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diff --git a/old/53019-0.txt b/old/53019-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index cbd4813..0000000 --- a/old/53019-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15245 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: History of the United States - -Author: John Clark Ridpath - -Release Date: September 9, 2016 [EBook #53019] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Hulse, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - HISTORY - - OF THE - - UNITED STATES - - - [Illustration] - - - NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO - - AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY - - 1891 - - COPYRIGHT, 1891, BY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -To the American youth the history of our country is more important than -any other branch of education. A fair degree of knowledge respecting -the progress of the American people from the discovery of the New World -to the present is almost essential to that citizenship into which our -youth are soon expected to enter. In a government of the people, for -the people and by the people, a familiar acquaintance with the course -of events, with the movements of society in peace and war, is the great -prerequisite to the exercise of those rights and duties which the -American citizen must assume if he would hold his true place in the -Nation. - -Fortunately, the means for studying the history of our country are -abundant and easy. American boys and girls have little cause any longer -to complain that the writers and teachers have put beyond their reach -the story of their native land. Great pains have been taken, on the -contrary, to gather out of our annals as a people and nation the most -important and romantic parts, and to recite in pleasing style, and with -the aid of happy illustrations, the lessons of the past. - -The author of the present volume has tried in every particular to put -himself in the place of the student. He has endeavored to bring to the -pupils of our great Common Schools a brief and easy narrative of all -the better parts of our country's history. It has been his aim to tell -the story as a lover of his native land should recite for others that -which is dearest and best to memory and affection. He has sought to -bring the careful results of historical research into the schoolroom -without any of the superfluous rubbish and scaffolding of obtrusive -scholarship and erudition. - -Another aim in the present text-book for our youth has been to consider -the events of our country's history somewhat from our own point of -view--not to despise the history of civilization in the Mississippi -Valley, or to seek wholly for examples of heroism and greatness in -the older States of the Union. Perhaps no part of our country is more -favorably situated for taking such a view of our progress as a nation -than is that magnificent region, constituting as it does the most -fertile and populous portion of the continent. In the present History -of the United States the author has not hesitated to make emphatic -those paragraphs which relate to the development and progress of this -region. - -For the rest the author has followed the usual channel of narration -from the aboriginal times to the colonization of our Atlantic coast -by the peoples of Western Europe; from that event by way of the Old -Thirteen Colonies to Independence; from Independence to regeneration -by war; and from our second birth to the present epoch of greatness -and promise. He cherishes the hope that his work in the hands of the -boys and girls of our public schools may pass into their memories and -hearts; that its lessons may enter into union with their lives, and -conduce in some measure to their development into men and women worthy -of their age and country. - - - CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - - PREFACE 3 - - CONTENTS 5 - - INTRODUCTION 8 - - - PART I. - - PRIMITIVE AMERICA. - - CHAPTER - - I.--The Aborigines 11 - - - PART II. - - VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY. - - II.--The Norsemen in America 21 - - III.--Spanish Discoveries in America 24 - - IV.--Spanish Discoveries in America.--Continued 28 - - V.--The French in America 35 - - VI.--English Discoveries and Settlements 41 - - VII.--English Discoveries and Settlements.--Continued 47 - - VIII.--Voyages and Settlements of the Dutch 53 - - - PART III. - - COLONIAL HISTORY. - - IX.--Virginia.--The First Charter 57 - - X.--Charter Government.--Continued 65 - - XI.--Virginia.--The Royal Government 70 - - XII.--Massachusetts.--Settlement and Union 76 - - XIII.--Massachusetts.--War and Witchcraft 84 - - XIV.--New York.--Settlement and Administration of Stuyvesant 94 - - XV.--New York under the English 100 - - XVI.--Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire 106 - - XVII.--New Jersey and Pennsylvania 115 - - XVIII.--Maryland and North Carolina 122 - - XIX.--South Carolina and Georgia 128 - - XX.--French and Indian War 135 - - - PART IV. - - REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION. - - XXI.--Causes of the Revolution 149 - - XXII.--The Beginning of the Revolution.--Events of 1775 157 - - XXIII.--The Events of 1776 163 - - XXIV.--Operations of 1777 171 - - XXV.--Events of 1778 and 1779 178 - - XXVI.--Reverses and Treason.--Events of 1780 187 - - XXVII.--Events of 1781 192 - - XXVIII.--Confederation and Union 199 - - - PART V. - - GROWTH OF THE UNION. - - XXIX.--Washington's Administration 205 - - XXX.--Adams's Administration 211 - - XXXI.--Jefferson's Administration 214 - - XXXII.--Madison's Administration.--War of 1812 221 - - XXXIII.--War of 1812.--Events of 1813 228 - - XXXIV.--The Campaigns of 1814 235 - - XXXV.--Monroe's Administration 244 - - XXXVI.--Adams's Administration 248 - - XXXVII.--Jackson's Administration 250 - - XXXVIII.--Van Buren's Administration 254 - - XXXIX.--Administrations of Harrison and Tyler 257 - - XL.--Polk's Administration and the Mexican War 261 - - XLI.--Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore 269 - - XLII.--Pierce's Administration 273 - - XLIII.--Buchanan's Administration 275 - - - PART VI. - - THE CIVIL WAR. - - XLIV.--Lincoln's Administration and the Civil War 281 - - XLV.--Causes of the Civil War 284 - - XLVI.--Events of 1861 288 - - XLVII.--Campaigns of 1862 293 - - XLVIII.--The Events of 1863 302 - - XLIX.--The Closing Conflicts.--Events of 1864 and 1865 310 - - - PART VII. - - THE NATION REUNITED. - - L.--Johnson's Administration 323 - - LI.--Grant's Administration 328 - - LII.--Hayes's Administration 337 - - LIII.--Administrations of Garfield and Arthur 344 - - LIV.--Cleveland's Administration 350 - - LV.--Harrison's Administration 361 - - Appendix.--Constitution of the United States 371 - - Index 387 - - - - - MAPS AND PORTRAITS. - - - COLORED MAPS. - - PAGE - - The New World, with Routes of Discoveries 24 - - The Colonies at the time of the French and Indian War 144 - - The Colonies at the time of the Revolution 192 - - The States in America during the Civil War 304 - - - OUTLINE MAPS. - - PAGE - - The First English Settlements 48 - - Early Settlements in East Mass. 78 - - Middle Colonies 116 - - Washington's Route to Fort Le - Bœuf 139 - - Lake Champlain 142 - - Quebec in 1759 145 - - Vicinity of Boston 160 - - New York and Vicinity 168 - - Central New Jersey 170 - - Hudson River 174 - - Philadelphia and Vicinity 176 - - The Carolinas 186 - - Western Battlefields of the War of - 1812 223 - - Operations about Niagara 235 - - Vicinity of Manassas Junction 288 - - Vicinity of Richmond, 1862 298 - - Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863 303 - - Sherman's Atlanta Campaign 312 - - Operations in Virginia, 1864 and - 1865 318 - - - PORTRAITS. - - PAGE - - George Washington 10 - - Christopher Columbus 25 - - Pedro Menendez 33 - - Samuel Champlain 39 - - Sebastian Cabot 42 - - Sir Walter Raleigh 44 - - Captain John Smith 60 - - Peter Stuyvesant 96 - - William Penn 119 - - Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore 123 - - James Oglethorpe 131 - - Patrick Henry 152 - - Marquis de La Fayette 173 - - Benjamin Franklin 179 - - Paul Jones 186 - - General Greene 193 - - John Adams 211 - - Thomas Jefferson 214 - - James Madison 221 - - James Monroe 244 - - Henry Clay 247 - - John Quincy Adams 248 - - Andrew Jackson 250 - - Daniel Webster 251 - - Martin Van Buren 254 - - William Henry Harrison 257 - - John Tyler 257 - - James K. Polk 261 - - John Charles Fremont 263 - - Zachary Taylor 269 - - Millard Fillmore 270 - - Franklin Pierce 273 - - James Buchanan 275 - - Abraham Lincoln 281 - - George B. McClellan 291 - - Robert E. Lee 299 - - Stonewall Jackson 307 - - William T. Sherman 311 - - Joseph E. Johnston 313 - - Philip H. Sheridan 317 - - Andrew Johnson 323 - - Ulysses S. Grant 328 - - Horace Greeley 331 - - Rutherford B. Hayes 337 - - Oliver P. Morton 342 - - James A. Garfield 344 - - Chester A. Arthur 346 - - Grover Cleveland 350 - - Thomas A. Hendricks 356 - - Benjamin Harrison 361 - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -There are several Periods in the history of the United States. It is -important for the student to understand these at the beginning. Without -such an understanding his notion of our country's history will be -confused and his study rendered difficult. - -2. First of all, there was a time when the Western continent was under -the dominion of the Red men. The savage races possessed the soil, -hunted in the forests, roamed over the prairies. This is the Primitive -Period in American history. - -3. After the discovery of America, the people of Europe were for a long -time engaged in exploring the New World and in becoming familiar with -its shape and character. For more than a hundred years, curiosity was -the leading passion with the adventurers who came to our shores. Their -disposition was to go everywhere and settle nowhere. These early times -may be called the Period of Voyage and Discovery. - -4. Next came the time of planting colonies. The adventurers, tired of -wandering about, became anxious to found new States in the wilderness. -Kings and queens turned their attention to the work of colonizing the -New World. Thus arose a third period--the Period of Colonial History. - -5. The colonies grew strong and multiplied. There were thirteen little -seashore republics. The rulers of the mother-country began a system of -oppression and tyranny. The colonies revolted, fought side by side, and -won their freedom. Not satisfied with mere independence, they formed -a Union destined to become strong and great. This is the Period of -Revolution and Confederation. - -6. Then the United States of America entered upon its career as a -nation. Emigrants flocked to the Land of the Free. New States were -formed and added to the Union in rapid succession. To protect itself -from jealous neighbors, the nation pushed her boundaries across the -continent. This Period may be called the Growth of the Union. - -7. But the nation was not truly free. Human slavery existed in the -South. This institution engendered sectional hatred and desires for -disunion which finally developed into the dark and bloody Period of the -Civil War. - -8. Then the reunited nation laid aside its arms and entered upon a -period of prosperity and material development which has not yet reached -its culmination and with which History affords no parallel. - -9. We thus find seven periods in the history of our country: - - I. PRIMITIVE AMERICA; prior to the coming of white men. - - II. VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY; A. D. 986-1607. - - III. THE COLONIES; A. D. 1607-1775. - - IV. REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION; A. D. 1775-1789. - - V. THE GROWTH OF THE UNION; A. D. 1789-1861. - - VI. THE CIVIL WAR; A. D. 1861-1865. - - VII. THE REUNITED NATION; A. D. 1865-1891. - -In this order the History of the United States will be presented in the -following pages. - -[Illustration: G. Washington] - - - - -HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. - - - - -PART I. - -PRIMITIVE AMERICA. - - -[Illustration: An Ancient Mound.] - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -THE ABORIGINES. - - -Before the times of the Red men, North America was inhabited by -other races, of whom we know but little. Of these primitive peoples -the Indians preserved many traditions. Vague stories of the wars, -migrations, and cities of the nations that preceded them were recited -by the red hunters at their camp-fires, and were repeated from -generation to generation. - -2. Other evidences, more trustworthy than legend and story, exist of -the presence of aboriginal peoples in our country. The traces of a -rude civilization are found in almost every part of the present United -States. It is certain that the relics left behind by the prehistoric -peoples are not the work of the Indian races, but of peoples who -preceded them in the occupation of this continent. That class of -scholars called antiquarians, or archæologists, have taken great pains -to restore for us an outline of the life and character of the nations -who first dwelt in the great countries between the Atlantic and the -Pacific. - -[Sidenote: =The Mound-builders.=] - -3. These primitive peoples are known to us by the name of -MOUND-BUILDERS. The building of mounds seems to have been one of their -chief forms of activity. The traveler of to-day, in passing across our -country, will ever and anon discover one of those primitive works of -a race which has left to us no other monuments. As the ancient people -of Egypt built pyramids of stone for their memorials, so the unknown -peoples of the New World raised huge mounds of earth as the tokens of -their presence, the evidences of their work in ancient America. - -4. The mounds referred to are found in many parts of the United States, -but are most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. Here also they are of -greatest extent and variety. Some of them are as much as ninety feet -in height, and one has been estimated to contain twenty million cubic -feet of earth. It is evident that they were formed before the present -forest growth of the United States sprang into existence. The mounds -are covered with trees, some of them several feet in diameter; and the -surface has the same appearance as that of the surrounding country. - -5. As we have said, we know but little of the people by whom the mounds -and earthworks of primitive America were constructed. Some of the works -in question are of a military character. One of these, called Fort -Hill, near the mouth of the Little Miami River, has a circumference of -nearly four miles. It is certain that great nations, frequently at -war with each other, dwelt in our country between the Northern Lakes -and the Southern Gulf; but who those peoples were we have no method of -ascertaining. Their language has perished with the people who spoke it. -Only a few of the relics and implements of the primitive races remain -to inform us of the men by whom they were made. - -[Sidenote: =Distribution of Mounds.=] - -6. In many parts of the Mississippi Valley, particularly in the States -of Ohio and Indiana, the ancient mounds may be seen as they were at -the time of the discovery of America. One of the greatest is situated -in Illinois, opposite the city of St. Louis. It is elliptical in -form, being about seven hundred feet in length by five hundred feet -in breadth. It rises to a height of ninety feet. Another of much -interest is at Grave Creek, near Wheeling, in West Virginia. A mound at -Miamisburg, Ohio, is nearly seventy feet in height. One of the finest -of all is the conical mound at Marietta, Ohio. Some of the mounds, as -those of Wisconsin, are shaped like animals. One of the most peculiar -and interesting is the great serpent mound in Adams County, Ohio. The -work has the shape of a serpent more than a thousand feet in length, -the body being about thirty feet broad at the surface. The mouth of -the serpent is opened wide, and an object resembling a great egg lies -partly within the jaws. - -7. The use of the mounds has not been ascertained. Some have supposed -that they were tombs in which the slain of great armies were buried, -but on opening them, human remains are rarely found. Others have -believed that the mounds were true memorials, intended by their -magnitude to impress the beholder and transmit a memory. Still others -have thought the elevations were intended for watch-towers from which -the movements of the enemy might be watched and thwarted. - -[Sidenote: =Relics from the Mounds.=] - -8. What we know of the prehistoric races has been mostly gained from -an examination of their implements and utensils. These were of either -stone or copper. It appears that the more advanced of the peoples, -especially the nations living on the borders of the Great Lakes, were -able to manufacture utensils of copper. In other parts of the country, -the weapons and implements were made of flint and other varieties of -stone, by chipping or polishing. The range of tools and implements was -extensive, including axes, spear-heads, arrow-points, knives, chisels, -hammers, rude millstones, and many varieties of earthen ware. Besides -these, there were articles of ornamentation and personal use, such as -pipes, bracelets, ear-rings, and beads. The common belief that the -articles here referred to were the product of Indian workmanship is -held by many antiquarians to be wholly erroneous. These antiquarians -think that the Indians knew nothing more of the origin and production -of such implements as the arrow-points, spear-heads, and stone axes -than we know ourselves. - -[Illustration: Relics from the Mounds.] - -9. In many parts of Indiana the mounds of the ancient races are -plentifully distributed. Almost every county has some relics of -this kind within its borders. But the most interesting remains of -the primitive races are those discovered in the ancient cemeteries -scattered between Lake Michigan and the Tennessee River. In many places -the aboriginal tombs still yield the relics of this people of whom we -know so little. In recent years a burial ground near Bedford, Indiana, -has been opened, from which have been taken primitive skulls and other -parts of human skeletons, belonging possibly to some unknown race long -preceding the Indians in our country. - -[Sidenote: =The Indians, or Red Men.=] - -10. With the Mound-builders, history can be but little concerned; but -with the Red men, or Indians, who succeeded them, the white race was -destined to have many relations of peace and war. On the first arrival -of Europeans on the Atlantic coast, the country was found in possession -of wild tribes living in the woods and on the river banks, in rude -villages from which they went forth to hunt or to make war on other -tribes. Their manners and customs were fixed by usage and law, and -there was at least the beginning of civil government among them. - -11. To these tribes the name INDIAN was given from their supposed -identity with the people of India. Columbus and his followers believed -that they had reached the islands of the far East, and that the natives -were of the same race as the inhabitants of the Indies. The mistake of -the Spaniards was soon discovered; but the name Indian has ever since -remained to designate the native tribes of the Western continent. - -12. The origin of the Indians is involved in obscurity. At what date -or by what route they came to the New World is unknown. The notion -that the Red men are the descendants of the Israelites is absurd. That -Europeans or Africans, at some early period, crossed the Atlantic by -sailing from island to island, seems improbable. That the people of -Kamchatka came by way of Bering Strait into the northwestern parts of -America, has little evidence to support it. Perhaps a more thorough -knowledge of the Indian languages may yet throw some light on the -origin of the race. - -13. The Indians belong to the Bow-and-Arrow family of men. To the Red -man the chase was everything. Without the chase he languished and died. -To smite the deer and the bear was his chief delight and profit. Such -a race could live only in a country of woods and wild animals. - -14. The northern parts of America were inhabited by the ESQUIMOS. The -name means _the eaters of raw meat_. They lived in snow huts or hovels. -Their manner of life was that of fishermen and hunters. They clad -themselves in winter with the skins of seals, and in summer with those -of reindeer. - -[Sidenote: =Indian Tribes.=] - -15. The greater portion of the United States east of the Mississippi -was peopled by the family of the ALGONQUINS. They were divided into -many tribes, each having its local name and tradition. Agriculture was -but little practiced by them. They roamed about from one hunting-ground -and river to another. When the White men came, the Algonquin nations -were already declining in numbers and influence. Only a few thousands -now remain. - -16. Around the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario lived the -HURON-IROQUOIS. At the time of their greatest power, they embraced no -fewer than nine nations. The warriors of this confederacy presented the -Indian character in its best aspect. They were brave, patriotic, and -eloquent; faithful as friends, but terrible as enemies. - -17. South of the Algonquins were the CHEROKEES and the MOBILIAN -NATIONS. The former were highly civilized for a primitive people. The -principal tribes of the Mobilians were the Yamassees and Creeks of -Georgia, the Seminoles of Florida, and the Choctaws and Chickasaws of -Mississippi. These displayed the usual disposition and habits of the -Red men. - -18. West of the Mississippi was the family of the DAKOTAS. South of -these, in a district nearly corresponding with the State of Texas, -lived the wild COMANCHES. Beyond the Rocky Mountains were the Indian -nations of the Plains; the great families of the SHOSHONES, the SELISH, -the KLAMATHS, and the CALIFORNIANS. On the Pacific slope, farther -southward, dwelt in former times the civilized but feeble race of -AZTECS. - -[Illustration: INDIAN LIFE] - -19. The Red men had a great passion for war. Their wars were undertaken -for revenge rather than conquest. To forgive an injury was considered -a shame. Revenge was the noblest of the virtues. The open battle of -the field was unknown in Indian warfare. Fighting was limited to -the ambuscade and the massacre. Quarter was rarely asked, and never -granted. - -20. In times of peace the Indian character appeared to a better -advantage. But the Red man was always unsocial and solitary. He sat by -himself in the woods. The forest was better than a wigwam, and a wigwam -better than a village. The Indian woman was a degraded creature--a mere -drudge and beast of burden. - -[Sidenote: =Indian Characteristics.=] - -21. In the matter of the arts the Indian was a barbarian. His house was -a hovel, built of poles set up in a circle, and covered with skins and -the branches of trees. Household utensils were few and rude. Earthen -pots, bags, and pouches for carrying provisions, and stone hammers for -pounding corn, were the stock and store. His weapons of offense and -defense were the hatchet and the bow and arrow. In times of war the Red -man painted his face and body with all manner of glaring colors. The -fine arts were wanting. Indian writing consisted of half-intelligible -hieroglyphics scratched on the face of rocks or cut in the bark of -trees. - -22. The Indian languages bear little resemblance to those of other -races. The Red man's vocabulary was very limited. The principal -objects of nature had special names, but abstract ideas could -hardly be expressed. Indian words had a very intense meaning. There -was, for instance, no word signifying to _hunt_ or to _fish_; -but one word signified "to-kill-a-deer-with-an-arrow"; another, -"to-take-fish-by-striking-the-ice." Among some of the tribes, the -meaning of words was so restricted that the warrior would use one term -and the squaw another to express the same idea. - -23. The Indians were generally serious in manners and behavior. -Sometimes, however, they gave themselves up to merry-making and -hilarity. The dance was universal--not the social dance of civilized -nations, but the solemn dance of religion and of war. Gaming was much -practiced among all the tribes. Other amusements were common, such as -running, wrestling, shooting at a mark, and racing in canoes. - -24. In personal appearance the Indians were strongly marked. In stature -they were below the average of Europeans. The Esquimos are rarely five -feet high. The Algonquins are taller and lighter in build; straight and -agile; lean and swift of foot. The eyes are jet-black and sunken; hair -black and straight; skin copper-colored or brown; hands and feet small; -body lithe, but not strong; expression sinister, or sometimes dignified -and noble. - -25. The best hopes of the Indian race seem now to center in the -Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Chickasaws of the Indian Territory. -These nations have attained a considerable degree of civilization. Most -of the other tribes are declining in numbers and influence. Whether -the Indians have been justly deprived of the New World will remain a -subject of debate. That they _have_ been deprived of it can not be -questioned. The white races have taken possession of the vast domain. -To the prairies and forests, the hunting-grounds of his fathers, the -Red man says farewell. - -[Illustration] - -REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART I. - - 1. What is meant by the Aborigines? - - 2. What evidences indicate an earlier race than the Indians? - - 3. What is known of the Mound-builders? - - 4. What are the most notable mounds? - - 5. Where are they located? - - 6. Describe the shapes of the mounds. - - 7. For what supposed purposes were they built? - - 8. What are sometimes found in the mounds? - - 9. Why were the native races of America called Indians? - - 10. What is said of the origin of these races? - - 11. To what family of men do the Indians belong? - - 12. Name the principal Indian nations in America. - - 13. What regions did the Algonquins inhabit? - - 14. Where did the Huron-Iroquois live? - - 15. What were the characteristics of this nation? - - 16. Where did the Cherokees and Mobilian nations live? - - 17. What were the principal tribes of the Mobilians? - - 18. What regions did the Dakotas inhabit? - - 19. Give the names of other Indian nations. - - 20. What regions did they inhabit? - - 21. What were the leading characteristics of the Indians? - - 22. What can you tell of the Indian languages? - - 23. Describe the personal appearance of the Indians. - - 24. What tribes of Indians are now the most civilized? - - 25. Give some account of the Esquimos. - - 26. What does the name Esquimo mean? - - - - -PART II. - -VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY. - -A. D. 986-1607. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA. - - -The western continent was first seen by white men in A. D. 986. A Norse -navigator by the name of HERJULFSON, sailing from Iceland to Greenland, -was caught in a storm and driven westward to Newfoundland or Labrador. -Two or three times the shores were seen, but no landing was attempted. -The coast was so different from the well-known cliffs of Greenland as -to make it certain that another shore, hitherto unknown, was in sight. -On reaching Greenland, Herjulfson and his companions told wonderful -stories of the new land seen in the west. - -[Sidenote: =Leif, Son of Eric.=] - -2. Fourteen years later, the actual discovery of America was made by -LEIF, a son of Eric. Resolving to know the truth about the country -which Herjulfson had seen, he sailed westward from Greenland, and -in the spring of the year 1001 reached Labrador. Landing with his -companions, he made explorations for a considerable distance along the -coast. The country was milder and more attractive than his own, and he -was in no haste to return. Southward he went as far as Massachusetts, -where the company remained for more than a year. Rhode Island was also -visited; and it is alleged that the adventurers found their way into -New York harbor. - -[Illustration: Norsemen in America.] - -3. In the years that followed Leif's discovery, other bands of Norsemen -came to the shores of America. THORWALD, Leif's brother, made a -voyage to Maine and Massachusetts in 1002, and is said to have died -at Fall River in the latter State. Then another brother, THORSTEIN by -name, arrived with a band of followers in 1005; and in the year 1007, -THORFINN KARLSEFNE, the most distinguished mariner of his day, came -with a crew of a hundred and fifty men, and made explorations along the -coast of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and perhaps as far south as the -capes of Virginia. - -[Sidenote: =Vinland.=] - -4. Other companies of Icelanders and Norwegians visited the countries -farther north, and planted colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. -Little, however, was known or imagined by these rude sailors of the -extent of the country which they had discovered. They supposed that -it was only a portion of Western Greenland, which, bending to the -north around an arm of the ocean, had reappeared in the west. Their -settlements were feeble and were soon broken up. Commerce was an -impossibility in a country where there were only a few wretched savages -with no disposition to buy and nothing at all to sell. The spirit of -adventure was soon appeased, and the restless Norsemen returned to -their own country. To this undefined line of coast, now vaguely known -to them, the Norse sailors gave the name of VINLAND. - -5. During the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries occasional -voyages were made; and as late as A. D. 1347, a Norwegian ship visited -Labrador and the northeastern parts of the United States. In 1350 -Greenland and Vinland were depopulated by a great plague which had -spread thither from Norway. From that time forth communication with -the New World ceased, and the history of the Northmen in America was -at an end. The Norse remains, which have been found at Newport, at -Fall River, and several other places, point clearly to the events here -narrated; and the Icelandic historians give a consistent account of -these early exploits of their countrymen. When the word _America_ is -mentioned in the hearing of the schoolboys of Iceland, they will at -once answer, with enthusiasm, "Oh, yes; Leif Ericsson discovered that -country in the year 1001." - -6. An event is to be weighed by its consequences. From the discovery -of America by the Norsemen, _nothing whatever resulted_. The world was -neither wiser nor better. Among the Icelanders themselves the place and -the very name of Vinland were forgotten. Europe never heard of such -a country or such a discovery. Historians have until late years been -incredulous on the subject, and the fact is as though it had never -been. The curtain which had been lifted for a moment was stretched -again from sky to sea, and the New World still lay hidden in the -shadows. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -SPANISH DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA. - - -[Sidenote: =Christopher Columbus.=] - -It was reserved for the people of a sunnier clime than Iceland first -to make known to the European nations the existence of a Western -continent. Spain was the happy country under whose patronage a new -world was to be added to the old; but the man who was destined to make -the revelation was not himself a Spaniard: he was to come from Italy, -the land of valor and the home of greatness. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS was -the name of that man whom after ages have rewarded with imperishable -fame. - -2. The idea that the world is round was not original with Columbus. -The English traveler, Sir John Mandeville, had declared in the first -English book ever written (A. D. 1356) that the world is a sphere, -and that it was practicable for a man to sail around the world and -return to the place of starting. But Columbus was the first _practical_ -believer in the theory of circumnavigation. - -3. The great mistake with Columbus was not concerning the _figure_ of -the earth, but in regard to its _size_. He believed the world to be no -more than ten thousand or twelve thousand miles in circumference. He -therefore confidently expected that, after sailing about three thousand -miles to the westward, he should arrive at the East Indies. - -4. Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy, in A. D. 1435. He was -carefully educated, and then devoted himself to the sea. For twenty -years he traversed the parts of the Atlantic adjacent to Europe; he -visited Iceland; then went to Portugal, and finally to Spain. He spent -ten years in trying to explain to dull monarchs the figure of -the earth and the ease with which the rich islands of the East might -be reached by sailing westward. He found one appreciative listener, -the noble and sympathetic Isabella, Queen of Castile. To the faith, -insight, and decision of a _woman_ the final success of Columbus must -be attributed. - -[Illustration: THE NEW WORLD. with routes OF DISCOVERERS.] - -[Illustration: SHIPS OF COLUMBUS] - -[Sidenote: =Discovery of America.=] - -5. On the morning of the 3d day of August, 1492, Columbus, with three -ships, left the harbor of Palos. After seventy-one days of sailing, in -the early dawn of October 12, Rodrigo Triana, a sailor on the _Pinta_, -set up a shout of "_Land!_" A gun was fired as the signal. The ships -lay to. Just at sunrise Columbus stepped ashore, set up the banner -of Castile in the presence of the natives, and named the island San -Salvador. During the three remaining months of this first voyage, the -islands of Concepcion, Cuba, and San Domingo were added to the list -of discoveries; and in the last-named island was erected a fort, the -first structure built by Europeans in the New World. In January, 1493, -Columbus sailed for Spain, where he arrived in March, and was greeted -with rejoicings and applause. - -6. In the following autumn, Columbus sailed on his second voyage, which -resulted in the discovery of the Windward group and the islands of -Jamaica and Porto Rico. It was at this time, and in San Domingo, that -the first colony was established. Columbus's brother was appointed -governor. After an absence of nearly three years, Columbus returned -to Spain. The rest of his life was clouded with persecutions and -misfortunes. - -7. In 1498, during a third voyage, Columbus discovered the island of -Trinidad and the mainland of South America. Thence he sailed back to -San Domingo, where he found his colony disorganized; and here, while -attempting to restore order, he was seized by an agent of the Spanish -government, put in chains, and carried to Spain. After much disgraceful -treatment, he was sent out on a fourth and last voyage, in search -of the Indies; but the expedition accomplished little, and Columbus -returned to his ungrateful country. The good Isabella was dead, and the -great discoverer, a friendless and neglected old man, sank into the -grave. - -8. Columbus was even robbed of the name of the new continent. In the -year 1499, AMERIGO VESPUCCI, a Florentine navigator, reached the -eastern coast of South America. Two years later he made a second -voyage, and then gave to Europe the first published account of the -Western World. In his narrative all reference to Columbus was omitted; -and thus the name of Vespucci, rather than that of the true discoverer, -was given to the New World. - -[Sidenote: Discovery of the Pacific.] - -9. The discovery of America produced great excitement in Europe. -Within ten years after the death of Columbus, the principal islands -of the West Indies were explored and colonized. In the year 1510 the -Spaniards planted on the Isthmus of Darien their first continental -colony. Three years later, DE BALBOA, the governor of the colony, -crossed the isthmus, and from an eminence looked down upon the Pacific. -Not satisfied with merely seeing the great water, he waded in a short -distance, and, drawing his sword, took possession of the ocean in the -name of the king of Spain. - -[Sidenote: Florida.] - -10. Meanwhile, PONCE DE LEON, who had been a companion of Columbus, -fitted out an expedition of discovery. He had grown rich as governor -of Porto Rico, and had also grown old. But there was a Fountain of -Perpetual Youth somewhere in the Bahamas--so said a tradition in -Spain--and in that fountain the old soldier would bathe and be young -again. So in the year 1512 he set sail from Porto Rico; and on Easter -Sunday came in sight of an unknown shore. There were waving forests, -green leaves, and birds of song. In honor of the day, called _Pascua -Florida_, he named the new shore FLORIDA--the Land of Flowers. - -11. A landing was made near where St. Augustine was afterwards founded. -The country was claimed for the king of Spain, and the search was -continued for the Fountain of Youth. The adventurer turned southward, -discovered the Tortugas, and then sailed back to Porto Rico, no younger -than when he started. - -12. The king of Spain gave Ponce the governorship of his Land of -Flowers, and sent him thither to establish a colony. He reached his -province in the year 1521, and found the Indians hostile. Scarcely had -he landed when they fell upon him in battle; many of the Spaniards were -killed, and the rest had to fly to the ships for safety. Ponce de Leon -himself was wounded, and carried back to Cuba to die. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -SPANISH DISCOVERIES IN AMERICA.--(CONTINUED.) - - -The year 1517 was marked by the discovery of Yucatan by FERNANDEZ DE -CORDOVA. While exploring the northern coast of the country, he was -attacked by the natives, and mortally wounded. During the next year the -coast of Mexico was explored for a great distance by GRIJALVA, assisted -by Cordova's pilot. In the year 1519 FERNANDO CORTEZ landed with his -fleet at Tabasco, and, in two years, conquered the Aztec empire of -Mexico. - -[Sidenote: Circumnavigation of the Globe.] - -2. Among the daring enterprises at the beginning of the sixteenth -century was that of FERDINAND MAGELLAN. A Portuguese by birth, this -bold man determined to discover a southwest passage to Asia. He -appealed to the king of Portugal for ships and men; but the monarch -gave no encouragement. Magellan then went to Spain, and laid his plans -before Charles V., who ordered a fleet of five ships to be fitted out -at the public expense. - -3. The voyage was begun from Seville in August of 1519. Magellan soon -reached the shores of South America, and passed the winter on the coast -of Brazil. Renewing his voyage southward, he came to that strait which -still bears his name, and passing through, found himself in the open -and boundless ocean which he called the PACIFIC. - -4. Magellan held on his course for nearly four months, suffering much -for water and provisions. In March of 1520 he came to the islands -called the Ladrones. Afterwards he reached the Philippine group, where -he was killed in battle with the natives. But a new captain was chosen, -and the voyage was continued to the Moluccas. Only a single ship -remained; but in this vessel the crews embarked, and, returning by way -of the Cape of Good Hope, arrived in Spain in September, 1522. The -first circumnavigation of the globe had been accomplished. - -5. The next important voyage to America was in the year 1520. DE -AYLLON, a judge in St. Domingo, and six other wealthy men, determined -to stock their plantations with slaves, by kidnapping natives from the -Bahamas. Two vessels reached the coast of South Carolina. The name of -Chicora was given to the country, and the River Combahee was called the -Jordan. The natives made presents to the strangers and treated them -with great cordiality. They flocked on board the ships; and when the -decks were crowded De Ayllon weighed anchor and sailed away. A few days -afterwards a storm wrecked one of the ships; while most of the poor -wretches who were in the other ship died of suffocation. - -[Sidenote: Expedition of De Narvaez.] - -6. In 1526 Charles V. appointed DE NARVAEZ governor of Florida. His -territory extended from Cape Sable three fifths of the way around -the Gulf of Mexico. De Narvaez arrived at Tampa Bay with two hundred -and sixty soldiers and forty horsemen. The natives treated them with -suspicion, and holding up their gold trinkets, pointed to the north. -The Spaniards, whose imaginations were fired with the sight of the -precious metal, struck into the forests, expecting to find cities and -empires, and found instead swamps and savages. They finally came to -Appalachee, a squalid village of forty cabins. - -7. Oppressed with fatigue and hunger, they wandered on, until -they reached the harbor of St. Mark's. Here they constructed some -brigantines, and put to sea in hope of reaching Mexico. After -shipwrecks and almost endless wanderings, four men only of all the -company, under the leadership of the heroic De Vaca, reached the -village of San Miguel, on the Pacific coast, and were conducted to the -city of Mexico. - -[Sidenote: De Soto's Expedition.] - -8. In the year 1537 FERDINAND DE SOTO was appointed governor of Cuba -and Florida, with the privilege of exploring and conquering the latter -country. He selected six hundred of the most gallant and daring young -Spaniards, and great preparations were made for the conquest. Arms and -stores were provided; shackles were wrought for the slaves; tools for -the forge and workshop were supplied; twelve priests were chosen to -conduct religious ceremonies; and a herd of swine was driven on board -to fatten on the maize and mast of the country. - -9. The fleet first touched at Havana, where De Soto left his wife -to govern Cuba during his absence. After a voyage of two weeks, the -ships cast anchor in Tampa Bay. Some of the Cubans who had joined the -expedition were terrified and sailed back to the security of home; -but De Soto and his cavaliers began their march into the interior. In -October of 1539 they arrived at the country of the Appalachians, where -they spent the winter. For four months they remained in this locality, -sending out exploring parties in various directions. One of these -companies reached Pensacola, and made arrangements that supplies should -be sent out from Cuba to that place in the following summer. - -10. In the early spring the Spaniards continued their march to the -north and east. An Indian guide told them of a populous empire in that -direction; a woman was empress, and the land was full of gold. De Soto -and the freebooters pressed on through the swamps and woods, and in -April, 1540, came upon the Ogeechee River. Here the Indian guide went -mad, and lost the whole company in the forest. By the 1st of May they -reached South Carolina, near where De Ayllon had lost his ships. - -11. From this place the wanderers passed across Northern Georgia -from the Chattahoochee to the Coosa; thence down that river to Lower -Alabama. Here they came upon the Indian town of Mauville, or Mobile, -where a battle was fought with the natives. The town was set on fire, -and two thousand five hundred of the Indians were killed or burned to -death. Eighteen of De Soto's men were killed and a hundred and fifty -wounded. The Spaniards also lost most of their horses and baggage. - -[Illustration: De Soto Reaches the Mississippi.] - -12. De Soto and his men next turned to the north, and by the middle -of December reached the country of the Chickasaws. They crossed the -Yazoo, and found an Indian village, which promised them shelter for the -winter. Here, in February, 1541, they were attacked by the Indians, who -set the town on fire, but Spanish weapons and discipline again saved De -Soto and his men. - -[Sidenote: Discovery of the Mississippi.] - -13. The Spaniards next set out to journey farther westward, and the -guides brought them to the Mississippi. The point where the Father -of Waters was first seen by White men was a little north of the -thirty-fourth parallel of latitude; the day of the discovery can not -certainly be known. The Indians came down the river in a fleet of -canoes, and offered to carry the Spaniards over; but a crossing was not -effected until the latter part of May. - -14. De Soto's men now found themselves in the land of the Dakotas. The -natives at one place were going to worship the Spaniards, but De Soto -would not permit such idolatry. They continued their march to the St. -Francis River; thence westward for about two hundred miles; thence -southward to the tributaries of the Washita River. On the banks of this -stream they passed the winter of 1541-42. - -[Sidenote: Death of De Soto.] - -15. De Soto now turned toward the sea, and came upon the Mississippi in -the neighborhood of Natchez. His spirit was completely broken. A fever -seized upon his emaciated frame, and death shortly ensued. The priests -chanted a requiem, and in the middle of the night his companions put -his body into a rustic coffin and sunk it in the Mississippi. - -16. Before his death, De Soto had named Moscoso as his successor. -Under his leadership, the half-starved adventurers next crossed the -country to the upper waters of the Red River, and then ranged the -hunting-grounds of the Pawnees and the Comanches. In December of 1542 -they came again to the Mississippi, where they built seven boats, -and on the 2d of July, 1543, set sail for the sea. The distance was -almost five hundred miles, and seventeen days were required to make the -descent. On reaching the Gulf of Mexico, they steered to the southwest, -and finally reached the settlement at the mouth of the River of Palms. - -17. The next attempt to colonize Florida was in the year 1565. The -enterprise was intrusted to PEDRO MENENDEZ, a Spanish soldier. He was -commissioned by Philip II. to plant in some favorable district of -Florida a colony of not less than five hundred persons, and was to -receive two hundred and twenty-five square miles of land adjacent to -the settlement. Twenty-five hundred persons joined the expedition. - -[Illustration: Pedro Menendez.] - -18. The real object of Menendez was to destroy a colony of French -Protestants, called Huguenots, who had made a settlement near the -mouth of the St. John's River. This was within the limits of the -territory claimed by Spain. The Catholic party of the French court -had communicated with the Spanish court as to the whereabouts and -intentions of the Huguenots, so that Menendez knew where to find and -how to destroy them. - -[Sidenote: Founding of St. Augustine.] - -19. It was St. Augustine's day when the Spaniards came in sight of the -shore, and the harbor and river which enters it were named in honor -of the saint. On the 8th day of September, Philip II. was proclaimed -monarch of North America; a solemn mass was said by the priests; and -the foundations of the oldest town in the United States were laid. This -was seventeen years before the founding of Santa Fé, and forty-two -years before the settlement at Jamestown. - -20. Menendez soon turned his attention to the Huguenots. He collected -his forces at St. Augustine, stole through the woods, and falling on -the defenseless colony, utterly destroyed it. Men, women, and children -were alike given up to butchery. Two hundred were massacred. A few -escaped into the forest, Laudonniere, the Huguenot leader, among the -number, and were picked up by two French ships. - -21. The crews of the vessels were the next object of vengeance. -Menendez discovered them, and deceiving them with treacherous promises, -induced them to surrender. As they approached the Spanish fort a signal -was given, and seven hundred defenceless victims were slain. Only a few -mechanics and Catholic servants were left alive. - -22. The Spaniards had now explored the coast from the Isthmus of Darien -to Port Royal in South Carolina. They were acquainted with the country -west of the Mississippi as far north as New Mexico and Missouri, and -east of that river they had traversed the Gulf States as far as the -mountain ranges of Tennessee and North Carolina. With the establishment -of their first permanent colony on the coast of Florida, the period of -Spanish voyage and discovery may be said to end. - -[Sidenote: Portuguese Explorations.] - -23. A brief account of the only important voyages of the Portuguese to -America will here be given. In 1495, John II., king of Portugal, was -succeeded by his cousin Manuel, who, in order to secure some of the -benefits which yet remained to discoverers, fitted out two vessels, and -in the summer of 1501 sent GASPAR CORTEREAL to make a voyage to America. - -24. The Portuguese ships reached Maine in July, and explored the coast -for nearly seven hundred miles. Little attention was paid by Cortereal -to the great forests of pine which stood along the shore, promising -ship-yards and cities. He satisfied his rapacity by kidnapping fifty -Indians, whom, on his return to Portugal, he sold as slaves. A new -voyage was then undertaken, with the purpose of capturing another cargo -of natives; but a year went by, and no tidings arrived from the fleet. -The brother of the Portuguese captain sailed in hope of finding the -missing vessels. He also was lost, but in what manner is not known. The -fate of the Cortereals and their slave-ships has remained a mystery of -the sea. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. - - -[Sidenote: Early French Explorations.] - -France was not slow to profit by the discoveries of Columbus. As early -as 1504 the fishermen of Normandy and Brittany reached the banks -of Newfoundland. A map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence was drawn by a -Frenchman in the year 1506. Two years later some Indians were taken to -France; and in 1518 the attention of Francis I. was turned to the New -World. In 1523 JOHN VERRAZANO, of Florence, was commissioned to conduct -an expedition for the discovery of a northwest passage to the East -Indies. - -2. In January, 1524, Verrazano left the shores of Europe, with a single -ship, called the _Dolphin_. After fifty days he discovered the mainland -in the latitude of Wilmington. He sailed southward and northward along -the coast and began a traffic with the natives. The Indians were found -to be a timid race, unsuspicious and confiding. A half-drowned sailor, -washed ashore by the surf, was treated with kindness, and permitted to -return to the ship. - -3. The voyage was continued toward the north. The coast of New Jersey -was explored, and the hills marked as containing minerals. The harbor -of New York was entered, and at Newport Verrazano anchored for fifteen -days. Here the French sailors repaid the confidence of the natives by -kidnapping a child and attempting to steal an Indian girl. - -4. From Newport, Verrazano continued his explorations northward. The -long line of the New England coast was traced with care. The Indians -of the north would buy no toys, but were eager to purchase knives -and weapons of iron. In the latter part of May, Verrazano reached -Newfoundland. In July he returned to France and published an account of -his great discoveries. The name of NEW FRANCE was given to the country. - -[Sidenote: Cartier on the St. Lawrence.] - -5. In 1534, JAMES CARTIER, a seaman of St. Malo, made a voyage to -America. His two ships, after twenty days of sailing, anchored on the -10th day of May off the coast of Newfoundland. Cartier circumnavigated -the island, crossed the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and ascended the estuary -until the narrowing banks made him aware that he was in the mouth of a -river. Cartier, thinking it impracticable to pass the winter in the New -World, set sail for France, and in thirty days reached St. Malo. - -[Sidenote: Island of Montreal.] - -6. Another voyage was planned immediately. Three ships were provided; a -number of young noblemen joined the expedition, and on the 19th of May -the voyage was begun. The passage to Newfoundland was made by the 10th -of August. It was the day of St. Lawrence, and the name of that martyr -was given to the gulf and to the stream which enters it from the west. -The expedition proceeded to the island of Orleans, where the ships -were moored. Two Indians, whom Cartier had taken with him to France, -gave information that there was an important town higher up the river. -Proceeding thither, the French captain found a village at the foot of -a high hill in the middle of an island. Cartier named the island and -town Mont Real, and the country was declared to belong to the king of -France. During this winter twenty-five of Cartier's men were swept off -by the scurvy. - -7. With the opening of spring, a cross was planted on the shore, and -the homeward voyage began. The good king of the Hurons was decoyed on -board and carried off to die. On the 6th of July the fleet reached St. -Malo; but the accounts which Cartier published greatly discouraged the -French; for neither silver nor gold had been found in New France. - -8. FRANCIS OF ROBERVAL was next commissioned by the court of France to -plant a colony on the St. Lawrence. The man who was chiefly relied on -to give character to the proposed colony was James Cartier. His name -was accordingly added to the list, and he was honored with the office -of chief pilot and captain-general. - -9. It was difficult to find material for the colony. The French -peasants were not eager to embark, and the work of enlisting volunteers -went on slowly, until the government opened the prisons of the kingdom, -giving freedom to whoever would join the expedition. There was a rush -of robbers and swindlers, and the lists were immediately filled. Only -counterfeiters and traitors were denied the privilege of gaining their -liberty in the New World. - -[Sidenote: Fort on the site of Quebec.] - -10. In May of 1541, five ships, under command of Cartier, left France, -reached the St. Lawrence, and ascended the river to the site of Quebec, -where a fort was erected and named Charlesbourg. Here the colonists -passed the winter. Cartier soon sailed away with his part of the -squadron, and returned to Europe. Roberval was left in New France with -three shiploads of criminals who could be restrained only by whipping -and hanging. The winter was long and severe, and spring was welcomed -for the opportunity which it gave of returning to France. - -11. About the middle of the sixteenth century Admiral Coligny, of -France, formed the design of establishing in America a refuge for the -Huguenots of his own country. In 1562 JOHN RIBAULT, of Dieppe, was -selected to lead the Huguenots to the land of promise. In February the -colony reached the coast of Florida near the site of St. Augustine. The -River St. John's was entered and named the River of May. The vessel -then sailed to the entrance of Port Royal; here it was determined -to make the settlement. The colonists were landed on an island, and -a stone was set up to mark the place. A fort was erected and named -CAROLINA. In this fort Ribault left twenty-six men, and then sailed -back to France. In the following spring the men in the fort mutinied -and killed their leader. Then they built a rude brig and put to sea. -They were at last picked up by an English ship and carried to France. - -[Sidenote: French in Florida.] - -12. Two years later another colony was planned, and LAUDONNIERE -chosen leader. The character, however, of this second Protestant -company was very bad. A point on the River St. John's was selected for -the settlement. A fort was built here, but a part of the colonists -contrived to get away with two of the ships. The rest of the settlers -were on the eve of departure when Ribault arrived with supplies and -restored order. It was at this time that Menendez discovered the -Huguenots and murdered them. - -13. But DOMINIC DE GOURGUES, of Gascony, visited the Spaniards with -signal vengeance. This man fitted out three ships, and with only fifty -seamen arrived on the coast of Florida. He surprised three Spanish -forts on the St. John's, and made prisoners of the inmates. Unable to -hold his position, he hanged the leading captives to the trees, and put -up this inscription to explain what he had done: "Not as Spaniards, but -as murderers." - -14. In the year 1598 the MARQUIS OF LA ROCHE was commissioned to found -a colony in the New World. The prisons of France were again opened -to furnish the emigrants. The vessels reached Sable Island, a dismal -place off Nova Scotia, where forty men were left to form a settlement. -La Roche returned to France and died, and for seven years the forty -criminals languished on Sable Island. Then they were picked up and -carried back to France, but were never remanded to prison. - -[Sidenote: Founding of Port Royal.] - -15. In the year 1603 the country, from the latitude of Philadelphia -to that of Quebec, was granted to DE MONTS. The chief provisions of -his patent were a monopoly of the fur-trade, and religious freedom for -the Huguenots. With two shiploads of colonists De Monts left France in -March of 1604, and reached the Bay of Fundy. Poutrincourt, the captain -of one of the ships, asked and obtained a grant of some beautiful -lands in Nova Scotia, and with a part of the crew went on shore. De -Monts began to build a fort at the mouth of the St. Croix. But in the -following spring they abandoned this place and joined Poutrincourt. -Here, on the 14th of November, 1605, the foundations of _the first -permanent French settlement in America were laid_. The name of Port -Royal was given to the fort, and the country was called ACADIA. - -[Illustration: Samuel Champlain.] - -16. In 1603 SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN, the most soldierly man of his times, was -commissioned by Rouen merchants to establish a trading-post on the St. -Lawrence. The traders saw that a traffic in furs was a surer road to -riches than the search for gold and diamonds. Champlain crossed the -ocean, sailed up the river, and selected the spot on which Quebec now -stands as the site for a fort. In the autumn he returned to France. - -[Sidenote: Founding of Quebec.] - -17. In 1608 Champlain again visited America, and on the 3d of July in -that year the foundations of Quebec were laid. The next year he and two -other Frenchmen joined a company of Huron and Algonquin Indians who -were at war with the Iroquois of New York. With this band he ascended -the Sorel River until he came to the long, narrow lake, which has ever -since borne the name of its discoverer. - -18. In 1612 Champlain came to New France for the third time, and the -success of the colony at Quebec was assured. Franciscan monks came -over and began to preach among the Indians. Champlain again went with -a war-party against the Iroquois. His company was defeated, he himself -wounded and obliged to remain all winter among the Hurons. In 1617 he -returned to the colony, and in 1620 began to build the fortress of St. -Louis. Champlain became governor of New France, and died in 1635. To -him, more than to any other man, the success of the French colonies in -North America must be attributed. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. - - -[Sidenote: John Cabot's Discoveries.] - -On the 5th of May, 1496, Henry VII., king of England, commissioned -JOHN CABOT, of Venice, to make discoveries in the Atlantic and Indian -Oceans, and to take possession of all countries which he might -discover. Cabot was a brave, adventurous man, who had been a sailor -from his boyhood, and was now a wealthy merchant of Bristol. Five ships -were fitted out, and in April, 1497, the fleet left Bristol. On the -morning of the 24th of June, the gloomy shore of Labrador was seen. -_This was the real discovery of the American continent._ Fourteen -months elapsed before Columbus reached the coast of Guiana, and more -than two years before Vespucci saw the main land of South America. - -2. Cabot explored the coast of the country for several hundred miles. -He supposed that the land was a part of the dominions of the Khan -of Tartary; but finding no inhabitants, he went on shore and took -possession in the name of the English king. No man forgets his native -land; by the side of the flag of his adopted country Cabot set up the -banner of the _republic_ of Venice--emblem of _another republic_ which -should one day rule from sea to sea. - -3. As soon as he had satisfied himself of the extent of the country, -Cabot sailed for England. On the voyage he twice saw the coast of -Newfoundland. After an absence of three months he reached Bristol, and -was greeted with enthusiasm. The town had holiday, and the people were -wild about the great discovery. The king gave him money; new ships were -fitted out, and a new commission was signed in February, 1498. But -after the date of this patent the name of John Cabot disappears from -history. - -[Illustration: Sebastian Cabot.] - -[Sidenote: Sebastian Cabot.] - -4. Sebastian, son of John Cabot, inherited his father's genius. He had -already been to the New World on the first voyage, and now he took up -his father's work with all the fervor of youth. The very fleet which -had been equipped for John Cabot was intrusted to Sebastian. The object -in view was the discovery of a northwest passage to the Indies. - -5. The voyage was made in the spring of 1498. Far to the north the -icebergs compelled Sebastian to change his course. It was July, and the -sun scarcely set at midnight. Seals were seen, and the ships plowed -through such shoals of codfish as had never before been heard of. -Labrador was again seen. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Maine were -next explored. The whole coast of New England and of the Middle States -was now, for the first time since the days of the Norsemen, traced by -Europeans. Nor did Cabot desist from this work, which was bestowing -the title of discovery on the crown of England, until he reached Cape -Hatteras. - -6. The future career of Cabot was a strange one. Henry VII. was slow -to reward the discoverer. When that monarch died, the king of Spain -enticed Cabot away from England and made him pilot-major of the Spanish -navy. He lived to be very old, but the place and circumstances of his -death are unknown. - -7. The year 1498 is the most marked in the whole history of discovery. -In the month of May, VASCO DA GAMA, of Portugal, doubled the Cape of -Good Hope and succeeded in reaching Hindostan. During the summer, the -younger Cabot traced the eastern coast of North America through more -than twenty degrees of latitude. In August, Columbus himself reached -the mouth of the Orinoco. Of the three great discoveries, that of Cabot -has proved to be by far the most important. - -8. In 1493 Pope Alexander drew an imaginary line three hundred miles -west of the Azores, and gave all countries west of that line to Spain. -Henry VII. was a Catholic and did not care to have a conflict with his -Church by claiming the New World. Henry VIII. adopted the same policy, -and it was not until after the Reformation in England that the decision -of the pope was disregarded. - -9. During the reign of Edward VI. the spirit of adventure was again -aroused. In 1548 the old admiral Sebastian Cabot quitted Seville and -once more sailed under the English flag. In the reign of Queen Mary the -power of England on the sea was not materially extended, but with the -accession of Elizabeth a new impulse was given to voyage and adventure. - -[Sidenote: The Northwest Passage.] - -10. MARTIN FROBISHER began anew the work of discovery. Three small -vessels were fitted out to sail in search of a northwest passage to -Asia. One ship was lost on the voyage, another returned to England, but -the third sailed on as far north as Hudson Strait. A large island lying -northward was named Meta Incognita. Frobisher entered the strait which -has ever since borne his name, and then sailed for England, carrying -with him an Esquimo and a stone said to contain gold. - -11. London was greatly excited. In May, 1577, a new fleet departed for -Meta Incognita to gather the precious metal. But the vessels did not -sail as far as Frobisher had done on a previous voyage. The mariners -sought the first opportunity to get out of these dangerous seas and -return to England. - -12. The English gold-hunters were not yet satisfied. Fifteen new -vessels were fitted out, and in 1578 a third voyage was begun. Three -of the ships, loaded with emigrants, were to remain in the promised -land. The vessels, struggling through the icebergs, finally reached -Meta Incognita and took on cargoes of _dirt_. With several tons of the -supposed ore under the hatches, the ships set sail for home. The El -Dorado of the Esquimos had proved a failure. - -13. In 1577 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, following Magellan, became a terror -to the Spanish vessels in the Pacific. He hoped to find a northwest -passage, and thence sail eastward around the continent. He proceeded -northward as far as Oregon, when his sailors began to shiver with the -cold, and the enterprise was given up. Drake passed the winter of -1579-80 in a harbor on the coast of Mexico. - -[Illustration: Sir Walter Raleigh.] - -[Sidenote: Plans for Colonization.] - -14. SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT was perhaps the first to form a rational plan -of colonization in America. His idea was to plant an agricultural and -commercial state. Assisted by his illustrious half-brother, WALTER -RALEIGH, Gilbert prepared five vessels, and in June of 1583 sailed for -the west. In August Gilbert reached Newfoundland, and took possession -of the country. Soon the sailors discovered some scales of mica, and -went to digging the supposed silver, while others attacked the Spanish -fishing-ships in the neighboring harbors. - -15. One of Gilbert's vessels became worthless, and was abandoned. With -the rest he sailed toward the south. Off the coast of Massachusetts the -largest of the ships was wrecked, and a hundred sailors were drowned. -Gilbert determined to return to England. The weather was stormy, and -the two ships now remaining were unfit for the sea. The captain -remained in the weaker vessel, called the _Squirrel_. As the ships were -struggling through the sea at midnight, the _Squirrel_ was suddenly -engulfed; not a man of the crew was saved. The other vessel finally -reached Falmouth in safety. - -16. The project of colonization was renewed by Raleigh. In the spring -of 1584 he obtained a new patent for a tract in America extending from -the thirty-third to the fortieth parallel of latitude. This territory -was to be peopled and organized into a state. Two ships were fitted -out, and the command given to Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow. - -[Sidenote: Virginia.] - -17. In July the vessels reached Carolina. The woods were full of beauty -and song. The natives were generous and hospitable. The shores of -Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds were explored, and a landing effected on -Roanoke Island, where the English were entertained by the Indian queen. -But after a stay of two months Amidas and Barlow returned to England, -praising the beauties of the new land. Queen Elizabeth gave to her -delightful country in the New World the name of VIRGINIA, for she was -called the Virgin Queen. - -[Sidenote: Colony at Roanoke.] - -18. In December, 1584, Sir Walter fitted out a second expedition, and -appointed Ralph Lane governor of the colony. Sir Richard Grenville -commanded the fleet, and a company, partly composed of young nobles, -made up the crew. The fleet of seven vessels reached Roanoke on the -26th of June. - -Here Lane was left with a hundred and ten of the immigrants to form a -settlement. But hostilities soon broke out between the English and the -Indians; and when Sir Francis Drake came with a fleet, the colonists -prevailed on him to carry them back to England. - -19. Soon Sir Richard Grenville came to Roanoke with three well-laden -ships, and made a fruitless search for the colonists. Not to lose -possession of the country, he left fifteen men on the island, and -set sail for home. Another colony was easily made up, and in July the -emigrants arrived in Carolina. A search for the fifteen men who had -been left on Roanoke revealed the fact, that the natives had murdered -them. Nevertheless, the northern extremity of the island was chosen as -the site for a city. - -20. Disaster attended the enterprise. The Indians were hostile, and the -fear of starvation soon compelled Governor White to return to England -for supplies. The 18th of August was the birthday of Virginia Dare, the -first-born of English children in the New World. Raleigh returned in -1590 to search for the unfortunate colonists. No soul remained to tell -their story. Sir Walter, after spending two hundred thousand dollars, -gave up the enterprise, and assigned his rights to an association of -London merchants. - -[Sidenote: English Explorations in the North.] - -21. The next English expedition was that of BARTHOLOMEW GOSNOLD in -1602. Thus far all the voyages to America had been by way of the Canary -Islands and the West Indies. Abandoning this path, Gosnold, in a small -vessel called the _Concord_, sailed directly across the Atlantic, and -in seven weeks reached Maine. He explored the coast and went on shore -at Cape Cod. It was the first landing of Englishmen within the limits -of New England. He loaded the _Concord_ with sassafras root, and -reached home in safety. - -22. Another expedition to America was soon planned, with MARTIN PRING -for commander. In April, 1603, his vessels came safely to Penobscot -Bay, and spent some time in exploring the harbors of Maine. He loaded -his vessels with sassafras at Martha's Vineyard, and returned to -England, after an absence of six months. - -23. Two years later, GEORGE WAYMOUTH made a voyage to America. He -reached the coast of Maine, and explored a harbor. Trade was opened -with the Indians, some of whom returned with Waymouth to England. This -was the last English expedition before the actual establishment of a -colony in America. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -ENGLISH DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS.--(CONTINUED.) - - -On the 10th of April, 1606, King James I. issued two patents to men of -his kingdom, authorizing them to colonize all that portion of North -America lying between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth parallels of -latitude. The immense tract extended from the mouth of Cape Fear River -to Passamaquoddy Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. - -2. The first patent was to an association of nobles, gentlemen and -merchants called the LONDON COMPANY; and the second to a similar body -bearing the name of the PLYMOUTH COMPANY. To the former corporation -was given the region between the thirty-fourth and the thirty-eighth -degrees of latitude, and to the latter the tract from the forty-first -to the forty-fifth degree. The belt of three degrees between the -thirty-eighth and forty-first parallels was to be open to colonies of -either company, but no settlement of one party was to be made within -less than a hundred miles of the nearest settlement of the other. - -[Sidenote: The London Company.] - -3. The leading man in the London Company was Bartholomew Gosnold. His -principal associates were Edward Wingfield, a rich merchant, Robert -Hunt, a clergyman, and John Smith, an adventurer. The affairs of the -company were to be administered by a Superior Council in England, and -an Inferior Council in the colony. All legislative authority was vested -in the king. A provision in the patent required the colony to hold all -property in common for five years. The best law of the charter allowed -the emigrants to retain in the New World all the rights of Englishmen. - -[Sidenote: The Plymouth Company.] - -4. In 1606 the Plymouth Company sent two ships to America, and in the -summer of 1607 dispatched a colony of one hundred persons. A settlement -was begun at the mouth of the Kennebec. The ships returned to England, -leaving a colony of forty-five persons; but in the winter of 1607-8, -some of the settlers were starved and some frozen; the storehouse was -burned, and the remnant escaped to England. - -[Illustration: The First English Settlements.] - -[Sidenote: Settlement of Jamestown.] - -5. The London Company had better fortune. A fleet of three vessels was -fitted out under command of Christopher Newport. In December the ships, -having on board a hundred and five colonists, among whom were Wingfield -and Smith, left England. Entering Chesapeake Bay, the vessels came to -the mouth of a beautiful river, which was named in honor of King James. -Proceeding up stream about fifty miles, Newport found on the northern -bank a peninsula noted for its beauty; the ships were moored and the -emigrants went on shore. Here, on the 13th of May (Old Style), 1607, -were laid the foundations of Jamestown, _the oldest English settlement -in America_. - -[Sidenote: New England Named.] - -6. Meanwhile Captain John Smith, in 1609, left Jamestown and returned -to England. There he formed a partnership with four wealthy merchants -of London to trade in furs and establish a colony within the limits of -the Plymouth grant. Two ships were freighted with goods and put under -Smith's command. The summer of 1614 was spent on the coast of Maine, -where a traffic was carried on with the Indians. But Smith himself -explored the country, and drew a map of the whole coast from the -Penobscot to Cape Cod. In this map, the country was called NEW ENGLAND. - -7. In 1615 a small colony of sixteen persons, led by Smith, was sent -out in a single ship. When nearing the American coast, they encountered -a storm and were obliged to return to England. The leader renewed the -enterprise, and raised another company. Part of his crew mutinied in -mid-ocean. His own ship was captured by a band of French pirates, -and himself imprisoned. But he escaped and made his way to London. -The years 1617-18 were spent in making plans of colonization, until -finally the Plymouth Company was superseded by a new corporation -called the COUNCIL OF PLYMOUTH. On this body were conferred almost -unlimited powers and privileges. All that part of America lying between -the fortieth and the forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, and -extending from ocean to ocean, was given to forty men. - -8. John Smith was now appointed admiral of New England. The king -issued a proclamation enforcing the charter, and everything gave -promise of the early settlement of America. Meanwhile the time had come -when, without the knowledge or consent of James I. or the Council of -Plymouth, a permanent settlement should be made on the shores of New -England. - -[Sidenote: The Puritans.] - -9. About the close of the sixteenth century, a number of poor Puritans -in the north of England joined together for free religious worship. -They believed that every man has a right to know the truth of the -Scriptures for himself. Such a doctrine was repugnant to the Church of -England. Queen Elizabeth declared such teaching to be subversive of -the monarchy. King James was also intolerant; and violent persecutions -broke out against the sect. - -10. Many of the Puritans went into exile in Holland. They took the name -of PILGRIMS, and grew content to have no home or resting-place. But -they did not forget their native land. They pined with unrest, and were -anxious to do something to convince King James of their patriotism. - -11. In 1617 the Puritans began to meditate a removal to the New World. -John Carver and Robert Cushman were dispatched to England to ask -permission to settle in America. The agents of the Council of Plymouth -favored the request, but the king refused. The most that he would do -was to make a promise _to let the Pilgrims alone in America_. - -[Sidenote: The Mayflower.] - -12. The Puritans were not discouraged. The _Speedwell_, a small -vessel, was purchased at Amsterdam, and the _Mayflower_, a larger -ship, was hired for the voyage. The former was to carry the emigrants -to Southampton, where they were to be joined by the _Mayflower_ from -London. Assembling at the harbor of Delft, as many of the Pilgrims -as could be accommodated went on board the _Speedwell_. The whole -congregation accompanied them to the shore, where their pastor gave -them a farewell address, and the prayers of those who were left behind -followed the vessel out of sight. - -13. On the 5th of August, 1620, the vessels left Southampton; but the -_Speedwell_ was unable to breast the ocean, and put back to Plymouth. -The Pilgrims were encouraged by the citizens, and the more zealous went -on board the _Mayflower_ for a final effort. On the 6th of September -the first colony of New England, numbering one hundred and two souls, -saw the shores of Old England sink behind the sea. - -14. For sixty-three days the ship was buffeted by storms. On the 9th of -November the vessel was anchored in the bay off Cape Cod; a meeting was -held and the colony organized under a solemn compact. In the charter -which they made for themselves the emigrants declared their loyalty to -the English king, and agreed to live in peace and harmony. Such was the -simple constitution of the oldest New England State. To this instrument -all the heads of families, forty-one in number, set their names. An -election was held, and John Carver was chosen governor. - -[Illustration: The Landing of the Pilgrims.] - -[Sidenote: The Landing of the Pilgrims.] - -15. Miles Standish, John Bradford, and a few others, went on shore -and explored the country; nothing was found but a heap of Indian corn -under the snow. On the 6th of December the governor landed with fifteen -companions. The weather was dreadful. Snow-storms covered the clothes -of the Pilgrims with ice. They were attacked by the Indians, but -escaped to the ship with their lives. The vessel was at last driven by -accident into a haven on the west side of the bay. The next day, being -the Sabbath, was spent in religious services, and on Monday, the 11th -of December (Old Style), 1620, the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock. - -16. It was the dead of winter. The houseless immigrants fell a-dying of -hunger and cold. But a site was selected near the first landing, and, -on the 9th of January, the toilers began to build New Plymouth. Every -man took on himself the work of making his own house; but the ravages -of disease grew daily worse. At one time only seven men were able to -work on the sheds which were built for protection. If an early spring -had not brought relief, the colony must have perished. Such were the -sufferings of the winter when New England began its being. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -VOYAGES AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE DUTCH. - - -[Illustration: The Half Moon on Hudson River.] - -[Sidenote: Dutch East India Company.] - -The first Dutch settlement in America was made on Manhattan Island. -The colony resulted from the voyages of Sir HENRY HUDSON. In the year -1607 this great sailor was employed by a company of London merchants -to discover a new route to the Indies. He first made two unsuccessful -voyages into the North Atlantic, and his employers gave up the -enterprise. In 1609 the Dutch East India Company furnished him with a -ship called the _Half Moon_, and in April he set out for the Indies. -Again he ran among the icebergs, and further sailing was impossible. -But not discouraged, he immediately set sail for America. - -2. In July Hudson reached the coast of Maine; and in August, the -Chesapeake. On the 28th of the month he anchored in Delaware Bay, and -on the 3d of September the _Half Moon_ came to Sandy Hook. Two days -later a landing was effected. The natives came with gifts of corn, wild -fruit, and oysters. On the 10th the vessel passed the Narrows, and -entered the noble river which bears the name of HUDSON. - -[Sidenote: Discovery of Hudson River.] - -3. For eight days the _Half Moon_ sailed up the river. Such beautiful -forests and valleys, the Dutch had never seen before. On the 19th of -September the vessel was moored at Kinderhook; but an exploring party -rowed up stream beyond the site of Albany. The vessel then dropped down -the river, and on the 4th of October the sails were spread for Holland. -But the _Half Moon_ was detained in England. - -4. In the summer of 1610 a ship, called the _Discovery_, was given -to Hudson, who sailed in the track which Frobisher had taken, and on -the 2d day of August entered the strait which bears the name of its -discoverer. The great captain believed that the route to China was at -last discovered; but he soon found himself environed in the frozen gulf -of the North. With great courage he bore up until his provisions were -almost exhausted. Then the crew broke out in mutiny. They seized Hudson -and his only son, with seven other faithful sailors, and cast them off -among the icebergs. The fate of the illustrious mariner has never been -ascertained. - -5. In 1610 the _Half Moon_ was liberated and returned to Amsterdam. -In the same year several ships owned by Dutch merchants sailed to -the banks of the Hudson and engaged in the fur-trade. In 1614 an act -was passed by the States-General of Holland, giving to merchants of -Amsterdam the right to trade and establish settlements in the country -explored by Hudson. A fleet of five trading-vessels arrived in the -summer of the same year at Manhattan Island. Here some rude huts had -already been built by former traders, and the settlement was named New -Amsterdam. - -6. In the fall of 1614 Adrian Block sailed into Long Island Sound, -and made explorations as far as Cape Cod. Christianson, another Dutch -commander, sailed up the river from Manhattan to Castle Island, and -erected a block-house, which was named Fort Nassau. Cornelius May, -the captain of a small vessel called the _Fortune_, sailed from New -Amsterdam and explored the Jersey coast as far as the Bay of Delaware. -Upon these two voyages Holland set up a claim to the country, which was -now named NEW NETHERLANDS, extending from Cape Henlopen to Cape Cod. -Such were the feeble beginnings of the Dutch colonies in New York and -Jersey. - - -REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART II. - - CHAPTER II. - - 1. Tell about the Icelanders and Norwegians in America. - - - CHAPTER III. - - 2. Give an account of Columbus, and of his discoveries and explorations - in the New World. - - 3. Give an account of the voyage of Amerigo Vespucci, and of how this - Continent came to be known by his name. - - 4. What were the services of Balboa, and of Ponce de Leon? - - - CHAPTER IV. - - 5. Sketch the later discoveries by the Spaniards in America. - - 6. Tell of the coming of the Portuguese. - - - CHAPTER V. - - 7. Trace the progress of the French discoverers and explorers on the - new Continent. - - - CHAPTER VI. - - 8. Give an account of the commission, and of the explorations of John - and Sebastian Cabot. - - 9. What work of discovery was attempted by Martin Frobisher, and with - what result? - - 10. Outline the colonization schemes of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir - Walter Raleigh. - - 11. What change of plan for colonization was adopted by Gosnold, and - with what success? - - - CHAPTER VII. - - 12. Tell of the Royal Patents to the London and Plymouth Companies. - - 13. Sketch the efforts of the Plymouth Company toward colonization, and - the coming of the Puritans. - - - CHAPTER VIII. - - 14. Give an account of the voyages and final successes of Sir Henry - Hudson. - - 15. On what did the Dutch base their early claim to lands in America? - - - - -PART III. - -COLONIAL HISTORY. - -A. D. 1607-1754. - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -VIRGINIA--THE FIRST CHARTER. - - -[Illustration] - -[Sidenote: =Colony at Jamestown.=] - -The first settlers at Jamestown were idle and improvident. Only twelve -of those who came in 1607 were common laborers. There were four -carpenters in the company, six or eight masons and blacksmiths, and a -long list of _gentlemen_. The few married men had left their families -in England. - -2. The affairs of the colony were badly managed. Captain John Smith, -the best man in the colony, was suspected of making a plot to murder -the council and to make himself king of Virginia. He was arrested and -confined until the end of the voyage. When the colonists reached their -destination, the king's instructions were unsealed and the names of the -Inferior Council made known. A meeting was held and Edward Wingfield -elected first governor. - -3. As soon as the settlement was well begun, Smith and Newport, with -twenty others, explored James River for forty-five miles. Just below -the falls, the explorers found the capital of Powhatan, the Indian -king. But the "city" was only a squalid village of twelve wigwams. The -monarch received the foreigners with courtesy and showed no dislike at -the intrusion. - -4. The colonists now began to realize their situation. They were alone -in the New World. Winter was approaching. Dreadful diseases broke -out, and the colony was brought almost to ruin. At one time only five -men were able to go on duty as sentinels, and before the middle of -September one half of the colonists died. But the frosts came, and -disease was checked. - -[Sidenote: =Civil Dissensions.=] - -5. Civil dissension arose. President Wingfield and George Kendall -were detected in embezzling the stores, and were removed from office. -Ratcliffe was then chosen president, but was found incompetent. Only -Martin and Smith now remained in the council, and the latter took -charge of the colony. Under his administration the new settlement soon -began to show signs of progress. His first care was to improve the -buildings of the plantation; then to secure a supply of provisions. -There had been a plentiful harvest among the Indians; but the work of -procuring corn was not an easy task. Descending James River to Hampton -Roads, Smith landed with five companions and offered the natives -hatchets and copper coins in exchange for corn. - -6. But the Indians only laughed at the proposal. The English then -charged on the wigwams, and the warriors were obliged to purchase -peace by loading the boats of the English with corn. Soon the Indians -in the neighborhood began to come with voluntary contributions. The -fear of famine passed away. The woods were full of wild turkeys. Good -discipline was maintained in the colony, and friendly relations were -established with the natives. The colonists became cheerful and happy. - -7. As soon as winter set in, the president, with six Englishmen and -two Indian guides, began to explore along the Chickahominy. It was -believed by the people of Jamestown that by going up this stream _they -could reach the Pacific Ocean_! Smith knew the absurdity of such an -opinion, but humored it because of the opportunity it gave him to see -the country and make maps. - -[Sidenote: =Capt. Smith and the Indians.=] - -8. The president and his companions ascended the river until it -dwindled to a mere creek. The men who were left to protect the boats -were attacked by Indians, and several of the English were killed. Smith -was wounded with an arrow, and chased through the woods. He fought, -ran, and fired by turns, but was finally overtaken. - -9. Smith demanded to see the Indian chief, and excited his curiosity by -showing him a pocket-compass and a watch. These instruments struck the -Indians with awe; but the savages bound their captive to a tree, and -prepared to shoot him, but he flourished his compass in the air and the -Indians were afraid to fire. - -10. Smith was next taken to Orapax, a few miles from the site of -Richmond. Here he found the Indians making preparations to attack -Jamestown. They invited him to become their leader, but he refused -and managed to write a warning letter to his countrymen. This letter, -because of its mysterious power of carrying intelligence, frightened -them more than ever. When the warriors arrived at Jamestown and found -everything as Smith had said, all thought of attacking the colony was -given up. - -[Illustration: Captain John Smith.] - -11. The Indians now marched their captive from village to village. -Near the fork of York River, at Pamunkey, Smith was turned over to the -priests, who assembled in their Long House and for three days danced -around him, sang and yelled, to determine by this wild ceremony what -his fate should be. The decision was against him, and he was condemned -to death. - -[Sidenote: =Pocahontas saves Smith.=] - -12. Smith was next taken to a town where Powhatan lived in winter. -The savage monarch, now sixty years of age, took his seat in the Long -House. His two daughters sat near him, and warriors and women were -ranged around the hall. The king reviewed the cause and confirmed the -sentence of death. Two large stones were brought, Smith was dragged -forth bound, and his head put into position to be crushed with a -war-club; but as the executioner raised his club, Matoaka,[A] the -eldest daughter of Powhatan, rushed between it and the prostrate -prisoner. She clasped his head in her arms and held on until her -father ordered Smith to be unbound. Soon it was agreed that he should -return to Jamestown. - -[Footnote A: Powhatan's tribe had a superstition that a person _whose -real name was unknown_ could not be injured. They therefore told the -English falsely that Matoaka's name was _Pocahontas_.] - -13. Only thirty-eight of the settlers were now alive, and these were -frost-bitten and half-starved. Their leader had been absent for seven -weeks. The old fears of the colonists had revived, and when Smith -returned he found all hands preparing to abandon the settlement. He -induced the majority to abandon this project, but the rest, burning -with resentment, made a conspiracy to kill him. - -14. In these days Newport arrived from England, bringing supplies and -a hundred and twenty immigrants. But the new-comers were gentlemen, -gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers, adventurers, and strollers. Smith -was much vexed at this, for he had urged Newport to bring over only a -few industrious mechanics and laborers. - -15. Soon the new-comers and some of the old settlers began to stroll -about the country digging for gold. At the mouth of a small creek some -glittering particles were found, and the whole settlement was thrown -into excitement. Soon afterwards a company sailed up James River to -find the Pacific Ocean! Fourteen weeks were consumed in this nonsense. -Even the Indians ridiculed the madness of men who were wasting their -chances for a crop of corn. - -[Sidenote: =Chesapeake Bay Explored.=] - -16. But Smith had formed the design of exploring Chesapeake Bay and its -tributaries. Accompanied by Dr. Russell and thirteen others, he left -Jamestown on the 2d day of June. He steered his barge by way of Hampton -Roads as far as Smith's Island. Returning thence around Cape Charles, -he continued northward as far as the river Wicomico, then crossed over -to the Patuxent, and thence northward to the Patapsco. Then steering -southward he had the good fortune to enter the mouth of the Potomac and -continue the voyage as far as the falls at Georgetown. He then dropped -down the river to the bay, and reached Jamestown on the 21st of July. - -17. After three days a second voyage was begun. The expedition reached -the head of the bay, and sailed far up the Susquehanna. On the return, -Smith explored every sound and inlet of any note as far as the -Rappahannock. This stream he ascended to the head of navigation, and -then returned to Jamestown. He had been absent a little more than three -months, and had explored the coast of the great bay for fully three -thousand miles. Now he was come back to the colony with a MAP OF THE -CHESAPEAKE, which he sent by Newport to England, and which is still -preserved. - -[Sidenote: =Smith Elected President.=] - -18. Smith was now formally elected president. Soon there was a marked -change for the better; gold-hunting ceased, and the rest of the year -was noted as a time of prosperity. In the autumn Newport arrived with -seventy additional immigrants. The health was so good that only seven -deaths occurred between September and the following May. Every well man -was obliged to work six hours a day. New houses were built, new fields -fenced in; and through the winter the sound of ax and hammer gave token -of a prosperous and growing village. - -19. On the 23d day of May, 1609, King James granted to the London -Company a new charter for the government of Virginia. The territory -was extended from Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward to the Pacific -Ocean. The members of the Superior Council were now to be chosen by -the stockholders of the company, vacancies were to be filled by the -councilors, who were also to elect a governor. The new council was at -once organized, and Lord De La Ware chosen governor for life. Five -hundred emigrants were collected, and in June a fleet of nine vessels -sailed for America. Lord Delaware did not himself accompany the -expedition. In July the ships, then in the West Indies, were scattered -by a storm. One vessel was wrecked, and another, having on board the -commissioners of Delaware, was driven ashore on one of the Bermudas; -the other seven ships came safely to Jamestown. - -20. Captain Smith continued in authority under the old constitution; -but the colony was in an uproar. The president was in daily peril of -his life. He put some of the most rebellious brawlers in prison, and -planned two new settlements--one, of a hundred and twenty men, at -Nansemond; the other, of the same number, at the falls of the James. -Both companies behaved badly. In a few days after their departure -troubles arose with the Indians. While attempting to quell these -difficulties, Smith was wounded, and fearing the imperfect medical -treatment which the colony afforded, he decided to return to England. -He accordingly delegated his authority to Sir George Percy, and -about the middle of September, 1609, left the scene of his toils and -sufferings, never to return. - -[Sidenote: =The Starving Time.=] - -21. A colony of four hundred and ninety persons remained at Jamestown. -The settlement was soon brought face to face with starvation. The -Indians became hostile; stragglers were murdered; houses were set on -fire; disease returned to add to the desolation; and cold and hunger -made the winter long remembered as THE STARVING TIME. By the last of -March only sixty persons were left alive. - -22. Meanwhile, Sir Thomas Gates and his companions, who had been -shipwrecked in the Bermudas, constructed two small vessels, and came -to Virginia, where a few wan, half-starved wretches crawled out of -their cabins to beg for bread! Whatever stores the commissioners had -brought with them were distributed, and Gates assumed control of the -government. But the colonists had now determined to abandon the place -forever. In vain did the commissioners remonstrate. An agreement was -made to sail for Newfoundland, and on the 8th of June the colonists, -embarking in their four boats, dropped down the river, and Jamestown -was abandoned. - -23. Lord Delaware was already on his way to America. Before the -escaping settlers had reached the sea, the ships of the governor came -in sight with additional immigrants, plentiful supplies, and promise -of better things. The colonists returned, and before nightfall the -fires were again kindled at Jamestown. On the next day the governor -caused his commission to be read, and entered upon the discharge -of his duties. His amiability and virtue, and the wisdom of his -administration, endeared him to all and inspired the colony with hope. - -24. Lord Delaware was compelled, on account of ill-health, to return to -England. His authority was delegated to Percy, the deputy of Captain -Smith. The Superior Council had already dispatched new stores and more -emigrants, under Sir Thomas Dale. When the vessel arrived at Jamestown, -Percy was superseded by Dale, who adopted a system of martial law -as the basis of his administration. In the latter part of August, -Sir Thomas Gates arrived with six ships, three hundred additional -immigrants, and a large quantity of stores. - -[Sidenote: =The Land Divided.=] - -25. Thus far the property of the settlers at Jamestown had been held -in common. Now the right of holding private property was recognized. -Governor Gates had the lands divided so that each settler should have -three acres of his own; every family might cultivate a garden and plant -an orchard, the fruits of which no one but the owner was allowed to -gather. The benefits of this system of labor were at once apparent, and -the laborers became cheerful and industrious. - - - - -CHAPTER X. - -CHARTER GOVERNMENT.--(CONTINUED.) - - -In the year 1612 the London Company obtained from the king a third -patent, by which the government was again changed. The Superior Council -was abolished, and the stockholders were authorized to elect their own -officers and to govern the colony on their own responsibility. The -new patent was a great step toward a democratic form of government in -Virginia. - -2. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall, on an expedition up the Potomac, -learned that Pocahontas was residing in that neighborhood. He enticed -the girl on board his vessel and carried her captive to Jamestown. It -was decided that Powhatan should pay a heavy ransom for his daughter's -liberation. The king refused, and ordered his tribes to prepare for -war. Meanwhile, Pocahontas was converted to the Christian faith and -became a member of the Episcopal Church. - -[Sidenote: =Marriage of Pocahontas.=] - -3. Soon afterwards John Rolfe, of the colony, sought the hand of the -princess in marriage. Powhatan gave his consent, and the nuptials -were celebrated in the spring of the next year. Three years later, -Pocahontas, while visiting in England, fell sick and died. There was -left of this marriage a son, who came to Jamestown, and to whom several -families of Virginians still trace their origin. John Randolph of -Roanoke was a descendant of Pocahontas. - -[Illustration: Marriage of Pocahontas.] - -[Sidenote: =Expedition against Acadia.=] - -4. Captain Argall was next sent with an armed vessel to the coast of -Maine, to protect the English fishermen, and to destroy the colonies -of France, if any should be found within the territory claimed by -England. The French authorities of Acadia were building a village near -the mouth of the Penobscot. The settlement was pillaged and the houses -burned. The French colony at the mouth of the St. Croix was attacked, -and the fort cannonaded and destroyed; the hamlet at Port Royal was -burned. By these outrages, the French settlements in America were -confined to the banks of the St. Lawrence. - -[Sidenote: =Cultivation of Tobacco.=] - -5. In March of 1614 Sir Thomas Gates returned to England, leaving -the government with Dale. In these times the laws of the colony were -much improved, and the industry took a better form. Hitherto the -settlers had engaged in planting vineyards and in the manufacture of -soap, glass, and tar. The managers of the company had at last learned -that these articles could be produced more cheaply in Europe than -in America, while some products of the New World might be raised and -exported with great profit. The chief of these was the tobacco-plant, -the use of which had become fashionable in Spain, England, and France. -This, then, became the leading staple of the colony, and was even -used for money. So entirely did the settlers give themselves to the -cultivation of the weed that the streets of Jamestown were plowed up -and planted with it. - -6. In 1617 the unprincipled Captain Argall was elected governor. When -the news of his fraudulent and violent proceedings reached England -emigration ceased, and Lord Delaware embarked for Virginia, in the hope -of restoring order. But he died on the voyage, and Argall continued in -office until 1619, when Sir George Yeardley was appointed to succeed -him. - -[Sidenote: =The House of Burgesses.=] - -7. Martial law was now abolished. Taxes were repealed, and the people -freed from many burdens. Governor Yeardley divided the plantations into -eleven boroughs, and ordered the citizens of each to elect two of their -number to take part in the government. The elections were duly held, -and on the 30th of July, 1619, the Virginia HOUSE OF BURGESSES was -organized--the first popular assembly in the New World. In this body -there was freedom of debate but very little political power. - -[Sidenote: =Introduction of Slavery.=] - -8. The year 1619 was also marked by the introduction of slavery. The -servants at Jamestown had hitherto been English or Germans, whose term -of service had varied from a few months to many years. No perpetual -servitude had thus far been recognized. In the month of August a Dutch -man-of-war sailed up the river to the plantations, and offered by -auction twenty Africans. They were purchased by the wealthier class of -planters, and made slaves for life. - -[Sidenote: =Wives for the Colonists.=] - -9. There were now six hundred men in the colony, for the most -part rovers who intended to return to England. Very few families -had emigrated. In this condition of affairs, Sir Thomas Smith was -superseded by Sir Edwyn Sandys, a man of prudence and integrity. In the -summer of 1620, the new treasurer sent to America a company of twelve -hundred and sixty-one persons. Among the number were ninety young women -of good breeding and modest manners. In the following spring, sixty -others of similar good character came over, and received a hearty -welcome. - -10. When Sandys sent these women to America, he charged the colonists -with the expense of the voyage, as the company was bankrupt. An -assessment was made, and the rate fixed at a hundred and twenty pounds -of tobacco for each passenger--a sum which the settlers cheerfully -paid. There were merry marriages at Jamestown, and the social condition -was much improved. When the second shipload came, the cost of -transportation was a hundred and fifty pounds for each passenger, which -was also paid without complaint. - -[Sidenote: =A Code of Laws.=] - -11. In July of 1621 the London Company gave to Virginia a code -of written laws, and in October Sir Francis Wyatt, who had been -commissioned as governor, began to administer the new constitution. The -colony was found in a flourishing condition. The settlements extended -for a hundred and forty miles along the banks of James River, and far -into the interior. But the Indians had grown jealous of the colonists. -Pocahontas was dead. The peaceable Powhatan had likewise passed away. -Opechancanough, who succeeded him in 1618, had long been plotting the -destruction of the English, and the time had come for the tragedy. - -[Sidenote: =The Indian Massacre.=] - -12. Until the very day of the massacre, the Indians continued on terms -of friendship with the colonists. On the 22d of March, at midday, the -work of butchery began. Every hamlet in Virginia was attacked. Men, -women, and children were indiscriminately slaughtered, until three -hundred and forty-seven had perished under the hatchets of the savages. - -13. But Indian treachery was thwarted by Indian faithfulness. A -converted Red man, wishing to save an Englishman who had been his -friend, went to him on the night before the massacre and revealed the -plot. The alarm was spread, and thus the greater part of the colony -escaped destruction. But the outer plantations were entirely destroyed. -The people crowded together on the larger farms about Jamestown, until -of the eighty settlements there were only eight remaining. Still, there -were sixteen hundred brave men in the colony; and the next year the -population increased to two thousand five hundred. - -[Sidenote: =The Charter Cancelled.=] - -14. The liberal constitution of Virginia soon proved offensive to King -James. A committee was appointed to look into the affairs of the London -Company. The commissioners performed their duty, and reported that the -company was unsound in its principles, that the treasury was bankrupt, -and that the government of Virginia was very bad. - -15. Legal proceedings were now instituted against the company, and -the judges decided that the patent was null and void. The charter was -canceled by the king, and in June of 1624 the London Company ceased to -exist. But its work had been well done. A torch of liberty had been -lighted on the banks of the James, which all the tyranny of after times -could not extinguish. - - - - -CHAPTER XI. - -VIRGINIA.--THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT. - - -[Sidenote: =Royal Governors.=] - -A royal government was now established in Virginia consisting of a -governor and twelve councilors. The General Assembly of the colony was -left undisturbed, and the rights of the colonists remained as before. -Governor Wyatt was continued in office. Charles I., the successor of -King James, paid but little attention to the affairs of his American -colony until the commerce in tobacco attracted his notice, and he then -made an unsuccessful attempt to gain a monopoly of the trade. - -2. In 1626 Governor Wyatt retired from office, and Yeardley, the old -friend of the colonists, was reappointed. The young State was never -more prosperous than under this administration, which was ended with -the governor's death in 1627. During the preceding summer a thousand -new immigrants had come to swell the population of the province. - -3. The council of Virginia had the right, in case of an emergency, -to elect a governor. In this manner Francis West was chosen by the -councilors; but as soon as the death of Yeardley was known in England, -King Charles commissioned John Harvey to assume the government. He -arrived in the autumn of 1629, and became a most unpopular chief -magistrate. He began his administration by taking the part of certain -land speculators against the people. The assembly of 1635 passed a -resolution that Sir John Harvey be thrust out of office, and Captain -West be appointed in his place "until the king's pleasure may be -known in this matter." But King Charles treated the whole affair with -contempt, and Harvey continued in power until the year 1639, when he -was superseded by Wyatt, who ruled until the spring of 1642. - -[Illustration: Life at Old Jamestown.] - -[Sidenote: =Effect of the Protectorate.=] - -4. About this time monarchy was abolished in England. Oliver Cromwell -was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, and this government -continued until Charles II., exiled son of Charles I., was restored to -the throne of England. Virginia shared in some degree the distractions -of the mother-country. In 1642 Sir William Berkeley became governor, -and remained in office for ten years. His administration was noted as a -time of rapid growth and development. The laws were greatly improved. -The old disputes about the lands were satisfactorily settled. Cruel -punishments were abolished, and the taxes equalized. The general -assembly was regularly convened, and Virginia became a free and -prosperous State. In 1646 there were twenty thousand people in the -colony. - -5. In March of 1643, a law was enacted by the assembly declaring that -no person who disbelieved the doctrines of the English Church should -be allowed to teach, or to preach the gospel, within the limits of -Virginia. This act was the source of much bitterness among the people. -The few Puritans were excluded from places of trust, and some were -driven from their homes. Governor Berkeley was a leader in these -persecutions, by which all friendly relations with New England were -broken off for many years. - -6. Next came another war with the Indians. Early in 1644, the natives -planned a general massacre. On the 18th of April the savages fell upon -the frontier settlements, and murdered three hundred people before -assistance could be brought. The warriors then fled, but were closely -followed by the English. Opechancanough was captured, and died a -prisoner. The tribes were punished without mercy, and were soon glad to -buy a peace by the cession of large tracts of land. - -[Sidenote: =The Election of Governors.=] - -7. For a while the colonists conducted their government as they wished. -The important matter of choosing a governor was submitted to the House -of Burgesses; when so great a power had been once exercised, it was not -likely to be relinquished. Three governors were chosen in this way, and -the _privilege_ of electing soon became a _right_. The assembly even -declared that such a right existed, and that it should not be taken -away. - -8. In 1660 Samuel Matthews, the last of the three elected governors, -died. The Burgesses were convened and an ordinance passed declaring -that the supreme authority of Virginia was _in the colony_, and -would continue there until a delegate should arrive from the British -government. The house then elected as governor Sir William Berkeley, -who acknowledged the right of the Burgesses to choose. - -9. As soon as it was known in Virginia that Charles II. had become -king, Governor Berkeley issued writs in the name of the king for the -election of a new assembly. The adherents of the Commonwealth were -thrust out of office, and royal favorites established in their places. -The Virginians soon found that they had exchanged a republican tyrant -with good principles for a monarchial tyrant with bad ones. The former -commercial system was reenacted in a worse form than ever. The new law -provided that all the colonial commerce should be carried on in English -ships; the trade of the colonies was burdened with a heavy tax, and -tobacco, the staple of Virginia, could be sold nowhere but in England. - -[Sidenote: =Effects of the Restoration.=] - -10. King Charles soon began to reward the profligates who thronged his -court, by granting them large tracts of land in Virginia. It was no -uncommon thing for an American planter to find that his farm had been -given away to some flatterer of the royal household, and finally, in -1673, the king set a limit to his own recklessness _by giving away the -whole province_. Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington received a -deed by which was granted to them for thirty-one years all the country -called Virginia. - -11. The colonial legislation of these times was selfish and -narrow-minded. The aristocratic party had obtained control of the -House of Burgesses. A statute was passed against the Baptists, and the -peace-loving Quakers were fined and persecuted. Personal property was -heavily taxed, while the large estates were exempt. The salaries of the -officers were secured by a duty on tobacco, and the biennial election -of Burgesses was abolished. - -12. When the people were worn out with the governor's exactions, they -availed themselves of a pretext to assert their rights by force of -arms. A war with the Susquehanna Indians furnished the occasion for an -insurrection. The tribes about the head of Chesapeake Bay fell upon the -English settlers of Maryland, and the banks of the Potomac became the -scene of a border war. Virginia and Maryland made common cause. John -Washington, great-grandfather of the first President, led a company of -militia against the Indians, and a devastating warfare raged along the -whole frontier. - -13. Governor Berkeley sided with the Indians; but the colonists -remembered only the acts of treachery of which the Red men had been -guilty, and thirsted for revenge. The aristocratic party took sides -with the governor and favored a peace; while the popular party, led by -young Nathaniel Bacon, clamored for war. - -[Sidenote: =Bacon's Rebellion.=] - -14. Five hundred men rushed to arms. Berkeley and the aristocratic -faction proclaimed Bacon a traitor. Troops were levied to disperse -the militia: but scarcely had Berkeley and his forces left Jamestown -when another popular uprising compelled him to return. Bacon came home -victorious. The old assembly was broken up, and a new one elected -on the basis of universal suffrage. Bacon was chosen a member, and -made commander of the Virginia army. A force was now stationed on the -frontier, and peace returned to all the settlements. But Berkeley -repaired to the county of Gloucester, where he summoned a convention of -loyalists, and Bacon was again proclaimed a traitor. - -15. The governor's forces were collected on the eastern shore of the -Chesapeake; the crews of some English ships were joined to his command, -and the fleet set sail for Jamestown. The place was taken without -much resistance; but when Bacon and the patriots drew near, the loyal -forces went over to his standard. Berkeley was again obliged to fly, -and the capital was held by the people's party. It was now rumored that -an English fleet was approaching for the subjugation of the colonies. -The patriot leaders held a council, and it was decided that Jamestown -should be burned. Accordingly, in the dusk of the evening the torch was -applied, and the only town in Virginia was laid in ashes. - -16. In this juncture of affairs Bacon fell sick and died, and the -patriot party was easily dispersed. A few feeble efforts were made to -revive the cause of the people, but the animating spirit was gone. The -royalists found an able captain in Robert Beverly, and the authority of -the governor was rapidly restored. Berkeley's vindictive passions were -now let loose upon the defeated insurgents. Twenty-two of the leading -patriots were seized and hanged with scarcely time to bid their friends -farewell. Nor is it certain when the executions would have ended had -not the assembly met and passed an act that no more blood should be -spilled for past offenses. - -17. The consequences of the rebellion were very disastrous. Berkeley -and the aristocratic party had now a good excuse for suppressing all -liberal principles. The printing-press was interdicted. Education was -forbidden. To speak or to write any thing against the administration or -in defense of the late insurrection, was made a crime to be punished -by fine or whipping. If the offense should be three times repeated, it -was declared to be treason punishable with death. The former methods of -taxation were revived, and Virginia was left at the mercy of arbitrary -rulers. - -[Sidenote: =Proprietary Government.=] - -18. In 1675 Lord Culpepper, to whom, with Arlington, the province -had been granted, obtained the appointment of governor for life, and -Virginia became a proprietary government. The new magistrate arrived -in 1680 and assumed the duties of his office. His administration was -characterized by avarice and dishonesty. Regarding Virginia as his -personal estate, he treated the Virginians as his tenants and slaves. - -19. In 1683, Arlington surrendered his claim to Culpepper, who thus -became sole proprietor as well as governor. Charles II., however, soon -found in Culpepper's vices and frauds a sufficient excuse to remove him -from office and to revoke his patent. In 1684 Virginia again became a -royal province, under the government of Lord Howard, of Effingham. The -affairs of the colony during the next fifty years are not of sufficient -interest and importance to require extended notice. When the French and -Indian War shall come, Virginia will show to the world that the labors -of Smith and Gosnold and Bacon were not in vain. - - - - -CHAPTER XII. - -MASSACHUSETTS.--SETTLEMENT AND UNION. - - -[Sidenote: =Early Struggles.=] - -The spring of 1621 brought hope to the Pilgrims of New Plymouth. The -winter had swept off half the number. The governor himself sickened -and died. Now, with the approach of warm weather, the pestilence was -checked, the survivors revived with the season, and the Puritans came -forth triumphant. - -2. In February Miles Standish was sent out with his soldiers to gather -information concerning the natives. The army of New England consisted -of six men besides the general. Deserted wigwams were found; the smoke -of camp-fires arose in the distance; savages were occasionally seen in -the forest. These fled at the approach of the English, and Standish -returned to Plymouth. - -[Illustration: A Puritan.] - -[Sidenote: =Relations with the Indians.=] - -3. A month later a Wampanoag Indian, named Samoset, ran into the -village and bade the strangers welcome; friendly relations were soon -established with the Wampanoags. Massasoit, the sachem of the nation, -was invited to visit Plymouth. The Pilgrims received him with much -ceremony, and then and there was ratified the first treaty made -in New England. This treaty remained inviolate for fifty years. -Other chiefs followed the example of Massasoit. Nine of the tribes -acknowledged the English king. One chief sent to William Bradford, who -succeeded Governor Carver, a bundle of arrows wrapped in the skin of a -rattlesnake; but the governor stuffed the skin with powder and balls -and sent it back to the chief, who did not dare to accept the challenge. - -4. The summer was unfruitful, and the Pilgrims were brought to the -point of starvation. New immigrants, without provisions or stores, -arrived, and were quartered on the colonists during the winter. For -six months the settlers were obliged to subsist on half allowance. At -one time only a few grains of corn remained to be distributed, and at -another there was absolute want. Then some English fishing-vessels -came to Plymouth and charged the colonists two prices for food enough -to keep them alive. The new immigrants remained at Plymouth until the -summer of 1622, then removed to the south side of Boston harbor and -founded Weymouth. - -5. The summer of 1623 brought a plentiful harvest, and there was no -longer any danger of starvation. The natives became dependent on the -settlement for corn, and brought in an abundance of game. At the end -of the fourth year, there were a hundred and eighty persons in New -England. The managers, who had expended thirty-four thousand dollars on -the enterprise, were discouraged, and proposed to sell out their claims -to the colonists. The offer was accepted; and, in November of 1627, -eight of the leading men of Plymouth purchased from the Londoners their -entire interest for nine thousand dollars. - -6. Before this transfer, the colony had been much vexed by the attempt -to set over them a minister of the English Church. They had come to the -New World to avoid this very thing. There was dissension for a while. -The English managers withheld support; the stores of the colonists -were sold to them at three prices; and they were obliged to borrow -money at sixty per cent. But the Pilgrims would not yield, and the -conflict ended with the purchase of the proprietors' rights in the -colony. - -[Sidenote: =Government of the Colonies.=] - -7. In 1624 a settlement was made at Cape Ann, but after two years the -cape was abandoned; the company moved farther south and founded Salem. -In 1628 a second colony arrived in charge of John Endicott, who was -chosen governor. In 1629 Charles I. issued a charter by which the -colonists were incorporated under the name of THE GOVERNOR AND COMPANY -OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY IN NEW ENGLAND. In July two hundred immigrants -arrived, half of whom settled at Plymouth, while the other half removed -to the north side of Boston harbor and founded Charlestown. - -[Illustration: Early Settlements in Eastern Massachusetts.] - -8. In September, 1629, it was decreed that the government of the colony -should be transferred from England to America, and that the charter -should be intrusted to the colonists themselves. Emigration then -began on an extensive scale. In the year 1630 about three hundred of -the best Puritan families came to New England. They were virtuous, -well-educated, courageous men and women, who left comfortable homes -with no expectation of returning. It was their good fortune to choose a -noble leader. - -9. The name of John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts, is worthy of -lasting remembrance. Born a royalist, he cherished the principles of -republicanism. Surrounded with affluence and comfort, he left all to -share the destiny of the Pilgrims. Calm, prudent, and peaceful, he -joined the zeal of an enthusiast with the faith of a martyr. A part of -the new immigrants settled at Salem; others at Cambridge and Watertown, -on Charles River; while others founded Roxbury and Dorchester. The -governor resided for a while at Charlestown, but soon crossed over to -the peninsula of Shawmut and founded BOSTON, which became henceforth -the capital of the colony. - -[Sidenote: =Religious Intolerance.=] - -10. In 1631 a law was passed restricting the right of suffrage. It was -enacted that none but church members should be permitted to vote at the -elections. Nearly three fourths of the people were thus excluded from -exercising the rights of freemen. Taxes were levied for the support of -the gospel; attendance on public worship was enforced by law; none but -members of the church were eligible to office. The very men who had so -recently escaped with only their lives to find religious freedom in -another continent, began their career in the New World with intolerance. - -11. Young ROGER WILLIAMS, minister of Salem, cried out against these -laws. For this he was obliged to quit the ministry of the church at -Salem and retire to Plymouth. Finally, in 1634, he wrote a paper -in which he declared that grants of land, though given by the king -of England, were invalid until the natives were justly paid. When -arraigned for these teachings, he told the court that a test of -church-membership in a voter was as ridiculous as the selection of a -doctor on account of his skill in theology. - -[Sidenote: =Roger Williams Banished.=] - -12. After a trial, Williams was condemned for heresy and banished. In -mid-winter he left home and became an exile in the forest. For fourteen -weeks he wandered through the snow, sleeping on the ground or in a -hollow tree, living on parched corn and acorns. He carried with him a -private letter from the good Governor Winthrop, and the Indians showed -him kindness. Wandering from place to place, in June of 1636 he became -the founder of Rhode Island by laying out the city of PROVIDENCE. - -13. In 1634 a representative form of government was established in -Massachusetts. The restriction on the right of suffrage was the only -remaining bar to free government in New England. During the next year -three thousand new immigrants arrived. It was worth while to come to a -country where the principles of freedom were recognized. - -14. New settlements were now formed at a distance from the bay. One -company of twelve families marched through the woods to some open -meadows sixteen miles from Boston, and there founded Concord. Another -colony of sixty persons pressed their way westward to the Connecticut -River, and became the founders of Windsor, HARTFORD, and Wethersfield. - -15. The banishment of Roger Williams created strife among the people -of Massachusetts. The ministers were stern and exacting. Still, the -advocates of free opinion multiplied. The clergy, notwithstanding their -great influence, felt insecure. Religious debates became the order of -the day. Every sermon was reviewed and criticised. - -16. Prominent among those who were accused of heresy was Mrs. Anne -Hutchinson, who desired the privilege of speaking at the weekly -debates, and was refused. Indignant at this, she became the champion of -her sex, and declared that the ministers were no better than Pharisees. -She called meetings of her friends, and pleaded with fervor for the -freedom of conscience. The doctrines of Williams were reaffirmed with -more power and eloquence than ever. - -17. The synod of New England convened in August of 1637, and Mrs. -Hutchinson and her friends were banished from Massachusetts. A large -number of the exiles wended their way toward the home of Roger -Williams. Miantonomah, a Narragansett chieftain, made them a gift of -the island of Rhode Island; there, in 1641, a little republic was -established, in which persecution, for opinion's sake, was forbidden. - -[Sidenote: =Harvard College Founded.=] - -18. In 1636 the general court of the colony passed an act appropriating -between one and two thousand dollars to found a college. Newtown was -selected as the site of the proposed school. Plymouth and Salem gave -gifts to help the enterprise; and from villages in the Connecticut -valley came contributions of corn and wampum. In 1638 John Harvard, -a minister of Charlestown, died, bequeathing his library and nearly -five thousand dollars to the school. To perpetuate his memory, the new -institution was named HARVARD COLLEGE. At the same time the name of -Newtown was changed to Cambridge. - -19. The PRINTING-PRESS came also. In 1638 Stephen Daye, an English -printer, arrived at Boston, and in the following year set up a press -at Cambridge. The first American publication was an almanac for New -England, bearing date of 1639. During the next year, Thomas Welde -and John Eliot, two ministers of Roxbury, and Richard Mather, of -Dorchester, translated the Hebrew Psalms into English verse. This was -the first book printed in America. - -20. New England was fast becoming a nation. Well-nigh fifty villages -dotted the face of the country. Enterprises of all kinds were rife. -Manufactures, commerce, and the arts were introduced. William Stephens, -a shipbuilder of Boston, had already built and launched an American -vessel of four hundred tons burden. Twenty-one thousand two hundred -people had found a home between Plymouth Rock and the Connecticut. - -[Sidenote: =The Union of the Colonies.=] - -21. Circumstances suggested a union of the colonies. The western -frontier was exposed to the hostilities of the Dutch on the Hudson. -Similar trouble was apprehended from the French on the north. Indian -tribes capable of mustering a thousand warriors were likely at any -hour to fall upon the helpless villages. Common interests made a union -indispensable. - -22. The first effort to consolidate the colonies was ineffectual. But -in 1643, a plan of union was adopted, by which Massachusetts, Plymouth, -Connecticut, and New Haven were joined in a confederacy, called THE -UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. The chief authority was conferred upon -an assembly composed of two representatives from each colony. These -delegates were chosen annually at an election where all the freemen -voted by ballot. There was no president other than the speaker of the -assembly. Provision was made for the admission of other colonies into -the union, but none were ever admitted. - -23. At a meeting of the assembly in December, 1641, Nathaniel Ward -brought forward a written instrument, which was adopted as the -constitution of the State. This statute was called the BODY OF -LIBERTIES, and was ever afterward esteemed as the great charter of -colonial freedom. - -[Sidenote: =Persecution of the Quakers.=] - -24. In July of 1656 the QUAKERS began to arrive at Boston. The first -who came were Ann Austin and Mary Fisher. They were caught and searched -for marks of witchcraft, and then thrown into prison. After several -weeks' confinement they were brought forth and banished. Before the -end of the year, eight others were arrested and sent back to England. -A law was passed that Quakers who persisted in coming to Massachusetts -should have their ears cut off and their tongues bored through with a -red-hot iron. In 1657 the assembly of the four colonies convened, and -the penalty of death was passed against the Quakers as disturbers of -the public peace. - -[Sidenote: =Trade Restrictions.=] - -25. The English Revolution had now run its course. Cromwell was dead. -Tidings of the restoration of Charles II. reached Boston on the 27th of -July, 1660. On the reestablishment of the English monarchy, a law was -passed by which all vessels not bearing the English flag were forbidden -to trade in New England. Articles produced in the colonies and demanded -in England should be shipped to England only. The products of England -should not be manufactured in America, and should be bought from -England only; and a duty of five per cent. was put on both exports and -imports. This was the beginning of those measures which produced the -AMERICAN REVOLUTION. - -26. In 1664 war broke out between England and Holland. It became a part -of the English plans to conquer the Dutch settlements on the Hudson. -Charles II. was also anxious to obtain control of all the New England -colonies. He therefore appointed four commissioners to settle colonial -disputes, and to exercise authority in the name of the king. The real -object was to get possession of the charter of Massachusetts. In July, -1664, the royal judges arrived at Boston. They were rejected in all the -colonies except Rhode Island. Meanwhile, the English monarch, learning -how his judges had been received, recalled them, and they left the -country. For ten years after this event the colony was very prosperous. - -[Illustration: Harvard College in 1770.] - - - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -MASSACHUSETTS.--WAR AND WITCHCRAFT. - - -The old king Massasoit died in 1662. His son, Alexander, now became -chief of the nation, but died within the year; and the chieftainship -descended to the younger brother, PHILIP OF MOUNT HOPE. It was the fate -of this brave man to lead his people in a final struggle against the -whites. Causes of war already existed, and the time had come for the -conflict. - -[Sidenote: =King Philip's War.=] - -2. The natives of New England had sold their lands. The English were -the purchasers; the chiefs had signed the deeds; the price had been -fairly paid. There were at this time in the country east of the Hudson -about twenty-five thousand Indians and fifty thousand English. The -young warriors could not understand the validity of land-titles. -They sighed for the freedom of their fathers' hunting-grounds. The -Wampanoags had nothing left but the peninsulas of Bristol and Tiverton. -There were personal grievances also. King Alexander had been arrested, -tried by an English jury, and imprisoned. He had caught his death-fever -in a Boston jail. On the 24th of June, 1675, the village of Swanzey was -attacked, and eight Englishmen were killed. - -3. Within a week the militia of Plymouth, joined by volunteers from -Boston, entered the enemy's country. A few Indians were overtaken and -killed. The troops marched into the peninsula of Bristol, and compelled -Philip to fly for his life. A general Indian war broke out. The hatred -of the savages was easily kindled into hostility. For a whole year the -settlements on the frontier became a scene of burning and massacre. - -4. King Canonchet of the Narragansetts first made a treaty of peace -with the English, but later violated it and chose to share the fate of -Philip. But after much desperate fighting and heavy losses on both -sides, the resources of the savages were exhausted and their numbers -daily grew less. In April, 1676, Canonchet was captured on the banks -of the Blackstone. Refusing to make a treaty, the haughty chieftain -was put to death. Philip's company had dwindled to a handful. His wife -and son were made prisoners; the latter was sold as a slave, and ended -his life in the Bermudas. The savage monarch cared no longer to live. -A company of soldiers surrounded him near his old home at Mount Hope. -A treacherous Indian took a deadly aim at the breast of his chieftain. -The report of a musket rang through the woods, and the king of the -Wampanoags sprang forward and fell dead. - -5. New England suffered terribly in this war. The losses of the war -amounted to five hundred thousand dollars. Thirteen towns and six -hundred dwellings lay in ashes. Six hundred men had fallen in the -field. Gray-haired sire, mother and babe had sunk together under -the blow of the Red man's tomahawk. Now there was peace again. The -Indian race had been swept out of New England. The tribes beyond the -Connecticut came and pleaded for their lives. The colonists returned to -their farms and villages, to build new homes in the ashes of old ruins. - -[Sidenote: =The Province of Maine.=] - -6. The next trouble was concerning the province of Maine. Sir Ferdinand -Gorges, the old proprietor, was now dead; but his heirs still claimed -the territory. The people of Maine had put themselves under the -authority of Massachusetts; but the heirs of Gorges carried the matter -before the English council, and in 1677 a decision was given in their -favor. The Boston government then made a proposition to the Gorges -family to purchase their claims; this was accepted, and for the sum -of twelve hundred and fifty pounds the province was transferred to -Massachusetts. - -[Sidenote: =Province of New Hampshire.=] - -7. A similar difficulty arose in regard to New Hampshire. As early as -1622 the Plymouth council had granted this territory to Ferdinand -Gorges and Captain John Mason. Seven years afterward Gorges surrendered -his claim to Mason, who thus became sole proprietor. But this territory -was also covered by the charter of Massachusetts. Mason died, and in -1679 his son Robert came forward and claimed the province. This cause -was also taken before the ministers, who decided that the title of the -younger Mason was valid. To the great disappointment of the people of -both provinces the two governments were separated. A royal government, -the first in New England, was now established over New Hampshire, and -Edward Cranfield became Governor. - -8. But the people refused to recognize Cranfield's authority. The -king attributed this conduct to the influence of Massachusetts, and -directed his judges to make an inquiry as to whether Massachusetts had -not forfeited her charter. In 1684 the royal court gave a decision in -accordance with the monarch's wishes. But before the charter could be -revoked, Charles II. fell sick and died. - -[Sidenote: =Royal Governor of New England.=] - -9. The new king, James II., adopted his brother's policy, and in -1686 the scheme so long entertained was carried out. The charter of -Massachusetts was formally revoked; all the colonies between Nova -Scotia and Narragansett Bay were consolidated, and Sir Edmund Andros -was appointed royal governor of New England. - -10. His despotism was quickly extended from Cape Cod Bay to the -Piscataqua. The civil rights of New Hampshire were overthrown. In -May of 1686, the charter of Rhode Island was taken away and her -constitution subverted. The seal was broken, and a royal council -appointed to conduct the government. Andros next proceeded to -Connecticut. Arriving at Hartford in October of 1687, he found the -assembly in session, and demanded the surrender of the charter. The -instrument was brought in and laid upon the table. A debate ensued, -and continued until evening. When it was about to be decided that the -charter should be given up, the lamps were dashed out. Other lights -were brought in; but the charter had disappeared. Joseph Wadsworth, -snatching up the parchment, bore it off through the darkness and -concealed it in a hollow tree, ever afterwards remembered as THE -CHARTER OAK. But the assembly was overawed, and the authority of Andros -established throughout the country. - -[Illustration: Andros demanding the Charter of Connecticut.] - -11. His dominion ended suddenly. The English Revolution of 1688 was at -hand. James II. was driven from his throne; the system of arbitrary -rule which he had established fell with a crash, and Andros with the -rest. The news of the accession of William and Mary reached Boston -on the 4th of April, 1689. On the 18th of the month, the citizens of -Boston rose in rebellion. Andros was seized and marched to prison. -The insurrection spread; and before the 10th of May, New England had -regained her liberties. - -[Sidenote: =King William's War.=] - -12. In 1689 war was declared between France and England. This conflict -is known in American history as KING WILLIAM'S WAR. When James II. -escaped from his kingdom, he took refuge at the court of Louis XIV. -of France. The two monarchs were Catholics, and on this account an -alliance was made between them. Louis agreed to support James in his -effort to recover the English throne. Parliament, meanwhile, had -conferred the crown on King William. Thus the new sovereign was brought -into conflict with the exiled James and his ally, the king of France. -The war which thus originated in Europe soon extended to the French and -English colonies in America. - -13. The struggle began on the frontier of New Hampshire in June, 1689. -Later in the same year, the English and the Mohawks entered into an -alliance, but the latter refused to make war upon their countrymen of -Maine. The Dutch settlements of New Netherland made common cause with -the English against the French. - -14. New England at length became thoroughly aroused. To provide the -means of war, a congress was convened at New York. Here it was resolved -to attempt the conquest of Canada. At the same time, Massachusetts was -to cooperate by sending a fleet up the St. Lawrence against Quebec. -Thirty-four vessels, carrying two thousand troops, were fitted out, and -the command given to Sir William Phipps. Proceeding first against Port -Royal, he compelled a surrender; the whole of Nova Scotia submitted -without a struggle. The expedition was foolishly delayed until October; -and an Indian carried the news to the governor of Canada. When the -fleet came in sight of the town, the castle was so well garrisoned as -to bid defiance to the English; and it only remained for Phipps to sail -back to Boston. To meet the expenses of this expedition, Massachusetts -issued bills of credit which were made a legal tender. Such was the -origin of PAPER MONEY in America. - -15. Meanwhile, the land forces had proceeded from Albany to Lake -Champlain. Here dissensions arose among the commanders, and the -expedition had to be abandoned. The war continued nearly five years -longer, but with only here and there a marked event. - -16. Early in 1697, commissioners of France and England assembled at -the town of Ryswick, in Holland; and, on the 10th of the following -September, a treaty of peace was concluded. King William was -acknowledged as the rightful sovereign of England, the colonial -boundary-lines of the two nations in America were established as -before, and King William's war was at an end. - -[Sidenote: =Salem Witchcraft.=] - -17. The darkest page in the history of New England is that which -records the SALEM WITCHCRAFT. In February of 1692, in that part of -Salem afterwards called Danvers, a daughter and a niece of Samuel -Parris, the minister, were attacked with a nervous disorder which -rendered them partially insane. Parris pretended to believe the girls -were bewitched, and that an Indian maid-servant was the author of the -affliction. He accordingly tied the ignorant creature and whipped her -until she confessed herself a witch. Here, perhaps, the matter would -have ended had not other causes existed for the spread of the delusion. - -18. But Parris had a quarrel in his church. A part of the congregation -disbelieved in witchcraft, while Parris and the rest thought such -disbelief the height of wickedness. The celebrated Cotton Mather, -minister of Boston, had recently preached much on the subject of -witchcraft, teaching that witches were dangerous and ought to be put to -death. Sir William Phipps, the royal governor, was a member of Mather's -church. - -19. By the laws of England and of Massachusetts, witchcraft was -punishable with death. In the early history of the colony, one person -charged with being a wizard had been arrested at Charlestown, convicted -and executed. But many people had now grown bold enough to denounce the -baleful superstition; and something had to be done to save witchcraft -from falling into contempt. A special court was accordingly appointed -by Phipps to go to Salem and judge the persons accused. - -[Illustration: A Suspected Witch.] - -20. On the 21st of March the proceedings began. Mary Cory was arrested, -brought before the court, convicted, and hurried to prison. Sarah -Cloyce and Rebecca Nurse, two innocent sisters, were next apprehended -as witches. The only witnesses against them were the foolish Indian -woman and the niece of Parris. The victims were sent to prison, -protesting their innocence. And so the work went on, until seventy-five -innocent people were locked up in dungeons. In hope of saving their -lives, some of the prisoners confessed themselves witches. It was soon -found that those were to be put to death who denied the reality of -witchcraft. Five women were hanged in one day. - -21. Between June and September, twenty victims were hurried to -their doom. Fifty-five others were tortured into the confession of -falsehoods. A hundred and fifty lay in prison awaiting their fate. Two -hundred were accused or suspected, and ruin seemed to impend over New -England. But a reaction at last set in among the people. The court -which Phipps had appointed to sit at Salem was dismissed. The prisons -were opened, and the victims of superstition went forth free. In the -beginning of the next year, a few persons were arrested and tried -for witchcraft. Some were even convicted; but not another life was -sacrificed. - -22. Most of those who participated in these terrible scenes confessed -the wrong which they had done; but confessions could not restore the -dead. Mather, in a vain attempt to justify himself, wrote a book in -which he expressed his thankfulness _that so many witches had met their -just doom_; and the hypocritical pamphlet received the approbation of -the president of Harvard College. - -[Sidenote: =Queen Anne's War.=] - -23. In less than four years after the treaty of Ryswick, France and -England were again involved in a war which soon extended to the -American colonies. In the year 1700 Charles II., king of Spain, died, -having named as his successor Philip of Anjou, a grandson of Louis XIV. -This measure pointed to a union of the crowns of France and Spain. The -jealousy of England, Holland, and Austria was aroused; the archduke -Charles, of the latter country, was put forward as a candidate for the -Spanish throne; and war was declared against Louis XIV. for supporting -Philip. - -24. In 1701 James II., the exiled king of Great Britain, died at the -court of Louis, who now recognized the son of James as sovereign of -England. This action was regarded as an insult to English nationality. -King William prepared for war, but did not live to carry out his plans. -In May of 1702 he died, leaving the crown to his sister-in-law, Anne, -daughter of James II. From the fact of her sovereignty, the conflict -with France is known in American history as QUEEN ANNE'S WAR; but -a better name is the War of the Spanish Succession. This continued -feebly through eleven years, and with many of the horrors incident to -Indian warfare, as the Indians were leagued with the French against the -English. - -25. On the 11th of April, 1713, a treaty was concluded at Utrecht, a -town of Holland. By it England obtained control of the fisheries of -Newfoundland. Labrador, the Bay of Hudson, and Nova Scotia, were ceded -to Great Britain. On the 13th of July a second treaty was concluded -with the Indians, by which peace was secured throughout the colonies. - -26. In the times that followed Queen Anne's war, the people were -greatly dissatisfied with the royal governors. The opposition to those -officers took the form of a controversy about their salaries. The royal -commissions gave to each officer a fixed salary, which was frequently -out of proportion to the services required. The difficulty was finally -adjusted by an agreement that the salaries should be allowed annually, -and the amount fixed by vote of the assembly. - -[Sidenote: =King George's War.=] - -27. On the death of Charles VI. of Austria, in 1740, there were two -claimants to the crown of the empire--Maria Theresa, daughter of the -late emperor, and Charles Albert of Bavaria. Each claimant had his -party and his army; war followed; and nearly all the nations of Europe -were swept into the conflict. England and France were arrayed against -each other. The contest that ensued is generally known as the War -of the Austrian Succession, but in American history is called KING -GEORGE'S WAR, for George II. was now king of England. In America the -only important event of the war was the capture of Louisburg, on Cape -Breton Island. - -28. In 1748 a treaty of peace was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle, a town -of western Germany. Nothing was gained but a restoration of conquests. -Not a single boundary line was settled by the treaty. The real war -between France and England for supremacy in the West was yet to be -fought. - -[Sidenote: =Character of the Puritans.=] - -29. The history of Massachusetts has now been traced through a period -of one hundred and thirty years. A few words on THE CHARACTER OF THE -PURITANS may be added. They were a vigorous and hardy people, firm-set -in the principles of honesty and virtue. They were sober, industrious, -frugal; resolute, zealous, and steadfast. They esteemed truth more -than riches. Loving home and native land, they left both for the sake -of freedom; and finding freedom, they cherished it with the devotion -of martyrs. Despised and hated, they rose above their revilers. In the -school of evil fortune they gained the discipline of patience. They -were the children of adversity and the fathers of renown. - -30. The gaze of the Puritan was turned ever to posterity. He believed -in the future. For his children he toiled and sacrificed. The system -of free schools is the monument of his love. The printing-press is his -memorial. Almshouses and asylums are the tokens of his care for the -unfortunate. He was the earliest champion of civil rights, and the -builder of THE UNION. - -31. In matters of religion, the fathers of New England were sometimes -intolerant and superstitious. Their religious faith was gloomy. Human -life was deemed a sad, a miserable journey. To be mistaken was to sin. -To fail in trifling ceremonies was reckoned a crime. In the shadow -of such belief the people became austere and melancholy. They set up -a cold and severe form of worship. Dissenters themselves, they could -not tolerate the dissent of others. To punish error seemed to the -Pilgrims right and necessary. But Puritanism contained within itself -the power to correct its own abuses. The evils of the system may well -be forgotten in the glory of its achievements. Without the Puritans, -America would have been a delusion and liberty only a name. - - - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -NEW YORK.--SETTLEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF STUYVESANT. - - -[Illustration: New Amsterdam.] - -The settlement of New Amsterdam resulted from the voyages of the brave -Sir Henry Hudson. For ten years after its founding, the colony was -governed by the directors of the Dutch East India Company. In 1621 -the Dutch West India Company was organized, and Manhattan Island, -with its cluster of huts, passed at once under the control of the new -corporation. - -[Sidenote: =Dutch Settlements.=] - -2. In April, 1623, the ship _New Netherland_, with thirty families on -board, arrived at New Amsterdam. The colonists, called WALLOONS, were -Dutch Protestant refugees. Cornelius May was the leader of the company. -Most of the new immigrants settled with their friends on Manhattan; -but the captain, with a party of fifty, made explorations as far as -Delaware Bay. - -3. In May the island, containing more than twenty thousand acres, was -purchased from the natives _for twenty-four dollars_. A block-house was -built and surrounded with a palisade. New Amsterdam was already a town -of thirty houses. The Dutch of New Amsterdam and the Pilgrims of New -Plymouth were early and fast friends. - -[Sidenote: =The Patroons.=] - -4. In 1628 the population of Manhattan numbered two hundred and -seventy. The settlers engaged in the fur-trade. In 1629 the West -India Company framed a CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES, under which a class of -proprietors, called patroons, were authorized to colonize the country. -The conditions were that each patroon should purchase his lands of the -Indians; and that he should establish a colony of not less than fifty -persons. Five estates were immediately laid out. Three of them were -on the Hudson; the fourth, on Staten Island; and the fifth, in the -southern half of Delaware. - -5. In April of 1633 Wouter van Twiller became Governor. Three months -previously the Dutch erected a block-house at Hartford. In October an -armed vessel from Plymouth sailed up the Connecticut, and defied the -Dutch commander. The English proceeded up stream to the mouth of the -Farmington, where they built Fort Windsor. Two years later, by the -building of Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut, they obtained -control of the river above and below the Dutch fort. - -6. In 1626 Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant king of Sweden, formed the -design of establishing settlements in America. But before his plans -could be carried into effect, he was killed in battle. In 1632, the -Swedish minister took up the work which his master had left unfinished; -and, after four years, the enterprise was brought to a successful issue. - -[Sidenote: =New Sweden.=] - -7. Late in 1637 a company of Swedes and Finns left the harbor of -Stockholm, and in the following February arrived in Delaware Bay. -The name of NEW SWEDEN was given to the territory. On the left bank -of a small tributary of the Brandywine, a spot was chosen for the -settlement. The immigrants soon provided themselves with houses. The -creek and the fort were both named Christiana, in honor of the maiden -queen of Sweden. In a short time the banks of the bay and river were -dotted with pleasant hamlets. - -8. The authorities of New Amsterdam were jealous of the Swedish colony. -Sir William Kieft, who had succeeded Van Twiller, warned the settlers -of their intrusion on Dutch territory. But the Swedes went on enlarging -their borders. - -9. In 1640 New Netherland became involved in a war with the Indians. -New Amsterdam was soon put in a state of defense, and a company of -militia was sent against the savages. On both sides the war degenerated -into treachery and murder. Through the mediation of Roger Williams a -truce was obtained, but was immediately broken. - -[Sidenote: =War with the Indians.=] - -10. Soon a party of Mohawks came down the river to enforce their -supremacy over the Algonquins in the vicinity of New Amsterdam. The -latter begged assistance of the Dutch. Kieft now saw an opportunity for -wholesale destruction. A company of soldiers set out from Manhattan, -and discovered the camp of the Algonquins. The place was surrounded by -night, and nearly a hundred of the poor wretches were killed by those -to whom they had appealed for help. When it was known among the tribes -that the Dutch, and not the Mohawks, were the authors of this outrage, -the war was renewed with fury. - -[Illustration: Peter Stuyvesant.] - -11. In 1643 Captain John Underhill, of Massachusetts, was appointed to -command the Dutch forces. He first invaded New Jersey, and brought the -Delawares into subjection. A decisive battle was fought on Long Island; -and at Greenwich, in western Connecticut, the power of the Indians was -finally broken. On the 30th of August, 1645, a treaty was concluded at -Fort Amsterdam. - -[Sidenote: =Governor Stuyvesant.=] - -12. In 1647 the West India Company revoked Governor Kieft's commission, -and appointed Peter Stuyvesant to succeed him. Kieft embarked for -Europe, but perished during the voyage. Peter Stuyvesant entered upon -his duties on the 11th of May, 1647, and continued in office for -seventeen years. His first care was to conciliate the Indians. So -intimate and cordial became the relations between the natives and the -Dutch, that they were suspected of making common cause against the -English. Massachusetts was alarmed lest such an alliance should be -formed. But the policy of Stuyvesant was based on nobler principles. - -13. Until now the West India Company had exclusive control of the -commerce of New Netherland. In 1648 this monopoly was abolished, and -regular export duties were substituted. The benefit of the change was -soon apparent in the improvement of the Dutch province. - -14. In a letter written to Stuyvesant by the secretary of the company, -the prediction was made that the commerce of New Amsterdam would cover -every ocean, and the ships of all nations crowd into her harbor. But -for many years the growth of the city was slow. The better parts of -Manhattan Island were still divided among the farmers. Central Park was -a forest of oaks and chestnuts. - -[Sidenote: =Boundary of New Netherland.=] - -15. In 1650 the boundary was fixed between New England and New -Netherland. The line extended across Long Island north and south, -passing through Oyster Bay, and thence to Greenwich, on the other side -of the Sound. From this point northward the dividing line was nearly -identical with the present boundary of Connecticut on the west. This -treaty was ratified by the colonies, by the West India Company, and by -the States-General of Holland. - -[Sidenote: =Conquest of New Sweden.=] - -16. Stuyvesant now determined to subdue the colony of New Sweden. In -1651 an armament left New Amsterdam for the Delaware, and made an -unsuccessful expedition. In September of 1655 the old governor again -sailed against New Sweden. Before the 25th of the month every fort -belonging to the Swedes had been forced to surrender. Honorable terms -were granted to all, and in a few days the authority of New Netherland -was established. The little State of New Sweden had ceased to exist. - -17. While Stuyvesant was absent on his expedition against the Swedes, -the Algonquins rose in rebellion. In a fleet of sixty-four canoes, -they appeared before New Amsterdam, yelling and discharging arrows, -then they went on shore and began to burn and murder. The return of -the Dutch from Delaware induced the chiefs to sue for peace, which -Stuyvesant granted on better terms than the Indians deserved. - -18. In 1663 the town of Kingston was attacked and destroyed by the -Indians. Sixty-five of the inhabitants were tomahawked or carried -into captivity. To punish this outrage a strong force was sent from -New Amsterdam. The Indians fled to the woods; but the Dutch soldiers -pursued them to their villages, burned their wigwams, and killed every -warrior who could be overtaken. In May of 1664 a treaty of peace was -concluded. - -19. Governor Stuyvesant had great difficulty in defending his province -against the claims of other nations. Discord at home added to his -embarrassments. For many years the Dutch had witnessed the growth and -prosperity of the English colonies. Boston had outgrown New Amsterdam. -The schools of Massachusetts and Connecticut flourished; the academy -on Manhattan, after a sickly career of two years, was discontinued. In -New Netherland heavy taxes were levied for the support of the poor; New -England had no poor. The Dutch attributed their own want of thrift to -the mismanagement of the West India Company. - -[Sidenote: =The English Conquest.=] - -20. On the 12th of March, 1664, the duke of York received from Charles -II. a patent for the whole country between the Connecticut and the -Delaware. The duke made haste to secure his territory. An English -squadron was immediately sent to America. On the 28th of August the -fleet anchored before New Amsterdam. Governor Stuyvesant convened the -Dutch council, and exhorted them to rouse to action and fight. Some one -replied that the West India Company _was not worth fighting for_. The -brave old man was forced to sign the capitulation; and on the 8th of -September, 1664, New Netherland ceased to exist. - -21. The English flag was hoisted over the fort and town, and the name -of NEW YORK was substituted for New Amsterdam. The remaining Swedish -and Dutch settlements soon capitulated. The supremacy of Great Britain -in America was finally established. From Maine to Georgia, every mile -of the American coast was under the flag of England. - - - - -CHAPTER XV. - -NEW YORK UNDER THE ENGLISH. - - -[Sidenote: =English Governors.=] - -The Dutch had surrendered themselves to the English government in the -hope of obtaining civil liberty. But it was a poor sort of liberty that -any province was likely to receive from Charles II. The promised rights -of the people were evaded and withheld. The old titles by which the -Dutch farmers held their lands were annulled. The people were obliged -to accept new deeds from the English governor, and to pay him therefor -large sums of money. - -2. In 1667 Nicolls, the first English governor of New York, was -superseded by the tyrannical Lord Lovelace. The people became -dissatisfied and gloomy. The discontent was universal. Several towns -resisted the tax-gatherers and passed resolutions denouncing the -government. The only attention which Lovelace and his council paid to -these resolutions was to order them to be burnt before the town-house -of New York. When the Swedes, a quiet people, resisted the governor's -exactions, he wrote to his deputy: "If there is any more murmuring -against the taxes, make them so heavy that the people can do nothing -but think how to pay them." - -3. In 1672 Charles II. was induced by the king of France to begin a -war with Holland. The struggle extended to the colonies, and New York -was for a short time revolutionized. But the conquest was only a brief -military occupation of the country. The civil authority of the Dutch -was never reestablished. In 1674 Charles II. was obliged to conclude a -treaty of peace. All conquests made during the war were restored. New -York reverted to the English government, and the rights of the duke of -York were again recognized in the province. Sir Edmund Andros was now -appointed governor. On the last day of October the Dutch forces were -finally withdrawn, and Andros assumed control of the government. - -[Illustration: Dutch Costumes and Architecture.] - -4. It was a sad sort of government for the people. All the abuses of -Lovelace's administration were revived. Taxes were levied without -authority of law, and the protests of the people were treated with -scorn. A popular legislative assembly was demanded, but the duke of -York wrote to Andros that popular assemblies were dangerous to the -government, and that _he did not see any use for them_. - -5. In July of 1675 Andros made an unsuccessful effort to extend his -authority over Connecticut, and later an equally ineffectual attempt to -gain control of New Jersey. The representatives of the people at this -latter place declared themselves to be under the protection of the -Great Charter, which not even the duke of York could alter or annul. In -August of 1682 the "Territories" beyond the Delaware were granted by -the Duke of York to William Penn. This little district, first settled -by the Swedes, afterwards conquered by the Dutch, then transferred to -England, was now finally separated from New York and joined to the new -province of Pennsylvania. - -[Sidenote: =Popular Assembly Granted.=] - -6. For thirty years the people had been clamoring for a general -assembly. At last the duke of York yielded to the demand. Then, for the -first time, the people of the province were permitted to choose their -own rulers and to frame their own laws. The new assembly made haste to -declare THE PEOPLE to be a part of the government. All freeholders were -granted the right of suffrage; trial by jury was established; taxes -should not be levied except by the assembly; soldiers should not be -quartered on the people; martial law should not exist; no person should -be persecuted on account of his religion. - -7. In July of 1684 the governors of New York and Virginia were met by -the chiefs of the Iroquois at Albany, and the terms of a lasting peace -were settled. In 1685 the duke of York became king of England. It was -soon found that even a monarch could violate his pledges. King James -became the enemy of the government which had been established in his -American province. The legislature of New York was dismissed. An odious -tax was levied. Printing-presses were forbidden; and the old abuses -were revived. - -[Sidenote: =Leisler's Insurrection.=] - -8. When the news of the accession of William of Orange reached New -York there was great rejoicing. The people rose in rebellion against -deputy-governor Nicholson, who was glad to escape to England. The -leader of the insurrection was Captain Jacob Leisler. He was appointed -commandant of New York, and afterwards provisional governor. The -councilors, who were friends of the deposed Nicholson, left the -city and went to Albany. Here the party opposed to Leisler organized -a second provisional government. Both factions began to rule in the -name of William and Mary, the new sovereigns of England. Such was the -condition of affairs at the beginning of King William's War. In the -spring of 1690, the authority of Leisler as governor of New York was -recognized throughout the province. - -9. In March, 1691, Colonel Sloughter arrived, with appointment as -governor; and Leisler, on the same day, tendered his submission. He -wrote a letter to Sloughter, expressing a desire to surrender the post -to the governor. But Sloughter preferred to treat him as a traitor, and -had him seized and sent to prison. - -10. As soon as the government was organized the prisoner was brought -to trial. It was decided that he had been a usurper. Sentence of -death was passed on him, but Sloughter hesitated to put the sentence -into execution. In this state of affairs the governor was invited to -a banquet by the royal councilors; and when heated with drink, the -death-warrant was thrust before him for his signature. He succeeded in -signing his name to the parchment; and before his drunken revel had -passed away, his victim had met his fate. On the 16th of May Leisler -was taken from prison and hanged. - -[Sidenote: =French Invasion.=] - -11. In 1696 New York was invaded by the French. But they were soon -driven back by the English and Iroquois. Before a second invasion could -be undertaken, King William's War was ended. In 1697 the Irish earl of -Bellomont became governor. His administration was the happiest in the -history of the colony. Massachusetts and New Hampshire were under his -jurisdiction, but Connecticut and Rhode Island remained independent. - -12. To Bellomont's administration belongs the story of Captain -William Kidd, the pirate. A vessel was fitted out by a company of -distinguished Englishmen to protect the commerce of Great Britain and -to punish piracy. Governor Bellomont was one of the proprietors, and -Kidd received a commission as captain. The ship sailed from England -before Bellomont's departure for New York. Soon the news came that Kidd -himself had turned pirate and become the terror of the seas. For two -years he continued his career, then appeared publicly in the streets of -Boston, was seized, sent to England, tried, convicted, and hanged. - -[Sidenote: =New York and New Jersey United.=] - -13. In May of 1702 Bellomont was superseded by Lord Cornbury. A -month previously the proprietors of New Jersey had surrendered their -province to the English Crown. All obstacles being thus removed, the -two colonies were formally united in one government under Cornbury. For -thirty-six years the two provinces continued under the jurisdiction of -a single governor. - -14. In 1732, New York was troubled with a dispute about the freedom of -the press. The liberal party of the province held that a public journal -might criticise the acts of the administration. The aristocratic party -opposed such liberty as dangerous to good government. Zenger, an editor -who published criticisms on the governor, was seized and put in prison. -Great excitement ensued. The people praised their champion. Andrew -Hamilton, a lawyer of Philadelphia, went to New York to defend Zenger, -who was brought to trial in July of 1735. The cause was heard, and the -jury brought in a verdict of acquittal. The aldermen of New York, in -order to testify their appreciation of Hamilton's services, made him a -present of an elegant gold box, and the people were enthusiastic over -their victory. - -[Sidenote: =The Negro Plot.=] - -15. In the year 1741 occurred what is known as THE NEGRO PLOT. Negroes -constituted a large fraction of the people. Several fires occurred, -and the slaves were suspected of having kindled them; now they became -feared and hated. A rumor was started that the negroes had made a plot -to burn the city, and set up one of their own number as governor. The -reward of freedom was offered to any slave who would reveal the plot. -Many witnesses rushed forward; the jails were filled with the accused; -and more than thirty of the miserable creatures, with hardly the form -of a trial, were convicted and then hanged or burned to death. Others -were transported and sold as slaves in foreign lands. As soon as the -excitement had subsided, it came to be doubted whether the whole affair -had not been the result of terror and fanaticism. The verdict of after -times has been _that there was no plot at all_. - -16. Such is the history of the little colony planted on Manhattan -Island. A hundred and thirty years had passed since the first feeble -settlements were made; the valley of the Hudson was filled with farms -and villages. The Walloons of Flanders and the Puritans of New England -had blended into one people. Discord and contention had only resulted -in colonial liberty. There were other struggles through which the sons -of New York had to pass before they gained their freedom. But the -oldest and greatest of the Middle Colonies had entered upon a glorious -career, and the foundations of an EMPIRE STATE were laid. - - - - -CHAPTER XVI. - -CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND, AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. - - -[Sidenote: =Rival Claims to Connecticut.=] - -The history of Connecticut begins with the year 1630. The first grant -of the territory was made by the council of Plymouth to the earl of -Warwick; and in March, 1631, the claim was transferred by him to Lord -Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and John Hampden. Before a colony could be -planted, the Dutch of New Netherland reached the Connecticut and built -a fort at Hartford. The people of Plymouth immediately sent out a force -to counteract this movement of their rivals, for the territorial claim -of the Puritans extended over Connecticut and over New Netherland -itself. - -[Illustration: Early Settlements in Connecticut.] - -2. In October of 1635 a colony of sixty persons from Boston settled -at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Earlier in the same year the -younger Winthrop, son of the governor of Massachusetts, arrived in -New England. Under his direction a fort was built at the mouth of the -Connecticut. Such was the founding of Saybrook, named in honor of Lord -Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke. - -3. To the early annals of Connecticut belongs the sad story of THE -PEQUOD WAR. The country west of the Thames was more thickly peopled -with savages than any other portion of New England. The warlike Pequods -were able to muster seven hundred warriors. The whole force of the -English did not amount to two hundred men. But the superior numbers of -the savages were more than balanced by the courage and weapons of the -English. In the year 1633 the crew of a trading-vessel were murdered -on the banks of the Connecticut. An Indian embassy went to Boston to -apologize; a treaty was made, and the Pequods acknowledged the king -of England. But soon they began to violate the treaty. Outrages were -committed, and war began in earnest. - -[Sidenote: =The Pequod War.=] - -4. In this state of affairs the Pequods attempted to induce the -Narragansetts and the Mohegans to join in a war against the English. -But Roger Williams, now in Rhode Island, used his endeavors to thwart -the alliance. Embarking alone in a canoe, he crossed the bay to the -house of Canonicus, king of the Narragansetts. There he found the -ambassadors of the Pequods. For three days and nights, at the peril -of his life, he pleaded with Canonicus to reject the proposals of -the hostile tribe. At last his efforts were successful, and the -Narragansetts voted to remain at peace. The Mohegans also rejected the -proposed alliance. In the mean time, repeated acts of violence had -aroused the colony. On the 1st of May the towns of Connecticut declared -war. Sixty volunteers were put under command of Captain John Mason, of -Hartford. Seventy Mohegans joined the expedition; and Sir Henry Vane -sent Captain Underhill with twenty soldiers from Boston. - -5. The descent from Hartford to Saybrook occupied one day. On the -20th of the month the expedition passed the mouth of the Thames; here -was the principal seat of the Pequod nation. When the savages saw -the squadron go by they set up shouts of exultation, and persuaded -themselves that the English were afraid to hazard battle. The fleet -proceeded quietly into Narragansett Bay. Here the troops landed and -began their march into the country of the Pequods. - -6. On the 25th of May the troops came within hearing of the Pequod -fort. The warriors spent the night in uproar and jubilee. At two -o'clock in the morning the English soldiers rose from their places of -concealment and rushed forward to the fort. A dog ran howling among -the wigwams, and the warriors sprang to arms. The English leaped over -the puny palisades and began the work of death. "Burn them!" shouted -Mason, seizing a flaming mat, and running among the cabins; and in a -few minutes the wigwams were a sheet of flame. The English and Mohegans -hastily withdrew. - -[Sidenote: =Destruction of the Pequods.=] - -7. The savages ran round and round like wild beasts in a burning -circus. If one of the wretched creatures burst through the flames it -was only to meet certain death. The destruction was complete. Only -seven warriors escaped; seven others were made prisoners. Six hundred -men, women, and children perished, nearly all being burned to death. -The remnants of the Pequods were pursued into the swamps west of -Saybrook. Every wigwam was burned and every field laid waste. Two -hundred fugitives were hunted to death or captivity. The prisoners were -distributed as servants among the Narragansetts, or sold as slaves. - -[Sidenote: =New Haven Founded.=] - -8. In the pursuit of the Pequods, the English became acquainted with -the coast west of the mouth of the Connecticut. Here some men of Boston -tarried over winter, built cabins, and founded NEW HAVEN. In June of -1639 the men of New Haven held a convention _in a barn_, and adopted -the Bible for a constitution. The government was called the House of -Wisdom, and none but church members were admitted to citizenship. - -9. In 1643 Connecticut became a member of the Union of New England. New -Haven was also admitted; and in the next year Saybrook was annexed to -Connecticut. In 1650 Governor Stuyvesant met the commissioners of the -province at Hartford, and established the western boundary. - -[Sidenote: =Winthrop secures a Charter.=] - -10. On the restoration of monarchy in England, Connecticut recognized -King Charles as rightful sovereign. The younger Winthrop was sent as -ambassador to London to procure a royal patent for the colony. He -bore with him a charter which had been prepared by the authorities -of Hartford. Lord Say-and-Seal and the earl of Manchester lent their -influence to induce the king to sign it. Winthrop showed him a ring -which Charles I. had given to Winthrop's grandfather; and the token so -moved the monarch's feelings that in a careless moment he signed the -colonial charter--the most liberal and ample ever granted by an English -king. - -11. When Winthrop returned to Connecticut he was chosen governor of -the colony, and continued in office for fourteen years. The civil -institutions of the province were the best in New England. Peace -reigned. During King Philip's War, Connecticut was saved from invasion. -Not a hamlet was burned, not a life lost within her borders. - -12. In October of 1687 Andros, now governor of all New England, made -his famous visit to Hartford. On the day of his arrival he invaded -the assembly while in session, seized the book of minutes, and wrote -FINIS at the bottom of the page. He then demanded the surrender of the -colonial charter. Governor Treat pleaded earnestly for the preservation -of the document. Andros was inexorable. The shades of evening fell. How -Joseph Wadsworth carried away and concealed the precious parchment -has been told in the history of Massachusetts. When the government -of Andros was overthrown, Connecticut, with the other New England -colonies, regained her liberty. - -[Sidenote: =Yale College Founded.=] - -13. "I give these books for the founding of a college in this colony." -Such were the words of ten ministers who, in 1700, assembled at -Branford, New Haven. Each of them, as he uttered the words, deposited a -few volumes on the table where they were sitting; such was the founding -of YALE COLLEGE. In 1702 the school was opened at Saybrook, where it -continued for fifteen years, and was then removed to New Haven. One of -the most liberal patrons of the college was Elihu Yale, from whom the -institution took its name. Common schools already existed in almost -every village of Connecticut. - -14. The half century preceding the French and Indian war was a time -of prosperity in the western parts of New England. Connecticut was -especially favored. Peace reigned throughout her borders. The farmer -reaped his fields in cheerfulness and hope. The mechanic made glad his -dusty shop with anecdote and song. The merchant feared no tariff, the -villager no taxes. Want was unknown, and pauperism unheard of. With -fewer dark pages in her history, Connecticut had all the lofty purposes -and noble virtues of Massachusetts. - -15. In June of 1636 the exiled Roger Williams left the country of the -Wampanoags, and passed down the Seekonk to Narragansett River. With his -five companions he landed on the western bank, purchased the soil of -the Narragansetts, and laid the foundations of Providence. Other exiles -joined the company. New farms were laid out and new houses built. -Here, at last, was found at PROVIDENCE PLANTATION a refuge for all the -persecuted. - -[Sidenote: =Providence Plantation.=] - -16. The leader of the new colony was a native of Wales; born in -1606; liberally educated at Cambridge. He had been the friend of -Milton, and was a great hater of ceremonies. He had been exiled _to_ -Massachusetts, and was now exiled _by_ Massachusetts. He brought to the -banks of the Narragansett the great doctrines of religious liberty and -the equal rights of men. - -[Illustration: A New England Kitchen in the Olden Time.] - -17. The beginning of civil government in Rhode Island was equally -simple. Williams was the natural ruler of the little province, but he -reserved for himself no wealth, no privilege. The lands, purchased from -Canonicus, were freely distributed among the colonists. Only two small -fields were kept by the founder for himself. All the powers of the -government were intrusted to the people. A simple agreement was made by -the settlers that in matters not affecting the conscience they would -yield obedience to such rules as the majority might make for the public -good. In questions of religion the conscience should be to every man a -guide. - -18. The new government stood the test of experience. Providence -Plantation had peace and quiet. It was found that all religious -sects could live together in harmony. Miantonomah, chief of the -Narragansetts, loved Roger Williams as a brother. It was his friendship -that enabled Williams to notify Massachusetts of the Pequod conspiracy, -and to defeat the plans of the hostile nation. This good deed induced -his friends at Salem to make an effort to recall him from banishment; -but his enemies prevented his return. - -[Illustration: Stone Tower at Newport.] - -[Sidenote: =Plantation of Rhode Island.=] - -19. In 1639 a settlement was made at Portsmouth, in the northern part -of the island, and at the same time a party of colonists removed to the -southwestern part of the island, and laid the foundations of NEWPORT. -In sight of this last-named settlement stood the old stone tower, a -monument built by the Norsemen. In March of 1641 a public meeting was -convened; the citizens came together on terms of equality, and the task -of framing a constitution was undertaken. In three days the instrument -was completed. The government was declared to be a "DEMOCRACIE." The -supreme authority was lodged with the freemen of the island. The -vote of the majority should always rule. No one should be distressed -on account of religious doctrine. The little republic was named the -PLANTATION OF RHODE ISLAND. - -20. In 1643 Providence and Rhode Island were refused admission into -the Union of New England. Soon afterward Roger Williams was sent to -London to procure a charter for the new colonies. On the 14th of March -in the following year the patent was granted, and Rhode Island became -an independent commonwealth. With but few and brief interruptions -it enjoyed peace and prosperity. The principles of the illustrious -founder became the principles of the commonwealth. The renown of Rhode -Island has not been in vastness of territory, in mighty cities, or in -victorious armies, but in devotion to truth, justice, and freedom. - -[Sidenote: =Province of New Hampshire.=] - -21. In 1622 the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec was -granted by the council of Plymouth to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John -Mason. The proprietors made haste to secure their new domain by actual -settlements. In the spring of 1623 two small companies of colonists -were sent out by Mason and Gorges to people their province. One party -of immigrants landed at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth, and began to -build a village. The other company proceeded up stream and laid the -foundations of Dover. With the exception of Plymouth and Weymouth, -Portsmouth and Dover are the oldest towns in New England. But the -progress of the settlements was slow; for many years the two villages -were only fishing stations. In 1629 the name of NEW HAMPSHIRE was given -to the province. Very soon Massachusetts began to urge her rights to -the district north of the Merrimac. - -22. On the 14th of April, 1642, New Hampshire was united with -Massachusetts. The law restricting the rights of citizenship to church -members was not extended over the new province, for the people of -Portsmouth and Dover belonged to the Church of England. New Hampshire -was the only colony east of the Hudson not originally founded by the -Puritans. The union continued in force until 1679, when New Hampshire -was separated from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and organized as -a distinct royal province. Edward Cranfield was chosen governor. - -23. Before his arrival the sawyers and lumbermen of the Piscataqua -convened a general assembly at Portsmouth. A resolution was passed -by the representatives that no act, law, or ordinance should be valid -unless made by the assembly and approved by the people. When the king -heard of this resolution he declared it to be both wicked and absurd. - -24. Of all the colonies, New Hampshire suffered most from the Indian -wars. Her settlements were constantly exposed to savage invasion. -During King Philip's War the suffering along the frontier was very -great. In the wars of William, Anne, and George the province was -visited with devastation and ruin. But in the intervals of peace the -spirits of the people revived, and the hardy settlers returned to their -wasted farms. Out of these conflicts and trials came that sturdy race -of pioneers who bore such a heroic part in the contests of after years. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. - - -The history of New Jersey begins with the founding of Elizabethtown, -in 1664. As early as 1618, a trading-station had been established at -Bergen; but forty years passed before permanent dwellings were built in -that neighborhood. - -[Sidenote: =Claims to New Jersey.=] - -2. The territory of New Jersey was included in the grant made to the -duke of York. In 1664 that portion of the province lying between the -Hudson and the Delaware, extending as far north as forty-one degrees -and forty minutes, was assigned to Lord Berkeley and Sir George -Carteret. Just after the conquest, a company of Puritans received a -grant of land on Newark Bay. The Indian titles were purchased; in the -following October a village was begun and named Elizabethtown. - -3. In August of 1665 Philip Carteret arrived as governor. Elizabethtown -was made the capital of the colony; Newark was founded; flourishing -hamlets appeared on the shores of the bay as far south as Sandy Hook. -In honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of -Jersey, his American domain was named NEW JERSEY. In 1668 the first -assembly convened at Elizabethtown. The representatives were Puritans, -and the laws of New England were repeated in the legislation of the -colony. - -4. After the conquest of New York by the Dutch, and the restoration -of the province to England, the duke of York received from the king -a second patent for the country between the Connecticut and the -Delaware. At the same time he confirmed his former grant of New Jersey -to Berkeley and Carteret. But soon afterwards Sir Edmund Andros was -appointed royal governor of the whole country. Carteret defended his -claim against Andros; but Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to -John Fenwick, to be held in trust for Edward Byllinge, who after a time -made an assignment of his property to Gawen Laurie, Nicholas Lucas, and -William Penn. - -[Sidenote: =Division of New Jersey.=] - -5. These men were Quakers. Here, then, was an opportunity to establish -an asylum for the persecuted Friends. Penn and his associates applied -to Sir George Carteret for a division of the province. It was -accordingly agreed to divide New Jersey so that Carteret's district -should be separated from that of the Quakers. The line of division was -drawn from the southern point of land on the east side of Little Egg -Harbor to a point on the Delaware in the latitude of forty-one degrees -and forty minutes. The territory lying east of this line remained to -Sir George as sole proprietor, and was named EAST JERSEY; while that -portion lying between the line and the Delaware was called WEST JERSEY, -and passed under the control of Penn. - -[Illustration: Middle Colonies.] - -6. Early in the following March the Quaker proprietors published a code -of laws called THE CONCESSIONS. The constitution rivaled the charter -of Connecticut in the liberality of its principles. The authors of the -instrument then addressed the Quakers of England, recommending the -province and inviting immigration. Before the end of the year a colony -of more than four hundred Friends found homes in West Jersey. An effort -was now made by the proprietors of East Jersey to secure a deed of -release from the duke of York. The petition was granted, and the whole -territory was freed from foreign authority. - -7. In November of 1681 Jennings, the deputy-governor of West Jersey, -convened the first general assembly. The Quakers now met together to -make their own laws. The Concessions were reaffirmed. Men of all races -and religions were declared to be equal. Imprisonment for debt was -forbidden. The sale of ardent spirits to the Red men was prohibited. -Taxes should be voted by the representatives of the people. The lands -of the Indians should be acquired by purchase. Finally, a criminal -might be pardoned by the person against whom the offense was committed. - -[Sidenote: =Quakers purchase East Jersey.=] - -8. In 1682 William Penn and eleven other Friends purchased the province -of East Jersey. The whole of New Jersey was now held by the Friends. In -1685 James II. appointed Edmund Andros royal governor of the colonies -from Maine to Delaware. In 1688 the Jerseys were brought under his -jurisdiction. When the news came of the abdication of the English -monarch, Andros could do nothing but surrender to the indignant people. - -9. But the condition of New Jersey was deplorable. It was almost -impossible to tell to whom the territory rightfully belonged. Finally, -in April of 1702, all proprietary claims being waived in favor of the -king, the territory between the Hudson and the Delaware became a royal -province. - -10. New Jersey was now attached to the government of Lord Cornbury -of New York. But each province retained its own legislative assembly -and a distinct organization. This method of government continued for -thirty-six years, and was then ended by the action of the people. In -1728 the representatives of New Jersey sent a petition to George -II., praying for a separation of the two colonies. Ten years later -the effort was renewed and brought to a successful issue. New Jersey -was made independent, and Lewis Morris received a commission as royal -governor of the province. - -[Sidenote: =New Jersey a Royal Province.=] - -11. The Quakers were greatly encouraged with the success of their -colonies in New Jersey. For more than a quarter of a century they had -been buffeted with persecutions. But imprisonment and exile had not -abated their zeal. The benevolent spirit of Penn urged him to find for -his people an asylum in the New World. In June of 1680 he appealed to -King Charles for the privilege of founding a Quaker commonwealth in -America. - -[Sidenote: =Pennsylvania.=] - -12. The petition was heard with favor. On the 5th of March, 1681, -a charter was granted by Charles II., and William Penn became the -proprietor of PENNSYLVANIA. The vast domain embraced under the new -patent was bounded on the east by the Delaware, extended north and -south over three degrees of latitude, and westward through five degrees -of longitude. The three counties of Delaware were reserved for the duke -of York. Within a month from the date of his charter, Penn published a -glowing account of his new country, promising freedom of conscience, -and inviting emigration. During the summer three shiploads of Quakers -left England for the land of promise. - -13. During the winter of 1681-82, Penn drew up a constitution for his -people. In the mean time, the duke of York had surrendered his claim to -the three counties on the Delaware. The whole country on the west bank -of the river, from Cape Henlopen to the forty-third degree of latitude, -was now transferred to Penn, who, with a large company of emigrants, -landed at New Castle on the 27th of October, 1682. - -[Sidenote: =William Penn.=] - -14. WILLIAM PENN was born on the 14th of October, 1644. He was the -oldest son of Sir William Penn of the British navy. At the age of -twelve he was sent to the University of Oxford, where he distinguished -himself as a student until he was expelled on account of his religion. -Afterwards he traveled on the Continent, and then became a student of -law at London. For a while he was a soldier, and was then converted -to the Quaker faith. His father drove him out of doors, but he was -not to be turned from his course. He proclaimed the doctrines of the -Friends; was arrested and imprisoned, first in the Tower of London, and -afterward at Newgate. Despairing of toleration in England, he cast his -gaze across the Atlantic. West Jersey was purchased; Pennsylvania was -granted by King Charles; and now Penn himself arrived in America to -found a government on the basis of peace. - -[Illustration: William Penn.] - -[Sidenote: =Treaty of Shackamaxon.=] - -15. The Quaker governor delivered an affectionate address to the crowd -of Swedes, Dutch, and English who came to greet him. His pledges of -a liberal government were renewed, and the people were exhorted to -sobriety and honesty. Friendly relations were established between the -Friends and Red men. A great conference, appointed with the sachems of -the neighboring tribes, was held on the banks of the Delaware. Penn -declared his brotherly affection for the Indians. Standing before -them, clad in the simple garb of the Quakers, he said:--"MY FRIENDS: -We have met on the broad pathway of good faith. We are all one flesh -and blood. Being brethren, no advantage shall be taken on either side. -When disputes arise, we will settle them in council. Between us there -shall be nothing but openness and love." The chiefs replied: "While the -rivers run and the sun shines we will live in peace with the children -of William Penn." And the treaty was sacredly kept. The Quaker hat and -coat proved to be a better defense than coat-of-mail and musket. - -16. In February of 1683 the native chestnuts, walnuts and elms were -blazed to indicate the lines of the streets, and PHILADELPHIA was -founded. Within a month a general assembly was in session at the new -capital. A democratic form of government was adopted. The growth of -Philadelphia was astonishing. In 1683 there were only three or four -houses. In 1685 the city contained six hundred houses; the schoolmaster -had come, and the printing-press had begun its work. In another year -Philadelphia had outgrown New York. In August of 1684 Penn took leave -of his colony and sailed for England. - -[Sidenote: =Secession of Delaware.=] - -17. Nothing occurred to disturb the peace of Pennsylvania until the -secession of Delaware in 1691. The three lower counties, which had been -united on terms of equality with the six counties of Pennsylvania, -became dissatisfied with some acts of the assembly and insisted on a -separation. The proprietor gave consent; Delaware withdrew from the -union, and received a separate deputy-governor. - -18. In December of 1699 Penn visited his American commonwealth, and -drew up another constitution, more liberal than the first. But Delaware -would not accept the new form of government. In 1702 the assemblies of -the two provinces sat apart; and in the following year Delaware and -Pennsylvania were finally separated. - -19. In July of 1718 the founder of Pennsylvania sank to rest. His -estates, vast and valuable, were bequeathed to his three sons, John, -Thomas, and Richard. By them, or their deputies, Pennsylvania was -governed until the American Revolution. In the year 1779 the claims of -the Penn family were purchased by the legislature of Pennsylvania for a -hundred and thirty thousand pounds. - -20. The colonial history of the State founded by Penn is one of special -interest and pleasure. It is a narrative of the victories of peace, -and of the triumph of peaceful principles over violence and wrong. It -is doubtful whether the history of any other colony in the world is -touched with so many traits of innocence and truth. "I will found a -free colony for all mankind," were the words of William Penn. How well -his work was done shall be told when the bells of his capital city -shall ring out the glad notes of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - -MARYLAND AND NORTH CAROLINA. - - -Captain John Smith was the first white man to explore the Chesapeake. -In 1621 William Clayborne, an English surveyor, was sent out by the -London Company to make a map of the country around the bay. By the -second charter of Virginia that province included all of the present -State of Maryland. To explore and occupy the country was an enterprise -of the highest importance to the Virginians. In May of 1631 Clayborne -was authorized to survey the country as far north as the forty-first -degree of latitude, and to establish a trade with the Indians. In the -spring of 1632 he began his important work. - -[Sidenote: =First Posts in Maryland.=] - -2. The enterprise was attended with success. A trading-post was -established on Kent Island, and another near Havre de Grace. The -Chesapeake was explored and a trade opened with the natives. The limits -of Virginia were about to be extended to the borders of New Netherland. -But, in the mean time, religious persecutions were preparing the -way for the foundation of a new State in the wilderness. Sir George -Calvert, a Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, better known by his title of -LORD BALTIMORE, was destined to become the founder. - -3. In 1629 he made a visit to Virginia. The general assembly offered -him citizenship, but required such an oath of allegiance as no honest -Catholic could take. Lord Baltimore thereupon left the narrow-minded -legislators; returned to London; drew up a charter for a new State on -the Chesapeake, and induced King Charles to sign it. - -4. The provisions of the charter were ample. No preference was given -to any particular religion. The lives and property of the colonists -were carefully guarded. Arbitrary taxation was forbidden. The power of -making the laws was conceded to the freemen of the colony. - -[Sidenote: =Lord Baltimore's Charter.=] - -5. Before the patent could receive the seal of state, Sir George -Calvert died. His title descended to his son Cecil; and the charter was -issued to him on the 20th of June, 1632. In honor of Henrietta Maria, -wife of Charles I., the name of MARYLAND was conferred on the new -province. In the fall of 1633 a colony numbering two hundred persons -was collected. Leonard Calvert, a brother of Cecil, was appointed to -accompany the colonists to America. - -[Illustration: Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore.] - -6. In March of 1634 the immigrants arrived at Old Point Comfort. They -proceeded up the bay and ascended the Potomac. Finding a half-deserted -Indian village at the mouth of the St. Mary's, the English moved into -the vacant huts. The rest of the town was purchased; and the name of -ST. MARY'S was given to the colony. Friendly relations were established -with the natives. The Indian women taught the wives of the English -how to make cornbread, and the warriors instructed the colonists in -the art of hunting. There was neither anxiety nor want in the colony. -Within six months the settlement had grown into greater prosperity than -Jamestown had reached in as many years. - -7. In 1639 a representative government was established in Maryland. -Hitherto a system of democracy had prevailed; each freeman had been -allowed a vote in determining the laws. When the new delegates came -together, a declaration of rights was adopted. All the liberal -principles of the colonial patent were reaffirmed. The rights of -citizenship were declared to be the same as those of the people of -England. - -8. In 1642 Indian hostilities were begun on the Potomac. But the -settlements of Maryland were compact, and no great suffering was -occasioned. In 1644 the savages agreed to bury the hatchet and to renew -the pledges of friendship. - -9. In 1650 the legislature of Maryland was divided into two branches. -The rights of Lord Baltimore were defined by law. An act was passed -declaring that no taxes should be levied without the consent of the -assembly. Such was the condition of affairs in the colony of Maryland -when the Commonwealth was established in England. - -[Sidenote: =Conflict with Parliament.=] - -10. In 1651 parliamentary commissioners came to America to assume -control of Maryland. Stone, the deputy of Baltimore, was deposed from -office; but in the following year he was permitted to resume the -government. In April of 1653 he published a proclamation, declaring -that the recent interference had been a rebellion. Clayborne thereupon -collected a force in Virginia, drove Stone out of office, and directed -the government himself. - -11. In 1654 a Protestant assembly was convened at Patuxent. The -supremacy of Cromwell was acknowledged, and the Catholics were deprived -of the protection of the laws. Civil war ensued. Governor Stone armed -the militia, and seized the records of the colony. A battle was fought -near Annapolis, and the Catholics were defeated, with a loss of -fifty men. Stone was taken prisoner, but was saved from death by the -friendship of some of the insurgents. Three of the Catholics were tried -and executed. - -12. After the death of Cromwell, Maryland was declared independent. -On the 12th of March, 1660, the rights of Lord Baltimore were set -aside, and the whole power of government was assumed by the House of -Burgesses. On the restoration of monarchy the Baltimores were again -recognized, and Philip Calvert was sent out as governor. From 1675 to -1691 Charles Calvert was governor of Maryland. - -13. On the 1st of June, 1691, the charter of Lord Baltimore was -taken away and a royal governor appointed. The Episcopal Church -was established by law. Religious toleration was abolished and the -government administered on despotic principles. This condition of -affairs continued until 1715, when Queen Anne restored the heir of Lord -Baltimore to the rights of his family. Maryland remained under the -authority of the Calverts until the Revolution. - -[Sidenote: =Settlement of the Carolinas.=] - -14. The first effort to colonize North Carolina was made by Sir Walter -Raleigh. In 1630 the country was granted to Sir Robert Heath. But, -after thirty-three years, the patent was revoked by the English king. -The name of CAROLINA had been given to the country by John Ribault, in -1562. The first actual settlement was made on the Chowan about the year -1651. In 1661 a company of Puritans settled on Oldtown Creek. In 1663 -Lord Clarendon, and seven other noblemen, received a grant of all the -country between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St. John's. - -15. The work of preparing a frame of government for the new province -was assigned to Sir Ashley Cooper. The philosopher John Locke was -employed by him and his associates to prepare the constitution. From -March until July of 1669, Locke worked away in drawing up a plan -which he called THE GRAND MODEL. _It contained one hundred and twenty -articles_; and this was but the beginning! The empire of Carolina was -divided into districts of four hundred and eighty thousand acres each. -The offices were divided between two grand orders of nobility. - -16. All attempts to establish the new government ended in failure. But -the settlers had meanwhile learned to govern themselves. They grew -prosperous by trading in staves and furs; and when this traffic was -exhausted, they began to remove to other settlements. - -17. The people of the colony were greatly oppressed with taxes. The -trade with New England alone was weighed down with an annual duty -of twelve thousand dollars. A gloomy opposition to the government -prevailed; and when, in 1676, large numbers of refugees from Virginia -arrived in Carolina, the discontent was kindled into an insurrection. -The people seized Governor Miller and his council, and established -a new government of their own. John Culpepper, the leader of the -insurgents, was chosen governor. In 1679 Miller and his associates -escaped from confinement and went to London. Governor Culpepper, who -followed to defend himself, was seized, indicted for treason, tried, -and acquitted. After a time new settlers came from Virginia and -Maryland--Quakers from New England, Huguenots from France, and peasants -from Switzerland. - -[Sidenote: =Indian Troubles.=] - -18. The Indians of North Carolina gradually wasted away. Some of the -nations were already extinct. The lands of the savages had passed to -the whites, sometimes by purchase, sometimes by fraud. Of all the -tribes of the Carolinas, only the Corees and the Tuscaroras were still -formidable. These grew jealous and went to war with the whites. - -19. On the night of the 22d of September, 1711, the savages fell upon -the scattered settlements and murdered a hundred and thirty persons. -Civil dissensions prevented the authorities from adopting vigorous -measures of defence. But Colonel Barnwell came from South Carolina -with a company of militia and friendly Indians; and the savages were -driven into their fort. A treaty of peace was made; but, on their way -homeward, Barnwell's men sacked an Indian village, and the war was at -once renewed. - -20. In the next year, Colonel Moore of South Carolina arrived with a -regiment of whites and Indians, and the Tuscaroras were pursued to -their fort, which was carried by assault. Eight hundred warriors were -taken prisoners. The power of the hostile nation was broken; and the -Tuscaroras, abandoning their hunting-grounds, marched across Virginia, -Maryland, and Pennsylvania, joined their kinsmen of New York, and -became the sixth nation of the Iroquois. - -[Sidenote: =Separation of the Carolinas.=] - -21. In 1729 a separation was effected between the two Carolinas, and a -royal governor was appointed over each. In spite of many reverses, the -northern colony had greatly prospered. Intellectual development had not -been as rapid as the growth in numbers and wealth. Little attention -had been given to questions of religion. There was no minister in the -province until 1703. Two years later the first church was built. The -printing-press did not begin its work until 1754. But the people were -brave and patriotic. They loved their country, and called it the LAND -OF SUMMER. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX. - -SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. - - -In January of 1670 the proprietors of Carolina sent out a colony under -command of Joseph West and William Sayle. On the first high land upon -the southern bank of the Ashley River were laid the foundations of Old -Charleston, named in honor of Charles II. Sayle had been commissioned -as governor of the colony, and he at once assumed control. - -[Sidenote: =Introduction of Slaves.=] - -2. In 1671 he died, and West entered upon the duties of the vacant -office. In a few months Sir John Yeamans, who had been governor of the -northern province, was commissioned as chief magistrate of the southern -colony. He brought with him to Ashley River a cargo of African slaves. -Thus the labor of the black man was substituted for the labor of the -white man, and in less than two years slavery was firmly established. -The importation of negroes went on so rapidly that soon the negroes -were twice as numerous as the white men. - -3. During the year 1671 the country was rapidly filled with people. -Fertile lands were abundant. Wars and pestilence had almost destroyed -the native tribes. The proprietors of Carolina sent several ships to -New York, loaded them with the discontented people of that province, -and brought them to Charleston. Charles II. collected a company of -Protestant refugees in Europe, and sent them to Carolina to introduce -the silk-worm and to cultivate the grape. - -4. In 1680 the present city of Charleston was founded. Thirty dwellings -were erected during the first summer. The village immediately became -the capital of the colony. The unhealthy climate retarded the progress -of the new town, but the people were full of life and enterprise. - -[Sidenote: =French Huguenots.=] - -5. England, France, Scotland, and Ireland sent colonies to South -Carolina. Especially did the French Huguenots come in great numbers, -for they were now persecuted in their own country. They were met by -the proprietors with a promise of citizenship; but the promise was not -well kept, for the general assembly claimed the right of fixing the -conditions of naturalization. Not until 1697 were all discriminations -against the French immigrants removed. - -6. In April of 1693 the proprietors of Carolina annulled the Grand -Model, and Thomas Smith was appointed governor. He was soon superseded -by John Archdale, a distinguished Quaker, under whose administration -the colony entered upon a new career of prosperity. The quit-rents on -lands were remitted for four years. The Indians were conciliated with -kindness, and the Huguenots protected in their rights. It was a real -misfortune when, in 1698, the good governor was recalled to England. - -7. James Moore was next commissioned as chief magistrate. In December -of 1705 he led an expedition against the Indians. On the 14th of the -month the invaders reached a fortified town near St. Mark's. The place -was carried by assault, and more than two hundred prisoners were taken. -On the next day Moore's forces defeated a large body of Indians and -Spaniards. Five towns were carried in succession, and the English flag -was borne to the Gulf of Mexico. - -8. In the first year of Governor Johnson's administration, an act was -passed disfranchising all dissenters from the English Church, but -Parliament voted that the act was contrary to the laws of England. In -November of the same year the colonial legislature revoked the law; but -Episcopalianism continued to be the established faith of the province. - -[Sidenote: =The Yamassee War.=] - -9. In the spring of 1715 the Yamassees rose upon the frontier -settlements and committed an atrocious massacre. The desperate savages -came within a short distance of the capital, and the whole colony was -threatened with destruction. But Governor Craven rallied the militia, -and the savages were pursued to the banks of the Salkehatchie. Here a -decisive battle was fought, and the Indians were completely routed. The -Yamassees collected their tribe and retired into Florida. - -10. At the close of the war the assembly petitioned the proprietors -to bear a portion of the expense. But they refused, and would take -no measures for the protection of the colony. The people, greatly -burdened with rents and taxes, grew dissatisfied with the proprietary -government. In the new election every delegate was chosen by the -popular party. When James Moore, the new chief magistrate elected by -the people, was to be inaugurated, Governor Johnson tried to prevent -the ceremony. But the militia collected in the public square, and -before nightfall the government of Carolina was overthrown. Governor -Moore, the people's choice, was duly inaugurated in the name of King -George I. - -[Sidenote: =Becomes a Royal Province.=] - -11. Still another change in colonial affairs was now at hand. In -1729 seven of the proprietors of Carolina sold their claims in the -province to the king. The sum paid by George II. for the two colonies -was twenty-two thousand five hundred pounds. Royal governors were -appointed, and the affairs of the province were settled on a permanent -basis. - -12. The people who colonized South Carolina were brave and chivalrous. -The Huguenot, the Scotch Presbyterian, the English dissenter, the -Irish adventurer, and the Dutch mechanic, composed the material of -the PALMETTO STATE. Equally with the Puritans of the North, the South -Carolinians were lovers of liberty. The people became the leaders in -politeness and honor between man and man. - -[Sidenote: =Georgia Chartered.=] - -13. Georgia, the thirteenth American colony, was founded by James -Oglethorpe, an English philanthropist. The laws of England permitted -imprisonment for debt. Thousands of English laborers were annually -arrested and thrown into jail. In order to provide a refuge for the -poor and the distressed, Oglethorpe appealed to George II. for the -privilege of planting a colony in America. The petition was favorably -heard, and on the 9th of June, 1732, a charter was issued by which the -territory between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and westward to the -Pacific, was granted to a corporation, _to be held in trust for the -poor_. In honor of the king, the new province was named GEORGIA. - -[Sidenote: =Savannah Founded.=] - -14. Oglethorpe, who was a brave soldier and a member of Parliament, -was the principal member of the corporation. To him was entrusted the -leadership of the first colony to be planted on the Savannah. By the -middle of November a hundred and twenty emigrants were ready to sail -for the New World. In January of 1733 the company was welcomed at -Charleston. Further south the colonists entered the river, and on the -1st of February laid the foundations of Savannah. - -[Illustration: James Oglethorpe.] - -15. The chief of the Yamacraws came from his cabin to see the -new-comers. "Here is a present for you," said he to Oglethorpe. The -present was a buffalo robe painted with the head and feathers of an -eagle. "The feathers are soft, and signify love; the buffalo skin is -the emblem of protection. Therefore love us and protect us," said the -old chieftain. Seeing the advantages of peace, Oglethorpe invited a -council at his capital. The conference was held on the 29th of May. -Long King, the sachem, spoke for all the tribes. The English were -welcomed to the country. Gifts were made, and the governor responded -with words of friendship. - -[Illustration: Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief.] - -16. The councilors in England encouraged emigration. Swiss peasants, -Scotch Highlanders, and German Protestants all found a home on the -Savannah. In April of 1734, Oglethorpe made a visit to England. It -was said in London that no colony was ever before founded so wisely -as Georgia. The councilors prohibited the importation of rum. Traffic -with the Indians was regulated by a license. Slavery was positively -forbidden. While the governor was still abroad, a company of Moravians -arrived at Savannah. - -[Sidenote: =Coming of the Missionaries.=] - -17. In February of 1736 Oglethorpe came back with a colony of three -hundred. These were also Moravians, people of deep piety and fervent -spirit. First among them was John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He -came to Georgia to spread the gospel and convert the Indians. But he -was doomed to much disappointment in his work; and after a residence of -less than two years he left the colony. His brother, Charles Wesley, -came also as a secretary to Governor Oglethorpe. In 1738 the famous -George Whitefield came, and preached with fiery eloquence through all -the colonies. - -18. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe, anticipating war with Florida, began -to fortify. All of Georgia was embraced in the Spanish claim. But -Oglethorpe had a charter for the territory as far south as the -Altamaha. In 1736 he ascended the Savannah and built a fort at Augusta. -On the north bank of the Altamaha, he built Fort Darien. On St. Simon's -Island a fortress was erected and named Frederica. The St. John's was -claimed from this time forth as the southern boundary of Georgia. The -governor again visited England, and returned with a regiment of troops. - -[Sidenote: =War with Spanish Florida.=] - -19. In October, 1739, England published a declaration of war against -Spain. In the first week of the following January, Oglethorpe invaded -Florida, and captured two fortified towns. Soon, with a force of more -than a thousand men, he marched against St. Augustine, but after a -siege of five weeks was compelled to withdraw. - -20. The Spaniards now determined to carry the war into Georgia. In -June of 1742 a fleet of thirty-six vessels, carrying more than three -thousand troops, sailed from St. Augustine for the reduction of Fort -William on Cumberland Island. But Oglethorpe reinforced the garrison, -and then fell back to Frederica. The Spanish vessels followed. From the -southern point of the island to Frederica, Oglethorpe had cut a road -which lay between a morass and a forest. The Spaniards must pass along -this path to attack the town. - -21. The English general posted his men between the swamp and the -forest. On the 7th of July the enemy reached the pass, were fired on -from the thicket, and driven back in confusion. The main body of the -Spanish forces pressed on into the same position, stood firm for a -while, but were presently routed with the loss of two hundred men. The -name of Bloody Marsh was given to this battlefield. Within a week the -whole Spanish force reembarked and sailed for Florida. - -22. The colony of Georgia was now firmly established. In 1743 -Oglethorpe departed for England, after having devoted ten years to the -colony. He had never owned a house nor possessed an acre of ground in -the province. - -[Sidenote: =Georgia a Royal Province.=] - -23. The regulations which the councilors for Georgia had adopted were -poorly suited to the wants of the colony. The settlers had no titles to -their lands. Estates could descend only to the oldest sons of families. -The colonists charged their poverty to the fact that slave-labor was -forbidden in the province. The proprietary laws became unpopular. The -statute excluding slavery was not enforced. Slaves began to be hired, -first for short terms of service, then for longer periods, then _for -one hundred years_. Finally, slaves were brought directly from Africa -and sold to the planters below the Savannah. - -24. The new order of things was acknowledged by the councilors; and -in June of 1752 they surrendered their patent to the king. A royal -government was established over the country, and the people were -granted the freedom of Englishmen. For some time the progress of the -colony was not equal to the expectations of its founder, but before the -Revolution Georgia had become a growing province. - - - - -CHAPTER XX. - -FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. - - -The time came when the American colonies began to act together. The -final struggle between France and England for colonial supremacy in -America was at hand. Necessity compelled the English colonies to join -in a common cause against the foe. This is the conflict known as the -FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Causes of war had existed for many years. - -[Sidenote: =Causes of the War.=] - -2. The first of these causes was _the conflicting territorial claims_ -of the two nations. England had colonized the sea-coast; France had -colonized the interior of the continent. The English kings claimed -the country from one ocean to the other. The French, however, began -to push their way westward and southward along the great lakes to the -head-waters of the Wabash, the Illinois, and the St. Croix, then down -these streams to the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico. The purpose -of the French was to divide the American continent and take the larger -portion. - -3. The French soon established military posts at Frontenac, at -Niagara, at the Straits of Mackinaw, and on the Illinois. Before 1750, -settlements had been made on the Maumee, at Detroit, at Green Bay, at -Vincennes, at Kaskaskia, at Natchez, at New Orleans, and on the Bay of -Biloxi. At this time the only outposts of the English were a fort at -Oswego and a few cabins in West Virginia. - -[Sidenote: =The Ohio Company.=] - -4. The immediate cause of hostilities was _a conflict between the -frontiersmen of the two nations_ in the Ohio valley. In order to -prevent the intrusion of the French fur-traders into this country, -a number of Virginians joined themselves together in a body called -the OHIO COMPANY. In March of 1749, they received from George II. -a land-grant of five hundred thousand acres, located between the -Kanawha and the Monongahela. But before the company could send out a -colony, the governor of Canada dispatched three hundred men to occupy -the valley of the Ohio. In the next year, however, the Ohio Company -sent out an exploring party under Christopher Gist, who traversed the -country and returned to Virginia in 1751. - -5. This expedition was followed by vigorous movements of the French. -They built a fort called Le Bœuf, on French Creek, and another named -Venango, on the Alleghany. About the same time, the country south of -the Ohio was again explored by Gist and a party of armed surveyors. - -6. The Indians were greatly alarmed at the prospect. They rather -favored the English cause, but their allegiance was uncertain. In -the spring of 1753, the Miami tribes, under the leadership of the -Half-King, met Benjamin Franklin at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and made a -treaty with the English. - -[Sidenote: =Washington sent to St. Pierre.=] - -7. Before proceeding to actual war, Governor Dinwiddie determined to -try a final remonstrance with the French. A paper was drawn up setting -forth the nature of the English claim to the valley of the Ohio, and -warning the authorities of France against further intrusion. A young -surveyor, named GEORGE WASHINGTON, was called upon to carry this paper -from Williamsburg, Virginia, to General St. Pierre at Presque Isle, on -Lake Erie. - -8. On the last day of October, 1753, Washington set out on his journey. -He was attended by four comrades besides an interpreter and Christopher -Gist, the guide. At Logstown, Washington held a council with the -Indians, and then pressed on to Fort Le Bœuf. Here the conference -was held with St. Pierre. Washington was received with courtesy, -but the general of the French was acting, he said, under military -instructions, and would eject every Englishman from the valley of the -Ohio. - -[Illustration: Washington's Route to Ft. le Boeuf.] - -9. Washington soon took leave of the French, and returned to Venango. -Then, with Gist as his sole companion, he left the river and struck -into the woods. Clad in the robe of an Indian; sleeping with frozen -clothes on a bed of pine-brush; guided at night by the North Star; -fired at by a prowling savage from his covert; lodging on an island -in the Alleghany until the river was frozen over; plunging again into -the forest, the young ambassador came back without wound or scar to -the capital of Virginia. The answer of St. Pierre was laid before the -governor, and the first public service of Washington was ended. - -[Sidenote: =English post on the Ohio.=] - -10. In the mean time the Ohio Company had sent thirty-three men, under -command of Trent, to erect a fort at the source of the Ohio. In March, -1754, they built the first rude block-house on the site of Pittsburgh. -After all the threats of the French, the English had beaten them in -seizing the key to the Ohio valley. - -11. Soon, however, French boats came down the river; and Trent was -obliged to surrender. Washington was now stationed at Alexandria to -enlist recruits. But it was too late to save Trent's men from capture. -The French immediately occupied the post, built barracks and laid the -foundations of FORT DU QUESNE. To retake this place Colonel Washington -set out from Will's Creek in May of 1754. The possession of the -disputed territory was now to be determined by war. - -[Sidenote: =Battle at Great Meadows.=] - -12. Washington, with his little army of Virginians, was commissioned -to build a fort at the source of the Ohio, and to repel all who -interrupted the English settlements in that country. In April the young -commander left Will's Creek, and on the 26th of May the English reached -the Great Meadows. Here Washington was informed that the French were -on the march to attack him. A stockade was immediately erected, and -named Fort Necessity. Washington determined to strike the first blow. -Two Indians followed the trail of the enemy, and discovered their -hiding-place. The French were on the alert, and flew to arms. "Fire!" -was the command of Washington; and the first volley of a great war -went flying through the forest. The engagement was brief and decisive. -Jumonville, the leader of the French, and ten of his party, were -killed, and twenty-one were made prisoners. - -13. Before advancing farther, Washington waited for reinforcements. -Only one company of volunteers arrived. His whole force numbered -scarcely four hundred. Learning that the French general De Villiers -was approaching, Washington deemed it prudent to fall back to Fort -Necessity. - -14. Scarcely were Washington's forces safe within the stockade, when, -on the 3d of July, the regiment of De Villiers came in sight, and -surrounded the fort. The French stationed themselves on the eminence, -and fired down upon the English with fatal effect. The Indians climbed -into the tree-tops. For nine hours the assailants poured a shower -of balls upon Washington's men. At length, seeing that it would be -impossible to hold out, he accepted the terms which were offered by the -French general. On the 4th of July the English garrison marched out of -the fort, and withdrew from the country. - -[Sidenote: =Congress of the Colonies.=] - -15. Meanwhile, a congress of the American colonies had assembled at -Albany. The first object was to renew the treaty with the Iroquois; the -second, to unite the colonies in a common government. On the 10th of -July, Benjamin Franklin presented the draft of a constitution, which -was finally adopted. Philadelphia was to be the capital. The chief -executive was to be a governor appointed by the king. Each colony -should be represented in congress by not less than two or more than -seven representatives. - -16. Copies of this constitution were transmitted to the several -colonies; but the new scheme of government was everywhere received -with disfavor. The English ministers also rejected it, saying that the -Americans _were trying to make a government of their own_. Meanwhile, -the French were constantly preparing for war. - -[Sidenote: =General Braddock Arrives.=] - -17. Early in 1755 General Braddock arrived in America; the plans of -four campaigns were agreed on. Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia, -was to complete the conquest of that province. Governor Johnson, of New -York, was to capture Crown Point. Shirley, of Massachusetts, was to -take Fort Niagara. Braddock himself was to lead the main army against -Fort Du Quesne. - -18. In the latter part of April, the British general set out with two -thousand veterans, from Alexandria to Fort Cumberland. A few provincial -troops joined the expedition. Washington became an aide-de-camp of -Braddock, and frequently gave him honest counsel, which the British -general rejected. - -19. Braddock marched with the main body. On the 19th of June he put -himself at the head of twelve hundred chosen troops, and pressed -forward toward Fort Du Quesne. On the 9th of July, when the English -were only twelve miles from Fort Du Quesne, they were suddenly fired -upon by the French and Indians, who were hidden among the rocks and -ravines. - -[Sidenote: =Braddock's Defeat.=] - -20. The battle began with a panic. The men fired constantly, but could -see no enemy. Braddock rushed to the front and rallied his men; but it -was all in vain. They stood huddled together like sheep. The forest -was strewn with the dead. Out of eighty-two officers, twenty-six were -killed. Of the privates seven hundred and fourteen had fallen. A -retreat began at once, and Washington, with the Virginians, covered the -flight of the army. - -21. On the next day the Indians returned to Fort Du Quesne clad in the -laced coats of the British officers. The wounded Braddock was borne -in the train of the fugitives to Fort Necessity, where he died. When -they reached Dunbar's camp the confusion was greater than ever. The -artillery, baggage, and public stores were destroyed. Then followed a -hasty retreat to Fort Cumberland, and finally to Philadelphia. - -[Sidenote: =The English in Acadia.=] - -22. By the treaty of Utrecht, made in 1713, Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was -ceded by France to England. The great majority of the people in that -province were French, and the English government was only a military -occupation. At the outbreak of the French and Indian War the population -amounted to more than sixteen thousand. In a campaign of a month, the -English now made themselves masters of the whole country east of the -St. Croix. - -23. The French inhabitants still outnumbered the English, and Governor -Lawrence determined to drive them into banishment. The English officers -first demanded an oath of allegiance, and the surrender of all -firearms and boats. The British vessels were then made ready to carry -the people into exile. - -[Illustration: Embarkation at Acadia.] - -[Sidenote: =The Exile of Acadians.=] - -24. The country about the isthmus was now laid waste, and the peasants -driven into the larger towns. Wherever a sufficient number could be -got together they were compelled to go on shipboard. At the village of -Grand Pré, more than nineteen hundred people were driven into the boats -at the point of the bayonet. Wives and children, old men and mothers, -the sick and the infirm, all shared the common fate. More than three -thousand of the Acadians were carried away and scattered, helpless and -half starved, among the English colonies. - -25. The third campaign planned by Braddock was to be conducted by -Governor Shirley against Fort Niagara. Early in August the attempt was -made, but in October had to be abandoned. - -[Sidenote: =Expedition to Lake Champlain.=] - -26. The fourth expedition was intrusted to General William Johnson. -The object was to capture Crown Point, and drive the French from Lake -Champlain. Early in August the army proceeded to the Hudson above -Albany, and built Fort Edward. Thence Johnson marched to Lake George -and laid out a camp. - -[Sidenote: =Dieskau Defeated.=] - -27. In the mean time, Dieskau, the French commandant at Crown Point, -advanced with fourteen hundred French, Canadians, and Indians to -capture Fort Edward. The Canadians and French regulars, unsupported by -the Indians, then attacked the English position. For five hours the -battle was incessant. Nearly all of Dieskau's men were killed. At last -the English troops charged across the field, and completed the rout. -Dieskau was mortally wounded. Two hundred and sixteen of the English -were killed. General Johnson now constructed Fort William Henry on the -site of his camp. Meanwhile, the French had fortified Ticonderoga. Such -was the condition of affairs at the close of 1755. - -[Illustration: Lake Champlain.] - -28. In the beginning of the next year the command of the English forces -was given to Governor Shirley. Washington, at the head of the Virginia -provincials, repelled the French and Indians in the valley of the -Shenandoah. The expeditions, which were planned for the year, embraced -the conquest of Quebec and the capture of Forts Frontenac, Toronto, -Niagara, and Du Quesne. - -29. The earl of Loudoun now received the appointment of -commander-in-chief of the British forces. On the 17th of May Great -Britain, after nearly two years of actual hostilities, made a -declaration of war against France. In July Lord Loudoun assumed the -command of the colonial army. The French, meanwhile, led by the marquis -of Montcalm, who had succeeded Dieskau, besieged and captured Oswego. - -[Sidenote: =Massacre at Ft. William Henry.=] - -30. In the following campaign the daring Montcalm, with more than -seven thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, advanced against Fort -William Henry. For six days the French pressed the siege with vigor. -The ammunition of the garrison was exhausted, and nothing remained but -to surrender. Honorable terms were granted by the French. On the 9th -of August the French took possession of the fortress. Unfortunately, -the Indians procured a quantity of spirits from the English camp. In -spite of the utmost exertions of Montcalm, the savages fell upon the -prisoners and massacred thirty of them in cold blood. - -31. Such had been the successes of France during the year, that the -English had not a single hamlet left in the whole basin of the St. -Lawrence. Every cabin where English was spoken had been swept out of -the Ohio valley. At the close of the year 1757 France possessed twenty -times as much American territory as England, and five times as much as -England and Spain together. - -[Sidenote: =Louisburg Captured.=] - -32. William Pitt was now placed at the head of the English ministry. -Loudoun was deposed from the American army. General Abercrombie was -appointed to succeed him. General Amherst was to lead a division, and -young Lord Howe was next in rank to Abercrombie. Three expeditions were -planned for 1758: one to capture Louisburg; a second, to reduce Crown -Point and Ticonderoga; and the third to retake Fort Du Quesne from the -French. The first was successful, and on the 28th of July, Louisburg -capitulated. Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island were surrendered to -Great Britain. The garrison, numbering nearly six thousand men, became -prisoners of war. - -[Sidenote: =Defeat at Ticonderoga.=] - -33. On the 5th of July General Abercrombie, with an army of fifteen -thousand men, moved against Ticonderoga. On the morning of the 6th the -English fell in with the picket line of the French. A severe skirmish -ensued; the French were overwhelmed, but Lord Howe was killed in the -onset. On the morning of the 8th, the English divisions were arranged -to carry Ticonderoga by assault. A desperate battle of more than four -hours followed, until, at six o'clock in the evening, the English were -finally repulsed. The loss on the side of the assailants amounted in -killed and wounded to nineteen hundred and sixteen. In no battle of the -Revolution did the British have so large a force engaged, or meet such -terrible loss. - -34. The English now retreated to Fort George. Soon afterward three -thousand men, under Colonel Bradstreet, were sent against Fort -Frontenac, on Lake Ontario, which, after a siege of two days, was -compelled to capitulate. The fortress was demolished. Bradstreet's -success more than counterbalanced the failure of the English at -Ticonderoga. - -[Sidenote: =Destruction of Ft. Du Quesne.=] - -35. Late in the summer General Forbes, with nine thousand men, advanced -against Fort Du Quesne. Washington led the Virginia provincials. On -the 24th of November he was within ten miles of Du Quesne. During that -night the garrison took the alarm, burned the fortress, and floated -down the Ohio. On the 25th the victorious army marched in, raised the -English flag, and named the place PITTSBURGH. - -36. General Amherst was now promoted to the chief command of the -American forces. By the beginning of summer, 1759, the British and -colonial armies numbered nearly fifty thousand men. The entire French -army scarcely exceeded seven thousand. Three campaigns were planned -for the year: General Prideaux was to conduct an expedition against -Niagara. Amherst was to lead the main division against Ticonderoga -and Crown Point. General Wolfe was to proceed up the St. Lawrence and -capture Quebec. - -37. On the 10th of July, Niagara was invested by Prideaux. Two weeks -later the fort capitulated, and the French, to the number of six -hundred, became prisoners of war. At the same time Amherst was marching -with an army of eleven thousand men against Ticonderoga. On the -22d of July the English forces landed, and on the 26th the garrison -retreated to Crown Point. Five days afterwards they deserted this place -also, and withdrew to Isle-aux-Noix, in the river Sorel. - -[Illustration: - - MAP SHOWING - THE COLONIES. - at the time of - FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.] - -38. Early in the spring General Wolfe began the ascent of the St. -Lawrence. His force consisted of nearly eight thousand men, and a fleet -of forty-four vessels. On the 29th of June General Monckton was sent to -seize Point Levi. - -39. On the 9th of July, General Wolfe crossed the north channel, and -encamped on the east bank of the Montmorenci. This stream was fordable -at low water. On the 31st of the month a severe battle was fought at -the fords of the river, and the English were repulsed with heavy losses. - -[Sidenote: =The Plains of Abraham.=] - -40. Exposure and fatigue threw the English general into a fever. It was -decided to ascend the St. Lawrence, and gain the Plains of Abraham, -in the rear of the city. The lower camp was broken up, and on the -6th of September the troops were conveyed to Point Levi. Wolfe then -transferred his army to a point several miles up the river. - -[Illustration: QUEBEC IN 1759.] - -41. On the night of the 12th of September, the English dropped down -the river to a place called Wolfs Cove, and in the dawn of morning -the general marshaled his army for battle on the Plains of Abraham. -Montcalm was in amazement when he heard the news. With great haste the -French were brought from the trenches on the Montmorenci, and thrown -between Quebec and the English. - -[Sidenote: =The Taking of Quebec.=] - -42. The battle began with an hour's cannonade. The Canadians and -Indians were routed. The French regulars wavered and were thrown into -confusion. Wolfe, leading the charge, was twice wounded, but pressed -on. At the moment of victory a third ball pierced his breast, and -he sank to the earth. "They run, they run!" said the attendant who -bent over him. "Who run?" was the response. "The French are flying -everywhere," replied the officer. "Do they run already? Then I die -happy," said the expiring hero. - -43. Montcalm, attempting to rally his regiments, was struck by a ball -and mortally wounded. "Shall I survive?" said he to his surgeon. "But -a few hours at most," answered the attendant. "So much the better," -replied the heroic Frenchman; "I shall not live to witness the -surrender of Quebec." - -44. Five days after the battle, Quebec was surrendered, and an English -garrison took possession of the citadel. On the 8th of September, in -the same year, Montreal, the last important post of France in the -valley of the St. Lawrence, was surrendered to General Amherst. - -[Sidenote: =The Treaty of Paris.=] - -45. For three years the war between France and England continued on -the ocean. The English fleets were everywhere victorious. On the 10th -of February, 1763, a treaty of peace was made at Paris. All the French -possessions in North America, eastward of the Mississippi from its -source to the river Iberville, and thence through Lakes Maurepas and -Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico, were surrendered to Great Britain. -At the same time, Spain, with whom England had been at war, ceded -East and West Florida to the English Crown. Thus closed the French -and Indian War. By this conflict it was decided that the decaying -institutions of the Middle Ages should not prevail in America, and -that the powerful language, just laws, and priceless liberties of the -English race should be planted forever in the vast domains of the New -World. - - - - -REVIEW QUESTIONS--PART III. - - CHAPTER IX. - - 1. Give an account of the first settlement at Jamestown. - - 2. What troubles arose within the colony itself, and how were these - adjusted? - - 3. Trace the course of Captain Smith among the Indians, and in his - voyages of discovery. - - 4. Describe the government of Virginia under the First and Second - Charters. - - - CHAPTER X. - - 5. What changes in government were made by the Third Charter? - - 6. Mention the improvement in the colonial industries. - - 7. Describe the hardships and the growth of the Virginia colony. - - 8. Give an account of the Indian massacre of 1622. - - - CHAPTER XI. - - 9. Tell of the farther changes in the government, first to a Royal, - then to a Proprietary. - - 10. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion, with its causes and results. - - - CHAPTER XII. - - 11. Give an account of the condition and prospects of the Plymouth - colonists. - - 12. What relations existed between these colonists and the Indians? - - 13. Tell about the sectarian troubles and their adjustment. - - 14. Outline the general prosperity of New England. - - - CHAPTER XIII. - - 15. Follow the farther strife between the colonists and the Indians. - - 16. Trace the changes in government in the New England Colonies from - 1622-1689. - - 17. Give an account of King William's War, with the results to New - England. - - 18. Tell about Salem Witchcraft. - - 19. Give an account of Queen Anne's and King George's wars, with the - causes of each and the final adjustments. - - 20. Sketch the character of the Puritan. - - - CHAPTER XIV. - - 21. Outline the settlements of the Dutch and their conflicts with the - English and the Swedes. - - 22. Trace the conflict between the Dutch and the Indians. - - - CHAPTER XV. - - 23. What of the condition, the government, and the progress of New York - under the English rule? - - 24. Give an account of the "Negro Plot." - - - CHAPTER XVI. - - 25. Mention the several claims to the territory of Connecticut. - - 26. Tell the story of the Pequod War. - - 27. Outline the government and the general prosperity of Connecticut. - - 28. Give an account of Roger Williams, and the organization of the - "Plantation of Rhode Island." - - 29. Tell of the founding and growth of New Hampshire. - - - CHAPTER XVII. - - 30. Sketch the history of New Jersey, and its final separation from - Pennsylvania. - - 31. Tell the story of William Penn, and his career in Pennsylvania. - - - CHAPTER XVIII. - - 32. Give an account of the founding and development of Maryland. - - 33. Give an account of the colonization and progress of North Carolina. - - - CHAPTER XIX. - - 34. Tell of the founding of South Carolina. - - 35. Recite the affairs of Georgia under Oglethorpe. - - 36. Outline the troubles between the English and the Spaniards in - Georgia and Florida. - - - CHAPTER XX. - - 37. What were the leading causes of the French and Indian War? - - 38. Give an account of Washington's expedition to St. Pierre. - - 39. Give an account of the capture of Fort Necessity. - - 40. Give an outline of Braddock's campaign. - - 41. What were the leading events of the campaign of Wolfe? - - - - -PART IV. - -REVOLUTION AND CONFEDERATION. - -A. D. 1775-1789. - - - - -CHAPTER XXI. - -CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. - - -The American Revolution was an event of vast importance. The question -decided by it was whether the English colonies in America should govern -themselves, or be ruled by Great Britain. The decision was in favor of -independence. The result has been the grandest republican government -the world has ever known. - -[Sidenote: =General Causes.=] - -2. The most general cause of the Revolution was THE RIGHT OF ARBITRARY -GOVERNMENT, claimed by Great Britain and denied by the colonies. -The question began to be discussed about the time of the treaty of -Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748; and from that period until 1775, each year -witnessed a renewal of the agitation. But there were also many minor -causes tending to bring on a conflict with the mother-country. - -3. First of these was _the influence of France_, inciting the colonies -to rebel. The French had ceded Canada to Great Britain with the hope of -securing American independence. England feared such a result. It was -even proposed in Parliament to re-cede Canada to France, in order to -check the growth of the American States. - -4. Another cause was _the natural disposition of the colonists_. -Many of the original settlers came to America to escape the tyranny -of kings, and their descendants naturally favored a representative -government. The dealings of the colonists with the royal officers had -created a dislike for foreign institutions. - -5. _The growth of public opinion in the colonies_ tended to -independence. The better class of men came to believe that a separation -from England was very desirable. As early as 1755, John Adams, then a -young school-teacher in Connecticut, wrote in his diary: "In another -century all Europe will not be able to subdue us. The only way to keep -us from setting up for ourselves is to disunite us." - -6. Another cause of the Revolution was _the personal character of the -king_. George III. was one of the worst of rulers, and had no true -notion of human rights. His ministers were, for the most part, men like -himself. - -[Sidenote: =Immediate Causes.=] - -[Sidenote: =Acts Restricting Trade.=] - -7. The more immediate cause of the war was the passage by Parliament -of a number of laws destructive of colonial liberty. The first of -these was the IMPORTATION ACT of 1733. By this statute exorbitant -duties were laid on sugar, molasses, and rum. In 1750 it was enacted -that iron-works should not be erected in America. The manufacture of -steel was forbidden, and the felling of pines outside of inclosures. -These laws were disregarded by the colonists, who considered them -unjust and tyrannical. In 1761 the courts were authorized to issue to -petty officers search-warrants, called Writs of Assistance, by which -constables might enter every place, searching for goods suspected of -having evaded the duty. At Salem and Boston the writs were resisted. - -8. In 1763, and again in the following year, the English officers were -authorized to seize all vessels engaged in unlawful trade. Before this -was known at Boston, a great town-meeting was held. Samuel Adams was -the orator. A powerful argument was produced, showing that under the -British constitution _taxation and representation were inseparable_. - -9. On the 10th of March, 1764, Mr. Grenville, the prime minister, -brought before the House of Commons a resolution that it would be -proper to charge certain stamp-duties on the American colonies. -The news of the measure was borne to America, producing universal -excitement. Resolutions against the acts of the ministers were passed -in almost every town. Remonstrances were addressed to the king and the -Parliament. - -[Sidenote: =The Stamp Act.=] - -10. Nevertheless, in March of 1765, the English Parliament passed the -STAMP ACT. In the House of Commons it received a majority of five to -one. In the House of Lords the vote was unanimous. On the 22d of the -month, the royal assent was given. Benjamin Franklin, then in London, -wrote to a friend at home that the sun of American liberty had set. - -11. The provisions of the Stamp Act were these: Every legal document -required in the colonies should, after the 1st day of the following -November, be executed on stamped paper to be furnished by the British -government. For each sheet the colonists were required to pay a sum -varying from three pence to six pounds sterling. Every pamphlet, -almanac, and newspaper was to be printed on paper of the same sort, -the value of the stamps ranging from a half-penny to four pence. No -contract should be binding unless bearing the stamp. - -12. The news of the hateful act created great wrath in America. -The bells of Philadelphia and Boston rang a funeral knell. In New -York a copy of the Stamp Act was carried through the streets with a -death's-head nailed to it, and a placard bearing this inscription: THE -FOLLY OF ENGLAND AND THE RUIN OF AMERICA. The general assemblies were -at first slow to move; there were many old royalists among the members. -But the younger representatives did not hesitate to express their -sentiments. In the Virginia House of Burgesses there was a memorable -scene. - -[Sidenote: =Patrick Henry.=] - -13. Patrick Henry, the youngest member of the House, after waiting -in vain for some older delegate to lead in opposition to Parliament, -snatched a blank leaf out of an old law book and drew up a series of -six resolutions, declaring that the Virginians were Englishmen with -English rights; that the colonists were not bound to yield obedience to -any law imposing taxation on them; and that whoever said the contrary -was an enemy to the country. - -[Illustration: Patrick Henry.] - -14. A violent debate ensued. Two future Presidents of the United States -were in the audience: Washington as a delegate, and Thomas Jefferson, a -young collegian, outside of the railing. The eloquent Henry bore down -all opposition. "Cæsar had his Brutus," said the orator; "Charles I. -had his Cromwell, and George III.--" "Treason!" shouted the speaker. -"Treason! treason!" exclaimed the royalists, springing to their feet. -"And George III. may profit by their example," continued Henry; -and then added, "If that be treason, make the most of it!" The six -resolutions were carried; but on the next day, when Henry was absent, -the powerful aristocratic and church party secured the repeal of two of -the more violent resolutions. - -[Sidenote: =The "Stamp Act Congress," 1765.=] - -15. Similar resolutions were adopted by the assemblies of New York -and Massachusetts. James Otis proposed an American Congress. The -proposition was favorably received by nine of the colonies; and, on -the 7th of October, the first colonial Congress, called the STAMP ACT -CONGRESS, assembled at New York. Timothy Ruggles, of Massachusetts, -was chosen president. A Declaration of Rights was adopted setting -forth that the American colonists, as Englishmen, could not consent -to be taxed but by their own representatives. Memorials were sent to -Parliament and a petition to the king. - -16. On the 1st of November the Stamp Act was to take effect. During the -summer great quantities of the stamped paper had been sent to America. -But everywhere it was rejected or destroyed. The 1st of November was -kept as a day of mourning. - -[Sidenote: =Sons of Liberty.=] - -17. At first, legal business was suspended. The court-houses were shut -up. Not even a marriage license could be legally issued. By and by, the -offices were opened, and business went on as before, but _not_ with -stamped paper. It was at this time that the patriotic society, known as -the SONS OF LIBERTY, was organized. The merchants of New York, Boston, -and Philadelphia entered into a compact to purchase no more goods of -Great Britain until the Stamp Act should be repealed. - -18. The colonists had their friends in England. Eminent statesmen -espoused the cause of America. In the House of Commons Mr. Pitt -delivered a powerful address. "You have," said he, "no right to tax -America. I rejoice that America has resisted." On the 18th of March, -1766, the Stamp Act was formally repealed. But at the same time a -resolution was added, declaring that Parliament had the right _to bind -the colonies in all cases whatsoever_. - -[Sidenote: =Repeal of the Stamp Act.=] - -19. The repeal of the Stamp Act produced great joy, both in England and -America. But on the 29th of June, 1767, another act was passed imposing -a duty on all the glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea which should -thereafter be imported into the colonies. - -20. The resentment of the Americans burst out anew. Another agreement -not to purchase British goods was entered into by the American -merchants. The newspapers were filled with denunciations of Parliament. -In the month of June, a sloop, charged with evading the payment of -duty, was seized by the custom-house officers of Boston. But the people -attacked the houses of the officers, and obliged the occupants to fly -to Castle William. General Gage was now ordered to bring from Halifax -a regiment of regulars and overawe the people. On the 1st of October -the troops, seven hundred strong, marched with fixed bayonets into the -capital of Massachusetts. - -[Sidenote: =Resistance of the Colonies.=] - -21. In February of 1769 the people of Massachusetts were declared -rebels, and the governor was directed to arrest those deemed guilty and -send them to England for trial. The general assembly met this outrage -with defiant resolutions. Similar scenes were enacted in Virginia and -North Carolina. - -[Sidenote: =The Boston Massacre.=] - -22. Early in 1770 the soldiers in New York cut down a liberty pole -which stood in the park. A conflict ensued, in which the people won the -day. On the 5th of March, a more serious difficulty occurred in Boston. -A crowd of people surrounded Captain Preston's company of the city -guard, hooted at them, and dared them to fire. At length the soldiers -discharged a volley, killing three of the citizens and wounding several -others. This outrage, known as the BOSTON MASSACRE, created a profound -sensation. Captain Preston and his company were arrested and tried for -murder. Two of the offenders were convicted of manslaughter. - -[Illustration: Fight at the Liberty Pole, New York.] - -[Sidenote: =The Boston Tea Party.=] - -23. Parliament now passed an act repealing all duties on American -imports except that on tea. The people, in answer, pledged themselves -to use no more tea until the duty should be _unconditionally repealed_. -In 1773 Parliament removed the export duty which had hitherto been -charged on tea shipped from England. The price of tea was thus lowered, -and the ministers thought that, when the cheaper tea was offered in -America, the colonists would pay the import duty without suspicion. -Ships were loaded with tea for the American market. Some of the vessels -reached Charleston; but the chests were stored in cellars, and the -contents ruined. At New York and Philadelphia the ships were forbidden -to enter. At Boston the authorities would not permit the tea to be -landed. On the 16th of December there was a great town-meeting, at -which seven thousand people were present. Adams and Quincy spoke to the -multitudes. Evening came on, and the meeting was about to adjourn, when -a war-whoop was heard, and fifty men disguised as Indians marched to -the wharf where the tea-ships were at anchor, boarded the vessels, and -emptied three hundred and forty chests of tea into the bay. Such was -the BOSTON TEA PARTY. - -[Sidenote: =The Boston Port Bill.=] - -24. Parliament made haste to find revenge. On the last day of March, -1774, the BOSTON PORT BILL was passed. It was enacted that no kind of -merchandise should any longer be landed or shipped at the wharves of -Boston. The custom-house was removed to Salem, but the people of that -town refused to accept it. The inhabitants of Marblehead gave the free -use of their warehouses to the merchants of Boston. When the news of -the Port Bill reached Virginia, the burgesses entered a protest on -their journal. Governor Dunmore ordered the members to their homes; but -they met and continued their work in another place. On the 20th of May, -the charter of Massachusetts was annulled. The people were declared -rebels, and the governor was ordered to send abroad for trial all -persons who should resist the officers. - -[Sidenote: =First Continental Congress, 1774.=] - -25. In September the FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS assembled at -Philadelphia. Eleven colonies were represented. One address was sent to -the king; another to the English nation; and another to the people of -Canada. A resolution was adopted to suspend all commercial intercourse -with Great Britain. Parliament retaliated by ordering General Gage to -reduce the colonists by force. A fleet and ten thousand soldiers were -sent to aid him. - -26. Boston Neck was seized and fortified by the British. The stores -at Cambridge and Charlestown were conveyed to Boston; and the general -assembly was ordered to disband. Instead of doing so, the members voted -to equip an army of twelve thousand men for defence. There was no -longer any hope of a peaceable adjustment. The colonists were few and -feeble; but they were men of iron wills who had made up their minds to -die for liberty. - - - - -CHAPTER XXII. - -THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION.--EVENTS OF 1775. - - -[Sidenote: =Paul Revere's Ride.=] - -As soon as the intentions of General Gage were known, the people of -Boston, concealing their ammunition in carts, conveyed it to Concord. -On the night of the 18th of April, Gage dispatched eight hundred men -to destroy the stores. The plan of the British was made with great -secrecy; but the patriots discovered the movement. When the regiment, -under command of Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, set out for Concord, -the people of Boston were roused by the ringing of bells and the -firing of cannon. William Dawes and Paul Revere rode with all speed to -Lexington and spread the alarm through the country. - -[Sidenote: =The Fight at Lexington.=] - -2. At two o'clock in the morning, a company of one hundred and thirty -minute-men assembled on the common at Lexington. No enemy appeared -until five o'clock, when the British, under command of Pitcairn, came -in sight. The provincials were led by Captain Parker. Pitcairn rode -up and exclaimed: "Disperse, ye villains! Throw down your arms!" The -minute-men stood still, and Pitcairn cried, "Fire!" The first volley of -the Revolution whistled through the air, and sixteen of the patriots -fell dead or wounded. The rest fired a few shots and dispersed. - -3. The British pressed on to Concord; but the inhabitants had removed -the stores to a place of safety, and there was but little destruction. -While the British were ransacking the town, the minute-men encountered -a company of soldiers who were guarding the North Bridge. Here the -Americans fired, and two British soldiers were killed. The rest began -a retreat through the town toward Lexington. For six miles the battle -was kept up along the road. Hidden behind trees, fences, and barns, -the patriots poured a constant fire upon the ranks of the enemy. The -American loss was forty-nine killed, thirty-four wounded, and five -missing; that of the enemy was two hundred and seventy-three. - -[Illustration: THE FIGHT AT LEXINGTON] - -4. The battle of Lexington fired the country. Within a few days an army -of twenty thousand men gathered about Boston. A line of intrenchments -was drawn from Roxbury to Chelsea. John Stark came down with the New -Hampshire militia. Rhode Island sent her men under Nathaniel Greene. -Benedict Arnold came with the provincials of New Haven. Ethan Allen, -with a company of two hundred and seventy patriots, advanced against -Ticonderoga. Benedict Arnold joined the expedition as a private. On the -evening of the 9th of May, the force reached the shore of Lake George, -opposite Ticonderoga. - -[Sidenote: =Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga.=] - -5. On the following morning, eighty-three men succeeded in crossing. -With this mere handful, Allen made a dash and gained the gateway of -the fort. He rushed to the quarters of the commandant, and cried -out: "Surrender this fort instantly!" "By what authority?" inquired -the officer. "In the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental -Congress," said Allen, flourishing his sword. The garrison were made -prisoners and sent to Connecticut, and vast quantities of military -stores fell into the hands of the Americans. Two days afterwards Crown -Point was also taken. - -6. On the 25th of May, Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived -at Boston. The British army was augmented to more than ten thousand -men. It was now rumored that Gage was about to sally out of Boston to -burn the neighboring towns and devastate the country. The Americans -determined to anticipate this movement by fortifying Bunker Hill, which -commanded the peninsula of Charlestown. - -7. On the night of the 16th of June, Colonel Prescott was sent with -a thousand men to intrench the hill. The provincials reached the -eminence; but Prescott and his engineer, not liking the position, -proceeded down the peninsula to Breed's Hill, within cannon range of -Boston. Here a redoubt was thrown up during the night. The British -ships in the harbor were so near that the Americans could hear the -sentinels repeating the night-call, "All is well." - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Bunker Hill.=] - -8. As soon as it was light, General Gage ordered the ships to cannonade -the American position. The British batteries on Copp's Hill also opened -fire. Just after noon, three thousand British veterans, commanded -by Generals Howe and Pigot, landed at Morton's Point. The Americans -numbered about fifteen hundred. Charlestown was burned by the British -as they advanced. Thousands of spectators climbed to the house-tops -in Boston to watch the battle. On came the British in a stately and -imposing column. - -[Illustration: VICINITY OF BOSTON.] - -9. The Americans reserved their fire until the advancing line was -within a hundred and fifty feet. Then instantly every gun was -discharged. The front rank of the British melted away, and the rest -hastily retreated. Howe rallied his men and led the second charge. -Again the American fire was withheld until the enemy was but a few rods -distant. Then volley after volley was poured upon the column until it -was broken and driven into flight. - -10. The vessels of the British fleet now changed position until the -guns were brought to bear upon the American works. For the third time, -the British soldiers charged with fixed bayonets up the hillside. -The Americans had but three or four rounds of ammunition remaining. -These were expended on the advancing enemy. Then there was a lull. The -British clambered over the ramparts. The provincials hurled stones -at the assailants. It was in vain; they were driven out of their -trenches at the point of the bayonet. The brave Warren gave his life -for freedom. The loss of the British in the engagement was a thousand -and fifty-four in killed and wounded. The Americans lost one hundred -and fifteen killed, three hundred and five wounded, and thirty-two -prisoners. Prescott and Putnam conducted the retreat to Prospect Hill. - -11. The battle of Bunker Hill rather inspired than discouraged the -colonists. The news was borne to the South, and a spirit of determined -opposition was everywhere aroused. The people began to speak of the -UNITED COLONIES OF AMERICA. At Charlotte, North Carolina, the citizens -came together in convention, and made _a declaration of independence_. - -[Sidenote: =Second Continental Congress, 1775.=] - -12. On the day of the capture of Ticonderoga, the Continental Congress -assembled at Philadelphia. Washington was there, and John Adams -and Samuel Adams, Franklin and Patrick Henry; Jefferson came soon -afterwards. A last appeal was addressed to the king; and he was told -that the colonists had chosen war in preference to slavery. Early in -the session John Adams made an address, in the course of which he -noticed the necessity of appointing a commander-in-chief, and the -qualities requisite in that high officer. The speaker concluded by -putting in nomination George Washington, of Virginia. On the 15th of -June, the nomination was confirmed by Congress; and the man who had -saved the wreck of Braddock's army was called to build a nation. - -[Sidenote: =Washington Commander-in-chief.=] - -13. GEORGE WASHINGTON was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, on -the 11th of February (Old Style), 1732. At the age of eleven he was -left to the sole care of his mother. His education was limited to -the common branches of learning. Surveying was his favorite study. -At the age of sixteen he was sent by his uncle to survey a tract of -land on the South Potomac. The important duties which he performed in -the service of the Ohio Company, and his campaign with Braddock have -already been narrated. With great dignity he accepted the appointment -of commander-in-chief, and set out to join the army at Cambridge. - -[Sidenote: =Organization of Continental Army.=] - -14. Congress had voted to equip twenty thousand men, but the means -of doing so were not furnished. Washington had a force of fourteen -thousand five hundred volunteers, undisciplined and insubordinate. -The supplies of war were almost wholly wanting. The army was soon -organized in three divisions: the right wing was under General Ward, -the left commanded by General Charles Lee, the center under the -commander-in-chief. The siege of Boston was pressed with vigor. The -king's authority was overthrown in all the colonies. - -[Sidenote: =Expedition against Canada.=] - -15. The Americans looked to Canada for aid. In order to encourage -the people of that province to take up arms, Generals Schuyler and -Montgomery were ordered to proceed against St. John and Montreal, both -of which were finally taken. Montgomery next proceeded, with three -hundred men, against Quebec. In the mean time, Colonel Arnold had -set out with a thousand men from Cambridge. At Point aux Trembles he -was joined by Montgomery, who assumed command. For three weeks, with -his handful of troops, Montgomery besieged Quebec, and then staked -everything on an assault. - -16. Before daybreak on the 31st of December, Montgomery attacked -the Lower Town. At the first discharge Montgomery fell dead. The -men, heartbroken at their loss, retreated above the city. Arnold had -meanwhile fought his way into the Lower Town, but was severely wounded -and borne to the rear. Captain Morgan led his brave band along the -narrow streets until he was overwhelmed and compelled to surrender. -Arnold retired to a point three miles above the city. The small-pox -broke out in the camp; and in the following June the Americans -evacuated Canada. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIII. - -THE EVENTS OF 1776. - - -At last came the king's answer to the appeal of Congress. The petition -of the colonies was rejected with contempt. By this tyrannical answer -the day of independence was brought nearer. Meanwhile, General Howe had -succeeded Gage in command of the British troops in Boston. - -2. All winter long the city was besieged by Washington. By the first -of spring, 1776, it was resolved to seize Dorchester Heights and drive -Howe out of Boston. On the night of the 4th of March a detachment under -cover of the darkness reached the Heights unperceived. The British -noticed nothing unusual; but, when morning dawned, Howe saw at a glance -that he must carry the American position or abandon the city. He -ordered his men to storm the Heights before nightfall. - -[Sidenote: =The British driven from Boston.=] - -3. Washington visited the trenches and exhorted his men. It was the -anniversary of the Boston Massacre. A battle was momentarily expected; -but while the British delayed, a storm arose and rendered the harbor -impassable, and the attack could not be made. Before the following -morning the Americans had so strengthened their fortifications that all -thoughts of an assault were abandoned. Howe found himself reduced to -the extremity of giving up the capital of New England. - -4. After some days there was an agreement between Washington and the -British general that the latter should retire from Boston unmolested on -condition that the city should not be burned. On the 17th of March, the -whole British army sailed away. The American advance at once entered -the city. On the 20th, Washington made a formal entry at the head of -the triumphant army. The country was wild with delight. Congress -ordered a gold medal to be struck in honor of Washington's victory over -the enemy. - -5. In a short time, the commander-in-chief repaired with the army to -New York. General Lee pressed forward with the Connecticut militia, -and reached that city just in time to baffle an attempt of Sir Henry -Clinton, who next sailed southward, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker -and Lord Cornwallis with two thousand five hundred men. The force of -the British was deemed sufficient to capture Charleston. - -[Sidenote: =British Repulsed at Charleston.=] - -6. The Carolinians, led by General Lee, rose in arms and flocked to -Charleston. The city was fortified; and a fort, which commanded the -entrance to the harbor, was built on Sullivan's Island. On the 4th of -June the British squadron came in sight. On the 28th the British fleet -began a bombardment of the fortress, which was commanded by Colonel -Moultrie; but the walls, built of palmetto, were little injured. As -evening drew on, the British were obliged to retire with a loss of two -hundred men. The loss of the garrison amounted to thirty-two. - -7. During the summer Washington's forces were increased to twenty-seven -thousand men, but the effective force was little more than half that -number. Great Britain was making the greatest preparations. By a treaty -with some of the German States, seventeen thousand Hessians were hired -to fight against America. Twenty-five thousand English troops were -levied; and a million dollars were voted for the expenses of the war. - -8. Thus far the colonists had claimed to be loyal subjects of Great -Britain. Now the case seemed hopeless. The people urged the general -assemblies, and the general assemblies urged Congress, to a declaration -of independence. Congress responded by recommending the colonies to -adopt such governments as might best conduce to the safety of the -people. - -9. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered -a resolution in Congress declaring that the United Colonies are, -and of right ought to be, _free and independent States_. A long and -exciting debate ensued. The final consideration of Lee's resolution was -postponed until the 1st of July. On the 11th of June, Thomas Jefferson, -John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston -were appointed a committee to prepare a formal declaration. - -[Illustration: Jefferson reading the Declaration in Committee.] - -[Sidenote: =Declaration of Independence.=] - -10. On the 1st of July the committee's report was laid before Congress. -On the next day Lee's resolution was adopted. During the 3d the formal -declaration was debated with great spirit. The discussion was resumed -on the 4th, and at two o'clock in the afternoon the DECLARATION OF -AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE was adopted by a unanimous vote. - -11. The old bellman of the State House rang out the note of freedom -to the nation. The multitudes caught the signal and answered with -shouts. Everywhere the declaration was received with enthusiastic -applause. At Philadelphia the king's arms were torn down and burned -in the street. At Williamsburg, Charleston, and Savannah there were -bonfires. At Boston the declaration was read in Faneuil Hall. At New -York the populace pulled down the statue of George III. _and cast it -into bullets_. Washington ordered that the declaration be read at the -head of each brigade. - -12. The leading principles of the Declaration of Independence are -these: That all men are created equal; that governments are instituted -for the welfare of the people; that the people have a right to alter -their government; that the government of George III. had become -destructive of liberty; that the king's tyranny over his American -subjects was no longer endurable; and that, therefore, the United -Colonies of America are, and of right ought to be, free and independent -States. - -[Sidenote: =Operations about New York.=] - -13. Early in July, General Howe landed a force of nine thousand men -on Staten Island. Thither Clinton came from the siege of Charleston, -and Admiral Howe from England. The British force in the vicinity of -New York amounted to thirty thousand men. Nearly half of them were -Hessians. Washington's army was greatly inferior in numbers and -discipline. - -14. Lord Howe had been instructed to try conciliatory measures with -the Americans. First, he sent to the American camp a dispatch directed -to George Washington, _Esquire_. Washington refused to receive a -communication which did not recognize his official position. Howe then -sent another message, addressed to George Washington, etc., etc., etc.; -and the bearer insisted that _and-so-forth_ might mean _General of the -American Army_. But Washington sent the officer away. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Long Island.=] - -15. Lord Howe and his brother at once began hostilities. On the 22d -of August, the British, to the number of ten thousand, landed on Long -Island. The Americans, about eight thousand strong, were posted in the -vicinity of Brooklyn. On the morning of the 27th of August, Grant's -division of the British army was met by General Stirling with fifteen -hundred men, and the battle at once began, but there was no decisive -result. General Heister advanced beyond Flatbush, and engaged the main -body of the Americans, under General Sullivan. Here the Hessians gained -little or no ground until Sullivan was alarmed by the noise of battle -on his left and rear. - -16. During the night General Clinton had occupied the heights above -the Jamaica road, and now came down by way of Bedford. Sullivan found -himself surrounded and cut off. The men fought bravely, and many broke -through the lines of the British. The rest were scattered, killed, or -taken prisoners. - -17. Cornwallis, attempting to cut off Stirling's retreat, was repulsed. -Most of Stirling's men reached the American lines at Brooklyn. Generals -Stirling, Sullivan, and Woodhull were taken prisoners. Nearly a -thousand patriots were killed or missing. It seemed an easy thing for -Clinton and Howe to capture all the rest. - -18. Washington resolved to withdraw to New York. The enterprise was -extremely hazardous. At eight o'clock in the evening the embarkation of -the army began. All night with muffled oars the boatmen rowed silently -back and forth. At daylight the movement was discovered by the British. -They rushed into the American intrenchments and found nothing but a few -worthless guns. - -[Sidenote: =British Occupy New York.=] - -19. The defeat on Long Island was very disastrous to the American -cause. Many of the troops returned to their homes. Only by constant -exertion did Washington keep his army from disbanding. The British -fleet anchored within cannon-shot of New York. Washington retired to -the Heights of Harlem. On the 15th of September the British landed -three miles above New York. Thence they extended their lines and took -possession of the city. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of White Plains.=] - -20. On the 16th of October, Howe embarked his forces, passed into Long -Island Sound, and landed in the vicinity of Westchester. The object -was to get upon the American flank and cut off communications with the -Eastern States. On the 28th a battle was brought on at White Plains. -The Americans were driven from one position, but intrenched themselves -in another, then withdrew to the heights of North Castle. Howe remained -for a few days at White Plains, and returned to New York. - -[Illustration: NEW YORK and VICINITY] - -21. Washington now crossed to the west bank of the Hudson and took -post at Fort Lee. Four thousand men were left at North Castle under -General Lee. Fort Washington, on Manhattan Island, was defended by -three thousand men under Colonel Magaw. The skillful construction of -this fort had attracted the attention of Washington, and led to an -acquaintance with the engineer, ALEXANDER HAMILTON, then a stripling -but twenty years of age. - -[Sidenote: =Washington retreats to Trenton.=] - -22. On the 16th of November, Fort Washington was captured by the -British. The garrison were made prisoners of war and crowded into -the jails of New York. Two days after the surrender, Fort Lee was -taken by Lord Cornwallis. Washington with his army, now reduced to -three thousand men, retreated to Trenton on the Delaware. Nothing -but the skill of the commander saved the remnant of his forces from -destruction. - -23. On the 8th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware. -Cornwallis, having no boats, was obliged to wait for the freezing of -the river. It was seen that as soon as the river should be frozen the -British would march into Philadelphia. Congress accordingly adjourned -to Baltimore. During his retreat across New Jersey, Washington sent -dispatches to General Lee, at North Castle, to join the main army as -soon as possible. That officer took up his quarters at Basking Ridge. -On the 13th of December, a squad of British cavalry captured Lee and -hurried him off to New York. General Sullivan took command of Lee's -division, and hastened to join Washington. The entire American force -now amounted to a little more than six thousand. - -[Sidenote: =Victory at Trenton.=] - -24. The tide of misfortune turned at last. Washington saw in the -disposition of the British forces an opportunity to strike a blow -for his country. The leaders of the enemy were off their guard. The -Hessians on the east side of the river were spread out from Trenton to -Burlington. Washington conceived the design of crossing the Delaware -and striking the detachment at Trenton before a concentration of the -enemy's forces could be effected. The American army was arranged in -three divisions under Generals Cadwallader, Ewing, and Washington -himself. Christmas night was selected as the time for the movement. - -25. The Delaware was filled with floating ice. Ewing and Cadwallader -were both baffled in their efforts to cross the river. Washington, -having succeeded in getting over, divided his army of twenty-four -hundred men into two columns and pressed forward. At eight o'clock -in the morning the Americans came rushing into Trenton from both -directions. The Hessians sprang from their quarters and attempted to -form in line. Colonel Rall was mortally wounded. Nearly a thousand -of the Hessians threw down their arms and begged for quarter. Before -nightfall Washington, with his army and the whole body of captives, was -safe on the other side of the Delaware. - -[Illustration: CENTRAL NEW JERSEY 1778.] - -[Sidenote: =Effect of the victory.=] - -26. The battle of Trenton roused the nation from despondency. The -militia flocked to the general's standard; and fourteen hundred -soldiers, whose term of enlistment now expired, reentered the service. -Robert Morris, the great financier of the Revolution, came forward with -his fortune to the support of his country. - -27. Three days after his victory, Washington again crossed the -Delaware. Here all the American detachments in the vicinity were -ordered to assemble. To General Heath, stationed at Peekskill, -Washington sent orders to move into New Jersey. The British fell back -from their outposts and concentrated at Princeton. Cornwallis resumed -command in person. So closed the year. Ten days previously, Howe only -waited for the freezing of the Delaware before taking up his quarters -in Philadelphia. Now it was a question whether he would be able to hold -a single town in New Jersey. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIV. - -OPERATIONS OF 1777. - - -On the 1st of January, 1777, Washington's army at Trenton numbered -about five thousand men. On the next day Cornwallis approached with -greatly superior forces. During the afternoon there was severe -skirmishing along the roads east of Trenton. During the night -Washington called a council of war, and it was determined to leave the -camp, pass the British left flank, and strike the enemy at Princeton. -The baggage was removed to Burlington. The camp-fires were brightly -kindled and kept burning through the night, while the army was in -motion toward Princeton. Everything was done in silence. The morning -light showed the British sentries a deserted camp. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Princeton.=] - -2. At sunrise Washington was entering Princeton. At the same time -the British were marching out to reinforce Cornwallis. The Americans -met them in the edge of the village, and the battle at once began. -The British charged bayonets, and the militia gave way in confusion. -General Mercer received a mortal wound. But the Pennsylvania regulars, -led by the commander-in-chief, stood their ground. Washington rallied -his men with the greatest bravery; and the British were routed, with a -loss of four hundred and thirty men in killed, wounded, and missing. - -3. On the night of the 22d of May, Colonel Meigs, of Connecticut, -embarked two hundred men in whale-boats, crossed the sound, and -attacked Sag Harbor. The British were overpowered; only four of them -escaped; five or six were killed, and the remaining ninety were made -prisoners. The stores were destroyed by the patriots, who, without the -loss of a man, returned to Guilford. Colonel Meigs was rewarded by -Congress with an elegant sword. - -4. The patriot forces of the North were now concentrated on the -Hudson; and a camp, under Arnold, was laid out on the Delaware. In -the latter part of May, Washington broke up his winter-quarters and -took an advantageous position only ten miles from the British camp. -Howe crossed over from New York and threatened an attack upon the -American lines. Finally, the British, on the 30th of June, crossed -over to Staten Island. On the 10th of July, General Prescott, of the -British army, was captured at a farm-house near Newport. This gave -the Americans an officer of equal rank to exchange for General Lee. -Congress in the mean time returned to Philadelphia. - -[Sidenote: =French Aid and Sympathy.=] - -5. From the beginning of the war the people of France had been friendly -to the American cause. By and by their sympathy became more outspoken. -The French ministers would do nothing openly to provoke a war with -Great Britain; but secretly they rejoiced at every British misfortune. -During the year 1777, the French managed to supply the colonies with -twenty thousand muskets and a thousand barrels of powder. - -6. At last the republicans of France began to embark for America. -Foremost of all came the young MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE. Fitting a vessel -at his own expense, he eluded the officers, and with the brave De Kalb -and a small company of followers reached South Carolina in April of -1777. He entered the army as a volunteer, and in the following July was -commissioned a major-general. - -[Sidenote: =Burgoyne's Campaign.=] - -7. One of the most important events of the war was the campaign of -General Burgoyne. In command of the English forces in Canada, he spent -the spring of 1777 in organizing an army of ten thousand men for -the invasion of New York. The force consisted of British, Hessians, -Canadians, and Indians. The plan of the campaign embraced a descent -upon Albany and New York, and the cutting off of New England from the -Middle and Southern colonies. - -[Illustration: Marquis de La Fayette.] - -8. On the 1st of June, Burgoyne reached Lake Champlain, and on the 16th -proceeded to Crown Point. This place was occupied by the British; and -on the 5th of July, Ticonderoga, which was defended by three thousand -men under General St. Clair, was captured. Soon afterward the British -reached Whitehall and seized a large quantity of stores. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Bennington.=] - -9. At this time the American army of the North was commanded by General -Schuyler. His forces, numbering between four and five thousand, were -at Fort Edward. This place was captured by Burgoyne on the 30th of -July, the Americans retreating down the Hudson. The British general -now dispatched Colonels Baum and Breymann to seize the stores at -Bennington, Vermont. Colonel John Stark rallied the New Hampshire -militia, and on the 15th of August met the British near the village. -On the following morning there was a furious battle, in which Baum's -force was completely routed. The British lost in killed, wounded, and -prisoners more than eight hundred men. The country was thrilled by the -victory. - -10. A few days after the battle of Bennington, Burgoyne received -intelligence of a still greater reverse, at Fort Schuyler, on the -Mohawk. - -[Illustration: Chart of HUDSON RIVER.] - -11. The British general lost a month in procuring supplies from Canada. -He now found himself hemmed in by nine thousand patriot soldiers. -General Lincoln arrived with the militia of New England. Washington -sent several detachments from the regular army. Morgan came with his -riflemen. General Gates superseded Schuyler in command of the northern -army. On the 8th of September, the American headquarters were advanced -to Stillwater. On the 14th of the month, Burgoyne crossed the Hudson -and took post at Saratoga. The two armies now came face to face. On -the 19th, a general battle ensued, continuing until nightfall. The -conflict, though severe, was indecisive; the Americans retired within -their lines, and the British slept on the field. To the patriots the -result of the battle was equivalent to a victory. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Bemis's Heights.=] - -12. The condition of Burgoyne grew critical. His supplies failed; -his Canadian and Indian allies deserted his standard. On the 7th of -October, he hazarded another battle, in which he lost his bravest -officers and nearly seven hundred privates. The brave General Fraser -was killed, and his disheartened men turned and fled from the field. -The Americans were completely victorious. - -[Sidenote: =Burgoyne's Surrender.=] - -13. Burgoyne now began a retreat, and on the 9th of October reached -Saratoga. Here he was intercepted by Gates and Lincoln, and forced -to surrender. On the 17th of October terms of capitulation were -agreed on, and the whole army, numbering five thousand seven hundred -and ninety-one, became prisoners of war. Among the captives were six -members of the British Parliament. Forty-two pieces of brass artillery, -five thousand muskets, and an immense quantity of stores were the -fruits of the victory. - -[Illustration: PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY.] - -14. As soon as the invasion was at an end, a large portion of the army -was dispatched to aid Washington in a great campaign in progress in -the South. On the 23d of July, Howe had sailed from New York, with -eighteen thousand men, to attack Philadelphia. Washington advanced -his headquarters from Philadelphia to Wilmington. The American army, -numbering about eleven thousand men, was concentrated at that place. -The forces of Howe were vastly superior, but Washington hoped to beat -back the invaders and save the capital. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Brandywine.=] - -15. On the 25th of August the British landed at Elk River, in Maryland, -and began their march toward Philadelphia. Washington selected the -Brandywine as his line of defence. The left wing was stationed at -Chad's Ford, while the right, under General Sullivan, was extended up -the river. On the 11th of September the British reached the opposite -bank and began battle. The Hessians, under Knyphausen, attacked at -the ford; but the British, led by Cornwallis and Howe, marched up the -Brandywine and crossed above the American right. Sullivan allowed -himself to be outflanked. Washington was misled by false information; -the right wing was crushed by Cornwallis, and the day was lost. - -[Sidenote: =The British in Philadelphia.=] - -16. During the night the patriots retreated to West Chester. The loss -of the Americans amounted to a thousand men; that of the British to -five hundred and eighty-four. La Fayette was severely wounded. Count -Pulaski so distinguished himself in this engagement that Congress -honored him with the rank of brigadier. Washington continued his -retreat as far as Germantown. On the 15th of the month he recrossed -the Schuylkill and met Howe at Warren's Tavern. But just as the -conflict was beginning, a violent tempest swept over the field. The -combatants were deluged, their cartridges soaked, and fighting made -impossible. Howe succeeded in crossing the Schuylkill, and hastened to -Philadelphia. On the 26th of September the city was taken, and the main -division of the British army encamped at Germantown. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Germantown.=] - -17. Congress adjourned, first to Lancaster, and afterward to York, -where they held their sessions until the next summer. On the night -of the 3d of October Washington attempted to surprise the British at -Germantown. But the roads were rough, and the different columns reached -the British outpost at irregular intervals. There was much severe -fighting, but the British gained possession of a large stone house and -could not be dislodged. The tide turned against the patriots, and the -day was lost. On the 22d of October, Fort Mercer, on the Delaware, was -taken by Hessians, while the British fleet took Fort Mifflin, on Mud -Island. General Howe thus obtained control of the Delaware. - -18. After the battle of Germantown, Washington took up his headquarters -at White Marsh. The patriots began to suffer for food and clothing. -On the evening of the 2d of December, Howe held a council of war at -the house of Lydia Darrah in Philadelphia. It was decided to surprise -Washington in his camp. But Lydia, who overheard the plans of Howe, -left the city on pretence of _going to mill_, rode to the American -lines, and gave the alarm. When the British approached White Marsh, -they found the cannons mounted and the patriots in order of battle. -The British general maneuvered for four days, and then marched back to -Philadelphia. - -[Illustration: Valley Forge.] - -[Sidenote: =Valley Forge.=] - -19. On the 11th of December Washington went into winter quarters at -Valley Forge, on the right bank of the Schuylkill. Thousands of the -soldiers were without shoes, and the frozen ground was marked with -bloody footprints. Log cabins were built, and everything was done -that _could_ be done to secure the comfort of the suffering patriots. -But it was a long and dreary winter. These were the darkest days of -Washington's life. Congress in a measure abandoned him. Many men high -in military and civil station left the great leader unsupported. -But the allegiance of the army remained unshaken, and the nation's -confidence in the chieftain became stronger than ever. - - - - -CHAPTER XXV. - -EVENTS OF 1778 AND 1779. - - -In November of 1776 Silas Deane, of Connecticut, was appointed -commissioner to France. His first service was to make a secret -arrangement to supply the Americans with materials for carrying on the -war. In the autumn of 1777 a ship, laden with two hundred thousand -dollars' worth of arms, ammunition, and specie, was sent to America. - -[Sidenote: =Negotiations with France.=] - -2. Arthur Lee and Benjamin Franklin were also appointed by Congress -to negotiate a treaty with the French king. In December of 1776 they -reached Paris and began their duties. For a long time King Louis and -his minister stood aloof from the proposed alliance. They hated Great -Britain, and gave secret encouragement to the colonies; but an open -treaty with the Americans was equivalent to a war with England, and -that the French court dreaded. - -3. Now it was, that the genius of Dr. Franklin shone with a peculiar -luster. At the gay court of Louis XVI. he stood as the representative -of his country. His wit and genial humor made him admired; his talents -and courtesy commanded respect; his patience and perseverance gave -him final success. During the whole of 1777 he remained at Paris and -Versailles. At last came the news of Burgoyne's surrender. A powerful -British army had been subdued by the colonists without aid from abroad. -This success induced the king to accept the proposed alliance with the -colonies. On the 6th of February, 1778, a treaty was concluded; France -acknowledged the independence of the United States, and entered into -relations of friendship with the new nation. - -[Sidenote: =Benjamin Franklin.=] - -4. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, the author of the first treaty between the -United States and a foreign nation, was born in Boston, on the 17th -of January, 1706. His father was a manufacturer of soap and candles. -At the age of twelve, Benjamin was apprenticed to his brother to -learn the art of printing. In 1723 he went to Philadelphia, entered -a printing-office, and rose to distinction. He visited England; -returned; founded the first circulating library in America; edited -_Poor Richard's Almanac_; discovered the identity of electricity and -lightning; espoused the patriot cause; and devoted his old age to -perfecting the American Union. The name of Franklin is one of the -brightest in history. - -[Illustration: Benjamin Franklin.] - -[Sidenote: =D'Estaing's French Fleet.=] - -5. In May of 1778 Congress ratified the treaty with France. A month -previously a French fleet, under Count d'Estaing, had been sent to -America. Both France and Great Britain immediately prepared for war. -George III. now became willing to treat with his American subjects. -Lord North brought forward two bills in which everything the colonists -had claimed was conceded. The bills were passed by Parliament, and -the king assented. Commissioners were sent to America; but Congress -informed them that nothing but an acknowledgment of the independence -of the United States would now be accepted. - -[Sidenote: =British Evacuate Philadelphia.=] - -6. The British army remained at Philadelphia until June of 1778. The -fleet of Admiral Howe lay in the Delaware. When the rumor came that the -fleet of D'Estaing was approaching, the English admiral set sail for -New York. On the 18th of June the British army evacuated Philadelphia -and retreated across New Jersey. Washington occupied the city, and -followed the retreating foe. At Monmouth the British were overtaken. On -the morning of the 28th General Lee was ordered to attack the enemy. -The American cavalry under La Fayette was driven back by Cornwallis. -Lee ordered his line to retire to a stronger position; but the troops -mistook the order and began a retreat. Washington met the fugitives -and administered a severe rebuke to Lee. The fight continued until -nightfall, and Washington anxiously waited for the morning. During the -night, however, Clinton withdrew his forces and escaped. - -[Sidenote: =Washington and Lee.=] - -7. The loss of the Americans was two hundred and twenty-seven. The -British left nearly three hundred dead on the field. On the day after -the battle Washington received an insulting letter from Lee demanding -an apology. Washington replied that his language had been warranted by -the circumstances. Lee answered in a still more offensive manner, and -was thereupon arrested, tried by a court-martial, and dismissed from -his command for twelve months. He never reentered the service, and did -not live to see his country's independence. The British forces were now -concentrated at New York. Washington took up his headquarters at White -Plains. D'Estaing repaired to Boston. Howe returned to New York. - -[Sidenote: =Massacre of Wyoming.=] - -8. The command of the British naval forces was now transferred to -Admiral Byron. Early in October a band of incendiaries, led by -Colonel Ferguson, burned the American ships at Little Egg Harbor. -In the preceding July, Major John Butler, in command of sixteen -hundred royalists, Canadians, and Indians, marched into the valley -of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. The settlement was defenceless. On the -approach of the tories and savages, a few militia, old men, and boys, -rallied to protect their homes. A battle was fought, and the patriots -were routed. The fugitives fled to a fort, which was crowded with -women and children. Honorable terms were promised by Butler, and the -garrison capitulated. On the 5th of July the gates were opened and the -barbarians entered. Immediately they began to plunder and butcher. -Nearly all the prisoners fell under the hatchet and the scalping-knife. - -[Sidenote: =Massacre at Cherry Valley.=] - -9. In November there was a similar massacre at Cherry Valley, New -York. The invaders were led by Joseph Brandt, chief of the Mohawks, -and Walter Butler, a son of Major John Butler. The people of Cherry -Valley were driven from their homes; women and children were tomahawked -and scalped; and forty prisoners dragged into captivity. To avenge -these outrages, an expedition was sent against the savages on the -Susquehanna; and they were made to feel the terrors of war. - -[Sidenote: =George Rogers Clark in the West.=] - -10. In the spring of 1778, Major George Rogers Clark, who three years -previously had descended the Ohio River with a single companion, from -Pittsburgh to the Falls of the Ohio, organized an expedition against -the British posts on the Wabash and Mississippi rivers. All the country -northwest of the river Ohio was at this time under British authority, -but the scattered white inhabitants were nearly all French. The most -important post was the town of Vincennes, in what was afterwards -the Territory of Indiana. Major Clark gathered his forces on Corn -Island, in the Ohio, between the present cities of Louisville and -Jeffersonville. The regiment was made up of backwoods militiamen and -hunters from Kentucky and the Upper Ohio Valley. - -[Illustration: Attack on Vincennes.] - -11. Major Clark first descended the Ohio to a suitable point, and -landed in what was afterwards the Territory of Illinois. From this -point he marched across the country to the mouth of the Kaskaskia -River, where, on the 4th of July, 1778, he surprised and captured the -town of Kaskaskia from the British. Here he divided his forces, and -sent one division against the British post of Cahokia, opposite St. -Louis. This place also was surprised and taken. Soon afterwards the -French inhabitants of Vincennes rose against the British garrison, and -took possession of the town. But Governor Hamilton, of Detroit, came -down later in the year, and the British authority was restored. - -[Sidenote: =The Capture of Vincennes.=] - -12. Hearing of this event, Major Clark collected his forces at -Kaskaskia, and in the beginning of 1779 marched against Vincennes. At -the same time he sent part of his forces by water, bearing a few small -cannon in a boat around by the Ohio and up the Wabash, to a point -below Vincennes. At this time the lower Illinois country was covered -with water, and Major Clark's campaign was attended with the greatest -hardships. On the 18th of February, however, he gained a position on -the Indiana side of the Wabash, and made an attack on Vincennes. By -skillful maneuvering he deceived the British commander, and on the 24th -of the month compelled him to surrender. Thus was the great territory -northwest of the River Ohio recovered from the British, and secured for -the United States. - -[Sidenote: =The British take Savannah.=] - -13. On the 3d of November, Count d'Estaing's fleet sailed for the West -Indies. In December, Admiral Byron left New York to try the fortunes -of war on the ocean. Colonel Campbell, with two thousand men, was -sent by General Clinton for the conquest of Georgia. On the 29th of -December the expedition reached Savannah. The place was defended by -General Robert Howe with eight hundred men. A battle was fought, and -the Americans were driven out of the city. The patriots crossed into -South Carolina and found refuge at Charleston. Such was the only real -conquest made by the British during the year 1778. - -14. The winter of 1778-79 was passed by the American army at -Middlebrook. There was much discouragement among the soldiers, for they -were neither paid nor fed. But the influence of Washington prevented a -mutiny. In the latter part of May Clinton sailed with an armament up -the Hudson to Stony Point. The garrison, unable to resist, escaped from -the fortifications. - -[Sidenote: =General Wayne at Stony Point.=] - -15. On the 15th of July General Wayne marched against Stony Point. In -the evening he halted near the fort and gave his orders. The British -pickets were caught and gagged. Everything was done in silence. -Muskets were unloaded and bayonets fixed; not a gun was to be fired. -The assault was made a little after midnight. The patriots never -wavered in the charge. The ramparts were scaled; and the British, -finding themselves between two lines of bayonets, cried out for -quarter. Sixty-three of the enemy fell; the remaining five hundred and -forty-three were made prisoners. Of the Americans only fifteen were -killed and eighty-three wounded. General Wayne secured the ordnance and -stores, and then destroyed the fort. - -[Sidenote: =Campaign against the Indians.=] - -16. In the summer of 1799, four thousand six hundred men, led by -Generals Sullivan and James Clinton, were sent against the Indians -on the Susquehanna. At Elmira the savages and tories had fortified -themselves; but on the 29th of August they were forced from their -stronghold and utterly routed. The country between the Susquehanna and -the Genesee was wasted by the patriots. Forty Indian villages were -destroyed. - -[Sidenote: =Campaigns in the South.=] - -17. A little later, the tories, who were advancing to join the British -at Augusta, were defeated by the patriots under Captain Anderson. On -the 14th of February they were again overtaken and routed by Colonel -Pickens. Colonel Boyd, the tory leader, and seventy of his men were -killed. Seventy-five others were captured, and five of the ringleaders -hanged. The western half of Georgia was quickly recovered by the -patriots. - -18. General Ashe was sent with two thousand men to intercept the enemy. -On the 25th of February the Americans crossed the Savannah, and pursued -Campbell as far as Brier Creek. Here the patriots came to a halt; and -General Prevost, marching from Savannah, surrounded Ashe's command. -A battle was fought on the 3d of March; the Americans were totally -routed and driven into the swamps. By this defeat Georgia was again -prostrated, and a royal government was established over the State. - -19. Within a month General Lincoln was again in the field with five -thousand men. He advanced up the left bank of the river in the -direction of Augusta; but, at the same time, General Prevost, now -commanding the British forces in the South, crossed the Savannah and -marched against Charleston. General Lincoln turned back to attack him, -and the British made a hasty retreat. The Americans overtook the enemy -at Stone Ferry, ten miles west of Charleston, but were repulsed with -considerable loss. Prevost then fell back to Savannah. - -[Sidenote: =Attempts to retake Savannah.=] - -20. In September, Count d'Estaing arrived before Savannah with his -fleet. Prevost concentrated his forces for the defence of the city. -The French effected a landing, and advanced to the siege. D'Estaing -demanded a surrender; but Prevost answered with a message of defiance. -The siege was pressed with vigor, and the city constantly bombarded. -But the defences remained unshaken. At last D'Estaing notified Lincoln -that the city must be stormed. Before sunrise on the 9th of October -the allies advanced with great vehemence against the redoubts of the -British, but were driven back with fearful losses. Count Pulaski was -struck with a grape-shot, and was borne dying from the field. D'Estaing -retired on board the fleet, and Lincoln retreated to Charleston. - -21. On the 23d of September, Paul Jones, cruising off the coast of -Scotland with a fleet of French and American vessels, fell in with -a British squadron, and a bloody battle ensued. The _Serapis_, -a British frigate of forty-four guns, engaged the _Poor Richard_ -within musket-shot. At last the vessels were lashed together, and the -_Serapis_ struck her colors. Jones transferred his men to the conquered -ship, and the _Poor Richard_ went down. Of the three hundred and -seventy-five men on board the fleet of Jones, three hundred were either -killed or wounded. - -[Illustration: Paul Jones.] - -22. So closed the year 1779. The national treasury was bankrupt. -The patriots of the army were poorly fed, and paid only with unkept -promises. The disposition of Great Britain was still for war. The -levies of sailors and soldiers made by Parliament amounted to one -hundred and twenty thousand, while the expenses of the War Office were -set at twenty million pounds sterling. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVI. - -REVERSES AND TREASON. EVENTS OF 1780. - - -[Sidenote: =French Allies in Rhode Island.=] - -During the year 1780 military operations at the North were suspended. -Early in July Admiral De Ternay arrived at Newport with a French -squadron, and six thousand land-troops under Count Rochambeau. In -September the commander-in-chief held a conference with Rochambeau, and -the plans of future campaigns were determined. - -2. In the South the patriots suffered many reverses. South Carolina -was completely overrun by the enemy. On the 11th of February, Admiral -Arbuthnot anchored before Charleston. Sir Henry Clinton and five -thousand men were on board the fleet. The city was defended by fourteen -hundred men under General Lincoln. The British effected a landing, -and advanced up the right bank of Ashley River. On the 7th of April -Lincoln was reinforced by seven hundred Virginians. Two days afterwards -Arbuthnot succeeded in passing Fort Moultrie, and came within -cannon-shot of the city. - -[Sidenote: =The British take Charleston.=] - -3. A siege was at once begun, and prosecuted with vigor. From the -beginning the defense was hopeless. The fortifications were beaten -down, and Lincoln, dreading an assault, agreed to capitulate. On -the 12th of May, Charleston was surrendered to the British, and the -garrison became prisoners of war. A few days before the surrender -Tarleton surprised and dispersed a body of militia on the Santee. -Afterwards three successful expeditions were sent into different -sections of the State. - -4. The authority of Great Britain was reestablished over South -Carolina. Clinton and Arbuthnot returned to New York, and Cornwallis -was left to hold the conquered territory. In this condition of affairs, -Thomas Sumter and Francis Marion appeared as the protectors of the -State. They rallied the militia and began an audacious partisan -warfare. Detachments of the British were swept off as though an enemy -had fallen on them from the skies. It was here that young Andrew -Jackson, then but thirteen years of age, began his career as a soldier. - -[Sidenote: =Marion's Ragged Regiment.=] - -5. Marion's company consisted of twenty men and boys, white and black, -half clad and poorly armed. But the number increased, and the "Ragged -Regiment" soon became a terror to the enemy. There was no telling when -or where the sword of the fearless leader would fall. During the summer -and autumn of 1780 he swept around Cornwallis's positions, making -incessant onsets. - -6. General Gates now advanced into the Carolinas. Lord Rawdon -concentrated his forces at Camden. Hither came Cornwallis with -reinforcements. The Americans took post at Clermont. Cornwallis and -Gates each formed the design of surprising the other in the night. On -the evening of the 15th of August they both moved from their camps and -met midway on Sander's Creek. After a severe battle the Americans were -completely defeated with a loss of more than a thousand men. Baron De -Kalb was mortally wounded. The reputation of Gates was blown away like -chaff, and he was superseded by General Greene. - -[Sidenote: =Affairs in North Carolina.=] - -7. A few days after the battle, Sumter's corps was overtaken and -completely routed. Only Marion remained to harass the enemy. In -September the British advanced into North Carolina as far as Charlotte. -Colonel Ferguson, with eleven hundred regulars and tories, was sent -into the country west of the Catawba to encourage the royalists. On the -7th of October, while he and his men were encamped on King's Mountain, -they were attacked by a thousand riflemen led by Colonel Campbell. A -desperate battle ensued; Ferguson was slain, and three hundred of his -men were killed or wounded. The remaining eight hundred threw down -their arms and begged for quarter. Ten of the leading tory prisoners -were condemned by a court-martial and hanged. - -[Illustration: MAP OF THE CAROLINAS] - -[Sidenote: =Continental Paper Money.=] - -8. Meanwhile, the credit of the nation was sinking to the lowest ebb. -Congress resorted to paper money. At first the continental bills were -received at par; but the value of the notes rapidly diminished, until, -by the middle of 1780, they were not worth two cents to the dollar. -Business was paralyzed for the want of a currency; but Robert Morris -and a few other wealthy patriots came forward with their private -fortunes and saved the colonies from ruin. The mothers of America also -lent a helping hand; and the patriot soldiers were supplied with food -and clothing. - -9. In the midst of the gloom, the country was shocked by the news -that Benedict Arnold had turned traitor. After the battle of Bemis's -Heights, in the fall of 1777, he had been promoted to the rank of -major-general, and made commandant of Philadelphia. Here he married the -daughter of a royalist, and entered upon a career of extravagance which -overwhelmed him with debt. He then began a system of frauds on the -commissary department of the army. Charges were preferred against him -by Congress, and he was convicted by a court-martial. - -[Sidenote: =Treason of Benedict Arnold.=] - -10. Seeming to forget this disgrace, Arnold obtained command of the -fortress of West Point, on the Hudson. On the last day of July, 1780, -he assumed control of the arsenal and depot of stores at that place. He -then entered into a secret correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, and -finally offered to betray his country. It was agreed that the British -fleet should ascend the Hudson, and that the garrison and fortress -should be given up without a struggle. - -11. On the 21st of September, Clinton sent Major John André to make -arrangements for the surrender. André, who was adjutant-general of the -British army, went ashore from the _Vulture_ about midnight, and met -Arnold in a thicket. Daydawn approached, and the conspirators entered -the American lines. André, disguising himself, assumed the character of -a spy. - -[Sidenote: =Capture of Major André.=] - -12. During the next day the business was completed. Arnold agreed -to surrender West Point for ten thousand pounds and a commission -as brigadier in the British army. André received papers containing -a description of West Point, its defences, and the best method of -attack. During that day an American battery drove the _Vulture_ down -the river, and André was obliged to cross to the other side and return -by land. He passed the American outposts in safety; but at Tarrytown -he was confronted by three militiamen[B] who stripped him, found his -papers, and delivered him to Colonel Jameson at North Castle. Arnold, -on hearing the news, escaped on board the _Vulture_. André was tried by -a court-martial at Tappan, and condemned to death. On the 2d of October -he was led to the gallows, and, under the stern code of war, was hanged. - -[Footnote B: John Paulding, David Williams and Isaac van Wart. Congress -afterwards rewarded them with silver medals and pensions for life.] - -[Illustration: Capture of André.] - -13. For several years Holland had favored the Americans; now she began -negotiations for a treaty similar to that between France and the United -States. Great Britain discovered the purposes of the Dutch government, -and remonstrated. On the 20th of December an open declaration of war -was made. Thus the Netherlands were added to the enemies of England. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVII. - -EVENTS OF 1781. - - -[Sidenote: =Mutiny in the Continental Army.=] - -For the Americans the year 1781 opened gloomily. The condition of -the army was desperate--no food, no pay, no clothing. On the first -day of January, the whole Pennsylvania line mutinied and marched on -Philadelphia. At Princeton they were met by emissaries from Sir Henry -Clinton, and were tempted with offers of money and clothing if they -would desert the American standard. The patriots answered by seizing -the British agents and delivering them to General Wayne to be hanged. -The commissioners of Congress offered the insurgents a large reward, -which was refused; and a few liberal concessions on the part of the -government quieted the mutiny. - -2. About the middle of the month the New Jersey brigade revolted. This -movement Washington quelled by force. General Howe marched to the camp -with five hundred regulars and compelled the mutineers to execute their -own leaders. From that day order was restored. Congress was thoroughly -alarmed. An agent was sent to France to obtain a loan of money. Robert -Morris was appointed secretary of finance; and the Bank of North -America was organized to aid the government. - -[Sidenote: =Traitor Arnold in the British Army.=] - -3. On arriving at New York, Arnold received his commission as -brigadier in the British army. In January the traitor began war on his -countrymen. His proceedings were marked with much ferocity. In the -vicinity of Richmond a vast quantity of property was destroyed. Arnold -then took up his headquarters in Portsmouth; and Washington, for the -second time, planned his capture. The French fleet was ordered to -cooperate with La Fayette in the attempt. But Admiral Arbuthnot drove -the French squadron back to Rhode Island. La Fayette abandoned the -undertaking, and Arnold again escaped. - -[Illustration: - - MAP SHOWING - THE COLONIES. - at the time of - THE REVOLUTION.] - -[Illustration: General Greene.] - -4. In April, General Phillips arrived at Portsmouth and assumed command -of the army. In May Phillips died, and for seven days Arnold held the -supreme command of the British forces in Virginia. On the 20th of the -month Lord Cornwallis arrived and ordered him to be gone. Returning to -New York he made an expedition against New London, in his native State. -Fort Griswold, which was defended by Colonel Ledyard, was carried by -storm. When Ledyard surrendered, seventy-three of the garrison were -murdered in cold blood. - -[Sidenote: =Battle at Cowpens.=] - -5. General Greene was now in command of the American army at Charlotte, -North Carolina. Early in January, General Morgan was sent into South -Carolina to repress the tories. Colonel Tarleton followed with his -cavalry. The Americans took a position at the Cowpens, where, on the -17th of January, they were attacked by the British. Tarleton made the -onset with impetuosity; but Morgan's men bravely held their ground. -At last the American cavalry, under Colonel William Washington, made -a charge and scattered the British dragoons like chaff. Ten British -officers and ninety privates were killed. - -6. When Cornwallis heard of the battle he marched up the river to cut -off Morgan's retreat. But Greene hastened to the Morgan's camp and -took command in person. On the 28th of January, the Americans reached -the Catawba and crossed to the northern bank. Within two hours the -British arrived at the ford. During the night the rain poured down in -torrents; the river was swollen to a flood; and it was many days before -the British could cross. Then began a race for the Yadkin. - -[Sidenote: =The Two Armies in North Carolina.=] - -7. The distance was sixty miles. In two days the Americans reached -the river. The crossing was nearly effected when the British appeared -in sight. That night the Yadkin was made impassable by rains, and -Cornwallis was again delayed. On the 9th of February the British -succeeded in crossing. The lines of retreat and pursuit were now nearly -parallel. A third time the race began, and again the Americans won -it. On the 13th Greene, with the main division, crossed the Dan into -Virginia, and on the 22d of February returned into North Carolina. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Guilford Courthouse.=] - -8. Greene's army now numbered more than four thousand men. Determining -to avoid battle no longer, he marched to Guilford Courthouse. -Cornwallis moved forward to the attack. On the 15th of March the -two armies met, and a severe but indecisive battle was fought. The -Americans were driven back for several miles; but in killed and wounded -the British loss was greatest. - -9. Early in April, Cornwallis retreated to Wilmington, and then -proceeded to Virginia. The British forces in the Carolinas remained -under Lord Rawdon. On the 10th of May, Lord Rawdon retired to Eutaw -Springs. The British posts at Orangeburg and Augusta fell into the -hands of the patriots. General Greene passed the sickly months of -summer in the hill country of the Santee. - -10. Sumter, Lee, and Marion were constantly abroad, smiting the tories -right and left. Lord Rawdon now went to Charleston and became a -principal actor in one of the most shameful scenes of the Revolution. -Colonel Isaac Hayne, a patriot who had once taken an oath of allegiance -to the king, was caught in command of a troop of American cavalry. He -was arraigned before Colonel Balfour, the commandant of Charleston, and -condemned to death. Rawdon gave his sanction, and Colonel Hayne was -hanged. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Eutaw Springs.=] - -11. On the 22d of August, General Greene marched toward Orangeburg. -The British retired to Eutaw Springs. There the Americans overtook -them on the 8th of September. One of the fiercest battles of the war -ensued, and General Greene was denied a decisive victory only by the -bad conduct of some of his troops. After losing five hundred and -fifty-five men, he gave up the struggle. The British lost in killed and -wounded nearly seven hundred. Stuart retreated to Monk's Corner; Greene -followed; and after two months of maneuvering, the British were driven -into Charleston. In the whole South only Charleston and Savannah were -now held by the king's army; the latter city was evacuated on the 11th -of July, and the former on the 14th of December, 1782. Such was the -close of the Revolution in the Carolinas and Georgia. - -[Sidenote: =Cornwallis in Virginia.=] - -12. In the beginning of May, 1781, Cornwallis took command of the -British army in Virginia. The country was ravaged, and property -destroyed to the value of fifteen million dollars. La Fayette, to -whom the defence of the State had been intrusted, was unable to meet -Cornwallis in the field. While the British were near Richmond, a -detachment under Tarleton proceeded to Charlottesville, and captured -the town and seven members of the legislature. Governor Jefferson -escaped into the mountains. The British marched to Portsmouth; but -early in August the army was conveyed to Yorktown, on the southern bank -of York River. - -[Sidenote: =Cornwallis Blockaded in Yorktown.=] - -13. La Fayette followed and took post eight miles from the British. -During July and August, Washington, from his camp on the Hudson, -looked wistfully to the South. Clinton was kept in alarm by false -dispatches, indicating that the Americans would immediately besiege New -York. When Clinton was informed that Washington was marching toward -Virginia, he would not believe it. Washington pressed rapidly forward, -and joined La Fayette at Williamsburg. On the 30th of August, a French -fleet, with four thousand troops on board, reached the Chesapeake and -anchored in the mouth of York River. Cornwallis was blockaded by sea -and land. - -[Sidenote: =Surrender of Cornwallis.=] - -14. Count de Barras, who commanded the French flotilla at Newport, also -arrived. On the 5th of September, Admiral Graves appeared in the bay, -and a naval battle ensued, in which the British ships were roughly -handled. On the 28th, the allied armies encamped around Yorktown and -began their intrenchments. On the night of the 14th, the enemy's outer -works were carried by storm. On the 16th the British made a sortie, but -were repulsed. The next day Cornwallis proposed a surrender; on the -18th terms of capitulation were signed; and on the afternoon of the -19th the whole British army, consisting of seven thousand two hundred -and forty-seven English and Hessian soldiers, laid down their arms and -became prisoners of war. This event virtually terminated the war of the -Revolution. - -[Sidenote: =News of the Victory.=] - -15. On the evening of the 23d the news was borne to Congress. On -the morning of the 24th, the members went in concourse with the -citizens to the Dutch Lutheran church, and turned the afternoon into -a thanksgiving. The note of rejoicing sounded throughout the land. In -England the king and his ministers heard the tidings with rage; but -the English people were secretly pleased. On the 20th of March, 1782, -Lord North and his friends resigned their offices. A new ministry was -formed, favorable to peace. The command of the British forces in the -United States was transferred to Sir Guy Carleton, a man friendly to -American interests. - -[Illustration: Surrender of Cornwallis.] - -16. In the summer of 1782, Richard Oswald was sent by Parliament to -Paris, to confer with Franklin and Jay in regard to the terms of peace. -John Adams and Henry Laurens also entered into the negotiations. On -the 30th of November preliminary articles of peace were signed; and in -the following April the terms were ratified by Congress. On the 3d of -September, 1783, a final treaty was effected between all the nations -that had been at war. - -[Sidenote: =Treaty of Peace.=] - -17. The terms of the TREATY OF 1783 were these: A complete recognition -of the independence of the United States; the cession by Great Britain -of Florida to Spain; the surrender of the remaining territory east -of the Mississippi to the United States; the free navigation of the -Mississippi and the lakes; and the retention by Great Britain of Canada -and Nova Scotia. - -18. Early in August Sir Guy Carleton received instructions to evacuate -New York City. By the 25th of November everything was in readiness; the -British army was embarked; the sails were spread; the ships stood out -to sea and disappeared. The Briton was gone. After the struggles of an -eight years' war the patriots had achieved their independence. - -[Sidenote: =Washington's Farewell to the Army.=] - -19. On the 4th of December Washington assembled his officers to bid -them a final adieu. When they were met, he spoke a few affectionate -words to his comrades, who came forward, and with tears and sobs bade -him farewell. Washington then departed to Annapolis, where Congress was -in session. At Philadelphia he made a report of his expenses during the -war. The account, in his own handwriting, embraced an expenditure of -seventy-four thousand four hundred and eighty-five dollars--all correct -to a cent. - -20. The route of the chief to Annapolis was a continuous triumph. -The people by thousands flocked to the roadsides to see him pass. -On the 23d of December, Washington was introduced to Congress, and -delivered an address full of wisdom and modesty. With great dignity he -surrendered his commission as commander-in-chief of the army. General -Mifflin, the president of Congress, responded in an eloquent manner, -and then the hero retired to his home at Mount Vernon. - - - - -CHAPTER XXVIII. - -CONFEDERATION AND UNION. - - -[Sidenote: =American Government.=] - -During the progress of the Revolution the civil government of the -United States was in a deplorable condition. Nothing but the peril of -the country had, in the first place, led to the calling of a Congress. -When that body assembled, it had no constitution nor power of efficient -action. The two great wants of the country were _money_ to carry on the -war, and _a central authority_ to direct the war. Whenever Congress -would attempt a firmer government, the movement would be checked by the -remonstrance of the colonies. - -2. Foremost of those who worked for better government was Benjamin -Franklin. In 1775 he laid before Congress the plan of a perpetual -confederation of the States. But the attention of that body was -occupied with the war, and Franklin's measure received little notice. -Congress, without any real authority, began to conduct the government, -and its legislation was generally accepted by the States. - -[Sidenote: =Articles of Confederation.=] - -3. On the 11th of June, 1776, a committee was appointed by Congress to -prepare a plan of confederation. After a month the work was completed -and laid before the house. The debates on the subject continued at -intervals until the 15th of November, 1777, when a vote was taken -in Congress, and the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION were adopted, which -were then transmitted to the State legislatures for ratification. By -them the new frame of government was returned to Congress with many -amendments. These having been considered, the articles were signed -by the delegates of eight States on the 9th of July, 1778. Those -of Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey, and Delaware signed before -February, of 1779. Maryland did not assent until March of 1781. - -4. The government of the United States under the confederation was a -loose union of independent commonwealths. The executive and legislative -powers were vested in Congress--a body composed of not less than two -nor more than seven representatives from each State. The sovereignty -was reserved to the States. There was no chief magistrate and no -general judiciary. The consent of nine States was necessary to complete -an act of legislation. The union was declared to be perpetual. - -[Sidenote: =Inadequacy of the Confederation.=] - -5. On the 2d of March, 1781, Congress assembled under the new -government. From the first, its inadequacy was manifest. Congress had -no real authority. The first duty was to provide for the payment of -the war debt of thirty-eight million dollars. Congress recommended -a general tax. Some of the States made the levy, others refused. -Robert Morris was brought to poverty in a vain effort to sustain the -government. - -6. In this condition of affairs, Washington advised the calling -of a convention to meet at Annapolis. In September of 1786 the -representatives of five States assembled. The questions of a tariff -and a revision of the articles of confederation were discussed. It was -finally resolved to adjourn until the following year. - -[Sidenote: =The Constitution Proposed.=] - -7. Congress invited the legislatures to appoint delegates to the -convention. All of the States except Rhode Island responded; and on -the second Monday in May, 1787, the representatives assembled at -Philadelphia. Washington was chosen president of the convention. -On the 29th Edmund Randolph introduced a resolution to adopt a new -constitution. A committee was accordingly appointed to revise the -articles of confederation. Early in September, the report of the -committee was adopted; and that report was THE CONSTITUTION OF THE -UNITED STATES. - -8. On the question of _adopting_ the Constitution the people were -divided. Those who favored the new government were called FEDERALISTS; -those who opposed, ANTI-FEDERALISTS. The leaders of the former were -Washington, Jay, Madison, and Hamilton, the latter statesman throwing -his whole energies into the controversy. In the papers called _The -Federalist_ he and Madison answered every objection of the anti-Federal -party. To Hamilton the Republic owes a debt of gratitude for having -established on a firm basis the true principles of free government. - -[Sidenote: =Provisions of the Constitution.=] - -9. Under the Constitution the powers of government are arranged under -three heads--LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, and JUDICIAL. The legislative -power is vested in Congress--composed of a Senate and a House of -Representatives. The Senators are chosen, for a term of six years, by -the legislatures of the several States. Each State is represented by -two Senators. The Representatives are elected by the people; and each -State is entitled to a number of representatives proportionate to its -population. The members of this branch are chosen for two years. - -10. The executive power of the United States is vested in a President, -chosen for four years by the Electoral College. The electors composing -the college are chosen by the people; and each State is entitled to -a number of electors equal to the number of its representatives and -senators in Congress. The duty of the President is to enforce the -laws of Congress in accordance with the Constitution. He is also -commander-in-chief of the armies and navies. In case of the death -or resignation of the President, the Vice-president becomes chief -magistrate. - -11. The judicial power of the United States is vested in a Supreme -Court and in inferior courts established by Congress. The highest -judicial officer is the Chief-justice. The judges hold their offices -during life or good behavior. The right of trial by jury is granted in -all cases except the impeachment of public officers. Treason against -the United States consists in levying war against them, or in giving -aid to their enemies. - -12. The Constitution provides that new territories maybe organized -and new States admitted into the Union; that to every State shall be -guaranteed a republican form of government; and that the Constitution -may be altered or amended by the consent of two thirds of both houses -of Congress and three fourths of the legislatures of the States. In -accordance with this provision, fifteen amendments have since been made -to the Constitution. - -[Sidenote: =Constitution Adopted.=] - -13. Before the end of 1788 eleven States had adopted the Constitution. -The new government was to go into operation when nine States should -ratify. For a while, North Carolina and Rhode Island hesitated. In -accordance with an act of Congress, the first Wednesday of January, -1789, was named as the time for the election of a chief-magistrate. -The people had but one voice as to the man who should be honored with -that high trust. Early in April, the ballots of the electors were -counted, and George Washington was unanimously chosen President and -John Adams Vice-president of the United States. On the 14th of the -month, Washington received notification of his election, and departed -for New York. His route was a constant triumph. With this event the era -of nationality in the New Republic is ushered in. - - -REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART IV. - - -CHAPTER XXI. - - 1. Trace the causes, general and special, of the Revolutionary War. - - 2. Give an account of the Stamp Act Congress, and of the important - measure adopted by it. - - 3. How did the movements in America affect the British king and - parliament? - - - CHAPTER XXII. - - 4. Give an account of the beginnings of war, and of the engagements at - that time about Boston. - - 5. Tell of the condition of the American forces, and of the appointment - of a commander-in-chief. - - 6. What were the relations between the American colonies and Canada? - - - CHAPTER XXIII. - - 7. Describe the military movements of the first half of the year 1776. - - 8. Who were the Hessians, and how were they brought into this war? - - 9. Give an account of the preparation and adoption of the _Declaration - of Independence_. - - 10. Follow the military movements of the latter half of the year 1776. - - - CHAPTER XXIV. - - 11. What were the military movements of the early part of the year 1777? - - 12. Tell of the attitude of France toward the war, and of the coming - over of La Fayette and his followers. - - 13. Give an account of the campaigns under Burgoyne. - - 14. Trace the movements in the south and along the Delaware. - - - CHAPTER XXV. - - 15. Give an account of the treaty with France, and of the coming over - of the French fleet under D'Estaing. - - 16. Tell the story of the massacres at Wyoming and at Cherry Valley. - - 17. Outline the campaigns of 1779. - - 18. What was now the condition of the Americans on the seas? - - - CHAPTER XXVI. - - 19. Describe the military movements of 1780. - - 20. Give an account of the treachery of Benedict Arnold. - - - CHAPTER XXVII. - - 21. Sketch the campaigns of 1781. - - 22. Tell of the surrender of Cornwallis and the British army. - - 23. Give an account of the Treaty of Peace, and of the disbanding of - the American army. - - - CHAPTER XXVIII. - - 24. Tell of the government of America in the early part of the war, and - under the Articles of Confederation. - - 25. What led to the adoption of the new constitution, and what are some - of its leading provisions? - - - - -PART V. - -GROWTH OF THE UNION. - -A. D. 1789-1861. - - - - -CHAPTER XXIX. - -WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-1797. - - -[Sidenote: =Washington's Inauguration.=] - -On the 30th of April, 1789, Washington was inaugurated first President -of the United States. The ceremony was performed in New York City, on -the site of the Custom-house, in Wall Street. Chancellor Livingston, of -New York, administered the oath of office. The streets and house-tops -were thronged with people; flags fluttered; cannon boomed from the -Battery. Washington retired to the Senate chamber and delivered his -inaugural address. Congress had already been organized. - -2. The new government was embarrassed with many difficulties. By -the treaty of 1783 the free navigation of the Mississippi had been -guaranteed. Now the Spaniards of New Orleans hindered the passage -of American ships. On the frontier the Red men were at war with the -settlers. As to financial credit or income, the United States had none. - -[Sidenote: =The First Cabinet.=] - -3. On the 10th of September an act was passed by Congress instituting a -department of foreign affairs, a treasury department, and a department -of war. Washington nominated Jefferson as Secretary of Foreign Affairs; -Knox, Secretary of War; and Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. A -Supreme Court was also organized, John Jay receiving the appointment -of first Chief-justice. Edmund Randolph was chosen Attorney-General. -Meanwhile, the objections of North Carolina and Rhode Island were -removed, and both States ratified the Constitution, the former in -November of 1789, and the latter in the following May. - -[Illustration: Inauguration of Washington.] - -[Sidenote: =The Financial Policy.=] - -4. The war debt of the United States, including the revolutionary -expenses of the several States, amounted to nearly eighty million -dollars. Hamilton adopted a broad and honest policy. His plan proposed -that the debt of the United States due to American citizens, as well -as the debt of the individual States, should be assumed by the general -government, _and that all should be fully paid_. By this measure the -credit of the country was vastly improved. Hamilton's financial schemes -were violently opposed by Jefferson and the anti-Federal party. In 1791 -the BANK OF THE UNITED STATES was established by an act of Congress. - -[Sidenote: =Admission of Vermont.=] - -5. The question of fixing the seat of government was discussed; and -it was agreed to establish the capital for ten years at Philadelphia, -and afterwards at some locality on the Potomac. The next measure was -the organization of the territory southwest of the Ohio. On the 4th of -March, 1791, Vermont, which had been an independent territory since -1777, was admitted into the Union as the fourteenth State. The census -of the United States, for 1790, showed a population of three million -nine hundred and twenty-nine thousand. - -[Sidenote: =Indian Troubles in the N.W. Territory.=] - -6. In 1790 a war broke out with the Miami Indians. These tribes went to -war to recover the lands which they had ceded to the United States. In -September General Harmar, with fourteen hundred men, marched from Fort -Washington, on the present site of Cincinnati, to the Maumee. On the -21st of October the army was defeated, with great loss, at a ford of -this stream. General Harmar retreated to Fort Washington. - -7. After the defeat of Harmar, General St. Clair, with two thousand -men, set out from Fort Washington to break the power of the Miamis. On -the 4th of November he was attacked in the southwest angle of Mercer -County, Ohio, by more than two thousand warriors. After a terrible -battle, St. Clair was completely defeated, with a loss of half his -men. The fugitives retreated precipitately to Fort Washington. The -news of the disaster spread sorrow throughout the land. St. Clair was -superseded by General Wayne, whom the people had named Mad Anthony. - -[Sidenote: =Admission of Kentucky.=] - -8. The population of Kentucky had now reached seventy-three thousand. -Seventeen years before, Daniel Boone, the hardy hunter of North -Carolina, had settled at Boonesborough. Harrodsburg and Lexington -were founded about the same time. During the Revolution the pioneers -were constantly beset by the savages. After the expedition of General -Clark, in 1779, thousands of immigrants came annually. On the 1st of -June, 1792, Kentucky was admitted into the Union. At the presidential -election of 1792, Washington was again unanimously chosen; as -Vice-president, John Adams was reelected. - -9. Washington's second administration was greatly troubled in its -relations with foreign governments. Citizen Genet, who was sent by -the French republic as minister to the United States, arrived at -Charleston, and was greeted with great enthusiasm. Taking advantage -of his popularity, he fitted out privateers to prey on the commerce -of Great Britain, and planned an expedition against Louisiana. When -Washington refused to enter into an alliance with France, the minister -threatened _to appeal to the people_. But Washington stood unmoved, and -demanded the minister's recall. The authorities of France heeded the -demand, and Genet was superseded by M. Fouchet. - -[Sidenote: =The Whiskey Insurrection.=] - -10. In 1794 the country was disturbed by a difficulty in western -Pennsylvania, known as the WHISKEY INSURRECTION. Congress had, three -years previously, imposed a tax on all ardent spirits distilled in the -United States. Genet and his partisans had incited the people of the -distilling regions to resist the tax collectors. The disaffected rose -in arms. Washington issued two proclamations, warning the insurgents -to disperse; but instead of obeying, they fired upon the officers of -the government. General Henry Lee, with a strong detachment of troops, -then marched to the scene of the disturbance and dispersed the rioters. - -11. In the fall of 1793 General Wayne entered the Indian country with -a force of three thousand men. Near the scene of St. Clair's defeat -he built Fort Recovery, and then pressed on to the junction of the -Auglaize and the Maumee. Here he built Fort Defiance. On the 20th of -August Wayne overtook the savages at the town of Waynesfield, and -routed them with terrible losses. The chieftains were obliged to -purchase peace by ceding to the United States all the territory east -of a line drawn from Fort Recovery to the mouth of the Kentucky River. -This was the last service of General Wayne. In December of 1796 he -died, and was buried at Presque Isle. - -[Sidenote: =British Privateers.=] - -12. In 1793 George III. issued instructions to British privateers to -seize all neutral vessels found trading in the French West Indies. -The United States had no notification of this measure, and American -commerce to the value of many millions of dollars was swept from the -sea. Chief-justice Jay was sent to demand redress, and in November of -1794 an honorable treaty was concluded. It was specified in the treaty -that Great Britain should make reparation for the injuries done, and -surrender to the United States certain Western posts which until now -had been held by that country. - -13. In 1795 the boundary between the United States and Louisiana -was settled. Spain granted to the Americans the free navigation of -the Mississippi. About this time a difficulty arose with the dey of -Algiers. For many years Algerine pirates had been preying upon the -commerce of civilized nations. The dey had agreed with these nations -that his pirate ships should not attack their vessels if they would pay -him an annual tribute. The Algerine sea-robbers were now turned loose -on American commerce, and the government of the United States was also -obliged to purchase safety by paying tribute. - -[Illustration: Algerine Pirates.] - -[Sidenote: =Admission of Tennessee.=] - -14. In 1796 Tennessee, the third new State, was admitted into the -Union. The population already numbered more than seventy thousand. The -first inhabitants of Tennessee were as hardy a race of pioneers as ever -braved the wilderness. - -15. Washington was solicited to become a candidate for a third -election; but he refused. In September of 1796 he issued to the -people of the United States his Farewell Address--a document full -of wisdom and patriotism. The political parties at once put forward -their candidates--John Adams as the choice of the Federal, and Thomas -Jefferson of the anti-Federal party. The chief question between the -parties was whether it was the true policy of the United States to -enter into intimate relations with France. The anti-Federalists said, -_Yes!_ The Federalists said, _No!_ On that issue Mr. Adams was elected, -but Mr. Jefferson, having the next highest number of votes, became -Vice-president. - - - - -CHAPTER XXX. - -ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. - - -On the 4th of March, 1797, President Adams was inaugurated. From the -beginning, his administration was embarrassed by political opposition. -Adet, the French minister, urged the government to conclude a league -with France against Great Britain. When the President and Congress -refused, the French Directory began _to demand_ an alliance. On the -10th of March that body issued instructions to French men-of-war to -assail the commerce of the United States. Mr. Pinckney, the American -minister, was ordered to leave France. - -[Illustration: John Adams.] - -[Sidenote: =Troubles with France.=] - -2. These proceedings were equivalent to a declaration of war. The -President convened Congress in extraordinary session. Elbridge Gerry -and John Marshall were directed to join Mr. Pinckney in a final effort -for a peaceable adjustment of the difficulties. But the Directory -refused to receive the ambassadors except upon condition that they -would pay into the French treasury a quarter of a million dollars. -Pinckney answered that the United States had _millions for defense, -but not one cent for tribute_. The envoys were then ordered to leave -the country. - -3. In 1798 an act was passed by Congress completing the organization -of the army. Washington was called from his retirement and appointed -commander-in-chief. Six American frigates put to sea, and, in the fall -of 1799 did good service for the country. Commodore Truxtun, in the -_Constellation_, won distinguished honors. On the 9th of February, -while cruising in the West Indies, he attacked the _Insurgent_, a -French man-of-war, carrying forty guns and more than four hundred -seamen. A desperate engagement ensued; and Truxtun gained a complete -victory. - -4. Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte had overthrown the Directory of -France and made himself First Consul. He immediately sought peace with -the United States. Three American ambassadors were sent to Paris, in -March of 1800. Negotiations were at once opened, and in the following -September were terminated with a treaty of peace. - -[Illustration: Home of Washington at Mount Vernon.] - -[Sidenote: =Death of Washington.=] - -5. Before the war-cloud was scattered America was called to mourn the -loss of Washington. On the 14th of December, 1799, after an illness -of only a day, the chieftain passed from among the living. All hearts -were touched with sorrow. Congress went in funeral procession to the -German Lutheran church, where General Henry Lee delivered a touching -and eloquent oration. Throughout the world the memory of the great dead -was honored with appropriate ceremonies. - -[Sidenote: =Washington City.=] - -6. The administration of Adams and the eighteenth century drew to a -close together. The new Republic was growing strong and influential. -The census of 1800 showed that the population of the country had -increased to over five millions. The seventy-five post-offices reported -by the census of 1790 had been multiplied to nine hundred and three; -the exports of the United States had grown from twenty millions to -nearly seventy-one millions of dollars. In December of 1800, Congress -assembled in Washington City. Virginia and Maryland had ceded to the -United States the District of Columbia, a tract ten miles square lying -on both sides of the Potomac. The city was laid out in 1792; and in -1800 the population numbered between eight and nine thousand. - -7. With prudent management the Federal party might have retained -control of the government. But much of the legislation of Congress had -been unwise and unpopular. The "Alien Law," by which the President was -authorized to send foreigners out of the country, was specially odious. -The "Sedition Law," which punished with fine and imprisonment the -freedom of speech and of the press, was denounced as an act of tyranny. -Partisan excitement ran high. Mr. Adams and Mr. Charles C. Pinckney -were put forward as the candidates of the Federalists, and Thomas -Jefferson and Aaron Burr of the Democrats. The election was thrown into -the House of Representatives, and the choice fell on Jefferson and -Burr. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXI. - -JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1801-1809. - - -At the beginning of his administration, Mr. Jefferson transferred the -chief offices of the government to members of the Democratic party. -Such action was justified by the adherents of the President on the -ground that the affairs of a republic will be best administered when -the officers hold the same political sentiments. One of the first -acts of Congress was to abolish the system of internal revenues. The -unpopular "Alien" and "Sedition" laws were also repealed. - -2. In the year 1800 a line was drawn through the Northwest Territory -from the mouth of the Great Miami River northward, through Fort -Recovery on the head waters of the Wabash, to Canada. Two years -afterwards the country east of this line was erected into the State of -Ohio, which, in 1803, was admitted into the Union. The portion west of -the line was organized under the name of INDIANA TERRITORY. - -[Illustration: Thomas Jefferson.] - -[Sidenote: =Indiana Territory.=] - -3. The new region thus brought under civil government embraced a vast -area of country. It included all of the present States of Indiana, -Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and a small portion of Minnesota. -Vincennes was made the capital. The appointment of Governor and -Superintendent of Indian Affairs was conferred on General William Henry -Harrison. The work imposed upon him was very great. First appointed -by President John Adams, he was afterwards reappointed to the same -position by Presidents Jefferson and Madison. Repairing to his field of -duty, he convened the first Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in -1805, and entered at once into negotiations with the Indian tribes. - -4. During the administration of Governor Harrison, many salutary -measures were adopted with respect to the natives. The Governor sought -to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquors among them, and induced -many of the tribes to submit to inoculation, as a means of preventing -the ravages of smallpox. In September, 1809, he met a congress of the -tribes at Vincennes, and effected the purchase of about three million -acres of valuable land in the valleys of the Wabash and White rivers. -It was these progressive measures which aroused the jealousy and alarm -of the Red men, and brought on the Indian war of 1811. - -[Sidenote: =The Louisiana Purchase.=] - -5. About the same time of the organization of Indiana Territory the -MISSISSIPPI TERRITORY was organized. More important still was the -purchase of the vast region called Louisiana. In 1800 Napoleon had -compelled Spain to make a cession of this territory to France. He now -authorized his minister to dispose of Louisiana by sale. The President -appointed Mr. Livingston and James Monroe to negotiate the purchase. -On the 30th of April, 1803, terms were agreed on; and for the sum of -eleven million two hundred and fifty thousand dollars Louisiana was -ceded to the United States. It was also agreed that the United States -should pay certain debts due from France to American citizens--the sum -not to exceed three million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. -Thus did that vast domain west of the Mississippi pass under the -dominion of the United States. - -6. Out of the southern portion of the great province the TERRITORY OF -ORLEANS was organized with the same limits as the present State of -Louisiana; the rest continued to be called the TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA. -Very justly did Mr. Livingston say to the French minister as they arose -from signing the treaty: "This is the noblest work of our lives." - -7. In 1801 John Marshall became Chief-justice of the United States. -In the colonial times, the English constitution and common law had -prevailed in America. When the new Republic was organized, it became -necessary to modify the principles of law and to adapt them to the -altered form of government. This great work was accomplished by -Chief-justice Marshall. - -[Sidenote: =War with Tripoli.=] - -8. The Mediterranean pirates still annoyed American merchantmen. -The emperors of Morocco, Algiers, and Tripoli became especially -troublesome. In 1803 Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean -to protect American commerce and punish the pirates. The frigate -_Philadelphia_, under Captain Bainbridge, sailed directly to Tripoli. -When nearing his destination, Bainbridge gave chase to a pirate which -fled for safety to the harbor. The _Philadelphia_, in close pursuit, -ran upon a reef of rocks near the shore, and was captured by the -Tripolitans. The officers were treated with some respect, but the crew -were enslaved. - -9. In the following February Captain Decatur sailed to Tripoli in a -Moorish ship, called the _Intrepid_. At nightfall Decatur steered into -the harbor, slipped alongside of the _Philadelphia_, sprang on deck -with his daring band, and killed or drove overboard every Moor on the -vessel. In a moment the frigate was fired; Decatur and his crew escaped -to the _Intrepid_ without the loss of a man. - -10. In July of 1804 Commodore Preble arrived at Tripoli and began -a siege. The town was bombarded, and several Moorish vessels were -destroyed. In the mean time, William Eaton, the American consul at -Tunis, had organized a force, and was marching overland to Tripoli. -Hamet, who was the rightful sovereign of Tripoli, was cooperating -with Eaton in an effort to recover his kingdom. Yusef, the Tripolitan -emperor, made overtures for peace. His offers were accepted, and a -treaty was concluded on the 4th of June, 1805. - -[Sidenote: =Schemes of Aaron Burr.=] - -11. In 1804 the country was shocked by the intelligence that -Vice-president Burr had killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. As his -term of office drew to a close, Burr foresaw that he would not be -renominated. In 1803 he became a candidate for governor of New York; -but Hamilton's influence in that State prevented his election. Burr -thereupon sought a quarrel with Hamilton, challenged him, met him at -Weehawken on the morning of the 11th of July, and deliberately murdered -him. Thus the brightest intellect in America was put out in darkness. - -12. After the death of Hamilton, Burr fled to the South. At the opening -of the next session of Congress he returned to preside over the Senate. -Then he took up his residence with an Englishman named Blennerhassett, -who had built a mansion on an island in the Ohio, near the mouth of -the Muskingum. Here Burr made a treasonable scheme to raise a military -force, invade Mexico, detach the Southwestern States from the Union, -and overthrow the government of the United States. But his purposes -were suspected. The military preparations at Blennerhassett's Island -were broken up. Burr was arrested in Alabama and taken to Richmond to -be tried for treason. Chief-justice Marshall presided at the trial, and -Burr conducted his own defence. The verdict was, "Not guilty--_for want -of sufficient proof_." Burr afterward practiced law in New York, lived -to old age, and died in poverty. - -[Sidenote: =Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.=] - -13. In the autumn of 1804 Jefferson was reelected. For Vice-president, -George Clinton of New York was chosen in place of Burr. In the next -year a part of the Northwest Territory was organized under the name -of MICHIGAN. In the same spring, Captains Lewis and Clarke set out -from the falls of the Missouri River with thirty-five soldiers and -hunters to explore Oregon. For two years, through forests of gigantic -pines, and along the banks of unknown rivers, did they continue their -explorations. After wandering among unheard-of tribes of savages, and -traversing a route of six thousand miles, the adventurers, with the -loss of but one man, returned to civilization. - -[Illustration: Lewis and Clarke's Expedition.] - -14. During Jefferson's second term, the country was much agitated by -the aggressions of the British navy. England and France were engaged in -war. The British authorities struck blow after blow against the trade -between France and foreign nations; and Napoleon retaliated. The plan -adopted by the two powers was to blockade each other's ports with -men-of-war. By such means the commerce of the United States was greatly -injured. - -[Sidenote: =Aggressions on American Commerce.=] - -15. In May of 1806 England blockaded the whole coast of France. -American vessels, approaching the French ports, were seized as prizes. -The following November Bonaparte issued a decree blockading the British -isles. Again American merchantmen were subjected to seizure. In January -of the next year Great Britain retaliated by prohibiting the French -coasting-trade. These measures were all in violation of the law of -nations. - -16. Great Britain next set up the peculiar claim of citizenship, that -whoever is born in England remains through life a subject of England. -English cruisers were authorized to search American vessels for -persons suspected of being British subjects. Those who were taken were -impressed as seamen in the English navy. - -[Sidenote: =Impressment of Seamen.=] - -17. On the 22d of June, 1807, the frigate _Chesapeake_ was hailed -near Fortress Monroe by a British man-of-war called the _Leopard_. -British officers came on board and demanded _to search the vessel for -deserters_. The demand was refused and the ship cleared for action. But -before the guns could be charged, the _Leopard_ poured in a destructive -fire and compelled a surrender. Four men were taken from the captured -ship, three of whom proved to be American citizens. Great Britain -disavowed this outrage, and promised reparation; but the promise was -never fulfilled. - -[Sidenote: =The Embargo Act.=] - -18. The President issued a proclamation forbidding British ships of -war to enter American harbors. On the 21st of December Congress passed -the EMBARGO ACT, by which all American vessels were detained in the -ports of the United States. The object was to cut off commercial -intercourse with France and Great Britain. But after fourteen months -the embargo act was repealed. Meanwhile, in November of 1808, the -British government published an "order in council," prohibiting _all_ -trade with France and her allies. Thereupon Napoleon issued the "Milan -decree," forbidding all trade with England and her colonies. By these -outrages the commerce of the United States was well-nigh destroyed. - -19. While the country was thus distracted, Robert Fulton was building -the FIRST STEAMBOAT. Fulton was an Irishman by descent and a -Pennsylvanian by birth. His education in boyhood was imperfect, but was -afterward improved by study at London and Paris. - -[Illustration: Fulton's "Clermont."] - -[Sidenote: =Robert Fulton's Steamboat.=] - -20. Returning to New York, he began the construction of a steamboat. -When the ungainly craft was completed, Fulton invited his friends to -go on board and enjoy a trip to Albany. On the 2d of September, 1807, -the crowds gathered on the shore. The word was given, and the boat did -not move. Fulton went below. Again the word was given, and _the boat -moved_. On the next day the company reached Albany. For many years this -first rude steamer, called the _Clermont_, plied the Hudson. - -21. Jefferson's administration drew to a close. The territorial area of -the United States had been vastly extended. But the foreign relations -of the nation were troubled. The President declined a third election, -and was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. For Vice-president, -George Clinton was reelected. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXII. - -MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.--WAR OF 1812. - - -[Illustration: James Madison.] - -[Sidenote: =War Threatened with England.=] - -The new President had been a member of the Continental Congress, a -delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and Secretary of -State under Jefferson. He owed his election to the Democratic party, -whose sympathy with France and hostility to Great Britain were well -known. On the 1st of March the embargo act was repealed by Congress, -and another measure adopted by which American ships were allowed to go -abroad, but were forbidden to trade with Great Britain. Mr. Erskine, -the British minister, now gave notice that by the 10th of June the -"orders in council," so far as they affected the United States, should -be repealed. - -2. In the following spring Bonaparte issued a decree for the seizure of -all American vessels that might approach the ports of France. But in -November the decree was reversed, and all restrictions on the commerce -of the United States were removed. But the government of Great Britain -adhered to its former measures, and sent ships of war to enforce the -"orders in council." - -3. The affairs of the two nations were fast approaching a crisis. The -government of the United States had fallen completely under control of -the party which sympathized with France. The American people, smarting -under the insults of Great Britain, had adopted the motto of FREE -TRADE AND SAILORS' RIGHTS, and had made up their minds to fight; the -sentiment was that war was preferable to national disgrace. - -4. In the spring of 1810 the third census of the United States was -completed. The population had increased to seven million two hundred -and forty thousand souls. The States now numbered seventeen; and -several new Territories were preparing for admission into the Union. -The rapid march of civilization westward had aroused the jealousy of -the Red men, and Indiana Territory was afflicted with an Indian war. - -[Sidenote: =Gen. Harrison in Indiana.=] - -5. Tecumtha, chief of the Shawnees--a brave and sagacious warrior--and -his brother, called the Prophet, were the leaders of the revolt. Their -plan was to unite all the nations of the Northwest Territory in a final -effort to beat back the whites. When, in September of 1809, Governor -Harrison met the chiefs of several tribes at Fort Wayne, and purchased -three million acres of land, Tecumtha refused to sign the treaty, and -threatened death to those who did. In 1810 he visited the nations of -Tennessee and exhorted them to join his confederacy. - -6. Governor Harrison stood firm, sent for soldiers, and mustered the -militia of the Territory. The Indians began to prowl through the -Wabash Valley, murdering and stealing. The governor then advanced to -Terre Haute, built Fort Harrison, and hastened toward the town of the -Prophet, at the mouth of the Tippecanoe. When within a few miles of -this place, Harrison was met by Indian ambassadors, who asked for a -conference on the following day. Their request was granted; and the -American army encamped for the night. The place selected was a piece of -high ground covered with oaks. - -[Sidenote: Battle of Tippecanoe.] - -7. Before daybreak on the morning of November 7th, 1811, the savages, -seven hundred strong, crept through the marshes, surrounded Harrison's -position, and burst upon the camp. But the American militia fought in -the darkness, held the Indians in check until daylight, and then routed -them in several vigorous charges. On the next day, the Americans burned -the Prophet's town, and soon afterwards returned to Vincennes. Such -was the success of the campaign that the Indians were overawed, the -peace of the white settlements secured, and the way made easy for the -organization and admission of the State of Indiana into the Union five -years afterwards. - -[Illustration: Western Battle-fields located relatively to Present -Cities.] - -8. Meanwhile, Great Britain and the United States had come into -conflict on the ocean. On the 16th of May, Commodore Rodgers, -commanding the frigate _President_, hailed a vessel off the coast of -Virginia. Instead of a polite answer, he received a cannon-ball in the -mainmast. Rodgers responded with a broadside, silencing the enemy's -guns. In the morning--for it was already dark--the hostile ship was -found to be the British sloop-of-war _Little Belt_. - -9. On the 4th of November, 1811, the twelfth Congress of the United -States assembled. Many of the members still hoped for peace; and the -winter passed without decisive measures. On the 4th of April, 1812, -an act was passed laying an embargo for ninety days on all British -vessels within the harbors of the United States. But Great Britain -would not recede from her hostile attitude. Before the actual outbreak -of hostilities, Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was, on the 8th of -April, admitted into the Union. Her population had already reached -seventy-seven thousand. - -[Sidenote: Declaration of War.] - -10. On the 19th of June a declaration of war was made against Great -Britain. Vigorous preparations for the conflict were made by Congress. -It was ordered to raise twenty-five thousand regular troops and -fifty thousand volunteers. The several States were requested to call -out a hundred thousand militia. A national loan of eleven million -dollars was authorized. Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was chosen -commander-in-chief of the army. - -11. The war was begun by General William Hull, governor of Michigan -Territory. On the 1st of June he marched from Dayton with fifteen -hundred men. For a full month the army toiled through the forests to -the western extremity of Lake Erie. Arriving at the Maumee, Hull sent -his baggage to Detroit. But the British at Malden were on the alert, -and captured Hull's boat with everything on board. Nevertheless, the -Americans pressed on to Detroit, and on the 12th of July crossed the -river to Sandwich. - -12. Hull, hearing that Mackinaw had been taken by the British, soon -returned to Detroit. From this place he sent Major Van Horne to meet -Major Brush, who had reached the river Raisin with reinforcements. -But Tecumtha laid an ambush for Van Horne's forces and defeated them -near Brownstown. Colonel Miller, with another detachment, attacked and -routed the savages with great loss, and then returned to Detroit. - -[Sidenote: The Surrender of Detroit.] - -[Illustration: Engagement of the Wasp and the Frolic.] - -13. General Brock, governor of Canada, now took command of the British -at Malden. On the 16th of August he advanced to the siege of Detroit. -The Americans in their trenches were eager for battle. When the British -were within five hundred yards, Hull _hoisted a white flag over the -fort_. Then followed a surrender, the most shameful in the history of -the United States. All the forces under Hull's command became prisoners -of war. The whole of Michigan Territory was surrendered to the British. -Hull was afterward court-martialed and sentenced to be shot; but the -President pardoned him. - -14. About the time of the fall of Detroit, Fort Dearborn, on the -present site of Chicago, was surrendered to an army of Indians. The -garrison capitulated on condition of retiring without molestation. -But the savages fell upon the retreating soldiers, killed some, and -distributed the rest as captives. - -[Sidenote: The War at Sea.] - -15. On the 19th of August the frigate _Constitution_, commanded by -Captain Isaac Hull, overtook the British _Guerriere_ off the coast of -Massachusetts. The vessels maneuvered for a while, the _Constitution_ -closing with her antagonist, until at half pistol-shot she poured in -a broadside, sweeping the decks of the _Guerriere_ and deciding the -contest. On the following morning, the _Guerriere_, being unmanageable, -was blown up; and Hull returned to port with his prisoners and spoils. - -16. On the 18th of October the American _Wasp_, under Captain Jones, -fell in with a fleet of British merchantmen off the coast of Virginia. -The squadron was under protection of the _Frolic_, commanded by Captain -Whinyates. A terrible engagement ensued, lasting for three quarters of -an hour. Finally, the American crew boarded the _Frolic_ and struck the -British flag. Soon afterwards the _Poictiers_, a British seventy-four -gun ship, bore down upon the scene, captured the _Wasp_, and retook the -wreck of the _Frolic_. - -17. On the 25th of the month Commodore Decatur, commanding the frigate -_United States_, captured the British _Macedonian_, a short distance -west of the Canary Islands. The loss of the enemy in killed and -wounded amounted to more than a hundred men. On the 12th of December -the _Essex_, commanded by Captain Porter, captured the _Nocton_, a -British packet, having on board fifty-five thousand dollars in specie. -On the 29th of December the _Constitution_, under command of Commodore -Bainbridge, met the _Java_ on the coast of Brazil. A furious battle -ensued, continuing for two hours. The _Java_ was reduced to a wreck -before the flag was struck. The crew and passengers, numbering upward -of four hundred, were transferred to the _Constitution_, and the hull -was burned at sea. The news of these victories roused the enthusiasm of -the people. - -[Sidenote: Van Rensselaer at Queenstown.] - -18. On the 13th of October a thousand men, commanded by General Stephen -Van Rensselaer, crossed the Niagara River to capture Queenstown. -They were resisted at the water's edge; but the British batteries on -the heights were finally carried. The enemy's forces, returning to -the charge, were a second time repulsed. The Americans intrenched -themselves, and waited for reinforcements. None came; and, after losing -a hundred and sixty men, they were then obliged to surrender. General -Van Rensselaer resigned his command, and was succeeded by General -Alexander Smyth. - -19. The Americans now rallied at Black Rock, a few miles north of -Buffalo. From this point, on the 28th of November, a company was sent -across to the Canada shore, but General Smyth ordered the advance party -to return. A few days afterward, another crossing was planned, with -the same results. The militia became mutinous. Smyth was charged with -cowardice and deposed from his command. In the autumn of 1812 Madison -was reelected President; the choice for Vice-president fell on Elbridge -Gerry, of Massachusetts. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIII. - -WAR OF 1812.--EVENTS OF 1813. - - -In the beginning of 1813 the American army was organized in three -divisions: THE ARMY OF THE NORTH, under General Wade Hampton; THE ARMY -OF THE CENTER, under General Dearborn; THE ARMY OF THE WEST, under -General Winchester, who was soon superseded by General Harrison. Early -in January the Army of the West moved toward Lake Erie to regain the -ground lost by Hull. On the 10th of the month the American advance -reached the rapids of the Maumee, thirty miles from Winchester's -camp. A detachment then pressed forward to Frenchtown, on the river -Raisin, captured the town, and on the 20th of the month were joined by -Winchester with the main division. - -[Sidenote: Events in the West.] - -2. Two days afterwards the Americans were assaulted by a thousand five -hundred British and Indians under General Proctor. A severe battle was -fought. General Winchester, having been taken by the enemy, advised his -forces to capitulate. The American wounded _were left to the mercy of -the savages_, who at once completed their work of butchery. The rest of -the prisoners were dragged away, through untold sufferings, to Detroit, -where they were afterward ransomed. - -3. General Harrison now built Fort Meigs, on the Maumee. Here he was -besieged by two thousand British and savages, led by Proctor and -Tecumtha. Meanwhile, General Clay, with twelve hundred Kentuckians, -advanced to the relief of the fort. In a few days the Indians deserted -in large numbers, and Proctor, becoming alarmed, abandoned the siege, -and retreated to Malden. - -[Sidenote: Ft. Meigs and Ft. Stephenson.] - -4. Late in July Proctor and Tecumtha, with nearly four thousand men, -again besieged Fort Meigs. Failing to draw out the garrison, the -British general filed off with half his forces and attacked Fort -Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky. This place was defended by a hundred and -sixty men under Colonel Croghan, a stripling but twenty-one years of -age. On the 2d of August the British advanced to storm the fort. Having -crowded into the trench, they were swept away almost to a man. The -repulse was complete. Proctor now raised the siege at Fort Meigs and -returned to Malden. - -[Sidenote: Perry on Lake Erie.] - -5. At this time Lake Erie was commanded by a British squadron of six -vessels. The work of recovering these waters was intrusted to Commodore -Oliver H. Perry. His antagonist, Commodore Barclay, was a veteran from -Europe. With great energy Perry directed the construction of nine -ships, and was soon afloat. On the 10th of September the two fleets met -near Put-in Bay. The battle was begun by the American squadron, Perry's -flag-ship, the _Lawrence_, leading the attack. His principal antagonist -was the _Detroit_, under command of Barclay. The British guns had the -wider range, and were better served. In a short time the _Lawrence_ was -ruined, and Barclay's flagship was almost a wreck. - -6. Perceiving how the battle stood, Perry seized his banner, got -overboard into an open boat, passed within pistol-shot of the enemy's -ships, a storm of balls flying around him, and transferred his flag to -the _Niagara_. With this powerful vessel he bore down upon the enemy's -line, drove right through the midst, discharging terrible broadsides -right and left. In fifteen minutes the British fleet was helpless. -Perry returned to the hull of the _Lawrence_, and there received the -surrender. And then he sent to General Harrison this dispatch: "We have -met the enemy, and they are ours--two ships, two brigs, one schooner, -and one sloop." - -[Illustration: Fall of Tecumtha at the Battle of the Thames.] - -[Sidenote: Battle of the Thames.] - -7. For the Americans the way was now opened to Canada. On the 27th of -September Harrison's army was landed near Malden. The British retreated -to the river Thames, and there faced about to fight. The battlefield -extended from the river to a swamp. Here, on the 5th of October, the -British were attacked by Generals Harrison and Shelby. In the beginning -of the battle Proctor fled. The British regulars were broken by the -Kentuckians under Colonel Richard M. Johnson. The Americans wheeled -against the fifteen hundred Indians, who lay hidden in the swamp. -Tecumtha had staked all on the issue. For a while his war-whoop sounded -above the din of the conflict. Presently his voice was heard no -longer, for the great chieftain had fallen. The savages, appalled by -the death of their leader, fled in despair. So ended the campaign in -the West. All that Hull had lost was regained. - -[Sidenote: General Jackson in Alabama.] - -8. Meanwhile, the Creeks of Alabama had taken up arms. In the latter -part of August, Fort Mims, forty miles north of Mobile, was surprised -by the savages, who murdered nearly four hundred people. The governors -of Tennessee, Georgia, and Mississippi made immediate preparation for -invading the country of the Creeks. The Tennesseeans, under General -Jackson, were first to the rescue. Nine hundred men, led by General -Coffee, reached the Indian town of Tallushatchee, burned it, and left -not an Indian alive. On the 8th of November a battle was fought at -Talladega, and the savages were defeated with severe losses. - -9. During the winter, Jackson's troops became mutinous and were going -home. But the general set them the example of living on acorns, and -threatened with death the first man who stirred from the ranks. And -no man stirred. At Horseshoe Bend the Creeks made their final stand. -On the 27th of March, the whites under General Jackson stormed the -breastworks and drove the Indians into the bend of the river. There, -huddled together, a thousand Creek warriors, with the women and -children of the tribe, met their doom. The nation was completely -conquered. - -[Sidenote: Expedition against Toronto.] - -10. On the 25th of April, 1813, General Dearborn embarked his forces -at Sackett's Harbor, and proceeded against Toronto. On the 27th of the -month, seventeen hundred men, landing near Toronto, drove the British -from the water's edge, stormed a battery, and rushed forward to carry -the main defences. At that moment the British magazine blew up with -terrific violence. Two hundred men were killed or wounded. General Pike -was fatally injured; but the Americans continued the charge and drove -the enemy out of the town. Property to the value of a half million -dollars was secured to the victors. - -11. While this movement was taking place the enemy made a descent on -Sackett's Harbor. But General Brown rallied the militia and drove back -the assailants. The victorious troops at Toronto reembarked and crossed -the lake to the mouth of the Niagara. On the 27th of May the Americans, -led by Generals Chandler and Winder, stormed Fort George. The British -retreated to Burlington Bay, at the western extremity of the lake. - -[Sidenote: Expedition against Montreal.] - -12. After the battle of the Thames, General Harrison resigned his -commission. General Dearborn was succeeded by General Wilkinson. The -next campaign embraced the conquest of Montreal. On the 5th of November -seven thousand men, embarking twenty miles north of Sackett's Harbor, -sailed against Montreal. Parties of British, Canadians, and Indians, -gathering on the bank of the river, impeded the expedition. General -Brown was landed with a considerable force to drive the enemy into the -interior. On the 11th of the month a severe but indecisive battle was -fought at a place called Chrysler's Field. The Americans passed down -the river to St. Regis, and went into winter quarters at Fort Covington. - -13. In the mean time, the British on the Niagara rallied and recaptured -Fort George. Before retreating, General McClure, the commandant, burned -the town of Newark. The British and Indians crossed the river, took -Fort Niagara, and fired the villages of Youngstown, Lewiston, and -Manchester. On the 30th of December, Black Rock and Buffalo were burned. - -[Sidenote: The War on the Ocean.] - -14. Off the coast of Demerara, on the 24th of February, 1813, the -sloop-of-war _Hornet_, commanded by Captain James Lawrence, fell in -with the British brig _Peacock_. A terrible battle of fifteen minutes -ensued, and the _Peacock_ struck her colors. While the Americans were -transferring the conquered crew, the brig sank. Nine of the British -sailors and three of Lawrence's men were drowned. - -[Illustration: "Don't give up the Ship."] - -15. On returning to Boston the command of the _Chesapeake_ was given to -Lawrence, and again he put to sea. He was soon challenged by Captain -Broke, of the British _Shannon_, to fight him. Eastward from Cape Ann -the two vessels met on the 1st day of June. The battle was obstinate, -brief, dreadful. In a short time, every officer of the _Chesapeake_ was -either killed or wounded. Lawrence was struck with a musket-ball, and -fell dying on the deck. As they bore him down the hatchway, he gave his -last order--ever afterwards the motto of the American sailor--"DON'T -GIVE UP THE SHIP!" The _Shannon_ towed her prize into the harbor of -Halifax. There the bodies of Lawrence and Ludlow, second in command, -were buried by the British. - -16. On the 14th of August the American brig _Argus_ was overtaken by -the _Pelican_ and obliged to surrender. On the 5th of September the -British brig _Boxer_ was captured by the American _Enterprise_ off the -coast of Maine. On the 28th of the following March, while the _Essex_, -commanded by Captain Porter, was lying in the harbor of Valparaiso, -she was attacked by two British vessels, the _Phœbe_ and the _Cherub_. -Captain Porter fought his antagonists until nearly all of his men were -killed or wounded; then struck his colors and surrendered. - -[Sidenote: British Marauding.] - -17. From honorable warfare the naval officers of England stooped to -marauding. Early in the year, Lewiston was bombarded by a British -squadron. Other British men-of-war entered the Chesapeake and burned -several villages on the shores of the bay. At the town of Hampton the -soldiers and marines perpetrated great outrages. Commodore Hardy, to -whom the blockade of New England had been assigned, behaved with more -humanity. Even the Americans praised him for his honorable conduct. So -the year 1813 closed without decisive results. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIV. - -THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1814. - - -[Sidenote: Operations about Niagara.] - -In the spring of 1814 another invasion of Canada was planned; but there -was much delay. Not until the 3d of July did Generals Scott and Ripley, -with three thousand men, cross the Niagara and capture Fort Erie. On -the following day the Americans advanced in the direction of Chippewa -village, but were met by the British, led by General Riall. On the -evening of the 5th a severe battle was fought on the plain south of -Chippewa Creek. The Americans, led on by Generals Scott and Ripley, won -the day. - -[Illustration: OPERATIONS ABOUT NIAGARA.] - -2. General Riall retreated to Burlington Heights. On the evening of -the 25th of July, General Scott, commanding the American right, found -himself confronted by Riall's army, on the high grounds in sight -of Niagara Falls. Here was fought the hardest battle of the war. -Scott held his own until reinforced by other divisions of the army. -The British reserves were brought into action. Twilight faded into -darkness. A detachment of Americans, getting upon the British rear, -captured General Riall and his staff. The key to the enemy's position -was a high ground crowned with a battery. Calling Colonel James Miller -to his side, General Brown said, "Colonel, take your regiment and -storm that battery." "I'LL TRY, SIR," was Miller's answer; and he _did_ -take it, and held it against three assaults of the British. General -Drummond was wounded, and the royal army, numbering five thousand, -was driven from the field with a loss of more than eight hundred. The -Americans lost an equal number. - -[Illustration: Colonel Miller at Lundy's Lane.] - -3. After this battle of Niagara, or Lundy's Lane, the American forces -fell back to Fort Erie. General Gaines crossed over from Buffalo, and -assumed command of the army. General Drummond received reinforcements, -and on the 4th of August invested Fort Erie. The siege continued -until the 17th of September, when a sortie was made and the works -of the British were carried. General Drummond then raised the siege -and retreated to Fort George. On the 5th of November Fort Erie was -destroyed by the Americans, who recrossed the Niagara and went into -winter quarters at Black Rock and Buffalo. - -4. The winter of 1813-14 was passed by the army of the North at Fort -Covington. At this time, the American fleet on Lake Champlain was -commanded by Commodore McDonough. The British general Prevost now -advanced into New York at the head of fourteen thousand men, and -ordered Commodore Downie to ascend the Sorel with his fleet. - -[Sidenote: Battle of Plattsburgh.] - -5. The invading army reached Plattsburgh. Commodore McDonough's -squadron lay in the bay. On the 6th of September, Macomb retired with -his forces to the south bank of the Saranac. For four days the British -renewed their efforts to cross the river. Downie's fleet was now ready -for action, and a general battle was planned for the 11th. Prevost's -army was to carry Macomb's position, while the British flotilla was -to bear down on McDonough. The naval battle began first, and was -obstinately fought for two hours and a half. Downie and many of his -officers were killed; the heavier British vessels were disabled and -obliged to strike their colors. The smaller ships escaped. After a -severe action, the British army on the shore was also defeated. Prevost -retired precipitately to Canada; and the English ministry began to -devise measures of peace. - -[Sidenote: The British Burn Washington.] - -6. Late in the summer Admiral Cochrane arrived off the coast of -Virginia with an armament of twenty-one vessels. General Ross, with -an army of four thousand veterans, came with the fleet. The American -squadron, commanded by Commodore Barney, was unable to oppose so -powerful a force. The enemy entered the Chesapeake with the purpose of -attacking Washington and Baltimore. The larger division sailed into the -Patuxent, and on the 19th of August, the forces of General Ross were -landed at Benedict. Commodore Barney was obliged to blow up his vessels -and take to the shore. From Benedict the British advanced against -Washington. At Bladensburg, six miles from the capital, they were -met, on the 24th of the month, by the forces of Barney. Here a battle -was fought. The militia behaved badly; Barney was defeated and taken -prisoner. The President, the cabinet, and the people betook themselves -to flight; and Ross marched unopposed into Washington. All the public -buildings except the Patent Office were burned, together with many of -the public archives. The unfinished Capitol and the President's house -were left a mass of ruins. - -[Sidenote: The Siege of Baltimore.] - -7. Five days afterwards a portion of the British fleet reached -Alexandria. The inhabitants purchased the forbearance of the enemy by -the surrender of twenty-one ships, sixteen thousand barrels of flour, -and a thousand hogsheads of tobacco. After the capture of Washington, -General Ross proceeded with his army and fleet to lay siege to the city -of Baltimore. The militia, to the number of ten thousand, gathered -under command of General Samuel Smith. On the 12th of September the -British were landed at the mouth of the Patapsco, and the fleet began -the ascent of the river. The land-forces were met by the Americans -under General Stricker. A skirmish ensued, in which General Ross -was killed; but Colonel Brooks assumed command, and the march was -continued. Near the city the British came upon the American lines and -were brought to a halt. - -8. Meanwhile the British squadron had ascended the Patapsco and begun -the bombardment of Fort McHenry. From sunrise of the 13th until after -midnight, the guns of the fleet poured a tempest of shells upon the -fortress.[C] At the end of that time the works were as strong as at the -beginning. The British had undertaken more than they could accomplish. -Disheartened and baffled, they ceased to fire. The land-forces retired, -and the siege of Baltimore was at an end. - -[Footnote C: During the night of this bombardment, Francis S. Key, who -was detained on board a British ship in the bay, composed _The Star -Spangled Banner_.] - -9. On the 9th and 10th of August the village of Stonington, -Connecticut, was bombarded by Commodore Hardy; but the British, -attempting to land, were driven back. The fisheries of New England were -broken up. The salt-works at Cape Cod escaped by the payment of heavy -ransoms. All the harbors from Maine to Delaware were blockaded. The -foreign commerce of the Eastern States was totally destroyed. - -[Sidenote: The Hartford Convention.] - -10. From the beginning, many of the people of New England had opposed -the war. The members of the Federal party cried out against it. The -legislature of Massachusetts advised the calling of a convention. The -other Eastern States responded to the call; and on the 14th of December -the delegates assembled at Hartford. The leaders of the Democratic -party did not hesitate to say that the purposes of the assembly were -disloyal and treasonable. After remaining in session, with closed -doors, for nearly three weeks, the delegates published an address, and -then adjourned. The political prospects of those who participated in -the convention were ruined. - -[Sidenote: Affairs in the South.] - -11. During the progress of the war the Spanish authorities of Florida -sympathized with the British. In August of 1814 a British fleet was -allowed by the commandant of Pensacola to use that post for the purpose -of fitting out an expedition against Fort Bowyer, on the bay of Mobile. -General Jackson, who commanded in the South, remonstrated with the -Spaniards, but received no satisfaction. He thereupon marched a force -against Pensacola, stormed the town, and drove the British out of -Florida. - -12. General Jackson next learned that the British were making -preparations for the conquest of Louisiana. Repairing to New Orleans, -he declared martial law, mustered the militia, and adopted measures for -repelling the invasion. The British army, numbering twelve thousand, -came from Jamaica, under Sir Edward Pakenham. On the 10th of December -the squadron entered Lake Borgne, sixty miles northeast of New Orleans. - -[Illustration: The Battle of New Orleans.] - -13. On the 22d of the month Pakenham's advance reached the Mississippi, -nine miles below the city. On the night of the 23d Generals Jackson -and Coffee advanced with two thousand Tennessee riflemen to attack -the British camp. After a bloody assault, Jackson was obliged to fall -back to a strong position on the canal, four miles below the city. -Pakenham advanced, and on the 28th cannonaded the American position. On -New Year's day the attack was renewed, and the enemy was driven back. -Pakenham now made arrangements for a general battle. - -[Sidenote: The Battle of New Orleans.] - -14. Jackson was ready. Earthworks had been constructed, and a long line -of cotton-bales and sand-bags thrown up for protection. On the 8th of -January the British moved forward. The battle began with the light of -morning, and was ended before nine o'clock. Column after column of -the British was smitten with irretrievable ruin. Jackson's men were -almost entirely secure from the enemy's fire, while every discharge -of the Tennessee and Kentucky rifles told with awful effect on the -exposed veterans of England. Pakenham was killed; General Gibbs was -mortally wounded. Only General Lambert was left to call the fragments -of the army from the field. Of the British, seven hundred were killed, -fourteen hundred wounded, and five hundred taken prisoners. The -American loss amounted to _eight killed and thirteen wounded_. - -15. General Lambert retired with his ruined army. Jackson marched -into New Orleans and was received with great enthusiasm. Such was -the close of the war on land. On the 20th of February the American -_Constitution_, off Cape St. Vincent, captured two British vessels, the -_Cyane_ and the _Levant_. On the 23d of March the American _Hornet_ -ended the conflict, by capturing the British _Penguin_ off the coast of -Brazil. - -[Sidenote: Treaty of Ghent.] - -16. Already a treaty of peace had been made. In the summer of 1814, -American commissioners were sent to Ghent, in Belgium, and were there -met by the ambassadors of Great Britain. The agents of the United -States were John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan -Russell, and Albert Gallatin. On the 24th of December a treaty was -agreed to and signed. In both countries the news was received with deep -satisfaction. On the 18th of February the treaty was ratified by the -Senate, and peace was publicly proclaimed. - -17. The only significance of the treaty was that Great Britain and -the United States agreed to be at peace. Not one of the issues, to -decide which the war had been undertaken, _was even mentioned_. Of the -impressment of American seamen not a word was said. The wrongs done -to the commerce of the United States were not referred to. Of "free -trade and sailors' rights," the battle-cry of the American navy, no -mention was made. The treaty was chiefly devoted to the settlement of -unimportant boundaries and the possession of some small islands in the -Bay of Passamaquoddy. - -[Sidenote: Condition of the Country.] - -18. The country was now burdened with a war-debt of one hundred million -dollars. The monetary affairs of the nation were in a deplorable -condition. The charter of the Bank of the United States expired in -1811, and the other banks had been obliged to suspend specie payment. -Trade was paralyzed for the want of money. In 1816 a bill was passed -by Congress to recharter the Bank of the United States. The President -interposed his veto; but in the following session the bill was again -passed in an amended form. On the 4th of March, 1817, the bank went -into operation; and the business and credit of the country began to -revive. - -[Sidenote: Decatur in the Barbary States.] - -19. During the war with Great Britain the Algerine pirates renewed -their depredations on American commerce. The government of the United -States now ordered Commodore Decatur to proceed to the Mediterranean -and chastise the sea-robbers into submission. After capturing two of -their frigates he sailed into the Bay of Algiers, and obliged the -frightened dey to make a treaty. The Moorish emperor released his -American prisoners, relinquished all claims to tribute, and gave a -pledge that his ships should trouble American merchantmen no more. -Decatur next sailed against Tunis and Tripoli, compelled these states -to give pledges of good conduct, and to pay large sums for former -depredations. - -[Sidenote: Indiana Admitted.] - -20. The close of Madison's administration was signalized by the -admission of Indiana into the Union. The new commonwealth was admitted -in December, 1816. About the same time was founded the Colonization -Society of the United States. Many distinguished Americans became -members of the association, the object of which was to provide a refuge -for free persons of color. Liberia, in western Africa, was selected -as the seat of the proposed colony. Immigrants arrived in sufficient -numbers to found a flourishing negro State. The capital was named -Monrovia, in honor of James Monroe, who, in the fall of 1816, was -elected as Madison's successor. Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, was -chosen Vice-president. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXV. - -MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1817-1825. - - -[Illustration: James Monroe.] - -The policy of Madison was adopted by his successor. The stormy times -of the war gave place to many years of peace. The new President was -a native of Virginia, a man of great talents and accomplishments. He -had been a Revolutionary soldier, a member of Congress, governor of -Virginia, envoy to France and England, and Secretary of State under -Madison. The members of the cabinet were: John Quincy Adams, Secretary -of State; William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury; John C. -Calhoun, Secretary of War; William Wirt, Attorney-general. Statesmen of -all parties devoted their energies to the payment of the national debt. -Commerce soon revived; the government was economically administered, -and in a few years the debt was honestly paid. - -[Sidenote: Mississippi Admitted.] - -2. In December of 1817 Mississippi was organized and admitted into the -Union. The new State came with a population of sixty-five thousand -souls. At the same time the attention of the government was called to a -nest of pirates on Amelia Island, off the coast of Florida. An armament -was sent against them, and the lawless establishment was broken up. -Another company, on the island of Galveston, was also suppressed. - -3. The question of internal improvements now began to be agitated. -Without railroads and canals the products of the interior could never -reach a market. Whether Congress had a right to vote money to make -public improvements was a question of debate. Among the States, New -York took the lead in improvements by constructing a canal from Buffalo -to Albany. The cost of the work was nearly eight million dollars. - -[Sidenote: Trouble with the Seminoles.] - -4. In 1817 the Seminole Indians of Georgia and Alabama became hostile. -Some negroes and Creeks joined the savages in their depredations. -General Jackson was ordered to reduce the Indians to submission. He -mustered a thousand riflemen from Tennessee, and in the spring of 1818 -completely overran the hostile country. - -[Sidenote: The Cession of Florida.] - -5. While on this expedition, Jackson took possession of St. Mark's. -The Spanish troops stationed there were removed to Pensacola. Two -Englishmen, named Arbuthnot and Ambrister, charged with inciting the -Seminoles to insurrection, were tried by a court-martial and hanged. -Jackson then captured Pensacola, and sent the Spanish authorities -to Havana. The enemies of General Jackson condemned him for these -proceedings, but the President and Congress justified his deeds. The -king of Spain now proposed to cede Florida to the United States. On the -22d of February, 1819, a treaty was concluded at Washington City by -which the whole province was surrendered to the American government. -The United States agreed to relinquish all claim to Texas, and to pay -to American citizens, for depredations committed by Spanish vessels, -five million dollars. - -[Sidenote: New States.] - -6. In 1818 Illinois, the twenty-first State, was organized and admitted -into the Union. The population of the new commonwealth was forty-seven -thousand. In December of 1819 Alabama was added, with a population -of one hundred and twenty-five thousand. About the same time Arkansas -Territory was organized. In 1820 the province of Maine was separated -from Massachusetts and admitted into the Union. The population of the -new State had reached two hundred and ninety-eight thousand. In August -of 1821 Missouri, with a population of about seventy-four thousand -souls, was admitted as the twenty-fourth member of the Union. - -[Sidenote: The Missouri Compromise.] - -7. When the bill to admit Missouri was brought before Congress, a -proposition was made _to prohibit slavery in the new State_. This -was supported by the free States of the North, and opposed by the -slaveholding States of the South. After long and angry debates the -measure brought forward by Henry Clay, and known as the MISSOURI -COMPROMISE, was adopted. Its provisions were--_first_, the admission -of Missouri as a slaveholding State; _secondly_, the division of the -rest of the Louisiana purchase by the parallel of thirty-six degrees -and thirty minutes; _thirdly_, the admission of new States south of -that line, with or without slavery, as the people might determine; -_fourthly_, the prohibition of slavery in all the new States north of -the dividing-line. - -8. The President's administration grew into high favor with the people; -and in 1820 he was reelected. As Vice-president, Mr. Tompkins was again -chosen. The attention of the government was next called to a system -of piracy which had sprung up in the West Indies. Early in 1822 an -American fleet was sent thither, and more than twenty piratical ships -were captured. In the following summer, Commodore Porter was dispatched -with a larger squadron. The retreats of the sea-robbers were completely -broken up. - -[Sidenote: The Monroe Doctrine.] - -9. About this time many of the countries of South America declared -their independence of foreign nations. The people of the United States -sympathized with the patriots of the South. Henry Clay urged upon -the government the duty of recognizing the South American republics. -In March of 1822, a bill was passed by Congress embodying his views. -In the President's message of 1823 the declaration was made that _the -American continents are not subject to colonization by any European -power_. This is the principle ever since known as the MONROE DOCTRINE. - -[Illustration: Henry Clay.] - -10. In the summer of 1824 the venerated La Fayette, now aged and -gray, revisited the land for whose freedom he had shed his blood. The -patriots who had fought by his side came forth to greet him. In every -city he was surrounded by a throng of shouting freemen. His journey -through the country was a triumph. In September of 1825 he bade adieu -to the people, and sailed for his native land. While Liberty remains, -the name of La Fayette shall be hallowed. - -11. In the fall of 1824 four candidates were presented for the -presidency. John Quincy Adams was put forward as the candidate of the -East; William H. Crawford, of Georgia, as the choice of the South; -Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson as the favorites of the West. Neither -candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, and the choice of -President was referred to the House of Representatives. By that body -Mr. Adams was elected. For Vice-president, John C. Calhoun, of South -Carolina, was chosen by the electoral college. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVI. - -ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1825-1829. - - -[Sidenote: John Quincy Adams.] - -The new President was a man of the highest attainments in literature -and statesmanship. At the age of eleven years he accompanied his -father, John Adams, to Europe. At Paris, and Amsterdam, and St. -Petersburg the son continued his studies, and became acquainted with -the politics of the Old World. In his riper years, he served as -ambassador to the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, and England. -He had also held the offices of United States Senator, and Secretary of -State. - -[Illustration: John Quincy Adams.] - -2. The new administration was a time of peace; but the spirit of -party manifested itself with much violence. The adherents of General -Jackson and Mr. Crawford united in opposition to the President. In the -Senate the political friends of Mr. Adams were in the minority, and -their majority in the lower House lasted for only one session. In his -inaugural address the President strongly advocated the doctrine of -internal improvements. - -[Sidenote: The Creek Cession.] - -3. When, in the year 1802, Georgia relinquished her claim to -Mississippi Territory, the general government agreed to purchase for -the State all the Creek lands lying within her borders. This pledge -the United States had never fulfilled, and Georgia complained of bad -faith. Finally, in March of 1826, a treaty was concluded between the -Creek chiefs and the President, by which a cession of all their lands -in Georgia was obtained. At the same time, the Creeks agreed to remove -beyond the Mississippi. - -4. On the 4th July, 1826--fifty years after the Declaration of -Independence--John Adams, second President, and his successor, Thomas -Jefferson, died. Both had lifted their voices for freedom in the days -of the Revolution. One had written, and both had signed, the great -Declaration. Both had lived to see their country's independence. Both -had reached extreme old age: Adams was ninety; Jefferson, eighty-two. - -[Sidenote: The Protective Tariff.] - -5. The question of the tariff was much discussed in Congress at this -time. By a tariff is understood a duty levied on imported goods. The -object is--_first_, to produce a revenue for the government; and, -_secondly_, to raise the price of the article on which the duty is -laid, in order that the domestic manufacturer of the thing taxed may be -able to compete with the foreign producer. When the duty is levied for -the latter purpose it is called a _protective tariff_. Mr. Adams and -his friends favored the tariff; and in 1828 protective duties were laid -on fabrics made of wool, cotton, linen and silk; and those on articles -manufactured of iron, lead, etc., were much increased. - -6. With the fall of 1828, Mr. Adams, supported by Mr. Clay, was put -forward for reelection. General Jackson appeared as the candidate of -the opposition. In the previous election Jackson had received more -electoral votes than Adams, but the House of Representatives had chosen -the latter. Now the people had their way. Jackson was triumphantly -elected, receiving one hundred and seventy-eight electoral votes -against eighty-three for his opponent. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVII. - -JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1829-1837. - - -The new President was a military hero--a man of great talents and -inflexible honesty. His integrity was unassailable; his will like iron. -He was one of those men for whom no toils are too arduous. His personal -character was impressed upon his administration. At the beginning he -removed nearly seven hundred office-holders and appointed in their -stead his own political friends. - -[Sidenote: National Bank Abolished.] - -[Illustration: Andrew Jackson.] - -2. In his first message the President took ground against rechartering -the Bank of the United States. He recommended that the old charter be -allowed to expire by its own limitation in 1836. But the influence of -the bank was very great; and in 1832 a bill to recharter was passed -by Congress. The President opposed his veto; a two thirds majority in -favor of the bill could not be secured, and the new charter failed. - -[Sidenote: Nullification Debates.] - -3. In the congressional session of 1831-32, additional tariffs were -levied upon goods imported from abroad. By this act the manufacturing -districts were favored at the expense of the agricultural States. South -Carolina was specially offended. Open resistance was threatened in case -the officers should attempt to collect the revenues at Charleston. -In the United States Senate the right of a State to nullify an act of -Congress was boldly proclaimed. On that question had already occurred -the great debate between Colonel Hayne, senator from South Carolina, -and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts. - -[Illustration: Daniel Webster.] - -4. The President now took the matter in hand and issued a proclamation -denying the right of a State to nullify the laws of Congress. But Mr. -Calhoun, the Vice-president, resigned his office to accept a seat in -the Senate, where he might defend the doctrines of his State. The -President, having warned the South Carolinians, ordered a body of -troops under General Scott to proceed to Charleston. The leaders of the -nullifying party receded from their position, and bloodshed was avoided. - -[Sidenote: The Black Hawk War.] - -5. The lands of the Sacs and Foxes had been purchased by the -government, but the Indians, influenced by the chief Black Hawk, -refused to quit them. The government insisted that they fulfill their -contract, and hostilities began in 1832. General Scott was sent with -troops to Chicago to cooperate with General Atkinson. The latter -waged a vigorous campaign, defeated the Indians, and made Black Hawk -prisoner. The captive chief was taken to Washington and the great -cities of the East. Returning to his own people, he advised them to -make peace. The warriors abandoned the disputed lands and retired into -Iowa. - -6. Difficulties also arose with the Cherokees of Georgia--the most -civilized of all the Indian nations. The President recommended the -removal of the Cherokees to lands beyond the Mississippi. The INDIAN -TERRITORY was accordingly set apart in 1834. The Indians yielded with -great reluctance. More than five million dollars was paid them for -their lands. At last General Scott was ordered to remove them; and -during the years 1837-38, the Cherokees were transferred to their new -homes in the West. - -[Sidenote: The Seminole War.] - -7. More serious was the conflict with the Seminoles. The trouble arose -from an attempt to remove the tribe beyond the Mississippi. Hostilities -began in 1835, and continued for four years. Osceola and Micanopy, -chiefs of the nation, denied the validity of a former cession of -Seminole lands. General Thompson was obliged to arrest Osceola and put -him in irons. The chief then gave his assent to the old treaty, and was -liberated, but immediately entered into a conspiracy to slaughter the -whites. - -8. Major Dade, with a hundred and seventeen men, was now dispatched to -reinforce General Clinch at Fort Drane, seventy-five miles from St. -Augustine. Dade's forces fell into an ambuscade, and all except one -man were massacred. On the same day Osceola, with a band of warriors, -surrounded a storehouse where General Thompson was dining, and killed -him and four of his companions. - -9. In two successive engagements in December and February the Seminoles -were repulsed. In October Governor Call of Florida, with two thousand -men, overtook the savages in the Wahoo Swamp, near the scene of Dade's -massacre. Here the Indians were again defeated and driven into the -Everglades. - -10. In the mean time, the President had put an end to the Bank of the -United States. After vetoing the bill to recharter that institution, he -conceived that the surplus funds which had accumulated in its vaults -had better be distributed among the States. Accordingly, in October -of 1833 he ordered the funds of the bank, amounting to ten million -dollars, to be distributed among certain State banks designated for -that purpose. The financial panic of 1836-37, following soon afterward, -was attributed by the Whigs to the destruction of the national bank and -the removal of the funds. But the adherents of the President replied -that the panic was attributable to the bank itself. - -11. In 1834 the strong will of the chief magistrate was brought into -conflict with France. In 1831 the French king had agreed to pay five -million dollars for injuries formerly done to American commerce. But -the government of France neglected the payment until the President -recommended to Congress to make reprisals on French merchantmen. This -measure had the desired effect, and the indemnity was paid. Portugal -was brought to terms in a similar manner. - -[Sidenote: Arkansas and Michigan Admitted.] - -12. In June of 1836, Arkansas, with a population of seventy thousand, -was admitted into the Union. In the following January, Michigan -Territory was organized as a State and added to the Republic. The -new commonwealth brought a population of one hundred and fifty-seven -thousand. In the autumn of 1836 Martin Van Buren was elected President. -As to the Vice-presidency, no one secured a majority, and the choice -devolved on the Senate. By that body Colonel Richard M. Johnson of -Kentucky was chosen. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXVIII. - -VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1837-1841. - - -Martin Van Buren, eighth President, was born at Kinderhook, New York, -on the 5th of December, 1782. After receiving a limited education he -became a student of law. In 1821 he was chosen United States Senator. -Seven years afterward he was elected governor of New York, and was then -appointed Minister to England. From that important mission he returned -to accept the office of Vice-president. - -[Illustration: Martin Van Buren.] - -[Sidenote: Taylor's Campaign in Florida.] - -2. One of the first duties of the new administration was to finish -the Seminole War. In the fall, Osceola came to the American camp with -a flag of truce; but he was suspected of treachery, seized and sent -a prisoner to Fort Moultrie, where he died. The Seminoles, however, -continued the war. In December Colonel Zachary Taylor, with a thousand -men, marched into the Everglades of Florida, and overtook the savages -near Lake Okeechobee. A hard battle was fought, and the Indians were -defeated. For more than a year Taylor continued to hunt them through -the swamps. In 1839 a treaty was signed, and the Seminoles were slowly -removed to the West. - -3. In 1837 the country was afflicted with a serious monetary panic. -The preceding years had been a time of great prosperity. A surplus -of nearly forty million dollars, in the national treasury, had been -distributed among the States. Owing to the abundance of money, the -credit system was greatly extended. The banks of the country were -multiplied to seven hundred. Vast issues of irredeemable paper money -increased the opportunities for fraud. - -[Sidenote: Financial Panic.] - -4. The bills of these unsound banks were receivable for the public -lands. Seeing that the government was likely to be defrauded out -of millions, President Jackson issued an order, called the SPECIE -CIRCULAR, by which the land agents were directed _to receive nothing -but coin in payment for the lands_. The effects of this circular -followed in the first year of Van Buren's administration. The banks -suspended specie payment. In the spring of 1837, the failures in New -York and New Orleans amounted to one hundred and fifty million dollars. - -5. When Congress convened in the following September, a bill -authorizing the issue of ten millions of dollars in treasury notes -was passed as a temporary expedient. More important by far was the -measure proposed by the President under the name of the INDEPENDENT -TREASURY BILL, by which the public funds were to be kept in a treasury -established for that special purpose. It was the President's plan thus -to separate the business of the United States from the general business -of the country. - -6. The Independent Treasury Bill was at first defeated, but in the -following regular session of Congress the bill was again brought -forward and adopted. During the year 1838 the banks resumed specie -payments. But trade was less vigorous than before. Discontent -prevailed; and the administration was blamed with everything. - -[Sidenote: Canadian Insurrection.] - -7. In the after part of 1837 a portion of the people of Canada -attempted to establish their independence. The insurgents found -sympathy in the United States. Seven hundred men from New York seized -and fortified Navy Island, in the Niagara River. The loyalists of -Canada, however, succeeded in firing the _Caroline_, the supply ship -of the adventurers, cut her moorings, and sent the burning vessel -over Niagara Falls. For a while the peaceful relations of the United -States and Great Britain were endangered. But the President issued a -proclamation of neutrality, forbidding further interference with the -affairs of Canada. - -8. Mr. Van Buren became a candidate for reelection, and received -the support of the Democratic party. The Whigs put forward General -Harrison. The canvass was one of the most exciting in the history of -the country. Harrison was elected. After controlling the government -for forty years, the Democratic party was temporarily overthrown. For -Vice-president, John Tyler of Virginia was chosen. - - - - -CHAPTER XXXIX. - -ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER, 1841-1845. - - -[Illustration: William H. Harrison.] - -[Illustration: John Tyler.] - -[Sidenote: Death of Pres. Harrison.] - -President Harrison was a Virginian by birth, the adopted son of Robert -Morris. He was graduated at Hampden-Sidney College, and afterwards -entered the army of St. Clair. He became governor of Indiana Territory, -which office he filled with great ability. He began his duties as -President by calling a special session of Congress. An able cabinet -was organized, with Daniel Webster as Secretary of State. Everything -promised well for the new Whig administration; but before Congress -could convene, the President, now sixty-eight years of age, fell sick, -and died just one month after his inauguration. On the 6th of April Mr. -Tyler became President of the United States. - -2. He was a statesman of considerable distinction; a native of -Virginia; a graduate of William and Mary College. In 1825 he was -elected governor of Virginia, and from that position he was sent to -the Senate of the United States. He had been put upon the ticket with -General Harrison through motives of expediency; for although a Whig in -political principles, he was _known to be hostile to the United States -Bank_. - -3. One of the first measures of the new Congress was the repeal of -the Independent Treasury Bill. A bankrupt law was then passed for the -relief of insolvent business men. The next measure was the rechartering -of the Bank of the United States. A bill for that purpose was brought -forward and passed; but the President interposed his veto. Again the -bill received the assent of both Houses, only to be rejected by the -executive. By this action a rupture was produced between the President -and the party which had elected him. All the members of the cabinet, -except Mr. Webster, resigned their offices. - -[Sidenote: Webster-Ashburton Treaty.] - -4. A difficulty now arose with Great Britain about the northeastern -boundary of the United States. Since the treaty of 1783 that boundary -had been in question. Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great Britain, -and Mr. Webster, on the part of the United States, were called upon to -settle the dispute. They performed their work in a manner honorable to -both nations; and the present boundary was established. - -5. In the next year, the country was vexed with a domestic trouble in -Rhode Island. By the terms of the old charter of that State the right -of suffrage was restricted to property-holders. A proposition was now -agreed upon to change the constitution, but in respect to the _manner_ -of annulling the old charter there was a division. - -[Sidenote: Dorr's Rebellion.] - -6. In 1842 the "law and order party," under Governor King, undertook -to suppress the "suffrage party" under Thomas W. Dorr. The latter -resisted, and made an attempt to capture the State arsenal. But -the militia drove the assailants away. Dorr was arrested, tried for -treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. He was set at liberty -again in 1845. - -[Sidenote: The Mormons.] - -7. About the same time, a difficulty occurred with the Mormons. Under -the leadership of Joseph Smith, they first settled in Missouri. But -the people of Missouri opposed them. The militia was called out, and -the Mormons crossed into Illinois, and laid out the city of Nauvoo. -But serious troubles soon arose with the people of Illinois. Smith and -his brother were arrested and lodged in jail. In 1844 a mob broke open -the jail doors and killed the prisoners. Two years later the Mormons -resolved to leave the States. They made a toilsome march to the far -West; crossed the Rocky Mountains; reached the Great Salt Lake; and -founded Utah Territory. - -[Illustration: Fall of Crockett in the Alamo.] - -8. Meanwhile, a great agitation had arisen in regard to Texas. From -1821 to 1836 this vast territory had been a province of Mexico. In the -year 1835 the Texans raised the standard of rebellion. In a battle -at Gonzales, a thousand Mexicans were defeated by a Texan force of -five hundred. On the 6th of March, 1836, the Texan fort Alamo was -surrounded by eight thousand Mexicans, led by Santa Anna. The garrison -was overpowered and massacred. The daring David Crockett was one of -the victims of the butchery. In the next month was fought the decisive -battle of San Jacinto, which gave to Texas her independence. - -[Sidenote: Texas applies for Admission.] - -9. Texas now asked to be admitted into the Union. At first the -proposition was declined by President Van Buren. In 1844 the question -of annexation was again agitated; and on that question the people -divided in the presidential election. The annexation was favored by -the Democrats, and opposed by the Whigs. James K. Polk of Tennessee -was put forward as the Democratic candidate; while the Whigs chose -their favorite leader, Henry Clay. The former was elected; for -Vice-president, George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania was chosen. - -10. On the 29th of May, 1844, the news of the nomination of Mr. Polk -was sent from Baltimore to Washington by the MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH. It -was the first dispatch ever so transmitted; and the event marks an era -in the history of civilization. The inventor of the telegraph, which -has proved so great a blessing to mankind, was Professor Samuel F. B. -Morse of Massachusetts. Perhaps no other invention has exercised so -beneficent an influence on the welfare of the human race. - -[Sidenote: Admission of Texas, Florida, and Iowa.] - -11. When Congress convened in December of 1844, a bill to annex Texas -to the United States was brought forward, and, on the first of the -following March, was passed. The President immediately gave his assent; -and, on the 29th of December, Texas took her place in the Republic. On -the 3d of March in this year, bills for the admission of Florida and -Iowa were also signed; but the latter State was not formally admitted -until December 28th, 1846. - - - - -CHAPTER XL. - -POLK'S ADMINISTRATION AND THE MEXICAN WAR, 1845-49. - - -President Polk was a native of North Carolina. In boyhood he removed -with his father to Tennessee, and in 1839 rose to the position of -governor of that State. At the head of his cabinet he placed James -Buchanan of Pennsylvania. - -[Sidenote: Causes of Mexican War.] - -2. A war with Mexico was at hand. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Texan -legislature ratified the act of annexation. The Mexican minister at -Washington immediately left the country. The authorities of Texas -sent an urgent request to the President to dispatch an army for their -protection. Accordingly, General Zachary Taylor was ordered to march -thither from Louisiana. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as her western -limit, while Mexico was determined to have the Nueces as the separating -line. The government of the United States resolved to support the claim -of Texas. General Taylor was sent to the mouth of the Nueces, and in -January, 1846, he moved forward to the mouth of the Rio Grande, and -built Fort Brown. - -[Illustration: James K. Polk.] - -[Sidenote: Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma.] - -3. On the 26th of April a company of American dragoons was attacked by -the Mexicans, _east of the Rio Grande_, and was obliged to surrender. -This was the first bloodshed of the war. General Taylor hastened to -Point Isabel and strengthened the defenses. This done, he set out with -a provision-train and an army of two thousand men to return to Fort -Brown. Meanwhile, the Mexicans had crossed the Rio Grande and taken a -position at Palo Alto. On the 8th of May the Americans came in sight -and joined battle. After a severe engagement the Mexicans were driven -from the field. - -4. On the following day General Taylor resumed his march, and came -upon the Mexicans again at a place called Resaca de la Palma. Here the -enemy fought better than on the previous day. The American lines were -severely galled until Captain May's dragoons charged through a storm -of grape-shot, rode over the Mexican batteries, and captured La Vega, -the commanding general. The Mexicans, abandoning their guns, fled in a -general rout. - -[Sidenote: War Declared.] - -5. When the news from the Rio Grande was borne through the Union, the -war spirit was everywhere aroused. On the 11th of May, 1846, Congress -made a declaration of war. The President was authorized to accept -fifty thousand volunteers, and ten million dollars was placed at his -disposal. Nearly three hundred thousand men rushed forward to enter the -ranks. - -6. The American forces were organized in three divisions: THE ARMY OF -THE WEST, under General Kearny, to cross the Rocky Mountains against -the northern Mexican provinces; THE ARMY OF THE CENTER, under General -Scott as commander-in-chief, to march from the Gulf coast into the -heart of the enemy's country; THE ARMY OF OCCUPATION, under General -Taylor, to hold the districts on the Rio Grande. - -[Sidenote: Monterey.] - -7. Ten days after the battle of Resaca de la Palma General Taylor -captured Matamoras, and in August laid siege to Monterey. On the 21st -of September the Americans carried the heights in the rear of the -town. The Bishop's Palace was taken by storm on the following day. On -the 23d the city was successfully assaulted in front. The American -storming parties charged into the town; hoisted the victorious flag of -the Union; turned upon the buildings where the Mexicans were concealed; -charged up dark stairways to the flat roofs of the houses; and drove -the enemy to a surrender. - -[Illustration: John Charles Fremont.] - -8. General Santa Anna was now called home from Havana to take the -presidency of Mexico. A Mexican army of twenty thousand men was sent -into the field. General Taylor again moved forward, and on the 15th -of November captured the town of Saltillo. Victoria, a city in the -province of Tamaulipas, was taken by General Patterson. - -9. In June of 1846 the Army of the West, led by General Kearny, set out -from Fort Leavenworth for the conquest of New Mexico and California. -After a wearisome march he reached Santa Fé, and on the 18th of August -captured the city. With four hundred dragoons Kearny continued his -march toward the Pacific coast to find that California had already been -subdued. - -[Sidenote: Conquest of California.] - -10. For four years Colonel John C. Fremont had been exploring the -country west of the Rocky Mountains. In California he received -dispatches informing him of the war with Mexico, and began to urge the -people of California to declare their independence. A campaign was -begun to overthrow the Mexican authority. Meanwhile, Commodore Sloat -had captured the town of Monterey, on the coast. A few days afterward -Commodore Stockton took San Diego. Before the end of summer the whole -of California was subdued. On the 8th of January, 1847, the Mexicans -were decisively defeated in the battle of San Gabriel, by which the -authority of the United States was completely established. - -[Sidenote: Buena Vista.] - -11. General Scott now arrived in Mexico and ordered the Army of -Occupation to join him on the Gulf for the conquest of the capital. -This left Taylor and Wool in a critical condition at Monterey; for -Santa Anna was advancing against them with twenty thousand men. General -Taylor was able to concentrate at Saltillo an effective force of but -four thousand eight hundred. At the head of this small army he chose a -battlefield at Buena Vista. On the 23d of February the battle began. -Against tremendous odds the field was fairly won by the Americans. -The Mexicans, having lost nearly two thousand men, made a precipitate -retreat. - -[Sidenote: Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo.] - -12. On the 9th of March, 1847, General Scott, with twelve thousand -men, landed to the south of Vera Cruz, and invested the city. On the -morning of the 22d a cannonade was begun. On the waterside, Vera -Cruz was defended by the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. For four days -the bombardment continued without cessation. An assault was already -planned, when the authorities of the city proposed capitulation. On the -27th the American flag was raised over Vera Cruz. - -13. The route to the capital was now open. On the 12th of the month -General Twiggs came upon Santa Anna, with fifteen thousand men, on the -heights of Cerro Gordo. On the 18th, the American army advanced to -the assault; and before noonday every position of the Mexicans had -been successfully stormed. Nearly three thousand prisoners were taken, -together with forty-three pieces of bronze artillery. - -[Illustration: Operations in Mexico.] - -14. On the next day the victorious army entered Jalapa. The strong -castle of Perote was taken without resistance. Turning southward, -General Scott next entered the ancient city of Puebla, no opposition -being encountered. Scott here waited for reinforcements from Vera Cruz. -On the 7th of August General Scott began his march upon the capital. -The army swept through the passes of the Cordilleras to look down on -the VALLEY OF MEXICO. - -[Sidenote: The City of Mexico.] - -15. The city of Mexico could be approached only by causeways leading -across marshes and the beds of bygone lakes. At the ends of these -causeways were massive gates strongly defended. To the left were -Contreras, San Antonio, and Molino del Rey. Directly in front were the -powerful defences of Churubusco and Chapultepec. - -16. On the 20th of August Generals Pillow and Twiggs stormed the -Mexican position at Contreras. A few hours afterwards General Worth -carried San Antonio. General Pillow led a column against one of the -heights of Churubusco; and after a terrible assault the position was -carried. General Twiggs stormed another height of Churubusco. Still -another victory was achieved by Generals Shields and Pierce, who -defeated Santa Anna's reserves. - -[Illustration: Scott's Army Entering the City of Mexico.] - -17. On the morning after the battles the Mexican authorities came out -to negotiate. General Scott rejected their proposals. On the 8th of -September General Worth stormed the western defences of Chapultepec, -and on the 13th that citadel itself was carried by storm. - -18. On the following morning forth came a deputation from the city -to beg for mercy; but General Scott, tired of trifling, turned them -away with contempt. "Forward!" was the order that rang along the lines -at sunrise. The war-worn regiments swept into the famous city, and -at seven o'clock the flag of the Union floated over the halls of the -Montezumas. - -19. On leaving his capital, Santa Anna turned about to attack the -hospitals at Puebla. Here eighteen hundred sick men had been left -in charge of Colonel Childs. A gallant resistance was made by the -garrison, until General Lane, on his march to the capital, fell upon -the besiegers and scattered them. It was the closing stroke of the war. - -[Sidenote: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.] - -20. The military power of Mexico was completely broken. In the winter -of 1847-48, American ambassadors met the Mexican Congress at Guadalupe -Hidalgo, and on the 2d of February a treaty was concluded. By the terms -of settlement the boundary-line between Mexico and the United States -was established on the Rio Grande from its mouth to the southern limit -of New Mexico; thence westward along the southern, and northward along -the western boundary of that territory to the Gila; thence down that -river to the Colorado; thence westward to the Pacific. New Mexico -and Upper California were relinquished to the United States. Mexico -guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California and the river -Colorado. The United States agreed to surrender all places in Mexico, -to pay that country fifteen million dollars, and to assume all debts -due from Mexico to American citizens. - -[Sidenote: California and Wisconsin Admitted.] - -21. A few days after the signing of the treaty, a laborer, employed by -Captain Sutter on the American fork of Sacramento River, in California, -_discovered some pieces of gold in the sand_. The news went flying to -the ends of the world. Men thousands of miles away were crazed with -excitement. From all quarters adventurers came flocking. Before the -end of 1850, San Francisco had grown to be a city of fifteen thousand -inhabitants. In September of that year, California was admitted into -the Union; and by the close of 1852, the State had a population of more -than a quarter of a million. - -22. In 1848 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. The new commonwealth -came with a population of two hundred and fifty thousand. Another -presidential election was already at hand. General Lewis Cass, of -Michigan, was nominated by the Democrats, and General Zachary Taylor by -the Whigs. As the candidate of the new Free Soil party, ex-President -Martin Van Buren was put forward. The memory of his recent victories -in Mexico made General Taylor the favorite with the people, and he was -elected by a large majority. As Vice-president, Millard Fillmore, of -New York, was chosen. - - - - -CHAPTER XLI. - -ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND FILLMORE, 1849-1853. - - -The new President was a Virginian by birth, a soldier by profession. -During the war of 1812 he distinguished himself in the Northwest. -In the Seminole War he bore a part, but earned his greatest renown -in Mexico. His administration began with a violent agitation on the -question of slavery in the territories. - -[Sidenote: Slavery in the Territories.] - -2. In his first message the President advised the people of California -to prepare for admission into the Union. The advice was promptly -accepted. A convention was held at Monterey in September of 1849. A -constitution _prohibiting slavery_ was framed, submitted to the people, -and adopted. - -[Illustration: Zachary Taylor.] - -3. When the question of admitting California came before Congress the -members were sectionally divided. The admission of the new State was -favored by the representatives of the North, and opposed by those -of the South. The latter claimed that, with the extension of the -Missouri Compromise to the Pacific, the right to introduce slavery into -California was guaranteed by the general government, and that therefore -the proposed constitution of the State ought to be rejected. The -reply of the North was that the Missouri Compromise had respect only -to the Louisiana purchase, and that the Californians had framed their -constitution in their own way. - -4. Other questions added fuel to the controversy. Texas claimed New -Mexico as a part of her territory, and the claim was resisted by the -people of Santa Fé. The people of the South complained that fugitive -slaves were aided and encouraged in the North. The opponents of slavery -demanded the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia. - -[Sidenote: The Omnibus Bill.] - -[Illustration: Millard Fillmore.] - -5. Henry Clay appeared as a peacemaker. On the 9th of May, 1850, he -brought forward, as a compromise, the OMNIBUS BILL, of which the -provisions were as follows: _first_, the admission of California as a -free State; _second_, the formation of new States, not exceeding four -in number, out of Texas, said States to permit or exclude slavery as -the people should determine; _third_, the organization of territorial -governments for New Mexico and Utah, without conditions as to slavery; -_fourth_, the establishment of the present boundary between Texas and -New Mexico; _fifth_, the enactment of a stringent law for the recovery -of fugitive slaves; _sixth_, the abolition of the slave-trade in the -District of Columbia. - -6. When the Omnibus Bill was laid before Congress, the debates broke -out anew. While the discussion was at its height, President Taylor fell -sick, and died on the 9th of July, 1850. Mr. Fillmore at once took the -oath of office and entered upon the duties of the Presidency. A new -cabinet was formed, with Daniel Webster at the head as Secretary of -State. - -7. On the 18th of September the compromise proposed by Mr. Clay was -adopted, and received the sanction of the President. The excitement -in the country rapidly abated, and the controversy seemed at an end. -Shortly afterwards Mr. Clay bade adieu to the Senate, and sought at -Ashland a brief rest from the cares of public life. - -[Sidenote: "Filibustering" in Cuba.] - -8. The year 1850 was marked by an attempt of some American adventurers -to conquer Cuba. It was thought that the Cubans were anxious to annex -themselves to the United States. General Lopez organized an expedition -in the South, and on the 19th of May, 1850, effected a landing in Cuba. -But there was no uprising in his favor; and he was obliged to return -to Florida. Renewing the attempt, he and his band were defeated and -captured by the Spaniards. Lopez and the ringleaders were taken to -Havana and executed. - -9. In 1852 a serious trouble arose with England. By the terms of -former treaties the coast-fisheries of Newfoundland belonged to Great -Britain. But, outside of a line drawn three miles from the shore, -American fishermen enjoyed equal rights. A quarrel now arose as to how -the line should be drawn across the bays and inlets; and both nations -sent men-of-war to the contested waters. But in 1854 the difficulty was -settled happily by negotiation; and the right to take fish in the bays -of the British possessions was conceded to American fishermen. - -10. During the summer of 1852 the Hungarian patriot Louis Kossuth -made a tour of the United States. He came to plead the cause of -Hungary before the American people, and was everywhere received with -expressions of sympathy and good-will. But the policy of the United -States forbade the government to interfere on behalf of the Hungarian -patriots. - -[Sidenote: Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition.] - -11. The attention of the American people was next directed to -explorations in the Arctic Ocean. In 1845 Sir John Franklin, a brave -English seaman, went on a voyage of discovery to the North. Years went -by, and no tidings came from the daring sailor. Other expeditions -were sent in search, but returned without success. In 1853 an Arctic -squadron was equipped, the command of which was given to Dr. Elisha -Kent Kane; but the expedition returned without the discovery of -Franklin. - -12. During the administrations of Taylor and Fillmore, many -distinguished men fell by the hand of death. On the 31st of March, -1850, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina passed away. His death was -much lamented, especially in his own State, to whose interests he -had devoted the energies of his life. Then followed the death of the -President; and then, on the 28th June, 1852, the great Henry Clay sank -to rest. On the 24th of the following October, Daniel Webster died at -his home at Marshfield, Massachusetts. The office of Secretary of State -was then conferred on Edward Everett. - -13. The political parties again marshaled their forces. Franklin Pierce -of New Hampshire appeared as the candidate of the Democratic party, -and General Winfield Scott as the choice of the Whigs. The question -at issue before the country was the Compromise Act of 1850. Both the -Whig and Democratic platforms stoutly reaffirmed the doctrines of the -Omnibus Bill. A third party arose, however, whose members declared that -_all_ the Territories of the United States ought to be free. John P. -Hale of New Hampshire was put forward as the candidate of this Free -Soil party. Mr. Pierce was elected by a large majority, and William R. -King of Alabama was chosen Vice-president. - - - - -CHAPTER XLII. - -PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1853-1857. - - -The new chief magistrate was a native of New Hampshire, a graduate of -Bowdoin College, and a statesman of considerable abilities. On account -of ill health, Mr. King, the Vice-president, was sojourning in Cuba. -Growing more feeble, he returned to Alabama, where he died in April, -1853. William L. Marcy of New York was chosen as Secretary of State. - -[Illustration: Franklin Pierce.] - -2. In 1853 a corps of engineers was sent out to explore the route for a -PACIFIC RAILROAD. The enterprise was at first regarded as visionary and -impossible. In the same year, the southwestern boundary was settled, by -purchase of the claim of Mexico. The territory thus acquired is known -as the GADSDEN PURCHASE. - -[Sidenote: =Perry in Japan.=] - -3. In the same year intercourse was opened between the United States -and Japan. Hitherto the Japanese ports had been closed against the -vessels of Christian nations. In order to remove this restriction, -Commodore Perry sailed into the Bay of Yeddo, and prepared the way for -a treaty, by which the privileges of commerce were granted to American -merchantmen. - -4. On the very day of Perry's introduction to the Emperor, the Crystal -Palace was opened in New York for the WORLD'S FAIR. The palace was -built of iron and glass. Specimens of the arts and manufactures of all -nations were put on exhibition within the building. - -[Sidenote: The Kansas-Nebraska Bill.] - -5. In January of 1854, Senator Douglas of Illinois brought forward a -proposition to organize Kansas and Nebraska. A clause was inserted in -the bill providing that the people of the territories _should decide -for themselves_ whether the new States should be free or slaveholding. -This was a repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1821. After several -months' debate, Mr. Douglas's KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL, was finally passed. - -[Sidenote: Disturbances in Kansas.] - -6. Whether Kansas should admit slavery now depended upon the vote of -the people. The territory was soon filled with an agitated mass of -people, thousands of whom had been sent thither _to vote_. In the -elections of 1854-55, the pro-slavery party was triumphant. The State -Legislature at Lecompton framed a constitution permitting slavery. -The Free Soil party, declaring the elections to have been illegal, -assembled at Topeka, and framed a constitution excluding slavery. Civil -war broke out between the factions. The hostile parties were quieted, -but the agitation extended to all parts of the Union. The Kansas -question became the issue in the presidential election of 1856. - -7. James Buchanan of Pennsylvania was nominated as the Democratic -candidate. He planted himself on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and secured -a heavy vote both North and South. As the candidate of the Free Soil -or People's party, John C. Fremont of California was brought forward. -The exclusion of slavery from all the Territories was the principle of -the Free Soil platform. The American or Know Nothing party nominated -Millard Fillmore. Mr. Buchanan was elected by a large majority, while -the choice for the Vice-presidency fell on John C. Breckinridge of -Kentucky. - - - - -CHAPTER XLIII. - -BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1857-1861. - - -James Buchanan was a native of Pennsylvania, born on the 13th of April, -1791. In 1831 he was appointed Minister to Russia, was afterwards -senator of the United States, and Secretary of State under President -Polk. In 1853 he received the appointment of Minister to Great Britain. -As Secretary of State in the new cabinet, General Lewis Cass of -Michigan was chosen. - -[Sidenote: Trouble with the Mormons.] - -2. In the first year of Buchanan's administration, serious trouble -occurred with the Mormons concerning the enforcement of the authority -of the United States over Utah. An army was sent to the Territory in -1857 to compel obedience. For awhile the Mormons resisted; but when the -President proclaimed a pardon to all who would submit, they yielded; -and order was restored. - -[Illustration: James Buchanan.] - -[Sidenote: Admission of Minnesota and Oregon.] - -3. The 5th of August, 1858, was noted for the completion of the FIRST -TELEGRAPHIC CABLE across the Atlantic. The success of this great work -was due to the genius of Cyrus W. Field of New York. The cable was -stretched from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valencia Bay, Ireland. -After successful operation for a few weeks the cable ceased to work. -In 1858 Minnesota was added to the Union. The population of the new -State was a hundred and fifty thousand. In the next year, Oregon, the -thirty-third State, was admitted, with a population of forty-eight -thousand. - -[Sidenote: John Brown's Raid.] - -4. The slavery question continued to vex the nation. In 1857 the -Supreme Court of the United States, after hearing the cause of Dred -Scott, formerly a slave, decided _that negroes are not and can not -become citizens_. Thereupon, in several of the free States, PERSONAL -LIBERTY BILLS were passed, to defeat the Fugitive Slave Law. In the -fall of 1859, John Brown of Kansas, with a party of twenty-one daring -men, captured the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and held his ground for -two days. The national troops were called out to suppress the revolt. -Thirteen of Brown's men were killed, two made their escape, and the -rest were captured. The leader and his six companions were tried by the -authorities of Virginia, condemned and hanged. - -[Sidenote: Election of Abraham Lincoln.] - -5. In the presidential canvass of 1860 the candidate of the Republican -party was Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. The distinct principle of -this party was opposition to the extension of slavery. In April the -Democratic convention assembled at Charleston; but the Southern -delegates withdrew from the assembly. The rest adjourned to Baltimore -and chose Douglas as their standard-bearer. There, also, the delegates -from the South reassembled in June, and nominated John C. Breckinridge -of Kentucky. The American party chose as their candidate John Bell of -Tennessee. The contest resulted in the election of Mr. Lincoln. - -6. The leaders of the South had declared that the choice of Lincoln -for the presidency would be a just cause for the dissolution of the -Union. A majority of the cabinet, and a large number of senators and -representatives in Congress, were advocates of disunion. It was seen -that all the departments of the government would shortly pass under the -control of the Republican party. President Buchanan was not himself a -disunionist; but he declared himself not armed with the constitutional -power to prevent secession by force. - -[Sidenote: The Secession of Southern States.] - -7. On the 17th of December, 1860, a convention met at Charleston, -and after three days passed a resolution _that the union hitherto -existing between South Carolina and the other States was dissolved_. -The sentiment of disunion spread with great rapidity. By the first -of February, 1861, six other States--Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, -Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas--had all passed ordinances of secession. -Nearly all the senators and representatives of those States resigned -their seats in Congress and gave themselves to the disunion cause. - -8. In the secession conventions a few of the speakers denounced -disunion as bad and ruinous. In the convention of Georgia, Alexander -H. Stephens delivered a powerful oration in which he defended the -theory of secession, but urged that _the measure was impolitic, unwise, -disastrous_. - -[Sidenote: Confederation of the South.] - -9. On the 4th of February, 1861, delegates from six of the seceded -States assembled at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new government, -called the CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. On the 8th, the government -was organized by the election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as -provisional President, and Alexander H. Stephens, as Vice-president. A -few days previous a peace conference met at Washington, and proposed -certain amendments to the Constitution. But Congress gave little heed; -and the conference adjourned. - -10. The country seemed on the verge of ruin. The army was on remote -frontiers--the fleet in distant seas. With the exception of Forts -Sumter, Moultrie, Pickens, and Monroe, all the important posts in the -seceded States had been seized by the Confederate authorities. Early in -January, the President sent the _Star of the West_ to reinforce Fort -Sumter. But the ship was fired on, and not allowed to land. - - - - -REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART V. - - CHAPTER XXIX. - - 1. Give an account of the inauguration of the first President, and of - the organization of his Cabinet. - - 2. Outline the important measures of Washington's first and of his - second Administration. - - 3. Tell about the troubles with the Miami Indians. - - 4. What difficulty with Great Britain arose during the second - Administration, and how was it adjusted? - - - CHAPTER XXX. - - 5. Sketch the Administration of the second President, and give the - relations existing at this time between the United States and France. - - 6. Tell about the "Alien" and "Sedition" laws. - - - CHAPTER XXXI. - - 7. Give an account of the election of Thomas Jefferson, and of the - changes that took place in the early part of his Administration. - - 8. Give an account of the organization of Indiana Territory, and also - of the Louisiana Purchase. - - 9. Tell the story of Aaron Burr and his treason. - - 10. Tell of the British claim to the "right of search," and of the - immediate results in America. - - - CHAPTER XXXII. - - 11. Give an account of the election of President Madison, and of our - relations with Great Britain. - - 12. Follow the Indian war in the Territory of Indiana. - - 13. Outline the movements, by land and by sea, of the opening campaign - of the war of 1812. - - - CHAPTER XXXIII. - - 14. Describe the organization of the American army and the war - movements of 1813. - - - CHAPTER XXXIV. - - 15. Give the campaigns of 1814 and their results. - - 16. Tell about the treaty of peace, also state what had been the causes - of the war, and how the treaty affected the points in dispute. - - 17. State the condition of monetary affairs in the United States, and - the measures that were adopted in their interest. - - - CHAPTER XXXV. - - 18. What characterized the Administration of James Monroe? - - 19. Give an account of the affairs in Florida, and of the cession of - that territory by Spain to the United States. - - 20. Tell about the "Missouri Compromise," and the "Monroe Doctrine." - - - CHAPTER XXXVI. - - 21. Give the principal features of the peaceful Administration of John - Quincy Adams. - - - CHAPTER XXXVII. - - 22. Give an account of President Jackson, and of his treatment of the - nullification doctrines that were brought forward in his time. - - 23. Tell of the Indian affairs of these years, and of their adjustment. - - 24. Describe the bank questions that now arose. - - - CHAPTER XXXVIII. - - 25. Outline the Administration of Martin Van Buren, and especially the - measures adopted to settle the monetary questions. - - - CHAPTER XXXIX. - - 26. Sketch the Administrations of Harrison and Tyler. - - 27. Tell the story of the Mormons. - - 28. Give an account of the affairs of Texas, and its admission into the - Union as a State. - - - CHAPTER XL. - - 29. What was the issue upon which President Polk was elected, and what - were the great events of his term of office? - - 30. Follow the course of the Mexican war, giving its causes, prominent - generals, leading events, and results. - - 31. Give an account of the treaty with Mexico. - - 32. Tell about the affairs in California, and the discovery of gold. - - - CHAPTER XLI. - - 33. State how the discussions of the slavery question were reopened by - the admission of California into the Union, and tell of the "Omnibus - Bill." - - 34. Give an account of the Arctic expeditions of this period. - - - CHAPTER XLII. - - 35. Give an account of the leading measures of President Pierce's - Administration, and of the general progress of the nation. - - 36. What issues were prominent in the election of 1856? - - - CHAPTER XLIII. - - 37. Tell of the civil and political affairs of the first three years of - Buchanan's Administration. - - 38. Give an account of the political campaign of 1860, and the results - of the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency. - - - - -PART VI. - -THE CIVIL WAR. - -1861-1865. - - - - -CHAPTER XLIV. - -LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.--THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. - - -Abraham Lincoln was a native of Kentucky, born on the 12th of February, -1809. At the age of seven he was taken to southern Indiana, where -his boyhood was passed in poverty and toil. On reaching his majority -he removed to Illinois, where he distinguished himself as a lawyer. -He gained a national reputation in 1858, when, as the competitor of -Stephen A. Douglas, he canvassed Illinois for the United States Senate. - -[Illustration: Abraham Lincoln.] - -2. The new cabinet was organized with William H. Seward of New York -as Secretary of State. Salmon P. Chase of Ohio was chosen Secretary -of the Treasury, and Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; but he was soon -succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton. The secretaryship of the navy was -conferred on Gideon Welles. In his inaugural address, the President -declared his purpose to repossess the forts and public property which -had been seized by the Confederates. On the 12th of March, a futile -effort was made by the seceded States to obtain recognition from the -national government. Then followed a second attempt to reinforce Fort -Sumter. - -[Sidenote: Fort Sumter Fired upon.] - -3. The defences of Charleston were held by seventy-nine men under Major -Robert Anderson. With this small force he retired to Fort Sumter. -Confederate volunteers flocked to the city, and batteries were built -about the harbor. The authorities of the Confederate States determined -to anticipate the movement of the government by compelling Anderson to -surrender. On the 11th of April, General P. T. Beauregard, commandant -of Charleston, sent a flag to Sumter, demanding an evacuation. Major -Anderson replied that he should defend the fortress. On the following -morning the first gun was fired from a Confederate battery; and a -bombardment of thirty-four hours' duration followed. The fort was -obliged to capitulate. The honors of war were granted to Anderson and -his men. - -[Sidenote: The President calls for Volunteers.] - -4. Three days after the fall of Sumter the President issued a call for -seventy-five thousand volunteers to serve three months. Two days later -Virginia seceded from the Union. On the 6th of May, Arkansas followed, -and then North Carolina, on the 20th of the month. In Tennessee there -was a powerful opposition to disunion, and it was not until the 8th -of June that a secession ordinance could be passed. In Missouri the -movement resulted in civil war, while in Kentucky the authorities -issued a proclamation of neutrality. The people of Maryland were -divided into hostile parties. - -[Sidenote: Harper's Ferry and Norfolk seized.] - -5. On the 19th of April, when the Massachusetts volunteers were passing -through Baltimore, they were fired upon by the citizens and three men -killed. This was the first bloodshed of the war. On the day previous, -a body of Confederate soldiers captured the armory of the United -States at Harper's Ferry. On the 20th of the month another company -obtained possession of the great navy yard at Norfolk. The property -thus captured amounted to fully ten millions of dollars. On the 3d of -May the President issued a call for eighty-three thousand soldiers to -serve for three years or during the war. General Winfield Scott was -made commander-in-chief. War ships were sent to blockade the Southern -ports. In the seceded States there was boundless activity. The Southern -Congress adjourned from Montgomery, to meet on the 20th of July, at -Richmond. There Mr. Davis and the officers of his cabinet had assembled -to direct the affairs of the government. So stood the antagonistic -powers in the beginning of June, 1861. It is appropriate to look -briefly into THE CAUSES of the conflict. - - - - -CHAPTER XLV. - -CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR. - - -[Sidenote: Meaning of the Constitution.] - -The most general cause of the civil war in the United States was _the -different construction put upon the Constitution by the people of the -North and of the South_. A difference of opinion existed as to how that -instrument was to be understood. One party held that the Union of the -States is indissoluble; that the States are subordinate to the central -government; that the acts of Congress are binding on the States; and -that all attempts at nullification and disunion are disloyal and -treasonable. The other party held that the national Constitution is a -compact between sovereign States; that for certain reasons the Union -may be dissolved; that the sovereignty of the nation belongs to the -individual States; that a State may annul an act of Congress; that the -highest allegiance of the citizen is due to his own State; and that -nullification and disunion are justifiable and honorable. - -2. This question struck into the very heart of the government. It -threatened to undo the whole civil structure of the United States. In -the earlier history of the country the doctrine of State sovereignty -was most advocated in New England. Afterwards the people of that -section passed over to the advocacy of national sovereignty, while the -people of the South took up the doctrine of State rights. As early as -1831 the right of nullifying an act of Congress was openly advocated in -South Carolina. Thus it happened that the belief in State sovereignty -became more prevalent in the South than in the North. - -[Sidenote: Systems of Labor.] - -3. A second cause of the civil war was _the different system of labor -in the North and in the South_. In the former section the laborers -were freemen; in the latter, slaves. In the South the theory was that -capital should own labor; in the North that both labor and capital are -free. In the beginning all the colonies had been slaveholding. In the -Eastern and Middle States the system of slave-labor had been abolished. -In the Northwestern Territory slavery was excluded from the beginning. -Thus there came to be a dividing line drawn through the Union. Whenever -the question of slavery was agitated, a sectional division would arise -between the North and the South. The danger arising from this source -was increased by several subordinate causes. - -4. The first of these was the invention of the COTTON GIN to replace -hand-labor in separating the fiber from the seeds of the cotton plant. -It was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, and through -its immediate adoption cotton suddenly became the most profitable of -all the staples. In proportion to the increased profitableness of -cotton, slave-labor grew in demand and slavery became an important and -deep-rooted institution. - -5. From this time onward, there was constant danger of disunion. -In the MISSOURI AGITATION of 1820-21, threats of dissolving the -Union were freely made in both the North and the South. When the -Missouri Compromise was enacted, it was the hope of Mr. Clay and his -fellow-statesmen to save the Union by removing the slavery question -from politics. - -6. Next came the NULLIFICATION ACTS of South Carolina. The Southern -States had become cotton-producing; the Eastern States had given -themselves to manufacturing. The tariff measures favored manufacturers -at the expense of producers. Mr. Calhoun proposed to remedy the evil -by annulling the laws of Congress; and another compromise was found -necessary in order to allay the animosities which had been awakened. - -7. The ANNEXATION OF TEXAS led to a renewal of the agitation. Those who -opposed the Mexican War did so because of the fact that thereby slavery -would be extended. Whether the territory acquired should be made into -free or slaveholding States was the question next agitated. This led to -the OMNIBUS BILL, by which the excitement was again allayed. - -8. In 1854 the KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL opened the question anew. -Meanwhile, the character of the Northern and the Southern people had -become quite different. In population and wealth the North had far -outgrown the South. In 1860 Mr. Lincoln was elected by the votes of the -Northern States. The people of the South were exasperated at the choice -of a chief-magistrate whom they regarded as hostile to their interests. - -[Sidenote: Sectional Estrangement.] - -9. The third general cause of the war was _the want of intercourse -between the people of the North and the South_. The great railroads ran -east and west. Between the North and the South there was little travel. -From want of acquaintance the people became estranged, jealous, and -suspicious. - -10. A fourth cause was _the publication of sectional books_. During -the twenty years preceding the war, many works were published whose -popularity depended on the animosity existing between the two sections. -In such books the manners and customs of one section were held up to -the contempt of the people of the other section. In the North the -belief was fostered that the South was given up to inhumanity; while in -the South the opinion prevailed that the Northern people were a mean -race of cowardly Yankees. - -[Sidenote: Influence of Demagogues.] - -11. _The evil influence of demagogues_ may be cited as the fifth -general cause of the war. From 1850 to 1860, American statesmanship -and patriotism were at a low ebb. Ambitious and scheming politicians -had obtained control of the political parties. The welfare of the -country was put aside as of little value. In order to gain power, many -unprincipled men in the South were anxious _to destroy_ the Union, -while others in the North were willing _to abuse_ the Union for the -same purpose. - -12. Added to all these causes was _a growing public opinion in the -North against the institution of slavery itself_; a belief that slavery -was wrong and ought to be destroyed. This opinion, comparatively feeble -at the beginning of the war, was rapidly developed, and had much to do -in determining the final character of the conflict. - - - - -CHAPTER XLVI. - -EVENTS OF 1861. - - -[Sidenote: Operations in West Virginia.] - -On the 24th of May the Union army crossed the Potomac from Washington -to Alexandria. At this time Fortress Monroe was held by twelve thousand -men, under General B. F. Butler. At Bethel Church, in that vicinity, -was stationed a detachment of Confederates. On the 10th of June, a -body of Union troops was sent to dislodge them, but was repulsed with -considerable loss. - -[Illustration: Vicinity of Manassas Junction, 1861.] - -2. In the last of May, General T. A. Morris moved forward from -Parkersburg to Grafton, West Virginia. On the 3d of June he defeated -a force of Confederates at Phillippi. General George B. McClellan now -took the command, and on the 11th of July gained a victory at Rich -Mountain. On the 10th of August, General Floyd, with a detachment -of Confederates at Carnifex Ferry, was attacked by General William -S. Rosecrans and obliged to retreat. On the 14th of September the -Confederates, under General Robert E. Lee, were beaten in an engagement -at Cheat Mountain. - -3. In the beginning of June, General Robert Patterson marched against -Harper's Ferry. On the 11th of the month a division commanded by -Colonel Lewis Wallace made a successful onset upon the Confederates -at Romney. Patterson then crossed the Potomac and pressed back the -Confederate forces to Winchester. Thus far there had been only petty -engagements and skirmishes. The time had now come for the first great -battle of the war. - -[Sidenote: First Battle of Bull Run.] - -4. The main body of the Confederates, under General Beauregard, -was concentrated at Manassas Junction, twenty-seven miles west of -Alexandria. Another large force, commanded by General Joseph E. -Johnston, was in the Shenandoah Valley. The Union army at Alexandria -was commanded by General Irwin McDowell, while General Patterson was -stationed in front of Johnston. On the 16th of July the national army -moved forward, and on the morning of the 21st came upon the Confederate -army between Bull Run and Manassas Junction. A general battle ensued, -continuing with great severity until noonday. In the crisis of the -conflict General Johnston arrived with nearly six thousand fresh troops -from the Shenandoah Valley; and in a short time McDowell's army was -hurled back in rout and confusion into the defenses of Washington. The -Union loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners amounted to two thousand -nine hundred and fifty-two; that of the Confederates to two thousand -and fifty. - -5. Meanwhile, on the 20th of July, the new Confederate government was -organized at Richmond. Jefferson Davis, the President, was a man of -wide experience in the affairs of state, and considerable reputation as -a soldier. He had served in both houses of the national Congress, and -as a member of Pierce's cabinet. His decision of character and advocacy -of State rights had made him a natural leader of the South. - -[Sidenote: Operations in Missouri.] - -6. The next military movements were made in Missouri. A convention, -called by Governor Jackson in the previous March, had refused to -pass an ordinance of secession. But the disunionists were numerous -and powerful; and the State became a battlefield. Both Federal and -Confederate camps were organized. By capturing the United States -arsenal at Liberty, the Confederates obtained a supply of arms and -ammunition. - -7. They hurried up troops, also, from Arkansas and Texas in order to -secure the lead mines in the southwest part of the State. On the 17th -of June Lyon defeated Governor Jackson at Booneville, and on the 5th of -July the Unionists, led by Colonel Franz Sigel, were again successful -in a fight at Carthage. On the 10th of August a hard battle was fought -at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. General Lyon made a daring attack -on the Confederates under Generals McCulloch and Price. The Federals -at first gained the field, but General Lyon was killed, and his men -retreated. - -8. General Price now pressed northward to Lexington, which was defended -by two thousand six hundred Federals, commanded by Colonel Mulligan. A -stubborn defence was made, but Mulligan was obliged to capitulate. On -the 16th of October Lexington was retaken by the Federals. General John -C. Fremont followed the retreating Confederates as far as Springfield, -when he was superseded by General Hunter. The latter retreated to St. -Louis, and Price fell back toward Arkansas. - -9. The Confederates captured the town of Columbus in Kentucky, and also -gathered in force at Belmont, on the opposite bank of the Mississippi. -Colonel Ulysses S. Grant, with three thousand Illinois troops, was now -sent into Missouri. On the 7th of November he made a successful attack -on Belmont; but was afterwards obliged to retreat. - -[Sidenote: Ball's Bluff.] - -10. After the rout at Bull Run, troops were rapidly hurried to -Washington. The aged General Scott retired from active duty, and -General McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac. By October -his forces had increased to a hundred and fifty thousand men. On the -21st of that month two thousand troops were sent across the Potomac at -Ball's Bluff. Without proper support, the Federals were attacked by a -force of Confederates under General Evans, driven to the river, their -leader, Colonel Baker, killed, and the whole force routed with a loss -of eight hundred men. - -[Sidenote: Southern Coast Blockaded.] - -11. In the summer of 1861 a naval expedition proceeded to the North -Carolina coast, and on the 29th of August captured the forts at -Hatteras Inlet. On the 7th of November an armament, under Commodore -Samuel F. Du Pont and General Thomas W. Sherman, reached Port Royal, -and captured Forts Walker and Beauregard. The blockade became so -rigorous that communication between the Confederate States and foreign -nations was cut off. In this juncture of affairs, a serious difficulty -arose with Great Britain. - -[Illustration: George B. McClellan.] - -[Sidenote: Mason and Slidell.] - -12. The Confederate government appointed James M. Mason and John -Slidell as ambassadors to France and England. The envoys, escaping from -Charleston, reached Havana in safety. At that port they took passage -on the British steamer _Trent_ for Europe. On the 8th of November -the vessel was overtaken by the United States frigate _San Jacinto_, -commanded by Captain Wilkes. The _Trent_ was hailed and boarded; the -two ambassadors were seized, transferred to the _San Jacinto_, and -carried to Boston. When the _Trent_ reached England, the whole kingdom -burst out in a blaze of wrath. - -13. At first the government of the United States was disposed to -defend Captain Wilkes's action. Had such a course been taken, war with -Great Britain would have been inevitable. The country was saved from -the peril by the diplomacy of William H. Seward, the Secretary of -State. When Great Britain demanded reparation for the insult, and the -liberation of the prisoners, he replied in a mild, cautious, and very -able paper. It was conceded that the seizure of Mason and Slidell was -not justifiable according to the law of nations. An apology was made -for the wrong done; the Confederate ambassadors were liberated, put on -board a vessel, and sent to their destination. So ended the first year -of the civil war. - - - - -CHAPTER XLVII. - -CAMPAIGNS OF 1862. - - -The Federal forces now numbered about four hundred and fifty thousand -men. Of these nearly two hundred thousand, under General McClellan, -were encamped near Washington. Another army, commanded by General -Buell, was stationed at Louisville, Kentucky. - -2. At the beginning of the year the capture of Fort Henry on the -Tennessee and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland, was planned by General -Halleck. Commodore Foote was sent up the Tennessee with a fleet of -gunboats, and General Grant was ordered to move forward against -Fort Henry. Before the land-forces reached that place, the flotilla -compelled the evacuation of the fort, the Confederates escaping to -Donelson. - -[Sidenote: Fort Donelson.] - -3. The Federal gunboats now dropped down the Tennessee and then -ascended the Cumberland. Grant pressed on from Fort Henry, and began -the siege of Fort Donelson. The defences were manned by ten thousand -Confederates, under General Buckner. Grant's force numbered nearly -thirty thousand. On the 16th of February Buckner was obliged to -surrender. His army became prisoners of war, and all the magazines, -stores, and guns of the fort fell into the hands of the Federals. - -[Sidenote: Battle of Shiloh.] - -4. General Grant now ascended the Tennessee to Pittsburg Landing. A -camp was established at Shiloh Church, near the river; and here, on -the 6th of April, the Union army was attacked by the Confederates, led -by Generals Albert S. Johnston and Beauregard. All day long the battle -raged with great slaughter on both sides. Night fell on the scene -with the conflict undecided; but in the crisis General Buell arrived -with strong reinforcements. In the morning General Grant assumed the -offensive. General Johnston had been killed, and Beauregard was obliged -to retreat to Corinth. The losses in killed, wounded, and missing were -more than ten thousand on each side. - -[Sidenote: Island Number Ten.] - -5. After the Confederates evacuated Columbus, Kentucky, they fortified -Island Number Ten in the Mississippi, opposite New Madrid. Against -this place General Pope advanced with a body of Western troops, while -Commodore Foote descended the Mississippi with his gunboats. Pope -captured New Madrid; and for twenty-three days Island Number Ten was -besieged. On the 7th of April the Confederates attempted to escape; -but Pope had cut off the retreat, and the garrison, numbering five -thousand, was captured. On the 6th of June the city of Memphis was -taken by the fleet of Commodore Davis. - -6. Early in the year General Curtis pushed forward into Arkansas, and -took position at Pea Ridge, among the mountains. Here he was attacked -on the 6th of March by a Confederate force of twenty thousand men, -which included a large number of Indians from the adjacent Indian -Territory. A hard-fought battle ensued, lasting for two days, in which -the Federals were victorious. - -[Sidenote: The Merrimac and the Monitor.] - -7. After the destruction of the navy yard at Norfolk, the Confederates -had raised the frigate _Merrimac_, one of the sunken ships, and plated -the sides with iron. The vessel was then sent to attack the Union -fleet at Fortress Monroe. Reaching that place on the 8th of March, the -_Merrimac_ began the work of destruction; and two valuable vessels, -the _Cumberland_ and the _Congress_, were sent to the bottom. During -the night, however, a strange ship, called the _Monitor_, invented by -Captain John Ericsson, arrived from New York; and on the following -morning the two iron-clad monsters turned their enginery upon each -other. After fighting for five hours, the _Merrimac_ was obliged to -retire to Norfolk, badly damaged. - -[Illustration: Merrimac and Monitor.] - -8. On the 8th of February a Federal squadron attacked the Confederate -fortifications on Roanoke Island. The garrison, nearly three thousand -strong, were taken prisoners. Burnside next proceeded against Newbern, -and on the 14th of March captured the city. Proceeding southward, -he reached the harbor of Beaufort, and on the 25th of April took -possession of the town. - -[Sidenote: Capture of New Orleans.] - -9. On the 11th of the same month Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the -Savannah, surrendered to General Gillmore. Early in April, a powerful -squadron, under General Butler and Admiral Farragut, ascended the -Mississippi and attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip, thirty miles -above the Gulf. From the 18th to the 24th the fight continued without -cessation. At the end of that time Admiral Farragut succeeded in -running past the batteries. On the next day he reached New Orleans, -and captured the city. General Butler became commandant, and the -fortifications were manned with fifteen thousand Federal soldiers. -Three days afterwards, Forts Jackson and St. Philip surrendered to -Admiral Porter. - -[Sidenote: Campaign in Kentucky.] - -10. The Confederates now invaded Kentucky, in two strong divisions, the -one led by General Kirby Smith and the other by General Bragg. On the -30th of August Smith's army reached Richmond, and routed the Federals -stationed there, with heavy losses. Lexington was taken, and then -Frankfort; and Cincinnati was saved from capture only by the exertions -of General Wallace. Meanwhile, the army of General Bragg advanced from -Chattanooga, and on the 17th of September captured a Federal division -of four thousand five hundred men at Mumfordsville. The Confederate -general pressed on toward Louisville, and would have taken the city but -for the arrival of General Buell. Buell's army was increased to one -hundred thousand men. In October he again took the field, and on the -8th of the month overtook General Bragg at Perryville. Here a severe -but indecisive battle was fought; and the Confederates, laden with -spoils, continued their retreat into east Tennessee. - -[Sidenote: Operations in Mississippi.] - -11. On the 19th of September a hard battle was fought at Iuka, -between a Federal army, under Generals Rosecrans and Grant, and a -Confederate force, under General Price. The latter was defeated, -losing, in addition to his killed and wounded, nearly a thousand -prisoners. Rosecrans now took post at Corinth with twenty thousand -men; while Grant, with the remainder of the Federal forces, proceeded -to Jackson, Tennessee. Generals Van Dorn and Price turned about to -recapture Corinth. There, on the 3d of October, another severe battle -ensued, which ended, after two days' fighting, in the repulse of the -Confederates. - -12. In December General Sherman dropped down the river from Memphis -to the Yazoo. On the 29th of the month he made an unsuccessful attack -on the Confederates at Chickasaw Bayou. The assault was exceedingly -disastrous to the Federals, who lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners -more than three thousand men. - -[Sidenote: Battle of Murfreesborough.] - -13. General Rosecrans was now transferred to the command of the -Army of the Cumberland, with headquarters at Nashville. General -Bragg, on his retirement from Kentucky, had thrown his forces into -Murfreesborough. Rosecrans moved forward, and on the 30th of December -came upon the Confederates on Stone's River, a short distance northwest -of Murfreesborough. On the following morning a furious battle ensued, -continuing until nightfall. The Union army was brought to the verge -of ruin. But during the night Rosecrans rallied his forces, and at -daybreak was ready to renew the conflict. On that day there was a lull. -On the morning of the 2d of January Bragg's army again rushed to the -onset, gained some successes at first, was then checked, and finally -driven back with heavy losses. Bragg withdrew his shattered columns, -and filed off toward Chattanooga. - -[Sidenote: Jackson's Valley Campaign.] - -14. In Virginia the first scenes of the year were enacted in the -Shenandoah Valley. General Banks was sent forward with a strong -division, and in the last of March occupied the town of Harrisonburg. -To counteract this movement, Stonewall Jackson was sent with twenty -thousand men to pass the Blue Ridge and cut off Banks's retreat. At -Front Royal, the Confederates fell upon the Federals, routed them, and -captured their guns and stores. Banks succeeded, however, in passing -with his main division to Strasburg and escaping out of the valley. - -15. Jackson now found himself in great peril, for General Fremont had -been sent into the valley to intercept the Confederate retreat. But -he succeeded in reaching Cross Keys before Fremont could attack him. -The battle at Cross Keys was not decisive, and Jackson pressed on to -Port Republic, where he attacked and defeated the division of General -Shields. - -[Illustration: Vicinity of Richmond, 1862.] - -16. On the 10th of March the Army of the Potomac set out from the -camps about Washington to capture the Confederate capital. The advance -proceeded as far as Manassas Junction, where McClellan, changing his -plan, embarked a hundred and twenty thousand of his men for Fortress -Monroe. From that place, on the 4th of April, the Union army advanced -to Yorktown. This place was defended by ten thousand Confederates, -under General Magruder; and here McClellan's advance was delayed for -a month. On the 4th of May, Yorktown was taken and the Federal army -pressed on to West Point. McClellan reached the Chickahominy without -serious resistance, and crossed at Bottom's Bridge. - -[Sidenote: The Peninsular Campaign.] - -17. On the 10th of May General Wool, the commandant of Fortress Monroe, -led an expedition against Norfolk and captured the town. On the next -day the Confederate iron-clad _Virginia_ was blown up to save her from -capture. The James River was thus opened for the supply-transports of -the Army of the Potomac. On the 31st of May that army was attacked at -a place called Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. Here for a part of two days -the battle raged with great fury. At last the Confederates were driven -back; but McClellan's victory was by no means decisive. General Joseph -E. Johnston, the commander-in-chief of the Confederates, was severely -wounded; and the command devolved on General Robert E. Lee. - -[Illustration: Robert E. Lee.] - -18. McClellan now formed the design of retiring to a point on the James -below Richmond. Before the movement fairly began, General Lee, on the -25th of June, struck the right wing of the Union army at Oak Grove, -and a hard-fought battle ensued. On the next day another engagement -occurred at Mechanicsville, and the Federals won the field. On the -following morning Lee renewed the struggle at Gaines's Mill, and came -out victorious. On the 29th McClellan's army was attacked at Savage's -Station and again in the White Oak Swamp--but the Confederates were -kept at bay. On the 30th was fought the desperate battle of Glendale, -or Frazier's Farm. On that night the Federal army reached Malvern Hill, -twelve miles below Richmond. General Lee determined to carry the place -by storm. On the morning of the 1st of July the whole Confederate -army rushed forward to the assault. All day long the struggle for the -possession of the high grounds continued. Not until nine o'clock at -night did Lee's columns fall back exhausted. For seven days the roar -of battle had been heard almost without cessation. - -19. On the 2d of July McClellan retired with his army to Harrison's -Landing, a few miles down the river; and the great campaign was at an -end. The Federal army had lost more than fifteen thousand men, and the -losses of the Confederates had been still greater. - -[Sidenote: Cedar Mountain.] - -20. General Lee now formed the design of capturing the Federal capital. -The Union troops between Richmond and Washington were under command of -General John Pope. Lee moved northward, and, on the 20th of August, -Pope retreated beyond the Rappahannock. Meanwhile, General Banks was -attacked by Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain, where nothing but hard -fighting saved the Federals from a rout. - -21. Jackson next dashed by with his division, on a flank movement to -Manassas Junction, where he made large captures. Pope then threw his -army between the two divisions of the Confederates. On August 28th and -29th, there was terrible fighting on the old Bull Run battle-ground. -At one time it seemed that Lee's army would be defeated; but Pope's -reinforcements were withheld by General Porter, and on the 31st the -Confederates struck the Union army at Chantilly, winning a complete -victory. Pope withdrew his broken columns as rapidly as possible, and -found safety within the defences of Washington. - -[Sidenote: Lee in Maryland.] - -22. General Lee crossed the Potomac, and on the 6th of September -captured Frederick. On the 10th Hagerstown was taken, and on the 15th -Stonewall Jackson seized Harper's Ferry, with nearly twelve thousand -prisoners. On the previous day, there was a hard-fought engagement at -South Mountain, in which the Federals were victorious. McClellan's army -was now in the rear of Lee, who fell back to Antietam Creek and took a -strong position near Sharpsburg. Then followed two days of skirmishing, -which terminated on the 17th in one of the great battles of the war. -From morning until night the struggle continued with unabated violence, -and ended in a drawn battle, after a loss of more than ten thousand men -on each side. Lee withdrew his forces from the field and recrossed the -Potomac. - -[Sidenote: Fredericksburg.] - -23. General McClellan moved forward to Rectortown, Virginia. Here -he was superseded by General Burnside, who changed the plan of the -campaign, and advanced against Fredericksburg. At this place the -two armies were again brought face to face. Burnside's movement was -delayed, and it was not until the 12th of December that a passage -could be effected. Meanwhile, the heights south of the river had been -fortified, and the Union columns were hurled back in several desperate -assaults which cost the assailants more than twelve thousand men. Thus -in disaster to the Federal cause ended the campaigns of 1862. - - - - -CHAPTER XLVIII. - -THE EVENTS OF 1863. - - -The war had now grown to enormous proportions. The Confederate States -were draining every resource of men and means. The superior energies of -the North were greatly taxed. On the day after the battle of Malvern -Hill, President Lincoln issued a call for three hundred thousand -troops. During Pope's retreat from the Rappahannock he sent forth -another call for three hundred thousand, and to that was added a draft -of three hundred thousand more. Most of these demands were promptly -met, and it became evident that in resources the Federal government was -vastly superior to the Confederacy. - -[Sidenote: The Emancipation Proclamation.] - -2. On the 1st day of January, 1863, the President issued the -EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. The war had been begun with no well-defined -intention to free the slaves of the South. But during the progress -of the war the sentiment of abolition had grown with great rapidity; -and when at last it became a military necessity to strike a blow at -the labor-system of the South, the step was taken with but little -opposition. Thus, after an existence of two hundred and forty-four -years, African slavery in the United States was swept away. - -3. Early in January General Sherman dispatched an expedition to -capture Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas River. The Union forces reached -their destination on the 10th of the month, fought a battle with -the Confederates and gained a victory. On the next day the post was -surrendered with nearly five thousand prisoners. - -4. Soon afterwards the Union forces were concentrated for the capture -of Vicksburg. Three months were spent by General Grant in beating -about the bayous around Vicksburg, in the hope of getting a position -in the rear of the town. A canal was cut across a bend in the river -with a view to opening a passage for the gunboats. But a flood washed -the works away. Then another canal was begun, only to be abandoned. -Finally, it was determined to run the fleet past the Vicksburg -batteries. On the night of the 16th of April the boats dropped down -the river. All of a sudden the guns of the enemy burst forth with shot -and shell, pelting the passing steamers; but they went by with little -damage. - -[Sidenote: Operations about Vicksburg.] - -5. General Grant now marched his land-forces down the Mississippi and -formed a junction with the squadron. On the 1st day of May he defeated -the Confederates at Port Gibson. The evacuation of Grand Gulf followed -immediately. The Union army now swept around to the rear of Vicksburg. -On the 12th of May a Confederate force was defeated at Raymond. On -the 14th of the month a decisive battle was fought near Jackson; the -Confederates were beaten, and the city captured. General Pemberton, -sallying forth with his forces from Vicksburg, was defeated by Grant -on the 16th at Champion Hills, and again on the 17th at Black River -Bridge. Pemberton then retired within the defences of Vicksburg. - -[Illustration: Vicksburg and Vicinity, 1863.] - -6. The city was now besieged. On the 19th of May Grant made an assault, -but was repulsed with terrible losses. Three days afterwards the -attempt was renewed with a still greater destruction of life. But -the siege was pressed with ever-increasing severity. Admiral Porter -bombarded the town incessantly. Reinforcements swelled the Union -ranks. Pemberton held out until the 4th of July, and was then driven -to surrender. The defenders of Vicksburg, numbering thirty thousand, -became prisoners of war. Thousands of small arms, hundreds of cannon, -and vast quantities of ammunition and stores were the fruits of the -great victory. - -7. Meanwhile, General Banks had been conducting a campaign on the Lower -Mississippi. From Baton Rouge he advanced into Louisiana, and gained a -victory over the Confederates at Bayou Teche. He then moved northward -and besieged Port Hudson, the last fort held by the Confederates on the -Mississippi. The garrison made a brave defence; and it was not until -the 8th of July that the commandant, with his force of six thousand -men, was obliged to capitulate. - -[Sidenote: =Operations about Chattanooga.=] - -8. In the latter part of June Rosecrans succeeded in crowding General -Bragg out of Tennessee. The Union general followed and took post at -Chattanooga, on the left bank of the Tennessee. During the summer Bragg -was reinforced by the corps of Johnston and Longstreet. - -9. On the 19th of September he turned upon the Federals at Chickamauga -Creek, in the northwest angle of Georgia. A hard battle was fought, but -night came with the victory undecided. On the following morning the -fight was renewed. Bragg cut through the Union battle line and drove -the right wing into a rout. General Thomas, with desperate firmness, -held the left until nightfall, and then withdrew into Chattanooga. -The Union loss amounted to nearly nineteen thousand, and that of the -Confederates was even greater. - -[Illustration: MAP SHOWING STATES IN SECESSION during the CIVIL WAR] - -10. General Bragg pressed forward to besiege Chattanooga. But General -Hooker arrived with two corps from the Army of the Potomac, opened the -Tennessee River, and brought relief. At the same time General -Grant assumed the direction of affairs at Chattanooga. General Sherman -arrived with his division, and offensive operations were at once -renewed. On the 24th of November Lookout Mountain, overlooking the -town and river, was stormed by the division of General Hooker. On the -following day, Missionary Ridge was also carried, and Bragg's army fell -back in full retreat toward Ringgold. - -[Illustration: A Truce in the Trenches.] - -11. On the 1st of September General Burnside arrived with his command -at Knoxville. After the battle of Chickamauga General Longstreet was -sent into East Tennessee, where he arrived and began the siege of -Knoxville. On the 29th of November the Confederates attempted to carry -the town by storm, but were repulsed with heavy losses. General Sherman -soon marched to the relief of Burnside; and Longstreet retreated into -Virginia. - -[Sidenote: Events West of the Mississippi.] - -12. Early in 1863 the Confederates resumed activity in Arkansas and -southern Missouri. On the 8th of January they attacked Springfield, -but were repulsed. Several other attempts were made with similar -results. On the 13th of August Lawrence, Kansas, was sacked, and a -hundred and forty persons killed, by a band of desperate fellows, led -by a chieftain called Quantrell. On the 10th of September the Federal -general Steele captured Little Rock, Arkansas. - -[Sidenote: John Morgan's Raid.] - -13. In the summer of this year General John Morgan made a great -raid through Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio. He crossed the Ohio at -Brandenburg, and began his march to the north. At Corydon and other -points he was resisted by the home guards and pursued by General -Hobson. Morgan crossed into Ohio, made a circuit north of Cincinnati, -and attempted to recross the river. But the raiders were driven back. -The Confederate leader pressed on until he came near New Lisbon, where -he was captured by the brigade of General Shackelford. After a four -months' imprisonment Morgan escaped and made his way to Richmond. - -[Sidenote: Operations Along the Coast.] - -14. On the 1st of January General Magruder captured Galveston, -Texas. By this means the Confederates secured a port of entry in -the Southwest. On the 7th of April Admiral Du Pont, with a fleet of -iron-clads, attempted to capture Charleston, but was driven back. In -June the city was besieged by a strong land-force, under General Q. A. -Gillmore, assisted by Admiral Dahlgren's fleet. After the bombardment -had continued for some time, General Gillmore, on the 18th of July, -attempted to carry Fort Wagner by assault, but was repulsed with -severe loss. The siege progressed until the 6th of September, when the -Confederates evacuated the fort and retired to Charleston. Gillmore now -brought his guns to bear on the wharves and buildings in the lower part -of the city. But Charleston still held out; and the only gain of the -Federals was the establishment of a complete blockade. - -[Sidenote: =Battle of Chancellorsville.=] - -15. After his repulse at Fredericksburg, General Burnside was -superseded by General Joseph Hooker, who, in the latter part of April, -crossed the Rappahannock and reached Chancellorsville. Here, on the -morning of the 2d of May, he was attacked by the Army of Northern -Virginia, led by Lee and Jackson. The latter general, at the head of -twenty-five thousand men, outflanked the Union army, burst upon the -right wing, and swept everything to destruction. But it was the last of -Stonewall Jackson's battles. As night came on the Confederate leader -received a volley _from his own lines_, and fell to rise no more. - -[Illustration: Stonewall Jackson.] - -16. On the 3d the battle was renewed. General Sedgwick was defeated -and driven across the Rappahannock. The main army was crowded between -Chancellorsville and the river, where it remained until the 5th, when -General Hooker succeeded in withdrawing his forces to the northern -bank. The Union losses amounted in killed, wounded, and prisoners to -about seventeen thousand; that of the Confederates was less by five -thousand. - -17. Next followed the cavalry raid of General Stoneman. On the 29th -of April he crossed the Rappahannock with ten thousand men, tore up -the Virginia Central Railroad, cut General Lee's communications, -swept around within a few miles of Richmond, and then recrossed the -Rappahannock in safety. - -[Sidenote: Lee Invades Pennsylvania.] - -18. General Lee now determined to carry the war into the North. In the -first week of June he crossed the Potomac, and captured Hagerstown. On -the 22d he entered Chambersburg, and then pressed on through Carlisle -to within a few miles of Harrisburg. The militia of Pennsylvania was -called out, and volunteers came pouring in from other States. General -Hooker pushed forward to strike his antagonist. General Lee rapidly -concentrated his forces near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the eve of -battle the command of the Union army was transferred to General George -G. Meade, who took up a position on the hills around Gettysburg. Here -the two armies, each numbering about eighty thousand men, were brought -face to face. - -[Sidenote: Battle of Gettysburg.] - -19. On the 1st of July the struggle began, and for three days the -conflict raged. The battle reached its climax on the 3d, when a -Confederate column, three miles long, headed by the Virginians under -General Pickett, made a final charge on the Union center. But the onset -was in vain, and the men who made it were mowed down with terrible -slaughter. The victory remained with the National army, and Lee was -obliged to turn back to the Potomac. The entire Confederate loss was -nearly thirty thousand; that of the Federals twenty-three thousand one -hundred and eighty-six. General Lee withdrew his forces into Virginia, -and the Union army resumed its position on the Potomac. - -[Sidenote: Conscription in the North.] - -20. The administration of President Lincoln was beset with many -difficulties. The last calls for volunteers had not been fully met. The -anti-war party of the North denounced the measures of the government. -On the 3d of March the CONSCRIPTION ACT was passed by Congress, and -the President ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men. The -measure was bitterly opposed, and in many places the draft-officers -were resisted. On the 13th of July, in the city of New York, a mob rose -in arms, demolished buildings, burned the colored orphan asylum, and -killed about a hundred people. For three days the authorities were set -at defiance; but a force of regulars and volunteers gathered at the -scene, and the riot was suppressed. - -21. Only about fifty thousand men were obtained by the draft. But -volunteering was quickened by the measure, and the employment of -substitutes soon filled the ranks. In October the President issued -another call for three hundred thousand men. By these measures the -columns of the Union army were made more powerful than ever. In the -armies of the South, on the other hand, there were already symptoms -of exhaustion. On the 20th of June in this year West Virginia was -separated from the Old Dominion and admitted as the thirty-fifth State -of the Union. - - - - -CHAPTER XLIX. - -THE CLOSING CONFLICTS.--EVENTS OF 1864 AND 1865. - - -Early in February, 1864, General Sherman moved from Vicksburg to -Meridian. In this vicinity the railroad tracks were torn up for a -hundred and fifty miles. At Meridian General Sherman expected a force -of Federal cavalry, which had been sent out from Memphis under General -Smith. The latter advanced into Mississippi, but was met by the cavalry -of Forrest, and driven back to Memphis. General Sherman thereupon -retraced his course to Vicksburg. Forrest continued his raid northward -to Paducah, Kentucky, and made an assault on Fort Anderson, but was -repulsed with a severe loss. Turning back into Tennessee, he came upon -Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, and carried the place by storm. - -[Sidenote: The Red River Expedition.] - -2. In the spring of 1864, the RED RIVER EXPEDITION was undertaken -by General Banks. The object was to capture Shreveport, the seat of -the Confederate government of Louisiana. On the 14th of March the -Federal advance captured Fort de Russy, on Red River. The Confederates -retreated to Alexandria, which was taken on the 16th by the Federals. - -3. At Mansfield, on the 8th of April, the advancing Federals were -attacked by the Confederates, and completely routed. At Pleasant -Hill, on the next day, the main body of the Union army was badly -defeated. The flotilla now descended the river from the direction of -Shreveport. The whole expedition returned as rapidly as possible to the -Mississippi. General Steele had, in the mean time, advanced from Little -Rock to aid in the reduction of Shreveport; but learning of the Federal -defeats, he withdrew after several severe engagements. - -4. On the 2d of March, 1864, General Grant was appointed -general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States. Seven hundred -thousand soldiers were now to move at his command. Two great campaigns -were planned for the year. The army of the Potomac, under Meade and the -general-in-chief, was to advance upon Richmond. General Sherman, with -one hundred thousand men, was to march from Chattanooga against Atlanta. - -[Sidenote: =Sherman's Advance on Atlanta.=] - -5. On the 7th of May General Sherman moved forward. At Dalton he -succeeded in turning General Johnston's flank, and obliged him to fall -back to Resaca. After two hard battles, on the 14th and 15th of May, -this place was carried, and the Confederates retreated to Dallas. Here, -on the 28th, Johnston made a second stand, but was again outflanked, -and compelled to fall back to Lost Mountain. He was forced from -this position on the 17th of June. The next stand was made on Great -and Little Kenesaw Mountains. From this line on the 22d of June the -division of General Hood made a fierce attack, but was repulsed with -heavy losses. Five days afterward, General Sherman attempted to carry -Great Kenesaw by storm; but the assault ended in a dreadful repulse. -Sherman resumed his former tactics, and by the 10th of July the whole -Confederate army had retired to Atlanta. - -[Illustration: William T. Sherman.] - -6. This stronghold was at once besieged. Here were the machine shops, -foundries, and car works of the Confederacy. At the beginning of the -siege the cautious General Johnston was superseded by the rash General -J. B. Hood. On the 20th, 22d and 28th of July, the latter made three -assaults on the Union lines, but was repulsed with dreadful losses. At -last Hood was obliged to evacuate Atlanta; and on the 2d of September -the Union army marched into the captured city. - -[Illustration: Sherman's Campaign, 1864.] - -[Sidenote: =Hood's Nashville Campaign.=] - -7. General Hood now marched northward through Northern Alabama, and -advanced on Nashville. Meanwhile, General Thomas, with the Army of the -Cumberland, had been detached from Sherman's army and sent northward -to confront Hood. General Schofield, who commanded the Federal forces -in Tennessee, fell back before the Confederates, and took post at -Franklin. Here, on the 30th of November, he was attacked by Hood's -legions, and held them in check until nightfall, when he retreated -within Thomas's defenses at Nashville. Hood followed, but on the 15th -of December General Thomas fell upon the Confederate army, and, routing -it with a loss of twenty-five thousand men, drove it back into Alabama. - -[Sidenote: =Sherman's Great March.=] - -8. On the 14th of November General Sherman burned Atlanta and began -his MARCH TO THE SEA. His army numbered sixty thousand men. He cut -his communications with the North, abandoned his base of supplies, -and struck out for the sea-coast, two hundred and fifty miles away. -The Union army passed through Macon and Milledgeville, crossed the -Ogeechee, captured Gibson and Waynesborough, and on the 10th of -December arrived in the vicinity of Savannah. On the 13th, Fort -McAllister was carried by storm. On the night of the 20th, General -Hardee, the Confederate commandant, escaped from Savannah and retreated -to Charleston. On the 22d, General Sherman made his headquarters in the -city. - -[Illustration: Joseph E. Johnston.] - -9. January, 1865, was spent by the Union army at Savannah. On the -1st of February, General Sherman began his march against Columbia, -South Carolina. The Confederates had not sufficient force to stay his -progress. On the 17th of the month, Columbia was surrendered. On the -same night, Hardee, having destroyed the public property of Charleston, -and kindled fires which laid four squares in ashes, evacuated the city; -and on the following morning the national forces entered. From Columbia -General Sherman marched into North Carolina, and on the 11th of March -captured the town of Fayetteville. - -[Sidenote: =Surrender of Gen. Johnston.=] - -10. General Johnston was now recalled to the command of the Confederate -forces, and the advance of the Union army began to be seriously -opposed. On the 19th of March, General Sherman was attacked by Johnston -near Bentonville; but Johnston was defeated, and on the 21st Sherman -entered Goldsborough. Here he was reinforced by Generals Schofield and -Terry. The Federal army turned to the northwest, and on the 13th of -April entered Raleigh. This was the end of the great march; and here, -on the 26th of the month, General Sherman received the surrender of -Johnston's army. - -[Sidenote: Farragut at Mobile.] - -11. Meanwhile, important events had occurred on the Gulf. Early in -August, 1864, Admiral Farragut bore down on the defenses of Mobile. The -harbor was defended by a Confederate fleet and the monster iron-clad -_Tennessee_. On the 5th of August, Farragut ran past Forts Morgan -and Gaines into the harbor. In order to direct the movements of his -vessels, the old admiral mounted to the maintop of the _Hartford_, -lashed himself to the rigging, and from that high perch gave his -commands during the battle. One of the Union ships struck a torpedo and -sank. The rest attacked and dispersed the Confederate squadron; but -just as the day seemed won, the _Tennessee_ came down at full speed -to strike the _Hartford_. Then followed one of the fiercest conflicts -of the war. The Union iron-clads closed around their antagonist and -battered her with fifteen-inch bolts of iron until she surrendered. - -[Sidenote: Fort Fisher.] - -12. Next came the capture of Fort Fisher, at the entrance to Cape -Fear River. In December, Admiral Porter was sent with a powerful -American squadron to besiege and take the fort. General Butler, with -six thousand five hundred men, accompanied the expedition. On the 24th -of the month, the troops were sent ashore with orders to storm the -works. When the generals in command came near enough to reconnoiter, -they decided that an assault could only end in disaster, and the -enterprise was abandoned. Admiral Porter remained before Fort Fisher -with his fleet, and General Butler returned to Fortress Monroe. Early -in January, the siege was renewed, and on the 15th of the month Fort -Fisher was taken by storm. - -13. In the previous October, Lieutenant Cushing, with a number of -volunteers, embarked in a small steamer and entered the Roanoke. A -tremendous iron ram, called the _Albemarle_, was discovered lying at -the harbor of Plymouth. Cautiously approaching, the lieutenant sank a -torpedo under the Confederate ship, exploded it, and left the ram a -ruin. The adventure cost the lives or capture of all of Cushing's party -except himself and one other, who made good their escape. - -[Sidenote: =Confederate Cruisers.=] - -14. During the progress of the war the commerce of the United States -was greatly injured by the Confederate cruisers. The first ship sent -out was the _Savannah_, which was captured on the same day that she -escaped from Charleston. In June of 1861, the _Sumter_, commanded by -Captain Semmes, ran the blockade at New Orleans, and did fearful work -with the Union merchantmen. But in February of 1862, Semmes was chased -into the harbor of Gibraltar, where he was obliged to sell his vessel. -The _Nashville_ ran out from Charleston, and returned with a cargo -worth three millions of dollars. In March of 1863 she was sunk by a -Union iron-clad in the Savannah River. - -15. The ports of the Southern States were now closely blockaded. In -this emergency the Confederates turned to the ship-yards of Great -Britain, and began to build cruisers. In the harbor of Liverpool the -_Florida_ was fitted out; and going to sea in the summer of 1862, she -succeeded in running into Mobile Bay. She afterward destroyed fifteen -merchantmen, and was then captured and sunk in Hampton Roads. The -_Georgia_, the _Olustee_, the _Shenandoah_ and the _Chickamauga_, all -built at the ship-yards of Glasgow, Scotland, escaped to sea and made -great havoc with the merchant-ships of the United States. - -[Sidenote: =The Alabama.=] - -16. Most destructive of all was the _Alabama_, built at Liverpool. -Her commander was Captain Raphael Semmes. A majority of the crew were -British subjects; and her armament was entirely British. In her -whole career, involving the destruction of sixty-six vessels and a -loss of ten million dollars, she never entered a Confederate port. In -the summer of 1864 Semmes was overtaken in the harbor of Cherbourg, -France, by the steamer _Kearsarge_. On the 19th of June, Semmes went -out to give his antagonist battle. After a desperate fight of an hour's -duration, the _Alabama_ was sunk. Semmes was picked up by the English -_Deerhound_ and carried to Southampton. - -[Sidenote: Grant's Advance on Richmond.] - -17. On the night of the 3d of May, 1864, the national camp at Culpepper -was broken up, and the march on Richmond was begun. On the first day -of the advance, Grant crossed the Rapidan and entered the Wilderness, -a country of oak woods and thickets. He was immediately attacked by -the Confederate army. During the 5th, 6th, and 7th of the month, the -fighting continued incessantly with terrible losses; but the results -were indecisive. Grant next made a flank movement in the direction of -Spottsylvania Courthouse. Here followed, from the 9th until the 12th, -one of the bloodiest struggles of the war. The Federals gained some -ground and captured the division of General Stewart; but the losses of -Lee were less than those of his antagonist. - -18. Grant again moved to the left, and came to Cold Harbor, twelve -miles northeast of Richmond. Here, on the 1st of June, he attacked -the Confederates, but was repulsed with heavy losses. On the morning -of the 3d the assault was renewed, and in half an hour nearly ten -thousand Union soldiers fell dead or wounded before the Confederate -intrenchments. The repulse of the Federals was complete, but they held -their lines as firmly as ever. - -19. General Grant now changed his base to James River. General Butler -had already taken City Point and Bermuda Hundred. Here, on the 15th of -June, he was joined by General Grant's whole army, and the combined -forces moved forward and began the siege of Petersburg. - -[Sidenote: Operations in the Valley.] - -20. Meanwhile important movements were taking place on the Shenandoah. -When Grant moved from the Rapidan, General Sigel marched up the valley -to New Market, where he was met and defeated by the Confederate -cavalry, under General Breckinridge. The latter then returned to -Richmond, whereupon the Federals faced about, overtook the Confederates -at Piedmont, and gained a signal victory. From this place Generals -Hunter and Averill advanced against Lynchburg. By this movement the -valley of the Shenandoah was again exposed to invasion. - -[Illustration: Philip H. Sheridan.] - -21. Lee immediately dispatched General Early to cross the Blue Ridge, -invade Maryland and threaten Washington City. With twenty thousand men -Early began his march, and on the 5th of July crossed the Potomac. On -the 9th he defeated the division of General Wallace on the Monocacy. -But the battle saved Washington and Baltimore from capture. - -22. General Wright followed Early as far as Winchester. But the latter -wheeled upon him, and the Union troops were driven across the Potomac. -Early next invaded Pennsylvania and burned Chambersburg. General -Grant now appointed General Philip H. Sheridan to command the army on -the Upper Potomac. The troops placed at his disposal numbered nearly -forty thousand. On the 19th of September, Sheridan marched upon Early -at Winchester, and routed him in a hard-fought battle. On the 22d of -September he gained another complete victory at Fisher's Hill. - -[Sidenote: =Sheridan's Ride from Winchester.=] - -23. Sheridan next turned about to ravage the valley. The ruinous work -was fearfully well done. Nothing worth fighting for was left between -the Blue Ridge and the Alleghanies. Maddened by his defeats, Early -rallied his forces, and again entered the valley. Sheridan had posted -his army on Cedar Creek, and, feeling secure, had gone to Washington. -On the 19th of October, Early surprised the Union camp, captured the -artillery, and sent the routed troops flying in confusion toward -Winchester. The Confederates pursued as far as Middletown, and there -paused to eat and rest. On the previous night, Sheridan had returned to -Winchester, and was now coming to rejoin his army. He rode twelve miles -at full speed, rallied the fugitives, and gained one of the most signal -victories of the war. Early's army was completely ruined. - -[Illustration: Operations in Virginia, 1864 and 1865.] - -24. All fall and winter General Grant pressed the siege of Petersburg. -On the 30th of July a mine was exploded under one of the forts; but the -assaulting column was repulsed with heavy losses. On the 18th of August -a division of the Union army seized the Weldon Railroad and held it -against several assaults. On the 28th of September, Battery Harrison -was stormed by the Federals, and on the next day General Paine's -brigade carried the redoubt on Spring Hill. On the 27th of October, -there was a battle on the Boydton road; and then the army went into -winter quarters. - -[Sidenote: =The Fall of Richmond.=] - -25. On the 27th of February, Sheridan gained a victory over Early at -Waynesboro, and then joined the general-in-chief. On the 1st of April, -a severe battle was fought at Five Forks, in which the Confederates -were defeated with a loss of six thousand prisoners. On the next day -Grant ordered a general assault on the lines of Petersburg, and the -works were carried. On that night Lee's army and the Confederate -government fled from Richmond; and on the following morning the Federal -troops entered the city. The warehouses were fired by the retreating -Confederates, and the better part of the city was reduced to ruins. - -[Sidenote: =Lee's Surrender.=] - -26. General Lee retreated as rapidly as possible to the southwest. -Once the Confederates turned and fought, but were defeated with great -losses. For five days the pursuit was kept up; and then Lee was brought -to bay at Appomattox Courthouse. There, on the 9th of April, 1865, the -work was done. General Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia, -and the Confederacy was hopelessly overthrown. General Grant signalized -the end of the strife by granting to his antagonist the most liberal -terms. How the army of General Johnston was surrendered a few days -later has already been narrated. After four dreadful years of bloodshed -and sorrow, THE CIVIL WAR WAS AT AN END. - -[Sidenote: =Jefferson Davis Captured.=] - -27. The Federal authority was rapidly extended over the South. Mr. -Davis and his cabinet escaped to Danville, and there for a few days -kept up the forms of government. From that place they fled into North -Carolina. The ex-President continued his flight into Georgia, and -encamped near Irwinsville, where, on the 10th of May, he was captured -by General Wilson's cavalry. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and -kept in confinement until May of 1867, when he was taken to Richmond to -be tried for treason. He was admitted to bail; and his case was finally -dismissed. - -[Sidenote: Nevada Admitted.] - -28. At the presidential election of 1864, Mr. Lincoln was chosen -for a second term. As Vice-president, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee -was elected. In the preceding summer, the people of Nevada framed a -constitution, and on the 31st of October the new commonwealth was -proclaimed as the thirty-sixth State. The gold and silver mines of -Nevada soon surpassed those of California in their yield of precious -metals. - -[Sidenote: The Finances of the War.] - -29. At the outbreak of the civil war the financial credit of the -United States sank to a very low ebb. Mr. Chase, the Secretary of the -Treasury, first sought relief by issuing TREASURY NOTES, receivable -as money. By the beginning of 1862, the expenses of the government -had risen to more than a million of dollars daily. To meet these -tremendous demands on the government, Congress next provided INTERNAL -REVENUE. This was made up from two general sources: first, _a tax on -manufactures, incomes and salaries_; second, _a stamp-duty on all -legal documents_. The next measure was the issuance of LEGAL TENDER -NOTES of the United States, to be used as money. These are the notes -called _Greenbacks_. The third great measure adopted by the government -was the sale of UNITED STATES BONDS. The interest upon them was fixed -at six per cent., payable semi-annually in gold. In the next place, -Congress passed an act providing for the establishment of NATIONAL -BANKS. National bonds, instead of gold and silver, were used as a basis -of the circulation of these banks; and the redemption of their bills -was guaranteed by the treasury of the United States. At the end of the -conflict, _the national debt had reached nearly three thousand millions -of dollars_. - -[Sidenote: =Pres. Lincoln's Assassination.=] - -30. On the 4th of March, 1865, President Lincoln was inaugurated for -his second term. Three days after the evacuation of Richmond by Lee's -army, the President made a visit to that city. On the evening of the -14th of April, he, with his wife and a party of friends, attended -Ford's Theater in Washington. As the play drew near its close, an -actor, named John Wilkes Booth, stole into the President's box and shot -him through the brain. Mr. Lincoln lingered in an unconscious state -until morning, and died. It was the greatest tragedy of modern times. -The assassin, after the murder, escaped into the darkness. - -[Sidenote: =Secretary Seward Stabbed.=] - -31. At the same hour another murderer, named Lewis Payne Powell, burst -into the bed-chamber of Secretary Seward, sprang upon the couch of -the sick man, and stabbed him nigh unto death. The city was wild with -alarm. Troops of cavalry departed in all directions to hunt down the -assassins. On the 26th of April, Booth was found concealed in a barn -south of Fredericksburg. Refusing to surrender, he was shot by Sergeant -Boston Corbett. Powell was caught and hanged. David E. Herrold and Geo. -A. Atzerott, together with Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, at whose house the -plot was formed, were also condemned and executed. Michael O'Laughlin, -Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, and Samuel Arnold were sentenced to imprisonment -for life, and Edward Spangler for six years. - -32. So ended in darkness, but not in shame, the career of Abraham -Lincoln--one of the most remarkable men of any age or country. He -was prudent, far-sighted, and resolute; thoughtful, calm, and just; -patient, tender-hearted, and great. The manner of his death consecrated -his memory. From city to city, in one vast funeral procession, the -mourning people followed his remains to their last resting-place at -Springfield, Illinois. - - -REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART VI. - - CHAPTER XLIV. - - 1. Describe the situation of affairs at the opening of Lincoln's - Administration. - - - CHAPTER XLV. - - 2. Give the causes, general and special, of the Civil War. - - - CHAPTER XLVI. - - 3. Outline the campaigns of 1861. - - 4. Tell of the organization of the Confederate Government. - - 5. State the difficulty that now arose with Great Britain. - - - CHAPTER XLVII. - - 6. Give an account of the campaigns along the Cumberland, the - Tennessee, and the Mississippi Rivers. - - 7. Outline the movements of the year 1862 in and about Virginia. - - 8. What were the general conditions and prospects of the armies at the - close of 1862? - - - CHAPTER XLVIII. - - 9. Tell about the Emancipation Proclamation. - - 10. Describe the capture of Vicksburg. - - 11. Sketch the subsequent movements of 1863. - - 12. Tell of the Conscription Act, and the results from it. - - - CHAPTER XLIX. - - 13. Outline the military movements of 1864 under General Sherman. - - 14. Sketch the campaigns along the Potomac, with the capture of - Richmond, and the retreat and surrender of Lee's army. - - 15. Tell of the breaking up of the Confederate Government. - - 16. What was the condition of the National finances, and what measures - had been enacted, from 1862 to 1865, for their relief. - - 17. Give an account of the assassination of President Lincoln. - - - - -PART VII. - -THE NATION REUNITED. - -A. D. 1865-1891. - - - - -CHAPTER L. - -JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1865-1869. - - -On the day after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Andrew Johnson -became President of the United States. He was a native of Raleigh, -North Carolina--born in 1808. With no advantages of education, he -passed his boyhood in poverty. In 1828 he removed to Greenville, -Tennessee, where he soon rose to distinction, and was elected to -Congress. As a member of the United States Senate in 1860-61, he -opposed secession with all his powers. In 1862 he was appointed -military governor of Tennessee. This office he held until he was -nominated for the vice-presidency. - -[Illustration: Andrew Johnson.] - -2. On the 1st of February, 1865, Congress adopted an amendment to the -Constitution by which slavery was abolished throughout the Union. By -the 18th of the following December, the amendment had been ratified by -the legislatures of twenty-seven States, and was duly proclaimed as a -part of the Constitution. The emancipation proclamation had been issued -_as a military necessity_; and the results of the instrument were now -incorporated in the fundamental law of the land. - -[Sidenote: =Amnesty Proclamation.=] - -3. On the 29th of May, the AMNESTY PROCLAMATION was issued by -the President. By its provisions a pardon was extended to all -persons--except those specified in certain classes--who had taken part -in upholding the Confederacy. During the summer of 1865, the great -armies were disbanded, and the victors and vanquished returned to their -homes to resume the works of peace. - -4. The finances of the nation were in an alarming condition. The -war-debt went on increasing until the beginning of 1866. The yearly -interest grew to a hundred and thirty-three million dollars in gold. -The expenses of the government had reached two hundred millions of -dollars annually. But the revenues of the nation proved sufficient to -meet these enormous outlays, and at last the debt began to diminish. - -[Sidenote: =The French in Mexico.=] - -5. During the civil war, the emperor Napoleon III. succeeded in -setting up a French empire in Mexico. In 1864 the Mexican crown was -conferred on Maximilian of Austria, who sustained his authority with -French and Austrian soldiers. But the Mexican president Juarez headed -a revolution; the government of the United States rebuked France for -her conduct; Napoleon withdrew his army; Maximilian was overthrown; and -eventually, on the 13th of June, 1867, was tried and condemned to be -shot. Six days afterwards the sentence was carried into execution. - -[Sidenote: =The Atlantic Cable.=] - -6. After a few weeks of successful operation, the first Atlantic -telegraph had ceased to work. But Mr. Field continued to advocate his -measure and to plead for assistance both in Europe and America. He -made fifty voyages across the Atlantic, and finally secured sufficient -capital to lay a second cable. The work began from the coast of Ireland -in the summer of 1865; but the first cable parted and was lost. In July -of 1866 a third cable, two thousand miles in length, was coiled in the -_Great Eastern_, and again the vessel started on its way. This time the -work was completely successful. Mr. Field received a gold medal from -Congress, and the plaudits of all civilized nations. - -[Sidenote: =The Territories.=] - -7. In March of 1861, the Territory of Dakota, destined after -twenty-eight years to become two great states, was detached from -Nebraska and given a distinct organization. The State of Kansas had -at last, on the 29th of January, 1861, been admitted into the Union, -under a constitution framed at Wyandotte. In February, 1863, Arizona -was separated from New Mexico, and on the 3d of March, in that year, -Idaho was organized out of portions of Dakota, Nebraska, and Washington -Territories. On the 26th of May, 1864, Montana was cut off from Idaho. -On the 1st of March, 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the Union as the -thirty-seventh State. Finally, on the 25th of July, 1868, the Territory -of Wyoming was organized out of portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. - -[Sidenote: =Purchase of Alaska.=] - -8. The year 1867 was signalized by the PURCHASE OF ALASKA. Two years -previously, the territory had been explored by a corps of scientific -men with a view of establishing telegraphic communication with Asia. -The explorers found that the coast-fisheries were of great value, and -that the forests of white pine and yellow cedar were among the finest -in the world. Negotiations for the purchase were at once opened, and on -the 30th of March, 1867, a treaty was concluded by which, for the sum -of seven million two hundred thousand dollars, Russia ceded Alaska to -the United States. The territory embraced an area of five hundred and -eighty thousand square miles, and a population of twenty-nine thousand -souls. - -9. Very soon after his accession, a serious disagreement arose between -the President and Congress. The difficulty grew out of the question of -reorganizing the Southern States. The point in dispute was the relation -which those States had sustained to the Federal Union during the civil -war. The President held that the ordinances of secession were null and -void, and that the seceded States _had never been out of the Union_. -The majority in Congress held that the acts of secession were illegal -and unconstitutional, but that the seceded States had been actually -detached from the Union, and that special legislation was necessary in -order to restore them to their former relations. - -[Sidenote: =Reconstruction.=] - -10. In 1865, measures of reconstruction were begun by the President. -On the 9th of May, a proclamation was issued for the restoration of -Virginia to the Union. Twenty days later a provisional government was -established over South Carolina; and similar measures were adopted in -respect to the other States of the Confederacy. On the 24th of June, -all restrictions on trade and intercourse with the Southern States -were removed. On the 7th of September a second amnesty proclamation -was issued, by which all persons who had upheld the Confederate -cause--excepting the leaders--were unconditionally pardoned. Meanwhile, -Tennessee had been reorganized, and in 1866 was restored to its place -in the Union. When Congress convened, a committee of fifteen members -was appointed, to which were referred all questions concerning the -reorganization of the Southern States. In accordance with measures -reported by this committee, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, -Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina were reconstructed, and -in June and July of 1868 readmitted into the Union. Congress had, in -the mean time, passed the CIVIL RIGHTS BILL, by which the privileges of -citizenship were conferred on the freedmen of the South. All of these -congressional enactments were effected over the veto of the President. - -[Sidenote: =The Impeachment Trial.=] - -11. Meanwhile, a difficulty had arisen in the President's cabinet -which led to his impeachment. On the 21st of February, 1868, he -notified Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, of his dismissal from -office. The act was regarded by Congress as a usurpation of authority -and a violation of law. On the 3d of March, articles of impeachment -were agreed to by the House of Representatives, and the President was -summoned before the Senate for trial. Proceedings began on the 23d -of March and continued until the 26th of May, when the President was -acquitted. Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase, one of the most eminent of -American statesmen and jurists, presided during the impeachment. - -12. The time for another presidential election was already at hand. -General Ulysses S. Grant was nominated by the Republicans, and Horatio -Seymour, of New York, by the Democrats. The canvass was one of great -excitement. The questions most discussed by the political speakers -were those arising out of the civil war. The principles advocated by -the majority in Congress furnished the Republican platform of 1868, -and on that platform General Grant was elected by a large majority. As -Vice-president, Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, was chosen. - - - - -CHAPTER LI. - -GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1877. - - -Ulysses S. Grant, eighteenth President of the United States, was born -at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822. At the age of seventeen he -entered the Military Academy at West Point, and was graduated in 1843. -He served with distinction in the Mexican war; but his first national -reputation was won by the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. From -that time he rapidly rose in rank, and in March, 1864, was appointed -lieutenant-general and general-in-chief of the Union army. - -[Illustration: Ulysses S. Grant.] - -[Sidenote: =The Pacific Railroad.=] - -2. The first great event of the new administration was the completion -of the PACIFIC RAILROAD. The first division of the road extended -from Omaha, Nebraska, to Ogden, Utah, a distance of one thousand and -thirty-two miles. The western division reached from Ogden to San -Francisco, a distance of eight hundred and eighty-two miles. On the -10th of May, 1869, the work was completed with appropriate ceremonies. - -3. Before the inauguration of President Grant two additional amendments -to the Constitution had been adopted. The first of these, known as the -Fourteenth Amendment, extended the right of citizenship to all persons -born or naturalized in the United States, and declared the validity of -the public debt. Early in 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted by -Congress, providing that the right of citizens to vote shall not be -denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of -servitude. This clause was proclaimed by the President as a part of the -Constitution on the 30th of March, 1870. - -4. In the first three months of the same year, the reorganization of -the Southern States was completed. On the 24th of January, the senators -and representatives of Virginia were readmitted to their seats in -Congress. On the 23d of February a like action was taken in regard to -Mississippi; and on the 30th of March the work was finished by the -readmission of Texas. - -[Sidenote: =Growth of the Nation.=] - -5. In 1870 was completed the ninth census of the United States. -Notwithstanding the ravages of war, the past ten years had been a -period of growth and progress. During that time the population had -increased to thirty-eight million five hundred and eighty-seven -thousand souls. The national debt was rapidly falling off. The -products of the United States had grown to a vast aggregate. American -manufacturers were competing with those of all nations in the markets -of the world. The Union now embraced thirty-seven States and eleven -Territories. The national domain had spread to the vast area of three -million six hundred and four thousand square miles. Few things have -been more wonderful than the territorial and material growth of the -United States. - -[Sidenote: =San Domingo Commission.=] - -6. In January of 1871, President Grant appointed Senator Wade of Ohio, -Professor White of New York, and Dr. Samuel Howe of Massachusetts, to -visit San Domingo and report upon the desirability of annexing that -island to the United States. The measure was earnestly favored by the -President. After three months spent abroad, the commissioners returned -and reported in favor of annexation; but the proposal met with -opposition in Congress, and was defeated. - -[Sidenote: =Alabama Claims.=] - -7. The claim of the United States against the British government -for damages done by Confederate cruisers during the civil war still -remained unsettled. After the war Great Britain grew anxious for an -adjustment of the difficulty. On the 27th of February, 1871, a joint -high commission, composed of five British and five American statesmen, -assembled at Washington City. From the fact that the cruiser _Alabama_ -had done most of the injury complained of, the claims of the United -States were called the ALABAMA CLAIMS. After much discussion, the -commissioners framed a treaty, known as the Treaty of Washington. It -was agreed that all claims of either nation against the other should -be submitted to a board of arbitration to be appointed by friendly -nations. Such a court was formed, and in the summer of 1872 convened at -Geneva, Switzerland. The cause of the two nations was heard, and on the -14th of September decided in favor of the United States. Great Britain -was required to pay into the Federal treasury fifteen million five -hundred thousand dollars. - -[Sidenote: =The Chicago Fire.=] - -8. The year 1871 is noted in American history for the burning of -Chicago. On the evening of the 8th of October a fire broke out in De -Koven street, and was driven by a high wind into the lumber-yards and -wooden houses of the neighborhood. All the next day the flames rolled -on, sweeping into a blackened ruin the most valuable portion of the -city. The area burned over was two thousand one hundred acres, or three -and a third square miles. Nearly two hundred lives were lost, and the -property destroyed amounted to about two hundred millions of dollars. - -9. As the first term of President Grant drew to a close, the political -parties made ready for the twenty-second presidential election. Many -parts of the chief magistrate's policy had been made the subjects -of controversy. The congressional plan of reconstruction had been -unfavorably received in the South. The elevation of the negro race to -the rights of citizenship was regarded with apprehension. The military -spirit was still rife in the country, and the issues of the civil war -were rediscussed with much bitterness. On these issues the people -divided in the election of 1872. The Republicans renominated General -Grant for the presidency. For the vice-presidency Mr. Colfax was -succeeded by Henry Wilson of Massachusetts. As the standard-bearer of -the Liberal Republican and Democratic parties, Horace Greeley, editor -of the New York _Tribune_, was nominated. This was the last act in -that remarkable man's career. For more than thirty years he had been -a leader of public opinion in America. The canvass was one of wild -excitement. Mr. Greeley was overwhelmingly defeated, and died in less -than a month after the election. - -[Illustration: Horace Greeley.] - -[Sidenote: =The Boston Fire.=] - -10. On the evening of the 9th of November, a fire broke out on the -corner of Kingston and Summer streets, Boston; spread to the northeast; -and continued with unabated fury until the morning of the 11th. The -best portion of the city, embracing some of the finest blocks in the -United States, was laid in ashes. The burnt district covered an area of -sixty-five acres. Fifteen lives, eight hundred buildings, and property -to the value of eighty million dollars were lost in the conflagration. - -[Sidenote: =The Modoc War.=] - -11. In the spring of 1872, the Modoc Indians were ordered to remove -from their lands on Lake Klamath, Oregon, to a new reservation. They -refused to go; and in the following November, a body of troops was sent -to force them into compliance. The Modocs resisted, kept up the war -during the winter, and then retreated into a volcanic region called the -lava-beds. Here, in the spring of 1873, the Indians were surrounded. On -the 11th of April, a conference was held between them and six members -of the peace commission; but in the midst of the council the savages -rose upon the kind-hearted men who sat beside them, and murdered -General Canby and Dr. Thomas in cold blood. Mr. Meacham, another member -of the commission, was shot, but escaped with his life. The Modocs were -then besieged in their stronghold; but it was the 1st of June before -Captain Jack and his band were obliged to surrender. The chiefs were -tried by court-martial and executed in the following October. - -[Sidenote: =The Credit Mobilier.=] - -12. About the beginning of President Grant's second term, the country -was agitated by the CREDIT MOBILIER INVESTIGATION in Congress. The -Credit Mobilier was a joint stock company, organized in 1863 for the -purpose of constructing public works. In 1867, another company, which -had undertaken to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased the charter of -the Credit Mobilier, and the capital was increased to three million -seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Owing to the profitableness -of the work, the stock rose in value and large dividends were paid to -the shareholders. In 1872 it became known that much of this stock _was -owned by members of Congress_. A suspicion that those members had voted -corruptly in matters affecting the Pacific Railroad seized the public -mind, and led to a congressional investigation, in the course of which -many scandalous transactions were brought to light. - -13. In the autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous financial -panics ever known in the United States. The alarm was given by the -failure of Jay Cooke & Company of Philadelphia. Other failures followed -in rapid succession. Depositors hurried to the banks and withdrew -their money. Business was paralyzed, and many months elapsed before -confidence was sufficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers to -engage in the usual transactions of trade. - -[Sidenote: =The Centennial Exposition.=] - -14. With the coming of 1876 the people made ready to celebrate the -CENTENNIAL OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. The city of Philadelphia was -the central point of interest. There, on the 10th of May, the great -International Exposition was opened with imposing ceremonies. In -Fairmount Park, on the Schuylkill, were erected beautiful buildings -to receive the products of art and industry from all nations. By the -beginning of summer these stately edifices were filled to overflowing -with the richest products, gathered from every clime and country. -On the 4th of July the centennial of the great Declaration was -commemorated in Philadelphia with an impressive oration by William M. -Evarts, of New York, and a National Ode by the poet, Bayard Taylor. -The average daily attendance of visitors at the Exposition was -over sixty-one thousand. The grounds were open for one hundred and -fifty-eight days; and the receipts for admission amounted to more than -three million seven hundred thousand dollars. On the 10th of November, -the Exposition, the most successful of its kind ever held, was formally -closed by the President of the United States. - -[Sidenote: =The Sioux War.=] - -15. The last year of President Grant's administration was noted for the -WAR WITH THE SIOUX. These fierce savages had, in 1867, made a treaty -with the United States, agreeing to relinquish all of the territory -south of the Niobrara, west of the one hundred and fourth meridian, -and north of the forty-sixth parallel. By this treaty the Sioux were -confined to a large reservation in southwestern Dakota, and upon this -they agreed to retire by the first of January, 1876. But many of the -tribes continued to roam at large through Wyoming and Montana, burning -houses, stealing horses, and murdering whoever opposed them. - -[Illustration: Custer's Last Fight.] - -16. The Government now undertook to drive the Sioux upon their -reservation. A large force of regulars, under Generals Terry and Crook, -was sent into the mountainous country of the Upper Yellowstone, and the -savages, to the number of several thousand, were crowded back against -the Big Horn Mountains and River. Generals Custer and Reno, who were -sent forward with the Seventh Cavalry to discover the whereabouts of -the Indians, found them on the left bank of the Little Horn. - -[Sidenote: =Custer's Defeat on the Little Horn.=] - -17. On the 25th of June, General Custer, without waiting for -reinforcements, charged headlong with his division into the Indian -town, and was immediately surrounded. The struggle equaled in -desperation and disaster any other Indian battle ever fought in -America. _General Custer and every man of his command fell in the -fight._ The whole loss of the Seventh Cavalry was two hundred and -sixty-one killed, and fifty-two wounded. General Reno held his -position, on the bluffs of the Little Horn, until General Gibbon -arrived with reinforcements and saved the remnant from destruction. - -18. Other divisions of the army were soon hurried forward, and during -the summer and autumn the Indians were beaten in several engagements. -On the 24th of November, the Sioux were decisively defeated by Colonel -McKenzie at a pass in the Big Horn Mountains. On the 5th of January, -the savages were again overtaken and routed by the forces of Colonel -Miles. The remaining bands, under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, being -able to offer no further serious resistance, escaped across the border -into Canada. - -19. In August, 1876, Colorado took her place as the thirty-eighth -State of the Union. The population of the "Centennial State" numbered -forty-five thousand. - -20. The twenty-third presidential election was one of the most exciting -and critical in the history of the nation. General Rutherford B. Hayes, -of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of New York, were chosen as candidates -by the Republicans; Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. -Hendricks, of Indiana, by the Democrats. The Independent Greenback -party presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New York, and Samuel F. -Cary, of Ohio. The canvass began early and with great spirit. The real -contest lay between the Republicans and the Democrats. The election was -held. The general result was uncertain, _and both parties claimed the -victory_! The election was so evenly balanced; there had been so much -irregularity in the elections in South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, -and Oregon; and the power of Congress over the electoral proceedings -was so poorly defined, that no certain result could be announced. For -the first time in the history of the country, there was _a disputed -presidency_. - -[Sidenote: =The Electoral Commission.=] - -21. When Congress convened in December, the whole question came before -that body for adjustment. After much debating it was agreed that the -disputed election returns should be referred for decision to a JOINT -HIGH COMMISSION, consisting of five members chosen from the United -States Senate, five from the House of Representatives, and five from -the Supreme Court. The Commission was accordingly constituted. The -returns of the disputed States were referred to the tribunal; and on -the 2d of March a result was reached. The Republican candidates were -declared elected. One hundred and eighty-five electoral votes were cast -for Hayes and Wheeler, and one hundred and eighty-four for Tilden and -Hendricks. - - - - -CHAPTER LII. - -HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION, 1877-1881. - - -Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the United States, was -born in Delaware, Ohio, on the 4th of October, 1822. His ancestors -were soldiers of the Revolution. His primary education was received -in the public schools. At the age of twenty, he was graduated from -Kenyon College. In 1845 he completed his legal studies, and began the -practice of his profession, first at Marietta, then at Fremont, and -finally as city solicitor, in Cincinnati. During the Civil War he -performed much honorable service in the Union cause, rose to the rank -of major-general, and in 1864, while still in the field, was elected -to Congress. Three years later, he was chosen governor of his native -State, and was reelected in 1869, and again in 1875. - -[Illustration: Rutherford B. Hayes.] - -[Sidenote: =Great Railroad Strike.=] - -2. In the summer of 1877, in consequence of a threatened reduction in -the wages of railway employes, occurred what is known as the GREAT -RAILROAD STRIKE. On the 16th of July, the workmen of the Baltimore and -Ohio Railroad left their posts and gathered such strength in Baltimore -and at Martinsburg, West Virginia, as to prevent the running of -trains. The militia was called out by Governor Matthews, but was soon -dispersed by the strikers. The President then ordered General French -to the scene with a body of regulars, and the blockade of the road was -raised. - -3. Meanwhile, the trains had been stopped on all the important roads -between the Hudson and the Mississippi, and business was paralyzed. In -Pittsburgh the strikers, rioters, and dangerous classes, gathering in -a mob to the number of twenty thousand, held, for two days, a reign of -terror unparalleled in the history of the country. The insurrection -was finally suppressed by the regular troops and the Pennsylvania -militia, but not until nearly one hundred lives, and property to the -value of more than three millions of dollars, had been lost. Riots also -occurred, or were threatened, at Chicago, St. Louis, San Francisco, -Cincinnati, Columbus, Louisville, Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne. By the -close of the month, the alarming insurrection was at an end. - -[Sidenote: =Nez Percé War.=] - -4. In the spring of 1877 a war broke out with the Nez Percé Indians of -Idaho. The national authorities in 1854 purchased a part of the Nez -Percé territory, large reservations being made in northwestern Idaho -and northeastern Oregon, but some of the chiefs refused to ratify the -compact, and remained at large. This was the beginning of difficulties. - -5. The war began with the usual depredations by the Indians. General -Howard marched against them with a small force of regulars; but the Nez -Percés, led by their noted chieftain Joseph, fled. During the greater -part of summer the pursuit continued. In the fall they were chased -through the mountains into northern Montana, where they were confronted -by other troops commanded by Colonel Miles. - -6. The Nez Percés were next driven across the Missouri River, and were -finally surrounded in their camp north of the Bear Paw Mountains. Here, -on the 4th of October, they were attacked, and completely routed by -the forces of Colonel Miles. Only a few, led by the chief White Bird, -escaped. Three hundred and seventy-five of the captive Nez Percés were -brought back to the American post on the Missouri. - -[Sidenote: =Remonetization of Silver.=] - -7. During the year 1877 the public mind was greatly agitated concerning -the REMONETIZATION OF SILVER. By the first coinage regulations of the -United States the standard unit of value was the silver dollar. From -1792 until 1873, the quantity of pure metal in this unit had never been -changed, though the amount of alloy contained in the dollar was altered -several times. In 1849 a gold dollar was added to the coinage, and from -that time forth the standard unit of value existed in both metals. In -1873-74 a series of acts were adopted by Congress bearing upon the -standard unit of value, whereby the legal-tender quality of silver was -abolished, and the silver dollar omitted from the list of coins to be -struck at the national mints. - -8. In January, 1875, the RESUMPTION ACT was passed by Congress. It was -declared that on the 1st of January, 1879, the Government should begin -to redeem its outstanding legal-tender notes _in coin_. The question -was now raised as to the meaning of the word "coin" in the act; and, -for the first time, the attention of the people was aroused to the fact -that the privilege of paying debts in silver had been taken away. A -great agitation followed, and in 1878 a measure in Congress was passed -over the President's veto, for the restoration of the legal-tender -quality of the old silver dollar, and for the compulsory coinage of -that unit at a rate of not less than two millions of dollars a month. - -[Sidenote: =Yellow Fever Epidemic.=] - -9. In the summer of 1878 several of the Gulf States were scourged -with a YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC. The disease made its appearance in New -Orleans, and from thence was scattered among the towns along the -Mississippi. A regular system of contributions was established in the -Northern States, and men and treasure were poured out without stint to -relieve the suffering South. After more than twenty thousand people had -fallen victims to the plague, the frosts of October came and ended the -pestilence. - -10. By the Treaty of Washington (1871), it was agreed that the right -of the United States in certain sea-fisheries in the neighborhood of -the Gulf of St. Lawrence, hitherto claimed by Great Britain, should be -acknowledged and maintained. The government of the United States agreed -to relinquish the duties which had hitherto been charged on certain -kinds of fish imported by British subjects into American harbors; and, -in order to balance any discrepancy, it was further agreed that any -total advantage to the United States might be compensated by a gross -sum to be paid by the American government. This sum was fixed at five -million dollars in November, 1877, and a year later the amount was paid -to the British government. - -[Sidenote: =Chinese Embassy.=] - -11. The year 1878 witnessed the establishment of a RESIDENT CHINESE -EMBASSY at Washington. For twenty years the great treaty negotiated by -Anson Burlingame had been in force between the United States and China. -The commercial relations of the two countries had been vastly extended. -On the 28th of September the embassy chosen by the imperial government -was received by the President. The ceremonies of the occasion were -among the most interesting ever witnessed in Washington. The speech of -Chen Lan Pin, the minister, was equal in dignity and appropriateness to -the best efforts of a European diplomatist. - -[Sidenote: =Life Saving Service.=] - -12. In June, 1878, the LIFE SAVING SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES was -established by act of Congress. The plan proposed the establishment -of regular stations and lighthouses on all the exposed parts of the -Atlantic coast and along the Great Lakes. Each station was to be -manned by a band of surfmen experienced in the dangers peculiar to the -shore in times of storms, and drilled in the best methods of rescue and -resuscitation. Boats and other appliances of the most approved pattern -were provided and equipped. The success of the enterprise has been so -great as to reflect the highest credit on its promoters. The number -of lives saved through the agency of the service reaches to thousands -annually, and the amount of human suffering and distress alleviated by -this beneficent movement is beyond computation. - -[Sidenote: =Specie Resumption.=] - -13. On the 1st of January, 1879, the RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENTS was -accomplished by the treasury of the United States. After seventeen -years' disappearance, gold and silver coin, which during that time had -been at a premium over the legal-tender notes of the government, again -came into common circulation. - -14. The presidential election of 1880 was accompanied with the -excitement usually attendant upon great political struggles in the -United States. The Republican national convention was held in Chicago -on the 2d and 3d of June; a platform of principles was adopted, and -General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated for President. -For Vice-president, Chester A. Arthur, of New York, received the -nomination. The Democratic national convention assembled at Cincinnati -on the 22d of June, and nominated for the presidency General Winfield -S. Hancock, of New York, and for the Vice-presidency William H. -English, of Indiana. The National Greenback party held a convention -in Chicago on the 9th of June, and nominated General James B. Weaver, -of Iowa, for President, and General Benjamin J. Chambers, of Texas, -for Vice-president. The election resulted in the choice of Garfield -and Arthur. Two hundred and fourteen electoral votes, embracing those -of nearly all the Northern States, were cast for the Republican -candidates. - -[Sidenote: =General Grant's Tour.=] - -15. Soon after retiring from the presidency, General Grant, with his -family and a company of personal friends, set out to make a TOUR OF -THE WORLD. The expedition attracted the most conspicuous attention -both at home and abroad. The departure from Philadelphia on the 17th -of May, 1877, was the beginning of such a pageant as was never before -extended to any citizen of any nation of the earth. General Grant -visited Europe, India, Burmah and Siam; China and Japan. In the fall of -1879 the party returned to San Francisco, bearing with them the highest -tokens of esteem which the great nations of the Old World could bestow -upon the honored representative of the New. - -[Illustration: Oliver P. Morton.] - -16. The CENSUS OF 1880 was undertaken with more system and care than -ever before in the history of the country. The work was intrusted to -the superintendency of Professor Francis A. Walker. In every source -of national power, the development of the country was shown to have -continued without abatement. The total population of the States and -Territories now amounted to 50,182,525--an increase since 1870 of _more -than a million inhabitants a year_! The center of population had moved -westward about fifty miles, to the vicinity of Cincinnati. - -[Sidenote: =Oliver P. Morton.=] - -17. During the administration of Hayes several eminent Americans passed -from the scene of their earthly activities. On the 1st of November, -1877, the distinguished senator, Oliver P. Morton, died of paralysis -at his home in Indianapolis. His reputation in his own State and -throughout the Union was very great, and his sterling character had -won the respect even of his political enemies. As War Governor of -Indiana, he had been one of the main pillars of support to the Union in -the trying days of the Civil War. After that event he had become one -of the foremost men of the nation. Although but fifty-four years of -age, he had risen to be a recognized leader in American statesmanship. -His death was regarded as a public calamity, and the Nation, without -distinction of party, joined with his own State in doing honor to the -memory of the great dead. - -18. Still more universally felt was the loss of the great poet and -journalist, William Cullen Bryant, who on the 12th of June, 1878, at -the advanced age of eighty-four, passed from among the living. For -more than sixty years his name had been known and honored wherever -the English language was spoken. On the 19th of December, in the same -year, the illustrious Bayard Taylor, who had recently been appointed -American Minister to the German Empire, died suddenly in the city of -Berlin. His life had been exclusively devoted to literary work; and -almost every department of letters, from the common tasks of journalism -to the highest charms of poetry, had been adorned by his genius. On the -1st day of November, 1879, Zachariah Chandler, of Michigan, one of the -organizers of the Republican party, and a great leader of that party in -the times of the civil war, died suddenly at Chicago; and on the 24th -day of April, 1881, the noted publisher and author, James T. Fields, -died at his home in Boston. - - - - -CHAPTER LIII. - -ADMINISTRATION OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR, 1881-1885. - - -James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United J States, was born -at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831. He was left in -infancy to the sole care of his mother and to the rude surroundings of -a backwoods home. In boyhood he served as a driver and pilot of a canal -boat plying the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal. At the age of seventeen -he attended the High School in Chester, was afterwards a student at -Hiram College, and in 1854 entered Williams College, from which he was -graduated with honor. - -[Illustration: James A. Garfield.] - -2. In the same year, Garfield returned to Ohio, and was made first a -professor and afterwards president of Hiram College. This position -he held until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he left his post -to enter the army. In the service he rose to distinction, and while -still in the field was elected by the people of his district to the -lower house of Congress. In 1879 he was elected to the United States -Senate, and hard upon this followed his nomination and election to the -presidency. American history has furnished but few instances of a more -steady and brilliant rise, from the poverty of an obscure boyhood, to -the most distinguished elective office in the gift of mankind. - -[Sidenote: =The "Spoils System."=] - -3. On the 4th of March, 1881, President Garfield delivered his -inaugural address, and the new administration entered upon its course -with omens of an auspicious future. But its prospects were soon -darkened with political difficulties. A division arose in the ranks of -the Republican party. The two wings of the Republicans were nicknamed -the "Stalwarts" and the "Half-Breeds": the former, headed by Senator -Conkling of New York; the latter, led by Mr. Blaine, Secretary of -State, and indorsed by the President himself. The Stalwarts claimed the -right of dispensing the appointive offices of the Government, after -the manner which had prevailed for many preceding administrations; the -President, supported by his division of the party, insisted on naming -the officers in the various States according to his own wishes. - -4. The chief clash between the two influences in the party occurred -in New York. The collectorship of customs for the port of New York is -the best appointive office in the Government. To fill this position -the President nominated Judge William Robertson, and the appointment -was antagonized by the New York senators, Conkling and Platt, who, -failing to prevent the confirmation of Robertson, resigned their seats, -returned to their State, and failed of a reelection. - -[Sidenote: =Assassination of Pres. Garfield.=] - -5. A few days after the adjournment of the Senate in June, the -President, in company with Secretary Blaine and a few friends, entered -the railroad depot at Washington to take the train for Long Branch, New -Jersey. A moment afterwards he was approached by a miserable miscreant, -who, unperceived, came within a few feet of the company, drew a pistol, -and fired upon the Chief Magistrate. The shot struck the President in -the back, and inflicted a dreadful wound. The bleeding chieftain was -borne away to the executive mansion, and the wretch who had committed -the crime was hurried to prison. For eighty days the stricken President -lingered between life and death, bearing the pain and anguish of his -situation with a fortitude and heroism rarely witnessed among men; but -at half-past ten on the evening of September 19th, the anniversary of -the battle of Chickamauga, his vital powers suddenly gave way, and in a -few moments death closed the scene. - -[Sidenote: =President Arthur Installed.=] - -6. On the day following this deplorable event, Vice-president Arthur -took the oath of office in New York, and repaired to Washington. -Chester A. Arthur was born in Vernon, Franklin County, Vermont, October -5, 1830. He was of Irish descent, and was educated at Union College, -from which institution he was graduated in 1849. For awhile he taught -school in his native State, and then came to New York City to study -law. During the civil war he was Quartermaster-General of the State -of New York. After 1865 he returned to the practice of law, and in -1871 was appointed Collector of Customs for the port of New York. This -position he held until July, 1878, when he was removed by President -Hayes. Again he returned to his law practice, but was soon called by -the voice of his party to be a standard-bearer in the Presidential -canvass of 1880. - -[Illustration: Chester A. Arthur.] - -7. The administration of President Arthur proved to be uneventful. -The government pursued the even tenor of its way, and the progress of -the country was unchecked by calamity. Several important scientific -inventions were perfected about this time, and several great public -works completed. - -[Sidenote: =Scientific Inventions.=] - -8. One of the best examples of the application of scientific discovery -to the affairs of every-day life is that of the TELEPHONE. It has -remained for our day to discover the possibility of transmitting or -reproducing the human voice at a distance of hundreds or even thousands -of miles. By means of a simple contrivance, a person in one part of the -country is able to converse with friends in another part, as if face -to face. The invention of this wonderful instrument is to be credited -to Professor A. Graham Bell, of Massachusetts, and Elisha P. Gray, of -Chicago. It should be mentioned, also, that Professor A. C. Dolbear, of -Tufts College, and the great inventor, Thomas A. Edison, have succeeded -in the production of telephonic instruments. - -9. Another recent invention is the PHONOGRAPH. It is the nature of the -phonograph to receive and retain the wave-lines and figures of sound, -whether of the human voice or some other sound, and by an ingenious -contrivance to reproduce those sounds as if they were the original -utterance. It is to be regretted that thus far the phonograph has -proved to be of little or no practical utility. - -10. But perhaps the greatest invention of the age is the ELECTRIC -LIGHT. About 1870 it was first proposed to use electricity for -practical illumination. Long before this time the possibility of -electric lighting had been shown by the philosopher Gramme, of Paris. -About the same time the Russian scientist, Jablokoff, also succeeded in -converting electricity into light. It remained, however, for the great -American inventor, Thomas A. Edison, to remove the difficulties in the -way of electric lighting, and to make the invention practical. The -systems produced by him and others are rapidly taking the place of the -old methods of illumination. - -[Sidenote: =Great Public Works.=] - -11. Among the great public works may be mentioned the EAST RIVER -BRIDGE, joining New York with Brooklyn, which was opened with -appropriate ceremonies on the 24th of May, 1883. This structure is the -largest of the kind in the world, being a suspension bridge, with a -total length of 5,989 feet. The span from pier to pier is 1,595 feet; -and the estimated capacity of resistance is 49,200 tons. The engineer -under whose direction the great bridge was constructed was Mr. John -A. Roebling, who may properly be regarded as the originator of wire -suspension bridges. Though he did not live to see the completion of the -work which he had planned, the same was taken up and finished by his -son, scarcely less noted than his father. - -12. The recurrence of the birthday of Washington, 1885, was noted for -the completion of the great monument, erected at the Capital, in honor -of the Father of his Country. The cost of the completed structure -was about $1,500,000. The shaft of the monument, exclusive of the -foundation, is 555 feet in height, being 30 feet higher than the -cathedral of Cologne, and 75 feet higher than the pyramid of Cheops. - -13. In the last year of Arthur's administration the command of the army -of the United States was transferred from General William T. Sherman to -General Philip H. Sheridan. The former eminent soldier, having reached -the age at which, according to Act of Congress, he might retire from -active service, availed himself of the provision, and laid down the -command which he had so long and honorably held. Nor could it be said -that the new General, to whom the command of the American army was now -given, was less a patriot and soldier than his eminent predecessor. - -[Sidenote: =Disappearance of Political Issues.=] - -14. During this administration there was a gradual obliteration of -those sharply defined issues which for a quarter of a century had -divided the two great political parties. Partisan animosity in some -measure abated, and it was with difficulty that the managers were able -to direct the people in the political contest of 1884. The issue most -clearly defined was that of tariff and free trade, and even this, -when much discussed, tended to break up both the existing political -organizations. - -15. During the year 1883 many distinguished men were named for the -presidential office. The first national convention was that of the -Greenback-Labor party, held at Indianapolis, in April of 1884. By this -party, General Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, and A. N. West, -of Texas, were put in nomination. The Republican convention met on the -3d of June, in Chicago, and, after a session of three days, closed its -labors by the nomination of James G. Blaine, of Maine, and General -John A. Logan, of Illinois. The Democratic convention met in the same -city, on the 9th of July, and chose for its standard-bearers Grover -Cleveland, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The result -showed that the Democratic party had drawn to its banners a majority of -the American people. Cleveland and Hendricks were elected, receiving -219 ballots in the Electoral College, against 182 votes which were cast -for Blaine and Logan. - - - - -CHAPTER LIV. - -CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION, 1885-1889. - - -The new President was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1885. Perhaps -the history of the country has furnished no other example of such rapid -rise to great distinction. Grover Cleveland, twenty-second President of -the United States, was born in Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18th, 1837. -With his father he removed to Fayetteville, New York, in 1840. Here the -youth grew to manhood. His education was obtained in the common schools -and academies of the neighborhood. In 1857 he removed to New York City, -and became a student of law. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar, and -four years afterwards was appointed Assistant District Attorney for -Erie County. In 1869 he was elected Sheriff of the same county, and in -1881 he was chosen mayor of Buffalo. In 1882 he was elected governor of -New York, receiving for that office a plurality of more than 190,000 -votes. Before his term of office had expired he was called by the voice -of his party to be its standard-bearer in the presidential campaign of -1884, in which he was again successful. - -[Illustration: Grover Cleveland.] - -[Sidenote: =New Orleans Exposition.=] - -2. The last months of Arthur's and the first of Cleveland's -administration were noted for the INTERNATIONAL COTTON EXPOSITION -at New Orleans. This, after the Centennial Exposition of 1876, was -the greatest display of the kind ever held in the United States. The -Exposition extended from December of 1884 to June of 1885, and was -daily attended by thousands of visitors from all parts of the United -States and from many foreign countries. The display was varied and full -of interest. Intended, in the first place, to exhibit the wonderful -resources of the South in her peculiar products, the exhibition was -enlarged to include all branches of production and every species of -mechanism and art. Among the incidental benefits of the Exposition may -be mentioned the increased intercourse and consequent friendliness of -the people of the Northern and Southern States. - -3. The first year of Cleveland's administration was uneventful. The -great question before the President was that of the REFORM OF THE -CIVIL SERVICE. In attempting to substitute a new series of rules -for appointment to office, by which the persons appointed should be -selected rather for their fitness than for their party services, the -President was greatly embarrassed. He found that the old forces in -American politics were as active as ever, and that a reform was almost -impossible under existing conditions. - -[Sidenote: =Labor Agitations.=] - -4. The first great national event of the Cleveland administration was -that of the LABOR AGITATIONS, which broke out in the spring of 1886. -It was not until after the Civil War that the first symptoms appeared -of a renewal, in the New World, of the struggle which has been long -going on in Europe between Capital and Labor. The first difficulties -of this sort in our country appeared in the mining regions, and in the -factories of the Eastern States. The agitation soon spread to the West. -As early as 1867 the peculiar method of action, called "striking," -began among the laborers of the country. An account of the great -railroad strike of 1877 has already been presented. (Pages 337 and -338.) - -[Sidenote: =The Southwestern Strike.=] - -5. At the same time monopolies sprang up and flourished; and, -coincident with this, American labor discovered the salutary but -dangerous power of combination. When the trade season of 1886 opened, a -series of strikes and labor troubles broke out in several parts of the -country. The cities and towns were most involved in these agitations. -The first serious conflict was on what is known as the Gould System -of Railways, in the Southwest. A single workman, belonging to the -Knights of Labor, and employed on a branch of the Texas and Pacific -Railway, was discharged from his place. This action was resented by -the Knights, and the laborers on a great part of the Gould System were -ordered to strike. The movement was, for a season, successful, and the -transportation of freights from St. Louis to the Southwest ceased. -Gradually, however, other workmen were substituted for the striking -Knights; but the end was not reached until a severe riot in East -St. Louis had occasioned the sacrifice of much property and several -innocent lives. - -[Sidenote: =The Chicago Anarchists.=] - -6. Far more alarming was the outbreak in Chicago. In that city the -socialistic and anarchic elements were sufficiently powerful to present -a bold front to the authorities. Processions bearing red flags and -banners, with communistic devices and mottoes, frequently paraded the -streets, and were addressed by demagogues who avowed themselves the -open enemies of society and the existing order. On the 4th of May, -1886, a vast crowd of this reckless material collected in a place -called the Haymarket, and were about to begin the usual inflammatory -proceedings, when a band of policemen, mostly officers, drew near, with -the evident purpose of controlling or dispersing the meeting. - -7. A terrible scene ensued. Dynamite bombs were thrown from the crowd -and exploded among the officers, several of whom were blown to pieces, -and others shockingly mangled. The mob was, in turn, attacked by the -police, and many of the insurgents were shot down. Order was presently -restored in the city; several of the leading anarchists were arrested -on the charge of inciting to murder, were tried, condemned, and four of -them executed. On the day following the Chicago riot, a similar, though -less dangerous, outbreak, which was suppressed without serious loss of -life, occurred in Milwaukee. - -[Sidenote: =The Charleston Earthquake.=] - -8. The summer of 1886 is memorable on account of the great natural -catastrophe known as the CHARLESTON EARTHQUAKE. On the night of the -31st of August, at ten minutes before ten o'clock, without a moment's -warning, the city of Charleston, S. C., was rocked and rent to its very -foundations. Hardly a building in the limits of Charleston, or in the -country surrounding, escaped serious injury; and perhaps one half of -all were in a state of semi-wreck or total ruin. - -9. The whole coast in the central region of the disturbance was -modified with respect to the sea, and the ocean itself was thrown into -turmoil for miles from the shore. The people in the city fled from -their falling houses to the public squares and parks and far into -the country. Afraid to return into the ruins, they threw up tents -and light booths for protection, and abode for weeks away from their -homes. Nothing before in the limits of our knowledge has been at all -comparable with it in extent and violence, except the great earthquake -of New Madrid in 1811. - -10. The disaster to Charleston served to bring out some of the better -qualities of our civilization. Personal assistance and contributions -from all quarters poured in for the support and encouragement of the -afflicted people. For several weeks a series of diminishing shocks -continued to terrify the citizens; but it was discovered that these -shocks were only the dying away of the great convulsion, and that they -gave cause for hope of entire cessation rather than continued alarm. In -the course of a few months the ruins were cleared away, business was -resumed, and the people were again safe in their homes. - -11. On the 4th of March, 1887, the second session of the Forty-ninth -Congress expired. The work of the body had not been so fruitful -of results as had been desired and anticipated by the friends of -the government. On the question of the tariff nothing of value was -accomplished. A measure of REVENUE REFORM had been brought forward at -an early date in the session, but the act failed of adoption. - -[Sidenote: =Pension Legislation.=] - -12. On the question of EXTENDING THE PENSION LIST, however, the case -was different. A great majority of both parties favored such measures -as looked to the increase of benefits to the soldiers. At the first, -only a limited number of pensions had been granted, and these only to -actually disabled or injured veterans of the War for the Union. But -it became more and more important to each of the parties to secure -and hold the soldier vote, without which it was felt that neither -could maintain ascendency in the government. The ARREARS OF PENSIONS -ACT, making up to those who were already recipients of pensions such -amounts as would have accrued if the benefit had dated from the time -of disability, instead of from the time of granting the pension, was -passed in 1879; and at the same time the list of pensioners was greatly -enlarged. - -13. The measure presented in the Fiftieth Congress was designed to -extend the pension list so as to include all regularly enlisted -and honorably discharged soldiers of the Civil War, who had become -in whole, or in part, _dependent upon the aid of others_ for their -maintenance. The measure was known as the DEPENDENT PENSIONS BILL. Many -opposed the enactment of a law which appeared to give the bounty of the -government to the deserving and the undeserving alike, and to compel -the worthy recipients of pensions to rank themselves with those who -had gone into the army for pay, and had been brought to want through -improvidence. A majority was easily obtained for the measure in both -Houses of Congress, and the act was passed. President Cleveland, -however, interposed his veto, and the proposed law fell to the ground. - -14. The most important and noted legislation of the session was the -act known as the INTER-STATE COMMERCE BILL. For some fifteen years -complaints against the methods and management of the railways of the -United States had been heard on many sides, and in cases not a few the -complaints had originated in actual abuses. A large class of people -became clamorous that Congress should compel railways to accept a -system of uniformity as to all charges for service rendered. With this -object in view the Inter-State Commerce Bill was accordingly prepared, -and became a law. - -[Sidenote: =Death of Prominent Generals.=] - -15. In the spring of 1885 it became known that General Ulysses S. Grant -was stricken with a fatal malady. The announcement at once drew to -the General and ex-President the interest and sympathies of the whole -American people. The hero of Vicksburg and Appomattox sank under the -ravages of a malignant cancer, which had fixed itself in his throat. -On the 23d of July, 1885, he expired at a summer cottage on Mount -McGregor, New York. His last days were hallowed by the love of the -nation which he had so gloriously defended. No funeral west of the -Atlantic--not even that of Lincoln--was more universally observed. The -procession in New York City was perhaps as imposing a pageant as was -ever exhibited in honor of the dead. On the 8th of August the body -of General Grant was laid to rest in Riverside Park, overlooking the -Hudson. There, on the summit from which may be seen the great river -and the metropolis of the nation, is the tomb of him whose courage -and magnanimity in war will forever give him rank with the few master -spirits who have honored the human race and changed the course of -history. - -16. Within scarcely more than a year from the funeral of Grant -several other distinguished Union Generals fell. On the 29th of -October General George B. McClellan died at his home at St. Cloud, -New Jersey. After another brief interval General Winfield S. Hancock, -senior Major-General of the American Army, breathed his last. In the -mean time, within a brief period, Generals Irwin McDowell, Ambrose -E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade, each of whom, in a -critical period of the war, had commanded the Army of the Potomac, -passed away. Before the close of 1886 Major-General John A. Logan, -greatest of the volunteer commanders, who, without previous military -education, won for themselves distinguished honors in the War for -the Union, fell sick and died at his home, called Calumet Place, in -Washington City. - -[Illustration: Thomas A. Hendricks.] - -[Sidenote: =Death of Prominent Civilians.=] - -17. In the mean time, several distinguished civilians had passed away. -On the 25th of November, 1885, Vice-president Thomas A. Hendricks, -after an illness of a single day, died suddenly at his home in -Indianapolis. The life of Mr. Hendricks had been one of singular purity -as well as of greatness. His character had been noted for its mildness -and serenity in the stormy arena of politics. The goodness of the man -in private life, combined with his distinction as governor, senator, -and Vice-president of the United States, drew from the people every -evidence of public and private respect for his memory. The body of the -dead statesman was buried in Crown Hill cemetery, near Indianapolis. -The funeral pageant surpassed in grandeur any other display of the kind -ever witnessed in the Western States, except the funeral of Lincoln. -Shortly after his death, the funds were easily subscribed by the -people, for the erection of the magnificent bronze monument and statue -standing at one of the entrances to the Capitol of Indiana. - -18. The death of Hendricks was soon followed by that of Horatio -Seymour, of New York. On the 12th of February, 1886, this distinguished -citizen, who had been governor of the Empire State, and a candidate for -the Presidency against General Grant, died at his home in Utica. Still -more distinguished in reputation and ability was Samuel J. Tilden, also -of New York, who died at his home, called Greystone, at Yonkers, near -New York City, on the 4th of August, 1886. - -19. To this list of deaths must be added the illustrious name of Henry -Ward Beecher. To him, with little reservation, must be assigned the -first place among our orators and philanthropists. He had the happy -fortune to retain his faculties unimpaired to the close of his career. -On the evening of the 5th of March, 1887, at his home in Brooklyn, -he sank down under a stroke of apoplexy. He was nearing the close -of his seventy-fourth year. He lived until the morning of the 8th, -and quietly entered the shadows. He was followed to the grave by the -common eulogium of mankind, and every circumstance of his passing away -showed that he had occupied the supreme place among men of his class in -America. - -20. On the 23d of March, 1888, Morrison R. Waite, Chief-Justice of -the United States, died at his home in Washington City. The death of -this able jurist imposed on President Cleveland the duty of naming his -successor. Judge Melville W. Fuller, of Chicago, was appointed, and -confirmed on the 30th of April, 1888. - -21. During the whole of Cleveland's administration, the public mind -was swayed and excited by the movements of politics. The universality -of partisan newspapers, the combination in their columns of all the -news of the world with the invectives and misrepresentations of -party leaders, kept political questions constantly uppermost to the -detriment of social progress and industrial interests. Scarcely had -President Cleveland entered upon his office as chief magistrate when -the question of the succession to the Presidency was agitated. - -22. By the last year of the administration it was seen that there would -be no general break-up of the existing parties. It was also perceived -that the issues between them must be _made_ rather than found in the -existing state of affairs. The sentiment in the United States in favor -of the Constitutional prohibition of the manufacture and sale of -intoxicating liquors had become somewhat extended and intensified since -the last general election. But the discerning eye might perceive that -the real issue was between the Republican and Democratic parties. - -[Sidenote: =The Protective Tariff.=] - -23. One issue, however, had a living and practical relation to affairs, -and that was the question of PROTECTION TO AMERICAN INDUSTRY. Since the -campaign of 1884, the agitation had been gradually extended. At the -opening of the session, in 1887, the President, in his annual message -to Congress, devoted the whole document to the discussion of the single -question of a _Reform of the Revenue System_ of the United States. -The existing rates of duty on imported articles of commerce had so -greatly augmented the income of the Government, that a large surplus -had accumulated in the treasury of the United States. This fact was -made the basis of the President's argument in favor of a new system of -revenue, or at least an ample reduction in the tariff rates under the -old. It was immediately charged by the Republicans, that the project -in question meant the substitution of the system of Free Trade in the -United States as against the system of protective duties. The question -thus involved was made the bottom issue in the Presidential campaign of -1888. - -24. The Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis on the 5th -day of June, 1888, and Mr. Cleveland was renominated by acclamation. -For the Vice-presidential nomination the choice fell on ex-Senator -Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio. The Republican National Convention was held -in Chicago, on the 19th day of June. Many candidates were ardently -pressed upon the body, and the contest was long and spirited. The -voting was continued to the eighth ballot, when the choice fell upon -Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana. In the evening, Levi P. Morton, of New -York, was nominated for the Vice-presidency on the first ballot. - -[Sidenote: =The Party Platforms.=] - -25. In the mean time, the Prohibition party had held its National -Convention at Indianapolis, and on the 30th of May had nominated for -the Presidency General Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, and for the -Vice-presidency John A. Brooks, of Missouri. The Democratic platform -declared for a reform of the revenue system of the United States, and -reaffirmed the principle of adjusting the tariff on imports with strict -regard to the actual needs of governmental expenditure. The Republican -platform declared also for a reform of the tariff schedule, but at the -same time stoutly affirmed the maintenance of the protective system -as a part of the permanent policy of the United States. Both parties -deferred to the patriotic sentiment of the country in favor of the -soldiers. The Prohibitionists entered the campaign, on the distinct -proposition that the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors -should be prohibited throughout the United States by Constitutional -amendment. To this was added a clause in favor of extending the right -of suffrage to women. - -26. As the canvass progressed during the summer and autumn of 1888, -it became evident that the result was in doubt. The contest was -exceedingly close. The result showed success for the Republican -candidate. He received 233 electoral votes, against 168 votes for Mr. -Cleveland. The latter, however, appeared to a better advantage on the -popular count, having a considerable majority over General Harrison. -General Fisk, the Prohibition candidate, received nearly three hundred -thousand votes; but, under the system of voting, no electoral vote of -any State was obtained for him. - -[Sidenote: =Four New States.=] - -27. The last days of Cleveland's administration and of the Fiftieth -Congress were signalized by the admission into the Union of FOUR NEW -STATES, making the number forty-two. In 1887 the question of dividing -Dakota Territory by a line running east and west was agitated, and -the measure finally prevailed. Steps were taken by the people of both -sections for admission into the Union. Montana, with her 146,080 square -miles of territory, had meanwhile acquired a sufficient population; -and Washington Territory, with its area of 69,180 square miles, also -knocked for admission. In the closing days of the Fiftieth Congress a -bill was passed raising all of these four Territories--South Dakota, -North Dakota, Montana, and Washington--to the plane of Statehood. -The Act contemplated the adoption of State Constitutions, and a -proclamation of admission by the next President. It thus happened that -the honor of bringing in this great addition to the States of the Union -was divided between the outgoing and incoming administrations. - -[Sidenote: =Agricultural Department.=] - -28. Another Act of Congress was also of national importance. Hitherto -the government had been administered through seven departments, at the -head of each of which was placed a Cabinet officer, the seven together -constituting the advisers of the President. Early in 1889 a measure was -brought forward in Congress, and adopted, for the institution of a new -department, to be called the Department of Agriculture. Practically -the measure involved the elevation of what had previously been an -Agricultural Bureau in the Department of the Interior, to the rank of -a Cabinet office. Hitherto, though agriculture has been the greatest -of all the producing interests of the people, it has been neglected -for more political and less useful departments of American life and -enterprise. - - - - -CHAPTER LV. - -HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1889- ----. - - -Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States, was -born at North Bend, Ohio, on the 20th of August, 1833. He is a grandson -of President William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin -Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence. - -[Illustration: Benjamin Harrison.] - -2. Harrison's early home was on a farm. He was a student at the -institution called Farmers' College, for two years. Afterwards, he -attended Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, and was graduated therefrom -in June, 1852. He took in marriage the daughter of Dr. John W. Scott, -President of the University. After a course of study, he entered the -profession of law, removed to Indianapolis, and established himself -in that city. With the outbreak of the war he became a soldier of the -Union, and rose to the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General of Volunteers. -Before the close of the war, he was elected Reporter of the decisions -of the Supreme Court of Indiana. - -3. In the period following the Civil War, General Harrison rose to -distinction as a civilian. In 1876 he was the unsuccessful candidate -of the Republican party for governor of Indiana. In 1881 he was -elected to the United States Senate, where he won the reputation of a -leader and statesman. In 1884, his name was prominently mentioned in -connection with the Presidency; and in 1888 it was found that he, more -than any other, combined in himself all the elements of a successful -candidate. The event justified the choice of the party in making him -the standard-bearer in the ensuing campaign. - -4. General Harrison was inaugurated President on the 4th of March, -1889. His Cabinet appointments were as follows: Secretary of State, -James G. Blaine, of Maine; Secretary of the Treasury, William Windom, -of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor, of Vermont; Secretary -of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy, of New York; Postmaster-General, John -Wanamaker, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, John W. Noble, -of Missouri; Attorney-General, William H. H. Miller, of Indiana; -and Secretary of Agriculture--the new department--Jeremiah Rusk, of -Wisconsin. - -[Sidenote: =Affairs in Oklahoma.=] - -5. As the more fertile and accessible public lands in the Mississippi -valley were gradually taken up, new settlers began to cast envious eyes -upon Indian Territory, and especially upon a central region, called -Oklahoma, or the "beautiful country," which was supposed to be very -fertile. Several illegal attempts were made by bands of adventurers to -settle upon these lands, and the military had been employed to eject -the "Oklahoma Boomers," as the intruders were called. - -6. The Indian title to Oklahoma had gradually been acquired by the -United States, and one of the first acts of President Harrison was to -issue a proclamation declaring that this region, embracing nearly 3000 -square miles, should be thrown open to public settlement at noon of -April 22, 1889. - -7. As this date approached, settlers to the number of over ten thousand -collected and formed camps along the southern boundary of Kansas, and, -at the hour named, made a wild race to Oklahoma across the intervening -strip of Indian Territory. Towns were started in several localities, -and within a few days the region had a population of more than 30,000. -Though the country proved somewhat less fertile than had been supposed, -the new community continued to grow, and the following year, with -greatly enlarged boundaries and a population of 62,000, was organized -as the Territory of Oklahoma. - -[Sidenote: =Centennial of the Republic.=] - -8. Within two months after Harrison's inauguration occurred the -CENTENNIAL OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC. On the 30th of April, 1789, the -Father of his Country had taken the oath of office and entered upon his -duties as first President of the United States, and the corresponding -date in 1889 was fixed upon for the centennial celebration of the -event. The holidays in the metropolis included the 29th and 30th days -of April and the 1st day of May. The event drew to New York the largest -concourse of people ever seen at one place within the limits of the -United States. Fully half a million strangers visited the city and were -present at the ceremonies. - -[Sidenote: =The Samoan Difficulty.=] - -9. The close of the year 1888 and the beginning of 1889 were marked by -a dangerous complication between the United States and Germany relative -to the Samoan Islands. In order to settle the difficulty, the President -of the United States sent three commissioners to Berlin, to confer with -the German Government. The result was wholly satisfactory to the United -States. The attitude and demand of the American Government in favor of -the independence of Samoa, under its native sovereign, were supported -by the decision of the commissioners, and the difficulty ended with the -recognition of King Malietoa. - -[Sidenote: =The Johnstown Inundation.=] - -10. The last week of May, 1889, was memorable in the history of -our country for the destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. That -city lay at the junction of a stream, known as the South Fork, with -the Conemaugh River. Several miles up the South Fork some wealthy -fishermen had constructed a dam and a reservoir, where the waters -had accumulated in an immense volume. The level of the lake was high -above the valley and the city. During the last days of May heavy rains -fell, and the country was inundated. On the afternoon of the 31st of -the month, the dam which held the lake in place was burst asunder, and -the deluge of waters poured suddenly down the valley. Everything was -swept away by the flood. Johnstown, a manufacturing city, was totally -wrecked, and thrown in an indescribable mass against the aqueduct of -the Pennsylvania Railway below the town. Here the ruins caught fire, -and the wild shrieks of hundreds of miserable victims were heard above -the roar of the deluge and the conflagration. The heart of the nation -responded quickly to the sufferings of the people, and millions of -dollars in money and supplies were poured into the Conemaugh valley to -relieve the destitution of those who survived the calamity. - -[Sidenote: =The McKinley Bill.=] - -11. The work of the fifty-first Congress was marked with much partisan -bitterness and excitement. The first question which occupied the -attention of the body was the revision of the tariff. On this question -the political parties were strongly opposed to each other. The policy -of the Republican party, though the platform of 1888 had declared for -a revision of the tariff, was favorable to the perpetuation of the -protective system as a part of the permanent policy of the Government. -The Democrats favored a great reduction in the existing rates of -duties, and the ultimate adoption of the principle of free trade. -What was known as the McKinley Bill was introduced into Congress, and -finally adopted, by which the Republican policy was incorporated as -a part of the governmental system. The average rate of import duties -was raised from about forty-seven per cent. to more than fifty-three -per cent.; but in a few instances the existing duties were abolished, -and in the case of raw sugar a bounty to the producers was provided -instead. - -[Sidenote: =Counting a Quorum.=] - -12. Early in the session a serious difficulty arose in the House of -Representatives between the Democrats and the Speaker, Thomas B. Reed, -of Maine. The Republican majority in the House was not large, and the -minority were easily able in matters of party legislation to break -the quorum by refusing to vote. In order to counteract this policy, a -new system of rules was reported empowering the Speaker to count the -minority as present whether voting or not, and thus to compel a quorum. -These rules were violently resisted by the Democrats, and Speaker Reed -was denounced by his opponents as an unjust officer. It was under the -provision of the new rule that nearly all of the party measures of the -fifty-first Congress were adopted. - -[Sidenote: =The Force Bill.=] - -13. One of the most important of these was the attempt to pass through -Congress what was known as the Force Bill, by which it was proposed to -transfer the control of the Congressional elections in the States of -the Union, from State to National authority. This measure provoked the -strongest opposition, part of which arose within the Republican party. -In the Senate certain Republicans refused to support the bill, and it -was finally laid aside for the consideration of other business. - -[Sidenote: =Free Coinage of Silver.=] - -14. A third measure was the attempt to restore silver to a perfect -equality with gold in the coinage of the country. Since 1874 there -had been an increasing difference in the purchasing power of the two -money metals of the country. That is, the purchasing power of gold -had, in the last fifteen years, risen about fifteen per cent., while -the purchasing power of silver had fallen about five per cent. in the -markets of the world. One class of theorists, assuming that gold is -the only invariable standard of values, insisted that this difference -in the purchasing power of the two metals had risen wholly from a -depreciation in the price of silver; while the opposing class argued -that the difference had arisen most largely from an increase in the -purchasing power of gold, and that equal legislation and equal favor -shown to the two money metals would bring them to par, the one with the -other, and keep them in that relation in the markets of the world. - -15. The advocates of free coinage claimed that the laws discriminating -against silver and in favor of gold were impolitic, unjust, and -un-American. They urged that the free coinage of silver would be -of vast advantage to the financial interests of the country. This -view, however, was strongly opposed by the money centers and by the -fund-holding classes, to whom the payment of all debts according to the -highest standard of value--that is, in gold only--was a fundamental -principle. A bill for the free coinage of silver was passed by the -Senate, but rejected by the House, and the question was handed over to -the next Congress. - -[Sidenote: =Idaho and Wyoming.=] - -16. This Congress passed the necessary acts for the admission of Idaho -and Wyoming as the forty-third and forty-fourth States respectively. -Idaho was admitted with a population of 84,385, on the 3d of July, -1890; while on the 10th of the same month 60,705 souls were added to -the Union with the State of Wyoming. - -[Sidenote: =The Eleventh Census.=] - -17. The Eleventh Decennial Census of the United States was taken in -June, 1890. Its results indicated that the population of the country -had increased to 62,622,250, exclusive of Indians not taxed, and whites -in Alaska and Indian Territory. These swell the grand total to about -63,000,000 souls. Indiana was found to contain 2,195,404 inhabitants, -and to include, near the hamlet of Westport in Decatur County, the -center of population of the United States. - -[Sidenote: =Death of General Sheridan.=] - -18. Meanwhile three other great leaders of the Civil War passed away -by death. On the 5th of August, 1888, Lieutenant-General Sheridan, at -that time Commander-in-chief of the American army, died at his home in -Nonquitt, Massachusetts. Few other generals of the Union army had won -greater admiration and higher honors. He was in many senses a model -soldier, and his death at the comparatively early age of fifty-seven -was the occasion of great grief throughout the country. - -[Sidenote: =Death of General Sherman.=] - -19. Still more conspicuous was the fall of General William T. Sherman. -Among the Union commanders in the great Civil War he stood easily next -to Grant in greatness and reputation. In vast and varied abilities, -particularly in military accomplishment, he was perhaps superior to -all. Born in 1820, he reached the mature age of seventy-one, and died -at his home in New York on the 14th day of February, 1891. The event -produced a profound impression. Sherman, more than any other great -military captain of his time, had shunned and put aside political -ambition. Of his sterling patriotism there was never a doubt. As to his -wonderful abilities, all men were agreed. His remains were taken under -escort from New York to St. Louis, where they were deposited in the -family burying grounds in Mount Calvary cemetery. - -[Sidenote: =Death of General Johnston.=] - -20. After the death of General Sherman, only two commanders of the -first class remained on the stage of action from the great Civil -War--both Confederates. These were Generals Joseph E. Johnston and -James Longstreet. The former of these was destined to follow his rival -and conqueror at an early day to the land of rest. General Johnston, -who had been an honorary pall bearer at the funeral of Sherman, -contracted a heavy cold on that occasion, which resulted in his death -on the 20th of February, 1891, at his home in Washington City. General -Johnston was in his eighty-third year at the time of his decease. Among -the Confederate commanders none were his superiors, with the single -exception of Lee. After the close of the war, his conduct had been of a -kind to win the confidence of Union men; and at the time of his death -he was held in almost universal honor. - -[Sidenote: =The New Orleans Massacre.=] - -21. In February of 1891 a serious event occurred in the city of New -Orleans. There existed in that metropolis a secret social organization -among the Italians, known as the Mafia Society. The principles of the -brotherhood involved mutual protection and even the law of revenge -against enemies. Several breaks occurred between members of the society -and the police authorities of the city, and the latter, by arrest -and prosecution, incurred the dislike and hatred of the former. The -difficulty grew until at length Captain David C. Hennessey, chief of -the police, was assassinated by some secret murderer or murderers, -who for the time escaped detection. It was believed, however, that -the Mafia Society was at the bottom of the assassination, and several -members of the brotherhood were arrested under the charge of murder. - -22. A trial followed, and the circumstances tended to establish the -guilt of the prisoners. But the proof was not positive, and the first -three of those on trial were acquitted. A great excitement followed -this decision, and charges were published that the jury had been -bribed or terrorized with threats into making a false verdict. On the -following day a public meeting was called, and a great crowd gathered -around the statue of Henry Clay, standing in one of the public squares. -Speeches were made. A mob was organized and directed against the jail -where the Italian prisoners were confined. The jail was entered by -force. The prisoners were driven from their cells, and nine of them -were shot to death in the court of the prison. Two others were dragged -forth and hanged. Nor can it be doubted that the innocent as well as -the guilty suffered in the slaughter. - -23. The event was followed by intense public excitement. The affair -became of national, and then of international, importance. The Italian -minister, Baron Fava, at Washington, entered his solemn protest -against the killing of his countrymen, and the American Secretary of -State communicated with King Humbert on the subject. The Italian -societies in other American cities passed angry resolutions against the -destruction of their fellow-countrymen by the mob; and the newspapers -of the country teemed with discussions of the subject. Threats of war -were heard between Italy and the United States; but the more thoughtful -looked with confidence to the settlement of the question by peaceable -means. - -24. THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY has thus been traced from the times of -the aborigines to the present day. The story is done. The Republic -has passed through stormy times, but has at last entered her second -century in safety and peace. The clouds that were recently so black -overhead have broken, and are sinking behind the horizon. The equality -of all men before the law has been written with the iron pen of -war in the Constitution of the Nation. The Union of the States has -been consecrated anew by the blood of patriots and the tears of the -lowly. The temple of freedom reared by our fathers still stands in -undiminished glory. THE PAST HAS TAUGHT ITS LESSON; THE PRESENT HAS -ITS DUTY; AND THE FUTURE ITS HOPE. - - -REVIEW QUESTIONS.--PART VII. - - CHAPTER L. - - 1. Tell about the thirteenth amendment. - - 2. Trace the reconstruction measures of President Johnson's - administration. - - 3. Give an account of the purchase of Alaska. - - 4. Tell about the Atlantic cable. - - - CHAPTER LI. - - 5. Give an account of the adoption of the fourteenth and fifteenth - amendments. - - 6. Detail the Alabama Claims controversy and tell how it was settled. - - 7. Tell about the great fires of 1871-72. - - 8. Outline the Indian troubles with the Modocs and the Sioux. - - 9. Give an account of the Credit Mobilier. - - 10. Tell about the Centennial exposition. - - 11. Give an account of the contested election of 1876, and how it was - adjusted. - - - CHAPTER LII. - - 12. Tell about the railroad strikes in the early part of President - Hayes's administration. - - 13. Give an account of the troubles with the Nez Percé Indians. - - 14. Give the leading Congressional measures of these four years. - - 15. Tell about General Grant's tour around the world. - - - CHAPTER LIII. - - 16. Give an account of the presidency and death of Garfield. - - 17. Outline the presidency of Arthur and the progress of applied - science during his term of office. - - - CHAPTER LIV. - - 18. State the general condition and trace the measures of Cleveland's - administration. - - 19. Tell about the Charleston earthquake. - - 20. What great leaders of the Civil War died during these four years? - - - CHAPTER LV. - - 21. Give an account of the election of President Harrison, and of his - entrance upon office. - - 22. Summarize the leading events which have occurred during his - administration. - - - - -APPENDIX. - - - - -CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. - - -We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect -union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the -common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings -of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this -Constitution for the United States of North America. - - -ARTICLE I. - -SECTION 1.--All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in -a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and -House of Representatives. - -SEC. 2.--The House of Representatives shall be composed of members -chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the -electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for -electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. - -No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the -age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United -States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State -in which he shall be chosen. - -Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several -States which may be included within this Union, according to their -respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole -number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term -of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other -persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after -the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within -every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law -direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every -thirty thousand; but each State shall have at least one representative; -and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire -shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island -and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; -New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; -Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, -three. - -When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the -executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such -vacancies. - -The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other -officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. - -SEC. 3.--The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two -senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six -years; and each senator shall have one vote. - -Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first -election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three -classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated -at the expiration of the second year; of the second class, at the -expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at the expiration -of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; -and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the -recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make -temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature which -shall then fill such vacancies. - -No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of -thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and -who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which -he shall be chosen. - -The Vice-president of the United States shall be president of the -Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. - -The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president -_pro tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall -exercise the office as President of the United States. - -The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When -sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When -the President of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall -preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of -two thirds of the members present. - -Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to -removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office -of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party -convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, -trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. - -SEC. 4.--The times, places, and manner of holding elections for -senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the -legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make -or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. - -The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such -meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by -law appoint a different day. - -SEC. 5.--Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, -and qualifications of its own members; and a majority of each shall -constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn -from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of -absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house -may provide. - -Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its -members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two -thirds, expel a member. - -Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to -time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment -require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, -on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be -entered on the journal. - -Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the -consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any -other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. - -SEC. 6.--The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation -for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the -treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, -felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their -attendance on the session of their respective houses, and in going to -and returning from the same; and, for any speech or debate in either -house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. - -No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was -elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the -United States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof -shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any -office under the United States shall be a member of either house during -his continuance in office. - -SEC. 7.--All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of -Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, -as on other bills. - -Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the -Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of -the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not, he shall -return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have -originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, -and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two -thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, -together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall -likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two thirds of that house, -it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses -shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons -voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each -house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President -within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented -to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, -unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which -case it shall not be a law. - -Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the -Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a -question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of -the United States; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be -approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two -thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the -rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. - -SEC. 8.--The Congress shall have power:-- - -To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the -debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare, of the -United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform -throughout the United States: - -To borrow money on the credit of the United States: - -To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several -States, and with the Indian tribes: - -To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the -subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States: - -To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix -the standard of weights and measures: - -To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and -current coin of the United States: - -To establish post-offices and post-roads: - -To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for -limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their -respective writings and discoveries: - -To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: - -To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, -and offenses against the law of nations: - -To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules -concerning captures on land and water: - -To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use -shall be for a longer term than two years: - -To provide and maintain a navy: - -To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval -forces: - -To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the -Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions: - -To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and -for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of -the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment -of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to -the discipline prescribed by Congress: - -To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over -such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of -particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of -government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over -all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State -in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, -arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings:--And - -To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying -into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by -this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any -department or officer thereof. - -SEC. 9.--The migration or importation of such persons, as any of -the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be -prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred -and eight; but a tax, or duty, may be imposed on such importation, not -exceeding ten dollars for each person. - -The privilege of the writ of _habeas corpus_ shall not be suspended, -unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may -require it. - -No bill of attainder or _ex post facto_ law shall be passed. - -No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion -to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. - -No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No -preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to -the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound -to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, in -another. - -No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of -appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the -receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from -time to time. - -No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no -person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without -the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, -or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. - -SEC. 10.--No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or -confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit -bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in -payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, _ex post facto_ law, -or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of -nobility. - -No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or -duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary -for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties -and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the -use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be -subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, -without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops -or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact -with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless -actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. - - -ARTICLE II. - -SECTION 1.--The executive power shall be vested in a President of the -United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of -four years, and together with the Vice-president, chosen for the same -term, be elected as follows:-- - -Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may -direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and -representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but -no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or -profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. - -The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot -for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant -of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all -the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which -list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of -the government of the United States, directed to the president of the -Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the -Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates; and the -votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number -of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the -whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who -have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House -of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them -for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five -highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the -President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by -States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum -for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds -of the States; and a majority of all the States shall be necessary -to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the -person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be -Vice-president. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal -votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-president. - -The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the -day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same -throughout the United States. - -No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United -States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be -eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be -eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of -thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United -States. - -In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, -resignation, or inability to discharge the powers or duties of the said -office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president; and the Congress -may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, -or inability, both of the President and Vice-president, declaring -what officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act -accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be -elected. - -The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a -compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during -the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not -receive within that period any other emolument from the United States -or any of them. - -Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the -following oath or affirmation:-- - -"I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I will faithfully execute the -office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my -ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United -States." - -SEC. 2.--The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and -navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, -when called into the actual service of the United States; he may -require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of -the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of -their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves -and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of -impeachment. - -He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, -to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur; -and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of -the Senate, shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and -consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the -United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided -for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may, by -law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think -proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads -of departments. - -The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen -during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall -expire at the end of their next session. - -SEC. 3.--He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information -of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration -such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on -extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, -in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of -adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; -he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take -care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the -officers of the United States. - -SEC. 4.--The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the -United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and -conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. - - -ARTICLE III. - -SECTION 1.--The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in -a Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from -time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and -inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and -shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, -which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. - -SEC. 2.--The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and -equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, -and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to -all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; -to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies -to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between -two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, -between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same -State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between -a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or -subjects. - -In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, -and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall -have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, -the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and -fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress -shall make. - -The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by -jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes -shall have been committed; but, when not committed within any State, -the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law -have directed. - -SEC. 3.--Treason against the United States shall consist only in -levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them -aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the -testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in -open court. - -The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but -no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, -except during the life of the person attainted. - - -ARTICLE IV. - -SECTION 1.--Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the -public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. -And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such -acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. - -SEC. 2.--The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges -and immunities of citizens in the several States. - -A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, -who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on -demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be -delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the -crime. - -No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, -escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation -therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be -delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be -due. - -SEC. 3.--New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; -but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of -any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more -States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislature of -the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. - -The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules -and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging -to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so -construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any -particular State. - -SEC. 4.--The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union -a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against -invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive -(when the legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence. - - -ARTICLE V. - -The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it -necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the -application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, -shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either -case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this -Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of -the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the -one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; -Provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one -thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first -and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that -no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage -in the Senate. - - -ARTICLE VI. - -All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption -of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under -this Constitution as under the Confederation. - -This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be -made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be -made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme -law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, -any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary -notwithstanding. - -The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members -of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial -officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall -be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no -religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office -or public trust under the United States. - - -ARTICLE VII. - -The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient -for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so -ratifying the same. - - _Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, - the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand - seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United - States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto - subscribed our names._ - - GEORGE WASHINGTON, _President, - and Deputy from Virginia_. - NEW HAMPSHIRE.--John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. - - MASSACHUSETTS.--Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. - - CONNECTICUT.--William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. - - NEW YORK.--Alexander Hamilton. - - NEW JERSEY.--William Livingston, David Bearly, William Patterson, - Jonathan Dayton. - - PENNSYLVANIA.--Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, - George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, - Gouverneur Morris. - - DELAWARE.--George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Richard - Bassett, Jacob Broom. - - MARYLAND.--James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. - - VIRGINIA.--John Blair, James Madison, Jr. - - NORTH CAROLINA.--William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh - Williamson. - - SOUTH CAROLINA.--John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles - Pinckney, Pierce Butler. - - GEORGIA.--William Few, Abraham Baldwin. - - _Attest_: WILLIAM JACKSON, _Secretary_. - - - - -AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. - - -ARTICLE I. - -Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, -or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom -of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to -assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. - - -ARTICLE II. - -A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free -State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be -infringed. - - -ARTICLE III. - -No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without -the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be -prescribed by law. - - -ARTICLE IV. - -The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, -and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not -be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, -supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place -to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. - - -ARTICLE V. - -No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous -crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in -cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in -actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person -be subject, for the same offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of life -or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness -against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, -without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for -public use without just compensation. - - -ARTICLE VI. - -In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a -speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district -wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have -been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature -and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses -against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his -favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. - - -ARTICLE VII. - -In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed -twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no -fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the -United States than according to the rules of the common law. - - -ARTICLE VIII. - -Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor -cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. - - -ARTICLE IX. - -The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be -construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. - - -ARTICLE X. - -The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, -nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States -respectively, or to the people. - - -ARTICLE XI. - -The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to -extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against -one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens -or subjects of any foreign State. - - -ARTICLE XII. - -The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot -for President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not -be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name -in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct -ballots the person voted for as Vice-president; and they shall make -distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all -persons voted for as Vice-president, and of the number of votes for -each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed -to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the -president of the Senate; the president of the Senate shall, in the -presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the -certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having -the greatest number of votes for President shall be President, if -such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; -and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the -highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for -as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, -by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes -shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one -vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members -from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall -be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall -not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve -upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the -Vice-president shall act as President, as in the case of the death or -other constitutional disability of the President. - -The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-president shall -be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole -number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then -from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the -Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of -the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall -be necessary to a choice. - -But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President -shall be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States. - - -ARTICLE XIII. - -SECTION 1.--Neither slavery nor voluntary servitude, except as -a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly -convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject -to their jurisdiction. - -SEC. 2.--Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by -appropriate legislation. - - -ARTICLE XIV. - -SECTION 1.--All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and -subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States -and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce -any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens -of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, -liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any -person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. - -SEC. 2.--Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, -according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of -persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the -right to vote at any election for choice of electors for President -and Vice-president of the United States, representatives in Congress, -the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the -legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such -State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, -or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other -crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the -proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the -whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. - -SEC. 3.--No person shall be a senator, or representative in Congress, -or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil -or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having -previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of -the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an -executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution -of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion -against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; -but Congress may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such -disability. - -SEC. 4.--The validity of the public debt of the United States -authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions, -and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, -shall not be questioned. But neither the United States, nor any -State, shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of -insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for -the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, -and claims shall be held illegal and void. - -SEC. 5.--The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate -legislation the provisions of this Article. - - -ARTICLE XV. - -SECTION 1.--The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall -not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on -account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. - -SEC. 2.--The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by -appropriate legislation. - - - - -INDEX. - - A - - =Abercrombie=, General, defeat of, at Ticonderoga, 143. - - =Abraham=, Plains of, battle of, 146. - - =Acadia=, named, 39; - conquered by the English, 141. - - =Acadians=, exile of the, 141. - - =Act=, the Importation, 150; - the Stamp, 151; - the Embargo, 219; - the Conscription, 308; - the Resumption, 339. - - =Adams=, John, predicts American Independence, 150; - nominates Washington, 161; - on Declaration Committee, 165; - Commissioner to Paris, 197; - elected first Vice-president, 202; - reelected Vice-president, 208; - elected President, 210; - administration of, 211-213; - death of, 249. - - =Adams=, John Quincy, Secretary of State, 244; - elected President, 247; - sketch of, 248; - administration of, 248, 249. - - =Adams=, Samuel, at Boston town-meeting, 150. - - =Agricultural= Department, established, 360. - - =Aix-la-Chapelle=, treaty of, 93. - - =Alabama=, admission of, 246. - - =Alabama Claims=, the, 330. - - =Alabama=, depredations by the, 315. - - =Alaska=, purchase of, 325. - - =Algiers=, tribute paid to, 210; - subdued by Decatur, 242. - - =Alexander=, Pope, gives New World to Spain, 43. - - =Algonquins=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - =Allen=, Ethan, captures Fort Ticonderoga, 159. - - =America=, discovery of, 25; - derivation of name, 26. - - =Amendments= to the Constitution, fourteenth and fifteenth, 328. - - =Amherst=, general-in-chief of American forces, 144. - - =Amnesty= proclamation, the, 324. - - =Anarchists=, the Chicago, 352. - - =Anderson=, Robert, defends Fort Sumter, 282. - - =André=, John, capture of, 191. - - =Andros=, Sir Edmund, royal governor of New England, 86; - demands surrender of Connecticut charter, 87; - governor of New York, 101; - treaty of with the Iroquois, 102. - - =Antietam=, battle of, 301. - - =Anti-Federalist= party, the, 201. - - =Appomattox= Courthouse, surrender at, 319. - - =Arctic= expeditions, 272. - - =Argall=, Samuel, abducts Pocahontas, 65; - expedition against Acadia, 65; - elected governor of Virginia, 67. - - =Arizona= Territory, organization of, 325. - - =Arkansas=, organization of Territory, 246; - admission of State, 253. - - =Arlington=, Earl of, grant of Virginia to, 73; - surrenders claim to Culpepper, 75. - - =Arnold=, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 159; - expedition against Canada, 162; - at camp on Delaware, 172; - at Bemis's Heights, 174; - treason of, 190; - in British army, 192. - - =Arthur=, Chester A., elected Vice-president, 341; - becomes President, 346; - sketch of, 346; - administration of, 346-349. - - =Atlanta=, capture of, 312. - - =Aztecs=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - - B - - =Bacon=, Nathaniel, rebellion led by, 74. - - =Balboa= discovers the Pacific, 27. - - =Ball's= Bluff, battle of, 291. - - =Baltimore=, Lord, secures charter for New Maryland, 122. - - =Baltimore=, siege of, 238; - mob at fire on Union soldiers, 282. - - =Bank= of North America, organization of, 192. - - =Bank= of the United States, organization of, 207; - rechartered, 242; - rechartering vetoed by Jackson, 250; - rechartering vetoed by Tyler, 258. - - =Banks=, N. P., in West Virginia, 297; - at Cedar Mountain, 300; - captures Port Hudson, 304; - Red River expedition of, 310. - - =Barclay=, Commodore, on Lake Erie, 229. - - =Battle= of Antietam, 301; - Atlanta, 312; - Ball's Bluff, 291; - Bemis's Heights, 174; - Bennington, 173; - Brandywine, 175; - Brier Creek, 185; - Buena Vista, 264; - Bull Run, 289, 300; - Bunker Hill, 159; - Cerro Gordo, 264; - Champion Hills, 303; - Chancellorsville, 307; - Chapultepec, 267; - Chickamauga, 304; - Chippewa, 235; - Chrysler's Field, 232; - Churubusco, 266; - City of Mexico, 265; - Cold Harbor, 316; - Corinth, 297; - Cowpens, 193; - Eutaw Springs, 195; - Fair Oaks, 299; - Five Oaks, 319; - Fort Edward, 142; - Fort Meigs, 228; - Fort Stephenson, 229; - Fredericksburg, 301; - Frenchtown, 228; - Germantown, 176; - Gettysburg, 308; - Guilford Courthouse, 194; - Kenesaw Mountain, 311; - King's Mountain, 189; - Lake Erie, 229; - Long Island, 166; - Lookout Mountain, 305; - Lundy's Lane, 235; - Malvern Hill, 299; - Missionary Ridge, 305; - Monmouth, 180; - Monterey, 263; - Murfreesborough, 297; - Nashville, 312; - New Orleans, 241; - Palo Alto, 262; - Plains of Abraham, 145; - Plattsburgh, 237; - Princeton, 171; - Queenstown, 226; - Resaca de la Palma, 262; - Sag Harbor, 171; - Sander's Creek, 188; - San Gabriel, 264; - Saratoga, 174; - Savannah, 183; - Shiloh, 293; - Spottsylvania Courthouse, 316; - Talladega, 231; - Thames, 230; - Tippecanoe, 223; - Trenton, 169; - Vera Cruz, 264; - Vicksburg, 303; - White Plains, 168; - Wilson's Creek, 290; - Yorktown, 196. - - =Beecher=, Henry Ward, death of, 357. - - =Bell=, A. Graham, inventor of telephone, 357. - - =Bellomont=, Earl of, governor of New York, 103. - - =Bemis's= Heights, battle of, 174. - - =Bennington=, battle of, 264. - - =Berkeley=, Sir William, governor of Virginia, 71; - elected by burgesses, 72; - rebellion against, 74; - oppression by, 75; - grant of New Jersey to, 115; - sells interest, 116. - - =Beverley=, Robert, royalist captain, 74. - - =Black= Hawk War, the, 251. - - =Blaine=, James G., Secretary of State under Garfield, 345; - nominated for President, 349; - Secretary of State under Harrison, 362. - - =Block=, Adrian, explorations by, 55. - - =Body= of Liberties, 82. - - =Boone=, Daniel, colonizes Kentucky, 208. - - =Booth=, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, 321; - death of, 321. - - =Boston=, founded, 79; - occupied by British, 154; - massacre at, 154; - tea party, 155; - Port Bill, 156; - siege of, 159-164; - fire in, 331. - - =Braddock=, Edward, arrives in America, 139; - defeat and death of, 140. - - =Bradford=, John, landing of, 51. - - =Bradford=, William, governor of Massachusetts, 77. - - =Bragg=, Braxton, at Murfreesborough, 297; - at Chickamauga, 304; - at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, 305. - - =Brandywine=, battle of, 175. - - =Breckinridge=, John C., elected Vice-president, 274; - commands Confederate cavalry, 317. - - =Breed's= Hill, fortification of, 159. - - =Brier= Creek, battle of, 185. - - =Brooklyn= Bridge, construction of the, 347. - - =Brown=, John, insurrection led by, 276. - - =Bryant=, William Cullen, death of, 343. - - =Buchanan=, James, Secretary of State, 261; - elected President, 274; - sketch of, 275; - administration of, 275-277. - - =Buckner=, S. B., defends Fort Donelson, 293. - - =Buena= Vista, battle of, 264. - - =Bull= Run, battles of, 289, 300. - - =Bunker= Hill, battle of, 159. - - =Burgesses=, House of, organized, 67; - scene in, 152. - - =Burgoyne=, Gen., campaign of, 172-175; - surrender of, 175. - - =Burnside=, Ambrose E., takes command of Army of the Potomac, 301; - at Fredericksburg, 301; - death of, 356. - - =Burr=, Aaron, elected Vice-president, 213; - duel with Hamilton, 217; - schemes of, 217. - - =Butler=, Benjamin F., at New Orleans, 296; - at Fort Fisher, 314; - joins Grant at Bermuda Hundred, 316; - nominated for presidency, 349. - - - C - - =Cabinet=, the first, 205. - - =Cable=, Atlantic, laying of the, 275, 325. - - =Cabot=, John, voyage and discoveries of, 41. - - =Cabot=, Sebastian, voyage and explorations of, 42. - - =Calhoun=, John C., Secretary of War, 244; - elected Vice-president, 247; - for nullification, 251; - death of, 272. - - =California=, conquest of, 264; - discovery of gold in, 267; - admission of, 268. - - =Californians=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - =Calvert=, Sir Cecil, charter issued to, 123. - - =Calvert=, Sir George, in Maryland, 122. - - =Cambridge=, named, 81. - - =Canadian= insurrection, the, 256. - - =Canonchet=, King, violates treaty, 84; - death of, 85. - - =Canonicus=, King of the Narragansetts, 107. - - =Capitol= of the United States, location of the, 213. - - =Carolinas=, history of the, 125-127; - separation of the, 127. - - =Caroline=, firing of the, 256. - - =Carteret=, Sir George, proprietor of New Jersey, 115. - - =Cartier=, James, voyages of, 36, 37. - - =Carver=, John, governor of the Pilgrims, 51; - death of, 76. - - =Census= of 1790 and 1800, 213; - of 1810, 222; - of 1870, 329; - of 1880, 342; - of 1890, 366. - - =Centennial= Exposition, the, 333. - - =Centennial= of the Republic, the, 362. - - =Cerro Gordo=, battle of, 264. - - =Champion Hills=, battle of, 303. - - =Champlain=, Lake, discovered, 40; - expedition to, 141; - abandoned by the French, 145. - - =Champlain=, Samuel, voyages of, 39, 40; - founds Quebec, 39; - discovers Lake Champlain, 40; - governs New France, 40. - - =Chancellorsville=, battle of, 307. - - =Chandler=, Zackariah, death of, 343. - - =Chapultepec=, battle of, 267. - - =Charlesbourg=, Fort, settlement at, 47. - - =Charleston=, founded, 128; - British repulsed at, 164; - taken by British, 187; - evacuated, 195; - taken by Sherman, 313. - - =Charleston= earthquake, the, 353. - - =Charter= Oak, the, 87. - - =Charter= of New England, 78. - - =Chase=, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury, 281; - as Chief-justice presides at impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, 327. - - =Chen= Lan Pin, the Chinese Minister, 340. - - =Cherokees=, regions inhabited by the, 16; - difficulties with the, 252. - - =Cherry Valley=, massacre at, 181. - - =Chesapeake=, the affair of the, 233. - - =Chesapeake Bay=, explored, 61. - - =Chicago=, the great fire in, 330; - the Anarchists in, 352. - - =Chickamauga=, battle of, 304. - - =Chicora=, first name of South Carolina, 29. - - =Chinese= Embassy, establishment of the, 340. - - =Chippewa=, battle of, 235. - - =Chrysler's= Field, battle of, 232. - - =Churubusco=, battle of, 266. - - =Circumnavigation= of the globe, 28. - - =Civil= Rights Bill, the, 326. - - =Civil= Service Reform, the, 351. - - =Civil= War, causes of the, 284-287; - history of the, 281-319. - - =Clark=, George Rogers, campaigns of in the West, 181. - - =Clarke=, William, expedition of, 218. - - =Clay=, Henry, advocates Missouri Compromise, 246; - advocates Omnibus Bill, 270; - death of, 272. - - =Clayborne=, William, surveys of, 122. - - =Cleveland=, Grover, elected President, 349; - sketch of, 350; - administration of, 350-360; - renominated, 358; - receives majority of popular vote, 359. - - =Clinton=, Sir Henry, repulsed at New York, 164; - bombards Charleston, 164; - at battle of Long Island, 166. - - =Code= of Laws, given by London Company, 68. - - =Cold= Harbor, battle of, 316. - - =Colonies=, the American, war of with Great Britain, 157-198; - independence of, 165-197. - - =Colonization= Society, founded, 243. - - =Colorado=, admission of, 335. - - =Columbia=, District of, organized, 213. - - =Columbus=, Christopher, sketch of, 24; - discovers America, 25; - other voyages of, 26; - misfortunes of, 26; - death of, 26; - discovers Orinoco, 43. - - =Comanches=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - =Commerce=, aggressions on American, 219. - - =Concessions=, account of the, 116. - - =Concord=, founded, 80. - - =Confederacy=, the Southern, 277. - - =Confederation=, articles of, 199; - history of the, 199. - - =Confederate= cruisers, depredations by, 315. - - =Congress= of the Colonies, 139; - the Stamp Act, 152; - the First Continental, 156; - the Second Continental, 161. - - =Conkling=, Roscoe, resigns seat in Senate, 345. - - =Connecticut=, colonization of, 106; - history of, 106; - charter of, 109; - joins New England, 111. - - =Conscription= in the North, 308. - - =Constitution= of the United States, proposed, 200; - committee appointed, 200; - report of committee adopted, 201; - provisions of, 201; - adopted by the States, 202. - - =Constitution=, the affair of the, 225. - - =Continental= Army, organization of the, 162. - - =Convention=, the Constitutional, 200; - the Hartford, 239. - - =Cooke=, Jay & Co., disastrous failure of, 333. - - =Cooper=, Peter, candidate for Presidency, 335. - - =Cordova=, Fernandez de, explorations of, 28. - - =Corinth=, battle of, 297. - - =Cornbury=, Lord, governor of New York, 104. - - =Cornwallis=, Lord, joins Clinton, 164; - at Long Island, 167; - takes Fort Lee, 168; - pursues Washington, 169; - at Brandywine, 176; - at Monmouth, 180; - at Sander's Creek, 188; - pursues Greene, 194; - in Virginia, 195; - blockaded in Yorktown, 196; - surrender of, 197. - - =Cortereal=, Gaspar, voyages of, 34. - - =Cortez=, Fernando, conquers Mexico, 28. - - =Cotton= gin, invention of the, 285. - - =Cowpens=, battle of, 193. - - =Cranfield=, Edward, governor of Province of New Hampshire, 86. - - =Credit= Mobilier, the, 332. - - =Creek= cession, the, 249. - - =Creeks=, war with the, 231. - - =Crown= Point, Johnson's expedition against, 141; - deserted by the French, 145. - - =Cuban= "Filibusters," the, 271. - - =Culpepper=, John, leader of insurrection in North Carolina, 126. - - =Culpepper=, Lord, grant of Virginia to, 73; - appointed governor, 75; - sole proprietor, 75; - removed, 75. - - =Custer=, General, defeat of, 334. - - - D - - =Da Gama=, Vasco, doubles Cape of Good Hope, 42. - - =Dakota= Territory, organized, 325. - - =Dakotas=, the separation of the, 360. - - =Dakotas=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - =Dare=, Virginia, birth of, 46. - - =Darrah=, Lydia, story of, 176. - - =Davis=, Jefferson, President of Confederacy, 277; - sketch of, 289; - escape of, 319; - capture of, 320. - - =Daye=, Stephen, first printer in America, 81. - - =Deane=, Silas, commissioner to France, 178. - - =Dearborn=, Fort, surrender of, 225. - - =Dearborn=, Henry, commander-in-chief of American army, 224; - expedition against Toronto, 231. - - =De Ayllon=, voyage of, 29. - - =Decatur=, captures the _Philadelphia_, 216; - captures the _Macedonian_, 226; - conquers the Algerian pirates, 242. - - =Declaration= of Rights, 153; - of Independence, 165. - - =Decree=, the Milan, 220. - - =De Gourgues=, Dominic, revenge of, 38. - - =De Kalb=, joins patriot forces, 172; - killed, 181. - - =Delaware=, Lord, governor of Virginia, 62; - voyage to Virginia, 63; - return to England, 34; - death of, 67. - - =Delaware=, secession of, 120. - - =Delaware=, the, crossed by Washington, 169. - - =De Monts=, patent of, 38; - at Port Royal, 39. - - =De Soto=, Ferdinand, expedition of, 30-32; - discovers the Mississippi, 31; - death of, 32. - - =D'Estaing=, fleet of, 179. - - =Detroit=, surrender of, 225. - - =Dieskau=, defeat of, 142. - - =Discovery= of America, 25. - - =Division= of land, 64. - - =Dolbear=, A. C., inventor of the telephone, 347. - - =Donelson=, Fort, capture of, 293. - - =Dorchester= Heights, fortification of, 163. - - =Dorr's= Rebellion, 258. - - =Douglas=, Stephen A., advocates State sovereignty, 274. - - =Dover=, founded, 113. - - =Drake=, Sir Francis, voyages of, 44; - at Roanoke, 45. - - =Dred= Scott case, the, 276. - - =Du Quesne=, Fort, built, 138; - battle near, 140; - destruction of, 144. - - - E - - =Early=, J. A., invades Pennsylvania, 317; - surprises Union camp, 318; - defeated at Winchester, 318. - - =East= India Company, the Dutch, 53. - - =Edison=, Thomas A., inventor of the telephone and electric light, 347. - - =Edward=, Fort, built, 141; - battle at, 142. - - =Electoral= Commission, the, 336. - - =Electric= light, invention of the, 347. - - =Elizabethtown=, founded, 115. - - =Emancipation= Proclamation, issued, 302. - - =Embargo= Act, passage of, 219; - repeal of the, 321. - - =Endicott=, John, governor of Plymouth, 78. - - =Ericsson=, John, invents the _Monitor_, 294. - - =Ericsson=, Leif, discovers America, 21. - - =Ericsson=, Thorwald and Thorstein, 22. - - =Erie=, Fort, siege of, 236. - - =Erie=, Lake, battle of, 229. - - =Esquimos=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - =Eutaw= Springs, battle of, 195. - - =Evarts=, William A., delivers Centennial oration, 333. - - - F - - =Fair= Oaks, battle of, 299. - - =Farragut=, Admiral, captures New Orleans, 296; - captures Mobile, 314. - - =Fava=, Baron, Italian minister, 368. - - =Federalist= party, the, 201. - - =Field=, Cyrus W., lays Atlantic cables, 275, 324. - - =Fields=, James T., death of, 343. - - =Fillmore=, Millard, elected Vice-president, 268; - becomes President, 270; - administration of, 270-272. - - =Fisher=, Fort, capture of, 314. - - =Fishery= award, the, 340. - - =Fishery= dispute, the, 271. - - =Fisk=, Clinton B., prohibition candidate for Presidency, 359. - - =Five= Forks, battle of, 319. - - =Florida=, origin of name, 27; - cession of, 245; - admission of, 260. - - =Force= Bill, introduction of the, 365. - - =Fort= Charlesbourg, settlement at, 37. - - ---- Dearborn, surrender of, 225. - - ---- Donelson, capture of, 293. - - ---- Du Quesne, built, 138; - destruction of, 114. - - ---- Edward, built, 141; - battle at, 142. - - ---- Fisher, capture of, 314. - - ---- Jackson, capture of, 296. - - ---- Le Bœuf, built, 136; - arrival of Washington at, 136. - - ---- McHenry, bombarded, 238. - - ---- Meigs, building and siege of, 228. - - ---- Mercer, taken by British, 176. - - ---- Mifflin, taken by British, 176. - - ---- Moultrie, bombarded, 164. - - ---- Nassau, building of, 55. - - ---- Necessity, built and defended, 138. - - ---- Stephenson, siege of, 229. - - ---- St. Philip, capture of, 296. - - ---- Sumter, fired upon, 282. - - ---- Venango, built, 136. - - ---- William Henry built, 142; - massacre at, 143. - - ---- Windsor, building of, 95. - - =France=, explorers sent from, 35; - colony at Fort Charlesbourg, 37; - colonizes Florida, 37; - settlement at Quebec, 39; - aid of, 172; - treaty with America, 178; - relations with America, 178-186; - troubles with, 211; - treaty of peace with, 212. - - =Franklin=, Benjamin, one of Declaration Committee, 165; - in France, 178; - sketch of, 179; - plan of confederation by, 191. - - =Franklin=, Sir John, Arctic expedition of, 272. - - =Fredericksburg=, battle of, 301. - - =Free= Coinage Bill, introduction of the, 365. - - =Free= Soil Party, organization of the, 272. - - =Fremont=, John C., in California, 263. - - =French= and Indian War, history of the, 135-146. - - =Frenchtown=, battle of, 228. - - =Frobisher=, Martin, searching for northwest passage, 43. - - =Fuller=, Melville W., appointed Chief-justice of the United States, 357. - - =Fulton=, Robert, invents the steamboat, 220. - - - G - - =Gadsden= Purchase, the, 273. - - =Gage=, General, occupies Boston, 154. - - =Garfield=, James A., elected President, 341; - sketch of, 344; - administration of, 344-346; - assassination of, 345; - death of, 346. - - =Gates=, Horatio, commands northern army, 175; - defeat at Sander's Creek, 188. - - =Gates=, Sir Thomas, in Virginia, 63-66. - - =Genet=, Citizen, trouble caused by, 208. - - =Georgia=, history of, 130-134; - named, 131. - - =Germantown=, battle of, 176. - - =Gerry=, Elbridge, envoy to France, 211; - Vice-president, 227. - - =Gettysburg=, battle of, 308. - - =Ghent=, the treaty of, 241. - - =Gilbert=, Sir Humphrey, voyage of, 44; - lost at sea, 45. - - =Gist=, Christopher, commands exploring party, 136. - - =Gold=, searches for, 43; - discovery of in California, 267. - - =Gorges=, Sir Ferdinand, proprietor New Hampshire, 113. - - =Gosnold=, Bartholomew, voyage and explorations of, 46; - in the London Company, 47. - - =Grant=, Ulysses S., captures Fort Donelson, 293; - at Shiloh, 293; - at Vicksburg, 303; - general-in-chief, 311; - in the wilderness, 316; - at Petersburg, 318; - enters Richmond, 319; - final victory of, 319; - elected President, 327; - sketch of, 328; - administration of, 328-336; - reelected, 331; - tour of the world, 342; - death of, 355; - tomb of, 355. - - =Gray=, Elisha P., inventor of telephone, 347. - - =Great= Britain colonizes America, 41-52; - governs Virginia, 70-75; - governs New York, 100-105; - oppressions by, 149-156; - revolutionary war with, 157-197; - war of 1812 with, 221-241; - treaties with, 197, 241, 258, 330. - - =Great= Eastern, the, carries Atlantic cable, 325. - - =Great= Meadows, battle at, 138. - - =Greeley=, Horace, nominated for Presidency, 331; - death of, 331. - - =Greenbacks=, issued, 320. - - =Greene=, Nathaniel, campaigns of, 193. - - =Grenville=, Sir Richard, voyage of, 45. - - =Guadalupe= Hidalgo, treaty of, 267. - - =Guilford= Court House, battle of, 194. - - - H - - "=Half= Breeds," the, 345. - - =Half= Moon, voyages of the, 53, 54. - - =Hamilton=, Alexander, builds Fort Washington, 168; - urges adoption of Constitution, 201; - first Secretary of the Treasury, 206; - financial policy of, 207; - killed by Burr, 217. - - =Hamilton=, Andrew, defends Zenger, 104. - - =Hancock=, Winfield S., death of, 356. - - =Harmar=, General, expedition of, 207. - - =Harrison=, Benjamin, nominated for Presidency, 359; - elected, 359; - sketch of, 361; - administration of, 361-369. - - =Harrison=, William Henry, governor Indiana Territory, 215; - at Tippecanoe, 222; - campaigns of, 228-330; - resigns commission, 232; - elected President, 256; - sketch of, 257; - death of, 258. - - =Hartford=, founded, 80. - - =Hartford= Convention, the, 239. - - =Harvard= College founded, 81. - - =Harvey=, Sir John, governor of Virginia, 70. - - =Hayes=, Rutherford B., elected President, 336; - sketch of, 337; - administration of, 337-343. - - =Hayne=, Isaac, hanging of, 195. - - =Hayne=, Senator, debate with Daniel Webster, 251. - - =Hendricks=, Thomas A., elected Vice-president, 349; - death of, 356; - sketch of, 356; - statue of, 357. - - =Hennessey=, David C., assassination of, 368. - - =Henry=, Patrick, speech of, 152. - - =Herjulfson=, discovers America, 21. - - =Hood=, J. B., evacuates Atlanta, 312; - Nashville campaign of, 312. - - =Hooker=, Joseph, storms Lookout Mountain, 305; - commands Army of the Potomac, 307; - at Chancellorsville, 307; - death of, 356. - - =Howe=, Admiral, at battle of Long Island, 166. - - =Howe=, General, arrives in Boston, 159; - at Bunker Hill, 160; - surrenders Boston, 163; - at Battle of Long Island, 166; - at White Plains, 168; - at Brandywine, 176. - - =Hudson=, Sir Henry, voyages of, 53; - mutiny against, 54. - - =Huguenots=, massacre of the, 33, 38; - colony of, 37; - in South Carolina, 129. - - =Hull=, Isaac, in naval battle, 225. - - =Hull=, William, begins War of 1812, 224; - surrenders Detroit, 225. - - =Hunt=, Robert, in London Company, 47. - - =Huron-Iroquois=, regions inhabited by the, 16; - characteristics of the, 16. - - =Hutchinson=, Ann, accused of heresy, 80; - exile of, 81. - - - I - - =Icelanders=, the, in America, 21-23. - - =Idaho=, organization of Territory, 325; - admission of State, 366. - - =Illinois=, admission of, 245. - - =Impeachment= trial of Andrew Johnson, 327. - - =Importation= Act, the, 150. - - =Independence=, Declaration of, by North Carolina Convention, 161; - by congress of the United Colonies, 165; - leading principles of, 166. - - =Independent= Treasury Bill, the, proposed by Van Buren, 255; - repeal of, 258. - - =Indiana=, organization of Territory, 214; - admission of State, 242. - - =Indians=, sketch of the, 15-19; - troubles with in Northwest Territory, 207. - - =Indian= Territory, set apart, 252. - - =Internal= revenue, sources of, 320. - - =Iowa=, admission of, 260. - - =Iroquois=, regions inhabited by the, 16. - - =Isabella=, Queen, sympathy with, and aid to Columbus, 25. - - =Island= Number Ten, siege of, 294. - - - J - - =Jack=, Captain, leads Modoc war, 332. - - =Jackson=, Andrew, begins career, 188; - subdues the Creeks, 231; - drives British from Florida, 239; - in command at New Orleans, 239-241; - subdues Seminoles, 245; - elected President, 249; - administration of, 250-253. - - =Jackson=, Stonewall, valley campaign of, 297; - at Cedar Mountain, 300; - seizes Harper's Ferry, 300; - at Chancellorsville, 307; - death of, 307. - - =Jamestown=, settlement of, 48; - colony at, 57. - - =Japan=, intercourse opened with, 273. - - =Jay=, John, first Chief-justice, 206; - envoy to England, 210. - - =Jefferson=, Thomas, prepares Declaration of Independence, 165; - Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 205; - elected Vice-president, 210; - elected President, 213; - administration of, 214-220; - reelected, 217; - death of, 249. - - =Johnson=, Andrew, elected Vice-president, 320; - becomes President, 323; - sketch of, 323; - administration of, 323-327; - issues Amnesty Proclamation, 324; - impeachment of, 327. - - =Johnston=, Joseph E., at Bull Run, 289; - wounded at Fair Oaks, 299; - surrender of, 313; - death of, 367. - - =Johnstown= flood, the, 363. - - =Jones=, Paul, conquers the _Serapis_, 186. - - =Joseph=, chief of the Nez Percé Indians, 338. - - - K - - =Kane=, Elisha Kent, Arctic expedition of, 272. - - =Kansas=, troubles in, 274; - admission of, 325. - - =Kansas=-Nebraska Bill, the, 274. - - =Karlsefne=, Thorfinn, explorations of, 22. - - =Kearny=, Philip, expedition to California, 263. - - =Kenesaw= Mountain, battle of, 311. - - =Kentucky=, admission of, 208. - - =Kidd=, Captain William, story of, 103. - - =Kieft=, Sir William, governor of New Amsterdam, 96. - - =King's= Mountain, battle of, 189. - - =Kingston=, destroyed by Indians, 98. - - =Kossuth=, Louis, tour of in America, 271. - - - L - - =Labor= agitations, the, 351. - - =Lafayette=, Marquis de, enters American army, 172; - wounded at Brandywine, 176; - campaigns of in Virginia, 194-196; - revisits America, 246. - - =La Roche=, Marquis of, brings colonists to America, 38. - - =Laudonniere=, in Florida, 38. - - =Law=, the alien, 213; the sedition, 213. - - =Lawrence=, James, commands the _Hornet_, 232; - commands the _Chesapeake_, 233; - death of, 234. - - =Le Bœuf=, Fort, built by the French, 136. - - =Lee=, Charles, besieges Boston, 162; - captured by British, 169; - exchanged, 172; - trouble with Washington, 180. - - =Lee=, Richard Henry, offers Resolutions of Independence in - Congress, 164. - - =Lee=, Robert E., at Cheat Mountain, 288; - Confederate commander-in-chief, 299; - at Bull Run, 300; - invades Maryland, 300; - at Antietam, 301; - at Chancellorsville, 307; - invades Pennsylvania, 308; - at Gettysburg, 308; - in the Wilderness, 316; - at Spottsylvania C. H., 319; - flees from Richmond, 319; - surrender of, 319. - - =Leisler=, Jacob, insurrection of, 102. - - =Lewis=, Captain, expedition of, 218. - - =Lexington=, battle of, 157. - - =Liberia=, colony in, 243. - - =Liberty= pole, fight at, 154. - - =Life-saving= Service, establishment of the, 340. - - =Lincoln=, Abraham, elected President, 276; - sketch of, 281; - administration of, 281-321; - issues Emancipation Proclamation, 302; - reelected, 320; - assassination of, 321; - burial of, 321. - - =Lincoln=, General, campaigns of in the north, 174-175; - campaigns of in the south, 185-187. - - =Livingston=, Edward, negotiates purchase of Louisiana, 215. - - =Livingston=, Robert R., on Declaration Committee, 165. - - =Locke=, John, draws up the Grand Model, 125. - - =Logan=, John A., death of, 356. - - =London= Company, organization of, 47; - grants to, 47; - settlement of Jamestown, 48; - new charter of, 62; - third patent, 65; - charter cancelled, 69. - - =Long= Island, battle of, 166. - - =Longstreet=, James, death of, 367. - - =Lookout= Mountain, storming of, 305. - - =Loudoun=, Earl of, commands Colonial army, 142. - - =Louisburg=, captures of, 92, 143. - - =Louisiana=, purchase of, 215; - Territory of, 216; - admission of, 224. - - =Lovelace=, governor of New York, 100. - - =Lundy's= Lane, battle of, 235. - - =Lyon=, Nathaniel, at Booneville, 290; - killed at Wilson's Creek, 290. - - - M - - =Madison=, James, elected President, 220; - administration of, 221-227. - - =Mafia= Society, in New Orleans, 368. - - =Magellan=, Ferdinand, voyage of around the world, 28. - - =Maine=, the Province of, 85; - admission of, 246. - - =Malietoa=, king of Samoa, 363. - - =Malvern= Hill, battle of, 299. - - =Manhattan= Island, purchase of, 94. - - =Marion=, Francis, raids of, in South Carolina, 188. - - =Marshall=, John, envoy to France, 211; - Chief-justice of the United States, 216; - presides at trial of Aaron Burr, 217. - - =Maryland=, history of, 122-125. - - =Mason=, James M., Confederate ambassador to England, 291. - - =Mason=, John, in Pequod war, 107; - grant to, 113. - - =Massachusetts=, colonization of, 47-52; - history of, 76-93. - - =Massachusetts= Bay Colony, 78. - - =Massacre=, the Boston, 154; - the Cherry Valley, 181; - the Indian, 68; - the New Orleans, 367; - the Wyoming, 180. - - =Massasoit=, visits Plymouth, 76. - - =Mather=, Cotton, favors prosecution of witches, 89, 91. - - =May=, Cornelius, explorations of, 55; - leader in Dutch settlement, 94. - - =Mayflower=, voyage of the, 50. - - =McClellan=, George B., campaigns of, in West Virginia, 288; - commands Army of the Potomac, 290; - Peninsular campaign of, 299; - at Antietam, 301; - death of, 356. - - =McDonough=, Commodore, at battle of Plattsburg, 237. - - =McDowell=, Irwin, at Bull Run, 289; - death of, 356. - - =McHenry=, Fort, bombardment of, 238. - - =McKinley= Bill, adoption of the, 364. - - =Meade=, George G., in command of Army of the Potomac, 308; - at Gettysburg, 308; - in the Wilderness, 316; - flees from Richmond, 319; - surrender of, 319; - death of, 356. - - =Meigs=, Colonel, attacks Sag Harbor, 171; - rewarded by Congress, 172. - - =Meigs=, Fort, built, 228; - siege of, 228. - - =Menendez=, Pedro, expedition of, 32; - massacre of Huguenots, 33, 34, 38. - - =Mercer=, Fort, taken by British, 176. - - =Merrimac=, the, fights with the _Monitor_, 294. - - =Mexico=, City of, siege of the, 265. - - =Mexico=, French occupation of, 324. - - =Mexico=, war with, 261-267; - declaration of war with, 262. - - =Miamis=, war with the, 207. - - =Miantonomah=, gives Rhode Island, 81. - - =Michigan=, organization of Territory, 218; - admission of State, 253. - - =Mifflin=, Fort, taken by British, 176. - - =Miller=, James, at Lundy's Lane, 236. - - =Mims=, Fort, attacked by savages, 231. - - =Minnesota=, admission of, 276. - - =Missionary= Ridge, storming of, 305. - - =Mississippi=, organization of Territory, 215; - admission of State, 244. - - =Mississippi= River, discovery of, 31. - - =Missouri=, admission of, 246. - - =Missouri= Compromise, the, 246. - - =Mobilians=, regions inhabited by the, 16; - tribes of the, 16. - - =Model=, the Grand, account of, 125. - - =Modocs=, war with the, 332. - - =Monitor=, fights the _Merrimac_, 294. - - =Monmouth=, battle of, 180. - - =Monroe= Doctrine, the, 246. - - =Monroe=, James, negotiates Louisiana purchase, 216; - elected President, 243; - sketch of, 244; - administration of, 244-247; - reelected, 246. - - =Montana=, organization of Territory, 325; - admission of State, 360. - - =Montcalm=, General, at Fort William Henry, 142; - at Plains of Abraham, 145. - - =Monterey=, capture of, 263. - - =Montgomery=, Richard, attack of on Quebec, 162; - death of, 162. - - =Mont= Real, island and town of, 36. - - =Morgan=, John, raid of, 306. - - =Mormons=, troubles with the, 259, 275. - - =Morris=, Robert, gives financial aid, 170; - Secretary of Finance, 192; - brought to poverty, 200. - - =Morse=, Samuel F. B., inventor of the telegraph, 260. - - =Morton=, Levi P., elected Vice-president, 359. - - =Morton=, Oliver P., death of, 343. - - =Mound-builders=, account of the, 12-15. - - =Moultrie=, bombardment of, 164. - - =Murfreesborough=, battle of, 297. - - =Mutiny= in Continental Army, 192. - - - N - - =Narvaez=, De, governor of Florida, 29. - - =Nashville=, siege of, 312. - - =National= Banks, establishment of, 320. - - =National= debt, the, 320, 324. - - =Naval= battles between the _Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_, 219; - _Chesapeake_ and the _Shannon_, 233; - _Constellation_ and the _Insurgent_, 212; - _Constitution_ and the _Guerriere_, 225; - _Constitution_ and the _Java_, 226; - _Essex_ and the _Nocton_, 226; - _Essex_ and the _Phoebe_ and _Cherub_, 234; - _Hartford_ and the _Tennessee_, 314; - _Hornet_ and the _Peacock_, 232; - _Hornet_ and the _Penguin_, 241; - _Lawrence_ and the _Detroit_, 229; - _Monitor_ and the _Merrimac_, 294; - _Niagara_ and British fleet, 229; - _Poictiers_ and the _Wasp_, 226; - _Poor Richard_ and the _Serapis_, 186; - _President_ and the _Little Belt_, 223; - _United States_ and the _Macedonian_, 226; - _Wasp_ and the _Frolic_, 226. - - =Nebraska=, admission of 325. - - =Necessity=, Fort, built and defended, 138. - - =Negro= Plot, the, 104. - - =Nevada=, admission of, 320. - - =New= Amsterdam, founded, 54. - - =New= England, named, 49; - colonization of, 51, 52, 76-93, 106-114. - - =New= France, 36-40. - - =New= Hampshire, the province of, 86, 113; - history of, 113. - - =New= Haven, founded, 108. - - =New= Jersey, named, 115; - history of, 115-118; - division of, 116. - - =New= Netherlands named, 55; - history of, 94-99. - - =New= Orleans, battle of, 241; - capture of, 295; - exposition in, 350; - massacre in, 367. - - =Newport=, Christopher, commands fleet, 48; - brings immigrants, 61. - - =New= Sweden, colonization of, 95-99. - - =New= York, colonization of, 94-99; - named, 99; - under English, 100-105. - - =New= York City, settlement of, 94; - under Dutch, 94-99; - under English, 100-105; - occupied by Washington, 164; - operations about, 166; - taken by British, 167; - evacuation of, 198; - world's fair in, 274; - riots in, 309. - - =Nez= Percé Indians, war with the, 338. - - =Niagara=, captured by English, 144. - - =Norsemen=, early discoveries by the, 21; - voyages of the, 20-23; - remains in America of the, 23. - - =North= Carolina, history of, 125-127; - ratifies constitution, 206. - - =North= Dakota, admission of, 360. - - =Northeastern= boundary, establishment of, 258. - - =Northwest= Passage, the, 43. - - =Nullification=, account of, 250-251. - - - O - - =Oglethorpe=, James, founding of Georgia by, 130-134. - - =Ohio=, admission of, 214. - - =Ohio= Company, organization of, 136. - - =Omnibus= Bill, the, 270. - - =Oregon=, admission of, 276. - - - P - - =Pacific=, discovery of the, 27. - - =Pacific= Railroad, route of surveyed, 278; - completion of, 328. - - =Pakenham=, Sir Edward, commands British at New Orleans, 239-241. - - =Palo= Alto, battle of, 262. - - =Panic= of 1836-37, the financial, 253, 255; - of 1873, 332. - - =Paper= Money, origin of in America, 89. - - =Patroons=, account of the, 95. - - =Paris=, the treaty of, 146. - - =Parris=, Samuel, joins in witchcraft persecutions, 89. - - =Penn=, William, purchases East Jersey, 117; - proprietor of Pennsylvania 118; - sketch of, 119; - treaty of with Indians, 119; - founds Philadelphia, 120; - death of, 120. - - =Pennsylvania=, history of, 118-120. - - =Pension= legislation, 354. - - =Pequods=, war with the, 107. - - =Perry=, Oliver H., victory of on Lake Erie, 229. - - =Petersburg=, siege of, 316; - capture of, 319. - - =Philadelphia=, founded, 120; - taken by British, 176; - evacuated by British, 180. - - =Philadelphia=, the, captured and retaken, 216. - - =Philip=, King, war with, 84. - - =Phipps=, Sir William, commands English troops, 88. - - =Pickett=, George G., charge at Gettysburg, 308. - - =Pierce=, Franklin, elected President, 272; - administration of, 273-274. - - =Pilgrims=, so named, 50; - promise to the, 50; - landing, 51; - sufferings, 51. - - =Pirates=, the Algerine, 210. - - =Pittsburgh=, building on site of, 137; - named, 144. - - =Platt=, Thomas C., resigns seat in Senate, 345. - - =Plattsburgh=, battle of, 237. - - =Plymouth= Company, the, organization of, 47; - grants to, 47; - attempt at colonization, 48. - - =Plymouth= Council, organization of, 49; - grant to, 49. - - =Plymouth= Rock, landing at, 51. - - =Pocahontas=, rescues John Smith, 60; - abducted by Argall, 65; - marriage of, 65. - - =Polk=, James K., elected President, 260; - sketch of, 261; - administration of, 261-268. - - =Ponce= de Leon, voyages of, 27. - - =Pope=, John, takes Island Number Ten, 294; - at Bull Run, 300. - - =Port= Bill, the Boston, 156. - - =Porter=, Admiral, bombards Vicksburg, 304; - captures Fort Fisher, 314. - - =Port= Royal, founded, 39. - - =Portuguese= explorations, 34. - - =Prescott=, William, fortifies Breed's Hill, 159. - - =Prideaux=, General, campaign of against Niagara, 144. - - =Princeton=, battle of, 171. - - =Pring=, Martin, voyage of, 46. - - =Printing-press=, introduction of in America, 81. - - =Privateers=, British, 209. - - =Prohibition= Party candidates, the, of 1884, 359. - - =Proprietors'= Rights, purchase of, 77. - - =Providence=, R. I., founded, 80. - - =Pulaski=, Count, honored by Congress, 176; - killed at Savannah, 186. - - =Puritans=, sketch of the, 49; - character of the, 93. - - - Q - - =Quakers=, persecution of the, 82. - - =Quebec=, founded, 39; - captured by Wolfe, 146; - expedition of Arnold against, 162. - - =Queenstown=, battle of, 226. - - - R - - =Ragged= Regiment, Marion's, 188. - - =Raleigh=, Sir Walter, voyage of with Gilbert, 44; - expeditions of, 45, 46. - - =Randolph=, Edmund, introduces resolution to adopt a new - Constitution, 200. - - =Rebellion=, Bacon's, 74. - - =Reconstruction=, measures of, 325. - - =Red= River Expedition, the, 310. - - =Reed=, Thomas B., Speaker of House of Representatives, 365. - - =Remonetization= of silver, 339. - - =Republic=, the New, 202. - - =Resaca= de la Palma, battle of, 262. - - =Resumption= Act, adoption of the, 339. - - =Revere=, Paul, ride of, 157. - - =Revolution=, causes of the, 149-156; - history of the, 157-198. - - =Rhode= Island, founded, 80; - history of, 111-113; - ratifies the Constitution, 206; - Dorr's rebellion in, 258. - - =Ribault=, John, voyages of, 37. - - =Richmond=, capital of Southern Confederacy, 283; - fall of, 319. - - =Rights=, declaration of, 153. - - =Roanoke=, colony at, 45. - - =Roberval=, Frances of, attempts to found colony in New France, 37. - - =Rodgers=, Commodore, commander of the _President_, 223. - - =Roebling=, John, architect of the Brooklyn bridge, 348. - - =Rolfe=, John, marriage of, 65. - - =Rosecrans=, W. S., at Murfreesborough, 297; - at Chickamauga, 304. - - =Ross=, General, captures Washington, 237; - expedition against Baltimore, 238. - - =Ryswick=, treaty of, 89. - - - S - - =Salem=, founded, 78; - witchcraft at, 89. - - =Samoa=, difficulty in, 363. - - =Samoset=, welcomes the Pilgrims, 76. - - =Sander's= Creek, battle of, 188. - - =San= Domingo Commission, the, 329. - - =Sandys=, Sir Edwyn, treasurer of London Company, 68; - sends wives to colonists, 68. - - =San= Gabriel, battle of, 264. - - =Santa= Anna, called to Mexico, 263; - at Buena Vista and Cerro Gordo, 264; - driven from Mexico, 267. - - =Saratoga=, battle of, 174. - - =Savannah=, founded, 131; - taken by British, 183; - bombardment of, 185; - taken by Sherman, 313. - - =Saybrook=, founded, 107. - - =Scott=, Winfield S., at Lundy's Lane, 235; - commander-in-chief in Mexican war, 262-267; - commander-in-chief of the Union, 283; - retires from service, 290. - - =Seamen=, the impressment of, 219. - - =Secession=, account of the, 277. - - =Seminoles=, war with the, 245, 252. - - =Seven= Days' battles, the, 299. - - =Seward=, William H., Secretary of State, 281; - diplomacy of, 292; - attempted assassination of, 321. - - =Seymour=, Horatio, death of, 357. - - =Shackamaxon=, treaty of, 119. - - =Sheridan=, Philip H., ravages Shenandoah valley, 318; - ride to Winchester, 318; - general-in-chief, 348; - death of, 367. - - =Sherman=, Roger, on declaration committee, 165. - - =Sherman=, William Tecumseh, at Chickasaw Bayou, 297; - advance on Atlanta, 311; - captures Atlanta, 312; - march to the sea, 312; - resigns command, 348; - death of, 367. - - =Shiloh=, battle of, 293. - - =Silver=, remonetization of, 339. - - =Sioux= Indians, war with the, 333. - - =Sitting= Bull, in Sioux war, 335. - - =Slavery=, introduction of in Virginia, 67; - in South Carolina, 128; - in the Territories, 269; - abolition of, 302; - amendment to the Constitution, 323. - - =Slidell=, John, Confederate ambassador to England, 291. - - =Sloughter=, Colonel, governor of New York, 103. - - =Smith=, John, in London Company, 47; - at Jamestown settlement, 48; - voyages of, 48; - names New England, 49; - admiral of New England, 49; - trouble with colonists, 58; - captured by Indians, 59; - rescue by Pocahontas, 60; - explores Chesapeake Bay, 61; - president of Virginia, 62; - returns to England, 63. - - =Smyth=, Alexander, takes command of American forces, 226; - charged with cowardice, 227. - - =Sons= of Liberty, organization of, 153. - - =South= Carolina, history of, 128-130. - - =South= Dakota, admission of, 360. - - =Spain=, discovers and colonizes America, 24-34; - treaty with, 245. - - =Spanish= Florida, war with, 133. - - =Specie= Circular, the, 255. - - =Specie= Resumption, the, 341. - - "=Spoils= System," the, 345. - - =Spottsylvania= Courthouse, battle of, 316. - - "=Stalwarts=," the, 345. - - =Stamp= Act, adoption of the, 151; - repeal of the, 153. - - =Standish=, Miles, landing of, 51; - expedition of, 76. - - =Stanton=, Edwin M., Secretary of War, 281. - - =Starving= Time, the, 63. - - =St.= Augustine, founded, 33. - - =St.= Clair, expedition of against Miami Indians, 207. - - =Steamboat=, invention of, 220. - - =Stephens=, Alexander, defends theory of secession, 277; - Vice-president of Southern Confederacy, 277. - - =Stephenson=, Fort, siege of, 229. - - =St.= Lawrence River, named, 36. - - =Stony= Point, taken by British, 184; - retaken by General Wayne, 184. - - =Strike=, the great railroad, 337; - the southwestern, 352. - - =Stuyvesant=, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, 97-99. - - =Sumter=, Fort, fired upon, 282. - - =Sumter=, Thomas, raids of, in South Carolina, 188. - - =Supreme= Court, organization of, 206. - - - T - - =Talladega=, battle of, 231. - - =Tariff=, the protective, agitation of, 249; - issue in presidential campaign, 358, 359. - - =Taylor=, Bayard, author of National Ode, 333; - death of, 343. - - =Taylor=, Zachary, campaign in Florida, 254; - campaigns in Mexican War, 261-264; - elected President, 268; - administration of, 269-270; - death of, 270. - - =Tea= Party, the Boston, 155. - - =Tecumtha=, conspiracy of, 222; - lays ambush, 224; - besieges Fort Meigs, 228, 229; - death of, 231. - - =Telegraph=, invention of the, 260. - - =Telephone=, invention of the, 347. - - =Tennessee=, admission of, 210. - - =Territory=, southwest of the Ohio, organization of the, 207. - - =Territories=, organization of the, 325. - - =Texas=, secedes from Mexico, 260; - annexation of, 260. - - =Thames=, battle of the, 230. - - =Ticonderoga=, defeat of English at, 143; - abandoned by French, 145; - taken by Ethan Allen, 159; - captured by British, 173. - - =Tilden=, Samuel J., election as President claimed by Democrats, 355; - death of, 357. - - =Tippecanoe=, battle of, 223. - - =Tobacco=, cultivation of, 67. - - =Toronto=, attacked by Americans, 231. - - =Treaty= with Indians, 77; - of Ryswick, 89; - of Utrecht, 92; - of Aix-la-Chapelle, 93; - of Shackamaxon, 119; - of Paris, 146; - with France, 178; - of 1783, 197; - with France, 212; - of Ghent, 241; - with Spain, 245; - the Webster-Ashburton, 258; - of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 267; - of Washington, 330. - - =Trent=, affair of the, 291. - - =Trenton=, battle at, 169. - - =Tripoli=, war with, 216. - - =Truxtun=, Commodore, 212. - - =Tyler=, John, elected Vice-president, 256; - becomes President, 257; - sketch of, 258; - administration of, 258-260. - - - U - - =Underhill=, John, commands Dutch forces, 96. - - =Union= of Independent Colonies, the, 200. - - =United= Colonies of New England, 82. - - =United= Colonies of America, the, 161. - - =Utah= Territory, founded, 259; - difficulties in, 275. - - =Utrecht=, treaty of, 92. - - - V - - =Valley= Forge, American army at, 177. - - =Van= Buren, Martin, elected President, 253; - sketch of, 254; - administration of, 254-256. - - =Van= Rensselaer, Stephen, at Queenstown, 226. - - =Van= Twiller, Wouter, governor of New Netherlands, 95. - - =Venango=, Fort, built, 136. - - =Vera= Cruz, surrender of, 264. - - =Vermont=, admission of, 207. - - =Verrazano=, John, explorations of, 35. - - =Vespucci=, Amerigo, voyages of, 26. - - =Vicksburg=, battle of, 303. - - =Vincennes=, capture of, 183. - - =Virginia= named, 45; - colonization of, 48; - history of, 57-75. - - - W - - =Wadsworth=, Joseph, hides the charter, 87. - - =Waite=, Morrison R., Chief-justice of the United States, death of, 357. - - =Wallace=, Lewis, at Romney, 289; - saves Cincinnati from capture, 296; - defeated by Early, 317. - - =Walloons=, at New Amsterdam, 94. - - =Walker=, Francis A., superintendent of Tenth Census, 342. - - =War=, with Indians, 92, 96; - with Susquehannas, 73; - King Philip's, 84; - King William's, 88; - Queen Anne's, 91; - King George's, 92; - with Pequods, 107; - Yamassees, 129; - with Spanish Florida, 133; - French and Indian, 135-146; - with Great Britain, 157-198; - with Miamis, 207; - with Tripoli, 216; - of 1812, 221-241; - Black Hawk, 251; - Seminole, 252; - with Mexico, 261-267; - the Civil, 281-319; - Modoc, 332; - Sioux, 333; - Nez Percé, 338. - - =Warren=, Joseph, at Bunker Hill, 160. - - =Washington=, admission of, 360. - - =Washington= City, founded, 213; - burned by the British, 238. - - =Washington=, George, embassy to St. Pierre, 136; - at Great Meadows, 138; - with Braddock, 139; - in Shenandoah, 142; - against Fort Du Quesne, 144; - commander-in-chief, 161; - sketch of, 161; - besieges Boston, 162; - occupies Boston, 163; - at New York, 164; - on Long Island, 166; - retreats to New York, 167; - occupies Fort Lee, 168; - retreats to Trenton, 169; - crosses the Delaware, 169; - at Trenton, 170; - at Princeton, 171; - at Brandywine, 176; - at Germantown, 176; - at Valley Forge, 177; - at Monmouth, 180; - quells mutiny, 192; - farewell to army, 198; - elected President, 202; - administration of, 205-210; - inauguration of, 205; - reelected, 208; - farewell address, 210; - recalled from retirement, 212; - death of, 213. - - =Washington= Monument, completion of the, 348. - - =Washington=, Treaty of, 330. - - =Wayne=, Anthony, at Stony Point, 184; - subdues the Indians, 208, 209. - - =Webster=, Daniel, reply to Hayne, 251; - Secretary of State, 257, 271; - concludes Ashburton Treaty, 258; - death of, 272. - - =Wesley=, Charles, in America, 133. - - =Wesley=, John, in America, 132. - - =West= India Company, the Dutch, organization of, 94. - - =West= Virginia, admission of, 309. - - =Weymouth=, founded, 77. - - =Wheeler=, William A., elected Vice-president, 336. - - =Whisky= Insurrection, the, 208. - - =Whitefield=, George, preaching in America, 133. - - =Whitemarsh=, operations at, 176. - - =White= Plains, battle of, 168. - - =Whitney=, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, 285. - - =Wilderness=, battles in the, 316. - - =Wingfield=, Edward, in London Company, 47; - at Jamestown settlement, 48; - embezzles stores, 58. - - =William= Henry, Fort, building of, 142; - massacre at, 143. - - =Williams=, Roger, arraigned for heresy, 79; - banished from Massachusetts, 80; - with the Narragansetts, 107; - founds Providence, 111; - founds Rhode Island, 112. - - =Wilson's= Creek, battle of, 290. - - =Winthrop=, John, governor of Massachusetts, 79. - - =Winthrop=, the younger, founds Saybrook, 107; - secures charter for Connecticut, 109. - - =Wisconsin=, admission of, 268. - - =Witchcraft= in Salem, 89-91. - - =Wives= for colonists, 68. - - =Wolfe=, General, captures Quebec, 145; - death of, 146. - - =World's= Fair in New York, the, 274. - - =Writs= of Assistance, the, 150. - - =Wyatt=, Sir Francis, governor of Virginia, 68; - retires from office, 70; - reelected, 21. - - =Wyoming=, massacre of, 180. - - =Wyoming=, organization of Territory, 325; - admission of State, 366. - - - Y - - =Yale= College, founded, 110. - - =Yamassees=, war with the, 129. - - =Yeamans=, Sir John, governor of Carolina, 128. - - =Yeardley=, George, appointed governor of Virginia, 67; - reappointed, 70; - death of, 70. - - =Yellow= fever epidemic, the, 339. - - =Yorktown=, siege of, 196. - - +------------------------------------------------------------+ - | Transcriber notes: - | - | Tags that surround the words: =Wyoming= indicate bold. - | _fish_ indicate italics. - - Words in small capitals are shown in UPPERCASE. - - Footnotes have been moved to the end of the paragraph. - - Sidenotes have been moved out of paragraphs. | - | - Inconsistent hyphenation and variant spelling remain. - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - +------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's History of the United States, by John Clark Ridpath - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** - -***** This file should be named 53019-0.txt or 53019-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/0/1/53019/ - -Produced by Richard Hulse, Alan and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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