-fought on the plain south of Chippewa
-Creek. The Americans, led
-on by Generals Scott and Ripley,
-won the day.</p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig75.jpg" alt="OPERATIONS ABOUT NIAGARA."/>
-<p class="caption center">OPERATIONS ABOUT NIAGARA.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. General Riall retreated to
-Burlington Heights. On the evening
-of the 25th of July, General
-Scott, commanding the American
-right, found himself confronted
-by Riall's army, on the high
-grounds in sight of Niagara Falls.
-Here was fought the hardest battle
-of the war. Scott held his own
-until reinforced by other divisions
-of the army. The British reserves were brought into action.
-Twilight faded into darkness. A detachment of Americans,
-getting upon the British rear, captured General Riall and his
-staff. The key to the enemy's position was a high ground
-crowned with a battery. Calling Colonel James Miller to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
-side, General Brown said, "Colonel, take your regiment and
-storm that battery." "<span class="smcap">I'll try, sir</span>," was Miller's answer;
-and he <i>did</i> take it, and held it against three assaults of the
-British. General Drummond was wounded, and the royal
-army, numbering five thousand, was driven from the field with
-a loss of more than eight hundred. The Americans lost an
-equal number.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig76.jpg" alt="Colonel Miller at Lundy's Lane."/>
-<p class="caption center">Colonel Miller at Lundy's Lane.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>3. After this battle of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane, the American
-forces fell back to Fort Erie. General Gaines crossed
-over from Buffalo, and assumed command of the army. General
-Drummond received reinforcements, and on the 4th of
-August invested Fort Erie. The siege continued until the 17th
-of September, when a sortie was made and the works of the
-British were carried. General Drummond then raised the siege
-and retreated to Fort George. On the 5th of November Fort
-Erie was destroyed by the Americans, who recrossed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
-Niagara and went into winter quarters at Black Rock and
-Buffalo.</p>
-
-<p>4. The winter of 1813-14 was passed by the army of the
-North at Fort Covington. At this time, the American fleet on
-Lake Champlain was commanded by Commodore McDonough.
-The British general Prevost now advanced into New
-York at the head of fourteen thousand men, and ordered Commodore
-Downie to ascend the Sorel with his fleet.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Battle of Plattsburgh.</div>
-
-<p>5. The invading army reached Plattsburgh.
-Commodore McDonough's squadron
-lay in the bay. On the 6th of September,
-Macomb retired with his forces to the south bank of the
-Saranac. For four days the British renewed their efforts
-to cross the river. Downie's fleet was now ready for action,
-and a general battle was planned for the 11th. Prevost's army
-was to carry Macomb's position, while the British flotilla was
-to bear down on McDonough. The naval battle began first,
-and was obstinately fought for two hours and a half. Downie
-and many of his officers were killed; the heavier British vessels
-were disabled and obliged to strike their colors. The smaller
-ships escaped. After a severe action, the British army on
-the shore was also defeated. Prevost retired precipitately to
-Canada; and the English ministry began to devise measures of
-peace.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The British Burn Washington.</div>
-
-<p>6. Late in the summer Admiral Cochrane
-arrived off the coast of Virginia with an armament
-of twenty-one vessels. General Ross,
-with an army of four thousand veterans, came with the fleet.
-The American squadron, commanded by Commodore Barney,
-was unable to oppose so powerful a force. The enemy entered
-the Chesapeake with the purpose of attacking Washington and
-Baltimore. The larger division sailed into the Patuxent, and
-on the 19th of August, the forces of General Ross were landed
-at Benedict. Commodore Barney was obliged to blow up his
-vessels and take to the shore. From Benedict the British ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>vanced
-against Washington. At Bladensburg, six miles from
-the capital, they were met, on the 24th of the month, by the
-forces of Barney. Here a battle was fought. The militia behaved
-badly; Barney was defeated and taken prisoner. The
-President, the cabinet, and the people betook themselves to
-flight; and Ross marched unopposed into Washington. All
-the public buildings except the Patent Office were burned,
-together with many of the public archives. The unfinished
-Capitol and the President's house were left a mass of ruins.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Siege of Baltimore.</div>
-
-<p>7. Five days afterwards a portion of the
-British fleet reached Alexandria. The inhabitants
-purchased the forbearance of the
-enemy by the surrender of twenty-one ships, sixteen thousand
-barrels of flour, and a thousand hogsheads of tobacco.
-After the capture of Washington, General Ross proceeded with
-his army and fleet to lay siege to the city of Baltimore. The
-militia, to the number of ten thousand, gathered under command
-of General Samuel Smith. On the 12th of September
-the British were landed at the mouth of the Patapsco, and the
-fleet began the ascent of the river. The land-forces were met
-by the Americans under General Stricker. A skirmish ensued,
-in which General Ross was killed; but Colonel Brooks
-assumed command, and the march was continued. Near the
-city the British came upon the American lines and were brought
-to a halt.</p>
-
-<p>8. Meanwhile the British squadron had ascended the Patapsco
-and begun the bombardment of Fort McHenry. From
-sunrise of the 13th until after midnight, the guns of the fleet
-poured a tempest of shells upon the fortress.<a name="FNanchor_A_3" id="FNanchor_A_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_3" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> At the end of
-that time the works were as strong as at the beginning. The
-British had undertaken more than they could accomplish. Disheartened
-and baffled, they ceased to fire. The land-forces
-retired, and the siege of Baltimore was at an end.</p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_A_3" id="Footnote_A_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_3"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> During the night of this bombardment, Francis S. Key, who was detained
-on board a British ship in the bay, composed <i>The Star Spangled Banner</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span></p></div>
-
-<p>9. On the 9th and 10th of August the village of Stonington,
-Connecticut, was bombarded by Commodore Hardy; but
-the British, attempting to land, were driven back. The fisheries
-of New England were broken up. The salt-works at Cape
-Cod escaped by the payment of heavy ransoms. All the
-harbors from Maine to Delaware were blockaded. The foreign
-commerce of the Eastern States was totally destroyed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Hartford Convention.</div>
-
-<p>10. From the beginning, many of the
-people of New England had opposed the
-war. The members of the Federal party
-cried out against it. The legislature of Massachusetts advised
-the calling of a convention. The other Eastern States
-responded to the call; and on the 14th of December the delegates
-assembled at Hartford. The leaders of the Democratic
-party did not hesitate to say that the purposes of the assembly
-were disloyal and treasonable. After remaining in session,
-with closed doors, for nearly three weeks, the delegates published
-an address, and then adjourned. The political prospects
-of those who participated in the convention were ruined.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Affairs in the South.</div>
-
-<p>11. During the progress of the war the Spanish authorities
-of Florida sympathized with the British. In
-August of 1814 a British fleet was allowed
-by the commandant of Pensacola to use that
-post for the purpose of fitting out an expedition against Fort
-Bowyer, on the bay of Mobile. General Jackson, who commanded
-in the South, remonstrated with the Spaniards, but
-received no satisfaction. He thereupon marched a force
-against Pensacola, stormed the town, and drove the British
-out of Florida.</p>
-
-<p>12. General Jackson next learned that the British were
-making preparations for the conquest of Louisiana. Repairing
-to New Orleans, he declared martial law, mustered the
-militia, and adopted measures for repelling the invasion. The
-British army, numbering twelve thousand, came from Jamaica,
-under Sir Edward Pakenham. On the 10th of December the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
-squadron entered Lake Borgne, sixty miles northeast of New
-Orleans.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig77.jpg" alt="The Battle of New Orleans."/>
-<p class="caption center">The Battle of New Orleans.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>13. On the 22d of the month Pakenham's advance reached
-the Mississippi, nine miles below the city. On the night of
-the 23d Generals Jackson and Coffee advanced with two thousand
-Tennessee riflemen to attack the British camp. After a
-bloody assault, Jackson was obliged to fall back to a strong
-position on the canal, four miles below the city. Pakenham
-advanced, and on the 28th cannonaded the American position.
-On New Year's day the attack was renewed, and the enemy
-was driven back. Pakenham now made arrangements for a
-general battle.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Battle of New Orleans.</div>
-
-<p>14. Jackson was ready. Earthworks had
-been constructed, and a long line of cotton-bales
-and sand-bags thrown up for protection.
-On the 8th of January the British moved forward. The
-battle began with the light of morning, and was ended before
-nine o'clock. Column after column of the British was smitten
-with irretrievable ruin. Jackson's men were almost entirely
-secure from the enemy's fire, while every discharge of the
-Tennessee and Kentucky rifles told with awful effect on the
-exposed veterans of England. Pakenham was killed; General
-Gibbs was mortally wounded. Only General Lambert
-was left to call the fragments of the army from the field. Of
-the British, seven hundred were killed, fourteen hundred
-wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The American
-loss amounted to <i>eight killed and thirteen wounded</i>.</p>
-
-<p>15. General Lambert retired with his ruined army. Jackson
-marched into New Orleans and was received with great
-enthusiasm. Such was the close of the war on land. On the
-20th of February the American <i>Constitution</i>, off Cape St. Vincent,
-captured two British vessels, the <i>Cyane</i> and the <i>Levant</i>.
-On the 23d of March the American <i>Hornet</i> ended the conflict,
-by capturing the British <i>Penguin</i> off the coast of Brazil.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Treaty of Ghent.</div>
-
-<p>16. Already a treaty of peace had been
-made. In the summer of 1814, American
-commissioners were sent to Ghent, in Belgium,
-and were there met by the ambassadors of Great Britain.
-The agents of the United States were John Quincy
-Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, and
-Albert Gallatin. On the 24th of December a treaty was
-agreed to and signed. In both countries the news was received
-with deep satisfaction. On the 18th of February the treaty
-was ratified by the Senate, and peace was publicly proclaimed.</p>
-
-<p>17. The only significance of the treaty was that Great Britain
-and the United States agreed to be at peace. Not one of
-the issues, to decide which the war had been undertaken, <i>was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>
-even mentioned</i>. Of the impressment of American seamen not
-a word was said. The wrongs done to the commerce of the
-United States were not referred to. Of "free trade and sailors'
-rights," the battle-cry of the American navy, no mention was
-made. The treaty was chiefly devoted to the settlement of
-unimportant boundaries and the possession of some small
-islands in the Bay of Passamaquoddy.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Condition of the Country.</div>
-
-<p>18. The country was now burdened with a war-debt of one
-hundred million dollars. The monetary affairs of the nation
-were in a deplorable condition. The charter of the Bank of
-the United States expired in 1811, and the other banks had
-been obliged to suspend specie payment.
-Trade was paralyzed for the want of money.
-In 1816 a bill was passed by Congress to recharter
-the Bank of the United States. The President interposed
-his veto; but in the following session the bill was again
-passed in an amended form. On the 4th of March, 1817,
-the bank went into operation; and the business and credit of
-the country began to revive.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Decatur in the Barbary States.</div>
-
-<p>19. During the war with Great Britain the
-Algerine pirates renewed their depredations
-on American commerce. The government
-of the United States now ordered Commodore Decatur to
-proceed to the Mediterranean and chastise the sea-robbers into
-submission. After capturing two of their frigates he sailed
-into the Bay of Algiers, and obliged the frightened dey to
-make a treaty. The Moorish emperor released his American
-prisoners, relinquished all claims to tribute, and gave a
-pledge that his ships should trouble American merchantmen
-no more. Decatur next sailed against Tunis and Tripoli, compelled
-these states to give pledges of good conduct, and to pay
-large sums for former depredations.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Indiana Admitted.</div>
-
-<p>20. The close of Madison's administration
-was signalized by the admission of Indiana
-into the Union. The new commonwealth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
-was admitted in December, 1816. About the same time was
-founded the Colonization Society of the United States. Many
-distinguished Americans became members of the association,
-the object of which was to provide a refuge for free persons
-of color. Liberia, in western Africa, was selected as the seat
-of the proposed colony. Immigrants arrived in sufficient
-numbers to found a flourishing negro State. The capital
-was named Monrovia, in honor of James Monroe, who, in the
-fall of 1816, was elected as Madison's successor. Daniel D.
-Tompkins, of New York, was chosen Vice-president.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXV" id="CHAPTER_XXXV"></a>CHAPTER XXXV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Monroe's Administration, 1817-1825.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig78.jpg" alt="James Monroe."/>
-<p class="caption center">James Monroe.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE policy of Madison was adopted by his successor.
-The stormy times of the war gave place to many years
-of peace. The new President
-was a native of Virginia,
-a man of great
-talents and accomplishments.
-He had been a
-Revolutionary soldier, a
-member of Congress, governor
-of Virginia, envoy
-to France and England,
-and Secretary of State under
-Madison. The members
-of the cabinet were:
-John Quincy Adams, Secretary
-of State; William
-H. Crawford, Secretary of
-the Treasury; John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War; William
-Wirt, Attorney-general. Statesmen of all parties devoted their
-energies to the payment of the national debt. Commerce
-soon revived; the government was economically administered,
-and in a few years the debt was honestly paid.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Mississippi Admitted.</div>
-
-<p>2. In December of 1817 Mississippi was organized
-and admitted into the Union. The
-new State came with a population of sixty-five
-thousand souls. At the same time the attention of the government
-was called to a nest of pirates on Amelia Island, off the
-coast of Florida. An armament was sent against them, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
-the lawless establishment was broken up. Another company,
-on the island of Galveston, was also suppressed.</p>
-
-<p>3. The question of internal improvements now began to be
-agitated. Without railroads and canals the products of the
-interior could never reach a market. Whether Congress had a
-right to vote money to make public improvements was a
-question of debate. Among the States, New York took the
-lead in improvements by constructing a canal from Buffalo to
-Albany. The cost of the work was nearly eight million dollars.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Trouble with the Seminoles.</div>
-
-<p>4. In 1817 the Seminole Indians of Georgia
-and Alabama became hostile. Some negroes
-and Creeks joined the savages in their depredations.
-General Jackson was ordered to reduce the Indians
-to submission. He mustered a thousand riflemen from Tennessee,
-and in the spring of 1818 completely overran the hostile
-country.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Cession of Florida.</div>
-
-<p>5. While on this expedition, Jackson took possession of St.
-Mark's. The Spanish troops stationed there were removed to
-Pensacola. Two Englishmen, named Arbuthnot and Ambrister,
-charged with inciting the Seminoles to insurrection, were
-tried by a court-martial and hanged. Jackson then captured
-Pensacola, and sent the Spanish authorities to Havana. The
-enemies of General Jackson condemned him for these proceedings,
-but the President and Congress justified
-his deeds. The king of Spain now proposed
-to cede Florida to the United States. On
-the 22d of February, 1819, a treaty was concluded at Washington
-City by which the whole province was surrendered to
-the American government. The United States agreed to relinquish
-all claim to Texas, and to pay to American citizens,
-for depredations committed by Spanish vessels, five million
-dollars.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">New States.</div>
-
-<p>6. In 1818 Illinois, the twenty-first State, was organized and
-admitted into the Union. The population of the new commonwealth
-was forty-seven thousand. In December of 1819
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>
-Alabama was added, with a population of one hundred and
-twenty-five thousand. About the same time Arkansas Territory
-was organized. In 1820 the province
-of Maine was separated from Massachusetts
-and admitted into the Union. The population of the new
-State had reached two hundred and ninety-eight thousand. In
-August of 1821 Missouri, with a population of about seventy-four
-thousand souls, was admitted as the twenty-fourth member
-of the Union.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Missouri Compromise.</div>
-
-<p>7. When the bill to admit Missouri was
-brought before Congress, a proposition was
-made <i>to prohibit slavery in the new State</i>.
-This was supported by the free States of the North, and
-opposed by the slaveholding States of the South. After
-long and angry debates the measure brought forward by
-Henry Clay, and known as the <span class="smcap">Missouri Compromise</span>, was
-adopted. Its provisions were&mdash;<i>first</i>, the admission of Missouri
-as a slaveholding State; <i>secondly</i>, the division of the rest of the
-Louisiana purchase by the parallel of thirty-six degrees and
-thirty minutes; <i>thirdly</i>, the admission of new States south of
-that line, with or without slavery, as the people might determine;
-<i>fourthly</i>, the prohibition of slavery in all the new States
-north of the dividing-line.</p>
-
-<p>8. The President's administration grew into high favor with
-the people; and in 1820 he was reelected. As Vice-president,
-Mr. Tompkins was again chosen. The attention of the government
-was next called to a system of piracy which had sprung
-up in the West Indies. Early in 1822 an American fleet was
-sent thither, and more than twenty piratical ships were captured.
-In the following summer, Commodore Porter was
-dispatched with a larger squadron. The retreats of the sea-robbers
-were completely broken up.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Monroe Doctrine.</div>
-
-<p>9. About this time many of the countries of South America
-declared their independence of foreign nations. The people
-of the United States sympathized with the patriots of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
-South. Henry Clay urged upon the government the duty of
-recognizing the South American republics. In March of 1822,
-a bill was passed by Congress embodying his
-views. In the President's message of 1823
-the declaration was made that <i>the American
-continents are not subject to colonization by any European power</i>.
-This is the principle ever since known as the <span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig79.jpg" alt="Henry Clay."/>
-<p class="caption center">Henry Clay.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>10. In the summer of 1824 the venerated La Fayette, now
-aged and gray, revisited
-the land for whose freedom
-he had shed his blood. The
-patriots who had fought by
-his side came forth to greet
-him. In every city he was
-surrounded by a throng
-of shouting freemen. His
-journey through the country
-was a triumph. In September
-of 1825 he bade
-adieu to the people, and
-sailed for his native land.
-While Liberty remains, the
-name of La Fayette shall
-be hallowed.</p>
-
-<p>11. In the fall of 1824 four candidates were presented for
-the presidency. John Quincy Adams was put forward as the
-candidate of the East; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, as
-the choice of the South; Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson as
-the favorites of the West. Neither candidate received a majority
-of the electoral votes, and the choice of President was
-referred to the House of Representatives. By that body Mr.
-Adams was elected. For Vice-president, John C. Calhoun, of
-South Carolina, was chosen by the electoral college.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVI" id="CHAPTER_XXXVI"></a>CHAPTER XXXVI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Adams's Administration, 1825-1829.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">John Quincy Adams.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was a man of the
-highest attainments in literature and
-statesmanship. At the age of eleven years
-he accompanied his father, John Adams, to Europe. At Paris,
-and Amsterdam, and St. Petersburg the son continued his
-studies, and became acquainted with the politics of the Old
-World. In his riper years,
-he served as ambassador
-to the Netherlands, Portugal,
-Prussia, Russia, and
-England. He had also
-held the offices of United
-States Senator, and Secretary
-of State.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig80.jpg" alt="John Quincy Adams."/>
-<p class="caption center">John Quincy Adams.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. The new administration
-was a time of peace;
-but the spirit of party
-manifested itself with much
-violence. The adherents
-of General Jackson and
-Mr. Crawford united in
-opposition to the President. In the Senate the political friends
-of Mr. Adams were in the minority, and their majority in the
-lower House lasted for only one session. In his inaugural
-address the President strongly advocated the doctrine of internal
-improvements.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Creek Cession.</div>
-
-<p>3. When, in the year 1802, Georgia relinquished her claim
-to Mississippi Territory, the general government agreed to
-purchase for the State all the Creek lands lying within her
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
-borders. This pledge the United States had
-never fulfilled, and Georgia complained of
-bad faith. Finally, in March of 1826, a treaty
-was concluded between the Creek chiefs and the President,
-by which a cession of all their lands in Georgia was obtained.
-At the same time, the Creeks agreed to remove beyond the
-Mississippi.</p>
-
-<p>4. On the 4th July, 1826&mdash;fifty years after the Declaration
-of Independence&mdash;John Adams, second President, and
-his successor, Thomas Jefferson, died. Both had lifted their
-voices for freedom in the days of the Revolution. One
-had written, and both had signed, the great Declaration. Both
-had lived to see their country's independence. Both had
-reached extreme old age: Adams was ninety; Jefferson, eighty-two.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Protective Tariff.</div>
-
-<p>5. The question of the tariff was much discussed
-in Congress at this time. By a tariff
-is understood a duty levied on imported goods.
-The object is&mdash;<i>first</i>, to produce a revenue for the government;
-and, <i>secondly</i>, to raise the price of the article on which
-the duty is laid, in order that the domestic manufacturer
-of the thing taxed may be able to compete with the foreign
-producer. When the duty is levied for the latter purpose it is
-called a <i>protective tariff</i>. Mr. Adams and his friends favored
-the tariff; and in 1828 protective duties were laid on fabrics
-made of wool, cotton, linen and silk; and those on articles
-manufactured of iron, lead, etc., were much increased.</p>
-
-<p>6. With the fall of 1828, Mr. Adams, supported by Mr.
-Clay, was put forward for reelection. General Jackson appeared
-as the candidate of the opposition. In the previous
-election Jackson had received more electoral votes than
-Adams, but the House of Representatives had chosen the latter.
-Now the people had their way. Jackson was triumphantly
-elected, receiving one hundred and seventy-eight electoral
-votes against eighty-three for his opponent.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Jackson's Administration, 1829-1837.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was a military hero&mdash;a man of great
-talents and inflexible honesty. His integrity was unassailable;
-his will like iron. He was one of those men for whom
-no toils are too arduous. His personal character was impressed
-upon his administration. At the beginning he removed nearly
-seven hundred office-holders and appointed in their stead his
-own political friends.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig81.jpg" alt="Andrew Jackson."/>
-<p class="caption center">Andrew Jackson.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">National Bank Abolished.</div>
-
-
-
-<p>2. In his first message the President took
-ground against rechartering the Bank of the
-United States. He recommended that the
-old charter be allowed to expire by its own limitation in 1836.
-But the influence of the bank was very great; and in 1832 a
-bill to recharter was passed
-by Congress. The President
-opposed his veto; a
-two thirds majority in favor
-of the bill could not be
-secured, and the new charter
-failed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Nullification Debates.</div>
-
-<p>3. In the congressional
-session of 1831-32, additional
-tariffs were levied
-upon goods imported from
-abroad. By this act the
-manufacturing districts were
-favored at the expense of the
-agricultural States. South
-Carolina was specially offended. Open resistance was threatened
-in case the officers should attempt to collect the revenues
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>
-at Charleston. In the United States Senate
-the right of a State to nullify an act of Congress
-was boldly proclaimed. On that question
-had already occurred the great debate between Colonel Hayne,
-senator from South Carolina, and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig82.jpg" alt="Daniel Webster."/>
-<p class="caption center">Daniel Webster.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>4. The President now
-took the matter in hand
-and issued a proclamation
-denying the right of a State
-to nullify the laws of Congress.
-But Mr. Calhoun, the
-Vice-president, resigned his
-office to accept a seat in the
-Senate, where he might defend
-the doctrines of his
-State. The President, having
-warned the South Carolinians,
-ordered a body of
-troops under General Scott
-to proceed to Charleston.
-The leaders of the nullifying party receded from their position,
-and bloodshed was avoided.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Black Hawk War.</div>
-
-<p>5. The lands of the Sacs and Foxes had
-been purchased by the government, but the
-Indians, influenced by the chief Black Hawk,
-refused to quit them. The government insisted that they fulfill
-their contract, and hostilities began in 1832. General Scott
-was sent with troops to Chicago to cooperate with General
-Atkinson. The latter waged a vigorous campaign, defeated
-the Indians, and made Black Hawk prisoner. The captive
-chief was taken to Washington and the great cities of the
-East. Returning to his own people, he advised them to make
-peace. The warriors abandoned the disputed lands and
-retired into Iowa.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>6. Difficulties also arose with the Cherokees of Georgia&mdash;the
-most civilized of all the Indian nations. The President
-recommended the removal of the Cherokees to lands beyond
-the Mississippi. The <span class="smcap">Indian Territory</span> was accordingly
-set apart in 1834. The Indians yielded with great reluctance.
-More than five million dollars was paid them for their lands.
-At last General Scott was ordered to remove them; and during
-the years 1837-38, the Cherokees were transferred to their new
-homes in the West.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Seminole War.</div>
-
-<p>7. More serious was the conflict with the
-Seminoles. The trouble arose from an attempt
-to remove the tribe beyond the Mississippi.
-Hostilities began in 1835, and continued for four years. Osceola
-and Micanopy, chiefs of the nation, denied the validity of a
-former cession of Seminole lands. General Thompson was
-obliged to arrest Osceola and put him in irons. The chief then
-gave his assent to the old treaty, and was liberated, but immediately
-entered into a conspiracy to slaughter the whites.</p>
-
-<p>8. Major Dade, with a hundred and seventeen men, was
-now dispatched to reinforce General Clinch at Fort Drane,
-seventy-five miles from St. Augustine. Dade's forces fell into
-an ambuscade, and all except one man were massacred. On
-the same day Osceola, with a band of warriors, surrounded a
-storehouse where General Thompson was dining, and killed
-him and four of his companions.</p>
-
-<p>9. In two successive engagements in December and February
-the Seminoles were repulsed. In October Governor Call
-of Florida, with two thousand men, overtook the savages in
-the Wahoo Swamp, near the scene of Dade's massacre. Here
-the Indians were again defeated and driven into the Everglades.</p>
-
-<p>10. In the mean time, the President had put an end to the
-Bank of the United States. After vetoing the bill to recharter
-that institution, he conceived that the surplus funds which had
-accumulated in its vaults had better be distributed among
-the States. Accordingly, in October of 1833 he ordered the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>
-funds of the bank, amounting to ten million dollars, to be distributed
-among certain State banks designated for that purpose.
-The financial panic of 1836-37, following soon afterward, was
-attributed by the Whigs to the destruction of the national
-bank and the removal of the funds. But the adherents of the
-President replied that the panic was attributable to the bank
-itself.</p>
-
-<p>11. In 1834 the strong will of the chief magistrate was
-brought into conflict with France. In 1831 the French king
-had agreed to pay five million dollars for injuries formerly
-done to American commerce. But the government of France
-neglected the payment until the President recommended to
-Congress to make reprisals on French merchantmen. This
-measure had the desired effect, and the indemnity was paid.
-Portugal was brought to terms in a similar manner.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Arkansas and Michigan Admitted.</div>
-
-<p>12. In June of 1836, Arkansas, with a
-population of seventy thousand, was admitted
-into the Union. In the following January,
-Michigan Territory was organized as a State
-and added to the Republic. The new commonwealth brought
-a population of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand. In the
-autumn of 1836 Martin Van Buren was elected President.
-As to the Vice-presidency, no one secured a majority, and the
-choice devolved on the Senate. By that body Colonel
-Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky was chosen.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXVIII" id="CHAPTER_XXXVIII"></a>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Van Buren's Administration, 1837-1841.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">MARTIN Van Buren, eighth President, was born at
-Kinderhook, New York, on the 5th of December, 1782.
-After receiving a limited
-education he became a student
-of law. In 1821 he
-was chosen United States
-Senator. Seven years afterward
-he was elected governor
-of New York, and
-was then appointed Minister
-to England. From that important
-mission he returned
-to accept the office of Vice-president.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig83.jpg" alt="Martin Van Buren."/>
-<p class="caption center">Martin Van Buren.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Taylor's Campaign in Florida.</div>
-
-<p>2. One of the first duties
-of the new administration
-was to finish the Seminole
-War. In the fall, Osceola
-came to the American camp with a flag of truce; but he was suspected
-of treachery, seized and sent a prisoner to Fort Moultrie,
-where he died. The Seminoles, however, continued
-the war. In December Colonel Zachary
-Taylor, with a thousand men, marched
-into the Everglades of Florida, and overtook the savages near
-Lake Okeechobee. A hard battle was fought, and the Indians
-were defeated. For more than a year Taylor continued to
-hunt them through the swamps. In 1839 a treaty was signed,
-and the Seminoles were slowly removed to the West.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>3. In 1837 the country was afflicted with a serious monetary
-panic. The preceding years had been a time of great prosperity.
-A surplus of nearly forty million dollars, in the national
-treasury, had been distributed among the States. Owing to
-the abundance of money, the credit system was greatly extended.
-The banks of the country were multiplied to seven
-hundred. Vast issues of irredeemable paper money increased
-the opportunities for fraud.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Financial Panic.</div>
-
-<p>4. The bills of these unsound banks were
-receivable for the public lands. Seeing that
-the government was likely to be defrauded
-out of millions, President Jackson issued an order, called the
-<span class="smcap">Specie Circular</span>, by which the land agents were directed <i>to
-receive nothing but coin in payment for the lands</i>. The effects
-of this circular followed in the first year of Van Buren's administration.
-The banks suspended specie payment. In the
-spring of 1837, the failures in New York and New Orleans
-amounted to one hundred and fifty million dollars.</p>
-
-<p>5. When Congress convened in the following September, a
-bill authorizing the issue of ten millions of dollars in treasury
-notes was passed as a temporary expedient. More important
-by far was the measure proposed by the President under the
-name of the <span class="smcap">Independent Treasury Bill</span>, by which the
-public funds were to be kept in a treasury established for that
-special purpose. It was the President's plan thus to separate
-the business of the United States from the general business of
-the country.</p>
-
-<p>6. The Independent Treasury Bill was at first defeated, but
-in the following regular session of Congress the bill was again
-brought forward and adopted. During the year 1838 the
-banks resumed specie payments. But trade was less vigorous
-than before. Discontent prevailed; and the administration was
-blamed with everything.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Canadian Insurrection.</div>
-
-<p>7. In the after part of 1837 a portion of the people of
-Canada attempted to establish their independence. The insurgents
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
-found sympathy in the United States. Seven hundred
-men from New York seized and fortified Navy Island, in the
-Niagara River. The loyalists of Canada,
-however, succeeded in firing the <i>Caroline</i>,
-the supply ship of the adventurers, cut her
-moorings, and sent the burning vessel over Niagara Falls.
-For a while the peaceful relations of the United States and
-Great Britain were endangered. But the President issued a
-proclamation of neutrality, forbidding further interference with
-the affairs of Canada.</p>
-
-<p>8. Mr. Van Buren became a candidate for reelection, and
-received the support of the Democratic party. The Whigs
-put forward General Harrison. The canvass was one of the
-most exciting in the history of the country. Harrison was
-elected. After controlling the government for forty years, the
-Democratic party was temporarily overthrown. For Vice-president,
-John Tyler of Virginia was chosen.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXXIX" id="CHAPTER_XXXIX"></a>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Administrations of Harrison and Tyler, 1841-1845.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig84.jpg" alt="William H. Harrison. John Tyler."/>
-<p class="caption center">William H. Harrison. John Tyler.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Death of Pres. Harrison.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">PRESIDENT Harrison was a Virginian by birth, the
-adopted son of Robert Morris. He was graduated at
-Hampden-Sidney College, and afterwards entered the army of
-St. Clair. He became governor of Indiana Territory, which
-office he filled with great ability. He began his duties as
-President by calling a special session of Congress. An able
-cabinet was organized, with Daniel Webster as Secretary of
-State. Everything promised well for the new
-Whig administration; but before Congress
-could convene, the President, now sixty-eight
-years of age, fell sick, and died just one month after his inauguration.
-On the 6th of April Mr. Tyler became President of
-the United States.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>2. He was a statesman of considerable distinction; a native
-of Virginia; a graduate of William and Mary College. In
-1825 he was elected governor of Virginia, and from that
-position he was sent to the Senate of the United States. He
-had been put upon the ticket with General Harrison through
-motives of expediency; for although a Whig in political principles,
-he was <i>known to be hostile to the United States Bank</i>.</p>
-
-<p>3. One of the first measures of the new Congress was the
-repeal of the Independent Treasury Bill. A bankrupt law was
-then passed for the relief of insolvent business men. The next
-measure was the rechartering of the Bank of the United States.
-A bill for that purpose was brought forward and passed; but
-the President interposed his veto. Again the bill received the
-assent of both Houses, only to be rejected by the executive.
-By this action a rupture was produced between the President
-and the party which had elected him. All the members of the
-cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned their offices.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Webster-Ashburton Treaty.</div>
-
-<p>4. A difficulty now arose with Great Britain about the
-northeastern boundary of the United States. Since the treaty
-of 1783 that boundary had been in question.
-Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great Britain,
-and Mr. Webster, on the part of the United
-States, were called upon to settle the dispute. They performed
-their work in a manner honorable to both nations; and the
-present boundary was established.</p>
-
-<p>5. In the next year, the country was vexed with a domestic
-trouble in Rhode Island. By the terms of the old charter of
-that State the right of suffrage was restricted to property-holders.
-A proposition was now agreed upon to change the
-constitution, but in respect to the <i>manner</i> of annulling the old
-charter there was a division.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Dorr's Rebellion.</div>
-
-<p>6. In 1842 the "law and order party,"
-under Governor King, undertook to suppress
-the "suffrage party" under Thomas W. Dorr.
-The latter resisted, and made an attempt to capture the State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
-arsenal. But the militia drove the assailants away. Dorr was
-arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for
-life. He was set at liberty again in 1845.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Mormons.</div>
-
-<p>7. About the same time, a difficulty occurred
-with the Mormons. Under the leadership of
-Joseph Smith, they first settled in Missouri. But the people of
-Missouri opposed them. The militia was called out, and the
-Mormons crossed into Illinois, and laid out the city of Nauvoo.
-But serious troubles soon arose with the people of Illinois.
-Smith and his brother were arrested and lodged in jail. In
-1844 a mob broke open the jail doors and killed the prisoners.
-Two years later the Mormons resolved to leave the States.
-They made a toilsome march to the far West; crossed the
-Rocky Mountains; reached the Great Salt Lake; and founded
-Utah Territory.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig85.jpg" alt="Fall of Crockett in the Alamo."/>
-<p class="caption center">Fall of Crockett in the Alamo.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>8. Meanwhile, a great agitation had arisen in regard to
-Texas. From 1821 to 1836 this vast territory had been a province
-of Mexico. In the year 1835 the Texans raised the standard
-of rebellion. In a battle at Gonzales, a thousand Mexicans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
-were defeated by a Texan force of five hundred. On the 6th
-of March, 1836, the Texan fort Alamo was surrounded by eight
-thousand Mexicans, led by Santa Anna. The garrison was overpowered
-and massacred. The daring David Crockett was one
-of the victims of the butchery. In the next month was fought
-the decisive battle of San Jacinto, which gave to Texas her
-independence.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Texas applies for Admission.</div>
-
-<p>9. Texas now asked to be admitted into
-the Union. At first the proposition was declined
-by President Van Buren. In 1844 the
-question of annexation was again agitated; and on that
-question the people divided in the presidential election. The
-annexation was favored by the Democrats, and opposed by
-the Whigs. James K. Polk of Tennessee was put forward as
-the Democratic candidate; while the Whigs chose their favorite
-leader, Henry Clay. The former was elected; for Vice-president,
-George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania was chosen.</p>
-
-<p>10. On the 29th of May, 1844, the news of the nomination
-of Mr. Polk was sent from Baltimore to Washington by
-the <span class="smcap">Magnetic Telegraph</span>. It was the first dispatch ever so
-transmitted; and the event marks an era in the history of
-civilization. The inventor of the telegraph, which has proved
-so great a blessing to mankind, was Professor Samuel F. B.
-Morse of Massachusetts. Perhaps no other invention has
-exercised so beneficent an influence on the welfare of the
-human race.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Admission of Texas, Florida, and Iowa.</div>
-
-<p>11. When Congress convened in December
-of 1844, a bill to annex Texas to the United
-States was brought forward, and, on the first
-of the following March, was passed. The
-President immediately gave his assent; and, on the 29th of
-December, Texas took her place in the Republic. On the
-3d of March in this year, bills for the admission of Florida
-and Iowa were also signed; but the latter State was not formally
-admitted until December 28th, 1846.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XL" id="CHAPTER_XL"></a>CHAPTER XL.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Polk's Administration and the Mexican War, 1845-49.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">PRESIDENT Polk was a native of North Carolina. In
-boyhood he removed with his father to Tennessee, and in
-1839 rose to the position of governor of that State. At the head
-of his cabinet he placed James Buchanan of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Causes of Mexican War.</div>
-
-<p>2. A war with Mexico was at hand. On the 4th of July,
-1845, the Texan legislature ratified the act of
-annexation. The Mexican minister at Washington
-immediately left the country. The
-authorities of Texas sent an urgent request to the President
-to dispatch an army for their protection. Accordingly, General
-Zachary Taylor was ordered
-to march thither from
-Louisiana. Texas claimed
-the Rio Grande as her western
-limit, while Mexico was
-determined to have the
-Nueces as the separating
-line. The government of
-the United States resolved
-to support the claim of Texas.
-General Taylor was sent to
-the mouth of the Nueces, and
-in January, 1846, he moved
-forward to the mouth of the
-Rio Grande, and built Fort
-Brown.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig86.jpg" alt="James K. Polk."/>
-<p class="caption center">James K. Polk.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.</div>
-
-<p>3. On the 26th of April a company of American dragoons
-was attacked by the Mexicans, <i>east of the Rio Grande</i>, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
-was obliged to surrender. This was the first bloodshed of
-the war. General Taylor hastened to Point Isabel and
-strengthened the defenses. This done, he set out with a
-provision-train and an army of two thousand men to return to
-Fort Brown. Meanwhile, the Mexicans had
-crossed the Rio Grande and taken a position
-at Palo Alto. On the 8th of May the Americans
-came in sight and joined battle. After
-a severe engagement the Mexicans were driven from the
-field.</p>
-
-<p>4. On the following day General Taylor resumed his
-march, and came upon the Mexicans again at a place called
-Resaca de la Palma. Here the enemy fought better than on
-the previous day. The American lines were severely galled
-until Captain May's dragoons charged through a storm of
-grape-shot, rode over the Mexican batteries, and captured La
-Vega, the commanding general. The Mexicans, abandoning
-their guns, fled in a general rout.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">War Declared.</div>
-
-<p>5. When the news from the Rio Grande
-was borne through the Union, the war spirit
-was everywhere aroused. On the 11th of
-May, 1846, Congress made a declaration of war. The President
-was authorized to accept fifty thousand volunteers,
-and ten million dollars was placed at his disposal. Nearly
-three hundred thousand men rushed forward to enter the
-ranks.</p>
-
-<p>6. The American forces were organized in three divisions:
-<span class="smcap">the Army of the West</span>, under General Kearny, to cross
-the Rocky Mountains against the northern Mexican provinces;
-<span class="smcap">the Army of the Center</span>, under General Scott as commander-in-chief,
-to march from the Gulf coast into the heart of the
-enemy's country; <span class="smcap">the Army of Occupation</span>, under General
-Taylor, to hold the districts on the Rio Grande.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Monterey.</div>
-
-<p>7. Ten days after the battle of Resaca de la Palma General
-Taylor captured Matamoras, and in August laid siege to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
-Monterey. On the 21st of September the
-Americans carried the heights in the rear of
-the town. The Bishop's Palace was taken by storm on the
-following day. On the 23d the city was successfully assaulted
-in front. The American storming parties charged into the
-town; hoisted the victorious
-flag of the Union;
-turned upon the buildings
-where the Mexicans
-were concealed; charged
-up dark stairways to the
-flat roofs of the houses;
-and drove the enemy to
-a surrender.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig87.jpg" alt="John Charles Fremont."/>
-<p class="caption center">John Charles Fremont.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>8. General Santa Anna
-was now called home
-from Havana to take
-the presidency of Mexico.
-A Mexican army of
-twenty thousand men was
-sent into the field. General
-Taylor again moved
-forward, and on the 15th
-of November captured
-the town of Saltillo. Victoria, a city in the province of Tamaulipas,
-was taken by General Patterson.</p>
-
-<p>9. In June of 1846 the Army of the West, led by General
-Kearny, set out from Fort Leavenworth for the conquest of New
-Mexico and California. After a wearisome march he reached
-Santa F�, and on the 18th of August captured the city. With
-four hundred dragoons Kearny continued his march toward the
-Pacific coast to find that California had already been subdued.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Conquest of California.</div>
-
-<p>10. For four years Colonel John C. Fremont
-had been exploring the country west
-of the Rocky Mountains. In California he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
-received dispatches informing him of the war with Mexico,
-and began to urge the people of California to declare their independence.
-A campaign was begun to overthrow the Mexican
-authority. Meanwhile, Commodore Sloat had captured the
-town of Monterey, on the coast. A few days afterward Commodore
-Stockton took San Diego. Before the end of summer
-the whole of California was subdued. On the 8th of January,
-1847, the Mexicans were decisively defeated in the battle of
-San Gabriel, by which the authority of the United States was
-completely established.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Buena Vista.</div>
-
-<p>11. General Scott now arrived in Mexico
-and ordered the Army of Occupation to join
-him on the Gulf for the conquest of the capital. This left
-Taylor and Wool in a critical condition at Monterey; for
-Santa Anna was advancing against them with twenty thousand
-men. General Taylor was able to concentrate at Saltillo an
-effective force of but four thousand eight hundred. At the
-head of this small army he chose a battlefield at Buena Vista.
-On the 23d of February the battle began. Against tremendous
-odds the field was fairly won by the Americans. The Mexicans,
-having lost nearly two thousand men, made a precipitate
-retreat.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo.</div>
-
-<p>12. On the 9th of March, 1847, General
-Scott, with twelve thousand men, landed to
-the south of Vera Cruz, and invested the city.
-On the morning of the 22d a cannonade was begun. On the
-waterside, Vera Cruz was defended by the castle of San Juan
-d'Ulloa. For four days the bombardment continued without
-cessation. An assault was already planned, when the authorities
-of the city proposed capitulation. On the 27th the American
-flag was raised over Vera Cruz.</p>
-
-<p>13. The route to the capital was now open. On the 12th of
-the month General Twiggs came upon Santa Anna, with fifteen
-thousand men, on the heights of Cerro Gordo. On the 18th,
-the American army advanced to the assault; and before noon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>day
-every position of the Mexicans had been successfully
-stormed. Nearly three thousand prisoners were taken, together
-with forty-three pieces
-of bronze artillery.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig88.jpg" alt="Operations in Mexico."/>
-<p class="caption center">Operations in Mexico.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>14. On the next day
-the victorious army
-entered Jalapa. The
-strong castle of Perote
-was taken without
-resistance. Turning
-southward, General
-Scott next entered the
-ancient city of Puebla,
-no opposition being encountered.
-Scott here
-waited for reinforcements
-from Vera Cruz.
-On the 7th of August
-General Scott began
-his march upon the capital.
-The army swept
-through the passes of
-the Cordilleras to look
-down on the <span class="smcap">Valley
-of Mexico</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The City of Mexico.</div>
-
-<p>15. The city of Mexico could be approached
-only by causeways leading across
-marshes and the beds of bygone lakes. At
-the ends of these causeways were massive gates strongly defended.
-To the left were Contreras, San Antonio, and Molino
-del Rey. Directly in front were the powerful defences of
-Churubusco and Chapultepec.</p>
-
-<p>16. On the 20th of August Generals Pillow and Twiggs
-stormed the Mexican position at Contreras. A few hours afterwards
-General Worth carried San Antonio. General Pillow led<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
-a column against one of the heights of Churubusco; and after
-a terrible assault the position was carried. General Twiggs
-stormed another height of Churubusco. Still another victory
-was achieved by Generals Shields and Pierce, who defeated
-Santa Anna's reserves.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig89.jpg" alt="Scott's Army Entering the City of Mexico."/>
-<p class="caption center">Scott's Army Entering the City of Mexico.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>17. On the morning after the battles the Mexican authorities
-came out to negotiate. General Scott rejected their proposals.
-On the 8th of September General Worth stormed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
-western defences of Chapultepec, and on the 13th that citadel
-itself was carried by storm.</p>
-
-<p>18. On the following morning forth came a deputation from
-the city to beg for mercy; but General Scott, tired of trifling,
-turned them away with contempt. "Forward!" was the order
-that rang along the lines at sunrise. The war-worn regiments
-swept into the famous city, and at seven o'clock the flag of
-the Union floated over the halls of the Montezumas.</p>
-
-<p>19. On leaving his capital, Santa Anna turned about to
-attack the hospitals at Puebla. Here eighteen hundred sick
-men had been left in charge of Colonel Childs. A gallant
-resistance was made by the garrison, until General Lane, on
-his march to the capital, fell upon the besiegers and scattered
-them. It was the closing stroke of the war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.</div>
-
-<p>20. The military power of Mexico was completely
-broken. In the winter of 1847-48,
-American ambassadors met the Mexican Congress
-at Guadalupe Hidalgo, and on the 2d of
-February a treaty was concluded. By the terms of settlement
-the boundary-line between Mexico and the United States was
-established on the Rio Grande from its mouth to the southern
-limit of New Mexico; thence westward along the southern,
-and northward along the western boundary of that territory
-to the Gila; thence down that river to the Colorado; thence
-westward to the Pacific. New Mexico and Upper California
-were relinquished to the United States. Mexico guaranteed
-the free navigation of the Gulf of California and the river
-Colorado. The United States agreed to surrender all places
-in Mexico, to pay that country fifteen million dollars, and to
-assume all debts due from Mexico to American citizens.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">California and Wisconsin Admitted.</div>
-
-<p>21. A few days after the signing of the treaty, a laborer,
-employed by Captain Sutter on the American fork of Sacramento
-River, in California, <i>discovered some pieces of gold in the
-sand</i>. The news went flying to the ends of the world. Men
-thousands of miles away were crazed with excitement. From<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>
-all quarters adventurers came flocking. Before
-the end of 1850, San Francisco had grown to
-be a city of fifteen thousand inhabitants. In
-September of that year, California was admitted
-into the Union; and by the close of 1852, the State had a
-population of more than a quarter of a million.</p>
-
-<p>22. In 1848 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. The
-new commonwealth came with a population of two hundred
-and fifty thousand. Another presidential election was already
-at hand. General Lewis Cass, of Michigan, was nominated by
-the Democrats, and General Zachary Taylor by the Whigs.
-As the candidate of the new Free Soil party, ex-President
-Martin Van Buren was put forward. The memory of his recent
-victories in Mexico made General Taylor the favorite with the
-people, and he was elected by a large majority. As Vice-president,
-Millard Fillmore, of New York, was chosen.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLI" id="CHAPTER_XLI"></a>CHAPTER XLI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore, 1849-1853.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was a Virginian by birth, a soldier by
-profession. During the war of 1812 he distinguished
-himself in the Northwest. In the Seminole War he bore a part,
-but earned his greatest renown in Mexico. His administration
-began with a violent agitation on the question of slavery in
-the territories.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Slavery in the Territories.</div>
-
-<p>2. In his first message the President advised
-the people of California to prepare for admission
-into the Union. The advice was promptly
-accepted. A convention was held at Monterey in September
-of 1849. A constitution <i>prohibiting slavery</i> was framed, submitted
-to the people, and
-adopted.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig90.jpg" alt="Zachary Taylor."/>
-<p class="caption center">Zachary Taylor.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>3. When the question of
-admitting California came
-before Congress the members
-were sectionally divided.
-The admission of
-the new State was favored
-by the representatives of the
-North, and opposed by those
-of the South. The latter
-claimed that, with the extension
-of the Missouri Compromise
-to the Pacific, the
-right to introduce slavery
-into California was guaranteed
-by the general government, and that therefore the pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>posed
-constitution of the State ought to be rejected. The reply
-of the North was that the Missouri Compromise had respect
-only to the Louisiana purchase, and that the Californians had
-framed their constitution in their own way.</p>
-
-<p>4. Other questions added fuel to the controversy. Texas
-claimed New Mexico as a part of her territory, and the claim
-was resisted by the people of Santa F�. The people of the
-South complained that fugitive slaves were aided and encouraged
-in the North. The opponents of slavery demanded the
-abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig91.jpg" alt="Millard Fillmore."/>
-<p class="caption center">Millard Fillmore.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Omnibus Bill.</div>
-
-<p>5. Henry Clay appeared as a peacemaker.
-On the 9th of May, 1850, he brought forward,
-as a compromise, the <span class="smcap">Omnibus Bill</span>,
-of which the provisions were as follows: <i>first</i>, the admission
-of California as a free State; <i>second</i>, the formation
-of new States, not exceeding
-four in number, out of
-Texas, said States to permit or
-exclude slavery as the people
-should determine; <i>third</i>, the
-organization of territorial governments
-for New Mexico and
-Utah, without conditions as to
-slavery; <i>fourth</i>, the establishment
-of the present boundary
-between Texas and New Mexico;
-<i>fifth</i>, the enactment of a
-stringent law for the recovery
-of fugitive slaves; <i>sixth</i>, the
-abolition of the slave-trade in
-the District of Columbia.</p>
-
-<p>6. When the Omnibus Bill was laid before Congress, the debates
-broke out anew. While the discussion was at its height,
-President Taylor fell sick, and died on the 9th of July, 1850.
-Mr. Fillmore at once took the oath of office and entered upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
-the duties of the Presidency. A new cabinet was formed, with
-Daniel Webster at the head as Secretary of State.</p>
-
-<p>7. On the 18th of September the compromise proposed by
-Mr. Clay was adopted, and received the sanction of the President.
-The excitement in the country rapidly abated, and the
-controversy seemed at an end. Shortly afterwards Mr. Clay
-bade adieu to the Senate, and sought at Ashland a brief rest
-from the cares of public life.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">"Filibustering" in Cuba.</div>
-
-<p>8. The year 1850 was marked by an attempt
-of some American adventurers to conquer
-Cuba. It was thought that the Cubans
-were anxious to annex themselves to the United States. General
-Lopez organized an expedition in the South, and on the
-19th of May, 1850, effected a landing in Cuba. But there was
-no uprising in his favor; and he was obliged to return to Florida.
-Renewing the attempt, he and his band were defeated
-and captured by the Spaniards. Lopez and the ringleaders
-were taken to Havana and executed.</p>
-
-<p>9. In 1852 a serious trouble arose with England. By the
-terms of former treaties the coast-fisheries of Newfoundland
-belonged to Great Britain. But, outside of a line drawn three
-miles from the shore, American fishermen enjoyed equal rights.
-A quarrel now arose as to how the line should be drawn
-across the bays and inlets; and both nations sent men-of-war
-to the contested waters. But in 1854 the difficulty was settled
-happily by negotiation; and the right to take fish in the bays
-of the British possessions was conceded to American fishermen.</p>
-
-<p>10. During the summer of 1852 the Hungarian patriot
-Louis Kossuth made a tour of the United States. He came
-to plead the cause of Hungary before the American people,
-and was everywhere received with expressions of sympathy and
-good-will. But the policy of the United States forbade the
-government to interfere on behalf of the Hungarian patriots.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition.</div>
-
-<p>11. The attention of the American people was next directed
-to explorations in the Arctic Ocean. In 1845 Sir John Franklin,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
-a brave English seaman, went on a voyage of discovery to the
-North. Years went by, and no tidings came from the daring
-sailor. Other expeditions were sent in search, but returned
-without success. In 1853 an Arctic squadron was equipped,
-the command of which was given to Dr. Elisha
-Kent Kane; but the expedition returned without
-the discovery of Franklin.</p>
-
-<p>12. During the administrations of Taylor and Fillmore,
-many distinguished men fell by the hand of death. On the
-31st of March, 1850, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
-passed away. His death was much lamented, especially in his
-own State, to whose interests he had devoted the energies of
-his life. Then followed the death of the President; and then,
-on the 28th June, 1852, the great Henry Clay sank to rest.
-On the 24th of the following October, Daniel Webster died at
-his home at Marshfield, Massachusetts. The office of Secretary
-of State was then conferred on Edward Everett.</p>
-
-<p>13. The political parties again marshaled their forces.
-Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire appeared as the candidate
-of the Democratic party, and General Winfield Scott as the
-choice of the Whigs. The question at issue before the country
-was the Compromise Act of 1850. Both the Whig and
-Democratic platforms stoutly reaffirmed the doctrines of the
-Omnibus Bill. A third party arose, however, whose members
-declared that <i>all</i> the Territories of the United States ought to
-be free. John P. Hale of New Hampshire was put forward as
-the candidate of this Free Soil party. Mr. Pierce was elected
-by a large majority, and William R. King of Alabama was
-chosen Vice-president.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLII" id="CHAPTER_XLII"></a>CHAPTER XLII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Pierce's Administration, 1853-1857.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE new chief magistrate was a native of New Hampshire,
-a graduate of Bowdoin College, and a statesman of considerable
-abilities. On account
-of ill health, Mr. King,
-the Vice-president, was sojourning
-in Cuba. Growing
-more feeble, he returned to
-Alabama, where he died in
-April, 1853. William L.
-Marcy of New York was
-chosen as Secretary of State.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig92.jpg" alt="Franklin Pierce."/>
-<p class="caption center">Franklin Pierce.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. In 1853 a corps of engineers
-was sent out to explore
-the route for a <span class="smcap">Pacific Railroad</span>.
-The enterprise was
-at first regarded as visionary
-and impossible. In the same
-year, the southwestern boundary
-was settled, by purchase of the claim of Mexico. The
-territory thus acquired is known as the <span class="smcap">Gadsden Purchase</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Perry in Japan.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. In the same year intercourse was opened
-between the United States and Japan. Hitherto
-the Japanese ports had been closed against the
-vessels of Christian nations. In order to remove this restriction,
-Commodore Perry sailed into the Bay of Yeddo, and prepared
-the way for a treaty, by which the privileges of commerce were
-granted to American merchantmen.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>4. On the very day of Perry's introduction to the Emperor,
-the Crystal Palace was opened in New York for the <span class="smcap">World's
-Fair</span>. The palace was built of iron and glass. Specimens of
-the arts and manufactures of all nations were put on exhibition
-within the building.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.</div>
-
-<p>5. In January of 1854, Senator Douglas of
-Illinois brought forward a proposition to organize
-Kansas and Nebraska. A clause was
-inserted in the bill providing that the people of the territories
-<i>should decide for themselves</i> whether the new States should be
-free or slaveholding. This was a repeal of the Missouri Compromise
-of 1821. After several months' debate, Mr. Douglas's
-<span class="smcap">Kansas-Nebraska Bill</span>, was finally passed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Disturbances in Kansas.</div>
-
-<p>6. Whether Kansas should admit slavery now depended
-upon the vote of the people. The territory was soon filled
-with an agitated mass of people, thousands of whom had been
-sent thither <i>to vote</i>. In the elections of 1854-55, the pro-slavery
-party was triumphant. The State Legislature
-at Lecompton framed a constitution permitting
-slavery. The Free Soil party, declaring
-the elections to have been illegal, assembled at Topeka, and
-framed a constitution excluding slavery. Civil war broke out
-between the factions. The hostile parties were quieted, but
-the agitation extended to all parts of the Union. The Kansas
-question became the issue in the presidential election of 1856.</p>
-
-<p>7. James Buchanan of Pennsylvania was nominated as the
-Democratic candidate. He planted himself on the Kansas-Nebraska
-Bill, and secured a heavy vote both North and
-South. As the candidate of the Free Soil or People's party,
-John C. Fremont of California was brought forward. The exclusion
-of slavery from all the Territories was the principle
-of the Free Soil platform. The American or Know Nothing
-party nominated Millard Fillmore. Mr. Buchanan was elected
-by a large majority, while the choice for the Vice-presidency
-fell on John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIII" id="CHAPTER_XLIII"></a>CHAPTER XLIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Buchanan's Administration, 1857-1861.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">JAMES Buchanan was a native of Pennsylvania, born on
-the 13th of April, 1791. In 1831 he was appointed Minister
-to Russia, was afterwards senator of the United States,
-and Secretary of State under President Polk. In 1853 he
-received the appointment of Minister to Great Britain. As
-Secretary of State in the new cabinet, General Lewis Cass of
-Michigan was chosen.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Trouble with the Mormons.</div>
-
-<p>2. In the first year of Buchanan's administration,
-serious trouble occurred with the
-Mormons concerning the enforcement of the
-authority of the United States over Utah. An army was sent
-to the Territory in 1857 to compel obedience. For awhile the
-Mormons resisted; but when
-the President proclaimed a
-pardon to all who would
-submit, they yielded; and
-order was restored.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig93.jpg" alt="James Buchanan."/>
-<p class="caption center">James Buchanan.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Admission of Minnesota and Oregon.</div>
-
-<p>3. The 5th of August,
-1858, was noted for the completion
-of the <span class="smcap">FIRST TELEGRAPHIC
-CABLE</span> across the
-Atlantic. The success of this
-great work was due to the
-genius of Cyrus W. Field of
-New York. The cable was
-stretched from Trinity Bay,
-Newfoundland, to Valencia
-Bay, Ireland. After successful operation for a few weeks the
-cable ceased to work. In 1858 Minnesota was added to the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>
-Union. The population of the new State was
-a hundred and fifty thousand. In the next year,
-Oregon, the thirty-third State, was admitted,
-with a population of forty-eight thousand.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">John Brown's Raid.</div>
-
-<p>4. The slavery question continued to vex the nation. In
-1857 the Supreme Court of the United States, after hearing
-the cause of Dred Scott, formerly a slave, decided <i>that negroes
-are not and can not become citizens</i>. Thereupon, in several
-of the free States, <span class="smcap">Personal Liberty Bills</span> were passed, to
-defeat the Fugitive Slave Law. In the fall of 1859, John Brown
-of Kansas, with a party of twenty-one daring men, captured
-the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and held his
-ground for two days. The national troops
-were called out to suppress the revolt. Thirteen
-of Brown's men were killed, two made their escape, and
-the rest were captured. The leader and his six companions were
-tried by the authorities of Virginia, condemned and hanged.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Election of Abraham Lincoln.</div>
-
-<p>5. In the presidential canvass of 1860 the candidate of the
-Republican party was Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. The distinct
-principle of this party was opposition to the extension
-of slavery. In April the Democratic convention assembled
-at Charleston; but the Southern delegates withdrew from the
-assembly. The rest adjourned to Baltimore and chose Douglas
-as their standard-bearer. There, also, the delegates from
-the South reassembled in June, and nominated
-John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. The
-American party chose as their candidate John
-Bell of Tennessee. The contest resulted in the election of Mr.
-Lincoln.</p>
-
-<p>6. The leaders of the South had declared that the choice of
-Lincoln for the presidency would be a just cause for the dissolution
-of the Union. A majority of the cabinet, and a large
-number of senators and representatives in Congress, were advocates
-of disunion. It was seen that all the departments of the
-government would shortly pass under the control of the Re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>publican
-party. President Buchanan was not himself a disunionist;
-but he declared himself not armed with the constitutional
-power to prevent secession by force.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Secession of Southern States.</div>
-
-<p>7. On the 17th of December, 1860, a convention
-met at Charleston, and after three
-days passed a resolution <i>that the union hitherto
-existing between South Carolina and the other States was dissolved</i>.
-The sentiment of disunion spread with great rapidity.
-By the first of February, 1861, six other States&mdash;Mississippi,
-Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas&mdash;had all
-passed ordinances of secession. Nearly all the senators and
-representatives of those States resigned their seats in Congress
-and gave themselves to the disunion cause.</p>
-
-<p>8. In the secession conventions a few of the speakers denounced
-disunion as bad and ruinous. In the convention of
-Georgia, Alexander H. Stephens delivered a powerful oration
-in which he defended the theory of secession, but urged that
-<i>the measure was impolitic, unwise, disastrous</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Confederation of the South.</div>
-
-<p>9. On the 4th of February, 1861, delegates
-from six of the seceded States assembled
-at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new
-government, called the <span class="smcap">Confederate States of America</span>.
-On the 8th, the government was organized by the election of
-Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as provisional President, and
-Alexander H. Stephens, as Vice-president. A few days previous
-a peace conference met at Washington, and proposed
-certain amendments to the Constitution. But Congress gave
-little heed; and the conference adjourned.</p>
-
-<p>10. The country seemed on the verge of ruin. The army
-was on remote frontiers&mdash;the fleet in distant seas. With the
-exception of Forts Sumter, Moultrie, Pickens, and Monroe,
-all the important posts in the seceded States had been seized
-by the Confederate authorities. Early in January, the President
-sent the <i>Star of the West</i> to reinforce Fort Sumter. But
-the ship was fired on, and not allowed to land.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Review_Questions_Part_V" id="Review_Questions_Part_V"></a><span class="smcap">Review Questions.&mdash;Part V.</span></h2>
-
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXIX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Give an account of the inauguration of the first President, and of
-the organization of his Cabinet.</li>
-<li>2. Outline the important measures of Washington's first and of his
-second Administration.</li>
-<li>3. Tell about the troubles with the Miami Indians.</li>
-<li>4. What difficulty with Great Britain arose during the second Administration,
-and how was it adjusted?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>5. Sketch the Administration of the second President, and give the
-relations existing at this time between the United States and France.</li>
-<li>6. Tell about the "Alien" and "Sedition" laws.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>7. Give an account of the election of Thomas Jefferson, and of the
-changes that took place in the early part of his Administration.</li>
-<li>8. Give an account of the organization of Indiana Territory, and also
-of the Louisiana Purchase.</li>
-<li>9. Tell the story of Aaron Burr and his treason.</li>
-<li>10. Tell of the British claim to the "right of search," and of the immediate
-results in America.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>11. Give an account of the election of President Madison, and of our
-relations with Great Britain.</li>
-<li>12. Follow the Indian war in the Territory of Indiana.</li>
-<li>13. Outline the movements, by land and by sea, of the opening campaign
-of the war of 1812.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>14. Describe the organization of the American army and the war
-movements of 1813.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXIV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>15. Give the campaigns of 1814 and their results.</li>
-<li>16. Tell about the treaty of peace, also state what had been the causes
-of the war, and how the treaty affected the points in dispute.</li>
-<li>17. State the condition of monetary affairs in the United States, and the
-measures that were adopted in their interest.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>18. What characterized the Administration of James Monroe?</li>
-<li>19. Give an account of the affairs in Florida, and of the cession of that
-territory by Spain to the United States.</li>
-<li>20. Tell about the "Missouri Compromise," and the "Monroe
-Doctrine."</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXVI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>21. Give the principal features of the peaceful Administration of John
-Quincy Adams.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXVII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>22. Give an account of President Jackson, and of his treatment of the
-nullification doctrines that were brought forward in his time.</li>
-<li>23. Tell of the Indian affairs of these years, and of their adjustment.</li>
-<li>24. Describe the bank questions that now arose.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXVIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>25. Outline the Administration of Martin Van Buren, and especially the
-measures adopted to settle the monetary questions.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XXXIX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>26. Sketch the Administrations of Harrison and Tyler.</li>
-<li>27. Tell the story of the Mormons.</li>
-<li>28. Give an account of the affairs of Texas, and its admission into the
-Union as a State.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XL.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>29. What was the issue upon which President Polk was elected, and
-what were the great events of his term of office?</li>
-<li>30. Follow the course of the Mexican war, giving its causes, prominent
-generals, leading events, and results.</li>
-<li>31. Give an account of the treaty with Mexico.</li>
-<li>32. Tell about the affairs in California, and the discovery of gold.</li>
-</ul>
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>33. State how the discussions of the slavery question were reopened by
-the admission of California into the Union, and tell of the "Omnibus Bill."</li>
-<li>34. Give an account of the Arctic expeditions of this period.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>35. Give an account of the leading measures of President Pierce's Administration,
-and of the general progress of the nation.</li>
-<li>36. What issues were prominent in the election of 1856?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>37. Tell of the civil and political affairs of the first three years of
-Buchanan's Administration.</li>
-<li>38. Give an account of the political campaign of 1860, and the results
-of the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Part_VI" id="Part_VI"></a><span class="smcap">Part VI.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>THE CIVIL WAR.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">1861-1865.</div>
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIV" id="CHAPTER_XLIV"></a>CHAPTER XLIV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Lincoln's Administration.&mdash;The Beginning of the War.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap">ABRAHAM Lincoln was a native of Kentucky, born
-on the 12th of February, 1809. At the age of seven he
-was taken to southern Indiana, where his boyhood was passed
-in poverty and toil. On reaching
-his majority he removed
-to Illinois, where he distinguished
-himself as a lawyer.
-He gained a national reputation
-in 1858, when, as the
-competitor of Stephen A.
-Douglas, he canvassed Illinois
-for the United States
-Senate.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig94.jpg" alt="Abraham Lincoln."/>
-<p class="caption center">Abraham Lincoln.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. The new cabinet was
-organized with William H.
-Seward of New York as Secretary
-of State. Salmon P.
-Chase of Ohio was chosen
-Secretary of the Treasury,
-and Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; but he was soon succeeded
-by Edwin M. Stanton. The secretaryship of the navy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>
-was conferred on Gideon Welles. In his inaugural address,
-the President declared his purpose to repossess the forts and
-public property which had been seized by the Confederates.
-On the 12th of March, a futile effort was made by the seceded
-States to obtain recognition from the national government.
-Then followed a second attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Fort Sumter Fired upon.</div>
-
-<p>3. The defences of Charleston were held
-by seventy-nine men under Major Robert
-Anderson. With this small force he retired
-to Fort Sumter. Confederate volunteers flocked to the city,
-and batteries were built about the harbor. The authorities
-of the Confederate States determined to anticipate the movement
-of the government by compelling Anderson to surrender.
-On the 11th of April, General P. T. Beauregard,
-commandant of Charleston, sent a flag to Sumter, demanding
-an evacuation. Major Anderson replied that he should
-defend the fortress. On the following morning the first gun
-was fired from a Confederate battery; and a bombardment of
-thirty-four hours' duration followed. The fort was obliged to
-capitulate. The honors of war were granted to Anderson
-and his men.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The President calls for Volunteers.</div>
-
-<p>4. Three days after the fall of Sumter the
-President issued a call for seventy-five thousand
-volunteers to serve three months. Two
-days later Virginia seceded from the Union. On the 6th of
-May, Arkansas followed, and then North Carolina, on the 20th
-of the month. In Tennessee there was a powerful opposition
-to disunion, and it was not until the 8th of June that a secession
-ordinance could be passed. In Missouri the movement
-resulted in civil war, while in Kentucky the authorities issued
-a proclamation of neutrality. The people of Maryland were
-divided into hostile parties.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Harper's Ferry and Norfolk seized.</div>
-
-<p>5. On the 19th of April, when the Massachusetts volunteers
-were passing through Baltimore, they were fired upon by the
-citizens and three men killed. This was the first bloodshed of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
-the war. On the day previous, a body of Confederate
-soldiers captured the armory of the
-United States at Harper's Ferry. On the
-20th of the month another company obtained possession of
-the great navy yard at Norfolk. The property thus captured
-amounted to fully ten millions of dollars. On the 3d of May
-the President issued a call for eighty-three thousand soldiers
-to serve for three years or during the war. General Winfield
-Scott was made commander-in-chief. War ships were sent to
-blockade the Southern ports. In the seceded States there was
-boundless activity. The Southern Congress adjourned from
-Montgomery, to meet on the 20th of July, at Richmond.
-There Mr. Davis and the officers of his cabinet had assembled
-to direct the affairs of the government. So stood the antagonistic
-powers in the beginning of June, 1861. It is appropriate
-to look briefly into <span class="smcap">the Causes</span> of the conflict.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLV" id="CHAPTER_XLV"></a>CHAPTER XLV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Causes of the Civil War.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">Meaning of the Constitution.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE most general cause of the civil war
-in the United States was <i>the different construction
-put upon the Constitution by the people
-of the North and of the South</i>. A difference of opinion existed
-as to how that instrument was to be understood. One party
-held that the Union of the States is indissoluble; that the
-States are subordinate to the central government; that the acts
-of Congress are binding on the States; and that all attempts at
-nullification and disunion are disloyal and treasonable. The
-other party held that the national Constitution is a compact
-between sovereign States; that for certain reasons the Union
-may be dissolved; that the sovereignty of the nation belongs
-to the individual States; that a State may annul an act of
-Congress; that the highest allegiance of the citizen is due to
-his own State; and that nullification and disunion are justifiable
-and honorable.</p>
-
-<p>2. This question struck into the very heart of the government.
-It threatened to undo the whole civil structure of the
-United States. In the earlier history of the country the doctrine
-of State sovereignty was most advocated in New England.
-Afterwards the people of that section passed over to the advocacy
-of national sovereignty, while the people of the South
-took up the doctrine of State rights. As early as 1831 the
-right of nullifying an act of Congress was openly advocated in
-South Carolina. Thus it happened that the belief in State
-sovereignty became more prevalent in the South than in the
-North.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Systems of Labor.</div>
-
-<p>3. A second cause of the civil war was <i>the different system of
-labor in the North and in the South</i>. In the former section the
-laborers were freemen; in the latter, slaves. In the South the
-theory was that capital should own labor; in
-the North that both labor and capital are free.
-In the beginning all the colonies had been
-slaveholding. In the Eastern and Middle States the system
-of slave-labor had been abolished. In the Northwestern Territory
-slavery was excluded from the beginning. Thus there
-came to be a dividing line drawn through the Union. Whenever
-the question of slavery was agitated, a sectional division
-would arise between the North and the South. The danger
-arising from this source was increased by several subordinate
-causes.</p>
-
-<p>4. The first of these was the invention of the <span class="smcap">Cotton Gin</span>
-to replace hand-labor in separating the fiber from the seeds of
-the cotton plant. It was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, of
-Massachusetts, and through its immediate adoption cotton suddenly
-became the most profitable of all the staples. In proportion
-to the increased profitableness of cotton, slave-labor
-grew in demand and slavery became an important and deep-rooted
-institution.</p>
-
-<p>5. From this time onward, there was constant danger of disunion.
-In the <span class="smcap">Missouri Agitation</span> of 1820-21, threats of
-dissolving the Union were freely made in both the North and
-the South. When the Missouri Compromise was enacted, it
-was the hope of Mr. Clay and his fellow-statesmen to save the
-Union by removing the slavery question from politics.</p>
-
-<p>6. Next came the <span class="smcap">Nullification Acts</span> of South Carolina.
-The Southern States had become cotton-producing; the Eastern
-States had given themselves to manufacturing. The tariff
-measures favored manufacturers at the expense of producers.
-Mr. Calhoun proposed to remedy the evil by annulling the laws
-of Congress; and another compromise was found necessary in
-order to allay the animosities which had been awakened.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>7. The <span class="smcap">Annexation of Texas</span> led to a renewal of the agitation.
-Those who opposed the Mexican War did so because
-of the fact that thereby slavery would be extended. Whether
-the territory acquired should be made into free or slaveholding
-States was the question next agitated. This led to the <span class="smcap">Omnibus
-Bill</span>, by which the excitement was again allayed.</p>
-
-<p>8. In 1854 the <span class="smcap">Kansas-Nebraska Bill</span> opened the question
-anew. Meanwhile, the character of the Northern and the
-Southern people had become quite different. In population and
-wealth the North had far outgrown the South. In 1860 Mr.
-Lincoln was elected by the votes of the Northern States. The
-people of the South were exasperated at the choice of a chief-magistrate
-whom they regarded as hostile to their interests.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Sectional Estrangement.</div>
-
-<p>9. The third general cause of the war was
-<i>the want of intercourse between the people of the
-North and the South</i>. The great railroads ran
-east and west. Between the North and the South there was
-little travel. From want of acquaintance the people became
-estranged, jealous, and suspicious.</p>
-
-<p>10. A fourth cause was <i>the publication of sectional books</i>.
-During the twenty years preceding the war, many works were
-published whose popularity depended on the animosity existing
-between the two sections. In such books the manners and
-customs of one section were held up to the contempt of the
-people of the other section. In the North the belief was fostered
-that the South was given up to inhumanity; while in the
-South the opinion prevailed that the Northern people were a
-mean race of cowardly Yankees.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Influence of Demagogues.</div>
-
-<p>11. <i>The evil influence of demagogues</i> may
-be cited as the fifth general cause of the war.
-From 1850 to 1860, American statesmanship
-and patriotism were at a low ebb. Ambitious and scheming
-politicians had obtained control of the political parties. The
-welfare of the country was put aside as of little value. In order
-to gain power, many unprincipled men in the South were anxious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
-<i>to destroy</i> the Union, while others in the North were willing <i>to
-abuse</i> the Union for the same purpose.</p>
-
-<p>12. Added to all these causes was <i>a growing public opinion
-in the North against the institution of slavery itself</i>; a belief
-that slavery was wrong and ought to be destroyed. This opinion,
-comparatively feeble at the beginning of the war, was
-rapidly developed, and had much to do in determining the
-final character of the conflict.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVI" id="CHAPTER_XLVI"></a>CHAPTER XLVI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Events of 1861.</span></h3>
-
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations in West Virginia.</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the 24th of May the Union army
-crossed the Potomac from Washington
-to Alexandria. At this time Fortress Monroe
-was held by twelve thousand men, under General B. F. Butler.
-At Bethel Church, in that vicinity, was stationed a detachment
-of Confederates. On the 10th of June, a body of Union troops
-was sent to dislodge
-them, but was repulsed
-with considerable loss.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig95.jpg" alt="Vicinity of Manassas Junction, 1861."/>
-<p class="caption center">Vicinity of Manassas Junction, 1861.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. In the last of May,
-General T. A. Morris
-moved forward from
-Parkersburg to Grafton,
-West Virginia. On the
-3d of June he defeated
-a force of Confederates
-at Phillippi. General
-George B. McClellan
-now took the command,
-and on the 11th of July
-gained a victory at Rich
-Mountain. On the 10th
-of August, General Floyd, with a detachment of Confederates
-at Carnifex Ferry, was attacked by General William S.
-Rosecrans and obliged to retreat. On the 14th of September
-the Confederates, under General Robert E. Lee, were beaten
-in an engagement at Cheat Mountain.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>3. In the beginning of June, General Robert Patterson
-marched against Harper's Ferry. On the 11th of the month
-a division commanded by Colonel Lewis Wallace made a successful
-onset upon the Confederates at Romney. Patterson
-then crossed the Potomac and pressed back the Confederate
-forces to Winchester. Thus far there had been only petty
-engagements and skirmishes. The time had now come for the
-first great battle of the war.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">First Battle of Bull Run.</div>
-
-<p>4. The main body of the Confederates,
-under General Beauregard, was concentrated
-at Manassas Junction, twenty-seven miles west
-of Alexandria. Another large force, commanded by General
-Joseph E. Johnston, was in the Shenandoah Valley. The Union
-army at Alexandria was commanded by General Irwin McDowell,
-while General Patterson was stationed in front of Johnston.
-On the 16th of July the national army moved forward, and on
-the morning of the 21st came upon the Confederate army between
-Bull Run and Manassas Junction. A general battle ensued,
-continuing with great severity until noonday. In the crisis
-of the conflict General Johnston arrived with nearly six thousand
-fresh troops from the Shenandoah Valley; and in a short
-time McDowell's army was hurled back in rout and confusion
-into the defenses of Washington. The Union loss in killed,
-wounded, and prisoners amounted to two thousand nine hundred
-and fifty-two; that of the Confederates to two thousand
-and fifty.</p>
-
-<p>5. Meanwhile, on the 20th of July, the new Confederate
-government was organized at Richmond. Jefferson Davis, the
-President, was a man of wide experience in the affairs of state,
-and considerable reputation as a soldier. He had served in
-both houses of the national Congress, and as a member of
-Pierce's cabinet. His decision of character and advocacy of
-State rights had made him a natural leader of the South.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations in Missouri.</div>
-
-<p>6. The next military movements were made in Missouri. A
-convention, called by Governor Jackson in the previous March,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
-had refused to pass an ordinance of secession.
-But the disunionists were numerous and powerful;
-and the State became a battlefield. Both
-Federal and Confederate camps were organized. By capturing
-the United States arsenal at Liberty, the Confederates obtained
-a supply of arms and ammunition.</p>
-
-<p>7. They hurried up troops, also, from Arkansas and Texas
-in order to secure the lead mines in the southwest part of the
-State. On the 17th of June Lyon defeated Governor Jackson
-at Booneville, and on the 5th of July the Unionists, led by
-Colonel Franz Sigel, were again successful in a fight at
-Carthage. On the 10th of August a hard battle was fought
-at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. General Lyon made a
-daring attack on the Confederates under Generals McCulloch
-and Price. The Federals at first gained the field, but General
-Lyon was killed, and his men retreated.</p>
-
-<p>8. General Price now pressed northward to Lexington, which
-was defended by two thousand six hundred Federals, commanded
-by Colonel Mulligan. A stubborn defence was made,
-but Mulligan was obliged to capitulate. On the 16th of
-October Lexington was retaken by the Federals. General
-John C. Fremont followed the retreating Confederates as far as
-Springfield, when he was superseded by General Hunter. The
-latter retreated to St. Louis, and Price fell back toward
-Arkansas.</p>
-
-<p>9. The Confederates captured the town of Columbus in
-Kentucky, and also gathered in force at Belmont, on the opposite
-bank of the Mississippi. Colonel Ulysses S. Grant,
-with three thousand Illinois troops, was now sent into Missouri.
-On the 7th of November he made a successful attack on
-Belmont; but was afterwards obliged to retreat.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Ball's Bluff.</div>
-
-<p>10. After the rout at Bull Run, troops were
-rapidly hurried to Washington. The aged
-General Scott retired from active duty, and General McClellan
-took command of the Army of the Potomac. By October his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>
-forces had increased to a hundred and fifty thousand men. On
-the 21st of that month two thousand troops were sent across
-the Potomac at Ball's Bluff. Without proper support, the Federals
-were attacked by a force of Confederates under General
-Evans, driven to the river, their leader, Colonel Baker, killed,
-and the whole force routed with a loss of eight hundred men.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Southern Coast Blockaded.</div>
-
-<p>11. In the summer of 1861 a naval expedition
-proceeded to the North Carolina coast,
-and on the 29th of August captured the forts
-at Hatteras Inlet. On the 7th of November an armament,
-under Commodore Samuel F. Du Pont and General Thomas
-W. Sherman, reached Port
-Royal, and captured Forts
-Walker and Beauregard. The
-blockade became so rigorous
-that communication between
-the Confederate States and
-foreign nations was cut off.
-In this juncture of affairs, a
-serious difficulty arose with
-Great Britain.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig96.jpg" alt="George B. McClellan."/>
-<p class="caption center">George B. McClellan.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Mason and Slidell.</div>
-
-<p>12. The Confederate government
-appointed James M.
-Mason and John Slidell as
-ambassadors to France and
-England. The envoys, escaping
-from Charleston, reached
-Havana in safety. At that port they took passage on the
-British steamer <i>Trent</i> for Europe. On the 8th of November
-the vessel was overtaken by the United States
-frigate <i>San Jacinto</i>, commanded by Captain
-Wilkes. The <i>Trent</i> was hailed and boarded;
-the two ambassadors were seized, transferred to the <i>San Jacinto</i>,
-and carried to Boston. When the <i>Trent</i> reached England, the
-whole kingdom burst out in a blaze of wrath.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>13. At first the government of the United States was disposed
-to defend Captain Wilkes's action. Had such a course
-been taken, war with Great Britain would have been inevitable.
-The country was saved from the peril by the diplomacy of
-William H. Seward, the Secretary of State. When Great
-Britain demanded reparation for the insult, and the liberation
-of the prisoners, he replied in a mild, cautious, and very able
-paper. It was conceded that the seizure of Mason and Slidell
-was not justifiable according to the law of nations. An apology
-was made for the wrong done; the Confederate ambassadors
-were liberated, put on board a vessel, and sent to their
-destination. So ended the first year of the civil war.</p>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVII" id="CHAPTER_XLVII"></a>CHAPTER XLVII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Campaigns of 1862.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE Federal forces now numbered about four hundred
-and fifty thousand men. Of these nearly two hundred
-thousand, under General McClellan, were encamped near
-Washington. Another army, commanded by General Buell,
-was stationed at Louisville, Kentucky.</p>
-
-<p>2. At the beginning of the year the capture of Fort Henry
-on the Tennessee and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, was
-planned by General Halleck. Commodore Foote was sent up
-the Tennessee with a fleet of gunboats, and General Grant was
-ordered to move forward against Fort Henry. Before the land-forces
-reached that place, the flotilla compelled the evacuation
-of the fort, the Confederates escaping to Donelson.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Fort Donelson.</div>
-
-<p>3. The Federal gunboats now dropped
-down the Tennessee and then ascended the
-Cumberland. Grant pressed on from Fort Henry, and began
-the siege of Fort Donelson. The defences were manned by
-ten thousand Confederates, under General Buckner. Grant's
-force numbered nearly thirty thousand. On the 16th of February
-Buckner was obliged to surrender. His army became
-prisoners of war, and all the magazines, stores, and guns of
-the fort fell into the hands of the Federals.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Battle of Shiloh.</div>
-
-<p>4. General Grant now ascended the Tennessee
-to Pittsburg Landing. A camp was
-established at Shiloh Church, near the river;
-and here, on the 6th of April, the Union army was attacked
-by the Confederates, led by Generals Albert S. Johnston and
-Beauregard. All day long the battle raged with great slaughter
-on both sides. Night fell on the scene with the conflict un<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>decided;
-but in the crisis General Buell arrived with strong
-reinforcements. In the morning General Grant assumed the
-offensive. General Johnston had been killed, and Beauregard
-was obliged to retreat to Corinth. The losses in killed,
-wounded, and missing were more than ten thousand on each
-side.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Island Number Ten.</div>
-
-<p>5. After the Confederates evacuated Columbus,
-Kentucky, they fortified Island Number
-Ten in the Mississippi, opposite New
-Madrid. Against this place General Pope advanced with
-a body of Western troops, while Commodore Foote descended
-the Mississippi with his gunboats. Pope captured New Madrid;
-and for twenty-three days Island Number Ten was besieged.
-On the 7th of April the Confederates attempted to escape; but
-Pope had cut off the retreat, and the garrison, numbering
-five thousand, was captured. On the 6th of June the city of
-Memphis was taken by the fleet of Commodore Davis.</p>
-
-<p>6. Early in the year General Curtis pushed forward into
-Arkansas, and took position at Pea Ridge, among the mountains.
-Here he was attacked on the 6th of March by a Confederate
-force of twenty thousand men, which included a large
-number of Indians from the adjacent Indian Territory. A
-hard-fought battle ensued, lasting for two days, in which the
-Federals were victorious.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Merrimac and the Monitor.</div>
-
-<p>7. After the destruction of the navy yard
-at Norfolk, the Confederates had raised the
-frigate <i>Merrimac</i>, one of the sunken ships,
-and plated the sides with iron. The vessel was then sent
-to attack the Union fleet at Fortress Monroe. Reaching
-that place on the 8th of March, the <i>Merrimac</i> began the work
-of destruction; and two valuable vessels, the <i>Cumberland</i> and
-the <i>Congress</i>, were sent to the bottom. During the night,
-however, a strange ship, called the <i>Monitor</i>, invented by Captain
-John Ericsson, arrived from New York; and on the following
-morning the two iron-clad monsters turned their enginery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>
-upon each other. After fighting for five hours, the <i>Merrimac</i>
-was obliged to retire to Norfolk, badly damaged.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig97.jpg" alt="Merrimac and Monitor."/>
-<p class="caption center">Merrimac and Monitor.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>8. On the 8th of February a Federal squadron attacked
-the Confederate fortifications on Roanoke Island. The garrison,
-nearly three thousand
-strong, were taken prisoners.
-Burnside next proceeded
-against Newbern, and on the
-14th of March captured the
-city. Proceeding southward,
-he reached the harbor of
-Beaufort, and on the 25th of April took possession of the
-town.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Capture of New Orleans.</div>
-
-<p>9. On the 11th of the same month Fort
-Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah, surrendered
-to General Gillmore. Early in April,
-a powerful squadron, under General Butler and Admiral
-Farragut, ascended the Mississippi and attacked Forts Jack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>son
-and St. Philip, thirty miles above the Gulf. From the
-18th to the 24th the fight continued without cessation. At
-the end of that time Admiral Farragut succeeded in running
-past the batteries. On the next day he reached New Orleans,
-and captured the city. General Butler became commandant,
-and the fortifications were manned with fifteen thousand Federal
-soldiers. Three days afterwards, Forts Jackson and St.
-Philip surrendered to Admiral Porter.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Campaign in Kentucky.</div>
-
-<p>10. The Confederates now invaded Kentucky,
-in two strong divisions, the one led by
-General Kirby Smith and the other by General
-Bragg. On the 30th of August Smith's army reached
-Richmond, and routed the Federals stationed there, with
-heavy losses. Lexington was taken, and then Frankfort; and
-Cincinnati was saved from capture only by the exertions of
-General Wallace. Meanwhile, the army of General Bragg
-advanced from Chattanooga, and on the 17th of September
-captured a Federal division of four thousand five hundred men
-at Mumfordsville. The Confederate general pressed on toward
-Louisville, and would have taken the city but for the arrival of
-General Buell. Buell's army was increased to one hundred
-thousand men. In October he again took the field, and on
-the 8th of the month overtook General Bragg at Perryville.
-Here a severe but indecisive battle was fought; and the Confederates,
-laden with spoils, continued their retreat into east
-Tennessee.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations in Mississippi.</div>
-
-<p>11. On the 19th of September a hard battle
-was fought at Iuka, between a Federal army,
-under Generals Rosecrans and Grant, and a
-Confederate force, under General Price. The latter was
-defeated, losing, in addition to his killed and wounded,
-nearly a thousand prisoners. Rosecrans now took post at
-Corinth with twenty thousand men; while Grant, with the
-remainder of the Federal forces, proceeded to Jackson, Tennessee.
-Generals Van Dorn and Price turned about to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>
-recapture Corinth. There, on the 3d of October, another
-severe battle ensued, which ended, after two days' fighting, in
-the repulse of the Confederates.</p>
-
-<p>12. In December General Sherman dropped down the river
-from Memphis to the Yazoo. On the 29th of the month he
-made an unsuccessful attack on the Confederates at Chickasaw
-Bayou. The assault was exceedingly disastrous to the Federals,
-who lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners more than three
-thousand men.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Battle of Murfreesborough.</div>
-
-<p>13. General Rosecrans was now transferred to the command
-of the Army of the Cumberland, with headquarters at Nashville.
-General Bragg, on his retirement from
-Kentucky, had thrown his forces into Murfreesborough.
-Rosecrans moved forward, and
-on the 30th of December came upon the Confederates on
-Stone's River, a short distance northwest of Murfreesborough.
-On the following morning a furious battle ensued, continuing
-until nightfall. The Union army was brought to the verge
-of ruin. But during the night Rosecrans rallied his forces,
-and at daybreak was ready to renew the conflict. On that
-day there was a lull. On the morning of the 2d of January
-Bragg's army again rushed to the onset, gained some successes
-at first, was then checked, and finally driven back with
-heavy losses. Bragg withdrew his shattered columns, and filed
-off toward Chattanooga.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Jackson's Valley Campaign.</div>
-
-<p>14. In Virginia the first scenes of the year
-were enacted in the Shenandoah Valley.
-General Banks was sent forward with a
-strong division, and in the last of March occupied the town
-of Harrisonburg. To counteract this movement, Stonewall
-Jackson was sent with twenty thousand men to pass the Blue
-Ridge and cut off Banks's retreat. At Front Royal, the Confederates
-fell upon the Federals, routed them, and captured their
-guns and stores. Banks succeeded, however, in passing with
-his main division to Strasburg and escaping out of the valley.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>15. Jackson now found himself in great peril, for General
-Fremont had been sent into the valley to intercept the Confederate
-retreat. But he succeeded in reaching Cross Keys
-before Fremont could attack him. The battle at Cross
-Keys was not decisive, and Jackson pressed on to Port
-Republic, where he attacked and defeated the division of
-General Shields.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig98.jpg" alt="Vicinity of Richmond, 1862."/>
-<p class="caption center">Vicinity of Richmond, 1862.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. On the 10th of March the Army of the Potomac set
-out from the camps about Washington to capture the Confederate
-capital. The advance
-proceeded as far
-as Manassas Junction,
-where McClellan, changing
-his plan, embarked
-a hundred and twenty
-thousand of his men for
-Fortress Monroe. From
-that place, on the 4th of
-April, the Union army
-advanced to Yorktown.
-This place was defended
-by ten thousand Confederates,
-under General
-Magruder; and here McClellan's
-advance was
-delayed for a month.
-On the 4th of May, Yorktown was taken and the Federal
-army pressed on to West Point. McClellan reached the
-Chickahominy without serious resistance, and crossed at Bottom's
-Bridge.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Peninsular Campaign.</div>
-
-<p>17. On the 10th of May General Wool, the commandant
-of Fortress Monroe, led an expedition against Norfolk and
-captured the town. On the next day the Confederate iron-clad
-<i>Virginia</i> was blown up to save her from capture. The
-James River was thus opened for the supply-transports of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>
-the Army of the Potomac. On the 31st of
-May that army was attacked at a place
-called Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. Here
-for a part of two days the battle raged with great fury. At
-last the Confederates were driven back; but McClellan's victory
-was by no means decisive. General Joseph E. Johnston,
-the commander-in-chief of the Confederates, was severely
-wounded; and the command devolved on General Robert
-E. Lee.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig99.jpg" alt="Robert E. Lee."/>
-<p class="caption center">Robert E. Lee.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>18. McClellan now formed the design of retiring to a point
-on the James below Richmond. Before the movement fairly
-began, General Lee, on the 25th of June, struck the right wing
-of the Union army at Oak
-Grove, and a hard-fought battle
-ensued. On the next day
-another engagement occurred
-at Mechanicsville, and the
-Federals won the field. On
-the following morning Lee renewed
-the struggle at Gaines's
-Mill, and came out victorious.
-On the 29th McClellan's army
-was attacked at Savage's Station
-and again in the White
-Oak Swamp&mdash;but the Confederates
-were kept at bay.
-On the 30th was fought the
-desperate battle of Glendale,
-or Frazier's Farm. On that
-night the Federal army reached Malvern Hill, twelve miles
-below Richmond. General Lee determined to carry the place
-by storm. On the morning of the 1st of July the whole Confederate
-army rushed forward to the assault. All day long
-the struggle for the possession of the high grounds continued.
-Not until nine o'clock at night did Lee's columns fall back<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>
-exhausted. For seven days the roar of battle had been heard
-almost without cessation.</p>
-
-<p>19. On the 2d of July McClellan retired with his army
-to Harrison's Landing, a few miles down the river; and the
-great campaign was at an end. The Federal army had lost
-more than fifteen thousand men, and the losses of the Confederates
-had been still greater.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Cedar Mountain.</div>
-
-<p>20. General Lee now formed the design of
-capturing the Federal capital. The Union
-troops between Richmond and Washington
-were under command of General John Pope. Lee moved northward,
-and, on the 20th of August, Pope retreated beyond the
-Rappahannock. Meanwhile, General Banks was attacked by
-Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, where nothing but hard
-fighting saved the Federals from a rout.</p>
-
-<p>21. Jackson next dashed by with his division, on a flank
-movement to Manassas Junction, where he made large captures.
-Pope then threw his army between the two divisions of the
-Confederates. On August 28th and 29th, there was terrible
-fighting on the old Bull Run battle-ground. At one time it
-seemed that Lee's army would be defeated; but Pope's reinforcements
-were withheld by General Porter, and on the 31st
-the Confederates struck the Union army at Chantilly, winning
-a complete victory. Pope withdrew his broken columns as
-rapidly as possible, and found safety within the defences of
-Washington.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Lee in Maryland.</div>
-
-<p>22. General Lee crossed the Potomac, and
-on the 6th of September captured Frederick.
-On the 10th Hagerstown was taken, and on
-the 15th Stonewall Jackson seized Harper's Ferry, with nearly
-twelve thousand prisoners. On the previous day, there was a
-hard-fought engagement at South Mountain, in which the Federals
-were victorious. McClellan's army was now in the rear of
-Lee, who fell back to Antietam Creek and took a strong position
-near Sharpsburg. Then followed two days of skirmishing, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>
-terminated on the 17th in one of the great battles of the war.
-From morning until night the struggle continued with unabated
-violence, and ended in a drawn battle, after a loss of more than
-ten thousand men on each side. Lee withdrew his forces from
-the field and recrossed the Potomac.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Fredericksburg.</div>
-
-<p>23. General McClellan moved forward to Rectortown, Virginia.
-Here he was superseded by General Burnside, who
-changed the plan of the campaign, and advanced against
-Fredericksburg. At this place the two armies
-were again brought face to face. Burnside's
-movement was delayed, and it was not until the 12th of December
-that a passage could be effected. Meanwhile, the heights
-south of the river had been fortified, and the Union columns
-were hurled back in several desperate assaults which cost the
-assailants more than twelve thousand men. Thus in disaster to
-the Federal cause ended the campaigns of 1862.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLVIII" id="CHAPTER_XLVIII"></a>CHAPTER XLVIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Events of 1863.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE war had now grown to enormous proportions. The
-Confederate States were draining every resource of men
-and means. The superior energies of the North were greatly
-taxed. On the day after the battle of Malvern Hill, President
-Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand troops. During
-Pope's retreat from the Rappahannock he sent forth another
-call for three hundred thousand, and to that was added a draft
-of three hundred thousand more. Most of these demands were
-promptly met, and it became evident that in resources the
-Federal government was vastly superior to the Confederacy.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Emancipation Proclamation.</div>
-
-<p>2. On the 1st day of January, 1863, the
-President issued the <span class="smcap">Emancipation Proclamation</span>.
-The war had been begun with no
-well-defined intention to free the slaves of the South. But during
-the progress of the war the sentiment of abolition had grown
-with great rapidity; and when at last it became a military necessity
-to strike a blow at the labor-system of the South, the step
-was taken with but little opposition. Thus, after an existence
-of two hundred and forty-four years, African slavery in the
-United States was swept away.</p>
-
-<p>3. Early in January General Sherman dispatched an expedition
-to capture Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. The
-Union forces reached their destination on the 10th of the
-month, fought a battle with the Confederates and gained a
-victory. On the next day the post was surrendered with
-nearly five thousand prisoners.</p>
-
-<p>4. Soon afterwards the Union forces were concentrated for
-the capture of Vicksburg. Three months were spent by Gen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>eral
-Grant in beating about the bayous around Vicksburg, in
-the hope of getting a position in the rear of the town. A canal
-was cut across a bend in the river with a view to opening a
-passage for the gunboats. But a flood washed the works
-away. Then another canal was begun, only to be abandoned.
-Finally, it was determined to run the fleet past the Vicksburg
-batteries. On the night of the 16th of April the boats dropped
-down the river. All of a sudden the guns of the enemy burst
-forth with shot and shell, pelting the passing steamers; but
-they went by with little damage.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations about Vicksburg.</div>
-
-<p>5. General Grant now marched his land-forces
-down the Mississippi and formed a
-junction with the squadron. On the 1st day
-of May he defeated the Confederates at Port Gibson. The
-evacuation of Grand Gulf followed immediately. The Union
-army now swept around
-to the rear of Vicksburg.
-On the 12th
-of May a Confederate
-force was defeated at
-Raymond. On the
-14th of the month
-a decisive battle was
-fought near Jackson;
-the Confederates were
-beaten, and the city
-captured. General
-Pemberton, sallying
-forth with his forces
-from Vicksburg, was
-defeated by Grant on the 16th at Champion Hills, and again
-on the 17th at Black River Bridge. Pemberton then retired
-within the defences of Vicksburg.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig100.jpg" alt="Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863."/>
-<p class="caption center">Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>6. The city was now besieged. On the 19th of May Grant
-made an assault, but was repulsed with terrible losses. Three<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>
-days afterwards the attempt was renewed with a still greater
-destruction of life. But the siege was pressed with ever-increasing
-severity. Admiral Porter bombarded the town incessantly.
-Reinforcements swelled the Union ranks. Pemberton
-held out until the 4th of July, and was then driven to surrender.
-The defenders of Vicksburg, numbering thirty thousand,
-became prisoners of war. Thousands of small arms, hundreds
-of cannon, and vast quantities of ammunition and stores were
-the fruits of the great victory.</p>
-
-<p>7. Meanwhile, General Banks had been conducting a campaign
-on the Lower Mississippi. From Baton Rouge he advanced
-into Louisiana, and gained a victory over the Confederates
-at Bayou Teche. He then moved northward and
-besieged Port Hudson, the last fort held by the Confederates
-on the Mississippi. The garrison made a brave defence; and
-it was not until the 8th of July that the commandant, with his
-force of six thousand men, was obliged to capitulate.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Operations about Chattanooga.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. In the latter part of June Rosecrans
-succeeded in crowding General Bragg out of
-Tennessee. The Union general followed and
-took post at Chattanooga, on the left bank of the Tennessee.
-During the summer Bragg was reinforced by the corps of
-Johnston and Longstreet.</p>
-
-<p>9. On the 19th of September he turned upon the Federals
-at Chickamauga Creek, in the northwest angle of Georgia. A
-hard battle was fought, but night came with the victory undecided.
-On the following morning the fight was renewed.
-Bragg cut through the Union battle line and drove the right
-wing into a rout. General Thomas, with desperate firmness,
-held the left until nightfall, and then withdrew into Chattanooga.
-The Union loss amounted to nearly nineteen thousand,
-and that of the Confederates was even greater.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig101.jpg" alt="MAP SHOWING STATES IN SECESSION during the CIVIL WAR"/>
-<p class="caption center">MAP SHOWING STATES IN SECESSION during the CIVIL WAR</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>10. General Bragg pressed forward to besiege Chattanooga.
-But General Hooker arrived with two corps from the Army of
-the Potomac, opened the Tennessee River, and brought relief.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>
-At the same time General Grant assumed the direction of
-affairs at Chattanooga. General Sherman arrived with his
-division, and offensive operations were at once renewed. On
-the 24th of November Lookout Mountain, overlooking the town
-and river, was stormed by the division of General Hooker.
-On the following day, Missionary Ridge was also carried, and
-Bragg's army fell back in full retreat toward Ringgold.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig102.jpg" alt="A Truce in the Trenches."/>
-<p class="caption center">A Truce in the Trenches.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>11. On the 1st of September General Burnside arrived with
-his command at Knoxville. After the battle of Chickamauga
-General Longstreet was sent into East Tennessee, where he
-arrived and began the siege of Knoxville. On the 29th of
-November the Confederates attempted to carry the town by
-storm, but were repulsed with heavy losses. General Sherman
-soon marched to the relief of Burnside; and Longstreet retreated
-into Virginia.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Events West of the Mississippi.</div>
-
-<p>12. Early in 1863 the Confederates resumed
-activity in Arkansas and southern Missouri.
-On the 8th of January they attacked Springfield,
-but were repulsed. Several other attempts were made
-with similar results. On the 13th of August Lawrence, Kansas,
-was sacked, and a hundred and forty persons killed, by a
-band of desperate fellows, led by a chieftain called Quantrell.
-On the 10th of September the Federal general Steele captured
-Little Rock, Arkansas.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">John Morgan's Raid.</div>
-
-<p>13. In the summer of this year General
-John Morgan made a great raid through Kentucky,
-Indiana, and Ohio. He crossed the
-Ohio at Brandenburg, and began his march to the north.
-At Corydon and other points he was resisted by the home guards
-and pursued by General Hobson. Morgan crossed into
-Ohio, made a circuit north of Cincinnati, and attempted to recross
-the river. But the raiders were driven back. The Confederate
-leader pressed on until he came near New Lisbon,
-where he was captured by the brigade of General Shackelford.
-After a four months' imprisonment Morgan escaped and made
-his way to Richmond.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations Along the Coast.</div>
-
-<p>14. On the 1st of January General Magruder
-captured Galveston, Texas. By this
-means the Confederates secured a port of entry
-in the Southwest. On the 7th of April Admiral Du Pont,
-with a fleet of iron-clads, attempted to capture Charleston, but
-was driven back. In June the city was besieged by a strong
-land-force, under General Q. A. Gillmore, assisted by Admiral
-Dahlgren's fleet. After the bombardment had continued for
-some time, General Gillmore, on the 18th of July, attempted to
-carry Fort Wagner by assault, but was repulsed with severe
-loss. The siege progressed until the 6th of September, when
-the Confederates evacuated the fort and retired to Charleston.
-Gillmore now brought his guns to bear on the wharves and
-buildings in the lower part of the city. But Charleston still held<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
-out; and the only gain of the Federals was the establishment
-of a complete blockade.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Battle of Chancellorsville.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. After his repulse at Fredericksburg,
-General Burnside was superseded by General
-Joseph Hooker, who, in the latter part of
-April, crossed the Rappahannock and reached Chancellorsville.
-Here, on the morning of the 2d of May, he was attacked
-by the Army of Northern Virginia, led by Lee and Jackson.
-The latter general, at the head of twenty-five thousand men,
-outflanked the Union army,
-burst upon the right wing,
-and swept everything to
-destruction. But it was
-the last of Stonewall Jackson's
-battles. As night
-came on the Confederate
-leader received a volley
-<i>from his own lines</i>, and fell
-to rise no more.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig103.jpg" alt="Stonewall Jackson."/>
-<p class="caption center">Stonewall Jackson.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. On the 3d the battle
-was renewed. General
-Sedgwick was defeated
-and driven across the Rappahannock.
-The main
-army was crowded between
-Chancellorsville and the
-river, where it remained until the 5th, when General Hooker
-succeeded in withdrawing his forces to the northern bank.
-The Union losses amounted in killed, wounded, and prisoners
-to about seventeen thousand; that of the Confederates
-was less by five thousand.</p>
-
-<p>17. Next followed the cavalry raid of General Stoneman.
-On the 29th of April he crossed the Rappahannock with ten
-thousand men, tore up the Virginia Central Railroad, cut
-General Lee's communications, swept around within a few<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>
-miles of Richmond, and then recrossed the Rappahannock
-in safety.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Lee Invades Pennsylvania.</div>
-
-<p>18. General Lee now determined to carry
-the war into the North. In the first week of
-June he crossed the Potomac, and captured
-Hagerstown. On the 22d he entered Chambersburg, and
-then pressed on through Carlisle to within a few miles of
-Harrisburg. The militia of Pennsylvania was called out, and
-volunteers came pouring in from other States. General Hooker
-pushed forward to strike his antagonist. General Lee rapidly
-concentrated his forces near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On
-the eve of battle the command of the Union army was transferred
-to General George G. Meade, who took up a position
-on the hills around Gettysburg. Here the two armies, each
-numbering about eighty thousand men, were brought face
-to face.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Battle of Gettysburg.</div>
-
-<p>19. On the 1st of July the struggle began,
-and for three days the conflict raged. The
-battle reached its climax on the 3d, when
-a Confederate column, three miles long, headed by the Virginians
-under General Pickett, made a final charge on the
-Union center. But the onset was in vain, and the men who
-made it were mowed down with terrible slaughter. The victory
-remained with the National army, and Lee was obliged
-to turn back to the Potomac. The entire Confederate loss
-was nearly thirty thousand; that of the Federals twenty-three
-thousand one hundred and eighty-six. General Lee withdrew
-his forces into Virginia, and the Union army resumed its position
-on the Potomac.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Conscription in the North.</div>
-
-<p>20. The administration of President Lincoln
-was beset with many difficulties. The
-last calls for volunteers had not been fully
-met. The anti-war party of the North denounced the measures
-of the government. On the 3d of March the <span class="smcap">Conscription
-Act</span> was passed by Congress, and the President ordered a draft<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>
-of three hundred thousand men. The measure was bitterly
-opposed, and in many places the draft-officers were resisted.
-On the 13th of July, in the city of New York, a mob rose in
-arms, demolished buildings, burned the colored orphan asylum,
-and killed about a hundred people. For three days the
-authorities were set at defiance; but a force of regulars and
-volunteers gathered at the scene, and the riot was suppressed.</p>
-
-<p>21. Only about fifty thousand men were obtained by the
-draft. But volunteering was quickened by the measure, and the
-employment of substitutes soon filled the ranks. In October the
-President issued another call for three hundred thousand men.
-By these measures the columns of the Union army were made
-more powerful than ever. In the armies of the South, on the
-other hand, there were already symptoms of exhaustion. On
-the 20th of June in this year West Virginia was separated
-from the Old Dominion and admitted as the thirty-fifth State
-of the Union.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XLIX" id="CHAPTER_XLIX"></a>CHAPTER XLIX.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Closing Conflicts.&mdash;Events of 1864 and 1865.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">EARLY in February, 1864, General Sherman moved from
-Vicksburg to Meridian. In this vicinity the railroad tracks
-were torn up for a hundred and fifty miles. At Meridian
-General Sherman expected a force of Federal cavalry, which
-had been sent out from Memphis under General Smith.
-The latter advanced into Mississippi, but was met by the cavalry
-of Forrest, and driven back to Memphis. General Sherman
-thereupon retraced his course to Vicksburg. Forrest
-continued his raid northward to Paducah, Kentucky, and made
-an assault on Fort Anderson, but was repulsed with a severe
-loss. Turning back into Tennessee, he came upon Fort Pillow,
-on the Mississippi, and carried the place by storm.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Red River Expedition.</div>
-
-<p>2. In the spring of 1864, the <span class="smcap">Red River
-Expedition</span> was undertaken by General
-Banks. The object was to capture Shreveport,
-the seat of the Confederate government of Louisiana.
-On the 14th of March the Federal advance captured Fort
-de Russy, on Red River. The Confederates retreated to
-Alexandria, which was taken on the 16th by the Federals.</p>
-
-<p>3. At Mansfield, on the 8th of April, the advancing Federals
-were attacked by the Confederates, and completely routed.
-At Pleasant Hill, on the next day, the main body of the Union
-army was badly defeated. The flotilla now descended the
-river from the direction of Shreveport. The whole expedition
-returned as rapidly as possible to the Mississippi. General
-Steele had, in the mean time, advanced from Little Rock to aid
-in the reduction of Shreveport; but learning of the Federal
-defeats, he withdrew after several severe engagements.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>4. On the 2d of March, 1864, General Grant was appointed
-general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. Seven
-hundred thousand soldiers were now to move at his command.
-Two great campaigns were planned for the year. The army
-of the Potomac, under Meade and the general-in-chief, was
-to advance upon Richmond. General Sherman, with one
-hundred thousand men, was to march from Chattanooga
-against Atlanta.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Sherman's Advance on Atlanta.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. On the 7th of May General Sherman
-moved forward. At Dalton he succeeded in
-turning General Johnston's flank, and obliged
-him to fall back to Resaca. After two hard
-battles, on the 14th and 15th of May, this place was carried,
-and the Confederates retreated to Dallas. Here, on the 28th,
-Johnston made a second
-stand, but was again outflanked,
-and compelled to
-fall back to Lost Mountain.
-He was forced from this
-position on the 17th of June.
-The next stand was made
-on Great and Little Kenesaw
-Mountains. From this
-line on the 22d of June the
-division of General Hood
-made a fierce attack, but
-was repulsed with heavy
-losses. Five days afterward,
-General Sherman attempted
-to carry Great Kenesaw by
-storm; but the assault ended in a dreadful repulse. Sherman
-resumed his former tactics, and by the 10th of July the whole
-Confederate army had retired to Atlanta.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig104.jpg" alt="William T. Sherman."/>
-<p class="caption center">William T. Sherman.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>6. This stronghold was at once besieged. Here were the
-machine shops, foundries, and car works of the Confederacy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
-At the beginning of the siege the cautious General Johnston
-was superseded by the rash General J. B. Hood. On the 20th,
-22d and 28th of July, the latter made three assaults on the
-Union lines, but was repulsed with dreadful losses. At last
-Hood was obliged to evacuate Atlanta; and on the 2d of
-September the Union army marched into the captured city.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig105.jpg" alt="Sherman's Campaign, 1864."/>
-<p class="caption center">Sherman's Campaign, 1864.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Hood's Nashville Campaign.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. General Hood now marched northward through Northern
-Alabama, and advanced on Nashville. Meanwhile, General
-Thomas, with the Army of the Cumberland, had been
-detached from Sherman's army and sent northward to confront
-Hood. General Schofield, who commanded the Federal forces
-in Tennessee, fell back before the Confederates,
-and took post at Franklin. Here, on
-the 30th of November, he was attacked by
-Hood's legions, and held them in check until nightfall, when
-he retreated within Thomas's defenses at Nashville. Hood
-followed, but on the 15th of December General Thomas fell
-upon the Confederate army, and, routing it with a loss of
-twenty-five thousand men, drove it back into Alabama.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Sherman's Great March.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. On the 14th of November General Sherman burned
-Atlanta and began his <span class="smcap">March to the Sea</span>. His army
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>
-numbered sixty thousand men. He cut his
-communications with the North, abandoned
-his base of supplies, and struck out for the
-sea-coast, two hundred and fifty miles away. The Union
-army passed through Macon and Milledgeville, crossed the
-Ogeechee, captured Gibson and Waynesborough, and on the
-10th of December arrived in the vicinity of Savannah. On
-the 13th, Fort McAllister was
-carried by storm. On the
-night of the 20th, General
-Hardee, the Confederate
-commandant, escaped from
-Savannah and retreated to
-Charleston. On the 22d,
-General Sherman made his
-headquarters in the city.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig106.jpg" alt="Joseph E. Johnston."/>
-<p class="caption center">Joseph E. Johnston.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>9. January, 1865, was
-spent by the Union army at
-Savannah. On the 1st of
-February, General Sherman
-began his march against
-Columbia, South Carolina.
-The Confederates had not
-sufficient force to stay his progress. On the 17th of the month,
-Columbia was surrendered. On the same night, Hardee, having
-destroyed the public property of Charleston, and kindled
-fires which laid four squares in ashes, evacuated the city; and
-on the following morning the national forces entered. From
-Columbia General Sherman marched into North Carolina, and
-on the 11th of March captured the town of Fayetteville.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Surrender of Gen. Johnston.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. General Johnston was now recalled to
-the command of the Confederate forces, and
-the advance of the Union army began to be
-seriously opposed. On the 19th of March, General Sherman
-was attacked by Johnston near Bentonville; but Johnston<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>
-was defeated, and on the 21st Sherman entered Goldsborough.
-Here he was reinforced by Generals Schofield and Terry. The
-Federal army turned to the northwest, and on the 13th of April
-entered Raleigh. This was the end of the great march; and
-here, on the 26th of the month, General Sherman received the
-surrender of Johnston's army.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Farragut at Mobile.</div>
-
-<p>11. Meanwhile, important events had occurred
-on the Gulf. Early in August, 1864,
-Admiral Farragut bore down on the defenses
-of Mobile. The harbor was defended by a Confederate fleet
-and the monster iron-clad <i>Tennessee</i>. On the 5th of August,
-Farragut ran past Forts Morgan and Gaines into the harbor.
-In order to direct the movements of his vessels, the old
-admiral mounted to the maintop of the <i>Hartford</i>, lashed himself
-to the rigging, and from that high perch gave his commands
-during the battle. One of the Union ships struck a
-torpedo and sank. The rest attacked and dispersed the Confederate
-squadron; but just as the day seemed won, the <i>Tennessee</i>
-came down at full speed to strike the <i>Hartford</i>. Then
-followed one of the fiercest conflicts of the war. The Union
-iron-clads closed around their antagonist and battered her
-with fifteen-inch bolts of iron until she surrendered.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Fort Fisher.</div>
-
-<p>12. Next came the capture of Fort Fisher,
-at the entrance to Cape Fear River. In December,
-Admiral Porter was sent with a powerful American
-squadron to besiege and take the fort. General Butler, with
-six thousand five hundred men, accompanied the expedition.
-On the 24th of the month, the troops were sent ashore with
-orders to storm the works. When the generals in command
-came near enough to reconnoiter, they decided that an assault
-could only end in disaster, and the enterprise was abandoned.
-Admiral Porter remained before Fort Fisher with his fleet, and
-General Butler returned to Fortress Monroe. Early in January,
-the siege was renewed, and on the 15th of the month
-Fort Fisher was taken by storm.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>13. In the previous October, Lieutenant Cushing, with a
-number of volunteers, embarked in a small steamer and entered
-the Roanoke. A tremendous iron ram, called the <i>Albemarle</i>,
-was discovered lying at the harbor of Plymouth. Cautiously
-approaching, the lieutenant sank a torpedo under the Confederate
-ship, exploded it, and left the ram a ruin. The adventure
-cost the lives or capture of all of Cushing's party except
-himself and one other, who made good their escape.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Confederate Cruisers.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. During the progress of the war the
-commerce of the United States was greatly
-injured by the Confederate cruisers. The
-first ship sent out was the <i>Savannah</i>, which was captured on
-the same day that she escaped from Charleston. In June
-of 1861, the <i>Sumter</i>, commanded by Captain Semmes, ran the
-blockade at New Orleans, and did fearful work with the Union
-merchantmen. But in February of 1862, Semmes was chased
-into the harbor of Gibraltar, where he was obliged to sell his
-vessel. The <i>Nashville</i> ran out from Charleston, and returned
-with a cargo worth three millions of dollars. In March of 1863
-she was sunk by a Union iron-clad in the Savannah River.</p>
-
-<p>15. The ports of the Southern States were now closely
-blockaded. In this emergency the Confederates turned to the
-ship-yards of Great Britain, and began to build cruisers. In
-the harbor of Liverpool the <i>Florida</i> was fitted out; and going
-to sea in the summer of 1862, she succeeded in running into
-Mobile Bay. She afterward destroyed fifteen merchantmen,
-and was then captured and sunk in Hampton Roads. The
-<i>Georgia</i>, the <i>Olustee</i>, the <i>Shenandoah</i> and the <i>Chickamauga</i>,
-all built at the ship-yards of Glasgow, Scotland, escaped to
-sea and made great havoc with the merchant-ships of the
-United States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Alabama.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. Most destructive of all was the <i>Alabama</i>,
-built at Liverpool. Her commander
-was Captain Raphael Semmes. A majority of the crew were
-British subjects; and her armament was entirely British. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>
-her whole career, involving the destruction of sixty-six vessels
-and a loss of ten million dollars, she never entered a Confederate
-port. In the summer of 1864 Semmes was overtaken
-in the harbor of Cherbourg, France, by the steamer <i>Kearsarge</i>.
-On the 19th of June, Semmes went out to give his antagonist
-battle. After a desperate fight of an hour's duration, the
-<i>Alabama</i> was sunk. Semmes was picked up by the English
-<i>Deerhound</i> and carried to Southampton.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Grant's Advance on Richmond.</div>
-
-<p>17. On the night of the 3d of May, 1864,
-the national camp at Culpepper was broken
-up, and the march on Richmond was begun.
-On the first day of the advance, Grant crossed the
-Rapidan and entered the Wilderness, a country of oak woods
-and thickets. He was immediately attacked by the Confederate
-army. During the 5th, 6th, and 7th of the month, the fighting
-continued incessantly with terrible losses; but the results were
-indecisive. Grant next made a flank movement in the direction
-of Spottsylvania Courthouse. Here followed, from the 9th until
-the 12th, one of the bloodiest struggles of the war. The
-Federals gained some ground and captured the division of
-General Stewart; but the losses of Lee were less than those
-of his antagonist.</p>
-
-<p>18. Grant again moved to the left, and came to Cold Harbor,
-twelve miles northeast of Richmond. Here, on the 1st of June,
-he attacked the Confederates, but was repulsed with heavy
-losses. On the morning of the 3d the assault was renewed,
-and in half an hour nearly ten thousand Union soldiers fell
-dead or wounded before the Confederate intrenchments. The
-repulse of the Federals was complete, but they held their lines
-as firmly as ever.</p>
-
-<p>19. General Grant now changed his base to James River.
-General Butler had already taken City Point and Bermuda
-Hundred. Here, on the 15th of June, he was joined by
-General Grant's whole army, and the combined forces moved
-forward and began the siege of Petersburg.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Operations in the Valley.</div>
-
-<p>20. Meanwhile important movements were
-taking place on the Shenandoah. When
-Grant moved from the Rapidan, General
-Sigel marched up the valley to New Market, where he was
-met and defeated by the Confederate cavalry, under General
-Breckinridge. The latter then returned to Richmond, whereupon
-the Federals faced about, overtook the Confederates at
-Piedmont, and gained a signal
-victory. From this place
-Generals Hunter and Averill
-advanced against Lynchburg.
-By this movement the
-valley of the Shenandoah was
-again exposed to invasion.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig107.jpg" alt="Philip H. Sheridan."/>
-<p class="caption center">Philip H. Sheridan.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>21. Lee immediately dispatched
-General Early to
-cross the Blue Ridge, invade
-Maryland and threaten
-Washington City. With
-twenty thousand men Early
-began his march, and on the
-5th of July crossed the Potomac.
-On the 9th he defeated
-the division of General Wallace on the Monocacy. But the
-battle saved Washington and Baltimore from capture.</p>
-
-<p>22. General Wright followed Early as far as Winchester.
-But the latter wheeled upon him, and the Union troops were
-driven across the Potomac. Early next invaded Pennsylvania
-and burned Chambersburg. General Grant now appointed
-General Philip H. Sheridan to command the army on the Upper
-Potomac. The troops placed at his disposal numbered
-nearly forty thousand. On the 19th of September, Sheridan
-marched upon Early at Winchester, and routed him in a hard-fought
-battle. On the 22d of September he gained another
-complete victory at Fisher's Hill.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Sheridan's Ride from Winchester.</b></div>
-
-<p>23. Sheridan next turned about to ravage the valley. The
-ruinous work was fearfully well done. Nothing worth fighting
-for was left between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies.
-Maddened by his defeats, Early rallied his forces, and again
-entered the valley. Sheridan had posted his army on Cedar
-Creek, and, feeling secure, had gone to Washington. On the
-19th of October, Early surprised the Union camp, captured
-the artillery, and sent the routed troops flying in confusion
-toward Winchester. The Confederates pursued
-as far as Middletown, and there paused
-to eat and rest. On the previous night, Sheridan
-had returned to Winchester, and was now coming to rejoin
-his army. He rode
-twelve miles at full
-speed, rallied the
-fugitives, and gained
-one of the most
-signal victories of
-the war. Early's
-army was completely
-ruined.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig108.jpg" alt="Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865."/>
-<p class="caption center">Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>24. All fall and
-winter General
-Grant pressed the
-siege of Petersburg.
-On the 30th
-of July a mine was
-exploded under
-one of the forts;
-but the assaulting
-column was repulsed
-with heavy
-losses. On the
-18th of August a division of the Union army seized the Weldon
-Railroad and held it against several assaults. On the 28th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>
-of September, Battery Harrison was stormed by the Federals, and
-on the next day General Paine's brigade carried the redoubt on
-Spring Hill. On the 27th of October, there was a battle on the
-Boydton road; and then the army went into winter quarters.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Fall of Richmond.</b></div>
-
-<p>25. On the 27th of February, Sheridan gained a victory
-over Early at Waynesboro, and then joined the general-in-chief.
-On the 1st of April, a severe battle was fought at
-Five Forks, in which the Confederates were defeated with a
-loss of six thousand prisoners. On the next day Grant ordered
-a general assault on the lines of Petersburg, and the
-works were carried. On that night Lee's
-army and the Confederate government fled
-from Richmond; and on the following morning
-the Federal troops entered the city. The warehouses
-were fired by the retreating Confederates, and the better part
-of the city was reduced to ruins.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Lee's Surrender.</b></div>
-
-<p>26. General Lee retreated as rapidly as possible to the
-southwest. Once the Confederates turned and fought, but
-were defeated with great losses. For five days the pursuit
-was kept up; and then Lee was brought to bay at Appomattox
-Courthouse. There, on the 9th of April,
-1865, the work was done. General Lee surrendered
-the Army of Northern Virginia, and the Confederacy
-was hopelessly overthrown. General Grant signalized
-the end of the strife by granting to his antagonist the
-most liberal terms. How the army of General Johnston was
-surrendered a few days later has already been narrated. After
-four dreadful years of bloodshed and sorrow, <span class="smcap">THE CIVIL WAR
-WAS AT AN END</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Jefferson Davis Captured.</b></div>
-
-<p>27. The Federal authority was rapidly extended
-over the South. Mr. Davis and his
-cabinet escaped to Danville, and there for a
-few days kept up the forms of government. From that place
-they fled into North Carolina. The ex-President continued
-his flight into Georgia, and encamped near Irwinsville, where,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>
-on the 10th of May, he was captured by General Wilson's
-cavalry. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and kept in
-confinement until May of 1867, when he was taken to Richmond
-to be tried for treason. He was admitted to bail; and
-his case was finally dismissed.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">Nevada Admitted.</div>
-
-<p>28. At the presidential election of 1864,
-Mr. Lincoln was chosen for a second term.
-As Vice-president, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee
-was elected. In the preceding summer, the people of
-Nevada framed a constitution, and on the 31st of October the
-new commonwealth was proclaimed as the thirty-sixth State.
-The gold and silver mines of Nevada soon surpassed those of
-California in their yield of precious metals.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote">The Finances of the War.</div>
-
-<p>29. At the outbreak of the civil war the financial credit of
-the United States sank to a very low ebb. Mr. Chase, the Secretary
-of the Treasury, first sought relief by issuing <span class="smcap">Treasury
-Notes</span>, receivable as money. By the beginning of 1862, the
-expenses of the government had risen to more than a million
-of dollars daily. To meet these tremendous demands on the
-government, Congress next provided <span class="smcap">Internal Revenue</span>.
-This was made up from two general sources: first, <i>a tax on
-manufactures, incomes and salaries</i>; second, <i>a stamp-duty on
-all legal documents</i>. The next measure was
-the issuance of <span class="smcap">Legal Tender Notes</span> of the
-United States, to be used as money. These
-are the notes called <i>Greenbacks</i>. The third great measure
-adopted by the government was the sale of <span class="smcap">United States
-Bonds</span>. The interest upon them was fixed at six per cent.,
-payable semi-annually in gold. In the next place, Congress
-passed an act providing for the establishment of <span class="smcap">National
-Banks</span>. National bonds, instead of gold and silver, were
-used as a basis of the circulation of these banks; and the
-redemption of their bills was guaranteed by the treasury of the
-United States. At the end of the conflict, <i>the national debt
-had reached nearly three thousand millions of dollars</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Pres. Lincoln's Assassination.</b></div>
-
-<p>30. On the 4th of March, 1865, President
-Lincoln was inaugurated for his second term.
-Three days after the evacuation of Richmond
-by Lee's army, the President made a visit to that city. On
-the evening of the 14th of April, he, with his wife and a party
-of friends, attended Ford's Theater in Washington. As the
-play drew near its close, an actor, named John Wilkes Booth,
-stole into the President's box and shot him through the brain.
-Mr. Lincoln lingered in an unconscious state until morning,
-and died. It was the greatest tragedy of modern times. The
-assassin, after the murder, escaped into the darkness.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Secretary Seward Stabbed.</b></div>
-
-<p>31. At the same hour another murderer,
-named Lewis Payne Powell, burst into the
-bed-chamber of Secretary Seward, sprang
-upon the couch of the sick man, and stabbed him nigh unto
-death. The city was wild with alarm. Troops of cavalry departed
-in all directions to hunt down the assassins. On the
-26th of April, Booth was found concealed in a barn south of
-Fredericksburg. Refusing to surrender, he was shot by Sergeant
-Boston Corbett. Powell was caught and hanged. David
-E. Herrold and Geo. A. Atzerott, together with Mrs. Mary E.
-Surratt, at whose house the plot was formed, were also condemned
-and executed. Michael O'Laughlin, Dr. Samuel A.
-Mudd, and Samuel Arnold were sentenced to imprisonment
-for life, and Edward Spangler for six years.</p>
-
-<p>32. So ended in darkness, but not in shame, the career of
-Abraham Lincoln&mdash;one of the most remarkable men of any
-age or country. He was prudent, far-sighted, and resolute;
-thoughtful, calm, and just; patient, tender-hearted, and great.
-The manner of his death consecrated his memory. From city
-to city, in one vast funeral procession, the mourning people
-followed his remains to their last resting-place at Springfield,
-Illinois.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.&mdash;Part VI.</span></h2>
-
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLIV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Describe the situation of affairs at the opening of Lincoln's Administration.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>2. Give the causes, general and special, of the Civil War.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLVI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>3. Outline the campaigns of 1861.</li>
-<li>4. Tell of the organization of the Confederate Government.</li>
-<li>5. State the difficulty that now arose with Great Britain.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLVII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>6. Give an account of the campaigns along the Cumberland, the Tennessee,
-and the Mississippi Rivers.</li>
-<li>7. Outline the movements of the year 1862 in and about Virginia.</li>
-<li>8. What were the general conditions and prospects of the armies at
-the close of 1862?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLVIII.</h3>
-<ul>
-<li>9. Tell about the Emancipation Proclamation.</li>
-<li>10. Describe the capture of Vicksburg.</li>
-<li>11. Sketch the subsequent movements of 1863.</li>
-<li>12. Tell of the Conscription Act, and the results from it.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER XLIX.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>13. Outline the military movements of 1864 under General Sherman.</li>
-<li>14. Sketch the campaigns along the Potomac, with the capture of Richmond,
-and the retreat and surrender of Lee's army.</li>
-<li>15. Tell of the breaking up of the Confederate Government.</li>
-<li>16. What was the condition of the National finances, and what measures
-had been enacted, from 1862 to 1865, for their relief.</li>
-<li>17. Give an account of the assassination of President Lincoln.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="Part_VII" id="Part_VII"></a><span class="smcap">Part VII.</span></h2>
-
-<h2>THE NATION REUNITED.</h2>
-
-<div class="center">A. D. 1865-1891.</div>
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_L" id="CHAPTER_L"></a>CHAPTER L.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Johnson's Administration, 1865-1869.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ON the day after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Andrew
-Johnson became President of the United States. He
-was a native of Raleigh, North Carolina&mdash;born in 1808.
-With no advantages of
-education, he passed his
-boyhood in poverty. In
-1828 he removed to Greenville,
-Tennessee, where he
-soon rose to distinction, and
-was elected to Congress.
-As a member of the United
-States Senate in 1860-61,
-he opposed secession with
-all his powers. In 1862 he
-was appointed military governor
-of Tennessee. This
-office he held until he was
-nominated for the vice-presidency.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig109.jpg" alt="Andrew Johnson."/>
-<p class="caption center">Andrew Johnson.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. On the 1st of February, 1865, Congress adopted an
-amendment to the Constitution by which slavery was abolished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>
-throughout the Union. By the 18th of the following December,
-the amendment had been ratified by the legislatures of
-twenty-seven States, and was duly proclaimed as a part of the
-Constitution. The emancipation proclamation had been issued
-<i>as a military necessity</i>; and the results of the instrument were
-now incorporated in the fundamental law of the land.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Amnesty Proclamation.</b></div>
-
-<p>3. On the 29th of May, the <span class="smcap">Amnesty
-Proclamation</span> was issued by the President.
-By its provisions a pardon was extended
-to all persons&mdash;except those specified in certain classes&mdash;who
-had taken part in upholding the Confederacy. During
-the summer of 1865, the great armies were disbanded, and the
-victors and vanquished returned to their homes to resume the
-works of peace.</p>
-
-<p>4. The finances of the nation were in an alarming condition.
-The war-debt went on increasing until the beginning of 1866.
-The yearly interest grew to a hundred and thirty-three million
-dollars in gold. The expenses of the government had reached
-two hundred millions of dollars annually. But the revenues of
-the nation proved sufficient to meet these enormous outlays,
-and at last the debt began to diminish.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The French in Mexico.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. During the civil war, the emperor Napoleon
-III. succeeded in setting up a French
-empire in Mexico. In 1864 the Mexican
-crown was conferred on Maximilian of Austria, who sustained
-his authority with French and Austrian soldiers. But the
-Mexican president Juarez headed a revolution; the government
-of the United States rebuked France for her conduct;
-Napoleon withdrew his army; Maximilian was overthrown;
-and eventually, on the 13th of June, 1867, was tried and condemned
-to be shot. Six days afterwards the sentence was
-carried into execution.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Atlantic Cable.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. After a few weeks of successful operation, the first Atlantic
-telegraph had ceased to work. But Mr. Field continued to
-advocate his measure and to plead for assistance both in Europe
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>
-and America. He made fifty voyages across the Atlantic, and
-finally secured sufficient capital to lay a second cable. The
-work began from the coast of Ireland in the summer of 1865;
-but the first cable parted and was lost. In
-July of 1866 a third cable, two thousand miles
-in length, was coiled in the <i>Great Eastern</i>,
-and again the vessel started on its way. This time the
-work was completely successful. Mr. Field received a gold
-medal from Congress, and the plaudits of all civilized
-nations.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Territories.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. In March of 1861, the Territory of
-Dakota, destined after twenty-eight years to
-become two great states, was detached from Nebraska and
-given a distinct organization. The State of Kansas had at
-last, on the 29th of January, 1861, been admitted into the
-Union, under a constitution framed at Wyandotte. In February,
-1863, Arizona was separated from New Mexico, and on
-the 3d of March, in that year, Idaho was organized out of portions
-of Dakota, Nebraska, and Washington Territories. On
-the 26th of May, 1864, Montana was cut off from Idaho. On
-the 1st of March, 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the
-Union as the thirty-seventh State. Finally, on the 25th of
-July, 1868, the Territory of Wyoming was organized out of
-portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Purchase of Alaska.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The year 1867 was signalized by the
-<span class="smcap">Purchase of Alaska</span>. Two years previously,
-the territory had been explored by
-a corps of scientific men with a view of establishing telegraphic
-communication with Asia. The explorers found that
-the coast-fisheries were of great value, and that the forests
-of white pine and yellow cedar were among the finest in the
-world. Negotiations for the purchase were at once opened,
-and on the 30th of March, 1867, a treaty was concluded by
-which, for the sum of seven million two hundred thousand
-dollars, Russia ceded Alaska to the United States. The territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span>
-embraced an area of five hundred and eighty thousand square
-miles, and a population of twenty-nine thousand souls.</p>
-
-<p>9. Very soon after his accession, a serious disagreement arose
-between the President and Congress. The difficulty grew out
-of the question of reorganizing the Southern States. The
-point in dispute was the relation which those States had
-sustained to the Federal Union during the civil war. The
-President held that the ordinances of secession were null and
-void, and that the seceded States <i>had never been out of the
-Union</i>. The majority in Congress held that the acts of secession
-were illegal and unconstitutional, but that the seceded States
-had been actually detached from the Union, and that special
-legislation was necessary in order to restore them to their
-former relations.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Reconstruction.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. In 1865, measures of reconstruction
-were begun by the President. On the 9th of
-May, a proclamation was issued for the restoration of Virginia
-to the Union. Twenty days later a provisional government
-was established over South Carolina; and similar measures
-were adopted in respect to the other States of the Confederacy.
-On the 24th of June, all restrictions on trade and
-intercourse with the Southern States were removed. On
-the 7th of September a second amnesty proclamation was
-issued, by which all persons who had upheld the Confederate
-cause&mdash;excepting the leaders&mdash;were unconditionally pardoned.
-Meanwhile, Tennessee had been reorganized, and in 1866 was
-restored to its place in the Union. When Congress convened,
-a committee of fifteen members was appointed, to which were
-referred all questions concerning the reorganization of the
-Southern States. In accordance with measures reported by this
-committee, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana,
-North Carolina, and South Carolina were reconstructed, and
-in June and July of 1868 readmitted into the Union. Congress
-had, in the mean time, passed the <span class="smcap">Civil Rights Bill</span>,
-by which the privileges of citizenship were conferred on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>
-freedmen of the South. All of these congressional enactments
-were effected over the veto of the President.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Impeachment Trial.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. Meanwhile, a difficulty had arisen in the President's
-cabinet which led to his impeachment. On the 21st of February,
-1868, he notified Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War,
-of his dismissal from office. The act was regarded by Congress
-as a usurpation of authority and a violation of law. On the
-3d of March, articles of impeachment were
-agreed to by the House of Representatives,
-and the President was summoned before
-the Senate for trial. Proceedings began on the 23d of March
-and continued until the 26th of May, when the President
-was acquitted. Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase, one of the
-most eminent of American statesmen and jurists, presided
-during the impeachment.</p>
-
-<p>12. The time for another presidential election was already
-at hand. General Ulysses S. Grant was nominated by the
-Republicans, and Horatio Seymour, of New York, by the Democrats.
-The canvass was one of great excitement. The questions
-most discussed by the political speakers were those arising
-out of the civil war. The principles advocated by the majority
-in Congress furnished the Republican platform of 1868, and on
-that platform General Grant was elected by a large majority.
-As Vice-president, Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was chosen.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LI" id="CHAPTER_LI"></a>CHAPTER LI.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Grant's Administration, 1869-1877.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">ULYSSES S. Grant, eighteenth President of the United
-States, was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822.
-At the age of seventeen he
-entered the Military Academy
-at West Point, and was graduated
-in 1843. He served with
-distinction in the Mexican
-war; but his first national
-reputation was won by the
-capture of Forts Henry and
-Donelson. From that time
-he rapidly rose in rank, and
-in March, 1864, was appointed
-lieutenant-general and general-in-chief
-of the Union
-army.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig110.jpg" alt="Ulysses S. Grant."/>
-<p class="caption center">Ulysses S. Grant.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Pacific Railroad.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The first great event of
-the new administration was
-the completion of the <span class="smcap">Pacific Railroad</span>. The first division
-of the road extended from Omaha, Nebraska, to Ogden, Utah,
-a distance of one thousand and thirty-two
-miles. The western division reached from
-Ogden to San Francisco, a distance of eight
-hundred and eighty-two miles. On the 10th of May, 1869,
-the work was completed with appropriate ceremonies.</p>
-
-<p>3. Before the inauguration of President Grant two additional
-amendments to the Constitution had been adopted. The first
-of these, known as the Fourteenth Amendment, extended the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>
-right of citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the
-United States, and declared the validity of the public debt.
-Early in 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted by Congress,
-providing that the right of citizens to vote shall not be
-denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition
-of servitude. This clause was proclaimed by the President
-as a part of the Constitution on the 30th of March, 1870.</p>
-
-<p>4. In the first three months of the same year, the reorganization
-of the Southern States was completed. On the 24th of
-January, the senators and representatives of Virginia were readmitted
-to their seats in Congress. On the 23d of February
-a like action was taken in regard to Mississippi; and on the
-30th of March the work was finished by the readmission of
-Texas.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Growth of the Nation.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. In 1870 was completed the ninth census
-of the United States. Notwithstanding the
-ravages of war, the past ten years had been a
-period of growth and progress. During that time the population
-had increased to thirty-eight million five hundred and
-eighty-seven thousand souls. The national debt was rapidly
-falling off. The products of the United States had grown to
-a vast aggregate. American manufacturers were competing
-with those of all nations in the markets of the world. The
-Union now embraced thirty-seven States and eleven Territories.
-The national domain had spread to the vast area of
-three million six hundred and four thousand square miles. Few
-things have been more wonderful than the territorial and
-material growth of the United States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>San Domingo Commission.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. In January of 1871, President Grant appointed
-Senator Wade of Ohio, Professor
-White of New York, and Dr. Samuel Howe
-of Massachusetts, to visit San Domingo and report upon the
-desirability of annexing that island to the United States.
-The measure was earnestly favored by the President. After
-three months spent abroad, the commissioners returned and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
-reported in favor of annexation; but the proposal met with
-opposition in Congress, and was defeated.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Alabama Claims.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. The claim of the United States against the British government
-for damages done by Confederate cruisers during the
-civil war still remained unsettled. After the war Great Britain
-grew anxious for an adjustment of the difficulty. On the 27th
-of February, 1871, a joint high commission, composed of five
-British and five American statesmen, assembled at Washington
-City. From the fact that the cruiser <i>Alabama</i> had done most
-of the injury complained of, the claims of
-the United States were called the <span class="smcap">Alabama
-Claims</span>. After much discussion, the commissioners
-framed a treaty, known as the Treaty of Washington.
-It was agreed that all claims of either nation against the other
-should be submitted to a board of arbitration to be appointed
-by friendly nations. Such a court was formed, and in the summer
-of 1872 convened at Geneva, Switzerland. The cause of
-the two nations was heard, and on the 14th of September decided
-in favor of the United States. Great Britain was required
-to pay into the Federal treasury fifteen million five hundred
-thousand dollars.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Chicago Fire.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The year 1871 is noted in American history
-for the burning of Chicago. On the evening
-of the 8th of October a fire broke out in
-De Koven street, and was driven by a high wind into the lumber-yards
-and wooden houses of the neighborhood. All the
-next day the flames rolled on, sweeping into a blackened ruin
-the most valuable portion of the city. The area burned over
-was two thousand one hundred acres, or three and a third
-square miles. Nearly two hundred lives were lost, and the
-property destroyed amounted to about two hundred millions
-of dollars.</p>
-
-<p>9. As the first term of President Grant drew to a close, the
-political parties made ready for the twenty-second presidential
-election. Many parts of the chief magistrate's policy had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>
-been made the subjects of controversy. The congressional
-plan of reconstruction had been unfavorably received in the
-South. The elevation of the negro race to the rights of
-citizenship was regarded
-with apprehension. The
-military spirit was still rife
-in the country, and the
-issues of the civil war were
-rediscussed with much bitterness.
-On these issues
-the people divided in the
-election of 1872. The
-Republicans renominated
-General Grant for the presidency.
-For the vice-presidency
-Mr. Colfax was succeeded
-by Henry Wilson
-of Massachusetts. As the
-standard-bearer of the Liberal
-Republican and Democratic
-parties, Horace Greeley, editor of the New York <i>Tribune</i>,
-was nominated. This was the last act in that remarkable man's
-career. For more than thirty years he had been a leader of
-public opinion in America. The canvass was one of wild excitement.
-Mr. Greeley was overwhelmingly defeated, and died in
-less than a month after the election.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig111.jpg" alt="Horace Greeley."/>
-<p class="caption center">Horace Greeley.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Boston Fire.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. On the evening of the 9th of November,
-a fire broke out on the corner of Kingston
-and Summer streets, Boston; spread to the
-northeast; and continued with unabated fury until the morning
-of the 11th. The best portion of the city, embracing some of
-the finest blocks in the United States, was laid in ashes. The
-burnt district covered an area of sixty-five acres. Fifteen lives,
-eight hundred buildings, and property to the value of eighty
-million dollars were lost in the conflagration.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Modoc War.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. In the spring of 1872, the Modoc Indians
-were ordered to remove from their lands on
-Lake Klamath, Oregon, to a new reservation.
-They refused to go; and in the following November, a body
-of troops was sent to force them into compliance. The Modocs
-resisted, kept up the war during the winter, and then retreated
-into a volcanic region called the lava-beds. Here, in the spring
-of 1873, the Indians were surrounded. On the 11th of April,
-a conference was held between them and six members of the
-peace commission; but in the midst of the council the savages
-rose upon the kind-hearted men who sat beside them, and murdered
-General Canby and Dr. Thomas in cold blood. Mr.
-Meacham, another member of the commission, was shot, but
-escaped with his life. The Modocs were then besieged in their
-stronghold; but it was the 1st of June before Captain Jack
-and his band were obliged to surrender. The chiefs were
-tried by court-martial and executed in the following October.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Credit Mobilier.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. About the beginning of President
-Grant's second term, the country was agitated
-by the <span class="smcap">Credit Mobilier Investigation</span>
-in Congress. The Credit Mobilier was a joint stock
-company, organized in 1863 for the purpose of constructing
-public works. In 1867, another company, which had undertaken
-to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased the charter of
-the Credit Mobilier, and the capital was increased to three
-million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Owing to
-the profitableness of the work, the stock rose in value and large
-dividends were paid to the shareholders. In 1872 it became
-known that much of this stock <i>was owned by members of Congress</i>.
-A suspicion that those members had voted corruptly in
-matters affecting the Pacific Railroad seized the public mind,
-and led to a congressional investigation, in the course of which
-many scandalous transactions were brought to light.</p>
-
-<p>13. In the autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous
-financial panics ever known in the United States. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
-alarm was given by the failure of Jay Cooke &amp; Company
-of Philadelphia. Other failures followed in rapid succession.
-Depositors hurried to the banks and withdrew their money.
-Business was paralyzed, and many months elapsed before confidence
-was sufficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers
-to engage in the usual transactions of trade.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Centennial Exposition.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. With the coming of 1876 the people
-made ready to celebrate the <span class="smcap">Centennial
-of American Independence</span>. The city of
-Philadelphia was the central point of interest. There, on the
-10th of May, the great International Exposition was opened
-with imposing ceremonies. In Fairmount Park, on the Schuylkill,
-were erected beautiful buildings to receive the products
-of art and industry from all nations. By the beginning of
-summer these stately edifices were filled to overflowing with
-the richest products, gathered from every clime and country.
-On the 4th of July the centennial of the great Declaration
-was commemorated in Philadelphia with an impressive oration
-by William M. Evarts, of New York, and a National Ode
-by the poet, Bayard Taylor. The average daily attendance of
-visitors at the Exposition was over sixty-one thousand. The
-grounds were open for one hundred and fifty-eight days; and
-the receipts for admission amounted to more than three million
-seven hundred thousand dollars. On the 10th of November,
-the Exposition, the most successful of its kind ever held, was
-formally closed by the President of the United States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Sioux War.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. The last year of President Grant's administration
-was noted for the <span class="smcap">war with
-the Sioux</span>. These fierce savages had, in 1867, made a treaty
-with the United States, agreeing to relinquish all of the territory
-south of the Niobrara, west of the one hundred and fourth
-meridian, and north of the forty-sixth parallel. By this treaty
-the Sioux were confined to a large reservation in southwestern
-Dakota, and upon this they agreed to retire by the first of
-January, 1876. But many of the tribes continued to roam at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
-large through Wyoming and Montana, burning houses, stealing
-horses, and murdering whoever opposed them.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig112.jpg" alt="Custer's Last Fight."/>
-<p class="caption center">Custer's Last Fight.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. The Government now undertook to drive the Sioux upon
-their reservation. A large force of regulars, under Generals
-Terry and Crook, was sent into the mountainous country of the
-Upper Yellowstone, and the savages, to the number of several
-thousand, were crowded back against the Big Horn Mountains
-and River. Generals Custer and Reno, who were sent forward
-with the Seventh Cavalry to discover the whereabouts of the
-Indians, found them on the left bank of the Little Horn.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Custer's Defeat on the Little Horn.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. On the 25th of June, General Custer,
-without waiting for reinforcements, charged
-headlong with his division into the Indian
-town, and was immediately surrounded. The struggle equaled
-in desperation and disaster any other Indian battle ever fought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
-in America. <i>General Custer and every man of his command
-fell in the fight.</i> The whole loss of the Seventh Cavalry was
-two hundred and sixty-one killed, and fifty-two wounded.
-General Reno held his position, on the bluffs of the Little
-Horn, until General Gibbon arrived with reinforcements and
-saved the remnant from destruction.</p>
-
-<p>18. Other divisions of the army were soon hurried forward,
-and during the summer and autumn the Indians were beaten
-in several engagements. On the 24th of November, the Sioux
-were decisively defeated by Colonel McKenzie at a pass in the
-Big Horn Mountains. On the 5th of January, the savages were
-again overtaken and routed by the forces of Colonel Miles.
-The remaining bands, under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse,
-being able to offer no further serious resistance, escaped across
-the border into Canada.</p>
-
-<p>19. In August, 1876, Colorado took her place as the thirty-eighth
-State of the Union. The population of the "Centennial
-State" numbered forty-five thousand.</p>
-
-<p>20. The twenty-third presidential election was one of the
-most exciting and critical in the history of the nation. General
-Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of
-New York, were chosen as candidates by the Republicans;
-Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks,
-of Indiana, by the Democrats. The Independent Greenback
-party presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New York, and
-Samuel F. Cary, of Ohio. The canvass began early and with
-great spirit. The real contest lay between the Republicans
-and the Democrats. The election was held. The general
-result was uncertain, <i>and both parties claimed the victory</i>!
-The election was so evenly balanced; there had been so much
-irregularity in the elections in South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana,
-and Oregon; and the power of Congress over the
-electoral proceedings was so poorly defined, that no certain
-result could be announced. For the first time in the history
-of the country, there was <i>a disputed presidency</i>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Electoral Commission.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. When Congress convened in December,
-the whole question came before that body
-for adjustment. After much debating it was
-agreed that the disputed election returns should be referred
-for decision to a <span class="smcap">Joint High Commission</span>, consisting of
-five members chosen from the United States Senate, five
-from the House of Representatives, and five from the Supreme
-Court. The Commission was accordingly constituted. The
-returns of the disputed States were referred to the tribunal;
-and on the 2d of March a result was reached. The Republican
-candidates were declared elected. One hundred and
-eighty-five electoral votes were cast for Hayes and Wheeler,
-and one hundred and eighty-four for Tilden and Hendricks.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LII" id="CHAPTER_LII"></a>CHAPTER LII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Hayes's Administration, 1877-1881.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap">RUTHERFORD B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the
-United States, was born in Delaware, Ohio, on the 4th of
-October, 1822. His ancestors
-were soldiers of the
-Revolution. His primary
-education was received in
-the public schools. At the
-age of twenty, he was graduated
-from Kenyon College.
-In 1845 he completed
-his legal studies, and began
-the practice of his profession,
-first at Marietta, then
-at Fremont, and finally as
-city solicitor, in Cincinnati.
-During the Civil War he
-performed much honorable
-service in the Union cause,
-rose to the rank of major-general, and in 1864, while still in
-the field, was elected to Congress. Three years later, he was
-chosen governor of his native State, and was reelected in 1869,
-and again in 1875.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig113.jpg" alt="Rutherford B. Hayes."/>
-<p class="caption center">Rutherford B. Hayes.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Great Railroad Strike.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. In the summer of 1877, in consequence
-of a threatened reduction in the wages of
-railway employes, occurred what is known as
-the <span class="smcap">Great Railroad Strike</span>. On the 16th of July, the
-workmen of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad left their posts
-and gathered such strength in Baltimore and at Martinsburg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
-West Virginia, as to prevent the running of trains. The militia
-was called out by Governor Matthews, but was soon dispersed
-by the strikers. The President then ordered General French
-to the scene with a body of regulars, and the blockade of the
-road was raised.</p>
-
-<p>3. Meanwhile, the trains had been stopped on all the important
-roads between the Hudson and the Mississippi, and
-business was paralyzed. In Pittsburgh the strikers, rioters,
-and dangerous classes, gathering in a mob to the number of
-twenty thousand, held, for two days, a reign of terror unparalleled
-in the history of the country. The insurrection was
-finally suppressed by the regular troops and the Pennsylvania
-militia, but not until nearly one hundred lives, and property
-to the value of more than three millions of dollars, had been
-lost. Riots also occurred, or were threatened, at Chicago,
-St. Louis, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville,
-Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne. By the close of the month,
-the alarming insurrection was at an end.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Nez Perc� War.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. In the spring of 1877 a war broke out
-with the Nez Perc� Indians of Idaho. The
-national authorities in 1854 purchased a part
-of the Nez Perc� territory, large reservations being made in
-northwestern Idaho and northeastern Oregon, but some of the
-chiefs refused to ratify the compact, and remained at large.
-This was the beginning of difficulties.</p>
-
-<p>5. The war began with the usual depredations by the Indians.
-General Howard marched against them with a small force of
-regulars; but the Nez Perc�s, led by their noted chieftain
-Joseph, fled. During the greater part of summer the pursuit
-continued. In the fall they were chased through the mountains
-into northern Montana, where they were confronted by other
-troops commanded by Colonel Miles.</p>
-
-<p>6. The Nez Perc�s were next driven across the Missouri
-River, and were finally surrounded in their camp north of the
-Bear Paw Mountains. Here, on the 4th of October, they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>
-were attacked, and completely routed by the forces of Colonel
-Miles. Only a few, led by the chief White Bird, escaped.
-Three hundred and seventy-five of the captive Nez Perc�s
-were brought back to the American post on the Missouri.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Remonetization of Silver.</b></div>
-
-<p>7. During the year 1877 the public mind was greatly agitated
-concerning the <span class="smcap">Remonetization of Silver</span>. By the
-first coinage regulations of the United States the standard unit
-of value was the silver dollar. From 1792
-until 1873, the quantity of pure metal in this
-unit had never been changed, though the
-amount of alloy contained in the dollar was altered several
-times. In 1849 a gold dollar was added to the coinage, and
-from that time forth the standard unit of value existed in both
-metals. In 1873-74 a series of acts were adopted by Congress
-bearing upon the standard unit of value, whereby the
-legal-tender quality of silver was abolished, and the silver
-dollar omitted from the list of coins to be struck at the
-national mints.</p>
-
-<p>8. In January, 1875, the <span class="smcap">Resumption Act</span> was passed by
-Congress. It was declared that on the 1st of January, 1879,
-the Government should begin to redeem its outstanding legal-tender
-notes <i>in coin</i>. The question was now raised as to the
-meaning of the word "coin" in the act; and, for the first time,
-the attention of the people was aroused to the fact that the
-privilege of paying debts in silver had been taken away. A
-great agitation followed, and in 1878 a measure in Congress
-was passed over the President's veto, for the restoration of the
-legal-tender quality of the old silver dollar, and for the compulsory
-coinage of that unit at a rate of not less than two
-millions of dollars a month.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Yellow Fever Epidemic.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. In the summer of 1878 several of the
-Gulf States were scourged with a <span class="smcap">Yellow
-Fever Epidemic</span>. The disease made its appearance
-in New Orleans, and from thence was scattered
-among the towns along the Mississippi. A regular system of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>
-contributions was established in the Northern States, and men
-and treasure were poured out without stint to relieve the
-suffering South. After more than twenty thousand people
-had fallen victims to the plague, the frosts of October came
-and ended the pestilence.</p>
-
-<p>10. By the Treaty of Washington (1871), it was agreed
-that the right of the United States in certain sea-fisheries
-in the neighborhood of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, hitherto
-claimed by Great Britain, should be acknowledged and maintained.
-The government of the United States agreed to relinquish
-the duties which had hitherto been charged on certain
-kinds of fish imported by British subjects into American harbors;
-and, in order to balance any discrepancy, it was further
-agreed that any total advantage to the United States might
-be compensated by a gross sum to be paid by the American
-government. This sum was fixed at five million dollars in
-November, 1877, and a year later the amount was paid to
-the British government.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Chinese Embassy.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. The year 1878 witnessed the establishment
-of a <span class="smcap">resident Chinese Embassy</span> at
-Washington. For twenty years the great treaty
-negotiated by Anson Burlingame had been in force between
-the United States and China. The commercial relations of
-the two countries had been vastly extended. On the 28th of
-September the embassy chosen by the imperial government
-was received by the President. The ceremonies of the occasion
-were among the most interesting ever witnessed in Washington.
-The speech of Chen Lan Pin, the minister, was equal in
-dignity and appropriateness to the best efforts of a European
-diplomatist.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Life Saving Service.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. In June, 1878, the <span class="smcap">Life Saving Service
-of the United States</span> was established
-by act of Congress. The plan proposed the
-establishment of regular stations and lighthouses on all the
-exposed parts of the Atlantic coast and along the Great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>
-Lakes. Each station was to be manned by a band of surfmen
-experienced in the dangers peculiar to the shore in times of
-storms, and drilled in the best methods of rescue and resuscitation.
-Boats and other appliances of the most approved
-pattern were provided and equipped. The success of the
-enterprise has been so great as to reflect the highest credit on
-its promoters. The number of lives saved through the agency
-of the service reaches to thousands annually, and the amount
-of human suffering and distress alleviated by this beneficent
-movement is beyond computation.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Specie Resumption.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. On the 1st of January, 1879, the
-<span class="smcap">Resumption of Specie Payments</span> was accomplished
-by the treasury of the United
-States. After seventeen years' disappearance, gold and silver
-coin, which during that time had been at a premium over the
-legal-tender notes of the government, again came into common
-circulation.</p>
-
-<p>14. The presidential election of 1880 was accompanied with
-the excitement usually attendant upon great political struggles
-in the United States. The Republican national convention was
-held in Chicago on the 2d and 3d of June; a platform of principles
-was adopted, and General James A. Garfield, of Ohio,
-was nominated for President. For Vice-president, Chester A.
-Arthur, of New York, received the nomination. The Democratic
-national convention assembled at Cincinnati on the 22d
-of June, and nominated for the presidency General Winfield S.
-Hancock, of New York, and for the Vice-presidency William
-H. English, of Indiana. The National Greenback party held
-a convention in Chicago on the 9th of June, and nominated
-General James B. Weaver, of Iowa, for President, and General
-Benjamin J. Chambers, of Texas, for Vice-president. The
-election resulted in the choice of Garfield and Arthur. Two
-hundred and fourteen electoral votes, embracing those of
-nearly all the Northern States, were cast for the Republican
-candidates.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>General Grant's Tour.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. Soon after retiring from the presidency,
-General Grant, with his family and a company
-of personal friends, set out to make a
-<span class="smcap">TOUR OF THE WORLD</span>. The expedition attracted the most
-conspicuous attention both at home and abroad. The departure
-from Philadelphia on the 17th of May, 1877, was the
-beginning of such a pageant as was never before extended to
-any citizen of any nation of the
-earth. General Grant visited
-Europe, India, Burmah and
-Siam; China and Japan. In
-the fall of 1879 the party returned
-to San Francisco, bearing
-with them the highest
-tokens of esteem which the
-great nations of the Old World
-could bestow upon the honored
-representative of the New.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig114.jpg" alt="Oliver P. Morton."/>
-<p class="caption center">Oliver P. Morton.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>16. The <span class="smcap">Census of 1880</span>
-was undertaken with more system
-and care than ever before
-in the history of the country.
-The work was intrusted to the
-superintendency of Professor Francis A. Walker. In every
-source of national power, the development of the country was
-shown to have continued without abatement. The total population
-of the States and Territories now amounted to 50,182,525&mdash;an
-increase since 1870 of <i>more than a million inhabitants a
-year</i>! The center of population had moved westward about
-fifty miles, to the vicinity of Cincinnati.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Oliver P. Morton.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. During the administration of Hayes
-several eminent Americans passed from the
-scene of their earthly activities. On the 1st
-of November, 1877, the distinguished senator, Oliver P. Morton,
-died of paralysis at his home in Indianapolis. His reputation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>
-in his own State and throughout the Union was very great,
-and his sterling character had won the respect even of his
-political enemies. As War Governor of Indiana, he had been
-one of the main pillars of support to the Union in the trying
-days of the Civil War. After that event he had become one of
-the foremost men of the nation. Although but fifty-four years
-of age, he had risen to be a recognized leader in American
-statesmanship. His death was regarded as a public calamity,
-and the Nation, without distinction of party, joined with his
-own State in doing honor to the memory of the great dead.</p>
-
-<p>18. Still more universally felt was the loss of the great poet
-and journalist, William Cullen Bryant, who on the 12th of June,
-1878, at the advanced age of eighty-four, passed from among
-the living. For more than sixty years his name had been known
-and honored wherever the English language was spoken. On
-the 19th of December, in the same year, the illustrious Bayard
-Taylor, who had recently been appointed American Minister to
-the German Empire, died suddenly in the city of Berlin. His
-life had been exclusively devoted to literary work; and almost
-every department of letters, from the common tasks of journalism
-to the highest charms of poetry, had been adorned by his
-genius. On the 1st day of November, 1879, Zachariah Chandler,
-of Michigan, one of the organizers of the Republican
-party, and a great leader of that party in the times of the civil
-war, died suddenly at Chicago; and on the 24th day of April,
-1881, the noted publisher and author, James T. Fields, died at
-his home in Boston.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LIII" id="CHAPTER_LIII"></a>CHAPTER LIII.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Administration of Garfield and Arthur, 1881-1885.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">JAMES A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United
-J States, was born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November
-19, 1831. He was left in infancy to the sole care of
-his mother and to the rude surroundings of a backwoods home.
-In boyhood he served as a driver and pilot of a canal boat plying
-the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal. At the age of seventeen
-he attended the High School
-in Chester, was afterwards a
-student at Hiram College,
-and in 1854 entered Williams
-College, from which he was
-graduated with honor.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig115.jpg" alt="James A. Garfield."/>
-<p class="caption center">James A. Garfield.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. In the same year, Garfield
-returned to Ohio, and
-was made first a professor and
-afterwards president of Hiram
-College. This position he
-held until the outbreak of the
-Civil War, when he left his
-post to enter the army. In
-the service he rose to distinction,
-and while still in the
-field was elected by the people of his district to the lower
-house of Congress. In 1879 he was elected to the United
-States Senate, and hard upon this followed his nomination and
-election to the presidency. American history has furnished
-but few instances of a more steady and brilliant rise, from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>
-poverty of an obscure boyhood, to the most distinguished elective
-office in the gift of mankind.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The "Spoils System."</b></div>
-
-<p>3. On the 4th of March, 1881, President Garfield delivered
-his inaugural address, and the new administration entered upon
-its course with omens of an auspicious future. But its prospects
-were soon darkened with political difficulties.
-A division arose in the ranks of the
-Republican party. The two wings of the
-Republicans were nicknamed the "Stalwarts" and the "Half-Breeds":
-the former, headed by Senator Conkling of New
-York; the latter, led by Mr. Blaine, Secretary of State, and
-indorsed by the President himself. The Stalwarts claimed the
-right of dispensing the appointive offices of the Government,
-after the manner which had prevailed for many preceding administrations;
-the President, supported by his division of the
-party, insisted on naming the officers in the various States
-according to his own wishes.</p>
-
-<p>4. The chief clash between the two influences in the party
-occurred in New York. The collectorship of customs for the
-port of New York is the best appointive office in the Government.
-To fill this position the President nominated Judge
-William Robertson, and the appointment was antagonized by
-the New York senators, Conkling and Platt, who, failing to
-prevent the confirmation of Robertson, resigned their seats,
-returned to their State, and failed of a reelection.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Assassination of Pres. Garfield.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. A few days after the adjournment of the Senate in June, the
-President, in company with Secretary Blaine
-and a few friends, entered the railroad depot at
-Washington to take the train for Long Branch,
-New Jersey. A moment afterwards he was approached by a
-miserable miscreant, who, unperceived, came within a few feet
-of the company, drew a pistol, and fired upon the Chief Magistrate.
-The shot struck the President in the back, and inflicted
-a dreadful wound. The bleeding chieftain was borne away
-to the executive mansion, and the wretch who had committed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>
-the crime was hurried to prison. For eighty days the stricken
-President lingered between life and death, bearing the pain and
-anguish of his situation with a fortitude and heroism rarely
-witnessed among men; but at half-past ten on the evening of
-September 19th, the anniversary of the battle of Chickamauga,
-his vital powers suddenly gave way, and in a few moments
-death closed the scene.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>President Arthur Installed.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. On the day following this deplorable
-event, Vice-president Arthur took the oath of
-office in New York, and repaired to Washington.
-Chester A. Arthur was born in Vernon, Franklin County,
-Vermont, October 5, 1830. He was of Irish descent, and was
-educated at Union College,
-from which institution he
-was graduated in 1849. For
-awhile he taught school in
-his native State, and then
-came to New York City to
-study law. During the civil
-war he was Quartermaster-General
-of the State of
-New York. After 1865 he
-returned to the practice of
-law, and in 1871 was appointed
-Collector of Customs
-for the port of New
-York. This position he held until July, 1878, when he was
-removed by President Hayes. Again he returned to his law
-practice, but was soon called by the voice of his party to be a
-standard-bearer in the Presidential canvass of 1880.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig116.jpg" alt="Chester A. Arthur."/>
-<p class="caption center">Chester A. Arthur.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>7. The administration of President Arthur proved to be uneventful.
-The government pursued the even tenor of its way,
-and the progress of the country was unchecked by calamity.
-Several important scientific inventions were perfected about
-this time, and several great public works completed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Scientific Inventions.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. One of the best examples of the application
-of scientific discovery to the affairs of
-every-day life is that of the <span class="smcap">Telephone</span>. It
-has remained for our day to discover the possibility of transmitting
-or reproducing the human voice at a distance of
-hundreds or even thousands of miles. By means of a simple
-contrivance, a person in one part of the country is able
-to converse with friends in another part, as if face to face.
-The invention of this wonderful instrument is to be credited
-to Professor A. Graham Bell, of Massachusetts, and Elisha P.
-Gray, of Chicago. It should be mentioned, also, that Professor
-A. C. Dolbear, of Tufts College, and the great inventor,
-Thomas A. Edison, have succeeded in the production of telephonic
-instruments.</p>
-
-<p>9. Another recent invention is the <span class="smcap">Phonograph</span>. It is the
-nature of the phonograph to receive and retain the wave-lines
-and figures of sound, whether of the human voice or some
-other sound, and by an ingenious contrivance to reproduce
-those sounds as if they were the original utterance. It is to
-be regretted that thus far the phonograph has proved to be
-of little or no practical utility.</p>
-
-<p>10. But perhaps the greatest invention of the age is the
-<span class="smcap">Electric Light</span>. About 1870 it was first proposed to use
-electricity for practical illumination. Long before this time
-the possibility of electric lighting had been shown by the philosopher
-Gramme, of Paris. About the same time the Russian
-scientist, Jablokoff, also succeeded in converting electricity into
-light. It remained, however, for the great American inventor,
-Thomas A. Edison, to remove the difficulties in the way of
-electric lighting, and to make the invention practical. The
-systems produced by him and others are rapidly taking the
-place of the old methods of illumination.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Great Public Works.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. Among the great public works may be mentioned the
-<span class="smcap">East River Bridge</span>, joining New York with Brooklyn, which
-was opened with appropriate ceremonies on the 24th of May,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
-1883. This structure is the largest of the
-kind in the world, being a suspension bridge,
-with a total length of 5,989 feet. The span
-from pier to pier is 1,595 feet; and the estimated capacity
-of resistance is 49,200 tons. The engineer under whose
-direction the great bridge was constructed was Mr. John A.
-Roebling, who may properly be regarded as the originator of
-wire suspension bridges. Though he did not live to see the
-completion of the work which he had planned, the same was
-taken up and finished by his son, scarcely less noted than his
-father.</p>
-
-<p>12. The recurrence of the birthday of Washington, 1885,
-was noted for the completion of the great monument, erected
-at the Capital, in honor of the Father of his Country. The
-cost of the completed structure was about $1,500,000. The
-shaft of the monument, exclusive of the foundation, is 555 feet
-in height, being 30 feet higher than the cathedral of Cologne,
-and 75 feet higher than the pyramid of Cheops.</p>
-
-<p>13. In the last year of Arthur's administration the command
-of the army of the United States was transferred from General
-William T. Sherman to General Philip H. Sheridan. The former
-eminent soldier, having reached the age at which, according to
-Act of Congress, he might retire from active service, availed
-himself of the provision, and laid down the command which
-he had so long and honorably held. Nor could it be said that
-the new General, to whom the command of the American
-army was now given, was less a patriot and soldier than his
-eminent predecessor.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Disappearance of Political Issues.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. During this administration there was a
-gradual obliteration of those sharply defined
-issues which for a quarter of a century had
-divided the two great political parties. Partisan animosity in
-some measure abated, and it was with difficulty that the managers
-were able to direct the people in the political contest
-of 1884. The issue most clearly defined was that of tariff and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
-free trade, and even this, when much discussed, tended to break
-up both the existing political organizations.</p>
-
-<p>15. During the year 1883 many distinguished men were
-named for the presidential office. The first national convention
-was that of the Greenback-Labor party, held at Indianapolis,
-in April of 1884. By this party, General Benjamin
-F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and A. N. West, of Texas, were
-put in nomination. The Republican convention met on the 3d
-of June, in Chicago, and, after a session of three days, closed
-its labors by the nomination of James G. Blaine, of Maine, and
-General John A. Logan, of Illinois. The Democratic convention
-met in the same city, on the 9th of July, and chose
-for its standard-bearers Grover Cleveland, of New York, and
-Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The result showed that
-the Democratic party had drawn to its banners a majority of
-the American people. Cleveland and Hendricks were elected,
-receiving 219 ballots in the Electoral College, against 182 votes
-which were cast for Blaine and Logan.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LIV" id="CHAPTER_LIV"></a>CHAPTER LIV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Cleveland's Administration, 1885-1889.</span></h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">THE new President was inaugurated on the 4th of March,
-1885. Perhaps the history of the country has furnished
-no other example of such rapid rise to great distinction. Grover
-Cleveland, twenty-second President of the United States, was
-born in Caldwell, New Jersey,
-March 18th, 1837. With his
-father he removed to Fayetteville,
-New York, in 1840. Here
-the youth grew to manhood.
-His education was obtained
-in the common schools and
-academies of the neighborhood.
-In 1857 he removed
-to New York City, and became
-a student of law. In
-1859 he was admitted to the
-bar, and four years afterwards
-was appointed Assistant District
-Attorney for Erie County. In 1869 he was elected Sheriff
-of the same county, and in 1881 he was chosen mayor of
-Buffalo. In 1882 he was elected governor of New York,
-receiving for that office a plurality of more than 190,000 votes.
-Before his term of office had expired he was called by the
-voice of his party to be its standard-bearer in the presidential
-campaign of 1884, in which he was again successful.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig117.jpg" alt="Grover Cleveland."/>
-<p class="caption center">Grover Cleveland.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>New Orleans Exposition.</b></div>
-
-<p>2. The last months of Arthur's and the first of Cleveland's
-administration were noted for the <span class="smcap">International Cotton
-Exposition</span> at New Orleans. This, after the Centennial Exposition
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span>
-of 1876, was the greatest display of
-the kind ever held in the United States.
-The Exposition extended from December
-of 1884 to June of 1885, and was daily attended by thousands
-of visitors from all parts of the United States and from
-many foreign countries. The display was varied and full of
-interest. Intended, in the first place, to exhibit the wonderful
-resources of the South in her peculiar products, the exhibition
-was enlarged to include all branches of production and every
-species of mechanism and art. Among the incidental benefits
-of the Exposition may be mentioned the increased intercourse
-and consequent friendliness of the people of the Northern and
-Southern States.</p>
-
-<p>3. The first year of Cleveland's administration was uneventful.
-The great question before the President was that of the
-<span class="smcap">Reform of the Civil Service</span>. In attempting to substitute
-a new series of rules for appointment to office, by which the
-persons appointed should be selected rather for their fitness
-than for their party services, the President was greatly embarrassed.
-He found that the old forces in American politics were
-as active as ever, and that a reform was almost impossible under
-existing conditions.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Labor Agitations.</b></div>
-
-<p>4. The first great national event of the
-Cleveland administration was that of the
-<span class="smcap">Labor Agitations</span>, which broke out in the
-spring of 1886. It was not until after the Civil War that the
-first symptoms appeared of a renewal, in the New World, of
-the struggle which has been long going on in Europe between
-Capital and Labor. The first difficulties of this sort in our
-country appeared in the mining regions, and in the factories
-of the Eastern States. The agitation soon spread to the West.
-As early as 1867 the peculiar method of action, called "striking,"
-began among the laborers of the country. An account of
-the great railroad strike of 1877 has already been presented.
-(Pages 337 and 338.)</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Southwestern Strike.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. At the same time monopolies sprang up and flourished;
-and, coincident with this, American labor discovered the salutary
-but dangerous power of combination. When the trade
-season of 1886 opened, a series of strikes and
-labor troubles broke out in several parts
-of the country. The cities and towns were
-most involved in these agitations. The first serious conflict was
-on what is known as the Gould System of Railways, in the
-Southwest. A single workman, belonging to the Knights
-of Labor, and employed on a branch of the Texas and
-Pacific Railway, was discharged from his place. This action
-was resented by the Knights, and the laborers on a great
-part of the Gould System were ordered to strike. The
-movement was, for a season, successful, and the transportation
-of freights from St. Louis to the Southwest ceased. Gradually,
-however, other workmen were substituted for the striking
-Knights; but the end was not reached until a severe riot in
-East St. Louis had occasioned the sacrifice of much property
-and several innocent lives.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Chicago Anarchists.</b></div>
-
-<p>6. Far more alarming was the outbreak in
-Chicago. In that city the socialistic and
-anarchic elements were sufficiently powerful
-to present a bold front to the authorities. Processions bearing
-red flags and banners, with communistic devices and
-mottoes, frequently paraded the streets, and were addressed by
-demagogues who avowed themselves the open enemies of society
-and the existing order. On the 4th of May, 1886, a vast
-crowd of this reckless material collected in a place called the
-Haymarket, and were about to begin the usual inflammatory
-proceedings, when a band of policemen, mostly officers, drew
-near, with the evident purpose of controlling or dispersing the
-meeting.</p>
-
-<p>7. A terrible scene ensued. Dynamite bombs were thrown
-from the crowd and exploded among the officers, several of
-whom were blown to pieces, and others shockingly mangled.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>
-The mob was, in turn, attacked by the police, and many of the
-insurgents were shot down. Order was presently restored in
-the city; several of the leading anarchists were arrested on the
-charge of inciting to murder, were tried, condemned, and four
-of them executed. On the day following the Chicago riot, a
-similar, though less dangerous, outbreak, which was suppressed
-without serious loss of life, occurred in Milwaukee.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Charleston Earthquake.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. The summer of 1886 is memorable on
-account of the great natural catastrophe
-known as the <span class="smcap">Charleston Earthquake</span>.
-On the night of the 31st of August, at ten minutes before ten
-o'clock, without a moment's warning, the city of Charleston,
-S. C., was rocked and rent to its very foundations. Hardly a
-building in the limits of Charleston, or in the country surrounding,
-escaped serious injury; and perhaps one half of all were
-in a state of semi-wreck or total ruin.</p>
-
-<p>9. The whole coast in the central region of the disturbance
-was modified with respect to the sea, and the ocean itself was
-thrown into turmoil for miles from the shore. The people
-in the city fled from their falling houses to the public squares
-and parks and far into the country. Afraid to return into the
-ruins, they threw up tents and light booths for protection, and
-abode for weeks away from their homes. Nothing before in
-the limits of our knowledge has been at all comparable with it
-in extent and violence, except the great earthquake of New
-Madrid in 1811.</p>
-
-<p>10. The disaster to Charleston served to bring out some of
-the better qualities of our civilization. Personal assistance and
-contributions from all quarters poured in for the support
-and encouragement of the afflicted people. For several weeks
-a series of diminishing shocks continued to terrify the citizens;
-but it was discovered that these shocks were only the dying
-away of the great convulsion, and that they gave cause for
-hope of entire cessation rather than continued alarm. In
-the course of a few months the ruins were cleared away,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>
-business was resumed, and the people were again safe in their
-homes.</p>
-
-<p>11. On the 4th of March, 1887, the second session of the
-Forty-ninth Congress expired. The work of the body had not
-been so fruitful of results as had been desired and anticipated
-by the friends of the government. On the question of the
-tariff nothing of value was accomplished. A measure of <span class="smcap">Revenue
-Reform</span> had been brought forward at an early date in
-the session, but the act failed of adoption.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Pension Legislation.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. On the question of <span class="smcap">Extending the
-Pension List</span>, however, the case was different.
-A great majority of both parties
-favored such measures as looked to the increase of benefits to
-the soldiers. At the first, only a limited number of pensions
-had been granted, and these only to actually disabled or injured
-veterans of the War for the Union. But it became more and
-more important to each of the parties to secure and hold the
-soldier vote, without which it was felt that neither could maintain
-ascendency in the government. The <span class="smcap">Arrears of Pensions
-Act</span>, making up to those who were already recipients of
-pensions such amounts as would have accrued if the benefit
-had dated from the time of disability, instead of from the time
-of granting the pension, was passed in 1879; and at the same
-time the list of pensioners was greatly enlarged.</p>
-
-<p>13. The measure presented in the Fiftieth Congress was
-designed to extend the pension list so as to include all regularly
-enlisted and honorably discharged soldiers of the Civil
-War, who had become in whole, or in part, <i>dependent upon the
-aid of others</i> for their maintenance. The measure was known
-as the <span class="smcap">Dependent Pensions Bill</span>. Many opposed the enactment
-of a law which appeared to give the bounty of the government
-to the deserving and the undeserving alike, and to
-compel the worthy recipients of pensions to rank themselves
-with those who had gone into the army for pay, and had been
-brought to want through improvidence. A majority was easily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>
-obtained for the measure in both Houses of Congress, and the
-act was passed. President Cleveland, however, interposed his
-veto, and the proposed law fell to the ground.</p>
-
-<p>14. The most important and noted legislation of the session
-was the act known as the <span class="smcap">Inter-State Commerce Bill</span>. For
-some fifteen years complaints against the methods and management
-of the railways of the United States had been heard
-on many sides, and in cases not a few the complaints had
-originated in actual abuses. A large class of people became
-clamorous that Congress should compel railways to accept
-a system of uniformity as to all charges for service rendered.
-With this object in view the Inter-State Commerce Bill was
-accordingly prepared, and became a law.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of Prominent Generals.</b></div>
-
-<p>15. In the spring of 1885 it became known
-that General Ulysses S. Grant was stricken
-with a fatal malady. The announcement at
-once drew to the General and ex-President the interest and
-sympathies of the whole American people. The hero of Vicksburg
-and Appomattox sank under the ravages of a malignant
-cancer, which had fixed itself in his throat. On the 23d of July,
-1885, he expired at a summer cottage on Mount McGregor,
-New York. His last days were hallowed by the love of the
-nation which he had so gloriously defended. No funeral west
-of the Atlantic&mdash;not even that of Lincoln&mdash;was more universally
-observed. The procession in New York City was perhaps
-as imposing a pageant as was ever exhibited in honor of the
-dead. On the 8th of August the body of General Grant was laid
-to rest in Riverside Park, overlooking the Hudson. There, on
-the summit from which may be seen the great river and the
-metropolis of the nation, is the tomb of him whose courage and
-magnanimity in war will forever give him rank with the few
-master spirits who have honored the human race and changed
-the course of history.</p>
-
-<p>16. Within scarcely more than a year from the funeral of
-Grant several other distinguished Union Generals fell. On the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>
-29th of October General George B. McClellan died at his home
-at St. Cloud, New Jersey. After another brief interval General
-Winfield S. Hancock, senior Major-General of the American
-Army, breathed his last. In the mean time, within a brief period,
-Generals Irwin McDowell, Ambrose E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker,
-and George G. Meade, each of whom, in a critical period of
-the war, had commanded the Army of the Potomac, passed
-away. Before the close of 1886 Major-General John A. Logan,
-greatest of the volunteer commanders, who, without previous
-military education, won for themselves distinguished honors in
-the War for the Union, fell sick and died at his home, called
-Calumet Place, in Washington City.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig118.jpg" alt="Thomas A. Hendricks."/>
-<p class="caption center">Thomas A. Hendricks.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of Prominent Civilians.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. In the mean time, several distinguished
-civilians had passed away. On the 25th of
-November, 1885, Vice-president Thomas A.
-Hendricks, after an illness of a single day, died suddenly at his
-home in Indianapolis. The life of Mr. Hendricks had been one
-of singular purity as well as
-of greatness. His character
-had been noted for its mildness
-and serenity in the
-stormy arena of politics. The
-goodness of the man in private
-life, combined with his
-distinction as governor, senator,
-and Vice-president of the
-United States, drew from the
-people every evidence of
-public and private respect
-for his memory. The body
-of the dead statesman was
-buried in Crown Hill cemetery,
-near Indianapolis. The
-funeral pageant surpassed in grandeur any other display of the
-kind ever witnessed in the Western States, except the funeral<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span>
-of Lincoln. Shortly after his death, the funds were easily subscribed
-by the people, for the erection of the magnificent bronze
-monument and statue standing at one of the entrances to the
-Capitol of Indiana.</p>
-
-<p>18. The death of Hendricks was soon followed by that of
-Horatio Seymour, of New York. On the 12th of February,
-1886, this distinguished citizen, who had been governor of the
-Empire State, and a candidate for the Presidency against General
-Grant, died at his home in Utica. Still more distinguished
-in reputation and ability was Samuel J. Tilden, also of New
-York, who died at his home, called Greystone, at Yonkers, near
-New York City, on the 4th of August, 1886.</p>
-
-<p>19. To this list of deaths must be added the illustrious name
-of Henry Ward Beecher. To him, with little reservation, must
-be assigned the first place among our orators and philanthropists.
-He had the happy fortune to retain his faculties unimpaired
-to the close of his career. On the evening of the
-5th of March, 1887, at his home in Brooklyn, he sank down
-under a stroke of apoplexy. He was nearing the close of his
-seventy-fourth year. He lived until the morning of the 8th,
-and quietly entered the shadows. He was followed to the
-grave by the common eulogium of mankind, and every circumstance
-of his passing away showed that he had occupied the
-supreme place among men of his class in America.</p>
-
-<p>20. On the 23d of March, 1888, Morrison R. Waite, Chief-Justice
-of the United States, died at his home in Washington
-City. The death of this able jurist imposed on President
-Cleveland the duty of naming his successor. Judge Melville
-W. Fuller, of Chicago, was appointed, and confirmed on the
-30th of April, 1888.</p>
-
-<p>21. During the whole of Cleveland's administration, the
-public mind was swayed and excited by the movements of
-politics. The universality of partisan newspapers, the combination
-in their columns of all the news of the world with the
-invectives and misrepresentations of party leaders, kept political<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
-questions constantly uppermost to the detriment of social progress
-and industrial interests. Scarcely had President Cleveland
-entered upon his office as chief magistrate when the
-question of the succession to the Presidency was agitated.</p>
-
-<p>22. By the last year of the administration it was seen that
-there would be no general break-up of the existing parties.
-It was also perceived that the issues between them must be
-<i>made</i> rather than found in the existing state of affairs. The
-sentiment in the United States in favor of the Constitutional
-prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors
-had become somewhat extended and intensified since the last
-general election. But the discerning eye might perceive that
-the real issue was between the Republican and Democratic
-parties.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Protective Tariff.</b></div>
-
-<p>23. One issue, however, had a living and
-practical relation to affairs, and that was the
-question of <span class="smcap">Protection to American Industry</span>.
-Since the campaign of 1884, the agitation had been
-gradually extended. At the opening of the session, in 1887,
-the President, in his annual message to Congress, devoted
-the whole document to the discussion of the single question
-of a <i>Reform of the Revenue System</i> of the United States.
-The existing rates of duty on imported articles of commerce
-had so greatly augmented the income of the Government, that
-a large surplus had accumulated in the treasury of the United
-States. This fact was made the basis of the President's argument
-in favor of a new system of revenue, or at least an ample
-reduction in the tariff rates under the old. It was immediately
-charged by the Republicans, that the project in question
-meant the substitution of the system of Free Trade in the
-United States as against the system of protective duties. The
-question thus involved was made the bottom issue in the
-Presidential campaign of 1888.</p>
-
-<p>24. The Democratic National Convention was held in St.
-Louis on the 5th day of June, 1888, and Mr. Cleveland was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>
-renominated by acclamation. For the Vice-presidential nomination
-the choice fell on ex-Senator Allen G. Thurman, of
-Ohio. The Republican National Convention was held in
-Chicago, on the 19th day of June. Many candidates were
-ardently pressed upon the body, and the contest was long and
-spirited. The voting was continued to the eighth ballot,
-when the choice fell upon Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana.
-In the evening, Levi P. Morton, of New York, was nominated
-for the Vice-presidency on the first ballot.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Party Platforms.</b></div>
-
-<p>25. In the mean time, the Prohibition party had held its
-National Convention at Indianapolis, and on the 30th of May
-had nominated for the Presidency General Clinton B. Fisk, of
-New Jersey, and for the Vice-presidency John
-A. Brooks, of Missouri. The Democratic platform
-declared for a reform of the revenue system
-of the United States, and reaffirmed the principle of adjusting
-the tariff on imports with strict regard to the actual needs
-of governmental expenditure. The Republican platform declared
-also for a reform of the tariff schedule, but at the same
-time stoutly affirmed the maintenance of the protective system
-as a part of the permanent policy of the United States. Both
-parties deferred to the patriotic sentiment of the country in favor
-of the soldiers. The Prohibitionists entered the campaign, on
-the distinct proposition that the manufacture and sale of intoxicating
-liquors should be prohibited throughout the United
-States by Constitutional amendment. To this was added a
-clause in favor of extending the right of suffrage to women.</p>
-
-<p>26. As the canvass progressed during the summer and autumn
-of 1888, it became evident that the result was in doubt. The
-contest was exceedingly close. The result showed success for
-the Republican candidate. He received 233 electoral votes,
-against 168 votes for Mr. Cleveland. The latter, however, appeared
-to a better advantage on the popular count, having a
-considerable majority over General Harrison. General Fisk,
-the Prohibition candidate, received nearly three hundred thou<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>sand
-votes; but, under the system of voting, no electoral vote
-of any State was obtained for him.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Four New States.</b></div>
-
-<p>27. The last days of Cleveland's administration
-and of the Fiftieth Congress were signalized
-by the admission into the Union of
-<span class="smcap">Four New States</span>, making the number forty-two. In 1887
-the question of dividing Dakota Territory by a line running
-east and west was agitated, and the measure finally prevailed.
-Steps were taken by the people of both sections for admission
-into the Union. Montana, with her 146,080 square miles of
-territory, had meanwhile acquired a sufficient population; and
-Washington Territory, with its area of 69,180 square miles, also
-knocked for admission. In the closing days of the Fiftieth
-Congress a bill was passed raising all of these four Territories&mdash;South
-Dakota, North Dakota, Montana, and Washington&mdash;to
-the plane of Statehood. The Act contemplated the adoption
-of State Constitutions, and a proclamation of admission by
-the next President. It thus happened that the honor of bringing
-in this great addition to the States of the Union was divided
-between the outgoing and incoming administrations.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Agricultural Department.</b></div>
-
-<p>28. Another Act of Congress was also of
-national importance. Hitherto the government
-had been administered through seven
-departments, at the head of each of which was placed a Cabinet
-officer, the seven together constituting the advisers of the
-President. Early in 1889 a measure was brought forward in
-Congress, and adopted, for the institution of a new department,
-to be called the Department of Agriculture. Practically
-the measure involved the elevation of what had previously
-been an Agricultural Bureau in the Department of the Interior,
-to the rank of a Cabinet office. Hitherto, though agriculture
-has been the greatest of all the producing interests of the
-people, it has been neglected for more political and less useful
-departments of American life and enterprise.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="CHAPTER_LV" id="CHAPTER_LV"></a>CHAPTER LV.</h2>
-
-<h3><span class="smcap">Harrison's Administration</span>, 1889- &mdash;&mdash;.</h3>
-
-
-<p class="drop-cap2">BENJAMIN Harrison, twenty-third President of the
-United States, was born at North Bend, Ohio, on the 20th
-of August, 1833. He is a grandson of President William
-Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison,
-signer of the Declaration of
-Independence.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/fig119.jpg" alt="Benjamin Harrison."/>
-<p class="caption center">Benjamin Harrison.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>2. Harrison's early home
-was on a farm. He was a
-student at the institution
-called Farmers' College, for
-two years. Afterwards, he
-attended Miami University,
-at Oxford, Ohio, and was
-graduated therefrom in June,
-1852. He took in marriage
-the daughter of Dr. John W.
-Scott, President of the University.
-After a course of
-study, he entered the profession
-of law, removed to Indianapolis, and established himself
-in that city. With the outbreak of the war he became a
-soldier of the Union, and rose to the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General
-of Volunteers. Before the close of the war, he was
-elected Reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of
-Indiana.</p>
-
-<p>3. In the period following the Civil War, General Harrison
-rose to distinction as a civilian. In 1876 he was the unsuccessful
-candidate of the Republican party for governor of I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span>ndiana.
-In 1881 he was elected to the United States Senate,
-where he won the reputation of a leader and statesman. In
-1884, his name was prominently mentioned in connection with
-the Presidency; and in 1888 it was found that he, more than
-any other, combined in himself all the elements of a successful
-candidate. The event justified the choice of the party in
-making him the standard-bearer in the ensuing campaign.</p>
-
-<p>4. General Harrison was inaugurated President on the 4th of
-March, 1889. His Cabinet appointments were as follows:
-Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, of Maine; Secretary of
-the Treasury, William Windom, of Minnesota; Secretary of
-War, Redfield Proctor, of Vermont; Secretary of the Navy,
-Benjamin F. Tracy, of New York; Postmaster-General, John
-Wanamaker, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, John
-W. Noble, of Missouri; Attorney-General, William H. H.
-Miller, of Indiana; and Secretary of Agriculture&mdash;the new
-department&mdash;Jeremiah Rusk, of Wisconsin.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Affairs in Oklahoma.</b></div>
-
-<p>5. As the more fertile and accessible public
-lands in the Mississippi valley were gradually
-taken up, new settlers began to cast envious
-eyes upon Indian Territory, and especially upon a central
-region, called Oklahoma, or the "beautiful country," which
-was supposed to be very fertile. Several illegal attempts were
-made by bands of adventurers to settle upon these lands, and
-the military had been employed to eject the "Oklahoma
-Boomers," as the intruders were called.</p>
-
-<p>6. The Indian title to Oklahoma had gradually been acquired
-by the United States, and one of the first acts of President
-Harrison was to issue a proclamation declaring that this
-region, embracing nearly 3000 square miles, should be thrown
-open to public settlement at noon of April 22, 1889.</p>
-
-<p>7. As this date approached, settlers to the number of over
-ten thousand collected and formed camps along the southern
-boundary of Kansas, and, at the hour named, made a
-wild race to Oklahoma across the intervening strip of Indian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span>
-Territory. Towns were started in several localities, and within
-a few days the region had a population of more than 30,000.
-Though the country proved somewhat less fertile than had
-been supposed, the new community continued to grow, and
-the following year, with greatly enlarged boundaries and
-a population of 62,000, was organized as the Territory of
-Oklahoma.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Centennial of the Republic.</b></div>
-
-<p>8. Within two months after Harrison's inauguration
-occurred the <span class="smcap">Centennial of the
-American Republic</span>. On the 30th of April,
-1789, the Father of his Country had taken the oath of office and
-entered upon his duties as first President of the United States, and
-the corresponding date in 1889 was fixed upon for the centennial
-celebration of the event. The holidays in the metropolis
-included the 29th and 30th days of April and the 1st day of
-May. The event drew to New York the largest concourse of
-people ever seen at one place within the limits of the United
-States. Fully half a million strangers visited the city and were
-present at the ceremonies.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Samoan Difficulty.</b></div>
-
-<p>9. The close of the year 1888 and the beginning
-of 1889 were marked by a dangerous
-complication between the United States and
-Germany relative to the Samoan Islands. In order to settle
-the difficulty, the President of the United States sent three
-commissioners to Berlin, to confer with the German Government.
-The result was wholly satisfactory to the United States.
-The attitude and demand of the American Government in
-favor of the independence of Samoa, under its native sovereign,
-were supported by the decision of the commissioners, and the
-difficulty ended with the recognition of King Malietoa.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Johnstown Inundation.</b></div>
-
-<p>10. The last week of May, 1889, was memorable in the history
-of our country for the destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
-That city lay at the junction of a stream, known as the
-South Fork, with the Conemaugh River. Several miles up the
-South Fork some wealthy fishermen had constructed a dam and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>
-a reservoir, where the waters had accumulated
-in an immense volume. The level of the
-lake was high above the valley and the city.
-During the last days of May heavy rains fell, and the country
-was inundated. On the afternoon of the 31st of the month,
-the dam which held the lake in place was burst asunder, and
-the deluge of waters poured suddenly down the valley. Everything
-was swept away by the flood. Johnstown, a manufacturing
-city, was totally wrecked, and thrown in an indescribable
-mass against the aqueduct of the Pennsylvania Railway below
-the town. Here the ruins caught fire, and the wild shrieks of
-hundreds of miserable victims were heard above the roar of
-the deluge and the conflagration. The heart of the nation
-responded quickly to the sufferings of the people, and millions
-of dollars in money and supplies were poured into the
-Conemaugh valley to relieve the destitution of those who survived
-the calamity.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The McKinley Bill.</b></div>
-
-<p>11. The work of the fifty-first Congress was
-marked with much partisan bitterness and excitement.
-The first question which occupied
-the attention of the body was the revision of the tariff. On this
-question the political parties were strongly opposed to each other.
-The policy of the Republican party, though the platform of
-1888 had declared for a revision of the tariff, was favorable to
-the perpetuation of the protective system as a part of the permanent
-policy of the Government. The Democrats favored
-a great reduction in the existing rates of duties, and the
-ultimate adoption of the principle of free trade. What was
-known as the McKinley Bill was introduced into Congress, and
-finally adopted, by which the Republican policy was incorporated
-as a part of the governmental system. The average rate
-of import duties was raised from about forty-seven per cent. to
-more than fifty-three per cent.; but in a few instances the existing
-duties were abolished, and in the case of raw sugar a
-bounty to the producers was provided instead.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Counting a Quorum.</b></div>
-
-<p>12. Early in the session a serious difficulty
-arose in the House of Representatives between
-the Democrats and the Speaker, Thomas B.
-Reed, of Maine. The Republican majority in the House was
-not large, and the minority were easily able in matters of party
-legislation to break the quorum by refusing to vote. In order
-to counteract this policy, a new system of rules was reported
-empowering the Speaker to count the minority as present
-whether voting or not, and thus to compel a quorum. These
-rules were violently resisted by the Democrats, and Speaker
-Reed was denounced by his opponents as an unjust officer. It
-was under the provision of the new rule that nearly all of the
-party measures of the fifty-first Congress were adopted.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Force Bill.</b></div>
-
-<p>13. One of the most important of these was
-the attempt to pass through Congress what
-was known as the Force Bill, by which it was
-proposed to transfer the control of the Congressional elections
-in the States of the Union, from State to National authority.
-This measure provoked the strongest opposition, part of which
-arose within the Republican party. In the Senate certain Republicans
-refused to support the bill, and it was finally laid
-aside for the consideration of other business.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Free Coinage of Silver.</b></div>
-
-<p>14. A third measure was the attempt to restore
-silver to a perfect equality with gold in
-the coinage of the country. Since 1874 there
-had been an increasing difference in the purchasing power of
-the two money metals of the country. That is, the purchasing
-power of gold had, in the last fifteen years, risen about fifteen
-per cent., while the purchasing power of silver had fallen about
-five per cent. in the markets of the world. One class of theorists,
-assuming that gold is the only invariable standard of
-values, insisted that this difference in the purchasing power of
-the two metals had risen wholly from a depreciation in the price
-of silver; while the opposing class argued that the difference
-had arisen most largely from an increase in the purchasing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>
-power of gold, and that equal legislation and equal favor shown
-to the two money metals would bring them to par, the one with
-the other, and keep them in that relation in the markets of
-the world.</p>
-
-<p>15. The advocates of free coinage claimed that the laws discriminating
-against silver and in favor of gold were impolitic,
-unjust, and un-American. They urged that the free coinage
-of silver would be of vast advantage to the financial interests
-of the country. This view, however, was strongly opposed by
-the money centers and by the fund-holding classes, to whom
-the payment of all debts according to the highest standard of
-value&mdash;that is, in gold only&mdash;was a fundamental principle.
-A bill for the free coinage of silver was passed by the Senate,
-but rejected by the House, and the question was handed over
-to the next Congress.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Idaho and Wyoming.</b></div>
-
-<p>16. This Congress passed the necessary acts
-for the admission of Idaho and Wyoming as
-the forty-third and forty-fourth States respectively.
-Idaho was admitted with a population of 84,385,
-on the 3d of July, 1890; while on the 10th of the same month
-60,705 souls were added to the Union with the State of Wyoming.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The Eleventh Census.</b></div>
-
-<p>17. The Eleventh Decennial Census of the
-United States was taken in June, 1890. Its
-results indicated that the population of the
-country had increased to 62,622,250, exclusive of Indians not
-taxed, and whites in Alaska and Indian Territory. These swell
-the grand total to about 63,000,000 souls. Indiana was found
-to contain 2,195,404 inhabitants, and to include, near the
-hamlet of Westport in Decatur County, the center of population
-of the United States.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of General Sheridan.</b></div>
-
-<p>18. Meanwhile three other great leaders of
-the Civil War passed away by death. On the
-5th of August, 1888, Lieutenant-General Sheridan,
-at that time Commander-in-chief of the American army,
-died at his home in Nonquitt, Massachusetts. Few other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>
-generals of the Union army had won greater admiration and
-higher honors. He was in many senses a model soldier, and
-his death at the comparatively early age of fifty-seven was
-the occasion of great grief throughout the country.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of General Sherman.</b></div>
-
-<p>19. Still more conspicuous was the fall of
-General William T. Sherman. Among the
-Union commanders in the great Civil War he
-stood easily next to Grant in greatness and reputation. In
-vast and varied abilities, particularly in military accomplishment,
-he was perhaps superior to all. Born in 1820, he reached
-the mature age of seventy-one, and died at his home in New
-York on the 14th day of February, 1891. The event produced
-a profound impression. Sherman, more than any other
-great military captain of his time, had shunned and put aside
-political ambition. Of his sterling patriotism there was never
-a doubt. As to his wonderful abilities, all men were agreed.
-His remains were taken under escort from New York to St.
-Louis, where they were deposited in the family burying
-grounds in Mount Calvary cemetery.</p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>Death of General Johnston.</b></div>
-
-<p>20. After the death of General Sherman,
-only two commanders of the first class remained
-on the stage of action from the great
-Civil War&mdash;both Confederates. These were Generals Joseph
-E. Johnston and James Longstreet. The former of these was
-destined to follow his rival and conqueror at an early day to
-the land of rest. General Johnston, who had been an honorary
-pall bearer at the funeral of Sherman, contracted a heavy
-cold on that occasion, which resulted in his death on the 20th
-of February, 1891, at his home in Washington City. General
-Johnston was in his eighty-third year at the time of his
-decease. Among the Confederate commanders none were his
-superiors, with the single exception of Lee. After the close
-of the war, his conduct had been of a kind to win the confidence
-of Union men; and at the time of his death he was
-held in almost universal honor.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="sidenote"><b>The New Orleans Massacre.</b></div>
-
-<p>21. In February of 1891 a serious event
-occurred in the city of New Orleans. There
-existed in that metropolis a secret social organization
-among the Italians, known as the Mafia Society.
-The principles of the brotherhood involved mutual protection
-and even the law of revenge against enemies. Several breaks
-occurred between members of the society and the police authorities
-of the city, and the latter, by arrest and prosecution,
-incurred the dislike and hatred of the former. The difficulty
-grew until at length Captain David C. Hennessey, chief of the
-police, was assassinated by some secret murderer or murderers,
-who for the time escaped detection. It was believed, however,
-that the Mafia Society was at the bottom of the assassination,
-and several members of the brotherhood were arrested under
-the charge of murder.</p>
-
-<p>22. A trial followed, and the circumstances tended to establish
-the guilt of the prisoners. But the proof was not positive,
-and the first three of those on trial were acquitted. A great
-excitement followed this decision, and charges were published
-that the jury had been bribed or terrorized with threats into
-making a false verdict. On the following day a public meeting
-was called, and a great crowd gathered around the statue of
-Henry Clay, standing in one of the public squares. Speeches
-were made. A mob was organized and directed against the
-jail where the Italian prisoners were confined. The jail was
-entered by force. The prisoners were driven from their cells,
-and nine of them were shot to death in the court of the prison.
-Two others were dragged forth and hanged. Nor can it be
-doubted that the innocent as well as the guilty suffered in the
-slaughter.</p>
-
-<p>23. The event was followed by intense public excitement.
-The affair became of national, and then of international, importance.
-The Italian minister, Baron Fava, at Washington,
-entered his solemn protest against the killing of his countrymen,
-and the American Secretary of State communicated with King<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>
-Humbert on the subject. The Italian societies in other American
-cities passed angry resolutions against the destruction of
-their fellow-countrymen by the mob; and the newspapers of
-the country teemed with discussions of the subject. Threats
-of war were heard between Italy and the United States; but
-the more thoughtful looked with confidence to the settlement
-of the question by peaceable means.</p>
-
-<p>24. <span class="smcap">The History of our Country</span> has thus been traced
-from the times of the aborigines to the present day. The story is
-done. The Republic has passed through stormy times, but has
-at last entered her second century in safety and peace. The
-clouds that were recently so black overhead have broken, and
-are sinking behind the horizon. The equality of all men before
-the law has been written with the iron pen of war in the Constitution
-of the Nation. The Union of the States has been
-consecrated anew by the blood of patriots and the tears of
-the lowly. The temple of freedom reared by our fathers still
-stands in undiminished glory. <span class="smcap">The Past has taught its
-Lesson; the Present has its Duty; and the Future
-its Hope.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<h2><span class="smcap">Review Questions.&mdash;Part VII.</span></h2>
-
-
-<h3>CHAPTER L.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>1. Tell about the thirteenth amendment.</li>
-<li>2. Trace the reconstruction measures of President Johnson's administration.</li>
-<li>3. Give an account of the purchase of Alaska.</li>
-<li>4. Tell about the Atlantic cable.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER LI.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>5. Give an account of the adoption of the fourteenth and fifteenth
-amendments.</li>
-<li>6. Detail the Alabama Claims controversy and tell how it was settled.</li>
-<li>7. Tell about the great fires of 1871-72.</li>
-<li>8. Outline the Indian troubles with the Modocs and the Sioux.</li>
-<li>9. Give an account of the Credit Mobilier.</li>
-<li>10. Tell about the Centennial exposition.</li>
-<li>11. Give an account of the contested election of 1876, and how it was
-adjusted.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER LII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>12. Tell about the railroad strikes in the early part of President Hayes's
-administration.</li>
-<li>13. Give an account of the troubles with the Nez Perc� Indians.</li>
-<li>14. Give the leading Congressional measures of these four years.</li>
-<li>15. Tell about General Grant's tour around the world.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER LIII.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>16. Give an account of the presidency and death of Garfield.</li>
-<li>17. Outline the presidency of Arthur and the progress of applied science
-during his term of office.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER LIV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>18. State the general condition and trace the measures of Cleveland's
-administration.</li>
-<li>19. Tell about the Charleston earthquake.</li>
-<li>20. What great leaders of the Civil War died during these four years?</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>CHAPTER LV.</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li>21. Give an account of the election of President Harrison, and of his
-entrance upon office.</li>
-<li>22. Summarize the leading events which have occurred during his administration.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
-
-<h3><a name="CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES" id="CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_UNITED_STATES"></a>CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.</h3>
-
-
-<p>We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
-union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common
-defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
-liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution
-for the United States of North America.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE I.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
-Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
-of Representatives.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
-chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors
-in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the
-most numerous branch of the State legislature.</p>
-
-<p>No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age
-of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States,
-and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which
-he shall be chosen.</p>
-
-<p>Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several
-States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective
-numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number
-of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and
-excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual
-enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of
-the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term
-of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of
-representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand; but each
-State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration
-shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>
-three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
-one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania,
-eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina,
-five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.</p>
-
-<p>When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive
-authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.</p>
-
-<p>The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers;
-and shall have the sole power of impeachment.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>&mdash;The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
-senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years;
-and each senator shall have one vote.</p>
-
-<p>Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
-election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes.
-The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration
-of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth
-year; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one
-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by
-resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State,
-the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next
-meeting of the legislature which shall then fill such vacancies.</p>
-
-<p>No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of
-thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who
-shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall
-be chosen.</p>
-
-<p>The Vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate,
-but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.</p>
-
-<p>The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president <i>pro
-tempore</i>, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall exercise
-the office as President of the United States.</p>
-
-<p>The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
-sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
-President of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside; and
-no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the
-members present.</p>
-
-<p>Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal
-from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor,
-trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall,
-nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and
-punishment, according to law.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>&mdash;The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators
-and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legisla<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>ture
-thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter
-such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.</p>
-
-<p>The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such
-meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
-law appoint a different day.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span>&mdash;Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and
-qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall constitute
-a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to
-day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members,
-in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.</p>
-
-<p>Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members
-for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds,
-expel a member.</p>
-
-<p>Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
-time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require
-secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on
-any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered
-on the journal.</p>
-
-<p>Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent
-of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place
-than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span>&mdash;The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation
-for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury
-of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony,
-and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance
-on the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning
-from the same; and, for any speech or debate in either house, they shall
-not be questioned in any other place.</p>
-
-<p>No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was
-elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United
-States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall
-have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office
-under the United States shall be a member of either house during his
-continuance in office.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span>&mdash;All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
-Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments,
-as on other bills.</p>
-
-<p>Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
-the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of
-the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>
-it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who
-shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider
-it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that house shall
-agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
-other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved
-by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases,
-the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the
-names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on
-the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned
-by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have
-been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had
-signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in
-which case it shall not be a law.</p>
-
-<p>Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate
-and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
-adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States;
-and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being
-disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and
-House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
-in the case of a bill.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span>&mdash;The Congress shall have power:&mdash;<br />
-
-To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts,
-and provide for the common defense and general welfare, of the United
-States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout
-the United States:</p>
-
-<p>To borrow money on the credit of the United States:</p>
-
-<p>To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
-States, and with the Indian tribes:</p>
-
-<p>To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the
-subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States:</p>
-
-<p>To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix
-the standard of weights and measures:</p>
-
-<p>To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current
-coin of the United States:</p>
-
-<p>To establish post-offices and post-roads:</p>
-
-<p>To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
-limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective
-writings and discoveries:</p>
-
-<p>To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court:</p>
-
-<p>To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,
-and offenses against the law of nations:</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
-concerning captures on land and water:</p>
-
-<p>To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use
-shall be for a longer term than two years:</p>
-
-<p>To provide and maintain a navy:</p>
-
-<p>To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
-forces:</p>
-
-<p>To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union,
-suppress insurrections, and repel invasions:</p>
-
-<p>To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for
-governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
-United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the
-officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline
-prescribed by Congress:</p>
-
-<p>To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district
-(not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular
-States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of
-the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased
-by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be,
-for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful
-buildings:&mdash;And</p>
-
-<p>To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into
-execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution
-in the government of the United States, or in any department or
-officer thereof.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span>&mdash;The migration or importation of such persons, as any of the
-States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited
-by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight;
-but a tax, or duty, may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
-dollars for each person.</p>
-
-<p>The privilege of the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i> shall not be suspended, unless
-when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.</p>
-
-<p>No bill of attainder or <i>ex post facto</i> law shall be passed.</p>
-
-<p>No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to
-the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken.</p>
-
-<p>No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No
-preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the
-ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or
-from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, in another.</p>
-
-<p>No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
-appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>
-receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time
-to time.</p>
-
-<p>No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person
-holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent
-of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any
-kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span>&mdash;No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;
-grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;
-make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;
-pass any bill of attainder, <i>ex post facto</i> law, or law impairing the obligation
-of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.</p>
-
-<p>No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or
-duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
-for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and
-imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of
-the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to
-the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent
-of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in
-time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or
-with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such
-imminent danger as will not admit of delay.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE II.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;The executive power shall be vested in a President of
-the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term
-of four years, and together with the Vice-president, chosen for the same
-term, be elected as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may
-direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and
-representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but
-no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit
-under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.</p>
-
-<p>The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for
-two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same
-State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons
-voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign
-and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the
-United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of
-the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
-open all the certificates; and the votes shall then be counted. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span>
-person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such
-number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if
-there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number
-of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose,
-by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority,
-then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner,
-choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be
-taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a
-quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two
-thirds of the States; and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to
-a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person
-having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be Vice-president.
-But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the
-Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-president.</p>
-
-<p>The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
-day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
-throughout the United States.</p>
-
-<p>No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States
-at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the
-office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who
-shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen
-years a resident within the United States.</p>
-
-<p>In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,
-resignation, or inability to discharge the powers or duties of the said
-office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president; and the Congress
-may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability,
-both of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer
-shall then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly, until
-the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.</p>
-
-<p>The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation,
-which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period
-for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that
-period any other emolument from the United States or any of them.</p>
-
-<p>Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following
-oath or affirmation:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>"I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the office
-of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve,
-protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and
-navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when
-called into the actual service of the United States; he may require<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>
-the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive
-departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
-offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for
-offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.</p>
-
-<p>He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
-to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur; and
-he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
-shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of
-the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments
-are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established
-by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of
-such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the
-courts of law, or in the heads of departments.</p>
-
-<p>The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen
-during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire
-at the end of their next session.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>&mdash;He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information
-of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
-measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
-occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of
-disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he
-may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
-ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws
-be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United
-States.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>&mdash;The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the
-United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction
-of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE III.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in
-a Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from
-time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and
-inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at
-stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be
-diminished during their continuance in office.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
-equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>
-treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases
-affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of
-admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United
-States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States, between
-a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different
-States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of
-different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign
-States, citizens, or subjects.</p>
-
-<p>In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls,
-and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have
-original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme
-Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, with such
-exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make.</p>
-
-<p>The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury;
-and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have
-been committed; but, when not committed within any State, the trial shall
-be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>&mdash;Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying
-war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and
-comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony
-of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.</p>
-
-<p>The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
-but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture,
-except during the life of the person attainted.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE IV.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
-public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And
-the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
-acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
-and immunities of citizens in the several States.</p>
-
-<p>A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who
-shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of
-the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up,
-to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.</p>
-
-<p>No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof,
-escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>
-therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered
-up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>&mdash;New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
-Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction
-of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two
-or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislature of
-the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.</p>
-
-<p>The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules
-and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the
-United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as
-to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>&mdash;The United States shall guarantee to every State in this
-Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them
-against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive
-(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE V.</p>
-
-<p>The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary,
-shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the application
-of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention
-for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid,
-to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by
-the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions
-in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may
-be proposed by the Congress; Provided, that no amendment, which may
-be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in
-any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the
-first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its
-equal suffrage in the Senate.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE VI.</p>
-
-<p>All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption
-of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this
-Constitution as under the Confederation.</p>
-
-<p>This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
-made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made,
-under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the
-land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in
-the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members
-of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both
-of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or
-affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever
-be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United
-States.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE VII.</p>
-
-<p>The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for
-the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the
-same.</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<p><i>Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
-seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
-hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States
-of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed
-our names.</i></p>
-
-<div class="right">
-<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>, <i>President,<br />
-and Deputy from Virginia</i>.<br />
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">New Hampshire.</span>&mdash;John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Massachusetts.</span>&mdash;Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Connecticut.</span>&mdash;William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">New York.</span>&mdash;Alexander Hamilton.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">New Jersey.</span>&mdash;William Livingston, David Bearly, William Patterson,
-Jonathan Dayton.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Pennsylvania.</span>&mdash;Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris,
-George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson,
-Gouverneur Morris.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Delaware.</span>&mdash;George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson,
-Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Maryland.</span>&mdash;James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel
-Carroll.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Virginia.</span>&mdash;John Blair, James Madison, Jr.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">North Carolina.</span>&mdash;William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh
-Williamson.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">South Carolina.</span>&mdash;John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
-Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Georgia.</span>&mdash;William Few, Abraham Baldwin.</p>
-
-<div class="center">
-<i>Attest</i>:</div>        <div class="right"><span class="smcap">William Jackson</span>, <i>Secretary</i>.</div>
-</blockquote>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION" id="AMENDMENTS_TO_THE_CONSTITUTION">AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.</a></h2>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE I.</p>
-
-<p>Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
-prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech
-or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
-petition the government for a redress of grievances.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE II.</p>
-
-<p>A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State,
-the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE III.</p>
-
-<p>No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the
-consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed
-by law.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE IV.</p>
-
-<p>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
-and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated;
-and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by
-oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched,
-and the person or things to be seized.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE V.</p>
-
-<p>No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous
-crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in
-cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual
-service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject,
-for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
-shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span>
-nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
-nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE VI.</p>
-
-<p>In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
-and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
-crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously
-ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the
-accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
-compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the
-assistance of counsel for his defense.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE VII.</p>
-
-<p>In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
-twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact
-tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United
-States than according to the rules of the common law.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE VIII.</p>
-
-<p>Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
-cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE IX.</p>
-
-<p>The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed
-to deny or disparage others retained by the people.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE X.</p>
-
-<p>The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
-prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to
-the people.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE XI.</p>
-
-<p>The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend
-to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>
-of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects
-of any foreign State.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE XII.</p>
-
-<p>The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for
-President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant
-of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots
-the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted
-for as Vice-president; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons
-voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-president, and
-of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and
-transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed
-to the president of the Senate; the president of the Senate shall, in the
-presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates,
-and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest
-number of votes for President shall be President, if such number be a
-majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person
-have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers,
-not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House
-of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President.
-But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation
-from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose
-shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and
-a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the
-House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right
-of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next
-following, then the Vice-president shall act as President, as in the case of
-the death or other constitutional disability of the President.</p>
-
-<p>The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-president
-shall be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole
-number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then
-from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
-Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of
-the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall
-be necessary to a choice.</p>
-
-<p>But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall
-be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE XIII.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;Neither slavery nor voluntary servitude, except as a
-punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>
-shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
-jurisdiction.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate
-legislation.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE XIV.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
-subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
-the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law
-which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
-States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
-without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
-the equal protection of the laws.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
-States, according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number
-of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
-right to vote at any election for choice of electors for President and Vice-president
-of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive
-and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof,
-is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one
-years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged,
-except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation
-therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of
-such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
-years of age in such State.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span>&mdash;No person shall be a senator, or representative in Congress,
-or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military,
-under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously
-taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States,
-or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer
-of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have
-engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or
-comfort to the enemies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two thirds
-of each house, remove such disability.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span>&mdash;The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized
-by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions, and bounties
-for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be
-questioned. But neither the United States, nor any State, shall assume or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span>
-pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
-against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
-any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal
-and void.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span>&mdash;The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate
-legislation the provisions of this Article.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center">ARTICLE XV.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span>&mdash;The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
-not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account
-of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.</p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span>&mdash;The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate
-legislation.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2>
-
-<ul class="index">
-<li class="ifrst">A</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Abercrombie</b>, General, defeat of, at Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Abraham</b>, Plains of, battle of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Acadia</b>, named, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">conquered by the English, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Acadians</b>, exile of the, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Act</b>, the Importation, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Stamp, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Embargo, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Conscription, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Resumption, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Adams</b>, John, predicts American Independence, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">nominates Washington, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">on Declaration Committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Commissioner to Paris, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected first Vice-president, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_211">211-213</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Adams</b>, John Quincy, Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Adams</b>, Samuel, at Boston town-meeting, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Agricultural</b> Department, established, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Aix-la-Chapelle</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Alabama</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Alabama Claims</b>, the, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Alabama</b>, depredations by the, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Alaska</b>, purchase of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Algiers</b>, tribute paid to, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">subdued by Decatur, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Alexander</b>, Pope, gives New World to Spain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Algonquins</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Allen</b>, Ethan, captures Fort Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>America</b>, discovery of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">derivation of name, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Amendments</b> to the Constitution, fourteenth and fifteenth, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Amherst</b>, general-in-chief of American forces, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Amnesty</b> proclamation, the, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Anarchists</b>, the Chicago, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Anderson</b>, Robert, defends Fort Sumter, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Andr�</b>, John, capture of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Andros</b>, Sir Edmund, royal governor of New England, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">demands surrender of Connecticut charter, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">governor of New York, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treaty of with the Iroquois, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Antietam</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Anti-Federalist</b> party, the, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Appomattox</b> Courthouse, surrender at, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Arctic</b> expeditions, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Argall</b>, Samuel, abducts Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition against Acadia, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Arizona</b> Territory, organization of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Arkansas</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Arlington</b>, Earl of, grant of Virginia to, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrenders claim to Culpepper, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Arnold</b>, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition against Canada, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at camp on Delaware, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Bemis's Heights, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treason of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in British army, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Arthur</b>, Chester A., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_346">346-349</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Atlanta</b>, capture of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Aztecs</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">B</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bacon</b>, Nathaniel, rebellion led by, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Balboa</b> discovers the Pacific, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ball's</b> Bluff, battle of, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Baltimore</b>, Lord, secures charter for New Maryland, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Baltimore</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">mob at fire on Union soldiers, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bank</b> of North America, organization of, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bank</b> of the United States, organization of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">rechartered, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">rechartering vetoed by Jackson, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">rechartering vetoed by Tyler, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Banks</b>, N. P., in West Virginia, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captures Port Hudson, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Red River expedition of, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Barclay</b>, Commodore, on Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Battle</b> of Antietam, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Atlanta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Ball's Bluff, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Bemis's Heights, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Bennington, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Brandywine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Brier Creek, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Buena Vista, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Bull Run, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Champion Hills, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Chippewa, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Chrysler's Field, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Churubusco, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">City of Mexico, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Cold Harbor, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Corinth, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Cowpens, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Eutaw Springs, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Fair Oaks, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Five Oaks, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Fort Edward, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Fort Meigs, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Fort Stephenson, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Frenchtown, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Germantown, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Guilford Courthouse, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Kenesaw Mountain, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">King's Mountain, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Malvern Hill, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Monmouth, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Monterey, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Murfreesborough, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Nashville, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">New Orleans, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Palo Alto, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Plains of Abraham, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Plattsburgh, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Princeton, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Queenstown, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Resaca de la Palma, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Sag Harbor, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Sander's Creek, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">San Gabriel, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Saratoga, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Savannah, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Shiloh, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Spottsylvania Courthouse, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Talladega, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Thames, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Tippecanoe, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Trenton, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">White Plains, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Wilson's Creek, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Yorktown, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Beecher</b>, Henry Ward, death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bell</b>, A. Graham, inventor of telephone, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bellomont</b>, Earl of, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bemis's</b> Heights, battle of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bennington</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Berkeley</b>, Sir William, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected by burgesses, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">rebellion against, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">oppression by, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">grant of New Jersey to, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sells interest, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Beverley</b>, Robert, royalist captain, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Black</b> Hawk War, the, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Blaine</b>, James G., Secretary of State under Garfield, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">nominated for President, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Secretary of State under Harrison, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Block</b>, Adrian, explorations by, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Body</b> of Liberties, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Boone</b>, Daniel, colonizes Kentucky, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Booth</b>, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Boston</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">occupied by British, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">massacre at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">tea party, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Port Bill, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_159">159-164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">fire in, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Braddock</b>, Edward, arrives in America, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">defeat and death of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bradford</b>, John, landing of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bradford</b>, William, governor of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bragg</b>, Braxton, at Murfreesborough, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Brandywine</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Breckinridge</b>, John C., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commands Confederate cavalry, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Breed's</b> Hill, fortification of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Brier</b> Creek, battle of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Brooklyn</b> Bridge, construction of the, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Brown</b>, John, insurrection led by, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bryant</b>, William Cullen, death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Buchanan</b>, James, Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_275">275-277</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Buckner</b>, S. B., defends Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Buena</b> Vista, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bull</b> Run, battles of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Bunker</b> Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Burgesses</b>, House of, organized, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">scene in, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Burgoyne</b>, Gen., campaign of, <a href="#Page_172">172-175</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Burnside</b>, Ambrose E., takes command of Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Burr</b>, Aaron, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">duel with Hamilton, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">schemes of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Butler</b>, Benjamin F., at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Fort Fisher, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">joins Grant at Bermuda Hundred, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">nominated for presidency, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">C</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cabinet</b>, the first, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cable</b>, Atlantic, laying of the, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cabot</b>, John, voyage and discoveries of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cabot</b>, Sebastian, voyage and explorations of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Calhoun</b>, John C., Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">for nullification, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>California</b>, conquest of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">discovery of gold in, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Californians</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Calvert</b>, Sir Cecil, charter issued to, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Calvert</b>, Sir George, in Maryland, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cambridge</b>, named, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Canadian</b> insurrection, the, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Canonchet</b>, King, violates treaty, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Canonicus</b>, King of the Narragansetts, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Capitol</b> of the United States, location of the, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Carolinas</b>, history of the, <a href="#Page_125">125-127</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">separation of the, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Caroline</b>, firing of the, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Carteret</b>, Sir George, proprietor of New Jersey, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cartier</b>, James, voyages of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Carver</b>, John, governor of the Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Census</b> of 1790 and 1800, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1810, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1870, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1880, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1890, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Centennial</b> Exposition, the, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Centennial</b> of the Republic, the, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cerro Gordo</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Champion Hills</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Champlain</b>, Lake, discovered, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition to, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">abandoned by the French, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Champlain</b>, Samuel, voyages of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">founds Quebec, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">discovers Lake Champlain, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">governs New France, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chancellorsville</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chandler</b>, Zackariah, death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chapultepec</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Charlesbourg</b>, Fort, settlement at, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Charleston</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">British repulsed at, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">evacuated, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by Sherman, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Charleston</b> earthquake, the, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Charter</b> Oak, the, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Charter</b> of New England, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chase</b>, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">as Chief-justice presides at impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chen</b> Lan Pin, the Chinese Minister, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cherokees</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">difficulties with the, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cherry Valley</b>, massacre at, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chesapeake</b>, the affair of the, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chesapeake Bay</b>, explored, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chicago</b>, the great fire in, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Anarchists in, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chickamauga</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chicora</b>, first name of South Carolina, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chinese</b> Embassy, establishment of the, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chippewa</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Chrysler's</b> Field, battle of, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Churubusco</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Circumnavigation</b> of the globe, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Civil</b> Rights Bill, the, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Civil</b> Service Reform, the, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Civil</b> War, causes of the, <a href="#Page_284">284-287</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of the, <a href="#Page_281">281-319</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Clark</b>, George Rogers, campaigns of in the West, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Clarke</b>, William, expedition of, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Clay</b>, Henry, advocates Missouri Compromise, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">advocates Omnibus Bill, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Clayborne</b>, William, surveys of, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cleveland</b>, Grover, elected President, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_350">350-360</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">renominated, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">receives majority of popular vote, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Clinton</b>, Sir Henry, repulsed at New York, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">bombards Charleston, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at battle of Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Code</b> of Laws, given by London Company, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cold</b> Harbor, battle of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Colonies</b>, the American, war of with Great Britain, <a href="#Page_157">157-198</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">independence of, <a href="#Page_165">165-197</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Colonization</b> Society, founded, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Colorado</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Columbia</b>, District of, organized, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Columbus</b>, Christopher, sketch of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">discovers America, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">other voyages of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">misfortunes of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">discovers Orinoco, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Comanches</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Commerce</b>, aggressions on American, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Concessions</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Concord</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Confederacy</b>, the Southern, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Confederation</b>, articles of, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of the, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Confederate</b> cruisers, depredations by, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Congress</b> of the Colonies, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the First Continental, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Second Continental, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Conkling</b>, Roscoe, resigns seat in Senate, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Connecticut</b>, colonization of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">charter of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">joins New England, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Conscription</b> in the North, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Constitution</b> of the United States, proposed, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">committee appointed, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">report of committee adopted, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">provisions of, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">adopted by the States, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Constitution</b>, the affair of the, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Continental</b> Army, organization of the, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Convention</b>, the Constitutional, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Hartford, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cooke</b>, Jay &amp; Co., disastrous failure of, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cooper</b>, Peter, candidate for Presidency, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cordova</b>, Fernandez de, explorations of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Corinth</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cornbury</b>, Lord, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cornwallis</b>, Lord, joins Clinton, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Long Island, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">takes Fort Lee, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">pursues Washington, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Monmouth, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Sander's Creek, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">pursues Greene, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">blockaded in Yorktown, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cortereal</b>, Gaspar, voyages of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cortez</b>, Fernando, conquers Mexico, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cotton</b> gin, invention of the, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cowpens</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cranfield</b>, Edward, governor of Province of New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Credit</b> Mobilier, the, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Creek</b> cession, the, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Creeks</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Crown</b> Point, Johnson's expedition against, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">deserted by the French, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Cuban</b> "Filibusters," the, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Culpepper</b>, John, leader of insurrection in North Carolina, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Culpepper</b>, Lord, grant of Virginia to, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">appointed governor, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sole proprietor, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">removed, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Custer</b>, General, defeat of, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">D</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Da Gama</b>, Vasco, doubles Cape of Good Hope, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dakota</b> Territory, organized, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dakotas</b>, the separation of the, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dakotas</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dare</b>, Virginia, birth of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Darrah</b>, Lydia, story of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Davis</b>, Jefferson, President of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">escape of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Daye</b>, Stephen, first printer in America, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Deane</b>, Silas, commissioner to France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dearborn</b>, Fort, surrender of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dearborn</b>, Henry, commander-in-chief of American army, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition against Toronto, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>De Ayllon</b>, voyage of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Decatur</b>, captures the <i>Philadelphia</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captures the <i>Macedonian</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">conquers the Algerian pirates, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Declaration</b> of Rights, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Independence, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Decree</b>, the Milan, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>De Gourgues</b>, Dominic, revenge of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>De Kalb</b>, joins patriot forces, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">killed, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Delaware</b>, Lord, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">voyage to Virginia, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">return to England, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Delaware</b>, secession of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Delaware</b>, the, crossed by Washington, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>De Monts</b>, patent of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Port Royal, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>De Soto</b>, Ferdinand, expedition of, <a href="#Page_30">30-32</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">discovers the Mississippi, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>D'Estaing</b>, fleet of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Detroit</b>, surrender of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dieskau</b>, defeat of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Discovery</b> of America, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Division</b> of land, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dolbear</b>, A. C., inventor of the telephone, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Donelson</b>, Fort, capture of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dorchester</b> Heights, fortification of, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dorr's</b> Rebellion, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Douglas</b>, Stephen A., advocates State sovereignty, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dover</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Drake</b>, Sir Francis, voyages of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Roanoke, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Dred</b> Scott case, the, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Du Quesne</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">battle near, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">destruction of, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">E</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Early</b>, J. A., invades Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surprises Union camp, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">defeated at Winchester, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>East</b> India Company, the Dutch, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Edison</b>, Thomas A., inventor of the telephone and electric light, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Edward</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">battle at, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Electoral</b> Commission, the, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Electric</b> light, invention of the, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Elizabethtown</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Emancipation</b> Proclamation, issued, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Embargo</b> Act, passage of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">repeal of the, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Endicott</b>, John, governor of Plymouth, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ericsson</b>, John, invents the <i>Monitor</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ericsson</b>, Leif, discovers America, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ericsson</b>, Thorwald and Thorstein, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Erie</b>, Fort, siege of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Erie</b>, Lake, battle of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Esquimos</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Eutaw</b> Springs, battle of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Evarts</b>, William A., delivers Centennial oration, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">F</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fair</b> Oaks, battle of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Farragut</b>, Admiral, captures New Orleans, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captures Mobile, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fava</b>, Baron, Italian minister, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Federalist</b> party, the, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Field</b>, Cyrus W., lays Atlantic cables, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fields</b>, James T., death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fillmore</b>, Millard, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_270">270-272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fisher</b>, Fort, capture of, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fishery</b> award, the, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fishery</b> dispute, the, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fisk</b>, Clinton B., prohibition candidate for Presidency, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Five</b> Forks, battle of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Florida</b>, origin of name, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">cession of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Force</b> Bill, introduction of the, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fort</b> Charlesbourg, settlement at, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Dearborn, surrender of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Donelson, capture of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Du Quesne, built, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub3">destruction of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Edward, built, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub3">battle at, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Fisher, capture of, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Jackson, capture of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Le B&#339;uf, built, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub3">arrival of Washington at, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- McHenry, bombarded, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Meigs, building and siege of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Mercer, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Mifflin, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Moultrie, bombarded, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Nassau, building of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Necessity, built and defended, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Stephenson, siege of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- St. Philip, capture of, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Sumter, fired upon, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Venango, built, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- William Henry built, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub3">massacre at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">---- Windsor, building of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>France</b>, explorers sent from, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">colony at Fort Charlesbourg, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">colonizes Florida, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">settlement at Quebec, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">aid of, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treaty with America, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">relations with America, <a href="#Page_178">178-186</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">troubles with, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treaty of peace with, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Franklin</b>, Benjamin, one of Declaration Committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">plan of confederation by, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Franklin</b>, Sir John, Arctic expedition of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fredericksburg</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Free</b> Coinage Bill, introduction of the, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Free</b> Soil Party, organization of the, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fremont</b>, John C., in California, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>French</b> and Indian War, history of the, <a href="#Page_135">135-146</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Frenchtown</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Frobisher</b>, Martin, searching for northwest passage, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fuller</b>, Melville W., appointed Chief-justice of the United States, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Fulton</b>, Robert, invents the steamboat, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">G</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gadsden</b> Purchase, the, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gage</b>, General, occupies Boston, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Garfield</b>, James A., elected President, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_344">344-346</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">assassination of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gates</b>, Horatio, commands northern army, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">defeat at Sander's Creek, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gates</b>, Sir Thomas, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_63">63-66</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Genet</b>, Citizen, trouble caused by, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Georgia</b>, history of, <a href="#Page_130">130-134</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Germantown</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gerry</b>, Elbridge, envoy to France, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Vice-president, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gettysburg</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ghent</b>, the treaty of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gilbert</b>, Sir Humphrey, voyage of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">lost at sea, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gist</b>, Christopher, commands exploring party, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gold</b>, searches for, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">discovery of in California, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gorges</b>, Sir Ferdinand, proprietor New Hampshire, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gosnold</b>, Bartholomew, voyage and explorations of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in the London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Grant</b>, Ulysses S., captures Fort Donelson, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Shiloh, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">general-in-chief, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in the wilderness, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Petersburg, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">enters Richmond, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">final victory of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_328">328-336</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">tour of the world, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">tomb of, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Gray</b>, Elisha P., inventor of telephone, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Great</b> Britain colonizes America, <a href="#Page_41">41-52</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">governs Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70-75</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">governs New York, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">oppressions by, <a href="#Page_149">149-156</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">revolutionary war with, <a href="#Page_157">157-197</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">war of 1812 with, <a href="#Page_221">221-241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treaties with, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Great</b> Eastern, the, carries Atlantic cable, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Great</b> Meadows, battle at, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Greeley</b>, Horace, nominated for Presidency, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Greenbacks</b>, issued, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Greene</b>, Nathaniel, campaigns of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Grenville</b>, Sir Richard, voyage of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Guadalupe</b> Hidalgo, treaty of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Guilford</b> Court House, battle of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">H</li>
-
-<li class="indx">"<b>Half</b> Breeds," the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Half</b> Moon, voyages of the, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hamilton</b>, Alexander, builds Fort Washington, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">urges adoption of Constitution, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">first Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">financial policy of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">killed by Burr, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hamilton</b>, Andrew, defends Zenger, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hancock</b>, Winfield S., death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Harmar</b>, General, expedition of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Harrison</b>, Benjamin, nominated for Presidency, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_361">361-369</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Harrison</b>, William Henry, governor Indiana Territory, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Tippecanoe, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">campaigns of, <a href="#Page_228">228-330</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">resigns commission, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hartford</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hartford</b> Convention, the, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Harvard</b> College founded, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Harvey</b>, Sir John, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hayes</b>, Rutherford B., elected President, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_337">337-343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hayne</b>, Isaac, hanging of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hayne</b>, Senator, debate with Daniel Webster, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hendricks</b>, Thomas A., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">statue of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hennessey</b>, David C., assassination of, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Henry</b>, Patrick, speech of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Herjulfson</b>, discovers America, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hood</b>, J. B., evacuates Atlanta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Nashville campaign of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hooker</b>, Joseph, storms Lookout Mountain, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commands Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Howe</b>, Admiral, at battle of Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Howe</b>, General, arrives in Boston, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrenders Boston, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Battle of Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at White Plains, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hudson</b>, Sir Henry, voyages of, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">mutiny against, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Huguenots</b>, massacre of the, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">colony of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hull</b>, Isaac, in naval battle, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hull</b>, William, begins War of 1812, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrenders Detroit, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hunt</b>, Robert, in London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Huron-Iroquois</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">characteristics of the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Hutchinson</b>, Ann, accused of heresy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">exile of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">I</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Icelanders</b>, the, in America, <a href="#Page_21">21-23</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Idaho</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Illinois</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Impeachment</b> trial of Andrew Johnson, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Importation</b> Act, the, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Independence</b>, Declaration of, by North Carolina Convention, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">by congress of the United Colonies, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">leading principles of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Independent</b> Treasury Bill, the, proposed by Van Buren, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">repeal of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Indiana</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Indians</b>, sketch of the, <a href="#Page_15">15-19</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">troubles with in Northwest Territory, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Indian</b> Territory, set apart, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Internal</b> revenue, sources of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Iowa</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Iroquois</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Isabella</b>, Queen, sympathy with, and aid to Columbus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Island</b> Number Ten, siege of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">J</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jack</b>, Captain, leads Modoc war, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jackson</b>, Andrew, begins career, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">subdues the Creeks, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">drives British from Florida, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in command at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_239">239-241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">subdues Seminoles, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_250">250-253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jackson</b>, Stonewall, valley campaign of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Cedar Mountain, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">seizes Harper's Ferry, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jamestown</b>, settlement of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">colony at, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Japan</b>, intercourse opened with, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jay</b>, John, first Chief-justice, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">envoy to England, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jefferson</b>, Thomas, prepares Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Secretary of Foreign Affairs, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_214">214-220</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Johnson</b>, Andrew, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_323">323-327</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">issues Amnesty Proclamation, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">impeachment of, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Johnston</b>, Joseph E., at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">wounded at Fair Oaks, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Johnstown</b> flood, the, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Jones</b>, Paul, conquers the <i>Serapis</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Joseph</b>, chief of the Nez Perc� Indians, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">K</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kane</b>, Elisha Kent, Arctic expedition of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kansas</b>, troubles in, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kansas</b>-Nebraska Bill, the, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Karlsefne</b>, Thorfinn, explorations of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kearny</b>, Philip, expedition to California, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kenesaw</b> Mountain, battle of, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kentucky</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kidd</b>, Captain William, story of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kieft</b>, Sir William, governor of New Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>King's</b> Mountain, battle of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kingston</b>, destroyed by Indians, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Kossuth</b>, Louis, tour of in America, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">L</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Labor</b> agitations, the, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lafayette</b>, Marquis de, enters American army, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">wounded at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">campaigns of in Virginia, <a href="#Page_194">194-196</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">revisits America, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>La Roche</b>, Marquis of, brings colonists to America, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Laudonniere</b>, in Florida, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Law</b>, the alien, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>; the sedition, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lawrence</b>, James, commands the <i>Hornet</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commands the <i>Chesapeake</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Le B&#339;uf</b>, Fort, built by the French, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lee</b>, Charles, besieges Boston, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captured by British, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">exchanged, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">trouble with Washington, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lee</b>, Richard Henry, offers Resolutions of Independence in Congress, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lee</b>, Robert E., at Cheat Mountain, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Confederate commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">invades Maryland, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Chancellorsville, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">invades Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in the Wilderness, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Spottsylvania C. H., <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">flees from Richmond, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Leisler</b>, Jacob, insurrection of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lewis</b>, Captain, expedition of, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lexington</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Liberia</b>, colony in, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Liberty</b> pole, fight at, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Life-saving</b> Service, establishment of the, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lincoln</b>, Abraham, elected President, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_281">281-321</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">issues Emancipation Proclamation, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">assassination of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">burial of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lincoln</b>, General, campaigns of in the north, <a href="#Page_174">174-175</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">campaigns of in the south, <a href="#Page_185">185-187</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Livingston</b>, Edward, negotiates purchase of Louisiana, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Livingston</b>, Robert R., on Declaration Committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Locke</b>, John, draws up the Grand Model, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Logan</b>, John A., death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>London</b> Company, organization of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">grants to, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">settlement of Jamestown, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">new charter of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">third patent, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">charter cancelled, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Long</b> Island, battle of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Longstreet</b>, James, death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lookout</b> Mountain, storming of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Loudoun</b>, Earl of, commands Colonial army, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Louisburg</b>, captures of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Louisiana</b>, purchase of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Territory of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lovelace</b>, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lundy's</b> Lane, battle of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Lyon</b>, Nathaniel, at Booneville, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">killed at Wilson's Creek, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">M</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Madison</b>, James, elected President, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_221">221-227</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mafia</b> Society, in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Magellan</b>, Ferdinand, voyage of around the world, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Maine</b>, the Province of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Malietoa</b>, king of Samoa, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Malvern</b> Hill, battle of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Manhattan</b> Island, purchase of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Marion</b>, Francis, raids of, in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Marshall</b>, John, envoy to France, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Chief-justice of the United States, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">presides at trial of Aaron Burr, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Maryland</b>, history of, <a href="#Page_122">122-125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mason</b>, James M., Confederate ambassador to England, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mason</b>, John, in Pequod war, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">grant to, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Massachusetts</b>, colonization of, <a href="#Page_47">47-52</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_76">76-93</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Massachusetts</b> Bay Colony, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Massacre</b>, the Boston, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Cherry Valley, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Indian, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the New Orleans, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Wyoming, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Massasoit</b>, visits Plymouth, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mather</b>, Cotton, favors prosecution of witches, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>May</b>, Cornelius, explorations of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">leader in Dutch settlement, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mayflower</b>, voyage of the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>McClellan</b>, George B., campaigns of, in West Virginia, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commands Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Peninsular campaign of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Antietam, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>McDonough</b>, Commodore, at battle of Plattsburg, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>McDowell</b>, Irwin, at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>McHenry</b>, Fort, bombardment of, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>McKinley</b> Bill, adoption of the, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Meade</b>, George G., in command of Army of the Potomac, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in the Wilderness, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">flees from Richmond, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">surrender of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Meigs</b>, Colonel, attacks Sag Harbor, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">rewarded by Congress, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Meigs</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">siege of, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Menendez</b>, Pedro, expedition of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">massacre of Huguenots, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mercer</b>, Fort, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Merrimac</b>, the, fights with the <i>Monitor</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mexico</b>, City of, siege of the, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mexico</b>, French occupation of, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mexico</b>, war with, <a href="#Page_261">261-267</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">declaration of war with, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Miamis</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Miantonomah</b>, gives Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Michigan</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mifflin</b>, Fort, taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Miller</b>, James, at Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mims</b>, Fort, attacked by savages, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Minnesota</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Missionary</b> Ridge, storming of, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mississippi</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mississippi</b> River, discovery of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Missouri</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Missouri</b> Compromise, the, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mobilians</b>, regions inhabited by the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">tribes of the, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Model</b>, the Grand, account of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Modocs</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Monitor</b>, fights the <i>Merrimac</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Monmouth</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Monroe</b> Doctrine, the, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Monroe</b>, James, negotiates Louisiana purchase, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_244">244-247</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Montana</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Montcalm</b>, General, at Fort William Henry, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Plains of Abraham, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Monterey</b>, capture of, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Montgomery</b>, Richard, attack of on Quebec, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mont</b> Real, island and town of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Morgan</b>, John, raid of, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mormons</b>, troubles with the, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Morris</b>, Robert, gives financial aid, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Secretary of Finance, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">brought to poverty, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Morse</b>, Samuel F. B., inventor of the telegraph, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Morton</b>, Levi P., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Morton</b>, Oliver P., death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mound-builders</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_12">12-15</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Moultrie</b>, bombardment of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Murfreesborough</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Mutiny</b> in Continental Army, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">N</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Narvaez</b>, De, governor of Florida, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Nashville</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>National</b> Banks, establishment of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>National</b> debt, the, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Naval</b> battles between the <i>Chesapeake</i> and the <i>Leopard</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Chesapeake</i> and the <i>Shannon</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Constellation</i> and the <i>Insurgent</i>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Constitution</i> and the <i>Guerriere</i>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Constitution</i> and the <i>Java</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Essex</i> and the <i>Nocton</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Essex</i> and the <i>Phoebe</i> and <i>Cherub</i>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Hartford</i> and the <i>Tennessee</i>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Hornet</i> and the <i>Peacock</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Hornet</i> and the <i>Penguin</i>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Lawrence</i> and the <i>Detroit</i>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Monitor</i> and the <i>Merrimac</i>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Niagara</i> and British fleet, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Poictiers</i> and the <i>Wasp</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Poor Richard</i> and the <i>Serapis</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>President</i> and the <i>Little Belt</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>United States</i> and the <i>Macedonian</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1"><i>Wasp</i> and the <i>Frolic</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Nebraska</b>, admission of <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Necessity</b>, Fort, built and defended, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Negro</b> Plot, the, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Nevada</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Amsterdam, founded, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> England, named, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">colonization of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76-93</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106-114</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> France, <a href="#Page_36">36-40</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Hampshire, the province of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Haven, founded, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Jersey, named, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_115">115-118</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">division of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Netherlands named, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_94">94-99</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Orleans, battle of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">exposition in, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">massacre in, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Newport</b>, Christopher, commands fleet, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">brings immigrants, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> Sweden, colonization of, <a href="#Page_95">95-99</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> York, colonization of, <a href="#Page_94">94-99</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">under English, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>New</b> York City, settlement of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">under Dutch, <a href="#Page_94">94-99</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">under English, <a href="#Page_100">100-105</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">occupied by Washington, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">operations about, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">evacuation of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">world's fair in, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">riots in, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Nez</b> Perc� Indians, war with the, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Niagara</b>, captured by English, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Norsemen</b>, early discoveries by the, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">voyages of the, <a href="#Page_20">20-23</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">remains in America of the, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>North</b> Carolina, history of, <a href="#Page_125">125-127</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">ratifies constitution, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>North</b> Dakota, admission of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Northeastern</b> boundary, establishment of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Northwest</b> Passage, the, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Nullification</b>, account of, <a href="#Page_250">250-251</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">O</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Oglethorpe</b>, James, founding of Georgia by, <a href="#Page_130">130-134</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ohio</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ohio</b> Company, organization of, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Omnibus</b> Bill, the, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Oregon</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">P</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pacific</b>, discovery of the, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pacific</b> Railroad, route of surveyed, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">completion of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pakenham</b>, Sir Edward, commands British at New Orleans, <a href="#Page_239">239-241</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Palo</b> Alto, battle of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Panic</b> of 1836-37, the financial, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1873, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Paper</b> Money, origin of in America, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Patroons</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Paris</b>, the treaty of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Parris</b>, Samuel, joins in witchcraft persecutions, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Penn</b>, William, purchases East Jersey, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">proprietor of Pennsylvania <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treaty of with Indians, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">founds Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pennsylvania</b>, history of, <a href="#Page_118">118-120</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pension</b> legislation, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pequods</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Perry</b>, Oliver H., victory of on Lake Erie, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Petersburg</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">capture of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Philadelphia</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">evacuated by British, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Philadelphia</b>, the, captured and retaken, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Philip</b>, King, war with, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Phipps</b>, Sir William, commands English troops, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pickett</b>, George G., charge at Gettysburg, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pierce</b>, Franklin, elected President, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_273">273-274</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pilgrims</b>, so named, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">promise to the, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">landing, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sufferings, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pirates</b>, the Algerine, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pittsburgh</b>, building on site of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">named, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Platt</b>, Thomas C., resigns seat in Senate, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Plattsburgh</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Plymouth</b> Company, the, organization of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">grants to, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">attempt at colonization, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Plymouth</b> Council, organization of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">grant to, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Plymouth</b> Rock, landing at, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pocahontas</b>, rescues John Smith, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">abducted by Argall, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">marriage of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Polk</b>, James K., elected President, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_261">261-268</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ponce</b> de Leon, voyages of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pope</b>, John, takes Island Number Ten, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Bull Run, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Port</b> Bill, the Boston, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Porter</b>, Admiral, bombards Vicksburg, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captures Fort Fisher, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Port</b> Royal, founded, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Portuguese</b> explorations, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Prescott</b>, William, fortifies Breed's Hill, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Prideaux</b>, General, campaign of against Niagara, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Princeton</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pring</b>, Martin, voyage of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Printing-press</b>, introduction of in America, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Privateers</b>, British, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Prohibition</b> Party candidates, the, of 1884, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Proprietors'</b> Rights, purchase of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Providence</b>, R. I., founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Pulaski</b>, Count, honored by Congress, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">killed at Savannah, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Puritans</b>, sketch of the, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">character of the, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Q</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Quakers</b>, persecution of the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Quebec</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captured by Wolfe, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition of Arnold against, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Queenstown</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">R</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ragged</b> Regiment, Marion's, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Raleigh</b>, Sir Walter, voyage of with Gilbert, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expeditions of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Randolph</b>, Edmund, introduces resolution to adopt a new Constitution, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Rebellion</b>, Bacon's, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Reconstruction</b>, measures of, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Red</b> River Expedition, the, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Reed</b>, Thomas B., Speaker of House of Representatives, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Remonetization</b> of silver, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Republic</b>, the New, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Resaca</b> de la Palma, battle of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Resumption</b> Act, adoption of the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Revere</b>, Paul, ride of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Revolution</b>, causes of the, <a href="#Page_149">149-156</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of the, <a href="#Page_157">157-198</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Rhode</b> Island, founded, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_111">111-113</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">ratifies the Constitution, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Dorr's rebellion in, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ribault</b>, John, voyages of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Richmond</b>, capital of Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">fall of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Rights</b>, declaration of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Roanoke</b>, colony at, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Roberval</b>, Frances of, attempts to found colony in New France, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Rodgers</b>, Commodore, commander of the <i>President</i>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Roebling</b>, John, architect of the Brooklyn bridge, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Rolfe</b>, John, marriage of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Rosecrans</b>, W. S., at Murfreesborough, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Chickamauga, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ross</b>, General, captures Washington, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition against Baltimore, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ryswick</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">S</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Salem</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">witchcraft at, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Samoa</b>, difficulty in, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Samoset</b>, welcomes the Pilgrims, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sander's</b> Creek, battle of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>San</b> Domingo Commission, the, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sandys</b>, Sir Edwyn, treasurer of London Company, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sends wives to colonists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>San</b> Gabriel, battle of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Santa</b> Anna, called to Mexico, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Buena Vista and Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">driven from Mexico, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Saratoga</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Savannah</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by British, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">bombardment of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by Sherman, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Saybrook</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Scott</b>, Winfield S., at Lundy's Lane, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commander-in-chief in Mexican war, <a href="#Page_262">262-267</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commander-in-chief of the Union, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">retires from service, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Seamen</b>, the impressment of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Secession</b>, account of the, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Seminoles</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Seven</b> Days' battles, the, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Seward</b>, William H., Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">diplomacy of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">attempted assassination of, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Seymour</b>, Horatio, death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Shackamaxon</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sheridan</b>, Philip H., ravages Shenandoah valley, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">ride to Winchester, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">general-in-chief, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sherman</b>, Roger, on declaration committee, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sherman</b>, William Tecumseh, at Chickasaw Bayou, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">advance on Atlanta, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captures Atlanta, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">march to the sea, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">resigns command, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Shiloh</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Silver</b>, remonetization of, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sioux</b> Indians, war with the, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sitting</b> Bull, in Sioux war, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Slavery</b>, introduction of in Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in the Territories, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">abolition of, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">amendment to the Constitution, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Slidell</b>, John, Confederate ambassador to England, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sloughter</b>, Colonel, governor of New York, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Smith</b>, John, in London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Jamestown settlement, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">voyages of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">names New England, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admiral of New England, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">trouble with colonists, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captured by Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">rescue by Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">explores Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">president of Virginia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">returns to England, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Smyth</b>, Alexander, takes command of American forces, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">charged with cowardice, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sons</b> of Liberty, organization of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>South</b> Carolina, history of, <a href="#Page_128">128-130</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>South</b> Dakota, admission of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Spain</b>, discovers and colonizes America, <a href="#Page_24">24-34</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">treaty with, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Spanish</b> Florida, war with, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Specie</b> Circular, the, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Specie</b> Resumption, the, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">"<b>Spoils</b> System," the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Spottsylvania</b> Courthouse, battle of, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">"<b>Stalwarts</b>," the, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Stamp</b> Act, adoption of the, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">repeal of the, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Standish</b>, Miles, landing of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">expedition of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Stanton</b>, Edwin M., Secretary of War, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Starving</b> Time, the, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>St.</b> Augustine, founded, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>St.</b> Clair, expedition of against Miami Indians, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Steamboat</b>, invention of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Stephens</b>, Alexander, defends theory of secession, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Vice-president of Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Stephenson</b>, Fort, siege of, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>St.</b> Lawrence River, named, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Stony</b> Point, taken by British, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">retaken by General Wayne, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Strike</b>, the great railroad, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the southwestern, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Stuyvesant</b>, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, <a href="#Page_97">97-99</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sumter</b>, Fort, fired upon, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Sumter</b>, Thomas, raids of, in South Carolina, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Supreme</b> Court, organization of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">T</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Talladega</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tariff</b>, the protective, agitation of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">issue in presidential campaign, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Taylor</b>, Bayard, author of National Ode, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Taylor</b>, Zachary, campaign in Florida, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">campaigns in Mexican War, <a href="#Page_261">261-264</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_269">269-270</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tea</b> Party, the Boston, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tecumtha</b>, conspiracy of, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">lays ambush, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">besieges Fort Meigs, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Telegraph</b>, invention of the, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Telephone</b>, invention of the, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tennessee</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Territory</b>, southwest of the Ohio, organization of the, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Territories</b>, organization of the, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Texas</b>, secedes from Mexico, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">annexation of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Thames</b>, battle of the, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Ticonderoga</b>, defeat of English at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">abandoned by French, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">taken by Ethan Allen, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">captured by British, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tilden</b>, Samuel J., election as President claimed by Democrats, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tippecanoe</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tobacco</b>, cultivation of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Toronto</b>, attacked by Americans, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Treaty</b> with Indians, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Ryswick, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Utrecht, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Aix-la-Chapelle, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Shackamaxon, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Paris, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with France, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1783, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with France, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Ghent, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Spain, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Webster-Ashburton, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Guadalupe Hidalgo, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of Washington, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Trent</b>, affair of the, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Trenton</b>, battle at, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tripoli</b>, war with, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Truxtun</b>, Commodore, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Tyler</b>, John, elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">becomes President, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_258">258-260</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">U</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Underhill</b>, John, commands Dutch forces, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Union</b> of Independent Colonies, the, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>United</b> Colonies of New England, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>United</b> Colonies of America, the, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Utah</b> Territory, founded, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">difficulties in, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Utrecht</b>, treaty of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">V</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Valley</b> Forge, American army at, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Van</b> Buren, Martin, elected President, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_254">254-256</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Van</b> Rensselaer, Stephen, at Queenstown, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Van</b> Twiller, Wouter, governor of New Netherlands, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Venango</b>, Fort, built, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Vera</b> Cruz, surrender of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Vermont</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Verrazano</b>, John, explorations of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Vespucci</b>, Amerigo, voyages of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Vicksburg</b>, battle of, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Vincennes</b>, capture of, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Virginia</b> named, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">colonization of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">history of, <a href="#Page_57">57-75</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">W</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wadsworth</b>, Joseph, hides the charter, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Waite</b>, Morrison R., Chief-justice of the United States, death of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wallace</b>, Lewis, at Romney, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">saves Cincinnati from capture, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">defeated by Early, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Walloons</b>, at New Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Walker</b>, Francis A., superintendent of Tenth Census, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>War</b>, with Indians, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Susquehannas, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">King Philip's, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">King William's, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Queen Anne's, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">King George's, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Pequods, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Yamassees, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Spanish Florida, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">French and Indian, <a href="#Page_135">135-146</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Great Britain, <a href="#Page_157">157-198</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Miamis, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Tripoli, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">of 1812, <a href="#Page_221">221-241</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Black Hawk, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Seminole, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Mexico, <a href="#Page_261">261-267</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">the Civil, <a href="#Page_281">281-319</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Modoc, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Sioux, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Nez Perc�, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Warren</b>, Joseph, at Bunker Hill, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b> City, founded, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">burned by the British, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b>, George, embassy to St. Pierre, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Great Meadows, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with Braddock, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">in Shenandoah, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">against Fort Du Quesne, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">commander-in-chief, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">sketch of, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">besieges Boston, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">occupies Boston, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at New York, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">on Long Island, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">retreats to New York, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">occupies Fort Lee, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">retreats to Trenton, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">crosses the Delaware, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Trenton, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Princeton, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Brandywine, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Germantown, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Valley Forge, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Monmouth, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">quells mutiny, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">farewell to army, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">elected President, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">administration of, <a href="#Page_205">205-210</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">inauguration of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">farewell address, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">recalled from retirement, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b> Monument, completion of the, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Washington</b>, Treaty of, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wayne</b>, Anthony, at Stony Point, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">subdues the Indians, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Webster</b>, Daniel, reply to Hayne, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">Secretary of State, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">concludes Ashburton Treaty, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wesley</b>, Charles, in America, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wesley</b>, John, in America, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>West</b> India Company, the Dutch, organization of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>West</b> Virginia, admission of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Weymouth</b>, founded, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wheeler</b>, William A., elected Vice-president, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Whisky</b> Insurrection, the, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Whitefield</b>, George, preaching in America, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Whitemarsh</b>, operations at, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>White</b> Plains, battle of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Whitney</b>, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wilderness</b>, battles in the, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wingfield</b>, Edward, in London Company, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">at Jamestown settlement, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">embezzles stores, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>William</b> Henry, Fort, building of, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">massacre at, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Williams</b>, Roger, arraigned for heresy, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">banished from Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">with the Narragansetts, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">founds Providence, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">founds Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wilson's</b> Creek, battle of, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Winthrop</b>, John, governor of Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Winthrop</b>, the younger, founds Saybrook, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">secures charter for Connecticut, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wisconsin</b>, admission of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Witchcraft</b> in Salem, <a href="#Page_89">89-91</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wives</b> for colonists, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wolfe</b>, General, captures Quebec, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>World's</b> Fair in New York, the, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Writs</b> of Assistance, the, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wyatt</b>, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">retires from office, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reelected, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wyoming</b>, massacre of, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Wyoming</b>, organization of Territory, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">admission of State, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Y</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Yale</b> College, founded, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Yamassees</b>, war with the, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Yeamans</b>, Sir John, governor of Carolina, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Yeardley</b>, George, appointed governor of Virginia, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">reappointed, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
-<li class="isub1">death of, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Yellow</b> fever epidemic, the, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li>
-
-<li class="indx"><b>Yorktown</b>, siege of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-
-
-<hr />
-
-<div class="transnote">
-
-<h2>Transcriber's Note:</h2>
-
-<ul>
-  <li>Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Otherwise spelling
-    variations were not changed.</li>
-  <li>Inconsistent hyphenation was retained.</li>
-  <li>Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved between paragraphs.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-06 06:10:18 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-06 06:10:18 -0800
commit	0c1478ba5dc63637f7e3be87a22a97f55d3e55bc (patch)
tree	1018422b5881731c95b7e2f229b95b4ddb693fe1
parent	deede6acaaabb296eb11125acabaa32c1ab3d9c0 (diff)