NormalizeHEAD main

author: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-06 05:10:34 -0800
committer: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-06 05:10:34 -0800
commit: ad4b08f004855b7ba8020a0b3e5426a10de2b8d8 (patch)
tree: 63c59e34d091a5668804f8d46fd68c124f845202
parent: 97762ba9580eb618a7ace630c88e442a3e0130a9 (diff)
334 files changed, 17 insertions, 20122 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..380d170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #52902 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52902)
diff --git a/old/52902-0.txt b/old/52902-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index cd1cf86..0000000
--- a/old/52902-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7750 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Naval Expositior, by Thomas Riley Blanckley
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: A Naval Expositior
-       Shewing and Explaining the Words and Terms of Art Belonging to the Parts, Qualities and Proportions of Building, Rigging, Furnishing, & Fitting a Ship for Sea
-
-
-Author: Thomas Riley Blanckley
-
-
-
-Release Date: August 27, 2016  [eBook #52902]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NAVAL EXPOSITIOR***
-
-
-E-text prepared by Steven Gibbs, Les Galloway, and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
-
-
-
-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
-      file which includes the original illustrations.
-      See 52902-h.htm or 52902-h.zip:
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52902/52902-h/52902-h.htm)
-      or
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52902/52902-h.zip)
-
-
-Transcriber's note:
-
-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
-
-      A carat character is used to denote superscription. A
-      single character following the carat is superscripted
-      (example: D^o). Multiple superscripted characters are
-      enclosed by curly brackets (example: 15^{inch}).
-
-
-
-
-
-                                   A
-                           Naval Expositor,
-
-                        _Shewing and Explaining
-                The Words and Terms of Art belonging to
-           the Parts, Qualities and Proportions of Building,
-            Rigging, Furnishing, & Fitting a Ship for Sea_.
-
-                                 Also
-
-          _All Species that are received into the Magazines,
-            and on what Services they are Used and Issued._
-
-                             Together with
-
-     _The Titles of all the Inferior Officers belonging to a Ship,
-            with an Abridgment of their respective Duties._
-
-                     _By Thomas Riley Blanckley._
-
-           _LONDON Printed by E. Owen, in Warwick Lane, and
-            Engraved by Paul Fourdrinier at Charing Cross._
-
-                                MDCCL.
-
-
-
-
-_To the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for Executing the
-Office of Lord High Admiral of_ Great Britain _and_ Ireland, _and of
-all His Majesty's Plantations_, &c.
-
-
-As the following Sheets have been published by your Lordships
-Approbation, they are, with the greatest Submission and Gratitude,
-dedicated to your Lordships,
-
-  _By,
-  My Lords,
-  Your Lordships
-  Most Obedient,
-  Most Dutiful,
-  and
-  Most Humble Servant_,
-
-  Thomas Riley Blanckley.
-
-
-
-
-A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS.
-
-
-  A.
-
-  Right Honourable the Lords of the _Admiralty_ (as a Board.)
-  Joseph Allin, _Esq_; _Surveyor of His Majesty's Navy_.
-  Governors and Company of the _Royal Exchange Assurance Office_.
-  Capt. Mariot Arbuthnot.
-  Capt. Thomas Andrewes.
-  George Atkins, _Esq_;
-  William Allix, _Esq_;
-  Charles Alexander, _Esq_;
-  Michael Atkins, _Esq_;
-  Roger Altham, _Esq_;
-  William Allix, _Esq_; _Commissioner of the Six-penny Office_.
-  Mr Gabriel Acworth.
-  Mr John Andrews.
-  Mr Elias Arnaud.
-  Mr Thomas Adney.
-  Mr Charles Allen.
-  Mr Samuel Allin.
-  Mr Williams Arthur.
-  Mr D. H. S. Augier.
-  Mr George Allen.
-  Lieutenant John Angier.
-  Mr William Atwick.
-  Mr James Atkins.
-  Mr Edward Allin.
-
-
-  B.
-
-  His Grace the Duke of Bedford, _Principal Secretary of State_.
-  Right Honourable Lord Viscount Barrington, _Lord of the Admiralty_,
-   6 Books.
-  Charles Brown, _Esq_; _Commissioner of the Navy at Chatham_.
-  Capt. Wm. Bladwell, 2 Books.
-  Capt. Patrick Baird.
-  Capt. Henry Barnfley.
-  Capt. Mathew Buckle.
-  Sir William Baird, _Bart_.
-  George Bellas, _Esq_; 14 Books.
-  James Bankes, _Esq_;
-  Edward Busby, _Esq_;
-  Robert Bennett, _Esq_;
-  Charles Burley, _Esq_;
-  Mr Edward Bentham.
-  Mr Richard Bowers.
-  Mr John Barker.
-  Mr James Bucknall.
-  Mr William Bruce.
-  Mr Jonas Botting.
-  Mr Bryan Bentham.
-  Mr John Baynard.
-  Mr William Bately.
-  Mr John Bately.
-  Mr John Bannick.
-  Mr Jonas Benjamin.
-  Mr Thomas Barnfield.
-  Mr Owen Bird.
-  Mr Richard Burry.
-  Mr Daniel Baverstock.
-  Lieut. Thomas Burnett.
-  Mr Pentecost Barker.
-  Mr Nathaniel Bishop.
-  Mr Robert Bogg.
-  Mr Charles Bowes.
-  Mr Thomas Brewer.
-  Mr Francis Benson.
-  Mr John Bromfall.
-  Mr Richard Brett.
-
-
-  C.
-
-  Right Honourable Lord Viscount Cobham.
-  Right. Hon. Lord Colville.
-  Thomas Corbett, _Esq_; _Secretary of the Admiralty_, 2 Books.
-  John Clevland, _Esq_; _Secretary of the Admiralty_, 2 Books.
-  Capt. John Cokburne.
-  Capt. Alexander Campbell.
-  Lieut. Col. Mordaunt Cracherode.
-  Richard Owen Cambridge, _Esq_; 2 Books.
-  Robert Chapman, _L. L. D._
-  Claude Crespigny, _Esq_;
-  Philip Crespigny, _Esq_;
-  John Spencer Colepeper, _Esq_;
-  John Carter, _Esq_;
-  Edmund Clark, _Esq_;
-  Thomas Colby, _Esq_;
-  John Crookshanks, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. Christopher Coles.
-  Lieut. John Clark.
-  Mr Francis Colepeper.
-  Mr John Cogswell.
-  Mr Ulick Cormick.
-  Mr Edward Collingwood.
-  Mr William Cookson.
-  Mr George Crisp.
-  Mr Thomas Crabtree.
-  Mr John Cæfar.
-  Mr Richard Cheslyn.
-  Mr Robert Calland.
-  Mr Joseph Champion.
-  Mr Raphael Courteville.
-
-
-  D.
-
-  His Grace the Duke of Devonshire.
-  Rt. Hon. Ld. Viscount Duncannon, _Lord of the Admiralty_, 6 Books.
-  Capt. Digby Dent.
-  Capt. James Douglass.
-  Capt. Cotton Dent.
-  Capt. Thomas Dove.
-  Andrew Coltee Ducarell, _L. L. D._
-  Jacob Dias, _Esq_;
-  Arthur Dobbins, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. John Dunkley.
-  Mr Windham Deverell.
-  Mr Elias Dunsterville.
-  Mr Thomas Dobbins.
-  Mr Henry Daniel.
-
-
-  E.
-
-  Hon. Capt. Geo. Edgcumbe.
-  Capt. John Evans.
-  Capt. Michael Everitt.
-  Mr John Elliott.
-  Mr John Holland Ecles.
-  Mr John Etherington.
-
-  F.
-
-  Hon. John Forbes, _Esq_; _Rear Admiral of the White Squadron of His
-   Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Thomas Fox, _Esq_; _Rear Admiral_.
-  Capt. Thomas Frankland.
-  Capt. John Fawler.
-  Capt. William Fortescue.
-  Capt. Thomas Foley.
-  Josias Farrer, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. Robert Frankland.
-  Mr Thomas Fellowes.
-  Mr Joseph Fletcher.
-  Mr James Forrester.
-  Mr Henry Farrant.
-
-
-  G.
-
-  Right Hon. Lord Viscount Gallway.
-  Hon. George Grenville, _Esq_; _Lord of the Treasury_.
-  Tho. Graves, _Esq_; _Rear Admiral_.
-  John Gascoigne, _Esq_; _Rear Admiral_.
-  Capt. Francis Geary.
-  Capt. William Gordon.
-  Capt. James Gambier.
-  Capt. Robert Grant.
-  Capt. Samuel Graves.
-  Samuel Grubb, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. Thomas Graves.
-  Mr John Greenway, 2 Books.
-  Mr William Gray.
-  Mr Philip Gilbert.
-  Mr John Grover.
-  Mr Thomas Grant.
-  Mr John Golding.
-  Mr James Grove.
-
-
-  H.
-
-  Right Hon. the Earl of Hallifax, _First Lord of Trade and Plantations_.
-  Right Hon. Lord Hobart.
-  Mons. Hasselaer, _Burgomaster of Amsterdam, and President of the
-   Admiralties in Holland_.
-  Mons. Hop, _Envoy from the States of the United Provinces_.
-  Hon. Sir Edward Hawke, _Knight of the Bath, and Vice Admiral of the
-   Blue Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Sir William Hewett, _Bart._
-  Colonel —— Haldane.
-  George Hay, _L. L. D._
-  Capt. Joseph Hamar.
-  Capt. Charles Holmes.
-  Capt. Edmund Home.
-  Capt. John Hale.
-  Nathaniel Hills, _Esq_;
-  John Hooke, _Esq_;
-  Thomas Hill, _Esq_;
-  Frederick Hill, _Esq_;
-  George Hinde, _Esq_;
-  William Hotham, _Esq_;
-  John Houlton, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. James Hume.
-  Mr William Hawes.
-  Mr Richard Hay.
-  Mr William Hicks.
-  Mr Richard Hogg.
-  Mr William Hickes.
-  Mr Thomas Hickes.
-  Mr Thomas Haselden.
-  Mr Joseph Hughes.
-  Mr James Henshaw.
-  Mr Nicholas Hinton.
-  Mr Lancaster Hull.
-
-
-  I.
-
-  Capt. Thomas Innes.
-  Mr George Jackson.
-  Mr Francis Jones.
-  Mr Peter Jope.
-
-
-  K.
-
-  Charles Knowles, _Esq_; _Rear Admiral of the Red Squadron of
-   His Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Capt. Charles Knowler.
-  Capt. Thomas Knowler.
-  Capt. Thomas Knackston.
-  Mr Richard Kee.
-  Mr John Kerly.
-
-
-  L.
-
-  Right Hon. the Earl of Leicester, _Post-Master General_.
-  Right Hon. Mr. Legge, _Treasurer of the Navy_.
-  George Lyttelton, _Esq_; _Lord of the Treasury_.
-  Colonel Lyttelton.
-  Capt. Julian Legge.
-  John Lock, _Esq_;
-  Edward Linzee, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. Louis Lasinby.
-  Mr John Lee.
-  Mr John Lyne.
-  Mr John Lucas.
-  Mr David Lucas, _jun._
-  Mr Joseph Lock.
-  Mr James Leake.
-  Mr John Lievre.
-
-
-  M.
-
-  Mathew Michell, _Esq_;
-  Capt. John Montagu.
-  Capt. Christopher Middleton.
-  Capt. Jarvis Maplesden.
-  Robert Michell, _Esq_;
-  M. Mendez, _Esq_;
-  Lewis Mendez, _jun._ _Esq_;
-  Roger Mainwaring, _jun._ _Esq_;
-  Butler Morn, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. John Moore.
-  Lieut. Thomas Morse.
-  Lieut. Henry Moyle.
-  Lieut. Hugh Mackay.
-  Mess. Mount and Page, 6 Books.
-  Mr John Millan, _Bookseller_, 4 Books.
-  Mr John Major.
-  Mr Henry Major.
-  Mr Charles Massey.
-  Mr Peter Martin.
-  Mr William Morland.
-  Mr Lewis Morris.
-  Mr Samuel More.
-  Mr William Mathews.
-  Mr Richard Maddocks.
-  Mr John Merrifield.
-  Mr Edward May.
-  Mr Thomas Miers.
-  Mr Samuel Milton.
-  Mr Richard Maidman.
-  Mr Milburn Marsh.
-  Mr George Marsh.
-
-
-  N.
-
-  Honourable the Principal Officers and Commissioners of His
-   Majesty's _Navy_, (as a Board.)
-  Capt. Abraham North.
-  John Nickleson, _Esq_;
-  Mr Henry Nelson.
-  Mr William Nobbs.
-
-  O.
-
-  Sir Chaloner Ogle, _Knight_, _Admiral of His Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Capt. Lucius O Brien.
-  James Oswald, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. John Osborn.
-  Mr Edward Owen.
-  Mr John Ommanney, _sen._
-  Mr John Ommanney, _jun._
-
-
-  P.
-
-  Capt. Cha. Wager Purvis.
-  Capt. Edward Pratten.
-  Capt. Charles Powlett.
-  Capt. William Parry.
-  Henry Partridge, _Esq_;
-  Andrew Phillips, _Esq_;
-  William Player, _Esq_;
-  Mr James Page.
-  Mr Thomas Skrine Pritchard.
-  Mr Manesty Pell.
-  Mr William Davis Philips.
-  Mr Robert Parker.
-  Mr John Parlby.
-  Mr Robert Patterson.
-  Mr John Purling.
-  Mr John Price.
-
-
-  R.
-
-  Capt. Geo. Brydges Rodney.
-  Nathaniel Rich, _Esq_;
-  Edward Rushworth, _Esq_;
-  Richard Riggs, _Esq_;
-  William Rickman, _Esq_;
-  Mr John Rickman.
-  Mr Newland Rice.
-  Mr Joseph Rossington.
-  Mr John Rosewell.
-  Mr Boswell Russell.
-  Mr John Robinson, _of Portsmouth_.
-  Mr John Read.
-  Mr Jonas Rowley.
-  Mr John Robinson, _of Chatham_.
-
-
-  S.
-
-  James Steuart, _Esq_; _Admiral of the White Squadron, of His
-   Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Capt. Edmund Strange.
-  Capt. Charles Saunders.
-  Capt. Thomas Sturton.
-  Capt. Edward Spragge.
-  Capt. Thomas Stanhope.
-  Capt. Abel Smith.
-  Capt. Molineux Shuldham.
-  Capt. Ambrose Seccombe.
-  Capt. Cornelius Smelt.
-  Society of Navy Surgeons, 5 Books.
-  Samuel Seddon, _Esq_;
-  Samuel Shepherd, _Esq_; 2 Books.
-  Richard Shubrick, _Esq_;
-  Thomas Stanyford, _Esq_;
-  Edmund Stephens, _Esq_;
-  William Scobie, _Esq_;
-  John Sargent, _Esq_;
-  Henry Stevens, _Esq_;
-  John Smith, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. Alexander Skene.
-  Lieut. Charles Stuteville.
-  Lieut. Alexander Schomberg.
-  Mr William Snelgrave.
-  Mr George Stanyford.
-  Mr John Stuart.
-  Mr Thomas Slade.
-  Mr Jeffery Sall.
-  Mr William Shephard.
-  Mr Ambrose Stapleton, 2 Books.
-  Mr Henry Streek.
-  Mr John Shepherd.
-  Mr Tyrringham Stephens.
-  Mr Henry Stuteville.
-  Mr Thomas Stone.
-  Mr Francis Smith.
-  Mr James Samson.
-  Mr Samuel Smith.
-
-
-  T.
-
-  Isaac Townsend, _Esq_; _Admiral of the Blue Squadron of His
-   Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Capt. Edmund Toll.
-  Thomas Tickell, _Esq_;
-  William Tash, _Esq_;
-  Edward Timewell, _Esq_;
-  Bryan Taylor, _Esq_;
-  Lieut. Michael Taylor.
-  Mr Thomas Tomlinson.
-  Mr William Tattum.
-  Mr George Tollett.
-  Mr Charles Tollett.
-  Mr Thomas Tyndall.
-  Mr John Turner, _jun._
-  Mr Richard Trotten, _jun._
-  Mr Benjamin Tucker.
-
-
-  V.
-
-  Right Hon. Lord Vere, Baron of _Hanworth_.
-  Philip Vanbrugh, _Esq_; _Commissioner of the Navy at Plymouth_.
-  Commissioners for Victualling His Majesty's _Navy_, (as a Board.)
-  Capt. John Vaughan.
-  Mr Thomas Vaughan.
-
-
-  W.
-
-  Hon. Sir Peter Warren, _Knight of the Bath, and Vice Admiral of
-   the Red Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet_.
-  Capt. John Weller, _sen._
-  Capt. Temple West.
-  Capt. Rupert Waring.
-  Capt. John Wickham.
-  Capt. John Willyams.
-  Capt. Thomas Ward.
-  Capt. John Wynne.
-  William Wood, _Esq_; _Secretary of the Customs_.
-  Lieut. James Wilson.
-  Mr John Ward.
-  Mr John Walton.
-  Mr William Wilcox.
-  Mr Thomas Wyatt.
-  Mr Robert Woollett.
-  Mr John Wilkes.
-  Mr Daniel Whitewood.
-  Mr John Wright.
-
-
-  Y.
-
-  William Young, _Esq_; _Commissioner of the Six-penny Office_.
-  Mr James Young.
-
-
-ERRATA.
-
- Page 3, Line 7, _instead of_ Is a Platform, _read_, Are Platforms.—p.
- 4. l. 1. _instead of_ Is, _read_, Are made of.—p. 8. l. 13, _instead
- of_ Is a long Bolt, _read_, Are long Bolts.—l. 14. _instead of_ goes
- round, _read_, go round.—p. 38. l. 15. _instead of_ Is the Flag,
- _read_, Are Flags.—p. 83. l. 1. _instead of_ Are made, _read_, Is
- made.—p. 135. l. 12. _instead of_ steeving, _read_, staving—p. 148.
- l. 9. _instead of_ stands, _read_, stand.—p. 181. l. 1. _instead of_
- pretuberant, _read_, protuberant.
-
-
-Names of each particular Part of a new Ship, as they are put together
-(in a progressive Manner) for Frameing and Finishing the Structure
-Building on the Stocks.
-
-                           Page
-
-  Keel               — — —  85
-  Stem               — — — 160
-  Sternpost     }   Framed  { 161
-  Transoms      } and raised{ 174
-  Fashion Pieces}  together {  54
-  Dead Rising        — — —  49
-  Floor              — — —  57
-  Timbers            — — — 171
-  Keelson            — — —  85
-  Futtocks           — — —  61
-  Hawse Pieces       — — —  72
-  Top Timbers        — — — 172
-  Waals              — — — 181
-  Harpings           — — —  71
-  Plank              — — — 120
-  Clamps             — — —  35
-  Sleepers           — — — 153
-  Foot Waaling       — — —  57
-  Beams              — — —   6
-  Knees              — — —  87
-  Bitts             — — —}  10
-             Cross Pieces}
-  Carlings           — — —  29
-  Ledges             — — —  93
-  Waterways          — — — 183
-  Spirketing         — — — 156
-  Upper Deck         — — —  50
-  String             — — — 165
-  Quarter Deck       — — —  50
-  Forecastle         — — —  58
-  Partners Mast        — —} 116
-                 Capston —}
-  Comeings           — — —  40
-  Breast Hooks       — — —  22
-  Fore Step          — — — 160
-  Riders             — — — 132
-  Pointers           — — — 121
-  Crotches           — — —  47
-  Steps Main         — — —}
-                    Mizon }160
-            Maain Capston }
-  Decks Lower the         } 50
-            Flat or Plank }
-  Orlop              — — — 113
-  Capstons           — — —  28
-  Pillars            — — — 118
-  Channels           — — —  32
-  Navel Hoods        — — — 110
-  Knee      } of the Head{  86
-  Cheeks    }            {  33
-  Lyon               — — — 102
-  Trailboard         — — — 173
-  Gallery            — — —  62
-  Taffarel           — — — 168
-  Quarter Pieces       — — 127
-  Brackets           — — —  21
-  Well               — — — 185
-  Pumps              — — — 124
-  Limber Boards        — —  97
-  Garboard Strake, or     } 63
-                Plank     }
-  Blkheads           — — —  23
-  Ports              — — — 122
-  Cathead            — — —  30
-  Chestrees          — — —  34
-  Hatchways          — — —  72
-  Scuttles           — — — 143
-  Grateings          — — —  66
-  Ladders            — — —  88
-  Manger             — — — 103
-  Pallating Magazine      }
-                and       }114
-             Bread-room   }
-  Gunwales           — — —  68
-  Rails              — — — 128
-  Gangways           — — —  63
-  Cleats             — — —  35
-  Kevels             — — —  86
-  Ranges             — — — 129
-  Knight Heads       — — —  87
-  Rother             — — — 137
-  Tiller             — — — 170
-  Scuppers           — — — 143
-  Standards          — — — 158
-  Rufftrees          — — — 139
-  Poop Lanterns      — — —  89
-  Cradle      }     For  {  44
-       or     }Launching {
-  Buildgeways }          {  23
-
-
- N. B. _All the foregoing Particulars, upon any Emergency, may, by a
- sufficient Number of Men, be taken in Hand very nearly together._
-
-
-
-
-                                   A
-
-                          _Naval Expositor_.
-
-
-
-
-A-Baft
-
-Are those Parts which are towards the Stern of a Ship.
-
-
-Amain
-
-A Sea Term, to strike a Main, is to lower at once.
-
-
-Anchors
-
- The Parts of an Anchor are, _First_, The Ring unto which the Cable is
- bent or fastened.
-
- _Secondly_, The Shank, which is the longest Part of the Anchor; and at
- the End where the Ring goes through, is called the Eye, and wrought
- Square with two Nutts on it, which are let into the Stock.
-
- _Thirdly_, The Arm is from the Crown to the Flook.
-
- _Fourthly_, The Flook, by some called the Palm, being that broad Part
- brought on upon the Arm, like an Arrow Head, the sharpest Part of
- which is called the Bill, and fastens into the Ground.
-
- The Anchors on board a Man of War are the Sheat, Spare, Best and Small
- Bower, which by the Establishment, are all of one Weight, the Stream
- one Fourth, the Kedge one Eighth, of the large ones; and the First and
- Second Rates are allowed a small warping one, one Half the Weight of
- the Kedge.
-
- When the Cable is Perpendicular between the Hawse and the Anchor, it
- is then said to be a Peek; when hangs right up and down by the Ship's
- Side, it is said to be a Cock Bill, upon the Ship's coming to an
- Anchor; when a Ship drives by the Violence of Wind or Tide, and the
- Anchor cannot hold her, then it's said to come Home. Those which have
- lost one of their Flooks, are made use of for Moarings.
-
-
-Anchor Stock
-
-A Piece of Wood fastened together with Iron Hoops and Treenails upon
-the Square near the Ring, serving to guide the Flook, so as it may fall
-right and fix in the Ground.
-
-
-Ditto Tackle
-
-Are for Loosing too the Stock, so as to be clear of the Bends.
-
-
-Anchoring
-
-Is Ground fitting to hold a Ship's Anchor, so as she may safely ride it
-out in a Storm; stiff Clay, and hard Sand, is esteemed the best to be
-chose for that Purpose.
-
-
-Anvils
-
-Are used by the Smiths for working all Sorts of Iron-work on.
-
-
-Aprons
-
-Is a Plat-form raised a little above the Bottom of a Dock at its
-Entrance, against which the Gates shut.
-
-
-Arm'd
-
-A Ship is said to be arm'd when fitted in all Respects for War.
-
-
-Avast
-
-Signifies to stop, hold, or stay.
-
-
-Auger Bitts
-
-Made of several Sizes, and when shut to a Shank, are for boreing Holes
-through the Plank and Timbers, that the Treenails may go through them,
-for fastening both together.
-
-
-Aunings
-
-Is old Canvas spread by Ropes over the Upper Deck, Quarter Deck, or
-Poop; and some Ships have them fitted with thin slit Deal, over the
-Steering Wheel on the Quarter Deck; and all are to keep off the Sun,
-Rain or Wind.
-
-
-Axes
-
-Are used for cutting up Junk, or cleaving Wood.
-
-
-Backstays
-
-Are sort of Shrouds, which go up to the Topmasthead, hath Lanyards
-reev'd through dead Eyes, and Backstay Plates at the Ship's Side, are
-called standing or shifting, and are for succouring the Topmasts.
-
-
-Bail or Bale
-
-Casting or throwing the Water out of a Boat, which when done she is
-freed.
-
-
-Ballast
-
-Is in great Ships generally Beach Stones, and in small Iron, laid in
-the Hold next the Keelson, in order to keep the Ship stiff, so that she
-may bear the more Sail.
-
-
-Barrels Press
-
-Are emptied Tar Barrels filled with Clay, to be put on the Drags and
-Sledges when closeing Cables in the Rope Yard.
-
-
-Barrecoes
-
-Small Casks of Twenty one Inches long, bound with four Iron Hoops, were
-formerly allowed to Ships bound on Foreign Voyages for fetching Water.
-
-
-Bars
-
- Capston
-
- Goes into the Drum-head, at which the Men heave when weighing an
- Anchor, or purchasing a great Weight.
-
-
- Port
-
- Each End goes through a Ring Bolt, and with Wedges, barrs in the Ports.
-
-
-Baskets
-
-Are made use of for carrying Officers Stores in, and several other Uses.
-
-
-Bason
-
-Is for Ships to lye in to be repaired, before or after taken out of the
-Dock.
-
-
-Baulks
-
-Small rough Firr Timber, used for Shoreing Ships when in the Dock, and
-other such like uses.
-
-
-Beak Head
-
-The foremost End of the Forecastle, fronting the Head, and limitting
-the Length of it, and is a becoming Part or Grace of a Ship.
-
-
-Beak Irons
-
-Are for turning square, round, and all Sorts of Hoops; and also used by
-Plumbers, as Anvils are by the Smiths.
-
-
-Beams
-
-Large Pieces of Timber cross the Ship, the Ends of which are lodged on
-the Clamps to support the Decks, and also keeps her out to her Breadth,
-and likewise to bear the Weight of her Ordnance.
-
-
-Beeswax
-
-Is used by the Sail-makers for waxing the Twine before they sew the
-Seams of Canvas for making Sails.
-
-
-Beetles Reeming
-
-Used by the Caulkers for driving in their Irons into a Ship's Bottom,
-in order for Caulking.
-
-
-Bear
-
-A Ship bears her Ordnance when she carries her Guns well, when having
-her Sails abroad in a Gale of Wind she don't heel. When sails towards
-the Shore, she is said to bear in with the Land. When a Ship that was
-to Windward comes under another's Stern, and gives her the Wind, she
-is said to bear under her Lee. If sails into an Harbour with the Wind
-large or before the Wind, she is then said to bear in with the Harbour.
-When a Ship keeps off from any Land, she is said to bear off from it.
-When they would express how any Cape or Place lieth from another, they
-say it bears off so, or so,—In Conding also, they say, bear up to the
-Helm, (_i. e._) let her go more large before the Wind, and bear up
-round, that is, let her go between her two Sheets, directly before the
-Wind.
-
-
-Bells
-
- Cabbin
-
- Allowed all Ships, for the Use of Admirals, and Commanders, to call
- their Servants.
-
-
- Watch
-
- For striking the Hour at each Box in the Yard at Night, and also are
- allowed all Ships for that Service both in the Day and Night.
-
-
-Belay
-
-Signifies the same as fasten.
-
-
-Bench Stakes
-
-Are used by the Smiths for cold Work on a Vice Bench.
-
-
-Bend
-
-In a Ship, there are several, as the Midship-bend, and others called
-frame Bends, which shews the Shape of her at the respective Places
-where they are placed. They say Bend the Cable, when it is seized and
-made fast to the Ring of the Anchor. To Unbend the Cable is to loosen
-it from the Ring of the Anchor, in order to be returned into Store, or
-cut up for inferior Uses.
-
-
-Bilbows
-
-Is a long Bolt on which are put generally six or seven Shackles,
-which goes round a Man's Leg when he has committed any Fault, and for
-securing him in Case his Offence is so great as to deserve further
-Punishment.
-
-
-Bildge
-
-The flatest Part of a Ship's Bottom, and when she strikes on a Rock,
-they say she is Bildged.
-
-
-Birth
-
-Is a due and proper Distance observed between Ships lying at an Anchor
-or under Sail; so also the raising or bringing up the Sides of a Ship
-is called Birthing up; also the proper Place aboard for a Mess to put
-their Chests, _&c._ is called the Birth of that Mess; also a convenient
-Place to Moar a Ship is called the Birth.
-
-
-Bittacle
-
-Is a Sort of Locker framed with Deal to hold the Compass, a Glass and
-Candle, and stands on the Quarter Deck just before the Steering Wheel,
-by which, he that Steers the Ship is enabled to keep her in her right
-Course.
-
-
-Bite
-
-Is any Turn or Part of a Rope that lies compassing; and therefore when
-they cannot take the End of a Rope in Hand, they say, Give me the Bite,
-or hold by the Bite.
-
-
-Bitter
-
-Any turn of a Cable about the Bitts, is called a Bitter, so as that the
-Cable may be let out by little and little. And when a Ship is stopped
-by a Cable, they say, She is brought up by a Bitter. Also that End of
-the Cable which is wound or belayed about the Bitts, is called the
-Bitter-end of the Cable.
-
-
-Bitts
-
-Are two perpendicular Pieces of Timber in the Fore-part of the Ship,
-bolted to the Gun-Deck and Orlop Beams, their lower Ends stepping in
-the Footwaaling, the Heads of which are braced with a Cross-piece, and
-when several turns of the Cable are taken over them, is for securing
-the Ship at an Anchor; there are generally two Pair of them; besides
-there are others upon the Upper Deck, which are fixed by the Main and
-Foremast, and called the Topsail Sheat and Jeer Bitts.
-
-
-Blacking
-
-Is in small Barrels, and used by the Boatswains for making the Yards
-Black.
-
-
-Blocks
-
- Are fitted with Shivers and Pins for Running Rigging to go through,
- and of the different Natures following.
-
- Blocks Double
-
- Has two Shives, and are used for Jeers, Topsail-Runners, Main
- Bowlines, Mizon Sheats, and Winding Tackle Falls.
-
-
- Double Ironbound
-
- The Toptackle Falls for all Ships are reeved through them, the upper
- ones hook into a Thimble at the End of the Toprope Pendant; and the
- lower ones has a Swivel in the Iron binding, and hooks either to an
- Eye or Ring-bolt upon Deck; and so are those for the Catt Falls for
- Ships from 70 Guns downwards, but with a large Hook, which takes the
- Shank of the Anchor.
-
-
- Longtackle
-
- Has one large and one small Shive, one above another, and are used for
- all single Tackles.
-
-
- Single
-
- Has only one Shive.
-
-
- Clewgarnet & Clewline
-
- Are made with a Shoulder, and Holes bored through the same, for the
- Strap to go through, in order for Lashing the former about the Yards.
-
-
- Racks
-
- Are lashed to each Side of the Gammoning in the Head, and has
- several Shives one above another, through which the Spritsail-lifts,
- Buntlines, Clewlines, and Sprit Topsail Sheats go.
-
-
- Sheat
-
-  Spritsail
-
-  Are turn'd, and has Holes for the Pendants (which serve as a Strap)
-  to go through.
-
-
-  Topsail
-
-  Are made with Shoulders, and lashed to the Low Yard Arms, in order
-  to hall Home the Topsail Sheats.
-
-
- Snatch
-
- Has a Hole bored at the Tapering-end, and a Notch cut in the upper
- Part, for a Bite of a Rope to be put in.
-
-
- Top
-
- Are bound with Iron, and a Hook turned from the same to hang in the
- Eye-bolt of the Cap; has a Brass Shive and an Iron Pin, through which
- Block, the Pendant of the Toprope goes for getting up the Topmasts.
-
-
- Voyal
-
- The Shive has a Brass Coak let into it, which works on an Iron Pin,
- by reason of the great Strain-hove by the Voyal (brought round the
- Capston) when purchasing the Anchor.
-
-
- Warping
-
- Made in the same manner as the Snatch are, but lighter, with a long
- Iron Pin, which serves the Man that warps off the Yarn from the
- Winches, for a Handle to hold by.
-
-
- Treble
-
- Has three Shives, are used for Fore and Main Jeers for Ships from 100
- to 80 Guns; for the Foretop Bowlines of all Rates; Mizon Jeers from
- 100 to 60 Guns, and Winding Tackle Falls from 100 to 40 Guns.
-
-
- D^o. Ironbound
-
- With a large Hook for the Catropes, and allowed to Ships from 100 to
- 80 Guns.
-
-
-Bluffheaded
-
-A Ship is said to be so, when she is built with small, or too upright
-Rake forward on.
-
-
-Board
-
- Elm
-
- Is used for several Services about the Yard, on board Ships, and
- repairing Boats, _&c._
-
-
- Firr
-
- For sheathing Ships Bottoms, flooring their Cabbins, and making
- Moulds, _&c._
-
-
-Board Wainscot
-
-For building Barges, Pinnaces and Wherries; and other Uses relating to
-the Joyners.
-
-
-Boats
-
- Barge
-
- Rows with twelve Oars; are allowed to the Flag Officers, as Pinnaces
- are to Captains.
-
-
- Launces
-
- Made use of by the Master's Attendant for transporting Ships,
- are built of a great Breadth, and low to the Water for the more
- conveniently coyling transporting Hawsers in.
-
-
- Longboat
-
- Is the largest Boat belonging to a Ship, and the strongest built,
- being used for carrying Water, or Officers Stores to and from the Ship.
-
-
- Pinnace
-
- All Ships are allowed one, for the Use of the Commanders.
-
-
- Wherry
-
- Are allowed to some of the Yard Officers.
-
-
- Yawl
-
- Are the inferior and smallest Boats allowed Ships.
-
-
-BoatTackle Pendants
-
-Are fastened with an Eye pretty near the Ends of the Fore and
-Main-Yards, with Longtackle Blocks, and through them pass the Falls
-which are used for hoisting in the Boat upon the Booms, or out of the
-Ship.
-
-
-Boatswain
-
-Is the Officer, who receives into his Charge all the standing and
-running Rigging, Cables, Cordage, Anchors, Sails, Boats, and other
-Stores by Indenture.
-
-
-Bollards
-
-Are large Posts set into the Ground, on each Side of a Dock, and to
-them (on docking or undocking Ships) are lashed large double or treble
-Blocks, through which are reeved the Transporting Hawsers to be brought
-to the Capstons.
-
-
-Bolsters
-
-The Smiths lay them on their Anvils, when they stretch or open Holes
-with Pins.
-
-
-Bolts
-
- Chain
-
- Goes through an Eye of the Chain-plate to be drove into the Ship's
- Side.
-
-
- Clench
-
- When drove, are to be clench'd at each End, to keep them from starting
- or flying out.
-
-
- Drawn
-
- Are of a superior Length, to be cut, upon occasion, of different
- Lengths, as wanted.
-
-
- Drive
-
- Are used to drive out other Bolts.
-
-
- Eye
-
- Are drove into Ships Decks or Sides, for Tackle Hooks to hook in, when
- a great Purchase is depending.
-
-
- Fender
-
- Made with thick Heads, to be drove into Waals, to save the Ship's
- Sides from Bruises.
-
-
- Forelock
-
- Has a small Eye at one End, in which the Forelock is driven, to
- prevent starting out.
-
-
- Hatch-barr
-
- Are small ones, for fastening the Bars down on the Hatches in Time of
- Fight.
-
-
- Ragg
-
- Are full of Jaggs or Barbs on each Side, to keep them from flying out
- of the Timber into which they are drove.
-
-
- Ring
-
- Serve for bringing to the Ports, when the Bars are put through their
- Rings, _&c._
-
-
- Sett
-
- Are for bringing Planks or other Works close to one another.
-
-
- Wrain
-
- Has a Ring at one End for a Staff to go through, and small Holes made
- toward the other End for Forelocks, and are used on Frames of Ships
- for bringing Planks, _&c._ to the Sides.
-
-
-Bolt Staves
-
-Square Bars of Iron, cut into different Lengths, just put into the
-Fire, and their Edges rounded off, preparative to their being forged
-into Bolts of any Diameter or Size, as may be wanted in Haste.
-
-
-Bonnets
-
-Are small Sails to be laced on upon the Main or Foresails, and Jibbs of
-Sloops, Yachts or Hoys, when fair, or to be taken off in foul Weather.
-
-
-Boom
-
-When a Ship makes all the Sail she can, they say she comes Booming;
-also those Poles with Bushes or Baskets on the Top, which are placed
-near Lakes, to direct how to steer into a Channel, are called Booms.
-
-
-Booms
-
- Fire
-
- Are made out of long Sparrs, and fitted with a Spud of Iron at the
- End, and ferril'd; their Use is to prevent Fire-ships boarding, or
- fending off any others that may fall on board them.
-
-
- Flying Jib
-
- Runs up the Bowsprit, from which the flying Jib sail is hoisted.
-
-
- Studdingsail
-
- Goes along the Yards, through Irons fixed on them, that when they sail
- before the Wind, the studding Sail being set, causes the Ship to go
- through the Sea with greater Swiftness.
-
-
-Boom Irons
-
-Are made with two Rings, the large one clips the Yard, and the Booms go
-through the small one.
-
-
-Boothose Tops
-
-Are laid on about three Strakes of Plank below the Waters Edge with
-Tallow, and are generally given Ships when ordered on a Cruize.
-
-
-Bowles
-
-Are allowed the Boatswain, for the Use of the Men to put their
-Provision in.
-
-
-Bowsprits
-
-Of the Growth of _New-England_ or _Riga_, are always wrought into
-sixteen Squares, before brought from thence, and are received into
-Store by their Diameter in Inches.
-
-When on board, they lie steeving on the Head of the Stern, having
-the lower End fastened to the Partners of the Fore-mast, and a
-Gammoning reeved several Times through the Knee of the Head, and
-farther supported by the Fore-stay. It carries the Sprit-sail-yard,
-(Sprit-top-mast in three Deck Ships) Jack Staff and flying Jib Boom.
-
-
-Bowline
-
-Is a Rope fastened in three or four Parts of the Leech of the Sail,
-which is called the Bowline Bridle, but the Mizon Bowline is fastened
-at the lower End of the Yard.—All Sails have it except the Spritsail
-and Sprit-top-sail, and therefore those Sails cannot be used close by
-a Wind; for the Use of the Bowline is to make the Sails stand sharp,
-close, or by a Wind.
-
-
-Bowline Knot
-
-Is a Knot that will not slip, by which the Bowline Bridle is fastened
-to the Cringles.
-
-
-Bowse
-
-Signifies as much as hawl or pull, thus, hawling upon the Tack is
-called bowsing upon the Tack, and when they would have the Men pull
-altogether, they say, Bouse away.
-
-
-Braces
-
-All the Yards in a Ship, except the Mizon, has two; there is a Pendant
-made with an Eye, which goes round the Yard Arms, at whose other End
-there is a Block, through which the Brace is reeved, and their use is
-to square, traverse, or right the Yard, that is, to bring it so, that
-it shall stand at Right Angles with the Length of the Ship. The Main
-Brace comes to the Poop, the Main-top-sail Brace to the Mizon Top, and
-thence to the Main Shrouds; the Fore and Fore-top-sail Braces come
-down by the Main and Main-top-mast Stays, and so all the rest: But the
-Mizon Bowline serves for a Brace to that Yard, and the Cross Jack
-Braces are brought forward to the Main Shrouds, and the Mizon-top-sail
-Braces go through Blocks at the Mizon Peek.
-
-
-Brackets
-
-Are Pieces fayd on the Outside of the Timbers in the Head, and between
-the Stern and Gallery Lights, and were formerly carved.
-
-
-Brails
-
-Small Ropes reeved through Blocks, which are seized on either Side of
-the Mizon Course, a little Distance off upon the Yards, so that they
-come down those Sails, and are fastened at the Skirt of them to the
-Cringles. Their use is for furling the Mizon, to hawl up its Bunt, that
-it may the more readily be taken up or let fall. These Brails belong to
-Yachts, and Hoys Main-sails.
-
-
-Brasses for Wheels
-
-Are let into the Heads of Laying or Spinning Wheels at the Rope Yard,
-for the Whirls to work on.
-
-
-Breast Hooks
-
-Are crooked Pieces of Timber lying transverse to the Stem, which being
-bolted on both Sides, and also through the Stem, they thereby brace
-both Bows together.
-
-
-Breeming
-
-Is burning off the Weeds, Filth, _&c._ (which a Ship contracts under
-Water,) with Furze, Faggots or Reed, before her Bottom is caulked and
-graved, and this is done when in the Dock, on the Carreen, or on the
-Ground ashore.
-
-
-Brimstone
-
-Being mixed with Oyl, is used by the Master Caulker for paying Ships
-Bottoms.
-
-
-Brooms
-
-For cleaning the Ships, Store-houses, or Yards, _&c._
-
-
-Brushes
-
- Blacking
-
- Used by the Boatswain for blacking the Ship's Yards, _&c._
-
-
- Large
-
- For cleaning Admirals, Captains and Lieutenants Cabbins on board a
- Ship.
-
-
-Brushes Tarr
-
-For paying Rigging, Masts, or Blocks, _&c._
-
-
-Buckets
-
-Used for drawing Water to clean the Decks, _&c._
-
-
-Bucklers
-
-Are to prevent the Water washing in at the Hawse-holes.
-
-
-Buildgeways
-
-A Frame of Timber fayd to the Outside of a Ship under her Buildge, for
-the more securely and commodiously launching her.
-
-
-Bulk of a Ship
-
-Is her whole Content in the Hold for Stowage.
-
-
-Bulkhead
-
-Is a Partition that goes athwart the Ship, as at the great Cabbin,
-Steerage and Forecastle, _&c._
-
-
-Bunt
-
-Is the middle Part of the Sail, when formed into a Kind of Bag or
-Cavity, that the Sail may receive the more Wind, and is chiefly used in
-Top-sails.
-
-
-Buntlines
-
-Are small Ropes, made fast to the Bottom of the Sails, in the middle
-Part of the Boltrope to a Cringle, and so are reeved through a small
-Block, seized to the Yard; their Use is to trice up the Bunt of the
-Sail, for the better furling of it up.
-
-
-Buoys
-
- Cann
-
- Are hooped with Iron, and made very strong, in Shape of a Cann; their
- Use is to lie on Shoals or Sands for Marks.
-
-
- Nunn
-
- Are made tapering at each End, and filled with Rhine Hoops and some
- Iron, which being strapped with Ropes, are fastened to the Buoy-rope,
- so as to float directly over the Anchor.
-
-
- Wood
-
- Are made out of old Masts, _&c._ and hath a large Hole made at one
- End, through which the Buoy-rope is reeved, and serves for the
- aforesaid Uses: From hence the Word Buoyant, signifies any Thing that
- is floatable.
-
-
-Burden or Burthen
-
-Of a Ship, is her Content, or the Number of Tuns she will carry, to
-compute which, (according to the Rule of Shipwrights Hall) is to
-multiply the Length of the Keel, by her Breadth and half Breadth, and
-divide by 94, gives the Number of Tuns.
-
-
-Burton
-
-Is a small Tackle, to be fastened any where at Pleasure, fitted with
-two single Blocks, and its Use is to hoist small Things.
-
-
-Ditto Pendants
-
-Short Ropes, which at one End is fastened either to the Head of the
-Mast, End of the Yards, on the Main Stay, or Back of the Rudder; and
-at the other End hath a Thimble spliced in, or a Block to reeve a Fall
-through.
-
-
-Butt
-
-Is the End of any Plank which joins to another on the Outside of a Ship
-under Water; and therefore when a Plank is loose at one End, they call
-it springing a Butt, to prevent which, they are usually bolted at the
-Ends.
-
-
-Buttock
-
-That Part of the Ship's Stern under the Wing Transom, whether round or
-square.
-
-
-Bow
-
-Is the Round of a Ship's Side forward, reckoned from the After-bitts
-(on the Gundeck) to the Stem; if she hath a broad Bow, they call it a
-Bold-bow; if a narrow thin Bow, its called a Lean-bow.
-
-
-Cables
-
-Allowed a Ship for Channel Service, are distributed in this Manner,
-two being spliced together are called the Sheat-shot; three, the
-Best-bower; one the Small-bower, and one Spare; but if they go a
-Foreign Voyage, then they are allowed another, which is either bent
-to the Spare or Small-bower, and are all of one Size; and all Ships
-are likewise allowed a Stream, which being bent to their respective
-Anchors, holds the Ship fast when she rides. To serve round, or Plat
-the Cable, is bind about it old Rope, Canvas, _&c._ to keep it from
-gawling in the Hawse, _&c._ Splice the Cable, is to make two fast
-together, by working the several Strands one into the other. Coyl the
-Cable, is to roll it up round in a Ring, of which the several Rolls one
-upon another are called the Cable Tire. Pay or Veer more Cable, is let
-more out from the Ship. When two or three Cables are spliced together,
-it is called a Shot.
-
-
-Callipers
-
-Are for taking the Diameter of Timber, Masts, Yards, and Bowsprits,
-before received into Store.
-
-
-Caulking
-
-Is driving in Ocham, spun Hair, or Hemp, into the Seams of the Planks,
-to prevent the Ship's Leaking.
-
-
-Cambring
-
-A Deck lies Cambring, when it lies not level, but higher in the Middle
-than at either End: Also if the Keel is bent in the Middle upwards,
-they say, She is Camberkeeled.
-
-
-Candles
-
-Are used in the several Offices, by the Artificers to work at Night, in
-Ships Holds, for taking out their Ballast, and are allowed Quarterly to
-the Officers of the Ships in Ordinary.
-
-
-Canvas
-
-Used for making Sails, Awnings, Tarpawlings, _&c._
-
-
-Canvas Hoses
-
-Are for starting Water into or out of Casks.
-
-
-Cap
-
-Is a square Piece of Timber put over the Head, or upper End of the
-Mast, having a round Hole to receive the Mast; by them the Top-masts
-and Top-gallant-masts are kept steady and firm in the Tressle-trees,
-where their Feet stand, as those of the lower Masts do in their Steps.
-
-
-Capstons
-
-Are of two Kinds in a Ship, the Jeer and the Main. The Jeer Capston
-is placed between the Main and Fore-mast, and its Use is chiefly to
-heave upon the Jeer, or to heave upon the Voyal, when the Anchor is
-weighing. The Main is placed Abaft the Main-mast, its Foot, or lower
-End standing in a Step on the lower Deck, and its Head is between the
-two upper Decks. Its several Parts are thus called, the main Substance
-or Post is the Barrel or Spindle; the Brackets set upon the Body are
-called Whelps; the thick Piece of Elm at the End of the Barrel, in
-which the Barrs go, is called the Drum-head. The Pawl is a Piece of
-Iron bolted at one End to the Beams, or upon Deck, close to the Body of
-the Capston, to stop it from turning back, and this they call Pawl the
-Capston; the Use of them are to weigh the Anchors, hoist up or strike
-down Top-masts, heave any weighty Thing, or to strain any Rope that
-requireth a main Force. The Terms are, Come up Capston, (_i. e._) slack
-the Voyal which you heave by, in which Sense also they say, Launch or
-Pawl, that is, stop it from going back.
-
-
-Capston Pins & Chains
-
-Goes into the Drum-head of the Capston, and through the Barrs to
-prevent them flying out of the Holes.
-
-
-Carreen
-
-A Ship is said to be brought on a Carreen, when the most Part of her
-Lading, _&c._ being taken out, she is laid along-side of the Hulk,
-which being lower than her, is hawled down as low as Occasion requires,
-in order to trim her Bottom, to caulk her Seams, or to mend any Thing
-that is at fault under Water.
-
-
-Carlings
-
-Are square Pieces of Timber ranging from Beam to Beam Fore and Aft the
-Ship, which being supported by Scores in their respective Beams, they
-thereby contribute to strengthen the Deck.
-
-
-Carpenter
-
-Is the Officer charged with the Masts, Yards and Stores proper to his
-Province.
-
-
-Carvel Work
-
-In Boats, the Boards are fayd to lye fair to one another, so as that
-the Seams of Longboats and Pinnaces may be caulked without Difficulty.
-
-
-Catharpings
-
-Are small Ropes running in little Blocks from one Side of the Shrouds
-to the other, near the Deck; their Use is to force the Shrouds taught,
-for the Ease and Safety of the Masts when the Ship rowls; they are also
-used at the upper Part of the Shrouds, but there, worn Rope, from three
-and an half, to two and an half Inches is used, and do not run through
-Blocks, but has several turns taken in them, and are made fast.
-
-
-Cathead
-
-Pieces of Timber projecting over the Ship's Bow from the Fore-Castle
-at the After-end of the upper Rail of the Head, so far as to clear the
-Flook of the Anchor from the Ship's Side, in order to lodge it on the
-fore Channel, that it may the more freely be let go again to Anchor the
-Ship in any Road or Harbour. At one End of which Shivers are let in, in
-which is reeved a Fall which passes through a large Iron bound treble
-or double Block; and at the End of a Pendant a large Hook is fixed,
-and called the Fish Hook, and is to trice up the Anchor from the Hawse
-to the Top of the Fore-Castle.
-
-
-Chafe
-
-A Rope Chafes when it galls or frets by rubbing against any Thing that
-is rough or hard.
-
-
-Chains
-
- Buoy
-
- Are used for rideing the Cann Buoys on the Shoals or Sandheads.
-
-
- Pendant
-
- Are large, one End of them being made fast to a Claw ashore, and the
- other to the Moaring Cable; the Ships in Harbour Ride by them.
-
-
- Shankpainter
-
- Goes round the Shank of the Anchor to support it, when hove up at the
- Bow.
-
-
- Top
-
- Are for slinging the Yards in Time of Fight.
-
-
-Channels
-
-Are Fore, Main and Mizon, which is Plank placed an Edge, against the
-upper Edge of the Waal, and of a convenient Length for such a Number of
-dead Eyes the Ship requires, and so broad as to keep the Shrouds from
-touching the upper Rails.
-
-
-Channel Waals
-
-Are wrought thicker than the Plank, and goes Fore and Aft; are placed
-in the Midship against the upper Deck, and shews the Sheer of the Ship;
-besides, is a great Strengthening to her Sides, as well as Benefit of
-shoreing her in a Dock.
-
-
-Chambers for Pumps
-
-Are Cast in Brass, which were used formerly, and put into the lower
-Part of the Pump, to prevent the Chain, when working, from galling the
-Pump.
-
-
-Carts
-
- Dung
-
- Runs on two Wheels, is made close for carrying Earth, Ballast, _&c._
-
-
- Rave
-
- Runs on two Wheels, and is made open, not unlike a Waggon.
-
-
- Scandaroon
-
- Runs on two solid Truck Wheels, and is for carrying Timber.
-
-
- Timber
-
- Runs on four solid Truck Wheels, fitted with Iron Axle Trees and Brass
- Coaks; and on them the Timber is put out of the Hoys, to be carried to
- its respective Births about the Yard.
-
-
-Charcoal
-
-Used by the Plumber for melting Sodder, and by the Sail-maker for
-stoving Boltropes.
-
-
-Chase
-
-Signifies Pursuit.
-
-
-Cheeks of the Head
-
-Are small Knees fayd on each Side of the Knee of the Head, bracing it
-securely to both Bows.
-
-
-Ditto for Masts
-
-Are two pieces of Oak fayd to the Head of the Mast on each Side, to
-make good the Want of Firr, and also makes them stronger than if they
-were made out of the same Tree.
-
-Chestrees
-
-Are Pieces of Timber fayd perpendicularly up and down the Ship's Sides,
-not quite so far forward as the Fore-castle; their Use is for the Main
-Tack to be hawl'd through.
-
-
-Chests
-
- To hold
-
- Arms
-
- Small Arms.
-
-
- Colour
-
- The Boatswain's Colours, _&c._
-
-
- Compass
-
- The Compasses.
-
-
- Nail
-
- The Carpenter's Nails.
-
-
- Powder
-
- The Gunner's Powder.
-
-
-Chimneys
-
-Are made of Copper, and placed on the Fore-castle for carrying Smoak
-clear out of the Cook-Room.
-
-
-Chyrurgeon
-
-Is to take Care of the sick, maimed or wounded Seamen on board.
-
-
-Clamps
-
-Strakes of Plank in great Ships, on the Gundeck, eight or nine Inches
-thick, fayd to the Sides, to support the Ends of the Beams.
-
-
-Ditto Hanging
-
-May be fixed to any Place about the Ship's Sides for fastening Ropes
-to, to hold Stages for the Men to work on, _&c._
-
-
-Claws
-
-For Moarings are framed of Wood, piled and Land tyed with a Piece of
-thick Timber a-cross next the Water's Edge, in which is an Iron Shackle
-let in, for the Pendant Chain to be fixed to.
-
-
-Clay
-
-Made use of by the Scavel Men and Labourers, for filling up Dams to
-keep out Water, from running into the Docks, _&c._
-
-
-Cleats
-
-Are to belay small Rigging to; likewise all Yards have a Pair in
-the Slings to stop; the Parrell and Jeer Blocks, and a Pair at each
-Yard-Arm to stop the Straps of the Topsail Sheat Blocks from sliding
-any further on.
-
-
-Clencher Work
-
-The Boards are laid landing one upon the Edge of the other, not unlike
-Weather boarding, and worked so, on Deal Yawls.
-
-
-Clew
-
-Of the Sail, is the lower Corner which reaches down to the Earing,
-where the Tacks and Sheats are fastened, so that when a Sail is cut,
-goreing, or slopeing by Degrees, it is said to spread a great Clew.
-
-
-Clew garnet
-
-Is a Rope fastened to the Clew of the Sail, and from thence runs in a
-Block, seized to the Middle of the Fore or Main Yard; its Use is to
-hawl up the Clew of the Sail, close to the Middle of the Yard, in order
-to its being furl'd.
-
-
-Clewline
-
-Is the same to the Top-sails, Top-gallant-sails and Sprit-sails, as the
-Clew-garnet is to the Fore and Main Courses, and is of the very same
-Use in a Gust of Wind; when a Topsail is to be taken in, they first
-hawl home the Lee Clewline, and then the Sail is taken in the easier.
-
-
-Clinch
-
-Is that Part of a Cable which is bent to the Ring of the Anchor, seized
-or made fast.
-
-
-Coach
-
-Is before the Bulk-head of the Round-house or Captain's Cabbin on the
-Quarter Deck, when a Flag Ship, and made use of for dining in, as the
-Steerage is.
-
-
-Coaks
-
-Are made of Brass, and let into the Shives of Voyal Blocks through
-which the Iron Pin goes; and also into the Wheels of Timber Carts
-wherein the Iron Axle-trees work.
-
-
-Coats
-
-Are Pieces of tarr'd Canvas which are put about the Masts at the
-Partners, and are also used at the Rotherhead, and there called a
-Helm-coat.
-
-
-Cocks
-
- Furnace
-
- Are soddered on to the Furnaces to let their liquor out, _&c._
-
-
- Stop
-
- Are used at the Cistern the Men Pump the Water into, with which they
- can stop any Branch or Pipe that goes to the Officers Lodgings, or the
- Jetty Heads for watering Ships.
-
-
- Water
-
- Are used at the Officers Lodgings, _&c._
-
-
- Bosses
-
- Are square Pieces of Brass into which the Cocks are sodder'd.
-
-
-Cockpit
-
-Is a Plat-form on the Orlop Abaft, where the Steward Room, Purser and
-Chirurgeon's Cabbins are built.
-
-
-Cold Chissels
-
-Are for cutting off any Bolt.
-
-
-Collar
-
-Of the Forestay is seized round the Bowsprit, the Main fastened about
-the Beak-head, and the Mizon about the Main-mast, having dead Eyes
-fixed in them, through which the Lanyards go, as well as those at the
-End of the Stays.
-
-
-Collers
-
-Are used by the Smiths to work Anchors in.
-
-
-Colours, Ensigns
-
-Is the Flag hoisted at the Stern of a Ship, in the Canton of which the
-Union is placed.
-
-
-Colours
-
- Flags
-
- Are Colours which the Admirals of the Fleet are allowed. The Admiral
- carries his at the Main-top-mast-head; the Vice-Admiral at the Fore,
- and the Rear-Admiral his at the Mizon-top-mast-head; beside there is
- allowed to each Flag a Proportion of Signal Colours.
-
-
- Lord High Admiral
-
- Is a red Flag, which has the Anchor and Cable in yellow Bewper, placed
- in the Center of it.
-
-
- Pendants
-
- Are of different Lengths, cut pointing towards the End, and there
- divided into two Parts, and are hoisted on a Spindle at the
- Top-mast-head; and those for Yard Arms are called Distinction
- Pendants, and used for Signals.
-
-
- Jacks
-
- Are hoisted on a Staff at the Bowsprit End, and made in the same
- Manner (those for Men of War) as the Union Flags are; and those for
- Naval Vessels have the Arms of the Office the Vessel belongs to,
- placed in them.
-
-
- Standard
-
- Hoisted at the Main-top-mast-head when His Majesty is on board; when
- the Admiral of the Fleet hoisteth it at the Mizon-top-mast-head it is
- for all Flag Officers. When in the Mizon Shrouds the _English_ Flags
- only; and when put abroad at the Mizon-top-mast-head and a Pendant at
- the Mizon Peek, then the Flags and Land General Officers; when on the
- Ensign Staff, the Vice or Rear Admirals of the Fleet, or those that
- Command in the second or third Posts, are to come aboard.
-
-
- Vanes
-
- Are allowed Boatswains to put at the other Mastheads, where the
- Pendant don't fly.
-
-
-Comeings
-
-Are Comeing Carlings, that go Fore and Aft on the middle and upper
-Deck, as far as where the Grateings are; the Midship Edge has a Rabbit
-for the Grateings to lodge in, and the Edge is as much above the Deck,
-as the Deck is thick, to stop the Water. The Hatchways on the Gun Deck
-has Comeings round them, but Comeing Carlings is only Plank sayd flat
-on the Deck, so thick as to turn the Water.
-
-
-Commanders
-
-Are used by the Riggers or Seamen, with which they drive in the Fidds
-for Spliceing Cables, _&c._
-
-
-Compasses
-
- Azimuth
-
- Is an Instrument made in a large Brass Box, with Imbers and a broad
- Limb, having Ninety Degrees diagonally divided, with an Index and
- Thread to take the Sun's Amplitude or Azimuth, in order to find the
- Difference between the Magnetical Meridian and the Sun's Meridian,
- which shews the Variation of the Compass.
-
-
- Brass Box
-
- They stand in the Bittacle, that the Men at the Steering Wheel may see
- to keep the Ship in her right Course.
-
-
- Hanging
-
- Flag Officers are generally furnished with them to hang up in their
- great Cabbins.
-
-
-Cond
-
-Is to Guide or Conduct a Ship in her right Course; he that Conds gives
-the Word of Direction to the Men at the Steering Wheel how to Steer.
-
-
-Cook
-
-Is a Warrant Officer that dresses the Ship's Companys Victuals.
-
-
-Cookroom
-
-Is variously seated, generally in the Fore-Castle, but in some great
-Ships it is on the Middle Deck, and in lesser on a Plat-form under the
-Deck.
-
-
-Cordage
-
-Is in general all the Ropes belonging to the Standing or Running
-Rigging of a Ship, and is also distinguished by,
-
-
- Cablelaid
-
- Is made with nine Strands, (_i. e._) the first three Strands are laid
- slack, and then three of them being closed together makes a Cable or
- Cablet; the same for Tacks, but they are laid tapering.
-
-
- Hawserlaid
-
- Is made only with three Strands.
-
-
- Stays
-
- Are Cablelaid, but made with four Strands as Cables are with three,
- with an Addition of an Heart which goes through the Center of them.
-
-
-Counter
-
-Is the arching Part of the Stern above the Wing Transom, and the lower
-is from the Wing Transom to the Upper Deck, and the other is from the
-Upper Deck to the lower Edge of the Ward-room or Great Cabbin, the
-Projecture of which, is lower almost the Quadrant of a Circle.
-
-
-Course
-
-The Point of the Compass on which a Ship Steers.
-
-
-Courses
-
-In a Ship are her low Sails, and when she Sails under them only, they
-say she goes under her Courses.
-
-
-Coxswain
-
-Is the Person who sits in the Box at the Boat's Stern, Steers her, hath
-the Direction and Command of the Boat's Crew.
-
-
-Coyle
-
-When Cables or Ropes are placed in a round or oval Ring, one fake (or
-turn) upon one another, so that they may the more easily be stowed out
-of the Way, and also run out free and smooth without Kinks as they call
-them, _i. e._ without twisting or doubling, then they are said to be
-coyled up.
-
-
-Crabb
-
-An Engine of Wood with three Claws placed on the Ground like a Capston,
-and is used at launching or heaving Ships into the Dock.
-
-
-Cradle
-
-A Frame of Timber fayd to the Outside of a Ship under her Buildge, for
-the more securely and commodiously Launching her.
-
-
-Craft
-
-Are small Vessels, such as Ketches, Hoys, Smacks, _&c._ they call all
-such small Craft.
-
-
-Cramps
-
-Short Pieces of Iron, whose Ends being turned down, are let into
-Stones, and melted Lead being run into the Holes, binds two Stones fast
-together.
-
-
-Cranes
-
-Are placed on the Wharfs for hoisting up Anchors, Timber, and other
-bulky Weights.
-
-
-Cranes Chimney
-
-For hanging a Kettle or Pot on in the Cook Room.
-
-
-Cranes Gangway
-
-Are hung in the Wast of the Ship, and when Deals are laid on them, make
-a Gangway from the Quarter Deck to the Fore-Castle.
-
-
-Crank
-
-A Term for a Ship that cannot bear her Sails for fear of overseting, or
-cannot be brought on Ground without Danger of injureing her Body.
-
-
-Cranks
-
- Bell
-
- Made fast to the Stock, for ringing it.
-
-
- Lantern
-
- Supports the Lanterns, either at the Ship's Stern, or at the Round Top.
-
-
-Creeper
-
-Made like a Grapnel, but without Flooks, the Use of which is to recover
-sunken Stores that may be lost over-board.
-
-
-Cringles
-
-Are small Pieces of Rope spliced into the Body Rope of Courses and
-Topsails, and are,
-
- _First_, The Bowline Cringle, to which the Bowline Bridle is fastened.
-
- _Second_, Leech Cringle, where the Leechlines and Clewgarnets are made
- fast.
-
- _Third_, Reef Cringle, to which is fastened the Reef-tackle Tye.
-
-There are also Cringles made of Iron, which are Rings to go round the
-Stays of Hoys or Yachts, and are seized to their Fore-sails and Jibbs
-for the more easy hoisting them.
-
-
-Crossjack
-
-Is a Yard flung at the upper End of the Mizon Mast under the Top; it
-hath no Halyards belonging to it; its Use is to spread and hawl Home
-the Mizon-top-sail Sheats.
-
-
-Crosspiece.
-
-Is a great Piece of Timber which goes a-cross the Bitts of a Ship, and
-about which several Turns of the Cable are taken when she Rides at
-Anchor.
-
-
-Crosstrees.
-
-Are Pieces that go a-cross the Tressle-trees at each of the standing
-Mast-heads; there are two and three to a Top-mast.
-
-
-Crotches
-
-Are very crooked Pieces of Timber in the Hold or Bread-room, from the
-Mizon Step Aft, fayd cross the Keelson to strengthen the Ship in the
-Wake of the half Timbers.
-
-
-Crotches Iron
-
-Are used on board Sloops or Long Boats, which go with Shoulder of
-Mutton Sails, for their Boom to lodge upon.
-
-
-Crows
-
-Are made with a Claw at one End, and a sharp Point at the other, and
-used for heaving or purchasing great Weights.
-
-
-Crowfoot
-
-Are small Ropes put through the Holes of dead Eyes, and divided into
-several Parts, and spreads from the Rim of the Tops, pointways to a
-Tackle on the Stays, for preventing the Topsails getting foul of them.
-
-
-Cuddy
-
-Is a Place upon the Quarter Deck Afore the Captain's Cabbin. When an
-Admiral is on board, it is divided into Partitions for the Secretary's
-Office.
-
-
-Culm
-
-Is used for burning _Plymouth_ Marble Stone, or Chalk, to make Lime.
-
-
-Davit
-
-A Piece of Timber in a Ship having a Notch at one End, in which, by a
-Strap, hangs a Block called the Fish Pendant Block, the Use of which
-is, to hawl up the Flook of the Anchor, in order to fasten it to the
-Ship's Bow; this Davit is shiftable from one Side to the other as
-occasion serves.
-
-
-Dead Eyes
-
-Are a Kind of Blocks having three Holes in them, and through them the
-Lanyards go, which make fast the Shrouds below to the Chains; the Fore,
-Main and Mizon Stays of a Ship are set taught by dead Eyes, but they
-have only one Hole through which the Lanyards have several Turns passed
-through them.
-
-
- Crowfoot
-
- Has a great many Holes bored through them, wherein is reeved the
- Crowfoot for the Top.
-
-
- Ironbound
-
- Serves (in Case a Chain Plate gives way) with being hooked to a Shroud
- Ess as a Chain Plate.
-
-
-Dead
-
- Reckoning
-
- Is that Estimation, Judgment or Conjecture which is made where a Ship
- is, by keeping an Account of her Way by the Logg, in knowing the
- Course they have steered by the Compass, and by rectifying all the
- Allowance for Drift, Leeway, _&c._ according to the Ship's Trim, so
- that this reckoning is without any Observation of the Sun, Moon and
- Stars, and is to be rectified as often as any good Observation can be
- had.
-
-
- Riseing
-
- Are Pieces of Timber put on the Keel one upon another Afore and Abaft;
- there is more or less according as the Ship is either full or lean; if
- the latter, the dead Wood is so put that the Floor Timbers would be
- within a Square.
-
-
- Water
-
- Is the Water just behind the Stern of a Ship, and if a great Eddy
- follows her, they say, she makes much Dead-water; this is called so,
- because it doth not pass away so swiftly as the Water running by her
- Side.
-
-
-Deals Ordinary
-
-Are used by the House Carpenters and Joyners for Flooring, making
-Bulk-heads, _&c._
-
-
-Deals Prusia
-
-For Ships upper Works, or laying their Decks.
-
-
-Deck
-
-Is a planked Floor, on which the Guns lye, and Men walk. In great Ships
-there are three Decks, Upper, Middle and Gun, besides a Quarter Deck,
-which reaches from the Bulk-head of the Round-house, to very near the
-Main-mast.
-
-
-Diall
-
-A Square Piece of Wood, framed and made not unlike the Dial Plate of
-a Clock, whereon the Hours are painted, fixed to the Mizon-Mast, and
-after the Ship's Bell being struck, they put the Hand of it to the Hour.
-
-
-Dipping Needle
-
-A Magnetical Needle, so hung, that instead of playing horizontally, and
-pointing out _N_° and _S_°, one End dips and inclines to the Horizon,
-the other Points to a certain Degree of Elevation.
-
-
-Division
-
-Or Squadron, being Part of a Fleet, commanded by a Flag Officer or
-Commodore.
-
-
-Dock
-
-Is made by the Side of the Harbour for taking in Ships, and Men to work
-in, in order to build or repair them.
-
-A Dry-Dock, the Water is kept out by Gates, 'till a Ship is built or
-repaired, but after that, can easily be let in to Float and Launch her.
-
-A Wet-Dock is a Place where a Ship lies a Float at all Times of Tide to
-be repaired in.
-
-
-Dogger
-
-A small Vessel built after the _Dutch_ fashion, with a narrow Stern,
-and commonly but one Mast.
-
-
-Doggs
-
- Fire
-
- To burn Wood on.
-
-
- Timber
-
- Are drove into Timber for Horses to draw it about the Yard, or to the
- Saw-pits.
-
-
-Drabler
-
-Made of Canvas, to be added to a Bonnet when there is need of more Sail.
-
-
-Drags
-
-Are for clearing the Aprons of the Docks of the Filth, that the Gates
-may the better, and without Difficulty, open and shut.
-
-
-Drift Sail
-
-Used under Water, veered Right out a-head, upon the Sea in a Storm,
-being to keep the Ship's Head Right upon the Sea.
-
-
-Drive
-
-A Ship is said to drive, when her Anchors will not hold her fast; to
-prevent which, they Veer out more Cable, (for the more she has out, the
-surer and safer she Rides) or else they let go more Anchors.
-
-
-Earing
-
-Is that Part of the Boltrope which at the four Corners of the Sail is
-left open in the Form of a Ring; the two uppermost of which are put
-over the Yard-Arms to fasten the Sail to the Yard: And into those at
-the Foot, the Tacks and Sheats are seized or bent to the Clews.
-
-
-Ease the Ship
-
-Done by slackening the Shrouds when they are too stiff set up.
-
-
-Eddy
-
-When the Water turns back contrary to the Tide.
-
-
-End for End
-
-When a Rope is all run out of the Block, _&c._
-
-
-Engines Water
-
-Are for extinguishing any Fire that may happen on board a Ship, when
-Breaming, Cleaning, or Graving, on which occasion a Number stand ready
-filled with Water on each Side of the Dock, and Mann'd, to prevent any
-fatal Accident of Fire.
-
-
-Esses
-
- Kettle
-
- For a Kettle or Pot to hang on in the Cook-Room.
-
-
- Shroud
-
- To hook into an Iron-bound dead Eye, to serve as a Chain-plate in Case
- of Need.
-
-
-Eye
-
-The Compass or Ring left in the Strap of any Block, which is called the
-Eye of the Strap.
-
-
-Fagg
-
-The End of those Strands which do not go through the Tops, when a Cable
-or Rope is closed, are called Faggs.
-
-
-Fake
-
-Is one Round or Circle of a Cable or Hawser coyled up out of the Way.
-
-
-Fall
-
-That Part of the Rope of a Tackle which is hauled upon, is called a
-Fall. Also when a Ship is under Sail, and keeps not so near the Wind as
-she should do, they say, She Falls off: Or when a Ship is not flush,
-but hath riseings of some Parts of her Decks more than others, it is
-called Falls.
-
-
-Fashion Pieces
-
-Are two Compassing Pieces of Timber, into them are fixed on each Side,
-the Transom.
-
-
-Fathom
-
-A Line of small Rope cut six Feet long, and used for measuring the
-Length of Cables and Cordage.
-
-
-Fend
-
-For defending or saving a Boat from being staved against the Rocks,
-Shore, or Ships Sides.
-
-
-Fenders
-
-Signifies any Pieces of Junk or old Cable, hung over the Ship's
-Sides, to keep others from rubbing against her. Boats have also the
-same.—Those made of Iron are for the Hearth in the Cook-Room.
-
-
-Fidds
-
- Spliceing
-
- Are used to splice or fasten Ropes together, and are made tapering at
- one End; and so are those made of Wood, which are used for spliceing
- Cables. So there is also one goes through the Heel of the Top-mast,
- which bears upon the Chess-trees, and are called
-
-
- Topmast
-
- Top-mast Fidds.
-
-
-Files
-
-Are for wheting Saws, and used by the Smiths in their Works.
-
-
-Fire
-
- Fork
- Shovell
- Tongs
-
- For the Use of the Cook-Room.
-
-
-Fishes
-
-Are Pieces of Timber put upon the Masts and Yards if sprung, or for
-strengthening them, least they should fail in Stress of Weather.
-
-
-Fishing Geer
-
-A Sett which consists of Nets, Lines, Hooks, _&c._ is allowed to each
-Ship which goes to the _East_ and _West Indies_, _Virginia_, _Guinea_,
-_New England_, _New York_, _St. Helena_, and the _Cape_, and _South
-Carolina_.
-
-
-Fish Pendant
-
-Hangs at the End of the Davit, by the Strap of the Block, to which the
-Fish Hook is spliced, by which means the Flook of the Anchor is hawled
-up to the Ship's Bow or Chanwaal.
-
-
-Flareing
-
-When a Ship is a little housing in, near the Water, and the upper Work
-hangs over, or is broader aloft.
-
-
-Flatts
-
-Is a Midship, and as many Timbers Afore and Abaft, that has no more
-riseing than the Midship Flatt, are all called Flatts.
-
-
-Flitting
-
-Altering or removing a dead Eye in the Low or Top-mast Shrouds and
-Backstays, either to lengthen or shorten them, is called Flitting.
-
-
-Float
-
-Is an Instrument used by the Smiths to make their Work smooth, instead
-of a File.
-
-
-Floor
-
-Are those Timbers lying transverse to the Keel, being bolted through
-it; they are the first laid in the Order of building, and where the
-Floor sweep begins, there the Streight one Ends; and when there is
-a great many Flatts, that has little or no rising, than we say, She
-carries her Floor a great Way Fore and Aft. And strictly taken, is so
-much only of her Bottom as she rests upon, when lying a-ground.
-
-
-Flown Sheats
-
-A ship sails with Flown Sheats when they are not hauled Home, or close
-to the Blocks; they say when in a Gust of Wind, Let fly the Sheats, for
-fear the Ship should overset or spring her Top-masts.
-
-
-Flush
-
-When the Deck of a Ship has no Bulk-heads from Stem to Stern, they say,
-Her Decks are Flush Fore and Aft.
-
-
-Foot waaling
-
-Is all the Inboard Planking, from the Keelson upwards to the Orlop
-Clamps.
-
-
-Fore Castle
-
-Is that Part where the Fore-mast stands, and it is divided from the
-Rest of the Floor by the Bulk-head, in which generally the Cook-Room is
-built; as are the Boatswain, Carpenter and Cook's Cabbins.
-
-
-Fore Foot
-
-Is the foremost Part of the Keel, that first takes the Ground.
-
-
-Forelocks
-
-Are little flat Wedges made of Iron, used at the Ends of Bolts to keep
-them from flying out of the Holes.
-
-
-Fore reach
-
-A Ship fore reaches upon another, when both sailing together, one Sails
-better, or out goeth the other.
-
-
-Forks
-
- Breeming
-
- Used by the Caulkers, to hold the Furz Faggots, when on fire, for
- cleaning Ships bottoms, when to be graved.
-
-
- Flesh
-
- For taking Pieces of Beef or Pork, when dressed by the Cook, out of
- the Furnaces.
-
-Foul
-
-When a Ship has been long untrimmed, so that Grass, Weeds, or Barnacles
-stick, or grow to her Sides under Water, she is then said to be Foul;
-also a Rope is Foul when it is either tangled in its self, or hindered
-by another, so that it cannot run or be over hawled.
-
-
-Foul Water
-
-A Ship is said to make Foul-water, when being under Sail, she comes
-into such Shoal Water, that though her Keel do not touch the Ground,
-yet she comes so near it, that the Motion of the Water under her,
-raiseth the Mud from the Bottom.
-
-
-Founder
-
-A Ship is said to Founder, when by any extraordinary Leak, or by a
-great Sea, breaking in upon her, she is filled with Water, that she
-cannot be freed of it, nor able to swim under it, but sinks with the
-Weight thereof.
-
-
-Free
-
-The Pump Frees a Ship when it throws out more Water than Leaks into
-her; but on the contrary, when it cannot throw out the Water so fast as
-it Leaks in, they say, The Pump cannot Free her; also bailing or lading
-Water out of a Boat, is called freeing the Boat.
-
-Freeze
-
-When Ships Quarters and upper Works are painted with Trophies, _&c._
-then it is said they are freezed.
-
-
-Fresh Shot
-
-Signifies the falling down of any great River into the Sea.
-
-
-Funnels
-
- Copper
-
- Are used as a Chimney, where Commanders have a Stove in the Great
- Cabbin.
-
-
- Lead
-
- Are fixt in the Galleries of Ships.
-
-
-Furl
-
-For wrapping up and binding any Sail close to the Yard, which is done
-by hauling upon the Clew-lines, Bunt-lines, _&c._ which wraps the Sail
-close together, and being bound fast to the Yard, with the Gaskets, the
-Sail is furled.
-
-
-Furnaces
-
- Copper
-
- For dressing the Ship's Companies Victuals in, or heating Tar at the
- Rope Yard.
-
-
- Iron
-
- For heating Pitch, Tar or Turpentine for the Caulkers paying Ships
- Bottoms or Sides.
-
-
-Furring
-
-Is the regular fashioning out any Part when the main Piece of the
-Material is scanty, either by Defects, Wains, or want of Thickness,
-then a Piece of the same is put behind it, to make good its Thickness,
-which is called a Furr.
-
-
-Furz Faggots
-
-For Breeming Ships when in the Dock to be cleaned, or under Repair.
-
-
-Futtocks
-
-There are lower, second, third and fourth, and these Timbers being put
-together, make a Frame-bend.
-
-
-Gage
-
-When one Ship is to windward of another, she is said to have the
-Weather Gage of her.
-
-
-Gages
-
-Are used by the Smiths, for gageing Bolts, so as to make them of a true
-and right Size.
-
-
-Gale
-
-When the Wind blows not so hard but that a Ship can carry her Topsails
-a Trip, (that is, hoisted up to the Highest) then they say it is a
-Loom Gale. When it blows very strong, they say, it is a stiff, strong,
-or fresh Gale. When two Ships are near one another at Sea, and there
-being but little Wind blowing, one of them finds more of it than the
-other, they say, that the Ship Gales away from the other.
-
-
-Gallery
-
-Is that beautiful Frame, which is made at the Stern of a Ship
-without-board, into which there is a Passage out of the Admiral's or
-Captain's Cabbin, and are for stately Shew and Ornament to the Ship.
-
-
-Gally
-
-Is a Place in the Cook-Room, where the Grates are set up, and in which
-they make Fires, for boyling or roasting the Victuals.
-
-
-Gammoning
-
-Are several turns of Rope taken round the Bowsprit, and reeved through
-Holes in the Knee of the Head, for the greater Security of the Bowsprit.
-
-
-Gang
-
-To man the Boat, is to put a Gang of Men (which is a Company) into her,
-who are called the Boat's Crew.
-
-
-Gangway
-
-A Deal Plat-form, about three Feet wide in great Ships, ranging in the
-Wast from the Quarter Deck to the Fore Castle, over the upper Deck
-Guns, for a free Passage for the Officers and Men, in working the Ship
-either at Sea or in an Engagement; and so is the Walk made from the
-Ladder to the Quarter Deck, called the Gangway, and lies even with the
-Gunwale.
-
-
-Garboard Strake
-
-Is the Plank next the Keel, one Edge of which is run into the Rabit
-made in the upper Edge of the Keel on each Side.
-
-
-Garnet
-
-Is a Tackle in a Ship having a Pendant coming from the Main-mast, with
-a Block well seized to the Main-stay, just over the Hatchway, to which
-a Guy is fixed to keep it steady; and at the other End is a Long Tackle
-Block, in which the Fall is reeved, that so by it any Goods or Casks
-may be hauled and hoisted into, or out of the Ship; when this Garnet is
-not used, it is fastened along by the Stay.
-
-
-Gaskets
-
-Made out of Junk or Rope Yarns, are for fastening the Sails to the
-Yards when furled up.
-
-
-Gin
-
-Is a Machine made for driving Piles fitted with a Windlass and Winches
-at each End, where eight or nine Men heave, and round which a Rope is
-reeved, (that goes over a Wheel at the Top) whose End is seized to an
-Iron Monkey, that hooks to a Beetle of different Weights, according
-to the Pile they are to drive, being from Eight to Thirteen Hundred
-Weight, and when hove up to a cross Piece near the Wheel, it unhooks
-the Monkey, whereby the Beetle falls on the upper End of the Pile, and
-forces the same into the Ground, and the Monkey's own Weight over-halls
-the Windlass, in order for its being hooked again to the Beetle.
-
-
-Girding-girt
-
-A Ship is Girt, or hath a Girding Girt, when her Cable being so tight
-or strained upon the Turning of the Tide, she cannot go over it, but
-lies a-cross the Tide.
-
-Glasses
-
- Watch
-
- Being four Hours, governs them at Sea, for changing the Watch.
-
-
- Half Watch
-
- Runs two Hours.
-
-
- Half Hour
-
- For keeping the Time of Day and Night.
-
-
- Half Minute
-
- Quarter Minute
-
- By them they count the Knots, when they heave the log, in order for
- finding what Way the ship makes through the Sea.
-
-
-Glew
-
-Used by the Joyners and House Carpenters in their Works.
-
-
-Goreing
-
-A Sail is cut Goreing, when it is cut sloping by Degrees, and is
-broader at the Clew than at the Earing, as all Topsails and Topgallant
-Sails are.
-
-
-Gooseneck
-
-A Piece of Iron fixed on the End of the Tiller to which the Lanyard of
-the Whipstaff, or the Wheel Rope comes, for steering the Ship.
-
-
-Goosewing
-
-When a Ship Sails before, or with a Quarter Wind in a fresh Gale, to
-make the more Haste, they Launch out a Boom and Sail on the Leeside, to
-give the Ship more Way, and a Sail so fitted is called a Goosewing.
-
-
-Grapnells
-
- Boat
-
- Are a Kind of Anchors being made with four Flooks for Boats to ride by.
-
-
- Fire & Chain
- Hand & Chain
-
- Are made with barbed Claws instead of Flooks; are used to be thrown
- into an Enemy's Ship, to catch hold of Rigging or any other Part of the
- Hull, in order for boarding her.
-
-
-Grates
-
-Are put up in the Cook-Room to make Fires in for dressing Victuals.
-
-
-Grateings
-
-Are a Kind of Lettice-work formed of Ledges and Battins, the square
-Holes of which being three or four Inches wide, are for the current
-footing of Men over the Hatchways, to give Air alow, and Vent for the
-Smoke in an Engagement.
-
-
-Grate Irons
-
-Are to loosen the Mud and Sullage of the Docks, which lodge in the
-Grates of the Drains.
-
-
-Graving
-
-Is bringing a Ship a-ground, and then burning off with Furz, Reed, or
-Broom, all the Filth and Foulness that Sticks to her Bottom without
-board, in order to pay her anew.
-
-
-Gripe
-
-Is a Piece of Timber fay'd against the lower Piece of the Stem, from
-the Fore-mast End of the Keel, reconciling with the Knee of the Head;
-its Use is to defend the lower Part of the Stem from any Injury, but is
-often made the larger to make the Ship keep a good Wind.
-
-
-Gromets
-
-Are small Rings formerly fastened with Staples to the Yards, to make
-fast the Gaskets, but now never used.
-
-
-Ground-tackle
-
-Is a Ship's Anchors, Cables, _&c._ and in general whatever is necessary
-to make her ride safe at an Anchor.
-
-
-Grounding
-
-Is bringing a Ship on Ground to be clean'd, trim'd, or have a Leak
-stop'd.
-
-
-Ground toes
-
-Are what come from the Hemp when dressed at the Hatchel for the
-Spinners, and out of which Deepsea, Hamburgh, or Cabbin Lines, Marlin,
-and white Ocham are made.
-
-
-Gudgeons
-
-Are the Eyes drove into the Stern-post, into which the Pintles of the
-Rother go to hang it.
-
-
-Gunner
-
-Has the Charge of all the Ordnance, Ammunition, Small Arms, and other
-Stores allowed the Ship in his Province.
-
-
-Gunwale
-
-Is the Top of the Side in the Wast of all Ships, _&c._ on the
-Fore-castle, where there are no Ports, is a Plansheer, over which the
-Guns are fired, but in Boats all Fore and Aft.
-
-
-Guy
-
-Is any Rope, used for keeping off Things from bearing or falling
-against the Ship's Side, when they are to be hoisted in; that Rope also
-which is made fast to the Fore-mast at one End, and seized to a single
-Block at the Pendant of the Garnet, is also called the Guy of the
-Garnet.
-
-
-Haile
-
-Is either to call to a Ship, to know from whence she is, where bound,
-salute her, or to wish her Health.
-
-
-Hair Loose
-
-Used by the Bricklayers in their Mortar, and by the Caulkers to lay on
-Sheathing Board.
-
-
-Hair Spunn
-
-Used by the Caulkers for Caulking the Seams of Ships.
-
-
-Halberts
-
-For the Use of the Warders, that do Duty at the Yard Gate, and Jetty
-Heads.
-
-
-Hallyards
-
-Are those Ropes by which they hoist up all the Topsail Yards; the Cross
-Jack and Spritsail Yard have none, because they are always slung.
-
-
-Hammacoes
-
-Are made of Canvas for the Seamen to lie in.
-
-
-Hammers
-
- Clench
-
- Are made with hardened Edges, to clench Bolts, _&c._
-
-
- Fidd
-
- Their Handle is made tapering in the Form of a Fidd.
-
-
- Hack
-
- Are for notching the Edges of Hacksaws to saw Bolts.
-
-
- Picking
-
- Are used by the House Carpenters for dressing Grindstones, and
- Bricklayers on slateing and tyleing.
-
-
- Sett
-
- Are used by the Mast-makers for setting up Iron Hoops on Ships Masts,
- Yards, _&c._
-
-
-Hances
-
-Falls or Descents of the Fife Rails which are placed from the Stern
-down to the Gangways.
-
-
-Hand Cuffs
-
-Are for securing Pirates when taken Prisoners.
-
-
-Hand Hooks
-
-Are used by the Smiths to turn or twist square Iron.
-
-
-Hand Screws  Double}
-             Single}
-
-Used for canting Timber, or other weighty Stores.
-
-
-Handsplices
-
-Used by the Smiths to drive in any Work that is hooped up, to cant or
-turn it.
-
-
-Handspikes
-
-Are used, at Sea to traverse the Ordnance, or heave withal at a
-Windlass in small Ships or Vessels to weigh the Anchor; and in the
-Yard, are used by the Labourers, in stowing or canting Timber, _&c._
-
-
-Harbour
-
-Where Ships may ride safe at an Anchor.
-
-
-Harpings
-
-Are the foremost Waal Pieces, rounding from the Stem Aft, either in
-Boat or Ship.
-
-
-Hasps
-
-For making fast Doors.
-
-
-Hatchbarrs
-
-Are for barring down the Hatches in Time of Fight.
-
-
-Hatchells
-
-Are made use of in the Rope Yard, being set with Teeth for dressing and
-preparing the Hemp to make it fit for spinning white Yarn.
-
-
-Hatchets
-
-Are allowed for cutting Rigging, or other Ropes and Services which they
-are proper for.
-
-
-Hatchways
-
-There are three, all on the Gun Deck, the Fore, Main, and After.
-
-
-Hawl
-
-Is the same Thing as what we call pulling a-shore.
-
-
-Hawse
-
- Bags
-
- Are made of Canvas, tapering, stuffed full of Ocham, and are generally
- allowed small Ships, to prevent the Seas washing in at the Hawse Holes.
-
-
- Pieces
-
- Are large Pieces of Timber in the Bow of the Ship, in which are made
- two large Holes on each Side for the Cables to pass through.
-
-
- Plugs
-
- Are to put into the Holes for preventing the Water washing into the
- Manger.
-
-
-Hawser
-
-Is a Rope consisting only of three Strands, and used for Shrouds,
-_&c._ and there is a Kind of small Cablet, which consists of nine
-Strands, which is vulgarly called a Hawser, being generally used for
-transporting or warping Ships, _&c._
-
-
-Head Sails
-
-Are those Sails which belong to the Foremast and Bowsprit, because they
-govern the Head of the Ship, and make her fall off, or keep out of the
-Wind, and are in quarter Winds the chief drawing Sails.
-
-
-Head Sea
-
-Is when a great Wave or Billow of the Sea comes right a-head of a Ship
-when in her Course.
-
-
-Hearth Staves
-
-Are to clear the Smith's Fires, or raise the large Cinders.
-
-
-Heave
-
-Signifies to throw or fling any Thing over-board; also turning about
-the Capston, is called heaving at the Capston; likewise when a ship
-being at Anchor, riseth and falleth by the Force of the Waves, she is
-said to heave and set.
-
-
-Heel
-
-That Part of the Foot of any Mast, which is cut away in order for
-steping, is called the Heel of the Mast; but the Heels of Topmasts are
-square, through which they put the Fidd; also if a Ship lie on one
-Side, whether she be a-ground or a-float, they say she heels.
-
-
-Helm
-
-Is a Piece of Timber, fastened into the Rother Head, and comes as
-forward as the Bulk Head of the Gun Room, and he that steers the Ship,
-holds the Whipstaff in his Hand, which is fastened into the Helm, but
-lately they are left off, and Steering Wheels are made use of.
-
-The Terms of Art belonging to the Helm are,
-
- 1 _Port the Helm_,—
-
- That is, put the Helm over to the left Side of the Ship.
-
- 2 _Starboard the Helm_,—
-
- That is, put it to the Right Side of the Ship.
-
- 3 _Right the Helm, or Helm a Midship_,—
-
- That is, keep it even with the Middle of the Ship.
-
- 4 _Bear up the Helm_,—
-
- That is, let the Ship go more large before the Wind.
-
- 5 _Bear up round_,—
-
- That is, let the Ship go directly before the Wind, in the Middle
- between her two Sheats.
-
-
-Helve
-
-A Handle for Axes, Hammers or Mauls.
-
-
-Hemp
-
-Is brought from Riga, _Queenbro'_, _Russia_, _Petersburgh brock_, or
-_Konninsburgh_, is received into the Rope Yard, and wrought up into
-Cordage, Lines or Twine.
-
-
-Hencoops
-
-Are for keeping Fowls in.
-
-
-Hinges
-
- Butt
-
- Are used by the Joyners for hanging Table Leaves, _&c._
-
-
- Casement
-
- Used for hanging them.
-
-
- Dovetail
-
- Ess
-
-  For light Doors or Lockers.
-
-
- Garnet Cross
-
- For hanging large Doors or heavy Scuttles.
-
-
- Ditto Dozen
-
- For hanging small Scuttles.
-
-
- Locker joynts
-
- Are used for small Lockers.
-
-
- Port
-
- For hanging Ships Ports.
-
-
- Riseing
-
- For Cabbin Doors, _&c._
-
-
- Scuttle
-
- For Scuttles.
-
-
- Side
-
- For Cabbin Doors, _&c._
-
-
-Hitch
-
-Is a Word to catch hold of any Thing with a Hook or Rope, and to hold
-it fast; thus when a Boat is to be hoisted in, Hitch the Tackles into
-the Ring Bolts of the Boat; so Hitch the Fish Hook to the Flook of the
-Anchor when they are about to weigh.
-
-
-Hoist
-
-Is for hawling up any Thing into the Ship, or getting up a Topmast,
-Yard, _&c._
-
-
-Hold
-
-Is all that Part of a Ship which lies between the Keelson and lower
-Deck, wherein are Bulk-heads, and they divided, are the Steward Room,
-Powder Room, Bread Room, and Boatswain and Carpenter's Store Rooms.
-
-
-Hold Fasts
-
-Are made of Iron, used by Joyners, House Carpenters, or Carvers; goes
-through their Benches to hold fast such Work as cannot be finished by
-its being held in the Hand.
-
-
-Hold Off
-
-Is a Term used in weighing the Anchor, when the Voyal is about the
-Capston; for if the Cables are stiff, or have lain long in Oazy Ground,
-unless that Part of the Cable heaving in, be hawled away hard by the
-Capston, the Voyal will surge or slip back, therefore must be hawled
-away as fast as it comes in, so as that it may keep close about the
-Whelps; and this Work is called holding off, and may be done by Hand
-with a small Cable; but in all great Ships, they hold off with Nippers,
-and in small Craft they bring the Cable to the Jeer Capston, or about a
-Windlass.
-
-
-Hood
-
-Is made of Copper, to go on the Top of the Chimney, (which is placed
-on the Fore-castle for carrying the Smoke out of the Cook Room) and to
-shift as the Wind does, that it may always fly out to leeward.
-
-
-Hooks
-
-When the Edges of Planks are fayd into one another thus, ᒥᒪᒥᒪᒥ it is
-said to be Hook and Butt.
-
-
-Hooks
-
- Boat
-
- Are for fending or setting off Boats.
-
-
- Cann
-
- Are for hoisting Casks out or into the Ship.
-
-
- Cant
-
- Are for turning or canting large Masts, having at one End a Ring for
- a Hand-spike to go through, and at the other a Claw, which penetrates
- into the Masts when they are made Use of to turn them for Survey, _&c._
-
-
- Fish
-
- Is to take hold of the Shank of the Anchor when to be hove up to the
- Bow.
-
-
- Flesh
-
- With which the Cook takes the Beef and Pork out of the Furnaces.
-
-
- Gamming
-
- Used when Gammoning the Bowsprit.
-
-
- Kettle
-
- To hang the Kettles or Pots on over the Fire.
-
-
- Laying
-
- Are used by the Rope-makers when laying of Cordage.
-
-
- Port
-
- Are drove into the Ship's Sides, on which the Ports hang.
-
-
- Puttock
-
- For the Plates to hook upon.
-
-
- Rave
-
- Used by the Caulkers for picking the old Ocham out of the Seams of
- Ships, _&c._
-
-
- Sheer
-
- Are great Hooks let into, or put on the Main and Fore Yard Arms of
- Fireships, in order to fasten into an Enemy's Shrouds, Sails or
- Rigging.
-
-
- Spinning
-
- Are drove into the Rails for the Rope-makers to hang their Threads on,
- as they spin them.
-
-
- Tackle
-
- Spliced into the Straps of Blocks or Ends of Rope.
-
-
-Hook Pinns
-
-Are Bolts made with a shoulder at one End, and used by the House
-Carpenters in frameing, which they drive through the Mortice's and
-Tennants of the Work prepared for Building or Wharfing.
-
-
-Hoops Iron
-
- Anchor Stock
- Capston
- Masts
-
-  Are drove round them in order to their greater Strength and Security.
-
-
-Hoops Wood
-
- Mast
-
- Nailed round them on each Side of the Wooldings.
-
-
- Top
-
- Fastened and nailed round the Rims of the Top.
-
-
-Horse
-
-Is a Rope in a Ship made fast at each Yard Arm, and on which the Men
-stand to furl the Sails; and is also a Frame of Wood the Riggers make
-use of to woold Ships Masts, which hath a Rowl fixed in it, whereon
-several Turns are taken for heaving the Rope taught round the Mast
-before the Nails are drove through the Rope.
-
-
-Horse Irons
-
-Used by the Caulkers, when they cannot come at a Seam with their common
-Irons.
-
-
-Hounds
-
-Are that shouldered Part of all Masts over which the Shrouds are put;
-and all above that is called the Mast-head.
-
-
-Housed in
-
-When the Breadth of a Ship's Bearing is brought in too narrow to her
-upper Works, or pinched in too much, she is Housed-in.
-
-
-Hull
-
-Is the main Body of a Ship without either Masts, Yards, Sails, or
-Rigging.
-
-
-Hullock
-
-Is some small Part of a Sail, let loose in a great Storm; it is chiefly
-used in the Mizon to keep the Ship's Head to the Sea when all the rest
-of the Sail is made up, except a little at the Mizon Yard Arm.
-
-
-Hummers
-
-Used by the Scavengers for rakeing up the Filth that comes off from the
-Ships Bottoms upon their being scrub'd, which settles at the Bottom
-of the Dock, or upon the Apron near the Gates; are made of Wood, not
-unlike a Rake.
-
-
-Jeer
-
-Is a large Rope reeved through treble or double Blocks, lashed at the
-Mast-head and on the Yard, which are to hoist or lower the Low-Yards.
-
-
-Jewel
-
-Made not unlike the Ring of an Anchor, and of Substance, that its
-Weight may carry it down, to purchase any Thing that is heavy under
-Water, when two Parts of a Cable or Rope are put through it, and as
-they heave, the Jewel slides down, jams the Bite, so as that it may not
-slip off the Purchase the Rope is about.
-
-
-Jews Harp
-
-Are made of Iron, and of such Substance and suitable Strength, as to
-be sufficient to hold the Pendant Chain where the Moaring Cable is
-bent to the Ring, and secured by a Forelock; the other End, which is
-round, takes the two short Pendant Chains the Rings of the Anchors are
-fastened to; as is the Wood Buoy and Chain.
-
-
-Iron
-
-Orground, _Stockholm_ and _Spanish_, used by the Smiths for making
-Anchors, Bolts, Hoops, and for all other Services where it is proper to
-be used in building Ships, or about the Docks, Wharfs, and Yard, _&c._
-
-
-Iron Sick
-
-A Ship or Boat is said to be Iron-sick, when her Bolts or Nails are
-so eaten with Rust, and so worn away, that they make hollows in the
-Planks, so as to make the Ship Leaky.
-
-
-Junk
-
-Is old Cables cut into short Lengths, and issued to Boatswains for
-making Swabs, Platts and Nippers; to Carpenters of Ships, and to poor
-People to be picked into Ocham, for Caulking Ships Sides, Decks, _&c._
-
-
-Jury Mast
-
-Whatever is set up in the Room of a Mast lost in a Fight, or by a
-Storm, and fastened into the Partners, and fitted with a lesser Yard,
-Sails and Ropes, is called a Jury Mast, _&c._
-
-
-Jutty heads
-
-Platforms standing on Piles which are made near the Docks, and project
-without the Wharfs for the more convenient docking and undocking Ships.
-
-
-Keckle
-
-When the Cables of a Ship gaul in the Hawse, they wind old Rope about
-them, which is called Keckling.
-
-
-Kedging
-
-When a Ship is brought up or down in a narrow River, and the Wind
-contrary to the Tide, and yet is to go with the Tide, they use to set
-their Fore Course, or Fore-top-sail and Mizon, that so they may flat
-her about; and if she happens to come over too near the Shore, they
-have a small Anchor in a Boat with a Warp fastened to it from the Ship,
-which Anchor they let fall, in order to wind and turn her Head about;
-and this Work is called Kedging.
-
-
-Keel
-
-The principal Piece of Timber first laid when a Ship is to be built,
-her whole Length from the lower Part of her Stem to the lower Part
-of the Stern Post; into this are all the lower Futtocks fastened and
-bolted Fore and Aft; to the under Part of which, a false Keel is
-brought on.
-
-
-Keelers
-
-Are small Tubs, which hold Stuff for the Caulkers to grave Ships
-Bottoms, on their being hawled on the Ways, or into the Dock.
-
-
-Keelson
-
-A principal Piece of Timber fayd within Side of the Ship, cross all
-the Floor Timbers, and it being adjusted exactly over the Keel with
-suitable Scarphs, it thereby strengthens the Bottom of the Ship.
-
-
-Kerfe
-
-The Furrows made by a Saw in Timber, Plank, Deals, _&c._
-
-
-Kersey
-
-Is allowed to make Waste Cloths, Top Armours, or other Accommodations
-on board a Ship, Lining entering Ropes, _&c._
-
-
-Kettles
-
- Double
-
- With two Covers, for dressing Provisions in, when a Ship's Company is
- small.
-
-
- Fish
- Small
-
-  Are single, and used for several Services on board, and for the Mens
-  Provisions.
-
-
-Kevels
-
-Are Pieces of Plank fayd against the Quickwork on the Quarter Deck, in
-the Shape of a Semi-circle, for belaying the running Rigging to.
-
-
-Kinks
-
-When Cables or Cordage is new, or too hard laid, it is stubborn, and
-very apt when handed to be coyled to take in Turns, which is called
-Kinking.
-
-
-Knee of the Head
-
-Is commonly called the Cut-water, it supports the Lyon, and all the
-Rail-work, _&c._ of the Head.
-
-
-Knees
-
- Iron
-
- Serve as Standards in some Parts of the Ship; and are also used in
- Boats, to keep the Thauts fast to the Side of the Boats.
-
-
- Wood
-
- Crooked Timbers which brace and bear the End of the Beams, _&c._ to
- the Ship's Side, and are called either Hanging, Lodging, Raking, or
- Square, and fixed to every Beam where they carry Guns.
-
-
-Knettles
-
-Two Pieces of spun Yarn put together untwisted.
-
-
-Knight Heads
-
-Are two Pieces of Timber to which the Halyards and the Top Ropes are
-belayed.
-
-
-Knots
-
-There are two Sorts of Knots used at Sea; one they call a Bowline Knot;
-by this the Bowline Bridles are fastened to the Cringles, and will not
-slip. The other is a Whale Knot, which is a round Knob or Knot made
-with three Strands of a Rope, and serves for the Topsail Sheats and
-Stoppers. The Divisions also of the Logline are called Knots, and are
-usually seven Fathom asunder; and then as many Knots as the Logline
-runs out in Half a Minute, so many Miles the Ship sails in an Hour.
-
-
-Labour
-
-When a Ship tumbles or rowls at Anchor, or under Sail at Sea, she is
-said to Labour.
-
-
-Ladders
-
-Those made of Wood are for going from one Deck to another; and those of
-Ropes, hung over the Stern of the Ships, are to enter out of the Boat,
-when the Weather is foul and the Sea high; as are those at the Side
-called Accommodation.
-
-
-Ladles Pitch
-
-Are used at Sea by the Carpenters of the Ships, to hold Stuff, to pay
-the Seams when caulked.
-
-
-Land Fall
-
-Signifies to fall in with the Land; thus, when a Ship out at Sea,
-expects to see Land in a little Time, and it so happens that she doth,
-they say, they have made a good Landfall.
-
-
-Land Laid
-
-When a Ship is just got out of Sight of the Land.
-
-
-Land Lock'd
-
-A Ship rides Land Lock'd when at an Anchor in such a Place, where there
-is no Point open to the Sea, so that she is safe from the Violence of
-Wind or Tide.
-
-
-Land shut in
-
-Is when another Point of Land hinders the Sight of that which a Ship
-came from.
-
-
-Land to
-
-Is when a Ship lies so far off from Shore that they can but just see
-Land.
-
-
-Lanterns
-
- Poop
-
- Are glazed with Stone-ground Glass, and placed at the Ship's Stern.
-
-
- Top
-
- Are glazed with Stone-ground Glass; stands on a Crank at the Main-top
- when an Admiral or Commodore is on board.
-
-
- Braces
-
- Are to steady the Lanterns.
-
-
- Girdles
-
- Go round them.
-
-
- Hand
-
- Are allowed the Boatswain and Carpenter.
-
-
- Powderroom
-
- Are glazed with Stone-ground Glass, placed at the Bulk-head of the
- Magazine, and stands over a Wood Cistern lined with Lead, which is
- kept full of Water.
-
-
- Storeroom
-
- A triangular Light placed at the Bulk-head of the Boatswain and
- Carpenter's Store-Rooms.
-
-
-Lanyards
-
-Are Ropes reeved through dead Eyes of all Shrouds and Chains which are
-to slacken or set up the Shrouds. The Stays are also set taught by
-Lanyards; and those which fasten the Stoppers to the Cables, are called
-Lanyards.
-
-
-Larboard
-
-The Left Hand Side of the Ship when you stand with your Face to the
-Head.
-
-
-Large
-
-A Ship goes or sails Large, when she goes neither before the Wind or
-upon a Wind, but as it were, quartering between both; wherefore Large,
-Quartering, Veering or Lasking, are all of the same Signification.
-
-
-Lashed
-
-Signifies made fast.
-
-
-Lashing
-
-Is twice laid Cordage made out of old Rigging, and used for Lashing
-Booms, and other uses on board; and by the Boatswain of the Yard for
-rafting Timber, Masts, _&c._
-
-
-Lasking
-
-When a Ship sails neither by, nor directly before the Wind, she is
-said to go Lasking, which is much the same as Veering, or going with a
-quarterly Wind.
-
-
-Latchetts
-
-Small Line (made like Loops) is sewn to a Bonnet or Drabler for lacing
-them together.
-
-
-Laths
-
-Are used by the Bricklayers on the Roofs and Ceiling of Houses.
-
-
-Launch
-
-Is to put out; thus they say, Launch the Ship off the Stocks, or out
-of a Dock, Launch the Boat, Launch the Davit in or out, Launch out
-the Capston Bars; also when they have hoisted up a Yard high enough,
-they say in another Sense, Launch ho; that is, hoist no more; also
-in stowing any Thing in the Hold of a Ship, they cry, Launch Aft, or
-Launch forward on.
-
-
-Leads
-
- Deepsea
- Hand
-
-  Are bent to Lines for finding the Depth of Water.
-
-
-Lead
-
- Pipes
-
-  Large
-
-  Are used for the Pisdales on board a Ship, and for conveying the
-  Water from the Cistern to the Officers Houses, and Jutty Heads.
-
-
-  Small
-
-  Are joined to the large Pipes as Branches to the Officers Houses, and
-  Jutty Heads.
-
-
- Mill'd
-
- Is used for covering Houses, Gutters, lining the Ship's Furnaces, and
- several other Uses both a-float and a-shore.
-
-
- Scuppers
-
- Are let through the Ship's Sides for carrying the Water from off the
- Decks.
-
-
-Leather
-
- Buckets
-
- Are fixed with Lanyards on board a Ship, to be ready in Case of Fire;
- and also are placed in the Officers Houses for that Purpose.
-
-
- Hoses
-
- Are for starting Water at the watering Places into Casks; and for the
- like Use on board Ships.
-
-
- Licquor'd
-
- Is for leathering Pump Chains.
-
-
- Scuppers
-
- Are nailed over the Holes of the Lead Scuppers, not only for carrying
- the Water down the Ship's Sides, but also prevents its washing in on
- the Gun-deck.
-
-
-Ledges
-
-Are square Pieces of Timber, reaching from Carling to Carling thwart
-Ships, and the Decks are fastened to these, as well as to the Carlings
-and Beams.
-
-
-Lee
-
-A Word diversly used at Sea; they mean generally by it, the Part
-opposite to the Wind.
-
-
-Lee Fangs
-
-Are Ropes reeved into the Cringles of Yachts and Hoys Sails.
-
-
-Lee Latch
-
-A Word of Command to the Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel, spoken by
-him that Conds, to take Care that the Ship don't go to leeward of her
-Course.
-
-
-Lee Shore
-
-Is that on which the Wind blows; and therefore to be under the Lee of
-the Shore, is to be close under the Weather Shore, or under the Wind.
-
-
-Leeward Ship
-
-One that doth not keep her Wind, or doth not sail so near the Wind, nor
-make her Way so good as she should.
-
-
-ALee the Helm
-
-They mean put the Helm to the Leeward Side of the Ship.
-
-To lay a Ship by the Lee, or to come by the Lee, is to bring her so
-that all her Sails may lie flat against her Masts and Shrouds, so that
-the Wind may come right upon her Broadside.
-
-
-Leech of a Sail
-
-Signifies the outward Skirt of the Sail from the Earing to the Clew, or
-Middle of the Sail between the two.
-
-
-Leech Lines
-
-Are Ropes fastened to the Leech of the Topsails (only) and then reeved
-into a Block at the Yard, just by the Topsail Runners; their Use is to
-hawl in the Leech of the Sail, when the Topsails are to be taken in,
-which is always first done, and then the Sail can be taken in with the
-greater Ease.
-
-
-Lett Fall
-
-The Word at Sea for putting out a Sail when the Yard is Aloft, and the
-Sail is to come down from the Yard; but when the Yards are lowered,
-then the Sail is loosed below, before they hoist the Yard: Neither is
-it said properly of Topsails, because the Yards lie on the Cap, and
-therefore the Word for them is, Heave out your Topsails; nor can it be
-applied to the Mizon; for to it, the Word is, Strike the Mizon and set
-it, so that in Strictness it belongs only to the Main and Fore Courses,
-when their Yards are hoisted up.
-
-
-Level
-
-An Instrument used by Carpenters, Bricklayers and Masons, and made of a
-long Piece of Wood at Bottom, and with an upwright Piece in the Middle,
-to hold a Thread and Plummet, which plays about a perpendicular line
-there drawn, and when it falls exactly on it, then is the Bottom Piece
-in a true Level or horizontal Position.
-
-
-Lewis's
-
-Are made of Iron, and put into the Holes the Masons cut beveling in
-large Stones for purchasing them, which spread themselves (by having a
-Wedge put into the Middle) like a Dovetail, so that there is no Danger
-of the Stones falling when hoisted up, in order to be laid in its bed
-of Mortar.
-
-
-Lie
-
-A Ship lies under the Sea, when her Helm being made fast a Lee, she
-lies so a-hull that the Sea breaks upon her Bow, or her Broadside.
-
-
-Lieutenant
-
-Is a Commission Officer next to the Captain, who, upon the Death or
-Absence of the Commander, has the entire Charge and Conduct of the
-Ship, and stands accountable for the whole Duty as Commander of her;
-and the youngest is to exercise the Seamen, and to see that the Small
-Arms are kept in good order.
-
-
-Lifts
-
-Are Ropes made fast to the Yard Arms, and their Use is either to hoist
-or top the Yard, that is, to make the Ends of the Yards hang higher or
-lower, as occasion serves. The Topsail Lifts serve as Sheats to the
-Top-gallant Yards, as well as Lifts for the Topsail Yards. And they at
-the Spritsail Yard are standing and running Lifts.
-
-
-Limber Boards
-
-Are Pieces of Plank fayd from the Foot Waaling to the upper Edge of
-the Keelson, to prevent the Ballast stopping the free Course of the
-Buildge-water to the Pumps, which runs through Holes made in the
-Timbers for that Purpose, and are called Limber Holes.
-
-
-Limber Irons
-
-Are to clear the Holes so as that the Water may pass without
-Interruption to the Well.
-
-
-Linch Pins
-
-Are made of Iron, and go through the Axle-trees of Carts, Timber
-Carriages, _&c._ to keep on their Wheels or Trucks.
-
-
-Lines
-
- Cabbin
-
- Are for lacing the Officers Bed Places.
-
-
- Deepsea
-
- Bent to a Lead, in order to sound the Depth of Water.
-
-
- Logg
-
- Are wound about a Reel, to keep an Account of the Ship's Way through
- the Sea; this Line for about ten Fathom from the Logg, hath, or ought
- to have, no Knots or Divisions, because so much should be allowed for
- the Logg's being clear out of the Eddy of the Ship's Wake, before they
- turn up the Glass; but then the Knots or Divisions begin, and ought to
- be at least fifty Feet from one another, though the common Practice at
- Sea is to have them but seven Fathom.
-
-
- Sail
-
- Are used by the Sail-makers in their Work.
-
-
- Sash
-
- Are used for hoisting or lowering Sashes.
-
-
- Tarr'd
-
- Are used for seizing Ropes and Blocks.
-
-
- White
-
- Are bent to Hand Leads for sounding the Depth of Water.
-
-
-Links
-
-Are made use of by the Men when they work at Night, either on docking
-the Ships, or repairing Wharfs, Jutty Heads, _&c._
-
-
-List
-
-If a Ship heels either to Starboard or Port, they say, she hath a List
-that Way; and they say so, if it be occasioned only by the shooting of
-her Ballast, or by the unequal stowing of Things in her Hold; though it
-is more properly said of a Ship, when she is inclined to heel any way
-upon the Account of her Mold or Make.
-
-
-Lockers
-
-Are a Kind of Box or Chest made in the Officers Cabbins to put or stow
-any Thing in.
-
-
-Locks
-
- Brass
-
- Are allowed Flag Ships.
-
-
- Casement
- Chest
- Cupboard
- Hanging
- Plate
- Spring Double
- Spring Single
- Stock
-
- Are used by the Master, House Carpenter, Master Joiner, and Carpenters
- of Ships, for such uses as they are proper for.
-
-
-Logg
-
-Is a Piece of Wood or Board about seven or eight Inches long, of a
-triangular Figure, and with as much Lead cast into it at one End, as
-will serve to make it swim upright in the Water; at the other End of
-which the Logline is fastened.
-
-
-Loggerheat
-
-Is made with a large round Ball of Iron at one End of a Handle, and is
-to heat Pitch on board a Ship.
-
-
-Loof of a Ship
-
-Is that Part of her Aloft which lies just before the Chess-tree.
-
-
-Loom
-
-If a Ship appears big at Sea when seen at a Distance, they say she
-Looms, or appears a great Ship.
-
-
-Loom Gale
-
-Is a gentle easy Gale of Wind, in which a Ship can carry her Topsails a
-Trip.
-
-
-Loop hole
-
-Are Holes made in the Comings of the Hatches of Ships, and in their
-Bulk-heads to fire Muskets through, in a close Fight.
-
-
-Luff
-
-Is a Term used in conding a Ship; thus Luff up, is to bid the Man at
-the steering Wheel, keep nearer the Wind. To Luff into an Harbour, is
-to sail into it, close by the Wind. To spring the Luff, is when a Ship,
-that before was going large before the Wind, is brought close, or claps
-close by the Wind. When a Ship sails upon a Wind as they say, that is,
-on a Quarter Wind, the Word of him that Conds is, Luff; keep your Luff;
-Veer no more; keep her too; touch the Wind; have a Care of a Lee Latch.
-All which Words signify much the same Thing, and bids the Man at the
-Wheel to keep the Ship near the Wind. But on the contrary, if the Ship
-is to go more large or right before the Wind, the Word is, Ease the
-Helm; no near! bear up.
-
-
-Luff Hook
-
-Is to succour the Tackles in a large Sail, that all the Stress may not
-bear upon the Tack; sometimes also it is used when the Tack is to be
-seized the surer.
-
-
-Luff Tackle
-
-Is a Tackle in a Ship, which serves to lift or hoist all small Weights
-in or out of her.
-
-
-Lying under the Sea
-
-When in a Storm the Ship is a-hull, and the Helm so fastened a-lee,
-that the Sea breaks upon her Bow or Broadside, _&c._
-
-
-Lyme
-
-Is to make Mortar for the Use of the Bricklayers and Stone Masons.
-
-
-Lyon
-
-Is a carved Figure fixed on the Knee of the Head.
-
-
-Mails
-
-
-Are made of Iron, and interwoven, not unlike a Chain; they are for
-rubbing off the loose Hemp which remain on Lines or white Cordage after
-it is made.
-
-
-Mallets
-
- Buildge
-
- Are used by the Caulkers for driving in the reeming irons, to open the
- Seams before caulked.
-
-
- Driving
-
- Are used by the Riggers to splice Cordage.
-
-
- Serving
-
- Are used by the Riggers and Sail-makers after they have put on
- Parsling of old Canvas, for serving the Ship's Shrouds, or Clews of
- Sails.
-
-
-Mandrels
-
-The Smiths set Hoops round, on them.
-
-
-Manger
-
-Is a Place partitioned off in the Bow of the Ship, to keep the Water
-that may come in at the Hawse Holes from running Fore and Aft on the
-Deck, and has two large Scuppers fixed on each Side to vent the Water
-that comes in.
-
-
-Marline
-
-Is small Line made with two Strands laid slack, that it may be the more
-pliable, out of Hemp flyings; its use is to seize the End of Ropes,
-Straps of Blocks, _&c._ And marling a Sail is fastening it to the
-Boltrope by a Logline put through the Eye-let Holes at the two lower
-Clews, when served and marled before finished for Service.
-
-
-Marline Spikes
-
-Are made tapering of Iron, for spliceing together small Ropes, _&c._
-
-
-Marking Yarn
-
-Is white Yarn spun the wrong Way, and put into all Cordage of three
-Inches and upwards, as the King's Mark.
-
-
-Master
-
-Appointed by Warrant from the Navy Board, and is to obey his
-Commander's Orders for the dispatching the Ship in fitting her out; to
-inspect the Provisions and Stores sent on board; to take Care of the
-Ballast that the Hold be carefully stowed, the Rigging and Stores duely
-preserved, and to navigate the Ship, _&c._
-
-
-Master at Arms
-
-Appointed by Warrant from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty,
-and are to be Men well skilled in Martial Discipline, who are daily to
-exercise at Small Arms the Petty Officers and Ship's Company; to place
-and relieve Centinels; to mount the Guard; to see the Firelocks and
-other Arms be clean; observing the Orders of the Lieutenant at Arms;
-to see that the Fire and Candles be put out in proper Season; to visit
-all Vessels and Boats for preventing the Seamen going from the Ship;
-to acquaint the Officer of the Watch with all Misdemeanors: And the
-Corporals are to act and perform the same Duty under him.
-
-
-Master Sailmaker
-
-Is appointed by Warrant from the Navy Board, who, with his Mate and
-Crew, are to examine all Sails brought on board; attend all Surveys and
-Conversions; inspect into their Condition, and timely to repair and
-keep them fit for Service; to see they are perfectly dry when put into
-the Store-room, and there secured from Drips, Damps and Vermin; and to
-attend the Delivery of them into Store.
-
-
-Masts
-
-Of the Growth of _New England_ and _Riga_, are generally wrought into
-sixteen Squares, and are received into Store by their Diameter in
-Inches; the former are worked up for Fore or Main-masts, and the latter
-generally for Mizon-masts. _Norway_ and _Gottenbro'_ are brought from
-thence rough as they grow; are measured by girting them, and received
-by Hands, that is, four Inches make a Hand; are used for Top-masts or
-Yards.
-
-
-Masts made
-
- [Illustration: 1st Rates Main
-                Main Top
-                Main top gallant
-                Bowsprit
- _Proportionably drawn by a Scale of 15^{inch} to 100 Feet statute
- measure._]
-
- For a Ship are the Sprit-top-mast, Fore, Fore-top, Fore-top-gallant,
- Main, Main-top, Main-top-gallant, Mizon and Mizon-top; and amongst
- which may be reckoned her Bowsprit; and the low ones are generally
- made out of _New England_ Growth, and the Topmasts and Top-gallant
- Masts, out of those brought from _Riga_, _Gottenbro'_ or _Norway_.
-
-
-Matts
-
-Are made out of Junk, old Rope Yarns, _&c._ for preserving the Yards
-from galling or rubbing in hoisting or lowering them.
-
-
-Mauls
-
- Doubleheaded
-
- Are allowed the Carpenters for such Uses as are requisite.
-
-
- Top
-
- Are for driving the Iron Fids in or out of the Heel of the Top-masts.
-
-
-Messengers
-
-Are allowed to great Ships, and a Cable-laid Rope which are made use of
-in the same Manner as the Voyals are, though not so big, brought round
-the main Capston, and are a Sort of Succour to the Voyal, but are never
-made use of, after the Anchor is a Peek.
-
-
-Midshipman
-
-His Station on Duty is on the Quarter Deck, Poop, _&c._ to mind the
-Braces, look out and give the Word of Command from the Captain and
-other superior Officers, and to assist on all occasions both in sailing
-the Ship, and in stowing her Hold, _&c._
-
-
-Mizon Course
-
-When the Tack is taken off from the Mast forward, it is called a
-Bon-adventure Mizon.
-
-
-Moar
-
-Signifies the laying out the Anchors of a Ship so, as is best and
-safest for her riding.
-
-
-Moarings
-
-Are laid out in Harbour, and consists of Claws, Pendant Chains, Cables,
-Bridles, Anchors, Swivel, Jews-harp, Buoys, and Chains for Ships to
-ride at, either when under Orders of fitting for the Sea, or are laid
-up in Ordinary.
-
-
-Monkey
-
-A Block made of Iron with a Catch, made use of in Ginns for driving
-Piles.
-
-
-Monk Seam
-
-Sewing the Edges or Selvedges of Sails together, over one another on
-both Sides, to make it the Stronger.
-
-
-Mooter
-
-Is the Person who (after the Tree-nails which are received into Store,
-rough from the Merchant) makes them smooth, and of proper Sizes, before
-they are drove through the Plank used on Ships Sides, Decks, Wharfs,
-_&c._
-
-
-Mortar
-
-A Preparation of Lyme, Sand, _&c._ mixed up with Water, and used in
-Buildings.
-
-
-Mouse
-
-Is a large Knot artificially made by the Riggers on the Ship's Stays.
-
-
-Nails
-
- Brads
-
-  Battin
-
-  Used by the House Carpenters and Joyners.
-
-
-  Filling
-
-  Used on Ships Bottoms when ordered to the _West Indies_, between the
-  Spaces of the Sheathing Nails.
-
-
-  Flooring
-
-  Used by the House Carpenters
-
-
-  Keelband
-
-  Used by the Boat Builders.
-
-
- Clamp
-
- Used by the Shipwrights.
-
-
- Filling
-
- Used on Ships Bottoms ordered to the _West Indies_.
-
-
- Lead
-
- For nailing Lead.
-
-
- Port
-
-  Double
-  Single
-
-  Used by the Shipwrights, and are drove into the Beams for the Mens
-  Hammacoes to hang on.
-
-
- Rother
-
- Used by the Shipwrights to nail on the Rother Irons.
-
-
- Rove & Clench.
-
- Used by the Boat Builder on Boats.
-
-
- Scupper
-
- Has a broad and flat Head, and used for nailing the Leather Scuppers
- to the Ship's Sides.
-
-
- Sharp of Sorts
-
- Used by Shipwrights, House Carpenters and Joyners.
-
-
- Sheathing
-
- Used For nailing on the Sheathing Board.
-
-
- Spikes
-
- Used By the Shipwrights and House Carpenters.
-
-
- Tacks
-
- Used By the Joyners and Oar-makers for fining Oars.
-
-
- Timber
-
- Used by the Shipwrights and House Carpenters.
-
-
- Weight
-
- Used by the Shipwrights and House Carpenters.
-
-
- Wherry
-
- Used by the Boat Builders.
-
-
- Woolding
-
- Drove through the Ropes that Woold the Ship's Masts.
-
-
-Needles
-
- Boltrope
- Sail
-
- Are allowed the Boatswains for repairing the Ship's Sails when at Sea.
-
-
-Navel Hoods
-
-Are large Pieces of Stuff fayd against the Hawse Holes, and fills out
-to the outer Edge of the Cheeks, to keep the Cable from rubbing them.
-
-
-Naveline
-
-Is a Rope reeved through a Block made fast to the middle Rib, and
-another Block being made fast at the Mast-head, the Line goes through
-them, which makes a Tackle to hoist the Parrel.
-
-
-Navigation
-
-The Art of sailing or conducting a Ship or Vessel the safest and most
-commodious Way from one Place to another.
-
-
-Neap
-
-When a Ship wants Water to float her, so that she cannot get out of a
-Harbour, off the Ground, or out of the Dock, she is neaped, and are
-those Tides which happen seven Days after the Moon's Change or Full.
-
-
-Netting
-
-Is twice laid Cordage bigger than Lashing, and is used for Stantion
-Ropes, _&c._
-
-
-Nettings
-
-Are a Sort of Grate made with small twice laid Rope, and seized
-together with Rope Yarn or Twine, and are fixed on the Quarters and in
-the Tops.
-
-
-Nippers
-
-Are made of Rope Yarns, and several Turns are taken round the Cable and
-Voyal when heaving at the Main or Jeer Capston, in order to weigh the
-Anchor.
-
-
-Oars
-
- Barge
-
- Are made out of _New England_ or _Dantzick_ Rafters.
-
-
- Boat
-
- Are made out either of _English_ Ash, or Firr Rafters from _Norway_.
-
-
- Ship
-
- Are generally cut out of Firr Timber.
-
-
-Oazy Ground
-
-Such as is soft, slimy or muddy.
-
-
-Ocham
-
- Black
-
- Is picked out of old Cables or Junk, in order to caulk the Seams,
- Tree-nails and Bends of a Ship, for preventing Leaks.
-
-
- White
-
- Comes from the flyings of dress'd Hemp, and used for caulking the
- Seams of Ships.
-
-
-Offin
-
-Is a good Distance from the Shore where there is deep Water, and no
-Need of a Pilot to Conduct the Ship. Thus if a Ship from Shore be seen
-sailing out to Seaward, they say, She stands for the Offin; and if a
-Ship having the Shore near her, have another a good Way without her, or
-towards the Sea, they say, That Ship is in the Offin.
-
-
-Offward
-
-If a Ship, being a-ground by the Shore, doth Heel towards the Water
-Side, they say, She Heels Offward.
-
-
-Orlop
-
-A Platform under the Gun-deck for stowing the Cables, and where the
-Officers Store-rooms, _&c._ are built.
-
-
-Over Rake
-
-When the Waves break in upon a Ship riding at Anchor, and the Head Sea
-washes over her, then the Waves Over-Rake her.
-
-
-Oven Lids
-
-Are made of Iron to stop the Mouth of the Oven on board a Ship.
-
-
-Out licker
-
-Is a Piece fayd down to the upper Rail, and to the cross Piece in the
-Head, to carry the Foretack farther from the Middle of the Ship.
-
-
-Owler
-
-A Master of a Ship, or other Person that conveys Wool, or other
-prohibited Goods in the Night to the Sea Side, in order to Ship off,
-contrary to Law.
-
-
-Oyl
-
-Is used for sundry Services on board a Ship, by the Boatswains in
-mixing it with Blacking or Tar.
-
-
-Palleting
-
-The Floor of the Bread-room and Magazine of Powder, generally wrought
-of ordinary Deal, and is laid above the Keelson, for keeping the Bread
-and Powder dry, in Case there should be more Water in Hold than usual.
-
-
-Palms
-
-Are round Pieces of Iron, stamp'd full with round Impressions; are
-sewed to Leather, which comes into the Palm of the Sail-makers Hand,
-and are made use of by them to prevent the Needles running into them,
-when sewing the Seams or Boltropes on the Sails.
-
-
-Pannel
-
-In Joynery, _&c._ a square Piece of thin Wood, sometimes carved,
-framed, or groved in a larger Piece between Stiles.
-
-
-Parbuncle
-
-Is the Name given a Rope Contrived almost like a Pair of Slings; it is
-seized both Ends together, and then put double about any heavy Thing
-that is to be hoisted in or out of a Ship, and by having a Hook of a
-Runner or Tackle hitched into it, they hoist up any Cask or Box.
-
-
-Parsling
-
-Are Pieces of old Canvas cut about four Inches broad, and wrapped round
-Shrouds, Stays, Straps for Blocks, _&c._ before served with spun Yarn.
-
-
-Parrells
-
-Are made of Ribs and Trucks, and Ropes reeved through them, which
-having both their Ends fastened round about the Masts, the Yards by
-their Means go up and down the Masts with greater Ease; these also with
-the Breast Ropes fasten the Yards to the Masts.
-
-
-Partners
-
-Are Pieces of thick Stuff, through which Holes for the Masts and
-Capstons are cut on each Deck; they are wrought considerably thicker
-than the Plank of the Deck, so far as between the respective Beams
-where they are placed.
-
-
-Paunch
-
-Are those Mats made of Sinnet, which in a Ship are made fast to the
-Main and Fore Yards, to keep them from galling against the Masts.
-
-
-Pawle
-
-Is made of Iron, bolted at one End to the Beams through the Deck close
-to the Capston, but yet so easily as that it can turn about. Its Use is
-to stop the Capston from turning back, by being made to catch hold of
-the Whelps, therefore they say, Heave a Pawl; that is, heave a little
-more for the Pawl to get hold of the Whelps, and this they call Pawling
-the Capston; and droping Pawls are bolted to the Beams, and fall on
-the Drum-head, where, on the Top, are Holes cut for receiving the Iron
-Pawl.
-
-
-Paying
-
-Laying over the Seams of a Ship a Coat of hot Pitch, is called Paying
-her; or when she is a graving, and her Soil burned off, and a new Coat
-of Tallow, Pitch, Rozin and Brimstone boiled together, is put upon her,
-that is also called Paying of a Ship.
-
-
-Peek
-
-Used in these Senses: An Anchor is said to be a Peek, when the Ship
-being about to weigh, comes so over her Anchor, that the Cable is
-perpendicular between the Hawse and the Anchor, and to bring the Ship
-thus, is called heaving a Peek.
-
-Also Peek the Mizon, that is, put the Mizon Yard right up and down by
-the Mast.
-
-A Ship is said to ride a Peek when she lies with her Main and Fore
-Yards hoisted up, and then having one End of the Yards brought down to
-the Gunwale, the other is raised up an End.
-
-The Reason why they thus Peek up their Yards is, least lying in a
-River (and they hardly ever use it but then) with their Yards a-cross,
-another Ship should come foul of them and break their Yards.
-
-
-Pendants
-
-Short Ropes, one End of which is fastened either to the Head of the
-Mast, End of the Yards, on the Main Stay, or Back of the Rother; and
-at the other End hath a Thimble spliced in, or a Block to reeve a Fall
-through.
-
-
-Pendants of Tackles
-
-Are of the same Size as the Main and Fore Shrouds, made with an Eye at
-the upper End, to go over the Head of the Mast when single, but when
-double, are put over Head by a Hitch, with a single Block at their
-lower End for the Runners to be reeved through.
-
-
-Pentecontore
-
-A Vessel with Fifty Oars.
-
-
-Pillars
-
-Some are turned in the Form of a Column, and others are square, and
-placed generally under the Beams to support them, and the Decks.
-
-
-Piles
-
-Are large Stakes drove into the Earth for a Foundation to build on, or
-to make Dams, _&c._
-
-
-Pilot
-
-Is he which directs the Men at the Wheel how to steer.
-
-
-Pillow
-
-The Piece of Timber whereon the Bowsprit resteth close by the Stem.
-
-
-Pins
-
- Block
-
- For the Shives to run on.
-
-
- Turn'd
-
- To belay Ropes to.
-
-
- Tyle
-
- Used by the Bricklayers in Slates and Tyles.
-
-
-Pintles
-
-Are those Hooks by which the Rother hangs to the Stern Post.
-
-
-Pirate
-
-A Person or Vessel that robs on the High Seas, or makes Descents on the
-Coasts, _&c._ without Permission or Authority of any Prince or State.
-
-
-Pitch
-
-For paying Seams, and all out-board work after caulked.
-
-
-Pitches
-
-When a Ship falls with her Head too much into the Sea, or beats against
-it so as to endanger her Top Masts, they say, She will Pitch her Masts
-by the Board.
-
-
-Plain Sailing
-
-Is the Art of finding all the Varieties of the Ship's Motion.
-
-
-Plank
-
-Is sawed out of the strongest Beech, Elm, and Oak Timber, brought on
-to the Ship's Sides, and the latter used for laying their Decks, is
-cut from four Inches to one Inch and an Half thick; all above four
-Inches is called thick Stuff; and that cut out of Timber which grows
-compassing two Ways, is called Croaky; and such whose Edges happen to
-be circular, is called Snying.
-
-
-Plates
-
- Backstay
- Chain
-
- Has a dead Eye, Iron bound at one End, through which the Lanyards of
- the Shrouds and Back Stays are reeved; and the other End has an Eye
- through which the Chain Bolt is drove into the Ship's Sides.
-
-
- Puttock
-
- Are for Fore-top-mast Shrouds, as the Chain are for the low Shrouds,
- but with this difference, the dead Eyes are bound into the Plates, and
- they have Hooks at the End of them.
-
-
- Top
-
- Are square and small, nailed on the Rim, through which the Puttock
- Plates go, and prevent their wearing the Top away.
-
-
-Platts
-
-Are made flat, out of Rope Yarn, and waved one over another, their Use
-is to save the Cable from galling in the Hawse.
-
-
-Pointing
-
-Is when the Strands of a Cable, or Rope about two Feet, are untwisted,
-and afterwards made less towards the End, in a tapering Manner, where
-it is made fast, with Marline wove into the Yarns; the Design of which
-is, to keep the Rope from raffling out, or that none may be cut off and
-stole away.
-
-
-Pointers
-
-Are Pillars in an oblique Position from the Floor Rider-heads on each
-Side, (pointing) or meeting each other at the Middle of the Gundeck
-Beams.
-
-
-Poop
-
-Is the Floor or Deck over the Round-house, being the highest or
-uppermost Part of the Hull of a Ship.
-
-
-Ports
-
-Are those Holes in a Ship's Side through which her Guns are put out.
-
-
-Port the Helm
-
-Signifies to put the Helm to the Left or Larboard Side; but they never
-say, Larboard the Helm, but always Port; though it is proper to say,
-Starboard the Helm, when it is put to the Right Side. A Ship is also
-said to heel a Port, when she swims not upright, but leans to the Left
-Side.
-
-
-Port Last
-
-The same as the Gunwale of a Ship; therefore a Yard is down a Port
-Last, when it lies down on the Gunwale.
-
-
-Potts
-
-Are allowed the Boatswains for dressing their Victuals in, and to the
-Carpenters for heating Pitch.
-
-
-Preventers
-
-Are Ropes of different Sizes, cut into short Lengths, and knotted at
-each End, to be ready in Case a Shroud should be shot or broke, that
-they may be seized to them.
-
-
-Puddenings
-
-Are seized round the Mast, and tapers to each End from the Middle,
-where it is swelled pretty large for the Low-yards (when lowered down)
-to rest on; and the Rings of the Anchors are also puddened, to prevent
-the Galling of the Cable.
-
-
-Pumps
-
- Lead
-
- Some Ships have one fixed, whose Pipe goes down the Knee of the Head,
- and is there placed for washing the Decks.
-
-
- Hand
-
- Hangs over the Side, and lashed there for washing the Decks, and
- sometimes are put down into the Well, for freeing the Ship when she
- makes more Water than the Chain Pumps can throw out.
-
-
-Pump Bolt
-
-Goes through the Head, and the Brakeworks on it.
-
-
-Pump Hand
-
- Boxes Lower
-
- Are small and short, having a Flap, and a large Staple drove into it,
- to draw it up on Occasion.
-
-
- Ditto Upper
-
- Are fixed to the Spear.
-
-
- Brake
-
- Is the Handle.
-
-
- Hook
-
- A long Rod of Iron with a Hook at the End, to draw up or put down the
- lower Box.
-
-
- Stave or Spear
-
- Is a long Rod of Iron with an Eye at the upper End, which Hooks to the
- Brake, and to the lower End of which the upper Box is fixed.
-
-
-Pumps Chain
-
-Are placed in the Well, and works with Chains.
-
-
-Ditto Axletrees
-
-Are fixed in the Center of the Wheels, which are turned round with
-Winches put on at each End.
-
-
-Pumps Chain
-
- Bolsters
-
- A round Piece of Iron with a Hole in the Middle, and are for opening
- an Ess or Hook when any want shifting.
-
-
- Burrs
-
- Are round thin Pieces of Iron, very little less than the Bore of the
- Pump, which are placed between every Length of the Chain, and on each
- of them the Leather is put for bringing up the Water.
-
-
- Chains
-
- No Ship goes to Sea without a Spare one, which is kept ready leathered
- in case those in the Pumps should be wore out.
-
-
- Dale
-
- Is a round hollow Trunk, which conveys the Water through the Ship's
- Sides.
-
-
- Esses
-
- Are for repairing the Chains in Case any break or give way.
-
-
- Fidds
-
- Are for opening an Ess or Hook when old ones are to be taken out, or
- new put into the Chain.
-
-
- Hooks
-
- For repairing the Chains when any are wanting.
-
-
- Rowles
-
- Are put into the lower End of the Pump for the Chain to work on.
-
-
- Sprockets
-
- Are made not unlike a large Horse Shoe, drove into the Wheel, and the
- Chain works on them.
-
-
- Swivels
-
- Are for repairing the Chains when wanting.
-
-
- Wedges
-
- Are drove in on all sides of the Axle-tree, to keep the Wheels fast on
- it.
-
-
- Wheels
-
- Are turned out of Elm, in which the Sprockets are drove, and when so
- fitted, the Chains work round them.
-
-
- Winches
-
- Are the Handles put on each End of the Axle-tree, by which the Men
- work the Pump.
-
-
-Purchase
-
-The same as draw, but when they cannot haul any Thing with the Tackle,
-they say, The Tackle will not Purchase.
-
-
-Purser
-
-Is the Officer charged with all Sorts of Provisions allowed the Ship.
-
-
-Puttock Shrouds
-
-Are short Shrouds which go from the Fore, Main, and Mizon Shrouds to
-the Top, where the Plates are fixed with dead Eyes in them, through
-which the Lanyards are reeved for setting up the Top-mast Shrouds.
-
-
-Puttock Staves
-
-Go a-cross the lower Shrouds, and the Ends of the Puttock Shrouds are
-hitched round them.
-
-
-Quarter
-
-Is the After-part of the Ship without-board Aloft.
-
-
-Quartering
-
-Is when a Ship sails upon a Quarter Wind.
-
-
-Quarter Pieces
-
-Are two Pieces of carved Work reconciled to each End of the Tafferel,
-and when regularly suited to the same with a just Disposition of
-Figures, compleats the beautiful Symetry of the whole Stern and
-Gallery.
-
-
-Quarter Tackle Pendants
-
-Fastened on the Quarters of the Yard, and are used for taking in or
-hoisting Provisions, _&c._ out of the Hold, or upon Deck.
-
-
-Rabbet
-
-Is letting in a Ship's Plank to her Keel, which in the Run of her are
-hollowed away, and is called the Rabbet of her Keel.
-
-
-Racks
-
-Stand in the Cook-Room, at each End of the Grates, for the Spits to lye
-on to roast Victuals.
-
-
-Rafters
-
-Are brought from _New England_ and _Dantzick_, and being Ash, Barge,
-Pinnace and Wherry Oars, are made out of them.
-
-
-Rails
-
-Are generally composed of some regular Members of Architecture, they
-lye over and under the Banisters and Lights of the Stern and Galleries;
-are also ranged along the Side under several Denominations, as Sheer
-Rail, Plansheer Rail, Drift Rail, _&c._ they are also the principal
-Ornament in composing the Head of a Ship.
-
-
-Rake
-
-Is so much of a Ship's Hull as over-hangs the Stem and Stern; that Part
-of it Afore is called her Rake Forward, and that Abaft at the Stern
-Post, is called her Rake Aft.
-
-
-Ranges
-
-Are a Sort of Cleats, to which they belay or fasten the Spritsail,
-Fore, Main or Mizon Sheats.
-
-
-Ratlings
-
-Are small Ropes which make the Steps to get up the Shrouds, therefore
-are called Ratlings.
-
-
-Reach
-
-The Distance of two Points of Land which bear in a right Line to one
-another.
-
-
-Reckonings
-
-In Navigation, the estimating of the Quantity of the Ship's Way, or of
-the Run between one Place and another.
-
-
-Reef
-
-When there is a great Gale of Wind, they commonly Roll up Part of the
-Sail at the Head, by which Means it becomes Shoaler, and so draws not
-so much Wind; and this contracting or taking up the Sail they call
-Reefing, which is done with the Reef Tackle Pendants, Tyes, and Falls.
-
-
-Reeming Irons
-
-Are used by the Caulkers for opening the Seams of the Planks of Ships
-on the Stocks before caulked.
-
-
-Reeve
-
-Is to put a Rope through a Block; and, to pull a Rope out of a Block,
-is called Unreeving.
-
-
-Reflux
-
-Of the Sea, the Ebbing of the Water, or its Return from the Shore.
-
-
-Rends
-
-In a Ship, are the same as the Seams between her Planks.
-
-
-Rhombs
-
-The Points of the Compass.
-
-
-Ribbs
-
-Are the Timbers when the Planks are off, so called, because are bending
-like the Ribs of a Carcase; also those which belong to the Parrels are
-called Parrel Ribs.
-
-
-Ride
-
-A Ship is said to Ride, when her Anchors hold fast, so that she drives
-not away by the Force of Wind or Tide; and a Ship is said to Ride well
-when in a Head Sea, so as that the Waves do not wash over her.
-
-
-Ride
-
- Betwixt Wind and Tide
-
- When the Wind hath equal Force over her one Way, and the Tide another;
- but if the Wind hath more Power over her than the Tide, she is said to
- Ride Wind Rode.
-
-
- A Cross
-
- When she Rides with her Fore and Main-Yards hoisted up.
-
-
- Hawse-full
-
- When in Stress of Weather she falls so deep into the Sea with her
- Head, that Water runs in at her Hawses.
-
-
- A Peek
-
- When one End of the Yards are peeked up, and the other hangs down;
- this is also said of a Ship, when in weighing she is brought directly
- over her Anchor.
-
-
- Portoise
-
- When her Yards are struck upon the Deck, or when are down a Portlast.
-
-
- A Thwart
-
- When her Side lies a-cross the Tide.
-
-
-Riders
-
-Are Timbers of a large Scantling fay'd within Side of the Foot Waaling;
-the Floor Riders are wrought over the Keelson; and the lower Futtock
-Riders Scarphs to the Floor Riders from the Keelson to the Orlop Beams.
-
-
-Rigging
-
-Are all the Ropes whatsoever belonging to a Ship's Masts, Yards, or any
-Part about her; and she is well rigg'd when all her Ropes are of their
-fit Length and Size, in Proportion to her Burden.
-
-
-Right the Helm
-
-A Sea Phrase used by him that Conds to the Men at the Helm or Steering
-Wheel, ordering them to keep the Helm even in the Middle of the Ship.
-
-
-Right Sailing
-
-Is when a Voyage is performed on some one of the four Cardinal Points.
-
-
-Rings
-
- Hatch
-
- Are drove into the Hatches to open or shut them.
-
-
- Port
-
- Are drove into the Ports, and to which the Ropes are fastened to open
- or shut them.
-
-
-Rings & Forelocks
-
-Are put on the Ends of Bolts to prevent their starting out.
-
-
-Riping Chissels
-
-Are used by the Shipwrights in breaking up old Ships.
-
-
-Riseing Timbers
-
-Are large Pieces of Timber fay'd to the Keel, to the Stem Afore,
-and from the Keel to the Stern Post Abaft; its Use is to fashion
-out the lower Part of the Ship Afore and Abaft; and also to fasten
-the half Timbers into it; it is bolted to the Keel, Stem, and Stern
-Post respectively; there is also a thinner Piece of dead Wood in the
-Midships, fay'd on the Keel for the Breach of the Floor Timbers to be
-let into.
-
-
-Road
-
-A place of Anchorage at some Distance from the Shore, and sheltered
-from Winds, where Vessels usually Moar to wait for a Wind or Tide
-proper to carry them into Harbour, or set sail.
-
-
-Rock Staff
-
-With which the Smiths blow their Bellows.
-
-
-Ropes
-
-Of a Ship are, in general, all her Cordage; but those which have
-particular Names given them are as follows:
-
- Auning
-
- Are for spreading the Aunings.
-
-
- Bell
-
- Made fast to the Crank for striking it.
-
-
- Boat
-
- By which the Boats at the Ship's Stern are towed.
-
-
- Bolt
-
- Are laid white, stoved in an Oven, and then tarr'd; are the Head and
- Body Ropes sewed round the Sails.
-
-
- Breast
-
- Made fast to the Shrouds in the Chains, to support the Man that heaves
- the Lead.
-
-
- Bucket
-
- To hawl up Water.
-
-
- Canhook
-
- Seized to each Hook, to hoist Butts, Hogsheads, and other Casks on
- board.
-
-
- Catt
-
- For hoisting up the Anchors, in order to be stowed at the Bow.
-
-
- Davit
-
- Reeved through a Hole which is made at each End, for hauling the Davit
- to either Side of the Fore Castle.
-
-
- Entering
-
- To take hold of, for going up the Ship's Side.
-
-
- Luffhook
-
- Is for bousing the Tack aboard, when it blows hard, and is a Sort of a
- Preventer to the Tack.
-
-
- Grapnel
-
- Being bent to a Grapnel, either the Long-Boat, Pinnace or Yawl rides
- by it.
-
-
- Guess
-
- Is for keeping the Long-Boat, Pinnace or Yawl from steeving, or going
- too much in and out when towing.
-
-
- Parrel
-
- Is reeved through the Ribs and Trucks, which, with the Breast Ropes,
- lashes the Parrel to the Masts.
-
-
- Rother
-
- Reeved through a Hole in the Boat's Rother.
-
-
- Slip
-
- For triseing up the Bites of the Cable to the Rails of the Head.
-
-
- Stantion
-
- Reeved through the Eyes of the Stantions.
-
-
- Swabb
-
- Serves as a Handle to them.
-
-
- Top
-
- Are those with which the Top-masts are set or struck; they are reeved
- through an Iron-bound Block, which hooks under the Cap, and then
- reeved through the Heel of the Top-mast, where a Brass Shiver is
- placed athwart Ships; the other Part of them comes down to the Top
- Tackle Falls, which has double Blocks Iron-bound, and hooks to Ring
- Bolts upon the Deck.
-
-
- Tiller
-
- To keep the Tiller steady, that it may not fly from Side to Side.
-
-
- Wast
-
- For Boats to make fast to, along-side.
-
-
- Wheel
-
- Goes round the Spindle of the Steering Wheel, and from thence to the
- Tiller, and are generally white Rope.
-
-
-Ropebands
-
-Are made out of old Rope, Junk, _&c._ reeved through the Head Holes of
-the Sails, which make them fast to the Yards, and are vulgarly called
-Robins.
-
-
-Rope Yarn
-
-Is the Yarn of any Rope untwisted, but commonly made out of Junk; its
-Use is to make Sinnet, Mats, _&c._
-
-
-Roves
-
-Are small square Pieces of Iron, with a Hole punched in the Middle of
-them, through which the Nail goes, where it is clenched, and fastens
-the Boards of Pinnaces, Yawles, or Wherries to one another.
-
-
-Rother
-
-A Piece of Timber suitably formed, and hung with Irons called Pintles
-and Braces to the Stern Post; its Use is to traverse and govern the
-Ship under Sail.
-
-
-Rother Irons
-
-
-Are the Cheeks of Iron which is fastened to the Stern Post of Ships or
-Boats, and into which the Pintles go.
-
-
-Rother Tackles
-
-Are for Succour in Case the Tiller should break, and the Pendants are
-spliced to short Chains at the Back of the Rother, and the Falls come
-in on each Quarter of the Ship.
-
-
-Round House
-
-When the Poop is made so long as to come near, or to the Mizon Mast,
-there is (besides the Cabbins Abaft) an outer Apartment, which is
-called the Round House.
-
-
-Rowle
-
-Is a round Piece of Wood wherein the Whipstaff goes, being made to turn
-about, that it may carry over the Staff the easier from Side to Side.
-
-
-Rowlucks
-
-Are spaces left on the Gunwale, where two Thoals are let in at such a
-Distance from each other, as to admit the Oar at the End of the Loom to
-lie on, for rowing the Boat.
-
-
-Rowse
-
-The Cable or Hawser, that is, take it in or out.
-
-
-Rozin
-
-Is used for Paying the Ship's Sides, Boats, Blocks, _&c._
-
-
-Rufftrees
-
-Are slight Rails let into Iron Stantions, generally on the Quarter Deck
-and Fore Castle, against which a Weather Sail is fixed for Shelter to
-the Men; and likewise to keep and prevent them from tumbling over-board
-at Sea.
-
-
-Run
-
-So much of the After-part of a Ship as is under Water, is called her
-Run.
-
-
-Rundlets
-
-Are allowed the Boatswains to keep Oyl in.
-
-
-Runner
-
-Is a Rope reeved in a single Block seized to the End of a Pendant, and
-has at the one End a Hook to hitch into any Thing, and at the other
-End a long Tackle Block, into which is reeved the Fall of the Tackle
-or Garnet, by which Means it Purchases more than a Tackle Fall can do
-alone, and they, with the Halyards, hoist up the Topsail Yards, as the
-Ties do the Top-gallant Yards.
-
-
-Rungheads
-
-The Floor Timber Heads.
-
-
-Saddles
-
-Are used by the Smiths to turn Thimbles hollow on.
-
-
-Sail
-
-Every Yard in a Ship hath its proper Sail, (except the Cross Jack)
-and takes its Name from the Yard; and those which are not bent to
-the Yards, are, the Flying Jibb, Fore, Fore-top, Main, Main-top,
-Main-top-gallant, Mizon and Mizon Top-mast Stay Sails, Main and
-Main-top Studding Sails.
-
-
-Salvagees
-
-Are made with three flat Strands breeded, or by a small Turn put into
-several Rope Yarns cut into proper Lengths, and are used when a Shroud
-or Back Stay wants setting up, which is done by taking a Turn with
-the Salvagee round the Rope, to which they hook a Tackle Fall, and by
-bousing thereon, brings down the Shrouds or Back Stays to their proper
-Position.
-
-
-Sand
-
-Is used by the Bricklayers for making Mortar, and at the Kilns for
-stoving Plank.
-
-
-Saucers
-
-Are round thick Pieces of Iron, on which the Spindle of the Capstons
-work.
-
-
-Saws
-
- Hack
-
- Are made of Scythes, and jag'd at the Edges, and are for cutting and
- sawing off Bolts.
-
-
- Mill'd
-
- Are used by the Masons to saw Stones.
-
-
- Two hand & Whip
-
- Are allowed to the Carpenters of all Ships that go to Sea, for the
- several Services they are wanted for.
-
-
-Scale
-
-A Mathematical Instrument, consisting of one or more Lines drawn on
-Wood, Metal, or other Matter, divided into unequal Parts; of great
-Use in laying down Distances in Proportion, or in measuring Distances
-already laid down.
-
-
-Scantling
-
-A Measure, Size or Standard, whereby Dimensions of Things are
-determined.
-
-
-Scarfed
-
-Is the same as pieced, fastened, or joined in; thus they say, the Stem
-of a Ship is Scarfed into her Keel, and they imply by it, that the two
-Pieces are so shaped as to join with one another close and even, which
-is called Wood and Wood.
-
-
-Scavel Spitters
-
-Are a small Spade, only shod half Way, and are used for digging Clay.
-
-
-Schoolmaster
-
-No one to be warranted who has not been examined at _Trinity House_,
-and produces a Certificate of his being well skilled in Navigation,
-_&c._ who is to instruct Voluntiers, and other Youths of the Ship; to
-inform against such as are Idle; and not to be paid his Wages without a
-Certificate from the Captain.
-
-
-Scoops
-
-Are for throwing Water out of Boats, Lighters, _&c._
-
-
-Scrapers
-
-Are used for scraping the Ship's Sides, Decks, Boats, _&c._
-
-
-Screw
-
- Plates
-
- To cut Screws.
-
-
- Tapps
-
- To make or cut the Nutts.
-
-
-Screws for Hatches
-
-Are made with a very nice Worm, that works in a Nutt let into a Sort of
-Drum-head, which lifts up or lowers them down to let in or out Water
-into the Docks or Bason.
-
-
-Screws Wood
-
-Are for lifting great Bodies, and are generally placed at the Bow of a
-Ship when to be launched off a Slip, to start her.
-
-
-Scribeing
-
-In Joynery, _&c._ is when one Side of a Piece of Stuff being fitted to
-the Side of some other Piece, which last is not Regular, to make the
-two close together all the Way.
-
-
-Scuppers
-
-Are made of Leather, and laid to convey the Water from off the Ship's
-Decks, for which Holes are cut in the Ship's Sides.
-
-
-Scuttles
-
-Are square Holes big enough for the Body of a Man to go down on
-Occasion into any Room below; also the little Windows or long Holes
-which are cut out in Cabbins to let in Light, are called Scuttles.
-
-
-Sea Gate
-
-When two Ships are aboard one another, by Means of a Wave or Billow,
-then they lie in a Sea Gate.
-
-
-Seams
-
-Are where the Planks of a Ship, or Boards in a Boat meet and join
-together; also Sails are sewed with a flat or round Seam.
-
-
-Sea Yoke
-
-When the Sea is so rough that the Helm cannot be governed by Hand, they
-make a Yoke to steer by, having two Blocks seized to the End of the
-Helm or Tiller, and reeving two Falls through them, they govern the
-Helm.
-
-
-Seizing
-
-Is the same as fastening two Ropes together; or a Block to the End of a
-Tackle or Pendant is called Seizing it.
-
-
-Send
-
-When a Ship either at an Anchor or under Sail, falls with her Head or
-Stern deep into the Trough or hollow of the Sea between two Waves or
-Billows, they say she sends much a-head or a-stern.
-
-
-Serve
-
-To Serve a Rope, is to lay spun Yarn round it with a Serving Mallet,
-which preserves it from wet, fretting or galling in any Place.
-
-Sett
-
-When the Seamen observe on what Point of the Compass the Sun, Land,
-_&c._ bears, they call it, Setting the Sun, or Land by their Compass.
-
-
-Setts for Saws
-
-Are for setting the Teeth when out of Order, so as they may cut with
-the greater Exactness.
-
-
-Settle
-
-When a Deck of a Ship sinks lower than it was, when first laid; is
-called Settling.
-
-
-Sew
-
-When a Ship at low Water comes to be on the Ground to lie dry, they
-say, she is Sewed; and if she be not quite left dry, they say, she Sews
-to such a Part.
-
-
-Shakles
-
-Are those Rings with which the Ports are shut fast, by lashing the
-Port Bar to them. There are also Shakles put on the Bilbow Bolts for
-confining the Men that have been guilty of Faults.
-
-
-Shank-painter
-
-A short Chain fastened under the Fore Shrouds by a Bolt to the Ship's
-Side, having at the other End a Rope spliced to the End of the Chain,
-on which the After-part of the Anchor Rests, when it lies by the Ship's
-Side.
-
-
-Sheer
-
-When a Ship is not steered steadily, then they say she Sheers, or goes
-Sheering, or when at an Anchor she goes in and out by Means of the
-swift running of the Tide.
-
-
-Sheers
-
-Are two Masts or Yards set a-cross at the upper End of one another, and
-are used generally for setting or taking out Ships Masts, where there
-is no Hulk to do that Office.
-
-
-Sheathing
-
-Is casing that Part of a Ship which is to be under Water, with Firr
-Board of an Inch thick, which, by laying Hair and Tar mixed together
-upon the Inside of the Boards, and then nailing them on, is to prevent
-the Worm from eating her Bottom.
-
-
-Sheats
-
-Are Ropes bent to the Clews of the Sails, serving in the lower Sails to
-hawl Aft the Clew of the Sail; but in Top-sails they serve to hawl home
-the Clew of the Sail close to the Yard-Arm.
-
-
-Shifters
-
-Certain Men employed by the Cooks to shift or change the Water in which
-the Flesh or Fish is put and laid for some Time, in order for boiling.
-
-
-Ships
-
-Of War are masted with three Masts and a Bow-sprit, and sailed with
-square Sails.
-
- Advice Boats
-
- Now out of Use, but were formerly fitted with two Masts, and square
- Sails.
-
-
- Belander
-
- Has Rigging and Sails not unlike a Hoy, but is broader and flatter;
- the covering of the Deck is raised up half a Foot higher than the
- Gunwale, between which, and the Deck, there is a Passage left free for
- the Men to walk; are seldom above twenty-four Tun, and can lie nearer
- the Wind than a Vessel with cross Sails can do.
-
-
- Bomb Vessels
-
- Go sometimes with three Masts and square Sails; sometimes Ketch
- fashion, with one and a Mizon.
-
-
- Brigantines
-
- Not now used, but were built light for rowing or sailing, and had two
- Masts and square Sails.
-
-
- Hagboats
-
- Are masted and sailed Ship fashion, but built in Figure after the
- Manner of _Dutch_ Fly Boats.
-
-
- Hoys
-
- Are fitted with one Mast and a Spreet-sail, and sometimes with
- Shoulder of Mutton Sails, whose Yards are not a-cross, but stands Fore
- and Aft like a Mizon, so can lie nearer the Wind.
-
-
- Hulks
-
- They are generally old Ships cut down to the Gun Deck, and fitted
- with a large Wheel for Men to go in when Careening; and has several
- Capstons fixed on the Deck for setting Ships Masts.
-
-
- Ketches
-
- Fitted with two Masts, and their Main-sail and Top-sail stands square
- as Ships do; and their Fore-sail and Jibbs stands as Hoys do.
-
-
- Lighters
-
- Are made use of for laying down or shifting the Moarings; for bringing
- a-shore or carrying off Ships Cables, Anchors, _&c._ or taking in
- Ballast out of Ships that are to be docked, _&c._
-
-
- Pinks
-
- Are masted, and sail with three Masts, Ship fashion, but round
- sterned, with a small Lute or Projection Abaft over the Rother.
-
-
- Punts
-
- Are built four square, and used about the Docks for fetching Clay, and
- other Services as the Master Shipwright wants them for.
-
-
- Shallop
-
- Is a small Light Vessel, with only a small Main and Fore-mast, and
- Lugg-sails to haul up and let down on Occasion.
-
-
- Sloops
-
- Are sailed and masted as Mens Fancies lead them, sometimes with one
- Mast, with two, and with three, with Bermudoes, Shoulder of Mutton,
- Square, Lugg, and Smack Sails; they are in Figure either square or
- round Stern'd.
-
-
- Smacks
-
- Are necessary Transporting Vessels, with one Mast and half Spreet-sail.
-
-
- Yachts
-
- One Mast with an half Spreet or Smack Sail, and sometimes Ketch
- fashion.
-
-
-Shivers
-
-Are those little round Wheels in Blocks in which the Rope runs, they
-turn with the Rope; and the Voyal Blocks have Pieces of Brass in their
-Centers, (which are called Coaks) with Holes in them, into which the
-Iron Pin of the Block goes, and on which they turn. These Shivers are
-of Lignum Vitæ, but those in the Heels of Topmasts, and in great Ships,
-Catheads are generally Brass.
-
-
-Shoal
-
-When a Ship sails towards a Shore, and they find by Sounding the Water
-grows shallow by Degrees; or when a Sail is too deep, and any Canvas is
-cut from its Depth, then they say the Sail is Shoaled.
-
-
-Shoe for an Anchor
-
-Is made of a Piece of Baulk, or thick Stuff, one End cut with a Hole
-for the Bill of the Anchor to go into, and the other with a triangular
-Notch to receive the Stock, which keeps off the Sheats, Tacks, and
-other running Rigging from gauling or being entangled with the Flooks.
-
-
-Shot of a Cable
-
-Is the splicing two or three Cables together, that a Ship may ride safe
-in deep Water, and in great Roads.
-
-
-Shovels
-
-Are allowed the Boatswains for trimming, heaving in or out their
-Ballast, or cleaning the Ship.
-
-
-Shrouds
-
-Are great Ropes in a Ship which come down both Sides of all Masts; they
-are fastened below to the Chains by the Ship's Side with Lanyards, and
-aloft are seized so as to have an Eye, which goes over the Head of the
-Mast; and so are the Pendants and Swifters, they are Parcelled and
-Served, to prevent the Masts gauling them. The Top-mast Shrouds are
-fastened to the Puttock Plates by dead Eyes and Lanyards, as the others
-are; the Terms are, Ease the Shrouds, that is, slacken them; set up the
-Shrouds, that is, set them stiffer.
-
-
-Signals
-
-Are given for the beginning of a Battle, or an Attack at Sea, by
-Cannon, Lights, Sails, Flags, _&c._ in the Day, Night, in a Fog, in
-Distress, or calling Officers on board the Admiral.
-
-
-Sinnet
-
-Is made of Rope Yarn, consisting generally of two, six, or nine
-Threads, which are divided into three Parts, and are platted over one
-another, and then is beaten smooth and flat with a Mallet; is to serve
-the Ropes, that is, to keep them from gauling.
-
-
-Skeets
-
-Are for weting Yachts Sails, or the Ship's Sides in ordinary the Summer
-Season.
-
-
-Skek
-
-Usually called the Skeg, is that little Part of the Keel, which is cut
-slaunting, and is left a little without the Stern Post.
-
-
-Skids
-
-Are wooden Fenders fay'd on the Outside of the Ship, for the
-Conveniency of hoisting in Boats, Provisions, _&c._
-
-
-Skimmers
-
-Made with a round Hoop of Iron, and a Socket for a Pole or Spar to go
-into, as a Handle in the Middle of the Hoop. A Net is made of Rope
-Yarn, not unlike an Oyster Drudge, and they are used by the Scavengers
-for clearing Chips, _&c._ which float on the Surface of the Water, from
-getting into the Joints of the Gates, or into the Drains of the Docks.
-
-
-Slatch
-
-After long foul Weather, if there come a small interval of fair, they
-say, this is a Slatch of fair Weather.
-
-
-Sleepers
-
-Are commonly three Strakes of Foot Waaling thicker than the rest,
-wrought over the Wrungheads.
-
-
-Slices
-
-Are used by the Smiths to clear and keep their Fire together.
-
-
-Slideing Rule
-
-A Mathematical Instrument serving to work Questions in Gauging,
-measuring Timber without the Use of Compasses, merely by the slideing
-of the Parts of the Instrument one by another, the Lines and Divisions
-whereof give the Answer by Inspection.
-
-
-Slings
-
- Boat
-
- Are fixed with Thimbles and Tackle Hooks, which hook into small
- Ringbolts drove in the Stem, Midships and Stern of the Boats, for
- hoisting them in or out of the Ship.
-
-
- Buoy
-
- Are fixed round them, which not only is a Means to defend them from
- being staved, but also the Buoy-ropes are seized to one of their Ends.
-
-
- Butt
- Gun
- Hogshead
-
- Are made use of for hoisting them in or out of the Ship.
-
-
-Snipe Bills
-
-Are a Sort of Hooks used for fastening the Axle-trees of the Chain
-Pumps to the Bitts.
-
-
-Snorters
-
-The Smiths put them on one End of the Beak Iron, to turn any of their
-Work with.
-
-
-Soap
-
-Is used for Paying the Slips to make them slippery, that the Ships,
-when to be launched in their Cradles, or Buildge ways, meet with no
-Obstruction or Stop in their Run.
-
-
-Sodder
-
-Used by the Plumber for soddering of Pipes, Furnace, and Water Cocks,
-_&c._
-
-
-Sounding
-
-Is when the Depth of Water is tryed either by an Inch or three Quarter
-Rope, with a deep Sea Lead at the End of it; is marked at two, three,
-or four Fathom with a Piece of black Leather betwixt the Strands, but
-at five Fathom is marked with a Piece of white Leather or Cloth.
-
-
-Spanshakle
-
-Is a large Clasp of Iron, which goes round the End of the Davit upon
-the Fore-Castle, having a long Bolt, which goes through a Fore-Castle
-Beam, and also Forelocks through an upper Deck Beam in the Midships.
-
-
-Sparrs
-                      Ft.
-  Cant      Are from  33  to   35  long  5  Hands }  { Wrought into
-                                                  }  {  Booms,
-                                                  }  {
-  Barling             30       28        4        }  { Top-gallant-masts,
-                                                  }  {
-  Boom                24       20        3        }  { Flag Staffs,
-                                                  }  { Boats Masts, _&c._
-
-  Midling             20       16 } { Delivered   }  {
-                                  } { into Store. }  { For Bowsprits,
-                                  } {             }  { Boat Hooks,
-  Small               16       11 } { Six Score to}  { Mop Staves, _&c._
-                                  } { the hundred }  {
-
-Spell
-
-Signifies doing any Work for a short Time, and then leaving it.
-Therefore a fresh Spell is when fresh Men come to work; and to give a
-Spell, is all one as to say, Work in such a one's Room.
-
-
-Spiles
-
-Are small Wood Pins, which are drove into the Nail-holes, when a Ship's
-Sheathing is taken off.
-
-
-Spindle
-
-Is the smallest Part of a Ship's Capston; and where the Vane flies at
-the Mast Head, is also called a Spindle, and made of Iron.
-
-
-Spitts
-
-Are allowed the Boatswains, and used for roasting the Officers Victuals.
-
-
-Spirketing
-
-Are Strakes of thick Plank wrought from the lower Edge of each Port to
-each Deck respectively within Side of the Ship.
-
-
-Splice
-
-When the Ends of two Pieces of Cable or Rope are untwisted, and the
-several Strands are wrought into one another by a Fid, it is called a
-Splice.
-
-
-Split
-
-When a Sail is blown to pieces, it is Split.
-
-
-Spooning
-
-When a Ship being under Sail in a Storm at Sea, and cannot bear it, but
-is forced to put before the Wind, then she Spoons.
-
-
-Spring
-
-When a Mast is only crack'd, but not quite broken in any Part of it, as
-in the Partners, Hounds, _&c._ then it is Sprung.
-
-
-Spunyarn
-
-Is made out of Junk, old Cordage, _&c._
-
-
-Spurketts
-
-The Holes or Spaces between the Futtocks or Rungs by the Ship's Sides,
-
-
-Standing-part
-
-Of the Sheat, is that which is made fast to a Ring at the Ship's
-Quarter; when they say over-haul the Sheat, they mean haul upon the
-Standing Part; and the Standing Part of a Tackle is the End of the Rope
-where the Block is seized or fastened.
-
-
-Standing Rigging
-
-Are those Ropes which do not run in any Block, but are set taught, or
-let slack, as occasion serves, as the Shrouds, Stays, Back-stays, _&c._
-
-
-Standards
-
-Are a Sort of Knees fay'd from the Deck to the Sides of the Ship
-within-board, to strengthen her in the same Manner as Knees, but are
-bigger.
-
-
-Stantions
-
- Iron
-
- Are fixed on the Quarters of a Ship, to which the Nettings are
- generally seized; they stand likewise in the Waste, at the Entering
- Place, and in the Tops.
-
-
- Wood
-
- Are those Timbers which being set up Pillarwise, do support and
- strengthen the Decks, _&c._
-
-
-Staples
-
-Are drove into Ships false Keels, Ports, and several other Uses they
-are applicable to.
-
-
-Starboard
-
-The Right Hand Side of a Ship, as Larboard is the Left; thus they say,
-Starboard the Helm, or Helm a Starboard, when he that Conds would have
-the Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel put the Helm to the Right Side of
-the Ship.
-
-
-Stays
-
-Are Ropes made with four Strands and a Heart in the Middle, whose Uses
-are to keep the Masts and Top-masts from falling. To bring a Ship upon
-the Stays, or to Stay her, is in order to her Tacking.
-
-
-Steady
-
-A Word of Command at Sea from him that Conds, to the Men at the Helm or
-Steering Wheel, to keep the Ship Steady in her Course, and not to make
-Angles or Yaws (as they call them) in and out.
-
-
-Steelyards
-
-A Kind of Ballance used for weighing large Anchors, whose Weight are
-found by the Use of one single Weight placed on the Beam, with the
-proper Pea hanging at the End of the Beam.
-
-
-Steer
-
-To guide or govern a Ship by the Helm or Steering Wheel.
-
-
-Steerage
-
-Is always before the Bulk-head of the great Cabbin, and in which the
-Admirals or Captains generally dine.
-
-
-Steeve
-
-The Bowsprit of a Ship Steeves when either stands too upright, and not
-streight enough forward.
-
-
-Stem
-
-A Curve Piece of Timber projecting from the foremost End of the Keel to
-the Height of the Bowsprit, into which the Body of the Ship terminates
-Afore, and all the whooding Ends of the out-board Planks are rabbited.
-
-
-Steps
-
-For Masts, are large Pieces of Timber fay'd cross the Keelson in the
-Hold into which the Heels of the Masts are fitted. And Steps for
-Capstons are fitted on the Decks respectively for their Use; other
-Steps for Ladders are for going from one Deck to another.
-
-
-Stern
-
-Is all that Part of a Ship as is right Aft, and adorned with Sash
-Lights.
-
-
-Stern fasts
-
-Are large Ropes which come out at the Gun-room, or After-Ports of a
-Ship, in order to lash her fast to a Wharf, _&c._
-
-
-Stern Post
-
-A streight Piece of Timber tennanted into the After-End of the Keel,
-with an agreeable Rake or Declination from the Perpendicular; into this
-are all the Transoms scored and bolted, and all the whooding Ends of
-the out-board Plank of the Bottom rabbited; and on this Post hangs the
-Rother.
-
-
-Steward
-
-Is he that acts for the Purser, receives and issues all Provisions out
-to the several Messes of Victuals, _&c._ to the Ship's Company.
-
-
-Stiles
-
-In Carpentry, _&c._ are the upright Pieces which go from the Bottom to
-the Top of the Wainscot.
-
-
-Stirrup
-
-Is an Iron Plate that turns up on each Side of a Ship's Keel, at her
-Fore-foot or Stern, where it is bolted.
-
-
-Stoaked
-
-When the Water in the Bottom of a Ship cannot come to the Well, or pass
-through the Limber-holes, but something Choaks them up, so that the
-Pumps will not work, then they say she is Stoaked.
-
-
-Stocks
-
-A Ship is said to be on the Stocks when building.
-
-
-Stone
-
- Flatner
-
- Is used by the Bricklayers for bringing up the Foundations of Houses,
- _&c._
-
-
- Grind
-
- For the Workmen to whet their Tools, _&c._
-
-
- Gun
-
- Is laid in the Bottom of the Dock Dreins.
-
-
- Gutter
-
- Is laid at the Officers Lodgings and Store-houses for carrying off the
- Water.
-
-
- Load
-
- Are used for touching the Needles of Azimuth or Brass Box Compasses.
-
-
- Marble
-
- Is brought from _Plymouth_, and burnt in the Kiln to make Lime.
-
-
- Paving Smooth
-
- Laid at the Bottoms of Cellars, Kitchens, and Courts of the Officers
- Houses, _&c._
-
-
- Portland Block
-
- Is used at, and for the Service of the Stone Docks.
-
-
- Rub
-
- Are for the House Carpenters and Joyners to whet their Tools on.
-
-
-Stools
-
-The Ship's Poop and Top Lanterns stand on them, which are supported by
-the Cranks.
-
-
-Stopper
-
-Is a Piece of Cable-laid Rope, having a Whale Knot at one End, with a
-Lanyard fastened to it, and the other End is spliced round a Thimble
-in the Ring-bolts upon Deck, and at the Bitts; its Use is to stop the
-Cable, that it do not run out too fast; they take Turns with the
-Lanyard about the Cable, and the Whale Knot stops it, so that it cannot
-slip away faster than is necessary.
-
-
-Stoves
-
-Are square Boxes made of Plank filled with Bricks, and when fitted with
-an Iron Ring and small Bars, are for burning Charcoal, in order for the
-Cook to dress the Admiral's or Captain's Victuals on.
-
-
-Strakes
-
-Are the uniform Ranges of Planks on the Bottom, Decks and Sides of the
-Ships, and the Garboard is that which is next the Keel.
-
-
-Strap
-
-Is a Rope spliced about any Block, or made with an Eye to fasten it any
-where on Occasion.
-
-
-Stream
-
-When a Ship would only stop a Tide in fair Weather and smooth Water,
-they generally ride only by their Stream Anchor.
-
-
-Streight
-
-A narrow Sea Passage between two Lands.
-
-
-Stretch
-
-When a Ship with all her Sails drawing, steers out of a Road where she
-has lain at an Anchor, then they say she is stretching away for Sea.
-
-
-Strike
-
-A Word variously used. When a Ship in Fight, or on meeting with a Man
-of War, lets down or lowers her Topsails at least half Mast high, she
-Strikes, meaning, she yields or submits, or pays her Devoir to the Man
-of War she passes by. When a Ship touches Ground in Shoal Water, they
-say, she Strikes. When any Topmast is to be taken down, the Word is,
-Strike the Topmast. And when any Thing is let or lowered down into the
-Hold, they call it Striking down into the Hold.
-
-
-String
-
-Is that strake of Plank within Side of the Ship that is wrought over
-the upper Deck Ports in the Wast.
-
-
-Surge
-
-When heaving at the Capston, if the Cable, Voyal, or Messenger happen
-to slip a little, they call it Surging.
-
-
-Swabber
-
-Is to see that the Ship's Decks are kept neat and clean.
-
-
-SwallowTails
-
-Are Bolts forged at one End not unlike a Bird's Tail, sharpened and
-hardened; are used in breaking up old Ships, for cutting off the
-Tree-nails and Bolts after they are almost sawed through with a Hack
-Saw; then they put the Swallow Tail thereon, which clips the Bolt,
-and by driving it with a Maul, cuts and separates the same. As also a
-strong forked fastening together two Pieces of Timber.
-
-
-Sweep
-
-When the Mold of a Ship begins to compass in at the Rung-heads, they
-call it the Sweep of her; as they do when a Hawser is dragged along the
-Ground at the Bottom of the Sea, to recover any Thing that is sunk,
-Sweeping for it.
-
-
-Swifters
-
-Are esteemed a Part of the Gang of Fore and Main Shrouds, (where they
-have odd ones) and of the same Size which are for succouring those
-Masts.
-
-
-Swifting
-
-A Boat, is compassing her Gunwale round with a good Rope. A Ship is
-either bringing her a-ground, or on a Carreen; and the Capston Bars,
-is straining a Rope all round the outer Ends of them, to prevent their
-flying out of the Drum-head.
-
-
-Swivels
-
-Are made use of at the Moarings in Harbour, to which the Cables and
-Bridles are bent, that the Ships may swing round either upon Tide of
-Ebb or Flood.
-
-
-Tables
-
- Deal
-
- Are allowed the Warrant Officers for their Cabbins.
-
-
- Wainscot
-
- Allowed the Admirals and Commanders for their Cabbins, _&c._
-
-
-Tack about
-
-When a Ship's Head is to be brought about so as to lie a contrary Way.
-
-
-Tacks
-
-Are Ropes Cable-laid tapering, having a Whale Knot at one End, which
-is seized or fastened into the Clew of the Sail, reeved through the
-Chess-trees, and then brought through a Hole in the Ship's Side; its
-Use is to carry forward the Clew of the Sail, to make it stand close
-by a Wind; and whenever the Sails are thus trimmed, the Fore and Main
-Tacks are brought close by the Board, and hauled as forward on as they
-can be, and are usually belayed to the Bitts or a Kevel to fasten them.
-
-
-Tackles
-
-In a Ship, are Ropes running in three or four Parts, having at one
-End a Pendant with a Block fastened to it, and also a Tackle Hook for
-heaving any Thing in or out of the Ship.
-
-
-Taffarel
-
-Is the uppermost Part of a Ship's Stern Abaft, and always carved.
-
-
-Tallow
-
-Is for Paying Ship's Bottoms, and also allowed to the Boatswains and
-Carpenters for several Uses it is proper for.
-
-
-Tarr
-
-Is used for Tarring white Yarn at the Rope Yard, by the Riggers, and
-Boatswains for Ships Rigging, and for Tarpawlings, Paying Ships Sides,
-Weather Boards, _&c._
-
-
-Tarras
-
-Used by the Masons in the Stone Work of the Docks, and for pointing or
-repairing the Joints, which from Time to Time stand in Need of Repair.
-
-
-Tarpawling
-
-Is a Piece of Canvas well Tarr'd over, to lay on the Hatches,
-Grateings, or any Place to keep off Rain.
-
-
-Taught
-
-Is the same as setting the Rope stiff or fast, they say, Set Taught the
-Shrouds, Stays, or any other Ropes, which are too slack and loose.
-
-
-Taunt
-
-When the Masts of a Ship are too tall, they say, She is Taunt masted.
-
-
-Tier
-
-The several Ranks of Guns placed on the Decks are called the Lower,
-Middle, or Upper Tier.
-
-
-Tender
-
-Is a small Vessel taken up on Contract for attending the Men of War,
-and employed for pressing Seamen, _&c._
-
-
-Thauts
-
-Are for the Men which row the Boats to sit on.
-
-
-Thimbles
-
-Are a Sort of round Rings, whose Edges are turned up, and the Ropes go
-round in the hollow Part of the Outside of them when they are seized,
-in order to prevent the Tackle Hook from galling the Rope.
-
-
-Thoals
-
-Are those Pins in the Gunwale of a Boat, between which the Men put
-their Oars when they row.
-
-
-Thrums
-
-Are allowed the Boatswains and Carpenters to make Mops; and also to the
-Master Caulker for Mops to Pay the Ships Bottoms.
-
-
-Thwart Ship
-
-Is across the Ship.
-
-
-Tides
-
-Two periodical Motions of the Waters of the Sea, called the Flux and
-Reflux, or the Ebb and Flow.
-
-
-Ties
-
-Or Runners, are those Ropes by which the Yards hang, and they with the
-Halyards carry or hoist the Yards up.
-
-
-Tiller
-
-The very same with the Helm of a Ship, and are also used in small Ships
-and Boats for Steering them.
-
-
-Tiller for Saws
-
-Are Handles for Whip Saws.
-
-
-Timber
-
- Ash
-
- Is used by the Master House Carpenter in Wheelwright Work.
-
-
- Beech
-
- Is used for Ways at the Bottom of the Dock, and sometimes cut into
- Keel-pieces.
-
-
- Elm
-
- Is used for making Drumheads, for Capstons, Ships Caps, Keel-pieces,
- Lyons, Tafferels, _&c._
-
-
- Firr
-
- Is used for making Davits, by the House Carpenters for Girders, and
- such like large Uses in Building.
-
-
- Oak Compass
-
- Is used by the Shipwrights, and converted for the Compassing Timbers
- of a Ship.
-
-
- Streight
-
- Is used by the Shipwrights for Beams on board a Ship, and for other
- Services that it is requisite to be used on, and also by the House
- Carpenter in his Way of building.
-
-
-Timbers
-
-Are those which Form the Body of a Ship, as Floor Timbers, Futtocks,
-_&c._
-
-
-Timbers Top
-
-Are the upper Timbers in the Frame of a Ship, forming her Sides, _&c._
-
-
-Tin Plates
-
- Double
- Single
-
- Are used for lining the Bread, Cook, and Powder Rooms of Ships,
- covering the Tops of their Galleries, and for fining Oars, _&c._
-
-
-Tight
-
-When a Ship lets in but very little Water, she is Tight, which is known
-by the Smell o£ that pumped out, for if she lets in but little, it will
-always stink, otherwise not.
-
-
-Tire Cable
-
-The Row in the Middle of the Coiled Cable.
-
-
-Toggle
-
-A short Piece of Wood made tapering at each End, having a Score cut
-in the Middle of it, where a Rope is usually fastened, and when put
-through the Bite of another, there is no Occasion of seizing them
-together.
-
-
-Top
-
-Is a round Frame of Boards which lie upon the Cross-trees, near the
-Head of the standing Masts.
-
-
-Top Armours
-
-Are cut out of red Kersey, and tabled round with Canvas, hung about the
-Top for Show, and also cover the Men which are in the Tops in a Fight.
-
-
-Tops Laying
-
-Are used by the Rope-makers; those made with three Scores are for
-closing three Strand Ropes, and those with four are for Stays, and
-has a Hole bored in their Center, through which the Heart of the Stay
-passes.
-
-
-Tools
-
- Bolt
-
- To make Saucer Head Bolts in.
-
-
- Nail
-
- To Head Nails in.
-
-
-Thread
-
-Is for making, altering, and repairing Colours in Store, or on board
-the Ship.
-
-
-Tow
-
-Whatever is drawn after a Boat or Ship with a Rope, _&c._ is said to be
-Towed.
-
-
-Trail-board
-
-Is a carved Board let into, or nailed on the Knee of the Head, just
-below the Lyon.
-
-
-Transoms
-
-Are large Pieces of Timber forming the Buttock, or After-part of the
-Ship on both Sides; they are transversely situate on the Post, and in
-the Middle bolted to it; their Ends are fastened to the After-Timbers
-on each Side respectively, called Fashion Pieces; they are denominated
-severally according to their Elevations, as Wing Transoms, Deck
-Transoms, Transoms under the Deck, _&c._ All which, as Post Transoms,
-and Fashion Pieces, being framed together, is commonly called the Stern
-Frame.
-
-
-Traverse
-
-A Ship when she makes Angles in and out, and cannot keep directly to
-her true Course, is called a Traverse. In Navigation, is the Variation
-of the Ship's Course, upon shifting of Winds, _&c._ And a Traverse
-Board, is a little round Board which hangs up, and bored full of Holes
-upon Lines, shewing the Points of the Compass upon it; by moving a
-little Peg from Hole to Hole, the Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel
-keeps an Account how many Glasses (that is, Half Hours) the Ship Steers
-upon any Point.
-
-
-Treenails
-
-Are long Pins of Wood, whence they are called Tree-nails, made out of
-Oak, to fasten the Planks to the Timbers, and are always Caulked with
-Ocham to prevent any Leak.
-
-
-Tressle trees
-
-Are those Timbers that stand Fore and Aft at the Mast-head, for the
-Tops to lie on.
-
-
-Tressle
-
-A wooden Frame to bear up Tables, Deals, Scaffolds, _&c._
-
-
-Triangles
-
-Are made out of large Spars, having their lower Ends ferrilled with a
-Ring, and a Spud drove into them, which runs into the Ground to steddy
-them; their upper End has a Bolt that goes through the three Parts,
-where a Staple is fixed for hanging a Scale Beam, when they are made
-use of for weighing Stores without Doors, as are received or delivered
-into the Yard.
-
-
-Trip
-
-A Ship goes with her Topsails a Trip she carries them hoisted up to the
-highest, and when the Wind blows not too hard.
-
-
-Trim
-
-Of a Ship, is her best Posture, with respect to her Proportion of
-Ballast, the standing of her Masts, _&c._ for Sailing, and the best
-Way to make her Sail well, and to find her Trim, depends very much on
-Experience and Judgment.
-
-
-Trise
-
-For hauling up any Thing by a single Rope, that do not run in a Block,
-but is done by Hand or main Strength. Thus if any Cask, Chest, or other
-Goods hath only a Rope fastened to it, and without a Tackle is pulled
-up into the Ship by Hand, it is Trised up.
-
-
-Trivets
-
-Are used by the Caulkers for large Kettles to stand on for heating
-Stuff when Paying Ships.
-
-
-Trough
-
-Is the Hollow or Cavity made between any two Waves or Billows in a
-rowling Sea.
-
-
-Trucks
-
- Acorn
-
- Are put on the End or Top of the Vane Spindle at the Mast-head.
-
-
- Flaggstaff
-
- Are put on the Ends of them, and also on the Ensign and Jack Staffs.
-
-
- Parrel
-
- The Rope is reeved through them, and are placed between the Ribs of
- the Parrel.
-
-
- Seizing
-
- Are made fast to the Shrouds for the Running Rigging to go through.
-
-
-Truss
-
-Is a Tackle fastened to the Parrel at the Yard, which binds it fast
-when the Ship rowls, lying either a-hull or at an Anchor, and the Fore,
-Main, and Mizon Yards have them.
-
-
-Try
-
-A Ship is said to Try, when she hath no more Sails abroad but her Main
-Course, when her Tacks are close aboard, the Bowlings set up, and the
-Sheats hauled close Aft, or when, the Helm or Steering Wheel is so
-fastened as to prevent their having any Power of the Tiller, so as she
-is let lie in the Sea, and sometimes when it blows so hard that she
-cannot bear her Main Course, they make her lie a-Try, under her Mizon
-only.
-
-
-Tuck
-
-Is when a Ship is not round Buttock'd, as commonly _English_ Ships are,
-(Sixth Rates lately excepted) under the Wing Transom, they say she
-is Square Tuck't. _Dutch_ Men of War, and their Merchant Ships, are
-generally built with square Tucks.
-
-
-Tue Iron
-
-Are for the Smith's Bellows to blow through.
-
-
-Turpentine
-
-Is used for Paying Ships Sides, Masts, Boats, _&c._
-
-
-Twine
-
- Sail
-
- Is used by the Sail-makers for making and repairing Sails; allowed the
- Boatswains for repairing the Sails when they want at Sea, for whiping
- Ropes, and such like Uses.
-
-
- Mark
-
- Is put into all Cordage, from three Inches downwards, as the King's
- Mark.
-
-
-Tiles
-
-Are used by the bricklayers on the Roofs of Lodgings, Storehouses, _&c._
-
-
-Tyminoguy
-
-A Rope, one End nailed to the Outside of the Stock of an Anchor, stowed
-at the Bow, and the other fastened or belayed to the Ship's Sides
-on the Fore-Castle; its Use is for preventing the Fore-Sheats (when
-getting under Sail) droping down between the Anchor Stock and Ship's
-Side.
-
-
-Veer
-
-Veering out a Rope, is letting it go by Hand, or letting it run out
-of its self. Thus they Veer more Cable, that is, Let more Cable run
-out; but this Word is not used for the letting out of any Running Rope
-except the Sheat, but of that they say, Veer more Sheat, that is,
-Let more of it run out. The Word Veer is also used in Reference to
-the Wind, for when it changeth often and suddenly, they say The Wind
-Veereth.
-
-
-Vice
-
-There are two Sorts, Bench and Hand; the former are fixed to a Bench in
-the Smith's Shop, and used by them for holding fast their Work, when
-to be filed or cleaned, as the other is (being small) held in the Hand
-when made use of.
-
-
-Viol
-
-A Cable-laid Rope, which being reeved through a large Block lashed at
-the Main-mast, is made use of by heaving at the Jeer Capston to weigh
-the Anchor when Nippers are brought on about the Cable.
-
-
-Vinegar
-
-Is allowed for washing the Ships between Decks when abroad, for
-preventing any Contagion spreading among the Men.
-
-
-Umbrello's
-
-Are Screens hung at the Stern over the Ship's Lights, to keep out the
-Sun, and are generally covered with Canvas or Kersey.
-
-
-Unmoar
-
-When a Ship or Vessel that Rides at two Anchors begins to get them up
-in order to Sail, she is Unmoaring.
-
-
-Uphroes
-
-Are a Kind of Spar brought from _Norway_, from thirty two Feet to
-twenty eight Feet long, and four Inches by three and an half square at
-the Top End.
-
-
-Waals
-
-Are those protuberant Strakes of Plank (or thick Stuff) wrought thicker
-than the Rest on the Sides of a Ship, the Appearance of which gives her
-Sheer, that is, the beautiful Rising they commonly have Fore and Aft
-above Water.
-
-
-Waft
-
-To make a Waft is to hoist up an Ensign rowled up to the Top of the
-Staff, as a Sign for the Men to come on board, or that a Ship is in
-Danger by a Leak, _&c._ and therefore wants Help from the Shore, or
-from some other Ship.
-
-
-Wake
-
-Is the smooth Water that runs from a Ship's Stern when under Sail, and
-by it a good Guess may be made of the Speed she makes. Also when one
-Ship giving Chace to another, is got as far into the Wind as she, and
-sails directly after her, they say, She has got into her Wake.
-
-
-Wale Rear'd
-
-Not Ship shape, but built right up after she comes to her Bearing.
-
-
-Walt
-
-A Ship is Walt when she hath not her due Ballast, that is, not enough
-to enable her to bear her Sails.
-
-
-Warp
-
-Is to haul or transport a Ship by a Cablet or Hawser (proper for that
-Purpose) bent to an Anchor or a Buoy; it is used when a Wind is wanting
-to carry her into or out of an Harbour, or to Moarings, and this is
-termed Warping; and the Cablet or Hawser used on this Occasion is
-called a Warp.
-
-
-Wast
-
-The Ship's Sides between the Quarter Deck and Fore-castle is commonly
-called so.
-
-
- Boards
-
- Are sometimes set upon the Sides of a Boat, to keep the Sea from
- breaking into her.
-
-
- Cloths
-
- Is Kersey, tabled with Canvas, and hung round the Wast, Quarter Deck,
- and Poop of a Ship for Ornament.
-
-
- Trees
-
- In small Ships only, are the same as Ruff Trees.
-
-
-Watch
-
-Signifies the Space of four Hours, because half of the Ship's Company
-Watch and do Duty in their Turns, so long at a Time, who are divided
-into two Parts, the Larboard, and the Starboard Watch.
-
-
-Water-born
-
-Is when a Ship, even and just with the Ground, first begins to float or
-swim, being born up by the Water.
-
-
-Water Line
-
-Is that which goes round the Ship at the Surface of the Water, and
-shews the true Shape of her Body.
-
-
-Water Shot
-
-Is a Sort of riding at Anchor, when a Ship is moared neither a-cross
-the Tide, nor right up and down, but betwixt both.
-
-
-Water ways
-
-Is that Strake of Plank on the Flat of each Deck respectively next the
-Ship's Side, for turning the Water out of the Seams.
-
-
-Way of a Ship
-
-Is sometimes the same with the Rake or Run of her Fore and Aft; but
-is mostly used as to her Sailing, for when she goes apace, they say,
-She makes good or fresh Way. And because most Ships are apt to fall
-a little to Leeward of their Course, they always in casting up the
-Logboard allow something for her Leeway, which is one Point or more,
-according to her Sailing.
-
-
-Weather Coyl
-
-When a Ship being a-hull, has her Head brought about so as to lie that
-Way which her Stern did before, without loosing of any Sail, but only
-by bearing up of the Helm, this is called Weather Coyling of her.
-
-
-Weather Gage
-
-That Ship is said to have the Weather Gage of another, when she is to
-Windward of her.
-
-
-Weathering
-
-A doubling or getting to Windward of a Point or Place.
-
-
-Wedges Iron
-
-Are for splitting Wood.
-
-
-Wedges Wood
-
-Are made out of Beech or Elm for splitting Wood, or to be put between
-the Wrain Staves and Ships Sides for setting too of Planks, and for
-barring in of Ports, _&c._
-
-
-Weighing
-
-Is drawing up an Anchor out of the Ground, in order to set Sail.
-
-
-Welding
-
-When the Smiths give their Iron a proper Heat in the Forge, in order to
-double up the same when wanted to weld a Work in the Doublings, so as
-to be in one Piece thick enough for the Purpose it is wanted for.
-
-
-Well
-
-A square Place, parted off and planked round the Main-mast from the
-Gundeck down to the Foot-waaling, to keep the Ballast, _&c._ from the
-Pumps placed therein.
-
-
-Whale-knot
-
-Is a round Knot or Knob made with three Strands of a Rope at one End of
-the Tacks, Topsail Sheats and Stoppers, so that they cannot slip.
-
-
-Wheels Steering
-
-Are placed on the Quarter Deck, fixed to an Axis, round which go the
-Wheelrope, which is made fast to the Tiller in the Gun-Room, it passes
-through Blocks at the Side, and from thence comes up to the Wheel in
-the Midships.
-
-
-Whelps
-
-Are those Brackets set Edge ways upon the Barrel of a Capston, which
-give the Sweep to it, and are so contrived that a Voyal or Cable
-brought about them may not surge so much as it would do, if the Body of
-the Capston was quite round and smooth.
-
-
-Whipstaff
-
-Is fastened into the Helm, for him that Steers to hold in his Hand,
-thereby to move the Helm and Steer the Ship: It goes through the Rowl,
-and made fast to the Tiller with a Ring.
-
-
-Whirles
-
-Used by the Rope-makers when either laying small Cordage, or spinning
-Yarn, and are placed in the Heads of the Wheels and Works in Brasses
-fixed therein.
-
-
-Whoodings
-
-Are the Ends of the Bottom Planks at the Extremities of the Ship,
-rabbited into the Stem Afore, and into the Post Abaft.
-
-
-Winches Iron
-
-Are Handles for turning round Grindstones, Wheels of Chain Pumps, _&c._
-
-
-Wind
-
-Bringing a Ship's Head about, is called Winding of her, and when rides
-at an Anchor, she is said to wind up. Also when she is under Sail, they
-use to enquire, How she Winds, that is, which way she lies with her
-Head; so, to Wind the Boat, is to turn her Head about.
-
-
-Wind Taught
-
-Implying as much as stiff in the Wind, for a Thing is Taught, when
-it is stiff. Thus too much Rigging over Head, or any Thing holding
-Wind Aloft, is said to hold a Ship Wind Taught; by which is meant,
-she stoops too much in her Sailing in a stiff Gale of Wind. So also,
-when a Ship rides in Stress of Wind and Weather, they strike down her
-Topmasts, which holds too much Wind, or be Wind Taught.
-
-
-Winding Tackle Pendant
-
-Is a Cable-laid Rope brought about the Head of the Mast, having a
-treble Block with three Shivers in it, seized fast to the End, through
-which and a double Block, the Fall is reeved, so brought to the Capston
-by a Snatch Block, whereby the Guns, or any other heavy Stores, are
-hoisted in or out.
-
-
-Windlass
-
-Is a Piece of Timber having six or eight Squares, and is fixed thwart
-Ship Abaft the Forecastle; in small Ships, Hoys, _&c._ this Windlass
-will Purchase as much as a Capston in weighing of an Anchor, and
-without any Danger to those that heave, because they heave here about
-with Handspikes, put into several Holes made in the Windlass, of which
-though one should happen to break, yet would the Windlass paul of
-itself, without any further Danger.
-
-
-Wind sails
-
-Are used for drawing fresh Air into the Holds of Ships, by cooling
-every Part, which contributes towards preserving them from Decay.
-
-
-Wood Hard
-
- Live Oak
-
- Is for making Reeming Beetles and Coggs for the Wheels, used for
- working the Chain Pumps which throws the Water out of the Docks.
-
-
- Lignum Vitæ
-
- Is used for making Shivers and Pins for Blocks.
-
-
-Wood & Wood
-
-Are two Pieces of Timber nicely let in or fay'd to each other, that the
-Wood of one joyns close to the other.
-
-
-Wood Faggots
-
-Are used in heating the Kilns for stoving Plank, and also the Oven
-where the Sail-makers stove the Bolt-ropes.
-
-
-Woodmeil
-
-A hairy coarse Stuff made of Island Wool, and supplied to the
-Carpenters of Ships at some of his Majesty's Yards for lining of Ports,
-_&c._
-
-
-Woolding
-
-Signifies the winding of Ropes at certain Distances about a Mast, in
-order to strengthen it.
-
-
-Woolers
-
- Double Hand
- Single Hand
-
- Used at the Rope Yard, and the Men that work with them, are a great
- Help to those that heave at the Hooks in laying or closing Cables.
-
-
-Worming
-
-Is twice-laid Cordage, and used for Worming Stays, Shrouds, _&c._ which
-is laid betwixt the Strands, in order to strengthen or succour them, or
-for making Netings on the Quarters, Wast, and Tops of Ships for Shelter
-to the Men when in Action.
-
-
-Wrain Staves
-
-Are a Sort of thick Billets, tapered so at each End that they may go
-into the Ring of the Wrain Bolt, and are for bringing too Planks or
-thick Stuff to the Compassing Parts of a Ship's Side, _&c._
-
-
-Wreck
-
-Is when a Ship is drove ashore in a Storm, or Perishes on the Sea, and
-no Man escapes alive out of her.
-
-
-Yards
-
- [Illustration: 1^{st} Rates Main
-                Main-top          Proportionably Drawn
-                Main topgall^t]
-
-_New England_ are wrought in eight squares in the Middle, and from
-thence in their several Quarters are tapered to the Ends in sixteen
-Squares, and received by the Inches in Diameter they are in the Slings;
-the Top and Top-gallant are generally made out of _Gottenbro'_ or
-_Norway_ Masts, all which are made of suitable Dimensions in Diameter
-and Length for their proper Sails to be bent to them, which are hoisted
-up and lowered down by the Jeers, Halyards, Lifts, _&c._
-
-
-Yare
-
-Is a Sea Word for Nimble, Ready, Quick, or Expeditious.
-
-
-Yarn
-
-That which the Rope-makers spin out of the Hemp for making Cordage, is
-called Yarn; and when Four hundred Threads are warped off the Winches,
-and a slight Turn is put into it, it is called a Hall, in order to be
-Tarred, which is done by four Men running in a large Wheel, that draws
-it through a Furnace of boiling Tar, and is pressed so very dry by a
-Nipper, that it will not soil one's Hand.
-
-
-Yawes
-
-A Ship makes Yawes, when through the Fault of him at the Helm or
-Steering Wheel she is not kept steady in her Course, but makes Angles
-in and out.
-
-
-
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber's note:
-
-Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. All other
-hyphenation, spelling and punctuation remains unchanged, except where
-noted below.
-
-The errata have been implemented.
-
-Words are often conjoined in the original, apparently to save space.
-This has been corrected.
-
-The illustration within the paragraph under Hooks has been reproduced
-approximately. The vertical should slope to the right. Many entries are
-accompanied by an illustration without captions. These have not been
-indicated, but the captions of the entries for Masts and Sparrs are
-included.
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NAVAL EXPOSITIOR***
-
-
-******* This file should be named 52902-0.txt or 52902-0.zip *******
-
-
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/2/9/0/52902
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org 
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary 
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/52902-0.zip b/old/52902-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 42902d5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h.zip b/old/52902-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index daec29d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/52902-h.htm b/old/52902-h/52902-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index feb20d8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/52902-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12372 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
-<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Naval Expositior, by Thomas Riley Blanckley</title>
-    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-    <style type="text/css">
-
-body {
-    margin-left: 10%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-h1
-{
-  margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: x-large;
-  font-weight: normal;
-  line-height: 1.6;
-}
-
-    h2,h3{
-    text-align: center;
-    clear: both;
-  }
-
-div.chapter {page-break-before: always;}
-
-p
-{
- margin-top: .75em;
- text-align: justify;
- margin-bottom: .75em;
-}
-
-.narrow   {max-width: 40em;}
-
-.half-title {
-  margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;
-  text-align: center;
-  font-size: x-large;
-  font-weight: normal;
-  line-height: 1.6;
-}
-
-.hang        {text-align: justify; padding-left: 1.75em; text-indent: -1.75em;}
-.hangin       {text-align: justify; margin-left: 10%; padding-left: 1.75em; text-indent: -1.75em;}
-
-
-hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;}
-
-ul.index { list-style-type: none; }
-li.ifrst { margin-top: 1em; }
-li.indx { margin-top: .5em; }
-
-table {
-    margin-left: auto;
-    margin-right: auto;
-}
-table.smtab  { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; line-height: 1;}
-   .clbl    {text-align: left; border-left: 1px solid black;}
-   .ccbl    {text-align: center; border-left: 1px solid black;}
-   .cc    {text-align: center;}
-   .crbrl   {text-align: right; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;}
-   .crbrlb  {text-align: right; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 1px solid black;
-                border-bottom: 1px solid black;}
-   .clblb  {text-align: left; border-left: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;}
-   .ccbb   {text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid black;}
-   .cr4b      {text-align: right; border-right:1px solid black;  border-left: 1px solid black;
-                   border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;}
-   .ccbltb   {text-align: center; border-left:1px solid black;  border-top: 1px solid black;
-                  border-bottom: 1px solid black;}
-   .cl        {text-align: left;}
-   .clind    {text-align: left; padding-left: 2em;}
-   .clind2    {text-align: left; padding-left: 3em;}
-  .ct      {vertical-align: top;}
-
-.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
-     visibility: hidden;
-    position: absolute;
-    left: 92%;
-    font-size: smaller;
-    text-align: right;
-} /* page numbers */
-
-
-.blockquote {
-    margin-left: 5%;
-    margin-right: 10%;
-}
-
-
-.center   {text-align: center;}
-
-.right   {text-align: right;}
-
-.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
-
-
-/* Images */
-.figcenter   {margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;}
-img {border: none; max-width: 100%}
-
-
-img.drop-cap
-{
-  float: left;
-  margin: 0 0.5em 0 0;
-}
-
-p.drop-cap:first-letter
-{
-  color: transparent;
-  visibility: hidden;
-  margin-left: -0.9em;
-}
-
-@media handheld
-{
-  img.drop-cap
-  {
-    display: none;
-  }
-
-  p.drop-cap:first-letter
-  {
-    color: inherit;
-    visibility: visible;
-    margin-left: 0;
-  }
-}
-
-.indent30 {text-indent: 30%;}
-.indent35 {text-indent:35%;}
-.indent40 {text-indent: 40%;}
-.indent45 {text-indent: 45%;}
-.indent50 {text-indent: 50%;}
-.indent55 {text-indent: 55%;}
-
-
-
-/* Transcriber's notes */
-.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA;
-    color: black;
-     font-size:smaller;
-     padding:0.5em;
-     margin-bottom:5em;
-     font-family:sans-serif, serif; }
-
-    h1.pg   { margin-top: 0em;
-              margin-bottom: 1em;
-              font-size: 190%;
-              font-weight: bold;
-              line-height: 1; }
-    hr.full { width: 100%;
-              margin-top: 3em;
-              margin-bottom: 0em;
-              margin-left: auto;
-              margin-right: auto;
-              height: 4px;
-              border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */
-              border-style: solid;
-              border-color: #000000;
-              clear: both; }
-    </style>
-</head>
-<body>
-<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Naval Expositior, by Thomas Riley Blanckley</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
-and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not
-located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
-<p>Title: A Naval Expositior</p>
-<p>       Shewing and Explaining the Words and Terms of Art Belonging to the Parts, Qualities and Proportions of Building, Rigging, Furnishing, &amp; Fitting a Ship for Sea</p>
-<p>Author: Thomas Riley Blanckley</p>
-<p>Release Date: August 27, 2016  [eBook #52902]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NAVAL EXPOSITIOR***</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<h3>E-text prepared by Steven Gibbs, Les Galloway,<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="full" />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class="narrow">
-<div class="figcenter" >
-<img src="images/ill-f001.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-
-<h1>A<br />
-Naval Expositor,</h1>
-
-<p class="center"><i>Shewing and Explaining
-The Words and Terms of Art belonging to
-the Parts, Qualities and Proportions of Building,
-Rigging, Furnishing, &amp; Fitting a Ship for Sea</i>.</p>
-
-<p class="center"><big>Also</big></p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>All Species that are received into the Magazines,
-and on what Services they are Used and Issued.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center">Together with</p>
-
-<p class="center"><i>The Titles of all the Inferior Officers belonging to a Ship,
-with an Abridgment of their respective Duties.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center"><i><big>By Thomas Riley Blanckley</big>.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center"><i><span class="smcap">London</span> Printed by E. Owen, in Warwick Lane, and
-Engraved by Paul Fourdrinier at Charing Cross.</i></p>
-
-<p class="center">MDCCL.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-
-
-<p class="hangin"><i><big>To the Right Honourable the Lords</big>
-Commissioners for Executing the Office of
-Lord High Admiral of</i> Great Britain <i>and</i>
-Ireland, <i>and of all His Majesty's Plantations</i>,
-&amp;c.</p>
-
-<div>
-  <img class="drop-cap" src="images/ill-f003.jpg" alt="" />
-</div>
-<p class="drop-cap">
-As the following Sheets have been published
-by your Lordships Approbation,
-they are, with the greatest Submission
-and Gratitude, dedicated to your Lordships,</p>
-
-
-<p class="indent30"><i>By,</i></p>
-<p class="indent35"><i>My Lords,</i></p>
-<p class="indent40"><i>Your Lordships</i></p>
-<p class="indent45"><i>Most Obedient,</i></p>
-<p class="indent50"><i>Most Dutiful,</i></p>
-<p class="indent55"><i>and</i></p>
-<p class="indent50"><i>Most Humble Servant,</i></p>
-
-<p class="right">Thomas Riley Blanckley.
-</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<h2><a name="A_list" id="A_list"><small>A</small></a><br />
-LIST<br />
-<small>OF THE</small><br />
-SUBSCRIBERS.</h2>
-
-
-<div class="index">
-<ul class="index">
-<li class="ifrst">A.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Right Honourable the Lords of the <i>Admiralty</i> (as a Board.)</li>
-<li class="indx">Joseph Allin, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Surveyor of His Majesty's Navy</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Governors and Company of the <i>Royal Exchange Assurance Office</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Mariot Arbuthnot.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Andrewes.</li>
-<li class="indx">George Atkins, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Allix, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Charles Alexander, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Michael Atkins, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Roger Altham, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Allix, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Commissioner of the Six-penny Office</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Gabriel Acworth.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Andrews.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Elias Arnaud.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Adney.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Charles Allen.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Samuel Allin.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Williams Arthur.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr D. H. S. Augier.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr George Allen.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieutenant John Angier.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Atwick.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Atkins.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Edward Allin.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">B.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">His Grace the Duke of Bedford, <i>Principal Secretary of State</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Right Honourable Lord Viscount Barrington, <i>Lord of the Admiralty</i>, 6 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Charles Brown, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Commissioner of the Navy at Chatham</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Wm. Bladwell, 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Patrick Baird.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Henry Barnfley.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Mathew Buckle.</li>
-<li class="indx">Sir William Baird, <i>Bart</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">George Bellas, <i>Esq</i>; 14 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">James Bankes, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Edward Busby, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Robert Bennett, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Charles Burley, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Edward Bentham.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Bowers.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Barker.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Bucknall.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Bruce.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Jonas Botting.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Bryan Bentham.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Baynard.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Bately.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Bately.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Bannick.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Jonas Benjamin.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Barnfield.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Owen Bird.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Burry.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Daniel Baverstock.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Thomas Burnett.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Pentecost Barker.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Nathaniel Bishop.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Robert Bogg.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Charles Bowes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Brewer.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Francis Benson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Bromfall.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Brett.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">C.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Right Honourable Lord Viscount Cobham.</li>
-<li class="indx">Right. Hon. Lord Colville.</li>
-<li class="indx">Thomas Corbett, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Secretary of the Admiralty</i>, 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">John Clevland, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Secretary of the Admiralty</i>, 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Cokburne.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Alexander Campbell.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Col. Mordaunt Cracherode.</li>
-<li class="indx">Richard Owen Cambridge, <i>Esq</i>; 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Robert Chapman, <i>L. L. D.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Claude Crespigny, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Philip Crespigny, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Spencer Colepeper, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Carter, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Edmund Clark, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Thomas Colby, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Crookshanks, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Christopher Coles.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. John Clark.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Francis Colepeper.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Cogswell.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Ulick Cormick.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Edward Collingwood.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Cookson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr George Crisp.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Crabtree.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Cæfar.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Cheslyn.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Robert Calland.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Joseph Champion.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Raphael Courteville.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">D.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">His Grace the Duke of Devonshire.</li>
-<li class="indx">Rt. Hon. Ld. Viscount Duncannon, <i>Lord of the Admiralty</i>, 6 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Digby Dent.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. James Douglass.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Cotton Dent.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Dove.</li>
-<li class="indx">Andrew Coltee Ducarell, <i>L. L. D.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Jacob Dias, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Arthur Dobbins, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. John Dunkley.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Windham Deverell.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Elias Dunsterville.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Dobbins.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Henry Daniel.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">E.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hon. Capt. Geo. Edgcumbe.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Evans.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Michael Everitt.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Elliott.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Holland Ecles.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Etherington.</li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">F.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hon. John Forbes, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Rear Admiral of the White Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Thomas Fox, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Rear Admiral</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Frankland.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Fawler.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. William Fortescue.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Foley.</li>
-<li class="indx">Josias Farrer, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Robert Frankland.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Fellowes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Joseph Fletcher.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Forrester.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Henry Farrant.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">G.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Right Hon. Lord Viscount Gallway.</li>
-<li class="indx">Hon. George Grenville, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Lord of the Treasury</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Tho. Graves, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Rear Admiral</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">John Gascoigne, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Rear Admiral</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Francis Geary.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. William Gordon.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. James Gambier.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Robert Grant.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Samuel Graves.</li>
-<li class="indx">Samuel Grubb, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Thomas Graves.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Greenway, 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Gray.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Philip Gilbert.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Grover.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Grant.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Golding.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Grove.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">H.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Right Hon. the Earl of Hallifax, <i>First Lord of Trade and Plantations</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Right Hon. Lord Hobart.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mons. Hasselaer, <i>Burgomaster of Amsterdam, and President of the Admiralties in Holland</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mons. Hop, <i>Envoy from the States of the United Provinces</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Hon. Sir Edward Hawke, <i>Knight of the Bath, and Vice Admiral of the Blue Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Sir William Hewett, <i>Bart.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Colonel —— Haldane.</li>
-<li class="indx">George Hay, <i>L. L. D.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Joseph Hamar.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Charles Holmes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Edmund Home.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Hale.</li>
-<li class="indx">Nathaniel Hills, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Hooke, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Thomas Hill, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Frederick Hill, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">George Hinde, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Hotham, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Houlton, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. James Hume.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Hawes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Hay.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Hicks.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Hogg.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Hickes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Hickes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Haselden.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Joseph Hughes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Henshaw.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Nicholas Hinton.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Lancaster Hull.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">I.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Innes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr George Jackson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Francis Jones.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Peter Jope.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">K.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Charles Knowles, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Rear Admiral of the Red Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Charles Knowler.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Knowler.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Knackston.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Kee.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Kerly.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">L.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Right Hon. the Earl of Leicester, <i>Post-Master General</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Right Hon. Mr. Legge, <i>Treasurer of the Navy</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">George Lyttelton, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Lord of the Treasury</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Colonel Lyttelton.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Julian Legge.</li>
-<li class="indx">John Lock, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Edward Linzee, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Louis Lasinby.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Lee.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Lyne.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Lucas.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr David Lucas, <i>jun.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Joseph Lock.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Leake.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Lievre.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">M.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Mathew Michell, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Montagu.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Christopher Middleton.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Jarvis Maplesden.</li>
-<li class="indx">Robert Michell, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">M. Mendez, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lewis Mendez, <i>jun.</i> <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Roger Mainwaring, <i>jun.</i> <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Butler Morn, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. John Moore.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Thomas Morse.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Henry Moyle.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Hugh Mackay.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mess. Mount and Page, 6 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Millan, <i>Bookseller</i>, 4 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Major.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Henry Major.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Charles Massey.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Peter Martin.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Morland.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Lewis Morris.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Samuel More.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Mathews.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Maddocks.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Merrifield.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Edward May.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Miers.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Samuel Milton.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Maidman.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Milburn Marsh.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr George Marsh.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">N.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Honourable the Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's <i>Navy</i>, (as a Board.)</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Abraham North.</li>
-<li class="indx">John Nickleson, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Henry Nelson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Nobbs.</li>
-
-<li class="ifrst">O.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Sir Chaloner Ogle, <i>Knight</i>, <i>Admiral of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Lucius O Brien.</li>
-<li class="indx">James Oswald, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. John Osborn.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Edward Owen.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Ommanney, <i>sen.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Ommanney, <i>jun.</i></li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">P.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Capt. Cha. Wager Purvis.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Edward Pratten.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Charles Powlett.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. William Parry.</li>
-<li class="indx">Henry Partridge, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Andrew Phillips, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Player, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Page.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Skrine Pritchard.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Manesty Pell.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Davis Philips.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Robert Parker.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Parlby.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Robert Patterson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Purling.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Price.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">R.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Capt. Geo. Brydges Rodney.</li>
-<li class="indx">Nathaniel Rich, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Edward Rushworth, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Richard Riggs, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Rickman, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Rickman.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Newland Rice.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Joseph Rossington.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Rosewell.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Boswell Russell.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Robinson, <i>of Portsmouth</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Read.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Jonas Rowley.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Robinson, <i>of Chatham</i>.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">S.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">James Steuart, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Admiral of the White Squadron, of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Edmund Strange.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Charles Saunders.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Sturton.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Edward Spragge.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Stanhope.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Abel Smith.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Molineux Shuldham.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Ambrose Seccombe.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Cornelius Smelt.</li>
-<li class="indx">Society of Navy Surgeons, 5 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Samuel Seddon, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Samuel Shepherd, <i>Esq</i>; 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Richard Shubrick, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Thomas Stanyford, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Edmund Stephens, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Scobie, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Sargent, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Henry Stevens, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">John Smith, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Alexander Skene.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Charles Stuteville.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Alexander Schomberg.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Snelgrave.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr George Stanyford.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Stuart.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Slade.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Jeffery Sall.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Shephard.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Ambrose Stapleton, 2 Books.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Henry Streek.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Shepherd.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Tyrringham Stephens.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Henry Stuteville.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Stone.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Francis Smith.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Samson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Samuel Smith.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">T.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Isaac Townsend, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Admiral of the Blue Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Edmund Toll.</li>
-<li class="indx">Thomas Tickell, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">William Tash, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Edward Timewell, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Bryan Taylor, <i>Esq</i>;</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. Michael Taylor.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Tomlinson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Tattum.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr George Tollett.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Charles Tollett.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Tyndall.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Turner, <i>jun.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Richard Trotten, <i>jun.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Benjamin Tucker.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">V.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Right Hon. Lord Vere, Baron of <i>Hanworth</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Philip Vanbrugh, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Commissioner of the Navy at Plymouth</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Commissioners for Victualling His Majesty's <i>Navy</i>, (as a Board.)</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Vaughan.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Vaughan.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">W.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">Hon. Sir Peter Warren, <i>Knight of the Bath, and Vice Admiral of the Red Squadron of His Majesty's Fleet</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Weller, <i>sen.</i></li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Temple West.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Rupert Waring.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Wickham.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Willyams.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. Thomas Ward.</li>
-<li class="indx">Capt. John Wynne.</li>
-<li class="indx">William Wood, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Secretary of the Customs</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Lieut. James Wilson.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Ward.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Walton.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr William Wilcox.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Thomas Wyatt.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Robert Woollett.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Wilkes.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr Daniel Whitewood.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr John Wright.</li>
-
-
-<li class="ifrst">Y.</li>
-
-<li class="indx">William Young, <i>Esq</i>; <i>Commissioner of the Six-penny Office</i>.</li>
-<li class="indx">Mr James Young.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-
-
-<p class="center">ERRATA.</p>
-
-
-<blockquote>
-<p>Page 3, Line 7, <i>instead of</i> Is a Platform, <i>read</i>, Are Platforms.—p. 4. l. 1.
-<i>instead of</i> Is, <i>read</i>, Are made of.—p. 8. l. 13, <i>instead of</i> Is a long Bolt, <i>read</i>,
-Are long Bolts.—l. 14. <i>instead of</i> goes round, <i>read</i>, go round.—p. 38. l. 15.
-<i>instead of</i> Is the Flag, <i>read</i>, Are Flags.—p. 83. l. 1. <i>instead of</i> Are made, <i>read</i>,
-Is made.—p. 135. l. 12. <i>instead of</i> steeving, <i>read</i>, staving—p. 148. l. 9. <i>instead
-of</i> stands, <i>read</i>, stand.—p. 181. l. 1. <i>instead of</i> pretuberant, <i>read</i>, protuberant.</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter"></div>
-
-<p class="hang">Names of each particular Part of a new Ship, as they
-are put together (in a progressive Manner) for Frameing and
-Finishing the Structure Building on the Stocks.</p>
-
-<div class="center">
-<table class="smtab" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-
-<tr>
-   <td class="ccbltb" colspan="2"></td>
-  <td class="cr4b"><small>Page</small></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Keel</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Stem</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl">Sternpost</td>
-  <td align="center">⎛&nbsp; Framed &nbsp;⎞</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl">Transoms</td>
-  <td align="center">⎨and raised⎬</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl">Fashion Pieces</td>
-  <td align="center">⎝ together ⎠</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Dead Rising</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Floor</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Timbers</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Keelson</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Futtocks</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Hawse Pieces</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Top Timbers</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Waals</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Harpings</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Plank</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Clamps</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Sleepers</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Foot Waaling</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Beams</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Knees</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Bitts</td>
-  <td class="crbrl" rowspan="2"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="ccbl" colspan="2">Cross Pieces</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Carlings</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Ledges</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Waterways</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Spirketing</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Upper Deck</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">String</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Quarter Deck</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Forecastle</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Partners Mast</td>
-  <td class="crbrl" rowspan="2"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="ccbl" colspan="2">Capston</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Comeings</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Breast Hooks</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Fore Step</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Riders</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Pointers</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Crotches</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Steps Main</td>
-  <td class="crbrl" rowspan="3"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="ccbl" colspan="2">Mizon</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="ccbl" colspan="2">Main Capston</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Decks Lower the<br />Flat or Plank</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Orlop</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Capstons</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Pillars</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Channels</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>  <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Navel Hoods</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" >Knee</td>
-  <td align="center" rowspan="2">of the Head</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl">Cheeks</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Lyon</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Trailboard</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Gallery</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Taffarel</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Quarter Pieces</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Brackets</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Well</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Pumps</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Limber Boards</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Garboard Strake,<br /> or Plank</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
-</tr>
-
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Blkheads</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Ports</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Cathead</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Chestrees</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Hatchways</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Scuttles</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Grateings</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Ladders</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Manger</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Pallating Magazine<br /> and Bread-room</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Gunwales</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Rails</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Gangways</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Cleats</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Kevels</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Ranges</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Knight Heads</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Rother</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Tiller</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Scuppers</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Standards</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Rufftrees</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl" colspan="2">Poop Lanterns</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clbl">Cradle or</td>
-  <td class="ccbb" rowspan="2">For<br /> Launching</td>
-  <td class="crbrl"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-   <td class="clblb">Buildgeways</td>
-  <td class="crbrlb"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
-</tr>
-</table></div>
-
-
-<p>
-N. B. <i>All the foregoing Particulars,
-upon any Emergency,
-may, by a sufficient Number of
-Men, be taken in Hand very
-nearly together.</i>
-</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h2><a name="A" id="A">A</a><br />
-
-<small><i>Naval Expositor</i></small>.</h2>
-
-
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<col width="25%" /><col width="75%" />
-<tr><td class="cl">A-Baft</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are those Parts which are towards the
-Stern of a Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Amain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">A Sea Term, to strike a Main, is to lower at
-once.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Anchors</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="ct" rowspan="6">
-<img src="images/ill-p001.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">The Parts of an Anchor are, <i>First</i>, The
-Ring unto which the Cable is bent or fastened.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl"><i>Secondly</i>, The Shank, which is the longest
-Part of the Anchor; and at the End where
-the Ring goes through, is called the Eye, and
-wrought Square with two Nutts on it, which
-are let into the Stock.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl"><i>Thirdly</i>, The Arm is from the Crown to
-the Flook.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl"><i>Fourthly</i>, The Flook, by some called the
-Palm, being that broad Part brought on upon
-the Arm, like an Arrow Head, the sharpest
-Part of which is called the Bill, and fastens
-into the Ground.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl">The Anchors on board a Man of War are
-the Sheat, Spare, Best and Small Bower, which
-by the Establishment, are all of one Weight,
-the Stream one Fourth, the Kedge one Eighth,
-of the large ones; and the First and Second
-Rates are allowed a small warping one, one
-Half the Weight of the Kedge.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl">When the Cable is Perpendicular between
-the Hawse and the Anchor, it is then said to be
-a Peek; when hangs right up and down by
-the Ship's Side, it is said to be a Cock Bill,
-upon the Ship's coming to an Anchor; when
-a Ship drives by the Violence of Wind or Tide,
-and the Anchor cannot hold her, then it's
-said to come Home. Those which have lost
-one of their Flooks, are made use of for
-Moarings.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Anchor Stock</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p002.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">A Piece of Wood fastened together with
-Iron Hoops and Treenails upon the Square
-near the Ring, serving to guide the Flook,
-so as it may fall right and fix in the Ground.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ditto Tackle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are for Loosing too the Stock, so as to be
-clear of the Bends.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Anchoring</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is Ground fitting to hold a Ship's Anchor,
-so as she may safely ride it out in a Storm;
-stiff Clay, and hard Sand, is esteemed the
-best to be chose for that Purpose.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Anvils</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p003.png"  alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths for working all
-Sorts of Iron-work on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Aprons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is a Plat-form raised a little above the Bottom
-of a Dock at its Entrance, against which
-the Gates shut.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Arm'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">A Ship is said to be arm'd when fitted
-in all Respects for War.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Avast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Signifies to stop, hold, or stay.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Auger Bitts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p004-2.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Made of several Sizes, and when shut to a
-Shank, are for boreing Holes through the
-Plank and Timbers, that the Treenails may
-go through them, for fastening both together.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Aunings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is old Canvas spread by Ropes over the
-Upper Deck, Quarter Deck, or Poop; and
-some Ships have them fitted with thin slit
-Deal, over the Steering Wheel on the Quarter
-Deck; and all are to keep off the Sun, Rain
-or Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Axes</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p004.png"  alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used for cutting up Junk, or cleaving
-Wood.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Backstays</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are sort of Shrouds, which go up to the
-Topmasthead, hath Lanyards reev'd through
-dead Eyes, and Backstay Plates at the Ship's
-Side, are called standing or shifting, and are
-for succouring the Topmasts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bail or Bale</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Casting or throwing the Water out of a
-Boat, which when done she is freed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ballast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is in great Ships generally Beach Stones,
-and in small Iron, laid in the Hold next the
-Keelson, in order to keep the Ship stiff, so
-that she may bear the more Sail.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Barrels Press</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p005-1.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are emptied Tar Barrels filled with Clay,
-to be put on the Drags and Sledges when
-closeing Cables in the Rope Yard.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Barrecoes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p005-2.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Small Casks of Twenty one Inches long,
-bound with four Iron Hoops, were formerly
-allowed to Ships bound on Foreign Voyages
-for fetching Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bars</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Capston</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p005-3.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Goes into the Drum-head, at which the
-Men heave when weighing an Anchor, or purchasing
-a great Weight.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Port</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p005-4.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Each End goes through a Ring Bolt, and
-with Wedges, barrs in the Ports.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Baskets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p005-5.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are made use of for carrying Officers Stores
-in, and several other Uses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bason</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is for Ships to lye in to be repaired, before
-or after taken out of the Dock.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Baulks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Small rough Firr Timber, used for Shoreing
-Ships when in the Dock, and other such like
-uses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Beak Head</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">The foremost End of the Forecastle, fronting
-the Head, and limitting the Length of it, and
-is a becoming Part or Grace of a Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Beak Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are for turning square, round, and all Sorts
-of Hoops; and also used by Plumbers, as
-Anvils are by the Smiths.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Beams</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Large Pieces of Timber cross the Ship, the
-Ends of which are lodged on the Clamps to
-support the Decks, and also keeps her out to
-her Breadth, and likewise to bear the Weight
-of her Ordnance.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Beeswax</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is used by the Sail-makers for waxing the
-Twine before they sew the Seams of Canvas
-for making Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Beetles Reeming</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p006.png" alt="illustration" />
-</td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Caulkers for driving in their
-Irons into a Ship's Bottom, in order for Caulking.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bear</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">A Ship bears her Ordnance when she carries
-her Guns well, when having her Sails abroad
-in a Gale of Wind she don't heel. When
-sails towards the Shore, she is said to bear in
-with the Land. When a Ship that was to
-Windward comes under another's Stern, and
-gives her the Wind, she is said to bear under
-her Lee. If sails into an Harbour with the
-Wind large or before the Wind, she is then
-said to bear in with the Harbour. When a
-Ship keeps off from any Land, she is said to
-bear off from it. When they would express
-how any Cape or Place lieth from another,
-they say it bears off so, or so,—In Conding
-also, they say, bear up to the Helm, (<i>i. e.</i>) let
-her go more large before the Wind, and bear
-up round, that is, let her go between her two
-Sheets, directly before the Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bells</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cabbin</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p007-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Allowed all Ships, for the Use of Admirals,
-and Commanders, to call their Servants.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Watch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p007-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">For striking the Hour at each Box in the
-Yard at Night, and also are allowed all Ships
-for that Service both in the Day and Night.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Belay</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Signifies the same as fasten.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bench Stakes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths for cold Work on
-a Vice Bench.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bend</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">In a Ship, there are several, as the Midship-bend,
-and others called frame Bends, which
-shews the Shape of her at the respective Places
-where they are placed. They say Bend the
-Cable, when it is seized and made fast to the
-Ring of the Anchor. To Unbend the Cable
-is to loosen it from the Ring of the Anchor,
-in order to be returned into Store, or cut up
-for inferior Uses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bilbows</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p008.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Is a long Bolt on which are put generally
-six or seven Shackles, which goes round a
-Man's Leg when he has committed any Fault,
-and for securing him in Case his Offence is so
-great as to deserve further Punishment.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bildge</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">The flatest Part of a Ship's Bottom, and
-when she strikes on a Rock, they say she is
-Bildged.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Birth</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is a due and proper Distance observed between
-Ships lying at an Anchor or under Sail;
-so also the raising or bringing up the Sides of
-a Ship is called Birthing up; also the proper
-Place aboard for a Mess to put their Chests,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> is called the Birth of that Mess; also a
-convenient Place to Moar a Ship is called the
-Birth.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bittacle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p009.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a Sort of Locker framed with Deal to
-hold the Compass, a Glass and Candle, and
-stands on the Quarter Deck just before the
-Steering Wheel, by which, he that Steers the
-Ship is enabled to keep her in her right Course.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bite</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is any Turn or Part of a Rope that lies
-compassing; and therefore when they cannot
-take the End of a Rope in Hand, they say,
-Give me the Bite, or hold by the Bite.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bitter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Any turn of a Cable about the Bitts, is
-called a Bitter, so as that the Cable may be
-let out by little and little. And when a Ship
-is stopped by a Cable, they say, She is brought
-up by a Bitter. Also that End of the Cable
-which is wound or belayed about the Bitts, is
-called the Bitter-end of the Cable.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bitts</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p010-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are two perpendicular Pieces of Timber in
-the Fore-part of the Ship, bolted to the Gun-Deck
-and Orlop Beams, their lower Ends
-stepping in the Footwaaling, the Heads of
-which are braced with a Cross-piece, and
-when several turns of the Cable are taken
-over them, is for securing the Ship at an
-Anchor; there are generally two Pair of them;
-besides there are others upon the Upper Deck,
-which are fixed by the Main and Foremast,
-and called the Topsail Sheat and Jeer Bitts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Blacking</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p010-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Is in small Barrels, and used by the Boatswains
-for making the Yards Black.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Blocks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are fitted with Shivers and Pins for Running
-Rigging to go through, and of the different
-Natures following.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Blocks Double</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p010-3.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Has two Shives, and are used for Jeers,
-Topsail-Runners, Main Bowlines, Mizon Sheats,
-and Winding Tackle Falls.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Double Ironbound</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p011-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">The Toptackle Falls for all Ships are reeved
-through them, the upper ones hook into a
-Thimble at the End of the Toprope Pendant;
-and the lower ones has a Swivel in the Iron
-binding, and hooks either to an Eye or Ring-bolt
-upon Deck; and so are those for the Catt
-Falls for Ships from 70 Guns downwards, but
-with a large Hook, which takes the Shank of
-the Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Longtackle</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p011-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has one large and one small Shive, one
-above another, and are used for all single
-Tackles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Single</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p011-3.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has only one Shive.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Clewgarnet<br />
-&amp;<br />
-Clewline
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p011-4.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with a Shoulder, and Holes bored
-through the same, for the Strap to go through,
-in order for Lashing the former about the
-Yards.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Racks</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p011-5.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are lashed to each Side of the Gammoning
-in the Head, and has several Shives one above
-another, through which the Spritsail-lifts,
-Buntlines, Clewlines, and Sprit Topsail Sheats
-go.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sheat</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Spritsail</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p012-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are turn'd, and has Holes for the Pendants
-(which serve as a Strap) to go through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Topsail</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p012-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with Shoulders, and lashed to the
-Low Yard Arms, in order to hall Home the
-Topsail Sheats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Snatch</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p012-3.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Has a Hole bored at the Tapering-end, and
-a Notch cut in the upper Part, for a Bite of a
-Rope to be put in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p012-4.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are bound with Iron, and a Hook turned
-from the same to hang in the Eye-bolt of the
-Cap; has a Brass Shive and an Iron Pin,
-through which Block, the Pendant of the Toprope
-goes for getting up the Topmasts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Voyal</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p012-5.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">The Shive has a Brass Coak let into it,
-which works on an Iron Pin, by reason of the
-great Strain-hove by the Voyal (brought round
-the Capston) when purchasing the Anchor.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Warping</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p013-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Made in the same manner as the Snatch
-are, but lighter, with a long Iron Pin, which
-serves the Man that warps off the Yarn from
-the Winches, for a Handle to hold by.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Treble</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p013-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Has three Shives, are used for Fore and
-Main Jeers for Ships from 100 to 80 Guns;
-for the Foretop Bowlines of all Rates; Mizon
-Jeers from 100 to 60 Guns, and Winding
-Tackle Falls from 100 to 40 Guns.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">D<sup>o</sup>. Ironbound</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p013-3.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">With a large Hook for the Catropes, and
-allowed to Ships from 100 to 80 Guns.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bluffheaded</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">A Ship is said to be so, when she is built
-with small, or too upright Rake forward on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Board</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Elm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is used for several Services about the Yard,
-on board Ships, and repairing Boats, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Firr</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">For sheathing Ships Bottoms, flooring their
-Cabbins, and making Moulds, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Board Wainscot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">For building Barges, Pinnaces and Wherries;
-and other Uses relating to the Joyners.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Boats</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Barge</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p014-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Rows with twelve Oars; are allowed to the
-Flag Officers, as Pinnaces are to Captains.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Launces</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p014-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Made use of by the Master's Attendant for
-transporting Ships, are built of a great Breadth,
-and low to the Water for the more conveniently
-coyling transporting Hawsers in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Longboat</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p014-3.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Is the largest Boat belonging to a Ship, and
-the strongest built, being used for carrying
-Water, or Officers Stores to and from the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Pinnace</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p014-4.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">All Ships are allowed one, for the Use of
-the Commanders.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wherry</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p014-5.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed to some of the Yard Officers.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Yawl</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p014-6.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are the inferior and smallest Boats allowed
-Ships.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">BoatTackle Pendants</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are fastened with an Eye pretty near the
-Ends of the Fore and Main-Yards, with Longtackle
-Blocks, and through them pass the
-Falls which are used for hoisting in the Boat
-upon the Booms, or out of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Boatswain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Officer, who receives into his Charge
-all the standing and running Rigging, Cables,
-Cordage, Anchors, Sails, Boats, and other
-Stores by Indenture.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bollards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Posts set into the Ground, on each
-Side of a Dock, and to them (on docking or
-undocking Ships) are lashed large double or
-treble Blocks, through which are reeved the
-Transporting Hawsers to be brought to the
-Capstons.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bolsters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Smiths lay them on their Anvils, when
-they stretch or open Holes with Pins.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bolts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Chain</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p015.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Goes through an Eye of the Chain-plate to
-be drove into the Ship's Side.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Clench</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p016-1.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">When drove, are to be clench'd at each
-End, to keep them from starting or flying out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Drawn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are of a superior Length, to be cut, upon
-occasion, of different Lengths, as wanted.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Drive</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p016-2.png" alt="" />
-</td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are used to drive out other Bolts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Eye</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p016-3.png" alt="Illustration" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into Ships Decks or Sides, for
-Tackle Hooks to hook in, when a great Purchase
-is depending.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fender</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p016-4.png" alt="Illustration" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Made with thick Heads, to be drove into
-Waals, to save the Ship's Sides from Bruises.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Forelock</td></tr>
-<tr><td>
-<img src="images/ill-p016-5.png" alt="Illustration" />
-</td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has a small Eye at one End, in which the
-Forelock is driven, to prevent starting out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hatch-barr</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small ones, for fastening the Bars down
-on the Hatches in Time of Fight.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ragg</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p017-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are full of Jaggs or Barbs on each Side, to
-keep them from flying out of the Timber into
-which they are drove.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ring</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p017-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Serve for bringing to the Ports, when the
-Bars are put through their Rings, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sett</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p017-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for bringing Planks or other Works
-close to one another.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wrain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p017-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has a Ring at one End for a Staff to go
-through, and small Holes made toward the
-other End for Forelocks, and are used on
-Frames of Ships for bringing Planks, <i>&amp;c.</i> to
-the Sides.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bolt Staves</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Square Bars of Iron, cut into different
-Lengths, just put into the Fire, and their
-Edges rounded off, preparative to their being
-forged into Bolts of any Diameter or Size, as
-may be wanted in Haste.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bonnets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Sails to be laced on upon the
-Main or Foresails, and Jibbs of Sloops, Yachts
-or Hoys, when fair, or to be taken off in foul
-Weather.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Boom</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship makes all the Sail she can,
-they say she comes Booming; also those Poles
-with Bushes or Baskets on the Top, which are
-placed near Lakes, to direct how to steer into
-a Channel, are called Booms.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Booms</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fire</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made out of long Sparrs, and fitted
-with a Spud of Iron at the End, and ferril'd;
-their Use is to prevent Fire-ships boarding, or
-fending off any others that may fall on board
-them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Flying Jib</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Runs up the Bowsprit, from which the
-flying Jib sail is hoisted.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Studdingsail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Goes along the Yards, through Irons fixed
-on them, that when they sail before the Wind,
-the studding Sail being set, causes the Ship to
-go through the Sea with greater Swiftness.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Boom Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p018.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with two Rings, the large one
-clips the Yard, and the Booms go through the
-small one.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Boothose Tops</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are laid on about three Strakes of Plank
-below the Waters Edge with Tallow, and are
-generally given Ships when ordered on a
-Cruize.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bowles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p019.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswain, for the Use of
-the Men to put their Provision in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bowsprits</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of the Growth of <i>New-England</i> or <i>Riga</i>,
-are always wrought into sixteen Squares, before
-brought from thence, and are received
-into Store by their Diameter in Inches.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When on board, they lie steeving on the
-Head of the Stern, having the lower End fastened
-to the Partners of the Fore-mast, and
-a Gammoning reeved several Times through
-the Knee of the Head, and farther supported
-by the Fore-stay. It carries the Sprit-sail-yard,
-(Sprit-top-mast in three Deck Ships) Jack Staff
-and flying Jib Boom.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bowline</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope fastened in three or four
-Parts of the Leech of the Sail, which is called
-the Bowline Bridle, but the Mizon Bowline
-is fastened at the lower End of the Yard.—All
-Sails have it except the Spritsail and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
-Sprit-top-sail, and therefore those Sails cannot
-be used close by a Wind; for the Use of the
-Bowline is to make the Sails stand sharp, close,
-or by a Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bowline Knot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Knot that will not slip, by which the
-Bowline Bridle is fastened to the Cringles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bowse</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies as much as hawl or pull, thus,
-hawling upon the Tack is called bowsing upon
-the Tack, and when they would have the
-Men pull altogether, they say, Bouse away.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Braces</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">All the Yards in a Ship, except the Mizon,
-has two; there is a Pendant made with an
-Eye, which goes round the Yard Arms, at
-whose other End there is a Block, through
-which the Brace is reeved, and their use is to
-square, traverse, or right the Yard, that is, to
-bring it so, that it shall stand at Right Angles
-with the Length of the Ship. The Main
-Brace comes to the Poop, the Main-top-sail
-Brace to the Mizon Top, and thence to the
-Main Shrouds; the Fore and Fore-top-sail
-Braces come down by the Main and Main-top-mast
-Stays, and so all the rest: But the Mizon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
-Bowline serves for a Brace to that Yard, and
-the Cross Jack Braces are brought forward to
-the Main Shrouds, and the Mizon-top-sail
-Braces go through Blocks at the Mizon Peek.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brackets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces fayd on the Outside of the Timbers
-in the Head, and between the Stern and
-Gallery Lights, and were formerly carved.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Small Ropes reeved through Blocks, which
-are seized on either Side of the Mizon Course,
-a little Distance off upon the Yards, so that
-they come down those Sails, and are fastened
-at the Skirt of them to the Cringles. Their
-use is for furling the Mizon, to hawl up its
-Bunt, that it may the more readily be taken
-up or let fall. These Brails belong to Yachts,
-and Hoys Main-sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brasses for Wheels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p021.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are let into the Heads of Laying or Spinning
-Wheels at the Rope Yard, for the Whirls
-to work on.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Breast Hooks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are crooked Pieces of Timber lying transverse
-to the Stem, which being bolted on both
-Sides, and also through the Stem, they thereby
-brace both Bows together.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Breeming</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is burning off the Weeds, Filth, <i>&amp;c.</i> (which
-a Ship contracts under Water,) with Furze,
-Faggots or Reed, before her Bottom is caulked
-and graved, and this is done when in the
-Dock, on the Carreen, or on the Ground
-ashore.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brimstone</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Being mixed with Oyl, is used by the Master
-Caulker for paying Ships Bottoms.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brooms</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For cleaning the Ships, Store-houses, or
-Yards, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brushes</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Blacking</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p022.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used by the Boatswain for blacking the
-Ship's Yards, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Large</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p022-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For cleaning Admirals, Captains and Lieutenants
-Cabbins on board a Ship.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Brushes Tarr</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p023-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For paying Rigging, Masts, or Blocks, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Buckets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p023-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used for drawing Water to clean the Decks,
-<i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bucklers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p023-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are to prevent the Water washing in at the
-Hawse-holes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Buildgeways</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Frame of Timber fayd to the Outside of
-a Ship under her Buildge, for the more securely
-and commodiously launching her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bulk of a Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is her whole Content in the Hold for
-Stowage.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bulkhead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Partition that goes athwart the Ship, as
-at the great Cabbin, Steerage and Forecastle,
-<i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bunt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the middle Part of the Sail, when formed
-into a Kind of Bag or Cavity, that the Sail
-may receive the more Wind, and is chiefly
-used in Top-sails.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Buntlines</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Ropes, made fast to the Bottom
-of the Sails, in the middle Part of the Boltrope
-to a Cringle, and so are reeved through a
-small Block, seized to the Yard; their Use is
-to trice up the Bunt of the Sail, for the better
-furling of it up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Buoys</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cann</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p024-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are hooped with Iron, and made very
-strong, in Shape of a Cann; their Use is to
-lie on Shoals or Sands for Marks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Nunn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p024-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made tapering at each End, and filled
-with Rhine Hoops and some Iron, which being
-strapped with Ropes, are fastened to the
-Buoy-rope, so as to float directly over the
-Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p024-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made out of old Masts, <i>&amp;c.</i> and hath
-a large Hole made at one End, through which
-the Buoy-rope is reeved, and serves for the
-aforesaid Uses: From hence the Word Buoyant,
-signifies any Thing that is floatable.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Burden
-or
-Burthen</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of a Ship, is her Content, or the Number
-of Tuns she will carry, to compute which,
-(according to the Rule of Shipwrights Hall) is
-to multiply the Length of the Keel, by her
-Breadth and half Breadth, and divide by 94,
-gives the Number of Tuns.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Burton</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a small Tackle, to be fastened any where
-at Pleasure, fitted with two single Blocks, and
-its Use is to hoist small Things.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ditto Pendants</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Short Ropes, which at one End is fastened
-either to the Head of the Mast, End of the
-Yards, on the Main Stay, or Back of the Rudder;
-and at the other End hath a Thimble
-spliced in, or a Block to reeve a Fall through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Butt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the End of any Plank which joins to another
-on the Outside of a Ship under Water;
-and therefore when a Plank is loose at one
-End, they call it springing a Butt, to prevent
-which, they are usually bolted at the Ends.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Buttock</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That Part of the Ship's Stern under the
-Wing Transom, whether round or square.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Bow</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Round of a Ship's Side forward, reckoned
-from the After-bitts (on the Gundeck)
-to the Stem; if she hath a broad Bow, they
-call it a Bold-bow; if a narrow thin Bow, its
-called a Lean-bow.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cables</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Allowed a Ship for Channel Service, are distributed
-in this Manner, two being spliced together
-are called the Sheat-shot; three, the
-Best-bower; one the Small-bower, and one
-Spare; but if they go a Foreign Voyage, then
-they are allowed another, which is either bent
-to the Spare or Small-bower, and are all of
-one Size; and all Ships are likewise allowed
-a Stream, which being bent to their respective
-Anchors, holds the Ship fast when she rides.
-To serve round, or Plat the Cable, is bind about
-it old Rope, Canvas, <i>&amp;c.</i> to keep it from
-gawling in the Hawse, <i>&amp;c.</i> Splice the Cable,
-is to make two fast together, by working the
-several Strands one into the other. Coyl the
-Cable, is to roll it up round in a Ring, of
-which the several Rolls one upon another are
-called the Cable Tire. Pay or Veer more
-Cable, is let more out from the Ship. When
-two or three Cables are spliced together, it is
-called a Shot.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Callipers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p027-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for taking the Diameter of Timber,
-Masts, Yards, and Bowsprits, before received
-into Store.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Caulking</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is driving in Ocham, spun Hair, or Hemp,
-into the Seams of the Planks, to prevent the
-Ship's Leaking.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cambring</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Deck lies Cambring, when it lies not
-level, but higher in the Middle than at either
-End: Also if the Keel is bent in the Middle
-upwards, they say, She is Camberkeeled.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Candles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used in the several Offices, by the Artificers
-to work at Night, in Ships Holds, for
-taking out their Ballast, and are allowed Quarterly
-to the Officers of the Ships in Ordinary.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Canvas</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used for making Sails, Awnings, Tarpawlings,
-<i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Canvas Hoses</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Are for starting Water into or out of Casks.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cap</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p028-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a square Piece of Timber put over the
-Head, or upper End of the Mast, having a
-round Hole to receive the Mast; by them the
-Top-masts and Top-gallant-masts are kept
-steady and firm in the Tressle-trees, where their
-Feet stand, as those of the lower Masts do in
-their Steps.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Capstons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p028-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are of two Kinds in a Ship, the Jeer and
-the Main. The Jeer Capston is placed between
-the Main and Fore-mast, and its Use is
-chiefly to heave upon the Jeer, or to heave
-upon the Voyal, when the Anchor is weighing.
-The Main is placed Abaft the Main-mast, its
-Foot, or lower End standing in a Step on the
-lower Deck, and its Head is between the two
-upper Decks. Its several Parts are thus called,
-the main Substance or Post is the Barrel or
-Spindle; the Brackets set upon the Body are
-called Whelps; the thick Piece of Elm at the
-End of the Barrel, in which the Barrs go, is
-called the Drum-head. The Pawl is a Piece
-of Iron bolted at one End to the Beams, or
-upon Deck, close to the Body of the Capston,
-to stop it from turning back, and this they
-call Pawl the Capston; the Use of them are
-to weigh the Anchors, hoist up or strike down
-Top-masts, heave any weighty Thing, or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
-strain any Rope that requireth a main Force.
-The Terms are, Come up Capston, (<i>i. e.</i>) slack
-the Voyal which you heave by, in which Sense
-also they say, Launch or Pawl, that is, stop it
-from going back.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Capston Pins &amp; Chains</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p029-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Goes into the Drum-head of the Capston,
-and through the Barrs to prevent them flying
-out of the Holes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Carreen</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p029-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to be brought on a Carreen,
-when the most Part of her Lading, <i>&amp;c.</i> being
-taken out, she is laid along-side of the Hulk,
-which being lower than her, is hawled down
-as low as Occasion requires, in order to trim
-her Bottom, to caulk her Seams, or to mend
-any Thing that is at fault under Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Carlings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are square Pieces of Timber ranging from
-Beam to Beam Fore and Aft the Ship, which
-being supported by Scores in their respective
-Beams, they thereby contribute to strengthen
-the Deck.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Carpenter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Officer charged with the Masts, Yards
-and Stores proper to his Province.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Carvel Work</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In Boats, the Boards are fayd to lye fair to
-one another, so as that the Seams of Longboats
-and Pinnaces may be caulked without
-Difficulty.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Catharpings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Ropes running in little Blocks
-from one Side of the Shrouds to the other, near
-the Deck; their Use is to force the Shrouds
-taught, for the Ease and Safety of the Masts
-when the Ship rowls; they are also used at
-the upper Part of the Shrouds, but there, worn
-Rope, from three and an half, to two and
-an half Inches is used, and do not run through
-Blocks, but has several turns taken in them,
-and are made fast.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cathead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p030.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Pieces of Timber projecting over the Ship's
-Bow from the Fore-Castle at the After-end of
-the upper Rail of the Head, so far as to clear
-the Flook of the Anchor from the Ship's Side,
-in order to lodge it on the fore Channel, that
-it may the more freely be let go again to
-Anchor the Ship in any Road or Harbour. At
-one End of which Shivers are let in, in which
-is reeved a Fall which passes through a large
-Iron bound treble or double Block; and at
-the End of a Pendant a large Hook is fixed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
-and called the Fish Hook, and is to trice up
-the Anchor from the Hawse to the Top of the
-Fore-Castle.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chafe</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Rope Chafes when it galls or frets by
-rubbing against any Thing that is rough or
-hard.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chains</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Buoy</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p031-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used for rideing the Cann Buoys on the
-Shoals or Sandheads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Pendant</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p031-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are large, one End of them being made
-fast to a Claw ashore, and the other to the
-Moaring Cable; the Ships in Harbour Ride
-by them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Shankpainter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p031-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Goes round the Shank of the Anchor to
-support it, when hove up at the Bow.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p031-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for slinging the Yards in Time of Fight.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Channels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p032-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are Fore, Main and Mizon, which is Plank
-placed an Edge, against the upper Edge of the
-Waal, and of a convenient Length for such
-a Number of dead Eyes the Ship requires, and
-so broad as to keep the Shrouds from touching
-the upper Rails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Channel Waals</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are wrought thicker than the Plank, and
-goes Fore and Aft; are placed in the Midship
-against the upper Deck, and shews the Sheer
-of the Ship; besides, is a great Strengthening
-to her Sides, as well as Benefit of shoreing her
-in a Dock.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chambers for Pumps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Cast in Brass, which were used formerly,
-and put into the lower Part of the
-Pump, to prevent the Chain, when working,
-from galling the Pump.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Carts</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Dung</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p032-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Runs on two Wheels, is made close for
-carrying Earth, Ballast, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Rave</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p032-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Runs on two Wheels, and is made open,
-not unlike a Waggon.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Scandaroon</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p033-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Runs on two solid Truck Wheels, and is
-for carrying Timber.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Timber</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p033-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Runs on four solid Truck Wheels, fitted
-with Iron Axle Trees and Brass Coaks; and
-on them the Timber is put out of the Hoys,
-to be carried to its respective Births about the
-Yard.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Charcoal</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Plumber for melting Sodder,
-and by the Sail-maker for stoving Boltropes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chase</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies Pursuit.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cheeks of the Head</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Knees fayd on each Side of the
-Knee of the Head, bracing it securely to both
-Bows.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ditto for Masts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are two pieces of Oak fayd to the Head
-of the Mast on each Side, to make good the
-Want of Firr, and also makes them stronger
-than if they were made out of the same Tree.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chestrees</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of Timber fayd perpendicularly
-up and down the Ship's Sides, not quite so
-far forward as the Fore-castle; their Use is
-for the Main Tack to be hawl'd through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chests</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To hold</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Arms</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Small Arms.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Colour</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Boatswain's Colours, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Compass</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">The Compasses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Nail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">The Carpenter's Nails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Powder</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">The Gunner's Powder.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chimneys</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p034.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Copper, and placed on the
-Fore-castle for carrying Smoak clear out of
-the Cook-Room.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Chyrurgeon</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to take Care of the sick, maimed or
-wounded Seamen on board.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clamps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Strakes of Plank in great Ships, on the Gundeck,
-eight or nine Inches thick, fayd to the
-Sides, to support the Ends of the Beams.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ditto Hanging</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p035-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">May be fixed to any Place about the Ship's
-Sides for fastening Ropes to, to hold Stages
-for the Men to work on, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Claws</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For Moarings are framed of Wood, piled
-and Land tyed with a Piece of thick Timber
-a-cross next the Water's Edge, in which is an
-Iron Shackle let in, for the Pendant Chain to
-be fixed to.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clay</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Made use of by the Scavel Men and Labourers,
-for filling up Dams to keep out
-Water, from running into the Docks, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cleats</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p035-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are to belay small Rigging to; likewise all
-Yards have a Pair in the Slings to stop; the
-Parrell and Jeer Blocks, and a Pair at each
-Yard-Arm to stop the Straps of the Topsail
-Sheat Blocks from sliding any further on.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clencher Work</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Boards are laid landing one upon the
-Edge of the other, not unlike Weather boarding,
-and worked so, on Deal Yawls.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clew</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of the Sail, is the lower Corner which
-reaches down to the Earing, where the Tacks
-and Sheats are fastened, so that when a Sail
-is cut, goreing, or slopeing by Degrees, it is
-said to spread a great Clew.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clew garnet</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope fastened to the Clew of the
-Sail, and from thence runs in a Block, seized
-to the Middle of the Fore or Main Yard; its
-Use is to hawl up the Clew of the Sail, close
-to the Middle of the Yard, in order to its
-being furl'd.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clewline</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the same to the Top-sails, Top-gallant-sails
-and Sprit-sails, as the Clew-garnet is to
-the Fore and Main Courses, and is of the very
-same Use in a Gust of Wind; when a Topsail
-is to be taken in, they first hawl home
-the Lee Clewline, and then the Sail is taken
-in the easier.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Clinch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that Part of a Cable which is bent to the
-Ring of the Anchor, seized or made fast.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Coach</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is before the Bulk-head of the Round-house
-or Captain's Cabbin on the Quarter Deck,
-when a Flag Ship, and made use of for dining
-in, as the Steerage is.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Coaks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Brass, and let into the Shives
-of Voyal Blocks through which the Iron Pin
-goes; and also into the Wheels of Timber
-Carts wherein the Iron Axle-trees work.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Coats</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of tarr'd Canvas which are put
-about the Masts at the Partners, and are also
-used at the Rotherhead, and there called a
-Helm-coat.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cocks</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Furnace</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p037-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are soddered on to the Furnaces to let their
-liquor out, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Stop</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p037-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used at the Cistern the Men Pump the
-Water into, with which they can stop any
-Branch or Pipe that goes to the Officers
-Lodgings, or the Jetty Heads for watering Ships.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Water</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p038-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are used at the Officers Lodgings, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bosses</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p038-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are square Pieces of Brass into which the
-Cocks are sodder'd.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cockpit</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Plat-form on the Orlop Abaft, where
-the Steward Room, Purser and Chirurgeon's
-Cabbins are built.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cold Chissels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p038-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are for cutting off any Bolt.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Collar</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of the Forestay is seized round the Bowsprit,
-the Main fastened about the Beak-head,
-and the Mizon about the Main-mast, having
-dead Eyes fixed in them, through which the
-Lanyards go, as well as those at the End of
-the Stays.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Collers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths to work Anchors in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Colours, Ensigns</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p038-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is the Flag hoisted at the Stern of a Ship,
-in the Canton of which the Union is placed.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Colours</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Flags</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Colours which the Admirals of the
-Fleet are allowed. The Admiral carries his
-at the Main-top-mast-head; the Vice-Admiral
-at the Fore, and the Rear-Admiral his at the
-Mizon-top-mast-head; beside there is allowed
-to each Flag a Proportion of Signal Colours.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Lord High Admiral</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p039-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a red Flag, which has the Anchor and
-Cable in yellow Bewper, placed in the Center
-of it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Pendants</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p039-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are of different Lengths, cut pointing towards
-the End, and there divided into two
-Parts, and are hoisted on a Spindle at the
-Top-mast-head; and those for Yard Arms are
-called Distinction Pendants, and used for
-Signals.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Jacks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p039-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are hoisted on a Staff at the Bowsprit End,
-and made in the same Manner (those for Men
-of War) as the Union Flags are; and those
-for Naval Vessels have the Arms of the Office
-the Vessel belongs to, placed in them.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Standard</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p040-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Hoisted at the Main-top-mast-head when
-His Majesty is on board; when the Admiral
-of the Fleet hoisteth it at the Mizon-top-mast-head
-it is for all Flag Officers. When in the
-Mizon Shrouds the <i>English</i> Flags only; and
-when put abroad at the Mizon-top-mast-head
-and a Pendant at the Mizon Peek, then the
-Flags and Land General Officers; when on
-the Ensign Staff, the Vice or Rear Admirals
-of the Fleet, or those that Command in the
-second or third Posts, are to come aboard.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Vanes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p040-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed Boatswains to put at the other
-Mastheads, where the Pendant don't fly.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Comeings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Comeing Carlings, that go Fore and
-Aft on the middle and upper Deck, as far as
-where the Grateings are; the Midship Edge
-has a Rabbit for the Grateings to lodge in,
-and the Edge is as much above the Deck, as
-the Deck is thick, to stop the Water. The
-Hatchways on the Gun Deck has Comeings
-round them, but Comeing Carlings is only
-Plank sayd flat on the Deck, so thick as to
-turn the Water.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Commanders</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p041-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Riggers or Seamen, with
-which they drive in the Fidds for Spliceing
-Cables, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Compasses</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Azimuth</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p041-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is an Instrument made in a large Brass Box,
-with Imbers and a broad Limb, having Ninety
-Degrees diagonally divided, with an Index
-and Thread to take the Sun's Amplitude or
-Azimuth, in order to find the Difference between
-the Magnetical Meridian and the Sun's
-Meridian, which shews the Variation of the
-Compass.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Brass Box</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p041-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">They stand in the Bittacle, that the Men
-at the Steering Wheel may see to keep the
-Ship in her right Course.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hanging</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p041-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Flag Officers are generally furnished with
-them to hang up in their great Cabbins.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cond</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to Guide or Conduct a Ship in her right
-Course; he that Conds gives the Word of
-Direction to the Men at the Steering Wheel
-how to Steer.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cook</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Warrant Officer that dresses the Ship's
-Companys Victuals.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cookroom</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is variously seated, generally in the Fore-Castle,
-but in some great Ships it is on the
-Middle Deck, and in lesser on a Plat-form
-under the Deck.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cordage</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is in general all the Ropes belonging to the
-Standing or Running Rigging of a Ship, and
-is also distinguished by,</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cablelaid</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p042-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is made with nine Strands, (<i>i. e.</i>) the first
-three Strands are laid slack, and then three of
-them being closed together makes a Cable or
-Cablet; the same for Tacks, but they are laid
-tapering.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hawserlaid</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p042-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Is made only with three Strands.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Stays</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Cablelaid, but made with four Strands
-as Cables are with three, with an Addition of
-an Heart which goes through the Center of
-them.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Counter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the arching Part of the Stern above the
-Wing Transom, and the lower is from the
-Wing Transom to the Upper Deck, and the
-other is from the Upper Deck to the lower
-Edge of the Ward-room or Great Cabbin, the
-Projecture of which, is lower almost the Quadrant
-of a Circle.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Course</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Point of the Compass on which a Ship
-Steers.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Courses</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In a Ship are her low Sails, and when she Sails
-under them only, they say she goes under her
-Courses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Coxswain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Person who sits in the Box at the
-Boat's Stern, Steers her, hath the Direction and
-Command of the Boat's Crew.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Coyle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p043-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">When Cables or Ropes are placed in a
-round or oval Ring, one fake (or turn) upon
-one another, so that they may the more easily
-be stowed out of the Way, and also run out
-free and smooth without Kinks as they call
-them, <i>i. e.</i> without twisting or doubling, then
-they are said to be coyled up.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crabb</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p044-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">An Engine of Wood with three Claws
-placed on the Ground like a Capston, and is
-used at launching or heaving Ships into the
-Dock.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cradle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p044-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A Frame of Timber fayd to the Outside of
-a Ship under her Buildge, for the more securely
-and commodiously Launching her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Craft</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Vessels, such as Ketches, Hoys,
-Smacks, <i>&amp;c.</i> they call all such small Craft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cramps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p044-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Short Pieces of Iron, whose Ends being
-turned down, are let into Stones, and melted
-Lead being run into the Holes, binds two
-Stones fast together.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cranes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p044-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are placed on the Wharfs for hoisting up
-Anchors, Timber, and other bulky Weights.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cranes Chimney</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p044-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For hanging a Kettle or Pot on in the Cook
-Room.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cranes Gangway</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are hung in the Wast of the Ship, and
-when Deals are laid on them, make a Gangway
-from the Quarter Deck to the Fore-Castle.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crank</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Term for a Ship that cannot bear her
-Sails for fear of overseting, or cannot be
-brought on Ground without Danger of injureing
-her Body.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cranks</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bell</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p045-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Made fast to the Stock, for ringing it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Lantern</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p045-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Supports the Lanterns, either at the Ship's
-Stern, or at the Round Top.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Creeper</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p045-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Made like a Grapnel, but without Flooks,
-the Use of which is to recover sunken Stores
-that may be lost over-board.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cringles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Pieces of Rope spliced into the
-Body Rope of Courses and Topsails, and are,</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><i>First</i>, The Bowline Cringle, to which the
-Bowline Bridle is fastened.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><i>Second</i>, Leech Cringle, where the Leechlines
-and Clewgarnets are made fast.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><i>Third</i>, Reef Cringle, to which is fastened
-the Reef-tackle Tye.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">There are also Cringles made of Iron,
-which are Rings to go round the Stays of Hoys
-or Yachts, and are seized to their Fore-sails
-and Jibbs for the more easy hoisting them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crossjack</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Yard flung at the upper End of the
-Mizon Mast under the Top; it hath no
-Halyards belonging to it; its Use is to spread
-and hawl Home the Mizon-top-sail Sheats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crosspiece.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a great Piece of Timber which goes
-a-cross the Bitts of a Ship, and about which
-several Turns of the Cable are taken when
-she Rides at Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crosstrees.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces that go a-cross the Tressle-trees
-at each of the standing Mast-heads; there are
-two and three to a Top-mast.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crotches</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p047-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are very crooked Pieces of Timber in the
-Hold or Bread-room, from the Mizon Step
-Aft, fayd cross the Keelson to strengthen the
-Ship in the Wake of the half Timbers.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crotches Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p047-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used on board Sloops or Long Boats,
-which go with Shoulder of Mutton Sails, for
-their Boom to lodge upon.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crows</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p047-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with a Claw at one End, and a
-sharp Point at the other, and used for heaving
-or purchasing great Weights.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Crowfoot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p047-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are small Ropes put through the Holes of
-dead Eyes, and divided into several Parts, and
-spreads from the Rim of the Tops, pointways
-to a Tackle on the Stays, for preventing the
-Topsails getting foul of them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Cuddy</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Place upon the Quarter Deck Afore the
-Captain's Cabbin. When an Admiral is on
-board, it is divided into Partitions for the
-Secretary's Office.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Culm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for burning <i>Plymouth</i> Marble Stone,
-or Chalk, to make Lime.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Davit</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p048-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A Piece of Timber in a Ship having a Notch
-at one End, in which, by a Strap, hangs a
-Block called the Fish Pendant Block, the Use
-of which is, to hawl up the Flook of the
-Anchor, in order to fasten it to the Ship's
-Bow; this Davit is shiftable from one Side to
-the other as occasion serves.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Dead Eyes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p048-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a Kind of Blocks having three Holes
-in them, and through them the Lanyards go,
-which make fast the Shrouds below to the
-Chains; the Fore, Main and Mizon Stays of
-a Ship are set taught by dead Eyes, but they
-have only one Hole through which the Lanyards
-have several Turns passed through them.</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Crowfoot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p048-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has a great many Holes bored through them,
-wherein is reeved the Crowfoot for the Top.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ironbound</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p048-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Serves (in Case a Chain Plate gives way)
-with being hooked to a Shroud Ess as a Chain
-Plate.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Dead</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Reckoning</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that Estimation, Judgment or Conjecture
-which is made where a Ship is, by keeping an
-Account of her Way by the Logg, in knowing
-the Course they have steered by the Compass,
-and by rectifying all the Allowance for Drift,
-Leeway, <i>&amp;c.</i> according to the Ship's Trim, so
-that this reckoning is without any Observation
-of the Sun, Moon and Stars, and is to be
-rectified as often as any good Observation can
-be had.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Riseing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of Timber put on the Keel one
-upon another Afore and Abaft; there is more
-or less according as the Ship is either full or
-lean; if the latter, the dead Wood is so put
-that the Floor Timbers would be within a
-Square.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Water</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Water just behind the Stern of a
-Ship, and if a great Eddy follows her, they
-say, she makes much Dead-water; this is
-called so, because it doth not pass away so
-swiftly as the Water running by her Side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Deals Ordinary</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the House Carpenters and
-Joyners for Flooring, making Bulk-heads, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Deals Prusia</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For Ships upper Works, or laying their
-Decks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Deck</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a planked Floor, on which the Guns lye,
-and Men walk. In great Ships there are three
-Decks, Upper, Middle and Gun, besides a
-Quarter Deck, which reaches from the Bulk-head
-of the Round-house, to very near the
-Main-mast.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Diall</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Square Piece of Wood, framed and made
-not unlike the Dial Plate of a Clock, whereon
-the Hours are painted, fixed to the Mizon-Mast,
-and after the Ship's Bell being struck,
-they put the Hand of it to the Hour.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Dipping Needle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Magnetical Needle, so hung, that instead
-of playing horizontally, and pointing out <i>N</i>°
-and <i>S</i>°, one End dips and inclines to the
-Horizon, the other Points to a certain Degree
-of Elevation.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Division</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Or Squadron, being Part of a Fleet, commanded
-by a Flag Officer or Commodore.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Dock</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is made by the Side of the Harbour for
-taking in Ships, and Men to work in, in order
-to build or repair them.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Dry-Dock, the Water is kept out by
-Gates, 'till a Ship is built or repaired, but after
-that, can easily be let in to Float and Launch
-her.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Wet-Dock is a Place where a Ship lies
-a Float at all Times of Tide to be repaired in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Dogger</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A small Vessel built after the <i>Dutch</i> fashion,
-with a narrow Stern, and commonly but one
-Mast.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Doggs</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fire</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p051-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">To burn Wood on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Timber</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p051-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into Timber for Horses to draw
-it about the Yard, or to the Saw-pits.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Drabler</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Made of Canvas, to be added to a Bonnet
-when there is need of more Sail.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Drags</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p051-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for clearing the Aprons of the Docks
-of the Filth, that the Gates may the better,
-and without Difficulty, open and shut.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Drift Sail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used under Water, veered Right out a-head,
-upon the Sea in a Storm, being to keep the
-Ship's Head Right upon the Sea.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Drive</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to drive, when her Anchors
-will not hold her fast; to prevent which, they
-Veer out more Cable, (for the more she has
-out, the surer and safer she Rides) or else they
-let go more Anchors.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Earing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that Part of the Boltrope which at the
-four Corners of the Sail is left open in the
-Form of a Ring; the two uppermost of which
-are put over the Yard-Arms to fasten the Sail
-to the Yard: And into those at the Foot, the
-Tacks and Sheats are seized or bent to the
-Clews.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ease the Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Done by slackening the Shrouds when they
-are too stiff set up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Eddy</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Water turns back contrary to the
-Tide.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">End for End</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Rope is all run out of the Block,
-<i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Engines Water</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for extinguishing any Fire that may
-happen on board a Ship, when Breaming,
-Cleaning, or Graving, on which occasion a
-Number stand ready filled with Water on each
-Side of the Dock, and Mann'd, to prevent
-any fatal Accident of Fire.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td><img src="images/ill-p053-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Esses</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Kettle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p053-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For a Kettle or Pot to hang on in the
-Cook-Room.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Shroud</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p053-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">To hook into an Iron-bound dead Eye, to
-serve as a Chain-plate in Case of Need.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Eye</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p053-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">The Compass or Ring left in the Strap of
-any Block, which is called the Eye of the
-Strap.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fagg</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The End of those Strands which do not
-go through the Tops, when a Cable or Rope
-is closed, are called Faggs.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fake</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is one Round or Circle of a Cable or
-Hawser coyled up out of the Way.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fall</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That Part of the Rope of a Tackle which
-is hauled upon, is called a Fall. Also when
-a Ship is under Sail, and keeps not so near the
-Wind as she should do, they say, She Falls off:
-Or when a Ship is not flush, but hath riseings
-of some Parts of her Decks more than others,
-it is called Falls.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fashion Pieces</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are two Compassing Pieces of Timber, into
-them are fixed on each Side, the Transom.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fathom</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Line of small Rope cut six Feet long,
-and used for measuring the Length of Cables
-and Cordage.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fend</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For defending or saving a Boat from being
-staved against the Rocks, Shore, or Ships Sides.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fenders</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies any Pieces of Junk or old Cable,
-hung over the Ship's Sides, to keep others
-from rubbing against her. Boats have also the
-same.—Those made of Iron are for the Hearth
-in the Cook-Room.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fidds</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Spliceing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p055-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used to splice or fasten Ropes together,
-and are made tapering at one End; and so
-are those made of Wood, which are used for
-spliceing Cables. So there is also one goes
-through the Heel of the Top-mast, which
-bears upon the Chess-trees, and are called</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Topmast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p055-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Top-mast Fidds.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Files</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for wheting Saws, and used by the
-Smiths in their Works.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fire</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" >Fork</td>
-  <td class="clbl" rowspan="3">For the Use of the Cook-Room.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Shovell</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind" >Tongs</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fishes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of Timber put upon the Masts
-and Yards if sprung, or for strengthening
-them, least they should fail in Stress of Weather.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fishing Geer</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Sett which consists of Nets, Lines, Hooks,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> is allowed to each Ship which goes to the
-<i>East</i> and <i>West Indies</i>, <i>Virginia</i>, <i>Guinea</i>, <i>New
-England</i>, <i>New York</i>, <i>St. Helena</i>, and the <i>Cape</i>,
-and <i>South Carolina</i>.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fish Pendant</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Hangs at the End of the Davit, by the
-Strap of the Block, to which the Fish Hook
-is spliced, by which means the Flook of the
-Anchor is hawled up to the Ship's Bow or
-Chanwaal.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Flareing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship is a little housing in, near the
-Water, and the upper Work hangs over, or is
-broader aloft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Flatts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Midship, and as many Timbers Afore
-and Abaft, that has no more riseing than the
-Midship Flatt, are all called Flatts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Flitting</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Altering or removing a dead Eye in the
-Low or Top-mast Shrouds and Backstays, either
-to lengthen or shorten them, is called
-Flitting.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Float</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is an Instrument used by the Smiths to make
-their Work smooth, instead of a File.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Floor</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Timbers lying transverse to the
-Keel, being bolted through it; they are the
-first laid in the Order of building, and where
-the Floor sweep begins, there the Streight one
-Ends; and when there is a great many Flatts,
-that has little or no rising, than we say, She
-carries her Floor a great Way Fore and Aft.
-And strictly taken, is so much only of her
-Bottom as she rests upon, when lying a-ground.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Flown Sheats</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A ship sails with Flown Sheats when they
-are not hauled Home, or close to the Blocks;
-they say when in a Gust of Wind, Let fly the
-Sheats, for fear the Ship should overset or
-spring her Top-masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Flush</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Deck of a Ship has no Bulk-heads
-from Stem to Stern, they say, Her Decks are
-Flush Fore and Aft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Foot waaling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is all the Inboard Planking, from the
-Keelson upwards to the Orlop Clamps.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fore Castle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that Part where the Fore-mast stands,
-and it is divided from the Rest of the Floor
-by the Bulk-head, in which generally the
-Cook-Room is built; as are the Boatswain,
-Carpenter and Cook's Cabbins.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fore Foot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the foremost Part of the Keel, that first
-takes the Ground.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Forelocks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p058.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are little flat Wedges made of Iron, used
-at the Ends of Bolts to keep them from flying
-out of the Holes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fore reach</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship fore reaches upon another, when
-both sailing together, one Sails better, or out
-goeth the other.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Forks</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Breeming</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p058-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used by the Caulkers, to hold the Furz
-Faggots, when on fire, for cleaning Ships bottoms,
-when to be graved.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Flesh</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p058-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For taking Pieces of Beef or Pork, when
-dressed by the Cook, out of the Furnaces.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Foul</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship has been long untrimmed, so
-that Grass, Weeds, or Barnacles stick, or grow
-to her Sides under Water, she is then said to
-be Foul; also a Rope is Foul when it is either
-tangled in its self, or hindered by another, so
-that it cannot run or be over hawled.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Foul Water</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to make Foul-water, when
-being under Sail, she comes into such Shoal
-Water, that though her Keel do not touch the
-Ground, yet she comes so near it, that the
-Motion of the Water under her, raiseth the
-Mud from the Bottom.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Founder</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to Founder, when by any
-extraordinary Leak, or by a great Sea, breaking
-in upon her, she is filled with Water, that
-she cannot be freed of it, nor able to swim
-under it, but sinks with the Weight thereof.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Free</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Pump Frees a Ship when it throws out
-more Water than Leaks into her; but on the
-contrary, when it cannot throw out the Water
-so fast as it Leaks in, they say, The Pump
-cannot Free her; also bailing or lading Water
-out of a Boat, is called freeing the Boat.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Freeze</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When Ships Quarters and upper Works
-are painted with Trophies, <i>&amp;c.</i> then it is said
-they are freezed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Fresh Shot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies the falling down of any great River
-into the Sea.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Funnels</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Copper</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used as a Chimney, where Commanders
-have a Stove in the Great Cabbin.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Lead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">Are fixt in the Galleries of Ships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Furl</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For wrapping up and binding any Sail close
-to the Yard, which is done by hauling upon
-the Clew-lines, Bunt-lines, <i>&amp;c.</i> which wraps
-the Sail close together, and being bound fast
-to the Yard, with the Gaskets, the Sail is furled.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Furnaces</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Copper</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p060-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For dressing the Ship's Companies Victuals
-in, or heating Tar at the Rope Yard.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p060-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For heating Pitch, Tar or Turpentine for
-the Caulkers paying Ships Bottoms or Sides.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Furring</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the regular fashioning out any Part when
-the main Piece of the Material is scanty, either
-by Defects, Wains, or want of Thickness, then
-a Piece of the same is put behind it, to make
-good its Thickness, which is called a Furr.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Furz Faggots</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For Breeming Ships when in the Dock to
-be cleaned, or under Repair.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Futtocks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">There are lower, second, third and fourth,
-and these Timbers being put together, make
-a Frame-bend.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gage</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When one Ship is to windward of another,
-she is said to have the Weather Gage of her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gages</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths, for gageing Bolts,
-so as to make them of a true and right Size.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gale</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Wind blows not so hard but that
-a Ship can carry her Topsails a Trip, (that is,
-hoisted up to the Highest) then they say it is a
-Loom Gale. When it blows very strong, they
-say, it is a stiff, strong, or fresh Gale. When<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
-two Ships are near one another at Sea, and
-there being but little Wind blowing, one of
-them finds more of it than the other, they
-say, that the Ship Gales away from the other.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gallery</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p062.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is that beautiful Frame, which is made at
-the Stern of a Ship without-board, into which
-there is a Passage out of the Admiral's or Captain's
-Cabbin, and are for stately Shew and
-Ornament to the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gally</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Place in the Cook-Room, where the
-Grates are set up, and in which they make
-Fires, for boyling or roasting the Victuals.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gammoning</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are several turns of Rope taken round the
-Bowsprit, and reeved through Holes in the
-Knee of the Head, for the greater Security of
-the Bowsprit.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gang</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To man the Boat, is to put a Gang of Men
-(which is a Company) into her, who are called
-the Boat's Crew.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gangway</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Deal Plat-form, about three Feet wide in
-great Ships, ranging in the Wast from the
-Quarter Deck to the Fore Castle, over the
-upper Deck Guns, for a free Passage for the
-Officers and Men, in working the Ship either
-at Sea or in an Engagement; and so is the
-Walk made from the Ladder to the Quarter
-Deck, called the Gangway, and lies even with
-the Gunwale.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Garboard Strake</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Plank next the Keel, one Edge of
-which is run into the Rabit made in the upper
-Edge of the Keel on each Side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Garnet</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Tackle in a Ship having a Pendant
-coming from the Main-mast, with a Block
-well seized to the Main-stay, just over the
-Hatchway, to which a Guy is fixed to keep
-it steady; and at the other End is a Long
-Tackle Block, in which the Fall is reeved, that
-so by it any Goods or Casks may be hauled
-and hoisted into, or out of the Ship; when
-this Garnet is not used, it is fastened along by
-the Stay.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gaskets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Made out of Junk or Rope Yarns, are for
-fastening the Sails to the Yards when furled up.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gin</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p064.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a Machine made for driving Piles fitted
-with a Windlass and Winches at each End,
-where eight or nine Men heave, and round
-which a Rope is reeved, (that goes over a
-Wheel at the Top) whose End is seized to an
-Iron Monkey, that hooks to a Beetle of different
-Weights, according to the Pile they are
-to drive, being from Eight to Thirteen Hundred
-Weight, and when hove up to a cross
-Piece near the Wheel, it unhooks the Monkey,
-whereby the Beetle falls on the upper End of
-the Pile, and forces the same into the Ground,
-and the Monkey's own Weight over-halls the
-Windlass, in order for its being hooked again
-to the Beetle.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Girding-girt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is Girt, or hath a Girding Girt,
-when her Cable being so tight or strained
-upon the Turning of the Tide, she cannot
-go over it, but lies a-cross the Tide.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Glasses</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Watch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p065-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Being four Hours, governs them at Sea, for
-changing the Watch.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Half Watch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p065-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Runs two Hours.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Half Hour</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p065-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For keeping the Time of Day and Night.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Half Minute<br />Quarter Minute</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><small>[<i>Transcriber's note: Illustration, Even smaller timers</i>.]</small></td>
-<td class="cl">By them they count the Knots, when they
-heave the log, in order for finding what Way
-the ship makes through the Sea.
-</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Glew</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Joyners and House Carpenters
-in their Works.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Goreing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Sail is cut Goreing, when it is cut sloping
-by Degrees, and is broader at the Clew than
-at the Earing, as all Topsails and Topgallant
-Sails are.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gooseneck</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p065-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A Piece of Iron fixed on the End of the
-Tiller to which the Lanyard of the Whipstaff,
-or the Wheel Rope comes, for steering the
-Ship.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Goosewing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship Sails before, or with a Quarter
-Wind in a fresh Gale, to make the more Haste,
-they Launch out a Boom and Sail on the Leeside,
-to give the Ship more Way, and a Sail so
-fitted is called a Goosewing.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Grapnells</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boat</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p066-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a Kind of Anchors being made with
-four Flooks for Boats to ride by.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fire &amp; Chain<br />Hand &amp; Chain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p066-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with barbed Claws instead of
-Flooks; are used to be thrown into an Enemy's
-Ship, to catch hold of Rigging or any other
-Part of the Hull, in order for boarding her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Grates</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p066-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are put up in the Cook-Room to make
-Fires in for dressing Victuals.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Grateings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are a Kind of Lettice-work formed of
-Ledges and Battins, the square Holes of which
-being three or four Inches wide, are for the
-current footing of Men over the Hatchways,
-to give Air alow, and Vent for the Smoke in
-an Engagement.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Grate Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are to loosen the Mud and Sullage of the
-Docks, which lodge in the Grates of the Drains.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Graving</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is bringing a Ship a-ground, and then
-burning off with Furz, Reed, or Broom, all
-the Filth and Foulness that Sticks to her Bottom
-without board, in order to pay her anew.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gripe</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece of Timber fay'd against the lower
-Piece of the Stem, from the Fore-mast End of
-the Keel, reconciling with the Knee of the
-Head; its Use is to defend the lower Part of
-the Stem from any Injury, but is often made
-the larger to make the Ship keep a good Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gromets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Rings formerly fastened with
-Staples to the Yards, to make fast the Gaskets,
-but now never used.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ground-tackle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Ship's Anchors, Cables, <i>&amp;c.</i> and in general
-whatever is necessary to make her ride
-safe at an Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Grounding</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is bringing a Ship on Ground to be clean'd,
-trim'd, or have a Leak stop'd.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ground toes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are what come from the Hemp when dressed
-at the Hatchel for the Spinners, and out of
-which Deepsea, Hamburgh, or Cabbin Lines,
-Marlin, and white Ocham are made.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gudgeons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p068.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are the Eyes drove into the Stern-post, into
-which the Pintles of the Rother go to hang it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gunner</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Has the Charge of all the Ordnance, Ammunition,
-Small Arms, and other Stores allowed
-the Ship in his Province.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gunwale</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Top of the Side in the Wast of all
-Ships, <i>&amp;c.</i> on the Fore-castle, where there are
-no Ports, is a Plansheer, over which the Guns
-are fired, but in Boats all Fore and Aft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Guy</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is any Rope, used for keeping off Things
-from bearing or falling against the Ship's Side,
-when they are to be hoisted in; that Rope also
-which is made fast to the Fore-mast at one
-End, and seized to a single Block at the Pendant
-of the Garnet, is also called the Guy of
-the Garnet.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Haile</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is either to call to a Ship, to know from
-whence she is, where bound, salute her, or to
-wish her Health.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hair Loose</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Bricklayers in their Mortar, and
-by the Caulkers to lay on Sheathing Board.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hair Spunn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Caulkers for Caulking the
-Seams of Ships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Halberts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p069-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For the Use of the Warders, that do Duty
-at the Yard Gate, and Jetty Heads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hallyards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Ropes by which they hoist up all
-the Topsail Yards; the Cross Jack and Spritsail
-Yard have none, because they are always
-slung.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hammacoes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Canvas for the Seamen to lie
-in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hammers</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Clench</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p069-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with hardened Edges, to clench
-Bolts, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fidd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p069-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Their Handle is made tapering in the Form
-of a Fidd.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hack</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p069-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for notching the Edges of Hacksaws to
-saw Bolts.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Picking</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p070-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the House Carpenters for
-dressing Grindstones, and Bricklayers on slateing
-and tyleing.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sett</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p070-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Mast-makers for setting up
-Iron Hoops on Ships Masts, Yards, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hances</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Falls or Descents of the Fife Rails which are
-placed from the Stern down to the Gangways.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hand Cuffs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p070-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are for securing Pirates when taken Prisoners.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hand Hooks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths to turn or twist
-square Iron.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hand Screws; Double and Single</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p070-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Used for canting Timber, or other weighty Stores.</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Handsplices</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Smiths to drive in any Work
-that is hooped up, to cant or turn it.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Handspikes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p071-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used, at Sea to traverse the Ordnance,
-or heave withal at a Windlass in small Ships
-or Vessels to weigh the Anchor; and in the
-Yard, are used by the Labourers, in stowing
-or canting Timber, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Harbour</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">Where Ships may ride safe at an Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Harpings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are the foremost Waal Pieces, rounding
-from the Stem Aft, either in Boat or Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hasps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p071-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For making fast Doors.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hatchbarrs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for barring down the Hatches in Time
-of Fight.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hatchells</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p071.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made use of in the Rope Yard, being
-set with Teeth for dressing and preparing the
-Hemp to make it fit for spinning white Yarn.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hatchets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p071-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed for cutting Rigging, or other
-Ropes and Services which they are proper for.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hatchways</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">There are three, all on the Gun Deck, the
-Fore, Main, and After.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hawl</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the same Thing as what we call pulling
-a-shore.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hawse</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bags</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Canvas, tapering, stuffed full
-of Ocham, and are generally allowed small
-Ships, to prevent the Seas washing in at the
-Hawse Holes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Pieces</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Pieces of Timber in the Bow of
-the Ship, in which are made two large Holes
-on each Side for the Cables to pass through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Plugs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are to put into the Holes for preventing the
-Water washing into the Manger.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hawser</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope consisting only of three Strands,
-and used for Shrouds, <i>&amp;c.</i> and there is a Kind
-of small Cablet, which consists of nine Strands,
-which is vulgarly called a Hawser, being generally
-used for transporting or warping Ships,
-<i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Head Sails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Sails which belong to the Foremast
-and Bowsprit, because they govern the
-Head of the Ship, and make her fall off, or
-keep out of the Wind, and are in quarter
-Winds the chief drawing Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Head Sea</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a great Wave or Billow of the Sea
-comes right a-head of a Ship when in her
-Course.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hearth Staves</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are to clear the Smith's Fires, or raise the
-large Cinders.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Heave</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies to throw or fling any Thing over-board;
-also turning about the Capston, is
-called heaving at the Capston; likewise when
-a ship being at Anchor, riseth and falleth by
-the Force of the Waves, she is said to heave
-and set.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Heel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That Part of the Foot of any Mast, which
-is cut away in order for steping, is called the
-Heel of the Mast; but the Heels of Topmasts
-are square, through which they put the Fidd;
-also if a Ship lie on one Side, whether she be
-a-ground or a-float, they say she heels.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Helm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece of Timber, fastened into the
-Rother Head, and comes as forward as the
-Bulk Head of the Gun Room, and he that
-steers the Ship, holds the Whipstaff in his
-Hand, which is fastened into the Helm, but
-lately they are left off, and Steering Wheels
-are made use of.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Terms of Art belonging to the Helm
-are,</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">1 <i>Port the Helm</i>,—</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That is, put the Helm
-over to the left Side
-of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">2 <i>Starboard the Helm</i>,—</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That is, put it to the
-Right Side of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">3 <i>Right the Helm, or
-Helm a Midship</i>,—</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That is, keep it even
-with the Middle of the
-Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">4 <i>Bear up the Helm</i>,—</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That is, let the Ship
-go more large before
-the Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">5 <i>Bear up round</i>,—</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That is, let the Ship
-go directly before the
-Wind, in the Middle
-between her two
-Sheats.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Helve</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">A Handle for Axes, Hammers or Mauls.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hemp</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is brought from Riga, <i>Queenbro'</i>, <i>Russia</i>,
-<i>Petersburgh brock</i>, or <i>Konninsburgh</i>, is received
-into the Rope Yard, and wrought up
-into Cordage, Lines or Twine.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hencoops</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">Are for keeping Fowls in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hinges</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Butt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p075-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Joyners for hanging Table
-Leaves, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Casement</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p075-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Used for hanging them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Dovetail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p075-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For light Doors or Lockers.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Ess</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p075-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For light Doors or Lockers.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Garnet Cross</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p075-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For hanging large Doors or heavy Scuttles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ditto Dozen</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p075-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For hanging small Scuttles.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Locker joynts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p076-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are used for small Lockers.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Port</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p076-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For hanging Ships Ports.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Riseing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p076-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For Cabbin Doors, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Scuttle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p076-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For Scuttles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Side</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p076-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For Cabbin Doors, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hitch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Word to catch hold of any Thing with
-a Hook or Rope, and to hold it fast; thus
-when a Boat is to be hoisted in, Hitch the
-Tackles into the Ring Bolts of the Boat; so
-Hitch the Fish Hook to the Flook of the
-Anchor when they are about to weigh.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hoist</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for hawling up any Thing into the Ship,
-or getting up a Topmast, Yard, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hold</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is all that Part of a Ship which lies between
-the Keelson and lower Deck, wherein are
-Bulk-heads, and they divided, are the Steward
-Room, Powder Room, Bread Room, and
-Boatswain and Carpenter's Store Rooms.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hold Fasts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p077.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Iron, used by Joyners, House
-Carpenters, or Carvers; goes through their
-Benches to hold fast such Work as cannot be
-finished by its being held in the Hand.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hold Off</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Term used in weighing the Anchor,
-when the Voyal is about the Capston; for if
-the Cables are stiff, or have lain long in Oazy
-Ground, unless that Part of the Cable heaving
-in, be hawled away hard by the Capston, the
-Voyal will surge or slip back, therefore must
-be hawled away as fast as it comes in, so as
-that it may keep close about the Whelps; and
-this Work is called holding off, and may be
-done by Hand with a small Cable; but in all
-great Ships, they hold off with Nippers, and
-in small Craft they bring the Cable to the
-Jeer Capston, or about a Windlass.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p078-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is made of Copper, to go on the Top of the
-Chimney, (which is placed on the Fore-castle
-for carrying the Smoke out of the Cook Room)
-and to shift as the Wind does, that it may
-always fly out to leeward.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hooks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Edges of Planks are fayd into
-one another thus, <img src="images/ill-p078-2.png" alt="ᒥᒪᒥᒪᒥ" /> it is said to be
-Hook and Butt.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hooks</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boat</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p078-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are for fending or setting off Boats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cann</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p078-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are for hoisting Casks out or into the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cant</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p078-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for turning or canting large Masts,
-having at one End a Ring for a Hand-spike
-to go through, and at the other a Claw, which
-penetrates into the Masts when they are made
-Use of to turn them for Survey, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fish</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p078-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is to take hold of the Shank of the Anchor
-when to be hove up to the Bow.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Flesh</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">With which the Cook takes the Beef and
-Pork out of the Furnaces.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Gamming</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Used when Gammoning the Bowsprit.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Kettle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">To hang the Kettles or Pots on over the
-Fire.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Laying</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Rope-makers when laying
-of Cordage.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Port</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into the Ship's Sides, on which
-the Ports hang.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Puttock</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">For the Plates to hook upon.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Rave</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-7.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used by the Caulkers for picking the old
-Ocham out of the Seams of Ships, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sheer</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p079-8.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are great Hooks let into, or put on the Main
-and Fore Yard Arms of Fireships, in order to
-fasten into an Enemy's Shrouds, Sails or Rigging.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Spinning</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p080-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into the Rails for the Rope-makers
-to hang their Threads on, as they spin
-them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Tackle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p080-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Spliced into the Straps of Blocks or Ends of
-Rope.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hook Pinns</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p080-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are Bolts made with a shoulder at one End,
-and used by the House Carpenters in frameing,
-which they drive through the Mortice's and
-Tennants of the Work prepared for Building
-or Wharfing.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hoops Iron</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Anchor Stock</td>
-<td class="clbl" rowspan="5">Are drove round them in order to their
-greater Strength and Security.</td></tr>
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p080-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-</tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Capston</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p080-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-</tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Masts</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hoops Wood</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Mast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Nailed round them on each Side of the
-Wooldings.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Fastened and nailed round the Rims of the
-Top.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Horse</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope in a Ship made fast at each Yard
-Arm, and on which the Men stand to furl the
-Sails; and is also a Frame of Wood the Riggers
-make use of to woold Ships Masts, which
-hath a Rowl fixed in it, whereon several Turns
-are taken for heaving the Rope taught round
-the Mast before the Nails are drove through
-the Rope.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Horse Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p081.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used by the Caulkers, when they cannot
-come at a Seam with their common Irons.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hounds</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are that shouldered Part of all Masts over
-which the Shrouds are put; and all above that
-is called the Mast-head.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Housed in</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Breadth of a Ship's Bearing is
-brought in too narrow to her upper Works,
-or pinched in too much, she is Housed-in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hull</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the main Body of a Ship without either
-Masts, Yards, Sails, or Rigging.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hullock</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is some small Part of a Sail, let loose in a
-great Storm; it is chiefly used in the Mizon to
-keep the Ship's Head to the Sea when all the
-rest of the Sail is made up, except a little at
-the Mizon Yard Arm.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hummers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p082-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used by the Scavengers for rakeing up the
-Filth that comes off from the Ships Bottoms
-upon their being scrub'd, which settles at the
-Bottom of the Dock, or upon the Apron near
-the Gates; are made of Wood, not unlike a
-Rake.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Jeer</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a large Rope reeved through treble or
-double Blocks, lashed at the Mast-head and
-on the Yard, which are to hoist or lower the
-Low-Yards.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Jewel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p082-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Made not unlike the Ring of an Anchor,
-and of Substance, that its Weight may carry
-it down, to purchase any Thing that is heavy
-under Water, when two Parts of a Cable or
-Rope are put through it, and as they heave,
-the Jewel slides down, jams the Bite, so as
-that it may not slip off the Purchase the Rope
-is about.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Jews Harp</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Iron, and of such Substance
-and suitable Strength, as to be sufficient to
-hold the Pendant Chain where the Moaring
-Cable is bent to the Ring, and secured by a
-Forelock; the other End, which is round,
-takes the two short Pendant Chains the Rings
-of the Anchors are fastened to; as is the Wood
-Buoy and Chain.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Orground, <i>Stockholm</i> and <i>Spanish</i>, used by
-the Smiths for making Anchors, Bolts, Hoops,
-and for all other Services where it is proper to
-be used in building Ships, or about the Docks,
-Wharfs, and Yard, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Iron Sick</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship or Boat is said to be Iron-sick, when
-her Bolts or Nails are so eaten with Rust, and
-so worn away, that they make hollows in the
-Planks, so as to make the Ship Leaky.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Junk</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is old Cables cut into short Lengths, and
-issued to Boatswains for making Swabs, Platts
-and Nippers; to Carpenters of Ships, and to
-poor People to be picked into Ocham, for
-Caulking Ships Sides, Decks, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Jury Mast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Whatever is set up in the Room of a Mast
-lost in a Fight, or by a Storm, and fastened
-into the Partners, and fitted with a lesser Yard,
-Sails and Ropes, is called a Jury Mast, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Jutty heads</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Platforms standing on Piles which are made
-near the Docks, and project without the
-Wharfs for the more convenient docking and
-undocking Ships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Keckle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p084.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">When the Cables of a Ship gaul in the
-Hawse, they wind old Rope about them,
-which is called Keckling.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Kedging</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship is brought up or down in a
-narrow River, and the Wind contrary to the
-Tide, and yet is to go with the Tide, they
-use to set their Fore Course, or Fore-top-sail
-and Mizon, that so they may flat her about;
-and if she happens to come over too near the
-Shore, they have a small Anchor in a Boat
-with a Warp fastened to it from the Ship,
-which Anchor they let fall, in order to wind
-and turn her Head about; and this Work is
-called Kedging.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Keel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The principal Piece of Timber first laid
-when a Ship is to be built, her whole Length
-from the lower Part of her Stem to the lower
-Part of the Stern Post; into this are all the
-lower Futtocks fastened and bolted Fore and
-Aft; to the under Part of which, a false Keel
-is brought on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Keelers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p085.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are small Tubs, which hold Stuff for the
-Caulkers to grave Ships Bottoms, on their
-being hawled on the Ways, or into the Dock.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Keelson</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A principal Piece of Timber fayd within
-Side of the Ship, cross all the Floor Timbers,
-and it being adjusted exactly over the Keel
-with suitable Scarphs, it thereby strengthens
-the Bottom of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Kerfe</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Furrows made by a Saw in Timber,
-Plank, Deals, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Kersey</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is allowed to make Waste Cloths, Top Armours,
-or other Accommodations on board a
-Ship, Lining entering Ropes, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Kettles</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Double</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p086-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">With two Covers, for dressing Provisions in,
-when a Ship's Company is small.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Fish</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p086-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="clbl" rowspan="3">Are single, and used for several Services on
-board, and for the Mens Provisions.</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Small</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p086-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Kevels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p086-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of Plank fayd against the Quickwork
-on the Quarter Deck, in the Shape of a
-Semi-circle, for belaying the running Rigging
-to.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Kinks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When Cables or Cordage is new, or too
-hard laid, it is stubborn, and very apt when
-handed to be coyled to take in Turns, which
-is called Kinking.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Knee of the Head</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p086-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is commonly called the Cut-water, it supports
-the Lyon, and all the Rail-work, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-of the Head.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Knees</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p087-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Serve as Standards in some Parts of the Ship;
-and are also used in Boats, to keep the Thauts
-fast to the Side of the Boats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p087-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Crooked Timbers which brace and bear
-the End of the Beams, <i>&amp;c.</i> to the Ship's Side,
-and are called either Hanging, Lodging,
-Raking, or Square, and fixed to every Beam
-where they carry Guns.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Knettles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Two Pieces of spun Yarn put together
-untwisted.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Knight Heads</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are two Pieces of Timber to which the
-Halyards and the Top Ropes are belayed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Knots</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">There are two Sorts of Knots used at Sea;
-one they call a Bowline Knot; by this the
-Bowline Bridles are fastened to the Cringles,
-and will not slip. The other is a Whale Knot,
-which is a round Knob or Knot made with
-three Strands of a Rope, and serves for the
-Topsail Sheats and Stoppers. The Divisions
-also of the Logline are called Knots, and are
-usually seven Fathom asunder; and then as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
-many Knots as the Logline runs out in Half a
-Minute, so many Miles the Ship sails in an
-Hour.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Labour</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship tumbles or rowls at Anchor,
-or under Sail at Sea, she is said to Labour.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ladders</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Those made of Wood are for going from
-one Deck to another; and those of Ropes,
-hung over the Stern of the Ships, are to enter
-out of the Boat, when the Weather is foul and
-the Sea high; as are those at the Side called
-Accommodation.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ladles Pitch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p088.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used at Sea by the Carpenters of the
-Ships, to hold Stuff, to pay the Seams when
-caulked.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Land Fall</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies to fall in with the Land; thus,
-when a Ship out at Sea, expects to see Land in
-a little Time, and it so happens that she doth,
-they say, they have made a good Landfall.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Land Laid</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship is just got out of Sight of the
-Land.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Land Lock'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship rides Land Lock'd when at an Anchor
-in such a Place, where there is no Point
-open to the Sea, so that she is safe from the
-Violence of Wind or Tide.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Land shut in</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when another Point of Land hinders the
-Sight of that which a Ship came from.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Land to</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a Ship lies so far off from Shore
-that they can but just see Land.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lanterns</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Poop</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p089-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are glazed with Stone-ground Glass, and
-placed at the Ship's Stern.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p089-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are glazed with Stone-ground Glass; stands
-on a Crank at the Main-top when an Admiral
-or Commodore is on board.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Braces</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl" colspan="2">Are to steady the Lanterns.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Girdles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl" colspan="2">Go round them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hand</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p089-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswain and Carpenter.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Powderroom</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p090-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are glazed with Stone-ground Glass, placed
-at the Bulk-head of the Magazine, and stands
-over a Wood Cistern lined with Lead, which
-is kept full of Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Storeroom</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p090-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A triangular Light placed at the Bulk-head
-of the Boatswain and Carpenter's Store-Rooms.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lanyards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes reeved through dead Eyes of
-all Shrouds and Chains which are to slacken
-or set up the Shrouds. The Stays are also set
-taught by Lanyards; and those which fasten
-the Stoppers to the Cables, are called Lanyards.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Larboard</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Left Hand Side of the Ship when you
-stand with your Face to the Head.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Large</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship goes or sails Large, when she goes
-neither before the Wind or upon a Wind, but
-as it were, quartering between both; wherefore
-Large, Quartering, Veering or Lasking, are all
-of the same Signification.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lashed</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl" colspan="2">Signifies made fast.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lashing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is twice laid Cordage made out of old Rigging,
-and used for Lashing Booms, and other
-uses on board; and by the Boatswain of the
-Yard for rafting Timber, Masts, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lasking</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship sails neither by, nor directly
-before the Wind, she is said to go Lasking,
-which is much the same as Veering, or going
-with a quarterly Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Latchetts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Small Line (made like Loops) is sewn to a
-Bonnet or Drabler for lacing them together.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Laths</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Bricklayers on the Roofs
-and Ceiling of Houses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Launch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to put out; thus they say, Launch the
-Ship off the Stocks, or out of a Dock, Launch
-the Boat, Launch the Davit in or out, Launch
-out the Capston Bars; also when they have
-hoisted up a Yard high enough, they say in
-another Sense, Launch ho; that is, hoist no
-more; also in stowing any Thing in the Hold
-of a Ship, they cry, Launch Aft, or Launch
-forward on.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Leads</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Deepsea<br />
-Hand</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p092-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are bent to Lines for finding the Depth of
-Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Pipes</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Large</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used for the Pisdales on board a Ship, and
-for conveying the Water from the Cistern to
-the Officers Houses, and Jutty Heads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Small</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are joined to the large Pipes as Branches to
-the Officers Houses, and Jutty Heads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Mill'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for covering Houses, Gutters, lining
-the Ship's Furnaces, and several other Uses
-both a-float and a-shore.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Scuppers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p092-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are let through the Ship's Sides for carrying
-the Water from off the Decks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Leather</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Buckets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p092-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are fixed with Lanyards on board a Ship,
-to be ready in Case of Fire; and also are
-placed in the Officers Houses for that Purpose.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hoses</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for starting Water at the watering Places
-into Casks; and for the like Use on board
-Ships.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Licquor'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for leathering Pump Chains.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Scuppers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p093.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are nailed over the Holes of the Lead Scuppers,
-not only for carrying the Water down
-the Ship's Sides, but also prevents its washing
-in on the Gun-deck.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ledges</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are square Pieces of Timber, reaching from
-Carling to Carling thwart Ships, and the Decks
-are fastened to these, as well as to the Carlings
-and Beams.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lee</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Word diversly used at Sea; they mean
-generally by it, the Part opposite to the Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lee Fangs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes reeved into the Cringles of
-Yachts and Hoys Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lee Latch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Word of Command to the Men at the
-Helm or Steering Wheel, spoken by him that
-Conds, to take Care that the Ship don't go to
-leeward of her Course.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lee Shore</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that on which the Wind blows; and
-therefore to be under the Lee of the Shore, is
-to be close under the Weather Shore, or under
-the Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Leeward Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">One that doth not keep her Wind, or doth
-not sail so near the Wind, nor make her Way
-so good as she should.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">ALee the Helm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">They mean put the Helm to the Leeward
-Side of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To lay a Ship by the Lee, or to come by
-the Lee, is to bring her so that all her Sails
-may lie flat against her Masts and Shrouds, so
-that the Wind may come right upon her
-Broadside.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Leech of a Sail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies the outward Skirt of the Sail from
-the Earing to the Clew, or Middle of the Sail
-between the two.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Leech Lines</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes fastened to the Leech of the
-Topsails (only) and then reeved into a Block
-at the Yard, just by the Topsail Runners; their
-Use is to hawl in the Leech of the Sail, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
-the Topsails are to be taken in, which is always
-first done, and then the Sail can be taken in
-with the greater Ease.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lett Fall</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Word at Sea for putting out a Sail
-when the Yard is Aloft, and the Sail is to come
-down from the Yard; but when the Yards
-are lowered, then the Sail is loosed below,
-before they hoist the Yard: Neither is it said
-properly of Topsails, because the Yards lie on
-the Cap, and therefore the Word for them is,
-Heave out your Topsails; nor can it be applied
-to the Mizon; for to it, the Word is,
-Strike the Mizon and set it, so that in Strictness
-it belongs only to the Main and Fore
-Courses, when their Yards are hoisted up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Level</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">An Instrument used by Carpenters, Bricklayers
-and Masons, and made of a long Piece
-of Wood at Bottom, and with an upwright
-Piece in the Middle, to hold a Thread and
-Plummet, which plays about a perpendicular
-line there drawn, and when it falls exactly
-on it, then is the Bottom Piece in a true Level
-or horizontal Position.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lewis's</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p096.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Iron, and put into the Holes
-the Masons cut beveling in large Stones for
-purchasing them, which spread themselves (by
-having a Wedge put into the Middle) like a
-Dovetail, so that there is no Danger of the
-Stones falling when hoisted up, in order to be
-laid in its bed of Mortar.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lie</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship lies under the Sea, when her Helm
-being made fast a Lee, she lies so a-hull that
-the Sea breaks upon her Bow, or her Broadside.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lieutenant</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Commission Officer next to the Captain,
-who, upon the Death or Absence of the Commander,
-has the entire Charge and Conduct
-of the Ship, and stands accountable for the
-whole Duty as Commander of her; and the
-youngest is to exercise the Seamen, and to see
-that the Small Arms are kept in good order.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lifts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes made fast to the Yard Arms, and
-their Use is either to hoist or top the Yard,
-that is, to make the Ends of the Yards
-hang higher or lower, as occasion serves. The
-Topsail Lifts serve as Sheats to the Top-gallant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
-Yards, as well as Lifts for the Topsail Yards.
-And they at the Spritsail Yard are standing
-and running Lifts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Limber Boards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of Plank fayd from the Foot
-Waaling to the upper Edge of the Keelson, to
-prevent the Ballast stopping the free Course of
-the Buildge-water to the Pumps, which runs
-through Holes made in the Timbers for that
-Purpose, and are called Limber Holes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Limber Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p097.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are to clear the Holes so as that the Water
-may pass without Interruption to the Well.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Linch Pins</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Iron, and go through the
-Axle-trees of Carts, Timber Carriages, <i>&amp;c.</i> to
-keep on their Wheels or Trucks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lines</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cabbin</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are for lacing the Officers Bed Places.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Deepsea</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Bent to a Lead, in order to sound the Depth
-of Water.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Logg</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are wound about a Reel, to keep an Account
-of the Ship's Way through the Sea; this
-Line for about ten Fathom from the Logg,
-hath, or ought to have, no Knots or Divisions,
-because so much should be allowed for the
-Logg's being clear out of the Eddy of the
-Ship's Wake, before they turn up the Glass;
-but then the Knots or Divisions begin, and
-ought to be at least fifty Feet from one another,
-though the common Practice at Sea is to
-have them but seven Fathom.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Sail-makers in their Work.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sash</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are used for hoisting or lowering Sashes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Tarr'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl" >Are used for seizing Ropes and Blocks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">White</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are bent to Hand Leads for sounding the
-Depth of Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Links</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made use of by the Men when they
-work at Night, either on docking the Ships,
-or repairing Wharfs, Jutty Heads, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">List</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">If a Ship heels either to Starboard or Port,
-they say, she hath a List that Way; and they
-say so, if it be occasioned only by the shooting
-of her Ballast, or by the unequal stowing of
-Things in her Hold; though it is more properly
-said of a Ship, when she is inclined to
-heel any way upon the Account of her Mold
-or Make.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lockers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are a Kind of Box or Chest made in the
-Officers Cabbins to put or stow any Thing in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Locks</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Brass</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Are allowed Flag Ships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Casement</td>
-
-<td class="clbl" rowspan="8">Are used by the Master, House Carpenter,
-Master Joiner, and Carpenters of Ships, for
-such uses as they are proper for.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Chest</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Cupboard</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Hanging</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Plate</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Spring Double</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Spring Single</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Stock
-
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Logg</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p100-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece of Wood or Board about seven or
-eight Inches long, of a triangular Figure, and
-with as much Lead cast into it at one End, as
-will serve to make it swim upright in the
-Water; at the other End of which the Logline
-is fastened.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Loggerheat</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p100-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is made with a large round Ball of Iron at
-one End of a Handle, and is to heat Pitch on
-board a Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Loof of a Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that Part of her Aloft which lies just
-before the Chess-tree.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Loom</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">If a Ship appears big at Sea when seen at
-a Distance, they say she Looms, or appears a
-great Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Loom Gale</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a gentle easy Gale of Wind, in which a
-Ship can carry her Topsails a Trip.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Loop hole</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Holes made in the Comings of the
-Hatches of Ships, and in their Bulk-heads to
-fire Muskets through, in a close Fight.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Luff</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Term used in conding a Ship; thus
-Luff up, is to bid the Man at the steering
-Wheel, keep nearer the Wind. To Luff into
-an Harbour, is to sail into it, close by the
-Wind. To spring the Luff, is when a Ship,
-that before was going large before the Wind,
-is brought close, or claps close by the Wind.
-When a Ship sails upon a Wind as they say,
-that is, on a Quarter Wind, the Word of him
-that Conds is, Luff; keep your Luff; Veer
-no more; keep her too; touch the Wind;
-have a Care of a Lee Latch. All which Words
-signify much the same Thing, and bids the
-Man at the Wheel to keep the Ship near the
-Wind. But on the contrary, if the Ship is to
-go more large or right before the Wind, the
-Word is, Ease the Helm; no near! bear up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Luff Hook</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to succour the Tackles in a large Sail,
-that all the Stress may not bear upon the
-Tack; sometimes also it is used when the
-Tack is to be seized the surer.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Luff Tackle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Tackle in a Ship, which serves to lift
-or hoist all small Weights in or out of her.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lying under the Sea</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When in a Storm the Ship is a-hull, and
-the Helm so fastened a-lee, that the Sea breaks
-upon her Bow or Broadside, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lyme</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to make Mortar for the Use of the Bricklayers
-and Stone Masons.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Lyon</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a carved Figure fixed on the Knee of the
-Head.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p102-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Iron, and interwoven, not
-unlike a Chain; they are for rubbing off the
-loose Hemp which remain on Lines or white
-Cordage after it is made.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mallets</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Buildge</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p102-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Caulkers for driving in
-the reeming irons, to open the Seams before
-caulked.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Driving</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p102-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Riggers to splice Cordage.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Serving</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p102-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Riggers and Sail-makers
-after they have put on Parsling of old Canvas,
-for serving the Ship's Shrouds, or Clews of
-Sails.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mandrels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">The Smiths set Hoops round, on them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Manger</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Place partitioned off in the Bow of the
-Ship, to keep the Water that may come in at
-the Hawse Holes from running Fore and Aft
-on the Deck, and has two large Scuppers fixed
-on each Side to vent the Water that comes in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Marline</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is small Line made with two Strands laid
-slack, that it may be the more pliable, out of
-Hemp flyings; its use is to seize the End of
-Ropes, Straps of Blocks, <i>&amp;c.</i> And marling a
-Sail is fastening it to the Boltrope by a Logline
-put through the Eye-let Holes at the two
-lower Clews, when served and marled before
-finished for Service.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Marline Spikes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p103.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made tapering of Iron, for spliceing
-together small Ropes, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Marking Yarn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is white Yarn spun the wrong Way, and
-put into all Cordage of three Inches and upwards,
-as the King's Mark.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Master</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Appointed by Warrant from the Navy Board,
-and is to obey his Commander's Orders for the
-dispatching the Ship in fitting her out; to
-inspect the Provisions and Stores sent on board;
-to take Care of the Ballast that the Hold be
-carefully stowed, the Rigging and Stores duely
-preserved, and to navigate the Ship, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Master at Arms</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Appointed by Warrant from the Lords Commissioners
-of the Admiralty, and are to be Men
-well skilled in Martial Discipline, who are
-daily to exercise at Small Arms the Petty
-Officers and Ship's Company; to place and
-relieve Centinels; to mount the Guard; to see
-the Firelocks and other Arms be clean; observing
-the Orders of the Lieutenant at Arms;
-to see that the Fire and Candles be put out in
-proper Season; to visit all Vessels and Boats
-for preventing the Seamen going from the
-Ship; to acquaint the Officer of the Watch
-with all Misdemeanors: And the Corporals
-are to act and perform the same Duty under
-him.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Master Sailmaker</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is appointed by Warrant from the Navy
-Board, who, with his Mate and Crew, are to
-examine all Sails brought on board; attend all
-Surveys and Conversions; inspect into their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
-Condition, and timely to repair and keep them
-fit for Service; to see they are perfectly dry
-when put into the Store-room, and there secured
-from Drips, Damps and Vermin; and
-to attend the Delivery of them into Store.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Masts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of the Growth of <i>New England</i> and <i>Riga</i>,
-are generally wrought into sixteen Squares,
-and are received into Store by their Diameter
-in Inches; the former are worked up for Fore
-or Main-masts, and the latter generally for
-Mizon-masts. <i>Norway</i> and <i>Gottenbro'</i> are
-brought from thence rough as they grow; are
-measured by girting them, and received by
-Hands, that is, four Inches make a Hand; are
-used for Top-masts or Yards.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Masts made</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For a Ship are the Sprit-top-mast, Fore,
-Fore-top, Fore-top-gallant, Main, Main-top,
-Main-top-gallant, Mizon and Mizon-top; and
-amongst which may be reckoned her Bowsprit;
-and the low ones are generally made
-out of <i>New England</i> Growth, and the Topmasts
-and Top-gallant Masts, out of those
-brought from <i>Riga</i>, <i>Gottenbro'</i> or <i>Norway</i>.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/ill-p105.png" alt="Image of the masts, proportionately drawn." />
-</div>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Matts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made out of Junk, old Rope Yarns, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-for preserving the Yards from galling or rubbing
-in hoisting or lowering them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mauls</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Doubleheaded</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p106-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Carpenters for such Uses
-as are requisite.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p106-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for driving the Iron Fids in or out of
-the Heel of the Top-masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Messengers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are allowed to great Ships, and a Cable-laid
-Rope which are made use of in the same Manner
-as the Voyals are, though not so big,
-brought round the main Capston, and are a
-Sort of Succour to the Voyal, but are never
-made use of, after the Anchor is a Peek.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Midshipman</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">His Station on Duty is on the Quarter Deck,
-Poop, <i>&amp;c.</i> to mind the Braces, look out and
-give the Word of Command from the Captain
-and other superior Officers, and to assist on all
-occasions both in sailing the Ship, and in stowing
-her Hold, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mizon Course</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Tack is taken off from the Mast
-forward, it is called a Bon-adventure Mizon.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Moar</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies the laying out the Anchors of a
-Ship so, as is best and safest for her riding.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Moarings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are laid out in Harbour, and consists of
-Claws, Pendant Chains, Cables, Bridles, Anchors,
-Swivel, Jews-harp, Buoys, and Chains
-for Ships to ride at, either when under Orders
-of fitting for the Sea, or are laid up in Ordinary.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cc" colspan="2"><img src="images/ill-p107-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Monkey</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p107-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A Block made of Iron with a Catch, made
-use of in Ginns for driving Piles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Monk Seam</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Sewing the Edges or Selvedges of Sails together,
-over one another on both Sides, to
-make it the Stronger.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mooter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Person who (after the Tree-nails which
-are received into Store, rough from the Merchant)
-makes them smooth, and of proper
-Sizes, before they are drove through the Plank
-used on Ships Sides, Decks, Wharfs, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mortar</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Preparation of Lyme, Sand, <i>&amp;c.</i> mixed
-up with Water, and used in Buildings.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mouse</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p108.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a large Knot artificially made by the
-Riggers on the Ship's Stays.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Nails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Brads</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Battin</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl" >Used by the House Carpenters and Joyners.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Filling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used on Ships Bottoms when ordered to the
-<i>West Indies</i>, between the Spaces of the Sheathing
-Nails.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Flooring</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the House Carpenters.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind2" colspan="2">Keelband</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Boat Builders.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Clamp</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Shipwrights.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Filling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used on Ships Bottoms ordered to the <i>West
-Indies</i>.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Lead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For nailing Lead.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Port; Double and Single</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Shipwrights, and are drove into
-the Beams for the Mens Hammacoes to hang
-on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Rother</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Shipwrights to nail on the
-Rother Irons.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Rove &amp; Clench.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Boat Builder on Boats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Scupper</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Has a broad and flat Head, and used for
-nailing the Leather Scuppers to the Ship's
-Sides.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sharp of Sorts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by Shipwrights, House Carpenters and
-Joyners.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sheathing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" >Used For nailing on the Sheathing Board.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Spikes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" >Used By the Shipwrights and House Carpenters.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Tacks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used By the Joyners and Oar-makers for fining
-Oars.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Timber</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Shipwrights and House Carpenters.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Weight</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Shipwrights and House Carpenters.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wherry</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Boat Builders.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind
-" colspan="2">Woolding</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Drove through the Ropes that Woold the
-Ship's Masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Needles</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boltrope<br />Sail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswains for repairing
-the Ship's Sails when at Sea.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Navel Hoods</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Pieces of Stuff fayd against the
-Hawse Holes, and fills out to the outer Edge
-of the Cheeks, to keep the Cable from rubbing
-them.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Naveline</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope reeved through a Block made fast
-to the middle Rib, and another Block being
-made fast at the Mast-head, the Line goes
-through them, which makes a Tackle to hoist
-the Parrel.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Navigation</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Art of sailing or conducting a Ship or
-Vessel the safest and most commodious Way
-from one Place to another.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Neap</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship wants Water to float her, so
-that she cannot get out of a Harbour, off the
-Ground, or out of the Dock, she is neaped,
-and are those Tides which happen seven Days
-after the Moon's Change or Full.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Netting</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is twice laid Cordage bigger than Lashing,
-and is used for Stantion Ropes, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Nettings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are a Sort of Grate made with small twice
-laid Rope, and seized together with Rope
-Yarn or Twine, and are fixed on the Quarters
-and in the Tops.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Nippers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Rope Yarns, and several Turns
-are taken round the Cable and Voyal when
-heaving at the Main or Jeer Capston, in order
-to weigh the Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Oars</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Barge</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p112-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made out of <i>New England</i> or <i>Dantzick</i>
-Rafters.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boat</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p112-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made out either of <i>English</i> Ash, or
-Firr Rafters from <i>Norway</i>.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p112-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are generally cut out of Firr Timber.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Oazy Ground</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl" colspan="2">Such as is soft, slimy or muddy.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ocham</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Black</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is picked out of old Cables or Junk, in order
-to caulk the Seams, Tree-nails and Bends of a
-Ship, for preventing Leaks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">White</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Comes from the flyings of dress'd Hemp,
-and used for caulking the Seams of Ships.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Offin</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a good Distance from the Shore where
-there is deep Water, and no Need of a Pilot
-to Conduct the Ship. Thus if a Ship from
-Shore be seen sailing out to Seaward, they say,
-She stands for the Offin; and if a Ship having
-the Shore near her, have another a good
-Way without her, or towards the Sea, they
-say, That Ship is in the Offin.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Offward</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">If a Ship, being a-ground by the Shore,
-doth Heel towards the Water Side, they say,
-She Heels Offward.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Orlop</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Platform under the Gun-deck for stowing
-the Cables, and where the Officers Store-rooms,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> are built.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Over Rake</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Waves break in upon a Ship riding
-at Anchor, and the Head Sea washes over her,
-then the Waves Over-Rake her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Oven Lids</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p113.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Iron to stop the Mouth of the
-Oven on board a Ship.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Out licker</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece fayd down to the upper Rail, and
-to the cross Piece in the Head, to carry the
-Foretack farther from the Middle of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Owler</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Master of a Ship, or other Person that
-conveys Wool, or other prohibited Goods in
-the Night to the Sea Side, in order to Ship off,
-contrary to Law.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Oyl</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for sundry Services on board a Ship,
-by the Boatswains in mixing it with Blacking
-or Tar.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Palleting</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Floor of the Bread-room and Magazine
-of Powder, generally wrought of ordinary
-Deal, and is laid above the Keelson, for
-keeping the Bread and Powder dry, in Case
-there should be more Water in Hold than
-usual.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Palms</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p114.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are round Pieces of Iron, stamp'd full with
-round Impressions; are sewed to Leather, which
-comes into the Palm of the Sail-makers Hand,
-and are made use of by them to prevent the
-Needles running into them, when sewing the
-Seams or Boltropes on the Sails.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pannel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In Joynery, <i>&amp;c.</i> a square Piece of thin
-Wood, sometimes carved, framed, or groved
-in a larger Piece between Stiles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Parbuncle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Name given a Rope Contrived almost
-like a Pair of Slings; it is seized both Ends
-together, and then put double about any
-heavy Thing that is to be hoisted in or out of
-a Ship, and by having a Hook of a Runner or
-Tackle hitched into it, they hoist up any
-Cask or Box.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Parsling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of old Canvas cut about four
-Inches broad, and wrapped round Shrouds,
-Stays, Straps for Blocks, <i>&amp;c.</i> before served
-with spun Yarn.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Parrells</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p115.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Ribs and Trucks, and Ropes
-reeved through them, which having both their
-Ends fastened round about the Masts, the
-Yards by their Means go up and down the
-Masts with greater Ease; these also with the
-Breast Ropes fasten the Yards to the Masts.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Partners</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pieces of thick Stuff, through which
-Holes for the Masts and Capstons are cut on
-each Deck; they are wrought considerably
-thicker than the Plank of the Deck, so far as
-between the respective Beams where they are
-placed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Paunch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Mats made of Sinnet, which in a
-Ship are made fast to the Main and Fore
-Yards, to keep them from galling against the
-Masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pawle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is made of Iron, bolted at one End to the
-Beams through the Deck close to the Capston,
-but yet so easily as that it can turn about.
-Its Use is to stop the Capston from turning
-back, by being made to catch hold of the
-Whelps, therefore they say, Heave a Pawl;
-that is, heave a little more for the Pawl to
-get hold of the Whelps, and this they call
-Pawling the Capston; and droping Pawls are
-bolted to the Beams, and fall on the Drum-head,
-where, on the Top, are Holes cut for
-receiving the Iron Pawl.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Paying</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Laying over the Seams of a Ship a Coat of
-hot Pitch, is called Paying her; or when she
-is a graving, and her Soil burned off, and a
-new Coat of Tallow, Pitch, Rozin and Brimstone
-boiled together, is put upon her, that
-is also called Paying of a Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Peek</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used in these Senses: An Anchor is said to
-be a Peek, when the Ship being about to
-weigh, comes so over her Anchor, that the
-Cable is perpendicular between the Hawse and
-the Anchor, and to bring the Ship thus, is
-called heaving a Peek.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Also Peek the Mizon, that is, put the Mizon
-Yard right up and down by the Mast.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to ride a Peek when she lies
-with her Main and Fore Yards hoisted up, and
-then having one End of the Yards brought
-down to the Gunwale, the other is raised up
-an End.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Reason why they thus Peek up their
-Yards is, least lying in a River (and they hardly
-ever use it but then) with their Yards a-cross,
-another Ship should come foul of them and
-break their Yards.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pendants</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Short Ropes, one End of which is fastened
-either to the Head of the Mast, End of the
-Yards, on the Main Stay, or Back of the
-Rother; and at the other End hath a Thimble
-spliced in, or a Block to reeve a Fall through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pendants of Tackles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are of the same Size as the Main and Fore
-Shrouds, made with an Eye at the upper End,
-to go over the Head of the Mast when single,
-but when double, are put over Head by a
-Hitch, with a single Block at their lower End
-for the Runners to be reeved through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pentecontore</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Vessel with Fifty Oars.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pillars</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p118.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Some are turned in the Form of a Column,
-and others are square, and placed generally
-under the Beams to support them, and the
-Decks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="cl">Piles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Stakes drove into the Earth for
-a Foundation to build on, or to make Dams,
-<i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl">Pilot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is he which directs the Men at the Wheel
-how to steer.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pillow</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Piece of Timber whereon the Bowsprit
-resteth close by the Stem.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pins</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Block</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For the Shives to run on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Turn'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To belay Ropes to.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Tyle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Bricklayers in Slates and Tyles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pintles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p119.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are those Hooks by which the Rother hangs
-to the Stern Post.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pirate</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Person or Vessel that robs on the High
-Seas, or makes Descents on the Coasts, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-without Permission or Authority of any Prince
-or State.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pitch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">For paying Seams, and all out-board work
-after caulked.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cl">Pitches</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">When a Ship falls with her Head too much
-into the Sea, or beats against it so as to endanger
-her Top Masts, they say, She will
-Pitch her Masts by the Board.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Plain Sailing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td class="cl">Is the Art of finding all the Varieties of the
-Ship's Motion.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Plank</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is sawed out of the strongest Beech, Elm,
-and Oak Timber, brought on to the Ship's
-Sides, and the latter used for laying their
-Decks, is cut from four Inches to one Inch
-and an Half thick; all above four Inches is
-called thick Stuff; and that cut out of Timber
-which grows compassing two Ways, is
-called Croaky; and such whose Edges happen
-to be circular, is called Snying.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Plates</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr>
-<td class="clind" colspan="2">Backstay<br />Chain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p120.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has a dead Eye, Iron bound at one End,
-through which the Lanyards of the Shrouds
-and Back Stays are reeved; and the other End
-has an Eye through which the Chain Bolt is
-drove into the Ship's Sides.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Puttock</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p121-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for Fore-top-mast Shrouds, as the Chain
-are for the low Shrouds, but with this difference,
-the dead Eyes are bound into the Plates,
-and they have Hooks at the End of them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p121-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are square and small, nailed on the Rim,
-through which the Puttock Plates go, and prevent
-their wearing the Top away.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Platts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p121-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made flat, out of Rope Yarn, and
-waved one over another, their Use is to save
-the Cable from galling in the Hawse.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pointing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when the Strands of a Cable, or Rope
-about two Feet, are untwisted, and afterwards
-made less towards the End, in a tapering Manner,
-where it is made fast, with Marline wove
-into the Yarns; the Design of which is, to
-keep the Rope from raffling out, or that none
-may be cut off and stole away.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pointers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Pillars in an oblique Position from the
-Floor Rider-heads on each Side, (pointing) or
-meeting each other at the Middle of the Gundeck
-Beams.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Poop</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Floor or Deck over the Round-house,
-being the highest or uppermost Part of the
-Hull of a Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ports</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Holes in a Ship's Side through
-which her Guns are put out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Port the Helm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies to put the Helm to the Left or
-Larboard Side; but they never say, Larboard
-the Helm, but always Port; though it is proper
-to say, Starboard the Helm, when it is put
-to the Right Side. A Ship is also said to heel
-a Port, when she swims not upright, but leans
-to the Left Side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Port Last</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The same as the Gunwale of a Ship; therefore
-a Yard is down a Port Last, when it lies
-down on the Gunwale.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Potts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p122.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswains for dressing
-their Victuals in, and to the Carpenters for
-heating Pitch.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Preventers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes of different Sizes, cut into short
-Lengths, and knotted at each End, to be ready
-in Case a Shroud should be shot or broke, that
-they may be seized to them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Puddenings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p123-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-<td class="cl">Are seized round the Mast, and tapers to
-each End from the Middle, where it is swelled
-pretty large for the Low-yards (when lowered
-down) to rest on; and the Rings of the Anchors
-are also puddened, to prevent the Galling
-of the Cable.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pumps</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr>
-<td class="clind">Lead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p123-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Some Ships have one fixed, whose Pipe
-goes down the Knee of the Head, and is there
-placed for washing the Decks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hand</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p123-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Hangs over the Side, and lashed there for
-washing the Decks, and sometimes are put
-down into the Well, for freeing the Ship when
-she makes more Water than the Chain Pumps
-can throw out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pump Bolt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Goes through the Head, and the Brakeworks
-on it.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Pump Hand</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind">Boxes Lower</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p124-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are small and short, having a Flap, and a
-large Staple drove into it, to draw it up on
-Occasion.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ditto Upper</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p124-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are fixed to the Spear.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Brake</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p124-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is the Handle.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hook</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p124-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A long Rod of Iron with a Hook at the
-End, to draw up or put down the lower Box.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Stave or Spear</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p124-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a long Rod of Iron with an Eye at the
-upper End, which Hooks to the Brake, and to
-the lower End of which the upper Box is
-fixed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pumps Chain</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are placed in the Well, and works with
-Chains.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ditto Axletrees</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p124-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are fixed in the Center of the Wheels,
-which are turned round with Winches put on
-at each End.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Pumps Chain</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Bolsters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p125.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A round Piece of Iron with a Hole in the
-Middle, and are for opening an Ess or Hook
-when any want shifting.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Burrs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p125-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are round thin Pieces of Iron, very little
-less than the Bore of the Pump, which are
-placed between every Length of the Chain,
-and on each of them the Leather is put for
-bringing up the Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Chains</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p125-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">No Ship goes to Sea without a Spare one,
-which is kept ready leathered in case those in
-the Pumps should be wore out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Dale</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p125-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a round hollow Trunk, which conveys
-the Water through the Ship's Sides.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Esses</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p125-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for repairing the Chains in Case any
-break or give way.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Fidds</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p125-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for opening an Ess or Hook when old
-ones are to be taken out, or new put into the
-Chain.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind">Hooks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">For repairing the Chains when any are
-wanting.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Rowles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are put into the lower End of the Pump
-for the Chain to work on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sprockets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made not unlike a large Horse Shoe,
-drove into the Wheel, and the Chain works
-on them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Swivels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for repairing the Chains when wanting.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wedges</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove in on all sides of the Axle-tree,
-to keep the Wheels fast on it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wheels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-6.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are turned out of Elm, in which the
-Sprockets are drove, and when so fitted, the
-Chains work round them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Winches</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p126-7.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are the Handles put on each End of the
-Axle-tree, by which the Men work the Pump.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Purchase</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The same as draw, but when they cannot
-haul any Thing with the Tackle, they say,
-The Tackle will not Purchase.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Purser</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Officer charged with all Sorts of Provisions
-allowed the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Puttock Shrouds</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are short Shrouds which go from the Fore,
-Main, and Mizon Shrouds to the Top, where
-the Plates are fixed with dead Eyes in them,
-through which the Lanyards are reeved for
-setting up the Top-mast Shrouds.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Puttock Staves</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Go a-cross the lower Shrouds, and the Ends
-of the Puttock Shrouds are hitched round them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Quarter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the After-part of the Ship without-board
-Aloft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Quartering</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a Ship sails upon a Quarter Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Quarter Pieces</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are two Pieces of carved Work reconciled
-to each End of the Tafferel, and when regularly
-suited to the same with a just Disposition
-of Figures, compleats the beautiful Symetry of
-the whole Stern and Gallery.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Quarter Tackle Pendants</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Fastened on the Quarters of the Yard, and
-are used for taking in or hoisting Provisions,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> out of the Hold, or upon Deck.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rabbet</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is letting in a Ship's Plank to her Keel, which
-in the Run of her are hollowed away, and is
-called the Rabbet of her Keel.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Racks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p128.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Stand in the Cook-Room, at each End of
-the Grates, for the Spits to lye on to roast
-Victuals.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rafters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are brought from <i>New England</i> and <i>Dantzick</i>,
-and being Ash, Barge, Pinnace and
-Wherry Oars, are made out of them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are generally composed of some regular
-Members of Architecture, they lye over and
-under the Banisters and Lights of the Stern
-and Galleries; are also ranged along the Side
-under several Denominations, as Sheer Rail,
-Plansheer Rail, Drift Rail, <i>&amp;c.</i> they are also
-the principal Ornament in composing the Head
-of a Ship.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Rake</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is so much of a Ship's Hull as over-hangs
-the Stem and Stern; that Part of it Afore is
-called her Rake Forward, and that Abaft at
-the Stern Post, is called her Rake Aft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ranges</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are a Sort of Cleats, to which they belay
-or fasten the Spritsail, Fore, Main or Mizon
-Sheats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ratlings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Ropes which make the Steps to
-get up the Shrouds, therefore are called Ratlings.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Reach</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Distance of two Points of Land which
-bear in a right Line to one another.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Reckonings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In Navigation, the estimating of the Quantity
-of the Ship's Way, or of the Run between
-one Place and another.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Reef</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When there is a great Gale of Wind, they
-commonly Roll up Part of the Sail at the Head,
-by which Means it becomes Shoaler, and so
-draws not so much Wind; and this contract<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>ing
-or taking up the Sail they call Reefing,
-which is done with the Reef Tackle Pendants,
-Tyes, and Falls.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Reeming Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p130.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Caulkers for opening the
-Seams of the Planks of Ships on the Stocks
-before caulked.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Reeve</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to put a Rope through a Block; and, to
-pull a Rope out of a Block, is called Unreeving.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Reflux</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of the Sea, the Ebbing of the Water, or its
-Return from the Shore.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rends</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In a Ship, are the same as the Seams between
-her Planks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rhombs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Points of the Compass.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ribbs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are the Timbers when the Planks are off,
-so called, because are bending like the Ribs of
-a Carcase; also those which belong to the
-Parrels are called Parrel Ribs.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Ride</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to Ride, when her Anchors
-hold fast, so that she drives not away by the
-Force of Wind or Tide; and a Ship is said to
-Ride well when in a Head Sea, so as that the
-Waves do not wash over her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ride</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Betwixt Wind
-and Tide</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Wind hath equal Force over her
-one Way, and the Tide another; but if the
-Wind hath more Power over her than the
-Tide, she is said to Ride Wind Rode.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">A Cross</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When she Rides with her Fore and Main-Yards
-hoisted up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Hawse-full</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When in Stress of Weather she falls so deep
-into the Sea with her Head, that Water runs
-in at her Hawses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">A Peek</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When one End of the Yards are peeked up,
-and the other hangs down; this is also said of
-a Ship, when in weighing she is brought directly
-over her Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Portoise</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When her Yards are struck upon the Deck,
-or when are down a Portlast.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">A Thwart</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When her Side lies a-cross the Tide.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Riders</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Timbers of a large Scantling fay'd
-within Side of the Foot Waaling; the Floor
-Riders are wrought over the Keelson; and the
-lower Futtock Riders Scarphs to the Floor
-Riders from the Keelson to the Orlop Beams.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rigging</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are all the Ropes whatsoever belonging to a
-Ship's Masts, Yards, or any Part about her;
-and she is well rigg'd when all her Ropes are
-of their fit Length and Size, in Proportion to
-her Burden.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Right the Helm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Sea Phrase used by him that Conds to the
-Men at the Helm or Steering Wheel, ordering
-them to keep the Helm even in the Middle of
-the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Right Sailing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a Voyage is performed on some one
-of the four Cardinal Points.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rings</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hatch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p132-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into the Hatches to open or shut
-them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Port</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p132-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into the Ports, and to which the
-Ropes are fastened to open or shut them.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rings &amp; Forelocks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p133-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are put on the Ends of Bolts to prevent
-their starting out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Riping Chissels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p133-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Shipwrights in breaking
-up old Ships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Riseing Timbers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Pieces of Timber fay'd to the
-Keel, to the Stem Afore, and from the Keel
-to the Stern Post Abaft; its Use is to fashion
-out the lower Part of the Ship Afore and Abaft;
-and also to fasten the half Timbers into it; it
-is bolted to the Keel, Stem, and Stern Post respectively;
-there is also a thinner Piece of
-dead Wood in the Midships, fay'd on the Keel
-for the Breach of the Floor Timbers to be let
-into.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Road</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A place of Anchorage at some Distance from
-the Shore, and sheltered from Winds, where
-Vessels usually Moar to wait for a Wind or
-Tide proper to carry them into Harbour, or
-set sail.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rock Staff</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">With which the Smiths blow their Bellows.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ropes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of a Ship are, in general, all her Cordage;
-but those which have particular Names given
-them are as follows:</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="clind">Auning</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for spreading the Aunings.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bell</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Made fast to the Crank for striking it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boat</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">By which the Boats at the Ship's Stern are
-towed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bolt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are laid white, stoved in an Oven, and then
-tarr'd; are the Head and Body Ropes sewed
-round the Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Breast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Made fast to the Shrouds in the Chains, to
-support the Man that heaves the Lead.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bucket</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To hawl up Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Canhook</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Seized to each Hook, to hoist Butts, Hogsheads,
-and other Casks on board.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Catt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For hoisting up the Anchors, in order to be
-stowed at the Bow.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="clind">Davit</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Reeved through a Hole which is made at
-each End, for hauling the Davit to either Side
-of the Fore Castle.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Entering</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To take hold of, for going up the Ship's
-Side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Luffhook</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for bousing the Tack aboard, when it
-blows hard, and is a Sort of a Preventer to
-the Tack.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Grapnel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Being bent to a Grapnel, either the Long-Boat,
-Pinnace or Yawl rides by it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Guess</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for keeping the Long-Boat, Pinnace or
-Yawl from steeving, or going too much in
-and out when towing.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Parrel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is reeved through the Ribs and Trucks,
-which, with the Breast Ropes, lashes the Parrel
-to the Masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Rother</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Reeved through a Hole in the Boat's Rother.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Slip</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For triseing up the Bites of the Cable to the
-Rails of the Head.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Stantion</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Reeved through the Eyes of the Stantions.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Swabb</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Serves as a Handle to them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those with which the Top-masts are
-set or struck; they are reeved through an
-Iron-bound Block, which hooks under the
-Cap, and then reeved through the Heel of the
-Top-mast, where a Brass Shiver is placed
-athwart Ships; the other Part of them comes
-down to the Top Tackle Falls, which has
-double Blocks Iron-bound, and hooks to Ring
-Bolts upon the Deck.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Tiller</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To keep the Tiller steady, that it may not
-fly from Side to Side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For Boats to make fast to, along-side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wheel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Goes round the Spindle of the Steering
-Wheel, and from thence to the Tiller, and are
-generally white Rope.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl">Ropebands</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made out of old Rope, Junk, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-reeved through the Head Holes of the Sails,
-which make them fast to the Yards, and are
-vulgarly called Robins.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rope Yarn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Yarn of any Rope untwisted, but
-commonly made out of Junk; its Use is to
-make Sinnet, Mats, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Roves</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p137-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are small square Pieces of Iron, with a Hole
-punched in the Middle of them, through
-which the Nail goes, where it is clenched, and
-fastens the Boards of Pinnaces, Yawles, or
-Wherries to one another.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rother</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p137-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">A Piece of Timber suitably formed, and
-hung with Irons called Pintles and Braces to
-the Stern Post; its Use is to traverse and govern
-the Ship under Sail.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rother Irons</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p137-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are the Cheeks of Iron which is fastened to
-the Stern Post of Ships or Boats, and into which
-the Pintles go.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rother Tackles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for Succour in Case the Tiller should
-break, and the Pendants are spliced to short
-Chains at the Back of the Rother, and the
-Falls come in on each Quarter of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Round House</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Poop is made so long as to come
-near, or to the Mizon Mast, there is (besides
-the Cabbins Abaft) an outer Apartment, which
-is called the Round House.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rowle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a round Piece of Wood wherein the Whipstaff
-goes, being made to turn about, that it
-may carry over the Staff the easier from Side
-to Side.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rowlucks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are spaces left on the Gunwale, where two
-Thoals are let in at such a Distance from each
-other, as to admit the Oar at the End of the
-Loom to lie on, for rowing the Boat.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rowse</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Cable or Hawser, that is, take it in
-or out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rozin</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for Paying the Ship's Sides, Boats,
-Blocks, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rufftrees</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are slight Rails let into Iron Stantions, generally
-on the Quarter Deck and Fore Castle,
-against which a Weather Sail is fixed for
-Shelter to the Men; and likewise to keep
-and prevent them from tumbling over-board
-at Sea.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Run</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">So much of the After-part of a Ship as is
-under Water, is called her Run.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rundlets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p139-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswains to keep Oyl in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Runner</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope reeved in a single Block seized
-to the End of a Pendant, and has at the one
-End a Hook to hitch into any Thing, and at
-the other End a long Tackle Block, into
-which is reeved the Fall of the Tackle or
-Garnet, by which Means it Purchases more
-than a Tackle Fall can do alone, and they,
-with the Halyards, hoist up the Topsail Yards,
-as the Ties do the Top-gallant Yards.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rungheads</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Floor Timber Heads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Saddles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p139-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths to turn Thimbles
-hollow on.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Every Yard in a Ship hath its proper Sail,
-(except the Cross Jack) and takes its Name
-from the Yard; and those which are not bent
-to the Yards, are, the Flying Jibb, Fore, Fore-top,
-Main, Main-top, Main-top-gallant, Mizon
-and Mizon Top-mast Stay Sails, Main and
-Main-top Studding Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Salvagees</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made with three flat Strands breeded,
-or by a small Turn put into several Rope
-Yarns cut into proper Lengths, and are used
-when a Shroud or Back Stay wants setting up,
-which is done by taking a Turn with the Salvagee
-round the Rope, to which they hook a
-Tackle Fall, and by bousing thereon, brings
-down the Shrouds or Back Stays to their proper
-Position.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sand</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used by the Bricklayers for making Mortar,
-and at the Kilns for stoving Plank.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Saucers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p140.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are round thick Pieces of Iron, on which
-the Spindle of the Capstons work.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Saws</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="clind" colspan="2">Hack</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p141-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made of Scythes, and jag'd at the
-Edges, and are for cutting and sawing off
-Bolts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Mill'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p141-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Masons to saw Stones.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Two hand
-&amp;
-Whip</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p141-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed to the Carpenters of all Ships
-that go to Sea, for the several Services they
-are wanted for.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scale</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Mathematical Instrument, consisting of
-one or more Lines drawn on Wood, Metal, or
-other Matter, divided into unequal Parts; of
-great Use in laying down Distances in Proportion,
-or in measuring Distances already laid
-down.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scantling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Measure, Size or Standard, whereby Dimensions
-of Things are determined.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scarfed</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the same as pieced, fastened, or joined
-in; thus they say, the Stem of a Ship is Scarfed
-into her Keel, and they imply by it, that the
-two Pieces are so shaped as to join with one
-another close and even, which is called Wood
-and Wood.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scavel Spitters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p142-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a small Spade, only shod half Way, and
-are used for digging Clay.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Schoolmaster</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">No one to be warranted who has not been
-examined at <i>Trinity House</i>, and produces a
-Certificate of his being well skilled in Navigation,
-<i>&amp;c.</i> who is to instruct Voluntiers, and
-other Youths of the Ship; to inform against
-such as are Idle; and not to be paid his Wages
-without a Certificate from the Captain.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scoops</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p142-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for throwing Water out of Boats,
-Lighters, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scrapers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p142-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used for scraping the Ship's Sides, Decks,
-Boats, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Screw</td></tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td class="clind">Plates</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To cut Screws.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Tapps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To make or cut the Nutts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Screws for Hatches</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p142-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made with a very nice Worm, that
-works in a Nutt let into a Sort of Drum-head,
-which lifts up or lowers them down to let in
-or out Water into the Docks or Bason.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Screws Wood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p143.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for lifting great Bodies, and are generally
-placed at the Bow of a Ship when to be
-launched off a Slip, to start her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scribeing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In Joynery, <i>&amp;c.</i> is when one Side of a Piece
-of Stuff being fitted to the Side of some other
-Piece, which last is not Regular, to make the
-two close together all the Way.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scuppers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made of Leather, and laid to convey
-the Water from off the Ship's Decks, for which
-Holes are cut in the Ship's Sides.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Scuttles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are square Holes big enough for the Body
-of a Man to go down on Occasion into any
-Room below; also the little Windows or long
-Holes which are cut out in Cabbins to let in
-Light, are called Scuttles.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sea Gate</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When two Ships are aboard one another,
-by Means of a Wave or Billow, then they lie
-in a Sea Gate.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Seams</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are where the Planks of a Ship, or Boards
-in a Boat meet and join together; also Sails
-are sewed with a flat or round Seam.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sea Yoke</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Sea is so rough that the Helm
-cannot be governed by Hand, they make a
-Yoke to steer by, having two Blocks seized to
-the End of the Helm or Tiller, and reeving
-two Falls through them, they govern the Helm.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Seizing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the same as fastening two Ropes together;
-or a Block to the End of a Tackle or Pendant
-is called Seizing it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Send</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship either at an Anchor or under
-Sail, falls with her Head or Stern deep into
-the Trough or hollow of the Sea between two
-Waves or Billows, they say she sends much
-a-head or a-stern.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Serve</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To Serve a Rope, is to lay spun Yarn round
-it with a Serving Mallet, which preserves it
-from wet, fretting or galling in any Place.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sett</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Seamen observe on what Point of
-the Compass the Sun, Land, <i>&amp;c.</i> bears, they
-call it, Setting the Sun, or Land by their
-Compass.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Setts for Saws</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p145-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for setting the Teeth when out of Order,
-so as they may cut with the greater Exactness.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Settle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Deck of a Ship sinks lower than
-it was, when first laid; is called Settling.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sew</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship at low Water comes to be on
-the Ground to lie dry, they say, she is Sewed;
-and if she be not quite left dry, they say, she
-Sews to such a Part.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shakles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p145-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are those Rings with which the Ports are
-shut fast, by lashing the Port Bar to them.
-There are also Shakles put on the Bilbow Bolts
-for confining the Men that have been guilty
-of Faults.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shank-painter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A short Chain fastened under the Fore
-Shrouds by a Bolt to the Ship's Side, having at
-the other End a Rope spliced to the End of
-the Chain, on which the After-part of the
-Anchor Rests, when it lies by the Ship's Side.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sheer</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship is not steered steadily, then
-they say she Sheers, or goes Sheering, or when
-at an Anchor she goes in and out by Means
-of the swift running of the Tide.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sheers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are two Masts or Yards set a-cross at the
-upper End of one another, and are used generally
-for setting or taking out Ships Masts,
-where there is no Hulk to do that Office.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sheathing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is casing that Part of a Ship which is to be
-under Water, with Firr Board of an Inch thick,
-which, by laying Hair and Tar mixed together
-upon the Inside of the Boards, and then
-nailing them on, is to prevent the Worm from
-eating her Bottom.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sheats</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes bent to the Clews of the Sails,
-serving in the lower Sails to hawl Aft the Clew
-of the Sail; but in Top-sails they serve to
-hawl home the Clew of the Sail close to the
-Yard-Arm.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shifters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Certain Men employed by the Cooks to
-shift or change the Water in which the Flesh
-or Fish is put and laid for some Time, in order
-for boiling.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ships</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of War are masted with three Masts and
-a Bow-sprit, and sailed with square Sails.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="cc" colspan="2"><img src="images/ill-p147-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Advice Boats</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Now out of Use, but were formerly fitted
-with two Masts, and square Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Belander</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p147-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Has Rigging and Sails not unlike a Hoy,
-but is broader and flatter; the covering of the
-Deck is raised up half a Foot higher than the
-Gunwale, between which, and the Deck, there
-is a Passage left free for the Men to walk; are
-seldom above twenty-four Tun, and can lie
-nearer the Wind than a Vessel with cross Sails
-can do.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bomb Vessels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p147-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Go sometimes with three Masts and square
-Sails; sometimes Ketch fashion, with one and
-a Mizon.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Brigantines</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p148-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Not now used, but were built light for
-rowing or sailing, and had two Masts and
-square Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hagboats</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p148-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are masted and sailed Ship fashion, but
-built in Figure after the Manner of <i>Dutch</i> Fly
-Boats.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hoys</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p148-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are fitted with one Mast and a Spreet-sail,
-and sometimes with Shoulder of Mutton Sails,
-whose Yards are not a-cross, but stands Fore
-and Aft like a Mizon, so can lie nearer the
-Wind.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Hulks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p148-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">They are generally old Ships cut down to
-the Gun Deck, and fitted with a large Wheel
-for Men to go in when Careening; and has
-several Capstons fixed on the Deck for setting
-Ships Masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ketches</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p148-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Fitted with two Masts, and their Main-sail
-and Top-sail stands square as Ships do; and
-their Fore-sail and Jibbs stands as Hoys do.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Lighters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p149-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made use of for laying down or shifting
-the Moarings; for bringing a-shore or
-carrying off Ships Cables, Anchors, <i>&amp;c.</i> or
-taking in Ballast out of Ships that are to be
-docked, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Pinks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p149-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are masted, and sail with three Masts, Ship
-fashion, but round sterned, with a small Lute
-or Projection Abaft over the Rother.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Punts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p149-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are built four square, and used about the
-Docks for fetching Clay, and other Services
-as the Master Shipwright wants them for.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Shallop</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p149-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a small Light Vessel, with only a small
-Main and Fore-mast, and Lugg-sails to haul
-up and let down on Occasion.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Sloops</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p149-5.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are sailed and masted as Mens Fancies lead
-them, sometimes with one Mast, with two,
-and with three, with Bermudoes, Shoulder of
-Mutton, Square, Lugg, and Smack Sails; they
-are in Figure either square or round Stern'd.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Smacks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p150-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are necessary Transporting Vessels, with one
-Mast and half Spreet-sail.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Yachts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p150-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">One Mast with an half Spreet or Smack Sail,
-and sometimes Ketch fashion.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shivers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p150-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are those little round Wheels in Blocks in
-which the Rope runs, they turn with the
-Rope; and the Voyal Blocks have Pieces of
-Brass in their Centers, (which are called Coaks)
-with Holes in them, into which the Iron Pin
-of the Block goes, and on which they turn.
-These Shivers are of Lignum Vitæ, but those
-in the Heels of Topmasts, and in great Ships,
-Catheads are generally Brass.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shoal</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship sails towards a Shore, and they
-find by Sounding the Water grows shallow by
-Degrees; or when a Sail is too deep, and any
-Canvas is cut from its Depth, then they say
-the Sail is Shoaled.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shoe for an Anchor</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is made of a Piece of Baulk, or thick Stuff,
-one End cut with a Hole for the Bill of the
-Anchor to go into, and the other with a
-triangular Notch to receive the Stock, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
-keeps off the Sheats, Tacks, and other running
-Rigging from gauling or being entangled with
-the Flooks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shot of a Cable</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the splicing two or three Cables together,
-that a Ship may ride safe in deep Water, and
-in great Roads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shovels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p151.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswains for trimming,
-heaving in or out their Ballast, or cleaning the
-Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Shrouds</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are great Ropes in a Ship which come
-down both Sides of all Masts; they are fastened
-below to the Chains by the Ship's Side with
-Lanyards, and aloft are seized so as to have
-an Eye, which goes over the Head of the Mast;
-and so are the Pendants and Swifters, they are
-Parcelled and Served, to prevent the Masts
-gauling them. The Top-mast Shrouds are
-fastened to the Puttock Plates by dead Eyes
-and Lanyards, as the others are; the Terms
-are, Ease the Shrouds, that is, slacken them;
-set up the Shrouds, that is, set them stiffer.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Signals</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are given for the beginning of a Battle, or
-an Attack at Sea, by Cannon, Lights, Sails,
-Flags, <i>&amp;c.</i> in the Day, Night, in a Fog, in
-Distress, or calling Officers on board the
-Admiral.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sinnet</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is made of Rope Yarn, consisting generally
-of two, six, or nine Threads, which are divided
-into three Parts, and are platted over one
-another, and then is beaten smooth and flat
-with a Mallet; is to serve the Ropes, that is,
-to keep them from gauling.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Skeets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p152-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for weting Yachts Sails, or the Ship's
-Sides in ordinary the Summer Season.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Skek</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Usually called the Skeg, is that little Part
-of the Keel, which is cut slaunting, and is left
-a little without the Stern Post.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Skids</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p152-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are wooden Fenders fay'd on the Outside
-of the Ship, for the Conveniency of hoisting
-in Boats, Provisions, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Skimmers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p153.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Made with a round Hoop of Iron, and a
-Socket for a Pole or Spar to go into, as a Handle
-in the Middle of the Hoop. A Net is
-made of Rope Yarn, not unlike an Oyster
-Drudge, and they are used by the Scavengers
-for clearing Chips, <i>&amp;c.</i> which float on the
-Surface of the Water, from getting into the
-Joints of the Gates, or into the Drains of the
-Docks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Slatch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">After long foul Weather, if there come a
-small interval of fair, they say, this is a Slatch
-of fair Weather.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sleepers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are commonly three Strakes of Foot Waaling
-thicker than the rest, wrought over the Wrungheads.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Slices</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Smiths to clear and keep
-their Fire together.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Slideing Rule</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Mathematical Instrument serving to work
-Questions in Gauging, measuring Timber without
-the Use of Compasses, merely by the slideing
-of the Parts of the Instrument one by
-another, the Lines and Divisions whereof give
-the Answer by Inspection.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Slings</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boat</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are fixed with Thimbles and Tackle Hooks,
-which hook into small Ringbolts drove in the
-Stem, Midships and Stern of the Boats, for
-hoisting them in or out of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Buoy</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are fixed round them, which not only is
-a Means to defend them from being staved,
-but also the Buoy-ropes are seized to one of
-their Ends.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Butt<br />
-Gun<br />Hogshead</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are made use of for hoisting them in or
-out of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Snipe Bills</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p154.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a Sort of Hooks used for fastening the
-Axle-trees of the Chain Pumps to the Bitts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Snorters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Smiths put them on one End of the
-Beak Iron, to turn any of their Work with.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Soap</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for Paying the Slips to make them
-slippery, that the Ships, when to be launched
-in their Cradles, or Buildge ways, meet with
-no Obstruction or Stop in their Run.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl"  colspan="2">Sodder</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Plumber for soddering of Pipes,
-Furnace, and Water Cocks, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sounding</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when the Depth of Water is tryed either
-by an Inch or three Quarter Rope, with a deep
-Sea Lead at the End of it; is marked at two,
-three, or four Fathom with a Piece of black
-Leather betwixt the Strands, but at five Fathom
-is marked with a Piece of white Leather
-or Cloth.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spanshakle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p155.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a large Clasp of Iron, which goes round
-the End of the Davit upon the Fore-Castle,
-having a long Bolt, which goes through a Fore-Castle
-Beam, and also Forelocks through an
-upper Deck Beam in the Midships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sparrs</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cant</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are from 33 to 35ft long, 5 Hands, Wrought into Booms,</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Barling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are from 30 to 28ft long, 4 Hands, Wrought into Top-gallant-masts,</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Boom</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are from 24 to 20ft long, 3 Hands, Wrought into Flag Staffs, Boats Masts, <i>&amp;c.</i>,</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Midling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are from 20 to 16ft long, Delivered into Store.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Small</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are from 16 to 11ft long, Six Score to the hundred.<br />
-Both for Bowsprits, Boat Hooks, Mop Staves, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spell</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies doing any Work for a short Time,
-and then leaving it. Therefore a fresh Spell
-is when fresh Men come to work; and to give
-a Spell, is all one as to say, Work in such a
-one's Room.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spiles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are small Wood Pins, which are drove into
-the Nail-holes, when a Ship's Sheathing is
-taken off.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spindle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p156-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is the smallest Part of a Ship's Capston; and
-where the Vane flies at the Mast Head, is also
-called a Spindle, and made of Iron.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spitts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p156-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswains, and used for
-roasting the Officers Victuals.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spirketing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Strakes of thick Plank wrought from
-the lower Edge of each Port to each Deck respectively
-within Side of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Splice</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Ends of two Pieces of Cable or
-Rope are untwisted, and the several Strands
-are wrought into one another by a Fid, it is
-called a Splice.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Split</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Sail is blown to pieces, it is Split.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spooning</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship being under Sail in a Storm
-at Sea, and cannot bear it, but is forced to put
-before the Wind, then she Spoons.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spring</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Mast is only crack'd, but not quite
-broken in any Part of it, as in the Partners,
-Hounds, <i>&amp;c.</i> then it is Sprung.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spunyarn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is made out of Junk, old Cordage, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Spurketts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Holes or Spaces between the Futtocks
-or Rungs by the Ship's Sides,</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Standing-part</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of the Sheat, is that which is made fast to
-a Ring at the Ship's Quarter; when they say
-over-haul the Sheat, they mean haul upon the
-Standing Part; and the Standing Part of a
-Tackle is the End of the Rope where the
-Block is seized or fastened.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Standing Rigging</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Ropes which do not run in any
-Block, but are set taught, or let slack, as occasion
-serves, as the Shrouds, Stays, Back-stays,
-<i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Standards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p158-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a Sort of Knees fay'd from the Deck
-to the Sides of the Ship within-board, to
-strengthen her in the same Manner as Knees,
-but are bigger.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stantions</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p158-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are fixed on the Quarters of a Ship, to
-which the Nettings are generally seized; they
-stand likewise in the Waste, at the Entering
-Place, and in the Tops.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p158-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are those Timbers which being set up
-Pillarwise, do support and strengthen the
-Decks, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Staples</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p158-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are drove into Ships false Keels, Ports, and
-several other Uses they are applicable to.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Starboard</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Right Hand Side of a Ship, as Larboard
-is the Left; thus they say, Starboard the
-Helm, or Helm a Starboard, when he that
-Conds would have the Men at the Helm or
-Steering Wheel put the Helm to the Right
-Side of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stays</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes made with four Strands and a
-Heart in the Middle, whose Uses are to keep
-the Masts and Top-masts from falling. To
-bring a Ship upon the Stays, or to Stay her,
-is in order to her Tacking.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steady</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Word of Command at Sea from him that
-Conds, to the Men at the Helm or Steering
-Wheel, to keep the Ship Steady in her Course,
-and not to make Angles or Yaws (as they call
-them) in and out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steelyards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Kind of Ballance used for weighing large
-Anchors, whose Weight are found by the Use
-of one single Weight placed on the Beam,
-with the proper Pea hanging at the End of
-the Beam.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steer</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To guide or govern a Ship by the Helm or
-Steering Wheel.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steerage</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is always before the Bulk-head of the great
-Cabbin, and in which the Admirals or Captains
-generally dine.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steeve</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Bowsprit of a Ship Steeves when either
-stands too upright, and not streight enough
-forward.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stem</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Curve Piece of Timber projecting from
-the foremost End of the Keel to the Height of
-the Bowsprit, into which the Body of the Ship
-terminates Afore, and all the whooding Ends
-of the out-board Planks are rabbited.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For Masts, are large Pieces of Timber fay'd
-cross the Keelson in the Hold into which the
-Heels of the Masts are fitted. And Steps for
-Capstons are fitted on the Decks respectively
-for their Use; other Steps for Ladders are for
-going from one Deck to another.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stern</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is all that Part of a Ship as is right Aft, and
-adorned with Sash Lights.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stern fasts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Ropes which come out at the
-Gun-room, or After-Ports of a Ship, in order
-to lash her fast to a Wharf, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stern Post</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A streight Piece of Timber tennanted into
-the After-End of the Keel, with an agreeable
-Rake or Declination from the Perpendicular;
-into this are all the Transoms scored and
-bolted, and all the whooding Ends of the out-board
-Plank of the Bottom rabbited; and on
-this Post hangs the Rother.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Steward</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is he that acts for the Purser, receives and
-issues all Provisions out to the several Messes
-of Victuals, <i>&amp;c.</i> to the Ship's Company.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stiles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In Carpentry, <i>&amp;c.</i> are the upright Pieces
-which go from the Bottom to the Top of the
-Wainscot.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stirrup</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is an Iron Plate that turns up on each Side
-of a Ship's Keel, at her Fore-foot or Stern,
-where it is bolted.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stoaked</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Water in the Bottom of a Ship
-cannot come to the Well, or pass through the
-Limber-holes, but something Choaks them
-up, so that the Pumps will not work, then
-they say she is Stoaked.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stocks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to be on the Stocks when
-building.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stone</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Flatner</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used by the Bricklayers for bringing up
-the Foundations of Houses, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Grind</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For the Workmen to whet their Tools, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gun</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is laid in the Bottom of the Dock Dreins.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Gutter</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is laid at the Officers Lodgings and Store-houses
-for carrying off the Water.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stone</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Load</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used for touching the Needles of Azimuth
-or Brass Box Compasses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Marble</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is brought from <i>Plymouth</i>, and burnt in the
-Kiln to make Lime.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Paving Smooth</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Laid at the Bottoms of Cellars, Kitchens, and
-Courts of the Officers Houses, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Portland Block</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used at, and for the Service of the Stone
-Docks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Rub</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for the House Carpenters and Joyners
-to whet their Tools on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stools</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p163.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">The Ship's Poop and Top Lanterns stand
-on them, which are supported by the Cranks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stopper</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece of Cable-laid Rope, having a
-Whale Knot at one End, with a Lanyard
-fastened to it, and the other End is spliced
-round a Thimble in the Ring-bolts upon Deck,
-and at the Bitts; its Use is to stop the Cable,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
-that it do not run out too fast; they take
-Turns with the Lanyard about the Cable, and
-the Whale Knot stops it, so that it cannot slip
-away faster than is necessary.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stoves</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are square Boxes made of Plank filled with
-Bricks, and when fitted with an Iron Ring
-and small Bars, are for burning Charcoal, in
-order for the Cook to dress the Admiral's or
-Captain's Victuals on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Strakes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are the uniform Ranges of Planks on the
-Bottom, Decks and Sides of the Ships, and
-the Garboard is that which is next the Keel.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Strap</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Rope spliced about any Block, or made
-with an Eye to fasten it any where on Occasion.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stream</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship would only stop a Tide in
-fair Weather and smooth Water, they generally
-ride only by their Stream Anchor.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Streight</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A narrow Sea Passage between two Lands.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Stretch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship with all her Sails drawing,
-steers out of a Road where she has lain at an
-Anchor, then they say she is stretching away
-for Sea.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Strike</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Word variously used. When a Ship in
-Fight, or on meeting with a Man of War, lets
-down or lowers her Topsails at least half Mast
-high, she Strikes, meaning, she yields or submits,
-or pays her Devoir to the Man of War
-she passes by. When a Ship touches Ground
-in Shoal Water, they say, she Strikes. When
-any Topmast is to be taken down, the Word
-is, Strike the Topmast. And when any Thing
-is let or lowered down into the Hold, they call
-it Striking down into the Hold.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">String</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that strake of Plank within Side of the
-Ship that is wrought over the upper Deck
-Ports in the Wast.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Surge</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When heaving at the Capston, if the Cable,
-Voyal, or Messenger happen to slip a little,
-they call it Surging.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Swabber</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to see that the Ship's Decks are kept neat
-and clean.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">SwallowTails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Bolts forged at one End not unlike a
-Bird's Tail, sharpened and hardened; are used
-in breaking up old Ships, for cutting off the
-Tree-nails and Bolts after they are almost sawed
-through with a Hack Saw; then they put the
-Swallow Tail thereon, which clips the Bolt,
-and by driving it with a Maul, cuts and separates
-the same. As also a strong forked
-fastening together two Pieces of Timber.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Sweep</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Mold of a Ship begins to compass
-in at the Rung-heads, they call it the Sweep
-of her; as they do when a Hawser is dragged
-along the Ground at the Bottom of the Sea,
-to recover any Thing that is sunk, Sweeping
-for it.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Swifters</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are esteemed a Part of the Gang of Fore
-and Main Shrouds, (where they have odd
-ones) and of the same Size which are for succouring
-those Masts.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Swifting</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Boat, is compassing her Gunwale round
-with a good Rope. A Ship is either bringing
-her a-ground, or on a Carreen; and the Capston
-Bars, is straining a Rope all round the
-outer Ends of them, to prevent their flying
-out of the Drum-head.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Swivels</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p167-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made use of at the Moarings in Harbour,
-to which the Cables and Bridles are bent,
-that the Ships may swing round either upon
-Tide of Ebb or Flood.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tables</td></tr>
-
-<tr>
-<td class="clind" colspan="2">Deal</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p167-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Warrant Officers for their
-Cabbins.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Wainscot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Allowed the Admirals and Commanders for
-their Cabbins, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tack about</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship's Head is to be brought about
-so as to lie a contrary Way.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tacks</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Ropes Cable-laid tapering, having a
-Whale Knot at one End, which is seized or
-fastened into the Clew of the Sail, reeved
-through the Chess-trees, and then brought
-through a Hole in the Ship's Side; its Use is
-to carry forward the Clew of the Sail, to make
-it stand close by a Wind; and whenever the
-Sails are thus trimmed, the Fore and Main
-Tacks are brought close by the Board, and
-hauled as forward on as they can be, and are
-usually belayed to the Bitts or a Kevel to fasten
-them.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tackles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In a Ship, are Ropes running in three or
-four Parts, having at one End a Pendant with
-a Block fastened to it, and also a Tackle Hook
-for heaving any Thing in or out of the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Taffarel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the uppermost Part of a Ship's Stern
-Abaft, and always carved.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tallow</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for Paying Ship's Bottoms, and also allowed
-to the Boatswains and Carpenters for
-several Uses it is proper for.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tarr</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for Tarring white Yarn at the Rope
-Yard, by the Riggers, and Boatswains for Ships
-Rigging, and for Tarpawlings, Paying Ships
-Sides, Weather Boards, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tarras</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used by the Masons in the Stone Work of
-the Docks, and for pointing or repairing the
-Joints, which from Time to Time stand in
-Need of Repair.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tarpawling</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece of Canvas well Tarr'd over, to
-lay on the Hatches, Grateings, or any Place
-to keep off Rain.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Taught</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the same as setting the Rope stiff or fast,
-they say, Set Taught the Shrouds, Stays, or
-any other Ropes, which are too slack and
-loose.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Taunt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Masts of a Ship are too tall, they
-say, She is Taunt masted.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tier</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The several Ranks of Guns placed on the
-Decks are called the Lower, Middle, or Upper
-Tier.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tender</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a small Vessel taken up on Contract for
-attending the Men of War, and employed for
-pressing Seamen, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Thauts</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for the Men which row the Boats to
-sit on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Thimbles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p169.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a Sort of round Rings, whose Edges
-are turned up, and the Ropes go round in the
-hollow Part of the Outside of them when
-they are seized, in order to prevent the Tackle
-Hook from galling the Rope.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Thoals</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p170-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are those Pins in the Gunwale of a Boat,
-between which the Men put their Oars when
-they row.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Thrums</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are allowed the Boatswains and Carpenters
-to make Mops; and also to the Master Caulker
-for Mops to Pay the Ships Bottoms.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Thwart Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is across the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tides</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Two periodical Motions of the Waters of
-the Sea, called the Flux and Reflux, or the
-Ebb and Flow.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Ties</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Or Runners, are those Ropes by which the
-Yards hang, and they with the Halyards carry
-or hoist the Yards up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tiller</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p170-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">The very same with the Helm of a Ship,
-and are also used in small Ships and Boats for
-Steering them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tiller for Saws</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p170-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are Handles for Whip Saws.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl"  colspan="2">Timber</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Ash</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used by the Master House Carpenter in
-Wheelwright Work.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Beech</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for Ways at the Bottom of the Dock,
-and sometimes cut into Keel-pieces.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Elm</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for making Drumheads, for Capstons,
-Ships Caps, Keel-pieces, Lyons, Tafferels,
-<i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Firr</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for making Davits, by the House
-Carpenters for Girders, and such like large
-Uses in Building.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Oak Compass</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used by the Shipwrights, and converted
-for the Compassing Timbers of a Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Streight</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used by the Shipwrights for Beams on
-board a Ship, and for other Services that it is
-requisite to be used on, and also by the House
-Carpenter in his Way of building.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Timbers</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those which Form the Body of a Ship,
-as Floor Timbers, Futtocks, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Timbers Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are the upper Timbers in the Frame of a
-Ship, forming her Sides, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tin Plates; Double and Single</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used for lining the Bread, Cook, and
-Powder Rooms of Ships, covering the Tops of
-their Galleries, and for fining Oars, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tight</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship lets in but very little Water,
-she is Tight, which is known by the Smell o£
-that pumped out, for if she lets in but little,
-it will always stink, otherwise not.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tire Cable</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Row in the Middle of the Coiled Cable.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Toggle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A short Piece of Wood made tapering at
-each End, having a Score cut in the Middle
-of it, where a Rope is usually fastened, and
-when put through the Bite of another, there
-is no Occasion of seizing them together.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Top</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p172.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a round Frame of Boards which lie upon
-the Cross-trees, near the Head of the standing
-Masts.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Top Armours</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are cut out of red Kersey, and tabled
-round with Canvas, hung about the Top for
-Show, and also cover the Men which are in
-the Tops in a Fight.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tops Laying</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p173.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Rope-makers; those made
-with three Scores are for closing three Strand
-Ropes, and those with four are for Stays, and
-has a Hole bored in their Center, through
-which the Heart of the Stay passes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tools</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Bolt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To make Saucer Head Bolts in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Nail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To Head Nails in.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Thread</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for making, altering, and repairing Colours
-in Store, or on board the Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tow</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Whatever is drawn after a Boat or Ship
-with a Rope, <i>&amp;c.</i> is said to be Towed.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trail-board</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a carved Board let into, or nailed on the
-Knee of the Head, just below the Lyon.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Transoms</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are large Pieces of Timber forming the
-Buttock, or After-part of the Ship on both
-Sides; they are transversely situate on the Post,
-and in the Middle bolted to it; their Ends are
-fastened to the After-Timbers on each Side
-respectively, called Fashion Pieces; they are
-denominated severally according to their Elevations,
-as Wing Transoms, Deck Transoms,
-Transoms under the Deck, <i>&amp;c.</i> All which,
-as Post Transoms, and Fashion Pieces, being
-framed together, is commonly called the Stern
-Frame.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Traverse</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship when she makes Angles in and out,
-and cannot keep directly to her true Course,
-is called a Traverse. In Navigation, is the
-Variation of the Ship's Course, upon shifting
-of Winds, <i>&amp;c.</i> And a Traverse Board, is a
-little round Board which hangs up, and bored
-full of Holes upon Lines, shewing the Points
-of the Compass upon it; by moving a little
-Peg from Hole to Hole, the Men at the Helm
-or Steering Wheel keeps an Account how many
-Glasses (that is, Half Hours) the Ship Steers
-upon any Point.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Treenails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are long Pins of Wood, whence they are
-called Tree-nails, made out of Oak, to fasten
-the Planks to the Timbers, and are always
-Caulked with Ocham to prevent any Leak.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tressle trees</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those Timbers that stand Fore and Aft
-at the Mast-head, for the Tops to lie on.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tressle</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A wooden Frame to bear up Tables, Deals,
-Scaffolds, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Triangles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p175.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made out of large Spars, having their
-lower Ends ferrilled with a Ring, and a Spud
-drove into them, which runs into the Ground
-to steddy them; their upper End has a Bolt
-that goes through the three Parts, where a
-Staple is fixed for hanging a Scale Beam, when
-they are made use of for weighing Stores without
-Doors, as are received or delivered into
-the Yard.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trip</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship goes with her Topsails a Trip
-she carries them hoisted up to the highest, and
-when the Wind blows not too hard.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trim</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Of a Ship, is her best Posture, with respect
-to her Proportion of Ballast, the standing of
-her Masts, <i>&amp;c.</i> for Sailing, and the best Way
-to make her Sail well, and to find her Trim,
-depends very much on Experience and Judgment.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trise</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">For hauling up any Thing by a single Rope,
-that do not run in a Block, but is done by
-Hand or main Strength. Thus if any Cask,
-Chest, or other Goods hath only a Rope fastened
-to it, and without a Tackle is pulled up
-into the Ship by Hand, it is Trised up.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trivets</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p176-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are used by the Caulkers for large Kettles
-to stand on for heating Stuff when Paying Ships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trough</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the Hollow or Cavity made between any
-two Waves or Billows in a rowling Sea.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Trucks</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="clind" colspan="2">Acorn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p176-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are put on the End or Top of the Vane
-Spindle at the Mast-head.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Flaggstaff</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p176-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are put on the Ends of them, and also on
-the Ensign and Jack Staffs.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Parrel</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p177-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">The Rope is reeved through them, and are
-placed between the Ribs of the Parrel.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Seizing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p177-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made fast to the Shrouds for the Running
-Rigging to go through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Truss</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Tackle fastened to the Parrel at the
-Yard, which binds it fast when the Ship rowls,
-lying either a-hull or at an Anchor, and the
-Fore, Main, and Mizon Yards have them.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Try</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is said to Try, when she hath no
-more Sails abroad but her Main Course, when
-her Tacks are close aboard, the Bowlings set
-up, and the Sheats hauled close Aft, or when,
-the Helm or Steering Wheel is so fastened as
-to prevent their having any Power of the
-Tiller, so as she is let lie in the Sea, and sometimes
-when it blows so hard that she cannot
-bear her Main Course, they make her lie
-a-Try, under her Mizon only.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tuck</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a Ship is not round Buttock'd, as
-commonly <i>English</i> Ships are, (Sixth Rates lately
-excepted) under the Wing Transom, they say
-she is Square Tuck't. <i>Dutch</i> Men of War,
-and their Merchant Ships, are generally built
-with square Tucks.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tue Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are for the Smith's Bellows to blow through.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Turpentine</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for Paying Ships Sides, Masts, Boats,
-<i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Twine</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Sail</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used by the Sail-makers for making and
-repairing Sails; allowed the Boatswains for
-repairing the Sails when they want at Sea, for
-whiping Ropes, and such like Uses.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Mark</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is put into all Cordage, from three Inches
-downwards, as the King's Mark.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tiles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used by the bricklayers on the Roofs of
-Lodgings, Storehouses, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Tyminoguy</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Rope, one End nailed to the Outside of
-the Stock of an Anchor, stowed at the Bow,
-and the other fastened or belayed to the Ship's
-Sides on the Fore-Castle; its Use is for preventing
-the Fore-Sheats (when getting under
-Sail) droping down between the Anchor Stock
-and Ship's Side.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Veer</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Veering out a Rope, is letting it go by Hand,
-or letting it run out of its self. Thus they
-Veer more Cable, that is, Let more Cable run
-out; but this Word is not used for the letting
-out of any Running Rope except the Sheat,
-but of that they say, Veer more Sheat, that is,
-Let more of it run out. The Word Veer is
-also used in Reference to the Wind, for when
-it changeth often and suddenly, they say The
-Wind Veereth.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Vice</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p179.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">There are two Sorts, Bench and Hand; the
-former are fixed to a Bench in the Smith's
-Shop, and used by them for holding fast their
-Work, when to be filed or cleaned, as the
-other is (being small) held in the Hand when
-made use of.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Viol</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Cable-laid Rope, which being reeved
-through a large Block lashed at the Main-mast,
-is made use of by heaving at the Jeer
-Capston to weigh the Anchor when Nippers
-are brought on about the Cable.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Vinegar</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is allowed for washing the Ships between
-Decks when abroad, for preventing any Contagion
-spreading among the Men.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Umbrello's</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are Screens hung at the Stern over the
-Ship's Lights, to keep out the Sun, and are
-generally covered with Canvas or Kersey.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Unmoar</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship or Vessel that Rides at two
-Anchors begins to get them up in order to
-Sail, she is Unmoaring.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Uphroes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are a Kind of Spar brought from <i>Norway</i>,
-from thirty two Feet to twenty eight Feet
-long, and four Inches by three and an half
-square at the Top End.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Waals</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are those protuberant Strakes of Plank (or
-thick Stuff) wrought thicker than the Rest
-on the Sides of a Ship, the Appearance of
-which gives her Sheer, that is, the beautiful
-Rising they commonly have Fore and Aft
-above Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Waft</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">To make a Waft is to hoist up an Ensign
-rowled up to the Top of the Staff, as a
-Sign for the Men to come on board, or that
-a Ship is in Danger by a Leak, <i>&amp;c.</i> and therefore
-wants Help from the Shore, or from some
-other Ship.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wake</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is the smooth Water that runs from a Ship's
-Stern when under Sail, and by it a good Guess
-may be made of the Speed she makes. Also
-when one Ship giving Chace to another, is got
-as far into the Wind as she, and sails directly
-after her, they say, She has got into her Wake.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wale Rear'd</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Not Ship shape, but built right up after
-she comes to her Bearing.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Walt</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship is Walt when she hath not her due
-Ballast, that is, not enough to enable her to
-bear her Sails.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Warp</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is to haul or transport a Ship by a Cablet
-or Hawser (proper for that Purpose) bent to
-an Anchor or a Buoy; it is used when a Wind
-is wanting to carry her into or out of an
-Harbour, or to Moarings, and this is termed
-Warping; and the Cablet or Hawser used on
-this Occasion is called a Warp.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wast</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">The Ship's Sides between the Quarter Deck
-and Fore-castle is commonly called so.</td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr>
-<td class="clind" colspan="2">Boards</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are sometimes set upon the Sides of a Boat,
-to keep the Sea from breaking into her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Cloths</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is Kersey, tabled with Canvas, and hung
-round the Wast, Quarter Deck, and Poop of a
-Ship for Ornament.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Trees</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">In small Ships only, are the same as Ruff
-Trees.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Watch</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies the Space of four Hours, because
-half of the Ship's Company Watch and do
-Duty in their Turns, so long at a Time, who
-are divided into two Parts, the Larboard, and
-the Starboard Watch.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Water-born</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a Ship, even and just with the
-Ground, first begins to float or swim, being
-born up by the Water.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Water Line</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that which goes round the Ship at the
-Surface of the Water, and shews the true Shape
-of her Body.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Water Shot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Sort of riding at Anchor, when a Ship
-is moared neither a-cross the Tide, nor right
-up and down, but betwixt both.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Water ways</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is that Strake of Plank on the Flat of each
-Deck respectively next the Ship's Side, for
-turning the Water out of the Seams.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Way of a Ship</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is sometimes the same with the Rake or
-Run of her Fore and Aft; but is mostly used
-as to her Sailing, for when she goes apace,
-they say, She makes good or fresh Way. And
-because most Ships are apt to fall a little to
-Leeward of their Course, they always in casting
-up the Logboard allow something for her
-Leeway, which is one Point or more, according
-to her Sailing.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Weather Coyl</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When a Ship being a-hull, has her Head
-brought about so as to lie that Way which her
-Stern did before, without loosing of any Sail,
-but only by bearing up of the Helm, this is
-called Weather Coyling of her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Weather Gage</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That Ship is said to have the Weather Gage
-of another, when she is to Windward of her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Weathering</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A doubling or getting to Windward of a
-Point or Place.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wedges Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p184.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are for splitting Wood.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wedges Wood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p185.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are made out of Beech or Elm for splitting
-Wood, or to be put between the Wrain Staves
-and Ships Sides for setting too of Planks, and
-for barring in of Ports, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Weighing</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is drawing up an Anchor out of the Ground,
-in order to set Sail.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Welding</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">When the Smiths give their Iron a proper
-Heat in the Forge, in order to double up the
-same when wanted to weld a Work in the
-Doublings, so as to be in one Piece thick
-enough for the Purpose it is wanted for.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Well</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A square Place, parted off and planked
-round the Main-mast from the Gundeck down
-to the Foot-waaling, to keep the Ballast, <i>&amp;c.</i>
-from the Pumps placed therein.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Whale-knot</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a round Knot or Knob made with three
-Strands of a Rope at one End of the Tacks,
-Topsail Sheats and Stoppers, so that they cannot
-slip.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wheels Steering</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p186-1.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are placed on the Quarter Deck, fixed to
-an Axis, round which go the Wheelrope,
-which is made fast to the Tiller in the Gun-Room,
-it passes through Blocks at the Side,
-and from thence comes up to the Wheel in
-the Midships.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Whelps</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p186-2.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are those Brackets set Edge ways upon the
-Barrel of a Capston, which give the Sweep
-to it, and are so contrived that a Voyal or
-Cable brought about them may not surge so
-much as it would do, if the Body of the Capston
-was quite round and smooth.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Whipstaff</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p186-3.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is fastened into the Helm, for him that
-Steers to hold in his Hand, thereby to move
-the Helm and Steer the Ship: It goes through
-the Rowl, and made fast to the Tiller with a
-Ring.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Whirles</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p186-4.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Used by the Rope-makers when either laying
-small Cordage, or spinning Yarn, and are
-placed in the Heads of the Wheels and Works
-in Brasses fixed therein.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Whoodings</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are the Ends of the Bottom Planks at the
-Extremities of the Ship, rabbited into the Stem
-Afore, and into the Post Abaft.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Winches Iron</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p187.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are Handles for turning round Grindstones,
-Wheels of Chain Pumps, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wind</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Bringing a Ship's Head about, is called Winding
-of her, and when rides at an Anchor, she
-is said to wind up. Also when she is under
-Sail, they use to enquire, How she Winds, that
-is, which way she lies with her Head; so, to
-Wind the Boat, is to turn her Head about.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wind Taught</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Implying as much as stiff in the Wind, for
-a Thing is Taught, when it is stiff. Thus too
-much Rigging over Head, or any Thing holding
-Wind Aloft, is said to hold a Ship Wind
-Taught; by which is meant, she stoops too
-much in her Sailing in a stiff Gale of Wind.
-So also, when a Ship rides in Stress of Wind
-and Weather, they strike down her Topmasts,
-which holds too much Wind, or be Wind
-Taught.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Winding Tackle Pendant</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Cable-laid Rope brought about the Head
-of the Mast, having a treble Block with three
-Shivers in it, seized fast to the End, through
-which and a double Block, the Fall is reeved,
-so brought to the Capston by a Snatch Block,
-whereby the Guns, or any other heavy Stores,
-are hoisted in or out.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Windlass</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p188.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Is a Piece of Timber having six or eight
-Squares, and is fixed thwart Ship Abaft the
-Forecastle; in small Ships, Hoys, <i>&amp;c.</i> this
-Windlass will Purchase as much as a Capston
-in weighing of an Anchor, and without any
-Danger to those that heave, because they
-heave here about with Handspikes, put into
-several Holes made in the Windlass, of which
-though one should happen to break, yet would
-the Windlass paul of itself, without any further
-Danger.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wind sails</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used for drawing fresh Air into the
-Holds of Ships, by cooling every Part, which
-contributes towards preserving them from
-Decay.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wood Hard</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Live Oak</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is for making Reeming Beetles and Coggs
-for the Wheels, used for working the Chain
-Pumps which throws the Water out of the
-Docks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="clind" colspan="2">Lignum Vitæ</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is used for making Shivers and Pins for
-Blocks.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wood &amp; Wood</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are two Pieces of Timber nicely let in or
-fay'd to each other, that the Wood of one
-joyns close to the other.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wood Faggots</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Are used in heating the Kilns for stoving
-Plank, and also the Oven where the Sail-makers
-stove the Bolt-ropes.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Woodmeil</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A hairy coarse Stuff made of Island Wool,
-and supplied to the Carpenters of Ships at some
-of his Majesty's Yards for lining of Ports, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Woolding</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Signifies the winding of Ropes at certain
-Distances about a Mast, in order to strengthen
-it.
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Woolers<br />
-Double and Single Hand</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Used at the Rope Yard, and the Men that
-work with them, are a great Help to those
-that heave at the Hooks in laying or closing
-Cables.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Worming</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is twice-laid Cordage, and used for Worming
-Stays, Shrouds, <i>&amp;c.</i> which is laid betwixt
-the Strands, in order to strengthen or succour
-them, or for making Netings on the Quarters,
-Wast, and Tops of Ships for Shelter to the
-Men when in Action.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wrain Staves</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td><img src="images/ill-p190.png" alt="Illustration" /></td>
-
-
-<td class="cl">Are a Sort of thick Billets, tapered so at
-each End that they may go into the Ring of
-the Wrain Bolt, and are for bringing too Planks
-or thick Stuff to the Compassing Parts of a
-Ship's Side, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Wreck</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is when a Ship is drove ashore in a Storm,
-or Perishes on the Sea, and no Man escapes
-alive out of her.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Yards
-
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl"><i>New England</i> are wrought in eight squares
-in the Middle, and from thence in their several
-Quarters are tapered to the Ends in sixteen
-Squares, and received by the Inches in Diameter
-they are in the Slings; the Top and
-Top-gallant are generally made out of <i>Gottenbro'</i>
-or <i>Norway</i> Masts, all which are made
-of suitable Dimensions in Diameter and Length
-for their proper Sails to be bent to them, which
-are hoisted up and lowered down by the Jeers,
-Halyards, Lifts, <i>&amp;c.</i></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td><td><div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/ill-p191.png" alt="Relative sizes of three Main spars" />
-</div></td></tr>
-
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Yare</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">Is a Sea Word for Nimble, Ready, Quick,
-or Expeditious.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Yarn</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">That which the Rope-makers spin out of
-the Hemp for making Cordage, is called Yarn;
-and when Four hundred Threads are warped
-off the Winches, and a slight Turn is put into
-it, it is called a Hall, in order to be Tarred,
-which is done by four Men running in a large
-Wheel, that draws it through a Furnace of
-boiling Tar, and is pressed so very dry by a
-Nipper, that it will not soil one's Hand.</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="cl" colspan="2">Yawes</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-<td class="cl">A Ship makes Yawes, when through the
-Fault of him at the Helm or Steering Wheel
-she is not kept steady in her Course, but makes
-Angles in and out.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class="transnote">
-
-<h3>Transcriber's Note</h3>
-
-<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. All other
-hyphenation, spelling and punctuation remains unchanged, except where
-noted below.</p>
-
-<p>The errata have been implemented.</p>
-
-<p>Words are often conjoined in the original, apparently to save space.
-This has been corrected.</p>
-
-<p>While every effort has been made to retain the format of the
-original, some reorganisation has been necessary, particularly in the
-entry for Sparrs. Where the original has relied on layout alone to avoid
-repetition in the entries for Hinges and Nails, the intended phrases have
-been repeated in full. </p>
-
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="full" />
-<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NAVAL EXPOSITIOR***</p>
-<p>******* This file should be named 52902-h.htm or 52902-h.zip *******</p>
-<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/2/9/0/52902">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/9/0/52902</a></p>
-<p>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.</p>
-
-<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-</p>
-
-<h2>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
-<br />
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</h2>
-
-<p>To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.</p>
-
-<h3>Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works</h3>
-
-<p>1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.</p>
-
-<p>1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.</p>
-
-<p>1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.</p>
-
-<p>1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.</p>
-
-<p>1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p>
-
-<p>1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:</p>
-
-<blockquote><p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
-  States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost
-  no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use
-  it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with
-  this eBook or online
-  at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-  are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws
-  of the country where you are located before using this
-  ebook.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p>
-
-<p>1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."</li>
-
-<li>You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.</li>
-
-<li>You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.</li>
-
-<li>You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.</p>
-
-<p>1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.  </p>
-
-<h3>Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm</h3>
-
-<p>Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.</p>
-
-<p>Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org.</p>
-
-<h3>Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation</h3>
-
-<p>The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p>
-
-<p>The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact</p>
-
-<p>For additional contact information:</p>
-
-<p> Dr. Gregory B. Newby<br />
-    Chief Executive and Director<br />
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org</p>
-
-<h3>Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation</h3>
-
-<p>Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.</p>
-
-<p>The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.</p>
-
-<p>While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.</p>
-
-<p>International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p>
-
-<p>Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate</p>
-
-<h3>Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.</h3>
-
-<p>Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.</p>
-
-<p>Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.</p>
-
-<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org</p>
-
-<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p>
-
-</body>
-</html>
-
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/52902-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 02a7c65..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-f001.jpg b/old/52902-h/images/ill-f001.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 75f4fdd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-f001.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-f003.jpg b/old/52902-h/images/ill-f003.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index becf146..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-f003.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p001.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p001.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 78dee5b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p001.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p002.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p002.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 14cda66..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p002.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p003.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p003.png
deleted file mode 100644
index db35a9a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p003.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p004-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p004-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 75e4629..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p004-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p004.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p004.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d30a584..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p004.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cee8f98..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a950de7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e60886..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 36264cd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 09ba77a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p005-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p006.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p006.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d9bf6d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p006.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p007-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p007-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 88c0d28..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p007-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p007-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p007-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d2dcf33..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p007-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p008.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p008.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5020240..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p008.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p009.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p009.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1111f3e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p009.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5688763..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f1e57c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d228d96..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p010-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cb78b7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ef0264..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f1c0f69..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c95011..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3566557..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p011-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 26b3e70..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b899160..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c160867..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 020f25d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e8ad53f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p012-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c3aa7b4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index dbd5c16..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f00488b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p013-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index dc07b1e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a828bff..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8aada9a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9a54c52..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c853ce7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 04d795a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p014-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p015.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p015.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ea29060..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p015.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a50c6a8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 049a388..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ea4103c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f259ce1..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e1afa92..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p016-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3668b58..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9edc428..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b0e1aa..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a89d30d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p017-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p018.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p018.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b573a4c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p018.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p019.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p019.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ce0c611..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p019.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p021.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p021.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c17264..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p021.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p022-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p022-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2b32ae6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p022-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p022.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p022.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8042a67..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p022.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d0af5a2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 285f171..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b5b0cf..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p023-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bf6ef44..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index af75b03..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c4750c7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p024-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p027-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p027-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5151654..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p027-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p028-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p028-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fb4adc0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p028-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p028-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p028-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e8c6bf6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p028-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p029-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p029-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ee7644c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p029-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p029-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p029-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c8c18d7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p029-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p030.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p030.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6293081..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p030.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 36ae4e3..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index eaa61bb..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 07c41d4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 970653f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p031-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 13a086b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f9f7bb2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8acc632..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p032-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p033-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p033-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 63a0cd8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p033-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p033-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p033-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 602e9f5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p033-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p034.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p034.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5a745c1..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p034.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p035-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p035-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d3315e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p035-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p035-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p035-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 499bd64..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p035-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p037-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p037-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e0a6e55..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p037-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p037-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p037-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c90a00c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p037-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 44879aa..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b042fb8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a2cd7f6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e6588f2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p038-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0108359..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1eb08e7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4696a75..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p039-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p040-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p040-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a46577..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p040-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p040-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p040-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 60b1916..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p040-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fed84ea..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c59493a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a8637dc..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cfdb321..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p041-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p042-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p042-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b27746f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p042-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p042-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p042-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a3d5546..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p042-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p043-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p043-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c410d7f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p043-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 691bc78..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 53cc7d0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f589f0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 29b38f9..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 68a7e09..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p044-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6945243..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 040e01b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index aadf88a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p045-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 815f05a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ff3ff65..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 77a9ba5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ec62172..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p047-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c3913f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9772620..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d7fb01..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ab20e33..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p048-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c62ce53..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bdbb25..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3080ded..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p051-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4391c60..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 087d423..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1276cd1..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2319b3a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p053-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p055-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p055-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e591531..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p055-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p055-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p055-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c9784ee..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p055-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9df7d4c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fcbadbb..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 99238e4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p058.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p060-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p060-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f455ee..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p060-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p060-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p060-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 87d3dd0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p060-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p062.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p062.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 061f830..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p062.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p064.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p064.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e49957d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p064.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8cf8916..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c0a6180..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7aac9b4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index aa63033..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p065-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a10f67f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 32c0840..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e1a8720..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p066-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p068.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p068.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 25809e4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p068.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ea9c40b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9856aea..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d3efc6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 816bf6e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p069-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2be7cd5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 50e1bd6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index da877f2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 726140a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p070-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 85cf691..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 329649b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1faf003..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p071.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e62572..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ce53a5c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 82d4311..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2155011..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bab57d7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 27aa579..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p075-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5220dd8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 55e7d2b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 13d0c6f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c4b043d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 438cb70..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p076-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p077.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p077.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2425f8d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p077.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 96feda0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 72a31b1..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 114301e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e4b40e7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cdbcf68..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a23949d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p078-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d35683c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 746be48..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f5a2c1..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d08e3f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9247036..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1c687dd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-7.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-7.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e0dc4a7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-7.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-8.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-8.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3636f0f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p079-8.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9dab030..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e5ebea4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 980fa3f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 60e1d70..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e6a71cd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p080-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p081.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p081.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c364aef..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p081.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p082-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p082-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f90396..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p082-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p082-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p082-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 83b8203..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p082-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p084.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p084.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 986aee6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p084.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p085.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p085.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f9b19f9..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p085.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c4452e4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b9b7bce..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cc7c165..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5534ed2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 421c840..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p086-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p087-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p087-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 46d3305..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p087-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p087-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p087-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e7414d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p087-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p088.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p088.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f4627a9..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p088.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9359c93..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 574ebda..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bf91831..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p089-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p090-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p090-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f35a8b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p090-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p090-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p090-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3cc2dac..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p090-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5bf4662..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bb5cc43..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 492d9e7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p092-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p093.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p093.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3577669..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p093.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p096.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p096.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c3eda5c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p096.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p097.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p097.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 02fb74b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p097.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p100-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p100-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d3adc7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p100-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p100-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p100-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f523c04..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p100-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 26b2d8d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d76eba..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7536da7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b645940..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p102-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p103.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p103.png
deleted file mode 100644
index df6e8c6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p103.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p105.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p105.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b289b46..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p105.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p106-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p106-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3270a8b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p106-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p106-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p106-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 788c14d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p106-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p107-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p107-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 340ad41..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p107-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p107-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p107-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ac85aec..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p107-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p108.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p108.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f85a71..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p108.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 607478c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a00b71d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b20488b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p112-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p113.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p113.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b69126..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p113.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p114.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p114.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 800ebc2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p114.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p115.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p115.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fb15b2e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p115.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p118.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p118.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4b4c430..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p118.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p119.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p119.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f1e227..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p119.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p120.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p120.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f1f6ed1..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p120.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a13a2ea..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b945b29..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f87fff..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p121-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p122.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p122.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fab6aa..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p122.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fc0117..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index dfb6230..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f69b529..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p123-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e67a6e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 126b180..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 21d048b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b38feaf..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 10c15c0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ed67026..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p124-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index db3e992..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 988a5ca..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 91b2c28..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 01231ca..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 041f6a5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bbf20b8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p125.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a15267..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index de64b0b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ce00c11..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 20a39d7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ff80bf4..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-6.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-6.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 83dd0ea..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-6.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-7.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-7.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e766126..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p126-7.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p128.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p128.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f9e3bdd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p128.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p130.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p130.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fe1b52d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p130.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p132-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p132-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0937861..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p132-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p132-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p132-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0fb0f93..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p132-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p133-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p133-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f6f7c27..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p133-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p133-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p133-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 9015920..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p133-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e7e1f12..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c1f4acb..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b20e6d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p137-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p139-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p139-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f796deb..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p139-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p139-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p139-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b7a8bf..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p139-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p140.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p140.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e53bdd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p140.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f95405d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 631e83b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fd5ce41..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p141-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0eee3be..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b0367d5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 90f880a..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c6fd8e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p142-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p143.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p143.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c3eb4c9..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p143.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p145-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p145-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c94c404..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p145-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p145-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p145-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 827ad94..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p145-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3db8aff..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bcd6082..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e5ff4dc..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p147-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index def2b4e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4344a33..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 455ad1d..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e3657ab..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2aafbc0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p148-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8db31ba..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3c205ef..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a78380..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index cf6fa6e..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-5.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-5.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7857386..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p149-5.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3fdad45..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 88387d0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b315543..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p150-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p151.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p151.png
deleted file mode 100644
index a098d18..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p151.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p152-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p152-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 12d2082..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p152-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p152-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p152-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index be2e086..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p152-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p153.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p153.png
deleted file mode 100644
index d7d68cd..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p153.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p154.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p154.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f4bcb01..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p154.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p155.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p155.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 06a7475..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p155.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p156-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p156-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 284462b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p156-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p156-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p156-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0414177..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p156-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e2442c2..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c943055..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bb705ce..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index bc9a1c8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p158-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p163.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p163.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 29a2c2b..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p163.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p167-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p167-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a6a822..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p167-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p167-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p167-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index c16c91f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p167-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p169.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p169.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 5758f36..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p169.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2736c7f..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e93ea5..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 16aec01..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p170-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p172.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p172.png
deleted file mode 100644
index e357ca8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p172.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p173.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p173.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c88622..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p173.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p175.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p175.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 082e8a9..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p175.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index f86b4de..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 827cb90..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 3dbd483..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p176-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p177-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p177-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ebceae..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p177-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p177-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p177-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 4082a09..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p177-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p179.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p179.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ad31af7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p179.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p184.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p184.png
deleted file mode 100644
index b5f06a7..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p184.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p185.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p185.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 13710b6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p185.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-1.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-1.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d10bc8..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-1.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-2.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-2.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c7f04c..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-2.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-3.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-3.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 55ccde0..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-3.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-4.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-4.png
deleted file mode 100644
index fe4a3be..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p186-4.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p187.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p187.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a2a237..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p187.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p188.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p188.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 0eb9213..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p188.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p190.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p190.png
deleted file mode 100644
index ec8cdc6..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p190.png
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p191.png b/old/52902-h/images/ill-p191.png
deleted file mode 100644
index 2da0696..0000000
--- a/old/52902-h/images/ill-p191.png
+++ /dev/null
author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-06 05:10:34 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-06 05:10:34 -0800
commit	ad4b08f004855b7ba8020a0b3e5426a10de2b8d8 (patch)
tree	63c59e34d091a5668804f8d46fd68c124f845202
parent	97762ba9580eb618a7ace630c88e442a3e0130a9 (diff)