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diff --git a/old/52472-0.txt b/old/52472-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4d40b6e..0000000 --- a/old/52472-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3553 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connaught & -Ulster A.D. 1588., by Hugh Allingham - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connaught & Ulster A.D. 1588. - To which is added An Introduction and Complete Translation - of Captain Cuellar's Narrative of the Spanish Armada and - his adventu - -Author: Hugh Allingham - -Translator: Robert Crawford - -Release Date: July 1, 2016 [EBook #52472] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S ADVENTURES *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox, Jane Robins, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _ADVENTURES_ - - IN - - _CONNACHT & ULSTER_ - A.D. 1588. - - A PICTURE OF THE TIMES, DRAWN FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. - - BY HUGH ALLINGHAM, M.R.I.A., - - _Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries (Ireland); - Author of "Ballyshannon: its History and Antiquities," &c._ - - - _TO WHICH IS ADDED_ - - _An Introduction and Complete Translation_ - - OF - - _CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S_ - - _Narrative of the Spanish Armada_ - - AND HIS ADVENTURES IN IRELAND. - - BY ROBERT CRAWFORD, M.A., M.R.I.A., &C. - - - _With Map and Illustrations._ - - - LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. - 1897. - - [_All Rights Reserved._] - - - - - PRINTED BY - M'CAW, STEVENSON & ORR, LIMITED, - LINENHALL WORKS, - BELFAST. - - - - - PART I. - - - - - _Note._ - - -The favourable reception which was accorded to the paper entitled "The -Spanish Armada in Ulster and Connacht," which appeared in Vol. I., Part -III., April, 1895, of _The Ulster Journal of Archæology_, and the -continued interest in the subject, which seems rather to increase as the -literature becomes more extensive, has induced me to re-write the paper, -and add much information I was not possessed of when the first paper was -printed. Mr. Crawford's most valuable contribution, which forms the -second part of this book, should at least justify the present -publication. To Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., my best thanks are due -for the use of copious notes and references, which have been of material -assistance. - - HUGH ALLINGHAM. - -BALLYSHANNON, _May_, 1897. - - - - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _Adventures in Connacht and Ulster_, - - A.D. 1588. - - -[Illustration: - - FIGUREHEAD OF A SPANISH GALLEON - WRECKED AT STREEDAGH, 1588. - - (_Now in possession of Simon Cullen, J.P., Sligo._) -] - -The publication of a work entitled "_La Armada Invincible_" [Madrid, -1885], by Captain Cesareo Fernandez Duro, a Spanish naval officer, has -been the means of bringing to light many fresh and interesting -particulars relating to this ill-fated venture; and, though the -incidents narrated are, as might be expected, viewed from the Spanish -standpoint, yet the history is written in a spirit of moderation, and -gives evidence of great research. - -Amongst the valuable documents which have been collected and printed by -Captain Duro, that having for its title "Letter of One who was with the -Armada for England, and an Account of the Expedition," is of most lively -interest to us, seeing that it presents a graphic picture of the North -and North-West of Ireland in 1588, drawn by one who was an actual -eye-witness of what he describes. - -Before proceeding, it may be well to observe that these adventures have -already been dealt with by several writers. The _Nineteenth Century_, -September, 1885, contained a valuable and interesting paper, entitled -"An Episode of the Armada," by the Earl of Ducie. In _Longman's -Magazine_ [September, October, and November, 1891] appeared "The Spanish -Story of the Armada," by J. A. Froude; and in the Proceedings, Royal -Irish Academy, 1893, Professor J. P. O'Reilly contributed a paper, -entitled "Remarks on Certain Passages in Captain Cuellar's Narrative." - -The present paper has been written with the desire to identify some of -the places visited by Cuellar while in Connaught and Ulster. His -references to these places are, as might have been expected from a -foreigner, in many instances obscure; and in order to correctly trace -his wanderings, and identify the spots he visited, an intimate -acquaintance with the local topography of the district is essential. - -Sometimes the clue afforded by his narrative is so slender, that anyone -unfamiliar with the localities intended might easily miss the meaning, -and be led to an entirely wrong conclusion. The present writer has had -the valuable assistance of R. Crawford, C.E., late Professor of -Engineering, T.C.D., an accomplished Spanish scholar--not merely a -translator--who possesses a practical acquaintance with the idioms of the -language. By this knowledge, Mr. Crawford has been able to elucidate -many obscure passages in the Spanish book, which would otherwise have -proved stumbling-blocks in the way of a proper understanding of the -author's meaning. Mr. Crawford has made a literal translation of the -whole of Cuellar's letter, which forms the second part of this book. A -careful perusal of Mr. Crawford's introductory remarks, and of his -translation, will well repay the reader, and is, in fact, needful for -the proper understanding of the subject-matter of these pages. - -Before entering on Cuellar's adventures on Irish soil, it may be as well -to refer to an evident error into which Mr. Froude has fallen in his -description of the wreck of the three vessels in Sligo Bay, in one of -which Cuellar was. In the article before referred to, the following -passage occurs: "Don Martin, after an ineffectual struggle to double -Achill Island, had fallen back into the bay, and had anchored off -Ballyshannon in a heavy sea with two other galleons. There they lay for -four days, from the first to the fifth of September, when, the gale -rising, their cables parted, and all three drove on shore on a sandy -beach among the rocks. Nowhere in the world does the sea break more -violently than on that cruel, shelterless strand," etc. Now, the facts -disclosed by Cuellar's narrative, and by other contemporary writers, -show that these Spanish ships were not at all near to Ballyshannon; but -having been caught in the violent gales which were then raging round the -coast, they were disabled, and being at the best of times unwieldy and -difficult to steer, they drifted down from the north, and, failing to -double Erris Head, were drawn into Sligo Bay, where they anchored about -a mile and a half off shore, in the hope of being able to repair -damages, and, when the gales subsided, proceed on their homeward voyage. - -Don Francisco Cuellar was captain of the _San Pedro_, a galleon of -twenty-four guns, which belonged to the squadron of Castile. The account -of Cuellar's adventures, as detailed by himself, are related in the -letter to which reference has been made. This document was discovered in -the archives of the _Academia de la Historia_, in Madrid, where it had -lain in oblivion for three centuries. Passing over the first part of the -letter, which relates his adventures in the _San Pedro_, which sustained -great damage in an engagement with English vessels off the coast of -France, being in a leaky and unseaworthy condition, owing to the number -of "shot holes," the _San Pedro_, by order of the mate (Cuellar having -retired to take some rest after the fight), moved a short distance away -from the Admiral's ship, for the purpose of carrying out some repairs to -the damaged hull. This action on the part of the _San Pedro_ raised the -anger of the Admiral, who ordered Cuellar and another officer to be -hanged at the yard's arm. Fortunately for Cuellar this unjust sentence -was not carried out in his case, chiefly through the friendly offices of -the Judge Advocate--Martin de Aranda. - -But Cuellar was no longer left in command of the _San Pedro_: he -henceforward sailed in the vessel of the Judge Advocate, who was also -styled Provost Marshal. Having passed round the north coast of Scotland, -the vessel in which Cuellar was, in company with two other ships--all of -large tonnage--encountered head winds and rough weather. Passing Tory -Island, they were endeavouring to clear Erris Head on the Mayo coast; -but the storms increasing, and the sea running high, they were unable to -make that point. With shattered spars and torn canvas, and a weight of -water in their holds, which the constant working of the pumps could -hardly keep under, these vessels in a rough sea were unmanageable, and, -drifting downwards, found themselves enbayed off the Sligo coast, where -they hoped to find temporary anchorage. In the sailing instructions -given by the Duke of Medina to the Spanish vessels on their return home, -the following occurs: "The course that is first to be held is to the -north-north-east, until you be found under 61 degrees and a half, and -then to take great heed lest you fall upon the Island of Ireland, for -fear of the harm that may happen unto you upon that coast. Then parting -from those islands, and doubling the Cape in 61½ degrees, you shall -run west-south-west, until you be found under 58 degrees, and from -thence to the south-west," etc. These particulars are valuable in -showing the direction in which the Spaniards endeavoured to navigate -their unwieldy craft. Captain Duro in his book refers to the frequency -of the opening of the seams in the old Spanish ships, which defect he -attributes to the excessive weight and height of the masts, whose -leverage in heavy weather caused a strain on the hulls which -necessitated the constant employment of caulkers. - -[Illustration: - - _A Map of the West and North West Coasts of Ireland, - Drawn in 1609. From the original in the British Museum - showing the places connected with the Spanish Armada._ -] - -Cuellar says they anchored half a league from the shore, where they -remained "four days without being able to make any provision or do -anything. On the fifth day there sprang up such a great storm," he -says, "on our beam, with a sea up to the heavens, so that the cables -could not hold, nor the sails serve us, and we were driven ashore upon -a beach covered with very fine sand, shut in on one side and the other -by great rocks. Such a thing was never seen; for within the space of -an hour all three ships were broken in pieces, so that there did not -escape 300 men, and more than 1,000 were drowned, and amongst them -many persons of importance--captains, gentlemen, and other officials." -Of the three vessels which were wrecked on the Streedagh Strand--(in a -map of the coast, made in 1609, the rock, which is still called -_Carrig-na-Spaniagh_, is thus marked: "Three Spanish shipps here cast -ashore in Anno Domi, 1588")--the name of one was the _San Juan de -Sicilia_. She was commanded by Don Diego Enriquez, "the Hunchback." - -This officer, as Cuellar relates, came to his death in a sad way. -Fearing the very heavy sea that was washing over the deck of his vessel, -which was going to pieces on the strand, he ordered out his large boat, -a decked one, and, accompanied by the Count of Villa Franca, and two -other Portuguese gentlemen, they closed themselves into the hold of the -boat, hoping to be washed ashore. Having gone below, and bringing with -them sixteen thousand ducats in jewels and crown pieces, they ordered -the hatchway to be tightly fastened down, in order to prevent the -ingress of water; but just as the boat was leaving the disabled ship, -more than seventy men, terror-stricken with the fate that awaited them, -wildly jumped on the deck of the boat, hoping thereby to reach the land; -but the small craft, unable to bear the great weight above water-line, -and having been struck by a wave, toppled over and sank, all on deck -being swept away. She afterwards rose to the surface, and was drifted -about in different directions, ultimately reaching the shore upside -down. Those unfortunates who were below were all killed, with the -exception of Don Diego Enriquez, who, after being in such a sad -condition for more than twenty-four hours, was found still living when -the hold was broken into by the "savages" who were searching for -plunder. They took out the dead men, and Don Diego, who only survived a -few minutes; and, having secured the plunder--jewels and money--left the -dead stripped and naked on the strand, denying them even the rights of -Christian burial! Cuellar, though in great extremities, was not -unmindful of the kindness he had received from the Judge Advocate, -Martin de Aranda. "One touch of nature makes the whole world kin." -Cuellar, the deposed captain, and the Judge Advocate, were standing on -the same deck, with the horrors of death facing them on all sides. -Martin de Aranda, seeing the destruction of all that was dear to him, -had little energy left to make any effort to escape; but Cuellar -endeavoured to rally his drooping spirits, and made every effort he -could to help him, and bring him to shore. Taking a hatchway from the -deck of the vessel they were in, Cuellar got it afloat, and succeeded in -getting the Judge Advocate on also; but in the act of casting off from -the ship, a huge wave engulphed them, and the Judge Advocate, being -unable to hold on, was drowned. Cuellar, grievously wounded by being -struck by pieces of floating timber, succeeded in keeping his footing on -the hatchway, and at length reached the shore, "unable to stand, all -covered with blood, and very much injured."[1] - -Fenton, writing to Burleigh (_State Papers_, 1588-9), says: "At my late -being in Sligo, I found both by view of eye and credible report that the -number of ships and men perished at these coasts was more than was -advertised thither by the Lord Deputy and Council, for I numbered in one -strand [Streedagh], of less than five miles in length, eleven hundred -dead corpses of men which the sea had driven on the shore. Since the -time of the advertisement, the country people told me the like was in -other places, though not of like numbers; and the Lord Deputy, writing -to the Council, says: 'After leaving Sligo, I journeyed towards Bundroys -[Bundrowse] and so to Ballyshannon, the uttermost part of Connaught that -way, and riding still along the sea-shore, I went to see the bay where -some of these ships were wrecked, and where, as I heard not long before, -lay twelve or thirteen hundred of the dead bodies. I rode along that -strand near two miles (but left behind me a long mile and more), and -then turned off that shore; in both which places, they said that had -seen it, there lay as great store of timber of wrecked ships as was in -that place which myself had viewed, being in my opinion (having small -skill or judgment therein) more than would have built _four_ of the -greatest ships I ever saw, beside mighty great boats, cables, and other -cordage answerable thereto, and such masts, for bigness and length, as -in my knowledge I never saw any two that could make the like.'" - -The account given by the Lord Deputy of his journey from Sligo to -Ballyshannon, though rather obscurely worded, points to the probability -of there having been more than one spot on that coast which was a scene -of disaster. It is evident that the entire shore from Streedagh to -Bundrowse was littered with the wreckage of the Spanish vessels, and it -could hardly be expected that all the "flotsam and jetsam" referred to -in the report we have quoted would have come from the three vessels -described by Cuellar. - -To return to the narrative. Cuellar now found himself in a desperate -plight; wounded, half-naked, and starving with hunger, he managed to -creep into a place of concealment during the remainder of the day; and -he says: "At the dawn of day I began to walk little by little, searching -for a monastery of monks that I might repair to it as best I could, the -which I arrived at with much trouble and toil, and I found it deserted, -and the church and images of the Saints burned and completely ruined, -and twelve Spaniards hanging within the church by the act of the English -Lutherans, who went about searching for us to make an end of all of us -who had escaped from the perils of the sea." Some writers on this -shipwreck have been unable to explain this reference to a monastery in -the vicinity of the sea-shore at Streedagh. No such difficulty, however, -exists in identifying the place indicated; for within sight of the -strand stood the _Abbey of Staad_, which tradition says was founded by -St. Molaise, the patron saint of the neighbouring island of Inismurray. -It was then to this monastery that Cuellar repaired, in the expectation -of finding there a safe asylum in his dire necessity. He was, however, -disappointed; for he found the place deserted, and several of his -fellow-countrymen hanging from the iron bars of the windows. The ruins -of Staad Abbey, which still remain, are inconsiderable, consisting of -portions of the church, which was oblong in form, and measured, -internally, 34 feet in length by 14 feet 5 inches in width. There are -indications that a much older building once occupied the site of the -existing ruin. Outside the walls of the old church it was customary to -light beacons for the purpose of signalling with the inhabitants of -Inismurray and elsewhere, and this mode of communication by fire-signals -was adopted in Ireland from remote times, and its existence amongst us -to the present day is an interesting survival of primitive life. -Cuellar, sick at heart with the ghastly spectacle in the monastery, -betook himself to a road "which lay through a great wood," and after -wandering about without being able to procure any food, he turned his -face once more to the sea-shore, in the hope of being able to pick up -some provisions that might have been washed in from the wrecks. Here he -found, stretched on the strand in one spot, more than 400 Spaniards, and -amongst them he recognised _Don Enriquez_ and another honoured officer. -He dug a hole in the sand and buried his two friends. After some time he -was joined by two other Spaniards. They met a man who seemed rather -friendly towards them. He directed them to take a road which led from -the coast to a village, which Cuellar describes as "consisting of some -huts of straw." This was probably the village of Grange, a couple of -miles distant; and the huts he refers to were the cabins with thatched -roofs, still a common feature in the country. From descriptions of -these, which are given by writers of the 16th century, there seems to be -but slight difference in the mode of constructing cabins then and now. -At Grange was a castle in which soldiers were stationed. It was an -important outpost at the period, being on the highway between Connacht -and Tirconnell. From this castle, bodies of soldiers used to sally -forth, scouring the neighbourhood for Spanish fugitives and plunder. -Fearing these military scouts, Cuellar turned off from the village, and -entered a wood, in which he had not gone far when a new misfortune befel -him. He was set upon by an "old savage," more than seventy years of age, -and by two young men--one English, the other French. They wounded him in -the leg, and stripped him of what little clothing was left to him. They -took from him a gold chain of the value of a thousand reals; also -forty-five gold crown pieces he had sewed into his clothing, and some -relics that had been given him at Lisbon. But for the interference of a -young girl, whom Cuellar describes as of the age of twenty, "and most -beautiful in the extreme," it would have gone hard with him in the hands -of these men. Having robbed him of all he had, they went on their way in -search of further prey, and the young girl, pitying the sad condition of -the Spaniard, made a salve of herbs for his wounds, and gave him butter -and milk, with oaten bread to eat. - -Cuellar was directed to travel in the direction of some mountains, which -appeared to be about six leagues distant, behind which there were good -lands belonging to an "important savage," a very great friend of the -King of Spain. The distances in leagues and miles given in the narrative -are in most cases considerably over-estimated, and cannot be relied on. -Cuellar, it should be remembered, is describing events which happened to -him in a strange country, wherein the names of the places, and the -distances from place to place, were alike unknown to him; and the -journeys he was forced to make, in his lame and wretched condition, must -have seemed to him very much longer than they were in reality. A right -understanding of this part of the narrative is important, as some -writers have fallen into the error of supposing that Cuellar's course -was in the direction of the _Donegal_ Mountains, on the other side of -the bay, visible, no doubt, from the locality of the wreck, but on the -distant northern horizon. A careful reading of the text will show that -this was not the direction he took. He says: "I began to walk as best I -could, making for the north[2] of the mountains, as the boy had told -me." This means that he kept on the _north_, or sea-side of the _Dartry_ -Mountains; and behind them (_i.e._, on the _south_ side) were good lands -belonging to a friendly chief. The word "north" does not here refer to -the cardinal point, but is used merely as a relative term, just as -"right and left," "back and front," are used in familiar conversation. -Besides, Cuellar plainly states the name of the chief he was seeking to -reach: he speaks of him as "Senior de Ruerque" (Spanish for -_O'Rourque_), whose territory lay in the direction of the mountain range -he was travelling towards. He calls him an "important savage"--a term -which he applies to the Irish natives he met with, whether friendly or -the reverse: it does not refer to their treatment of him personally; but -he intends it to define what he considers their position in the scale of -civilization as compared with his own country. Journeying on in the -direction pointed out to him, he came to a lake, in the vicinity of -which were about thirty huts--all forsaken and untenanted. Going into one -of these for shelter, he discovered three other naked men--Spaniards--who -had met the same hard treatment as himself. The only food they could -obtain here was blackberries and water-cresses. Covering themselves up -with some straw, they passed the night in a hut by the lake-side, -resolving at daybreak to push forward towards O'Rourke's village. - -The lake to which reference is here made is evidently Glenade Lough, -from which it was an easy journey to O'Rourke's settlement at Glencar. -O'Rourke had another "town" at _Newtown_, on the borders of the County -of Sligo. It seems probable, however, that at this time he had removed -his people to Glencar. In the Lough here were several crannogs, remains -of which are still visible. Such lacustrine habitations were usually -resorted to by the Irish chiefs in times of disturbance; for within -their stockaded lake-dwellings they and their possessions were safest -from the attack of the enemy. Having arrived at "the village," Cuellar -found the chief absent, being at war with the English, who were at the -time in occupation of Sligo. Here he found a number of Spaniards. Before -many days passed, tidings came that a Spanish ship, probably one of De -Leyva's vessels, was standing off the coast, and on the look-out for any -Spaniards who had escaped with their lives. Hearing this, Cuellar and -nineteen others resolved to make an effort to reach the vessel. They, -therefore, set off at once towards the coast. They met with many -hindrances on the way; and Cuellar, probably owing to the wounded state -of his leg, was unable to keep pace with the others, and was -consequently left behind, while the others got on board the vessel. He -regards this circumstance of his being left behind as a special -interference of Providence on his behalf, for the ship, after setting -sail, was, he says, "wrecked off the same coast, and more than 200 -persons were drowned." - -Resuming the course of Cuellar's fortunes, we find him pursuing his way -by the most secluded routes for fear of the "Sassana horsemen," as he -styles the English soldiers. He soon fell in with a clergyman, who -entered into friendly converse with him in the Latin tongue--a language, -it may be observed, that did not at that period in Ireland rank as a -"dead" one--men and women of various degrees, both high and low, spoke it -freely; of this there is abundant evidence from contemporary writers. -The clergyman gave Cuellar some of the food he had with him, and -directed him to take a road which would bring him to a castle which -belonged to a "savage" gentleman, "a very brave soldier, and a great -enemy of the Queen of England--a man who had never cared to obey her or -pay tribute, attending only to his castle and mountains, which [latter] -made it strong." Following the course pointed out to him, Cuellar met -with an untoward circumstance which caused him much anxiety; he was met -by a blacksmith who pursued his calling in a "deserted valley." Here he -was forced to abide, and work in the forge. For more than a week he (the -Spanish officer) had to blow the forge bellows, and, what was worse, -submit to the rough words of the blacksmith's wife, whom he calls "an -accursed old woman." At length, his friend the clergyman happened again -to pass that way, and seeing Cuellar labouring in the forge, he was -displeased. He comforted him, assuring him he would speak to the chief -of the castle to which he had directed him, and ask that an escort -should be sent for him. The following day this promise was fulfilled, -and four men from the castle, and a Spanish soldier who had already -found his way thither, arrived, and safely conducted him on his way. -Here he seems at last to have found kind and humane treatment. He -specially mentions the extreme kindness shown him by the chief's wife, -whom he describes as "beautiful in the extreme." - -Cuellar, in taking the course pointed out to him by the clergyman, was -travelling in an eastward direction, having his back turned on -O'Rourke's village, whither he had first gone for succour. The "deserted -valley," in which he fell in with the blacksmith, was doubtless the -beautiful valley of Glenade, from which place to the island castle of -Rossclogher was an easy journey. As this castle is a prominent feature -in our narrative, some particulars regarding it and its chiefs may be -here noted. - -The castle of Rossclogher, the picturesque ruins of which are still -prominent in the beautiful scenery of Lough Melvin, was built by one of -the clan, at a period--precise date not known--anterior to the reign of -Henry VIII. In the _Irish Annals_ the name of MacClancy, chief of -Dartraigh, appears at A.D. 1241. The territory was held by the family -for three hundred years, their property having been finally confiscated -after the wars of 1641. The castle lies close to the southern shore of -Lough Melvin, considerably to the westward of the island of Inisheher -(see Ordnance Map). It is a peculiar structure, being built on an -artificial foundation, somewhat similar to the "Hag's Castle" in Lough -Mask, and to Cloughoughter Castle in the neighbouring county of Cavan. -Here may be noted a striking instance of the accuracy and -appropriateness of Irish names of places. When the island of Inisheher -(Inis Siar), _i.e._, western island, got its name, the site of -Rossclogher Castle had not been laid, for where the castle stands is -considerably further west than the last natural island, which, from its -name, marks it as the most westerly island of the lough. - -The Irish name of this family was _MacFhlnncdaha_, the name being -variously written in the _State Papers_ as McGlannogh, McGlanthie, etc., -while in the Spanish narrative it is _Manglana_. In a map drawn in 1609, -the territory is marked "Dartrie MacGlannagh" (which see). The -MacClancys were chiefs, subject to O'Rourke, and their territory--a -formidable one, by reason of its mountains and fastnesses--comprised the -entire of the present barony of Rossclogher. According to local -tradition, which survived when O'Donovan visited the district in the -summer of 1836[3], the extent of "Dartree MacClancy" was from _Glack_ -townland on the east to _Bunduff_ on the west--a distance of about six -miles; and from _Mullinaleck_ townland on the north to _Aghanlish_ on -the south--a distance of about three miles. The townlands of Rossfriar -(Ross-na-mbraher, _i.e._, the Peninsula of the Friars), and that now -called Aghanlish, were ancient _termon lands_ appertaining to the church -of Rossclogher, the ruins of which stand on the mainland, close to the -island castle of our narrative. The romantic and beautiful district over -which the MacClancys held sway included _Lough Melvin_, with its islands -and the mountain range behind. Within its bounds were two castles--that -of Rossclogher and _Dun Carbery_. On the island of _Iniskeen_ was -MacClancy's crannog; and here it may be pointed out a frequent error has -been made in supposing that the Castle of Rossclogher stood on Iniskeen. -The crannog was on that large island which is far to the east of the -Castle of Rossclogher. This was merely used in troublous times as a -place of security--a sort of treasure-house; but not an ordinary -dwelling-place. Besides the buildings already mentioned within the -territory, were at least three monasteries--that of Doire-Melle, -Cacair-Sinchill, and Beallach-in-Mithidheim--as well as numerous -churches, the ruins of some being still in existence. The MacClancy clan -appear to have sprung from a stock totally distinct from the -neighbouring clans of Brefney. Their chief residence was at Rossclogher, -but they had another castle--that of Dun Carbery--some ruins of which are -still standing close to the village of Tullaghan. This was built in the -sixteenth century, and a more commanding site for a fortified house it -would have been difficult to select. It was built on the summit of an -extensive _Dun_, or fort, which belonged to a period long anterior to -the MacClancy rule; and it is a noticeable fact that the name of the -original owner of the _Dun Carbery_, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages -(fifth century), has continued to the present day as the name by which -the castle is known. - -The Castle of Rossclogher is built on a foundation of heavy stones laid -in the bed of the lake, and filled in with smaller stones and earth to -above water-level. The sub-structure was circular in form, and the -entire was encompassed by a thick wall, probably never more than five -feet in height. The walls of the castle are very thick, and composed of -freestone, obtained from an adjacent quarry on the mainland. They are -cemented together with the usual grouting of lime and coarse gravel, so -generally used by the builders of old; the outside walls were coated -with thick rough-cast, a feature not generally seen in old structures in -the locality. Facing the south shore, which is about one hundred yards -distant, are the remains of a bastion pierced for musketry. The water -between the castle and the shore is deep, and goes down sheer from the -foundation. - -On the shore, close to the castle, are the remains of military -earthworks, evidently constructed by some enemy seeking possession of -the castle. On the summit of a hill immediately over this, is a circular -enclosure about 220 feet in circumference; it is composed of earth, -faced with stone-work. Here the MacClancy-clan folded their flocks and -herds, and from this ancient "cattle-booley" a bridle-path led to the -mountains above. Portions of this pathway have recently been discovered; -it was only two feet in width, and regularly paved with stones enclosed -by a kerb. - -On the mainland, close to the southern shore, and within speaking -distance of the castle, stand the ruins of the old church which was -built by MacClancy, and which is of about the same date as the castle to -which it was an appendage. In the immediate neighbourhood of the shore, -guarded on one side by the lofty mountain range of Dartraigh, on the -other by the waters of Lough Melvin, was MacClancy's "town"--an -assemblage of primitive huts, probably circular in shape, and of the -simplest construction, where dwelt the followers and dependents of the -chief, ready, by night or by day, to obey the call to arms, or, as -Cuellar expresses it, "Go Santiago," a slang expression in Spain, -meaning to attack.[4] - -Of the manners and customs of the natives, Cuellar makes sundry -observations. Having described at length how he occupied his leisure in -the castle by telling the fortunes of the ladies by palmistry, he -mentions incidentally that their conversation was carried on in Latin. -He goes on to speak of the natives, or "savages," as he calls them. He -says: "Their custom is to live as the brute beasts among the mountains, -which are very rugged in that part of Ireland where we lost ourselves. -They live in huts made of straw; the men are all large bodied and of -handsome features and limbs, active as the roe-deer. They do not eat -oftener than once a day, and this is at night; and that which they -usually eat is butter with oaten bread. They drink sour milk, for they -have no other drink; they don't drink water, although it is the best in -the world. On feast days they eat some flesh, half-cooked, without bread -or salt, for that is their custom. They clothe themselves, according to -their habit, with tight trousers and short loose coats of very coarse -goat's hair. They cover themselves with blankets, and wear their hair -down to their eyes. They are great walkers, and inured to toil. They -carry on perpetual war with the English, who here keep garrison for the -Queen, from whom they defend themselves, and do not let them enter their -territory, which is subject to inundation and marshy." - -The reference Cuellar makes to the food of the Irish with whom he -sojourned is interesting. He says: "They do not eat oftener than once a -day, and this is at night, and that which they usually eat is butter -with _oaten bread_." The partiality for oaten bread here spoken of still -survives; but its use has within the last half century greatly declined, -owing to the extensive introduction of "white bread," the term applied -to ordinary bakers' loaves. When the tide of emigration to America--in -the early part of this century--was in full flow from Ballyshannon, the -emigrants had to provide their own food on the voyage from this port to -the Western Continent, and that universally taken with them was an ample -supply of oaten cakes. It may not be out of place here to refer to the -curious belief which still lives in the minds of the peasantry of this -district, though, like most of the survivals of folklore, it is fading -from the memories of the people. - -The _Feàr-Gortha_, or Hungry Grass, is believed to grow in certain -spots, and whoever has the bad luck to tread on this baneful fairy herb -is liable to be stricken down with the mysterious complaint. The -symptoms, which come on suddenly, are complete prostration, preceded by -a general feeling of weakness; the sufferer sinks down, and, if -assistance is not at hand, he perishes. It is believed that if food be -partaken of in the open air, and the fragments remaining be not thrown -as an offering to the "good folk," that they will mark their displeasure -by causing a crop of "hungry grass" to arise on the spot and produce the -effects described. Fortunately, the cure is as simple as the malady is -mysterious. _Oatcake_ is the specific, or, in its absence, a few grains -of oatmeal. The wary traveller who knows the dangers of the road, -carries in his pocket a small piece of oatcake, not intended as food, -but as a charm against the _Feàr-Gortha_. - -Cuellar also observes that the chief inclination of these people is to -plunder their neighbours, capturing cattle and any other property -obtainable, the raids being chiefly carried out at night. He also -remarks that the English garrison were in the habit of making plundering -expeditions into the territory of these natives, and the only refuge -they had was, on the approach of the soldiers, to withdraw to the -mountains with their families and cattle till the danger would be past. -Speaking of the women, he says: "Most of them are very beautiful, but -badly-dressed. The head-dress of the women is a linen cloth, doubled -over the head and tied in front." He remarks "the women are great -workers and housekeepers, after their fashion." Speaking of the -churches, etc., he says most of them have been demolished by the hands -of the English, and by those natives who have joined them, who are as -bad as they. He concludes his by-no-means flattering description in -these words: "In this kingdom there is neither justice nor right, and -everyone does what he pleases." - -The "sour milk" Cuellar speaks of is buttermilk, as great a favourite -here in the nineteenth century as in the sixteenth. The cloth which he -calls "very coarse goats' hair" was probably the familiar homespun -woollen frieze, which from the earliest times was made by the Irish. The -head-dress of the women--a linen cloth--is still adopted by elderly women -here. - -After enjoying a short period of rest in MacClancy's, or, as Cuellar -styles it, Manglana's castle, rumours of an alarming nature reached -them. The Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam, or, as he is called in the narrative, -"the great governor of the Queen," was marching from Dublin, with a -force of 1,700 soldiers, in search of the lost ships and the people who -had escaped the fury of the waves, and no quarter could be expected for -either the Irish chiefs or the shipwrecked Spaniards; all that came -within Fitzwilliam's grasp would certainly be hanged. Cuellar says the -Lord Deputy marched along the whole coast till he arrived at the place -where the shipwreck happened (at Streedagh), and from thence he came -towards the castle of "Manglana." It is at this point of his narrative -that he first mentions the name of the chief who had given him refuge. - -MacClancy seeing the force that had come against him, felt himself -unable to stand a siege, and decided to escape to the friendly shelter -of his mountains. He called Cuellar aside and made known his -determination, and advised that he and the other Spaniards should -consider what they would do for their own safety. Cuellar consulted with -his fellows, and they finally agreed that their only chance of life was -to hold out in the castle as long as possible, trusting to its strength -and isolated situation; and, leaving the result to the fortunes of war, -they determined to stand or fall together. - -Having communicated their decision to MacClancy, he willingly provided -them with all the arms within his reach, and a sufficient store of -provisions to last for six months. He made them take an oath to hold the -castle "till death," and not to open the gates for "Irishman, Spaniard, -or anyone else till his return." Having made these preparations, and -removed the furniture and relics out of the church on the shore, and -deposited them within the castle, MacClancy, after embracing Cuellar, -withdrew to the mountains, taking with him his family and followers, -with their flocks and herds. Cuellar now provided himself with several -boat-loads of stones, six muskets, and six crowbars, as well as a supply -of ammunition. He gives a minute description of the place he was going -to defend. He says: "The castle is very strong and very difficult to -take, if they do not attack it with artillery, for it is founded in a -lake of very deep water, which is more than a league wide at some parts, -and three or four leagues long, and has an outlet to the sea; and -besides, with the rise of spring tides, it is not possible to enter it; -for which reason the castle could not be taken by water, nor by the -shore of land which is nearest it, neither could injury be done it, -because a league around the 'town,' which is established on the -mainland, it is marshy, breast deep, so that even the inhabitants -[natives] could not get to it except by paths." These paths, through -bogs and shallow lakes, were made of large stones in a hidden, irregular -way, unknown to any except those who had the key to their position. -Three centuries ago, the aspect of the country was very different from -what it now is: the land was in a swampy, undrained condition, and, -beyond small patches here and there, which had been cleared for growing -corn, dense thickets of brushwood covered the surface everywhere; and, -as there were no roads or bridges, but merely narrow paths, where two -horsemen could not pass each other, the difficulty--not to say -impossibility--of bringing troops, heavy baggage, and artillery across -country is apparent. That such a state of things existed in MacClancy's -territory there is abundant evidence. The stones with which Cuellar -provided himself were a favourite item in the war materials of that -period: these were used with deadly effect from the towers of castles, -and were also thrown from cannon instead of iron balls. Cuellar says: -"Our courage seemed good to the whole country, and the enemy was very -indignant at it, and came upon the castle with his forces--about 1,800 -men--and observed us from a distance of a mile and a half from it, -without being able to approach closer on account of the water [or marshy -ground] which intervened." From this description, it is evident the Lord -Deputy's forces had taken up their position on the shore of the opposite -promontory of Rossfriar--a tongue of land which projects itself into the -lough at the north-west end. From this point he says they exhibited -"menaces and warnings," and hanged two Spanish fugitives they had laid -hold of, "to put the defenders in fear." The troops demanded by trumpet -a surrender of the castle, but the Spaniards declined all proposals. For -seventeen days, Cuellar says, the besiegers lay against them, but were -unable to get a favourable position for attack. "At length, a severe -storm and a great fall of snow compelled them to withdraw without having -accomplished anything." In the _State Papers_, under date 12th October, -1588, the Lord Deputy asks the Privy Council of England to send at once -two thousand "sufficient and thoroughly appointed men" to join the -service directed against the main body of 3,000 Spaniards in O'Donnell's -country and the North. In the same month, Fenton writes to the Lord -Deputy "that the Spaniards are marching towards Sligo, and are very near -Lough Erne." There were, no doubt, a large number of Spaniards who had -escaped the dangers of the sea, and had fled for refuge to O'Donnell, -O'Neill, and O'Rourke, all of whom were very favourable to them; but the -Lord Deputy, for his own ends, greatly exaggerated both their numbers -and strength. They were merely fugitives acting on the defensive, and -not then inclined to be aggressive. They well knew the fate of hundreds -of their countrymen, and what they might expect if they fell into the -hands of the Lord Deputy. - -[Illustration: - - THE SPANIARDS HOLDING ROSSCLOGHER - CASTLE AGAINST THE LORD DEPUTY. -] - -In the County of Clare, at this time, was another MacClancy--Boethius. He -was Elizabeth's High Sheriff there, and, unlike his namesake of -Rossclogher, he cruelly treated and killed a number of Spaniards of the -Armada, who had been shipwrecked off that coast. In memory of his -conduct then, he is cursed every seventh year in a church in Spain. In -the _State Papers_ no reference is made to this expedition against -MacClancy's castle; all that is said is that troops arrived at Athlone -on 10th November, 1588, and returned to Dublin on 23rd December -following, "without loss of any one of her Majesty's army; neither -brought I home, as the captains inform me, scarce twenty sick persons or -thereabouts; neither found I the water, nor other great impediments -which were objected before my going out, to have been dangerous, -otherwise than very reasonable to pass." In these vague terms -Fitzwilliam disposes of a disagreeable subject which he knew was more -for his own credit not to enlarge upon. It seems probable that Cuellar -has over-estimated the number of soldiers sent to storm the castle which -he was defending; there is, however, no ground for doubting the general -truth of his account of the transaction. MacClancy, we know, was the -subject of peculiar hatred by the authorities; Bingham describes him as -"an arch-rebel, and the most barbarous creature in Ireland," and the -fact of his having given shelter to Spanish fugitives made him ten times -worse in their eyes. - -_Fitzwilliam_, the Lord Deputy, whom Cuellar styles the "Great -Governor," was a covetous and merciless man. Not long after his arrival -in Ireland, the Spanish shipwrecks took place, and the rumours of the -great amount of treasure and valuables which the Spaniards were reported -to have with them called into prominence the most marked feature in the -Lord Deputy's character--cupidity. His commission shows this: "To make by -all good means, both of oaths and _otherwise_ [this means _by torture_], -to take all hulls of ships, treasures, etc., into your hands, and to -apprehend and execute all Spaniards of what quality soever ... torture -may be used in prosecuting this enquiry." - -In the _State Papers_, at December 3, 1588--Sir R. Bingham to the -Queen--the following reference to the Lord Deputy's expedition to the -North of Ireland is made: "But the Lord Deputy, having further -advertisements from the North of the state of things in those parts, -took occasion to make a journey thither, and made his way through this -province [Connaught], and in passing along caused both these two -Spaniards, which my brother [George Bingham] had, to be executed." One -of these was Don Graveillo de Swasso. At December 31st, the Lord Deputy -thus refers to his movements: "At my coming to the Castles of -Ballyshannon and Beleek, which stand upon the river Earne, and are in -possession of one Sir Owen O'Toole, _alias_ O'Gallagher[5], a principal -man of that country, I found all the country [people] and cattle fled -into the strong mountains and fastnesses of the woods in their own -countrie and neighbours adjoining, as O'Rourke, O'Hara, the -O'Glannaghies [MacClancy], Maguires, and others." In the _State Papers_, -15th October, 1588, we learn some curious particulars concerning the -wreck of one of the Spanish ships, named _La Trinidad Valencera_, at -Inisowen (O'Doherty's country). This vessel, which was a very large one -(1,100 tons), carried 42 guns and 360 men, including soldiers and -mariners, many of whom were drowned. They had only one boat left, and -this a broken one, in which they succeeded in landing a part of the -crew. Some swam to shore, and the rest were landed in a boat they bought -from the Inisowen men for 200 ducats. Some curious details are given of -how the Spaniards fared on land. When first they came ashore, with only -their rapiers in their hands, they found four or five "savages," who -bade them welcome, and well-used them: afterwards, some twenty more -"wild men" came to them, and robbed them of a money-bag containing 1,000 -reals of plate and some rich apparel. The only food they could obtain -was horse-flesh, which they bought from the country people, as well as a -small quantity of butter. When they had been about a week living here, -Fitzwilliam's men came on the scene, as also O'Donnell and his wife. The -Spaniards surrendered to the captains that carried "the Queen's -ensigns," the conditions being that their lives should be spared till -they appeared before the Lord Deputy, and be allowed to take with them a -change of apparel from the stores of their own ship. These conditions -were not adhered to, and the soldiers and natives were allowed to spoil -and plunder the shipwrecked Spaniards. The O'Donnell above referred to -was the father of the celebrated Red Hugh, who was at this period within -the walls of Dublin Castle, a close prisoner. "O'Donnell's wife" was the -celebrated Ineen Dubh, the mother of Red Hugh. O'Donnell felt himself -weak and unable to cope with the English power, which was surrounding -him on all sides. While not taking an active part in maltreating the -Spaniards, who had been thrown on his territory by the violence of the -storms, he was guilty in a passive way of permitting them to be -ill-used; and when, a short time after these events, he resigned the -government of Tirconnell to the more capable hands of his son, Red Hugh, -and retired to the solitude of the cloister, the greatest sin which -weighed on his conscience was his cruel conduct in slaying a number of -Spanish seamen in Inisowen, which act was instigated by the Lord Deputy. - -MacClancy at length paid dearly for his part in the Spanish affair. This -we learn from a letter in the _State Papers_, under date 23rd April, -1590: "The acceptable service performed by Sir George Bingham in cutting -off M'Glanaghie, an arch-rebel ... M'Glanaghie's head brought in. -M'Glanaghie ran for a lough, and tried to save himself by swimming, but -a shot broke his arm, and a gallowglass brought him ashore. He was the -most barbarous creature in Ireland; his countrie extended from Grange -till you come to Ballishannon; he was O'Rourke's right hand; he had -fourteen Spaniards with him, some of whom were taken alive." The lough -above referred to is Lough Melvin. MacClancy was endeavouring to reach -his fortress when he met his end. O'Rourke, shortly after these events, -fled to Scotland, where he was arrested, brought to London, arraigned on -a charge of high treason, found guilty, and hanged. At the place of -execution he was met by the notorious _Myler M'Grath_, that many-sided -ecclesiastic, whose castle walls, near Pettigo, still keep his name in -remembrance. M'Grath endeavoured to make him abjure his faith, but -O'Rourke could not be shaken; he knew the sordid character of the man, -and bitterly reproached him for his own mercenary conduct. - -When the siege was raised, MacClancy and his followers returned from the -mountains, and made much of Cuellar and his comrades, asking them to -remain and throw in their lot with them. To Cuellar he offered his -sister in marriage. This, however, the latter declined, saying he was -anxious to turn his face homewards. MacClancy would not hear of the -Spaniards leaving; and Cuellar, fearing he might be detained against his -will, determined to leave unobserved, which he did two days after -Christmas, when he and four Spanish soldiers left the castle before -dawn, and went "travelling by the mountains and desolate places," and at -the end of twenty days they came to _Dunluce_, where Alonzo de Leyva, -and the Count de Paredes, and many other Spanish nobles had been lost; -and there, he says, "they went to the huts of some 'savages,' who told -us of the great misfortunes of our people who were drowned." - -Cuellar does not indicate the course he took in travelling on foot from -the castle in Lough Melvin to Dunluce; but it is evident, from the time -spent on the journey, that it was the circuitous route round the coast -of Donegal to Derry, and from thence to Dunluce. Their journey was one -of danger, as military scouts were searching the country everywhere for -Spaniards, and more than once he had narrow escapes. After some delay -and considerable difficulty, Cuellar, through the friendly assistance of -Sir James MacDonnell, of Dunluce, succeeded in crossing over to -Scotland, in company with seventeen Spanish sailors who had been rescued -by MacDonnell. He hoped to enjoy the protection of King James VI., who -was then reported to favour the Spaniards. - -Cuellar did not find things much better there, and, after some delay, he -eventually took ship and arrived at Antwerp. His narrative is dated -October 4, 1589, and was evidently not written till his arrival on the -Continent. In forming an estimate of its value, it should be remembered -that the greater part, if not all, was written by him from memory. It is -highly improbable he would have made notes, or kept a diary in Ireland, -as the writing of his adventures never occurred to him (as his narrative -shows) till afterwards. This most probable supposition will account for -any inaccuracies in his statements as to places, distances, etc.; and -allowing for a natural tendency to exaggeration, Cuellar's narrative, -corroborated as it is in all essential points by contemporary history, -bears on its face the stamp of truth and authenticity. - -The _State Papers_ (Ireland) at this year (1588) contain several -references to these wrecks on the Connaught coast.[6] Amongst them the -following occur: "After the Spanish fleet had doubled Scotland, and were -in their course homewards, they were by contrary weather driven upon the -several parts of this province [Connaught] and wrecked, as it were, by -even portions--three ships in every of the four several counties -bordering on the sea coasts, viz., in Sligo, Mayo, Galway, and -Thomond:--so that twelve ships perished on the rocks and sands of the -shore-side, and some three or four besides to seaboard of the out-isles, -which presently sunk, both men and ships, in the night-time. And so can -I say by good estimation that six or seven thousand men have been cast -away on these coasts, save some 1,000 of them which escaped to land in -several places where their ships fell, which sithence _were all put to -the sword_." Of all the ships which composed the Armada, none was a -greater object of interest than the _Rata_, a great galleon commanded by -Don Alonzo de Leyva. This officer was Knight of Santiago and Commendador -of Alcuesca: a remarkable man, of invincible courage and perseverance, -who was destined to meet a watery grave on this expedition. It is said -that King Philip felt more grief for his death than for the loss of the -whole fleet. - -In the _Rata_ were hundreds of youths of the noblest families of -Castile, who had been committed to De Leyva's care. Having cleared the -northern coast of Scotland and gained the Atlantic, he kept well out to -sea, and in the early part of the month of September doubled Erris Head, -on the western coast of Mayo, after which he and another galleon came to -anchor in Blacksod Bay. Here he sent in a boat, with fourteen men, to -ascertain the disposition of the natives, whether friendly or the -reverse. Having landed, they soon encountered one of the petty -chiefs--Richard Burke by name, familiarly known as the "Devil's Son." -This man, true to his character, robbed and maltreated them. Immediately -after this a violent storm sprang up, which proved fatal to many of the -Spanish ships then off the Irish coast: the _Rata_ broke loose from her -anchors, and ran ashore; De Leyva and his men were only able to escape -with their lives, carrying with them their arms and any valuables they -could lay hold of. They set fire to the _Rata_; and perceiving hard by -an old castle, within it they took up their quarters. The "Devil's Son" -and his followers made their way to the wreck, plundering any of the -rich garments and stores which they could snatch from the flames. At -this juncture, _Bryan-na-Murtha O'Rourke_, Prince of Breffney, hearing -of the abject condition of the Spaniards, sent them immediate -assistance, and an invitation to their commander, De Leyva, to come to -his castle at Dromahair. There they were well entertained, comfortably -clothed, and provided with arms. This is referred to in the Irish _State -Papers_ thus: "Certain Spaniards being stript were relieved by Sir Brian -O'Rourke, apparelled, and new furnished with weapons." - -O'Rourke, whose power and popularity were very great, was a dangerous -foe to the Governor of Connaught, who was unable to make him pay the -"Queen's Rent." His action in harbouring and succouring the Spaniards, -and for a short space enlisting them in his service, had, as shall be -seen further on, important results in his approaching downfall. De Leyva -resolved, after some time, to quit the country, and to embark his men in -the other galleon, the _San Martin_, which had been able to hold out in -the offing. Having made sail, and on their way fallen in with the -_Girona_ and another ship--a galliass--they endeavoured to clear _Rossan_ -Point; but the sea being still very rough and the wind unpropitious, -they were obliged to make for Killybegs. Having reached the entrance to -that port, the two larger vessels went on the rocks, and became wrecks; -the galliass continued to float, though badly injured; the crews and -soldiers, numbering two thousand, were got ashore with their arms, but -no provisions were saved. - -The _State Papers_ [September, 1588] say that "John Festigan, who came -out of the barony of Carbrie [of which Streedagh strand forms a part], -saw _three great ships_ coming from the south-west, and bearing towards -O'Donnell's country, and took their course right to the harbour of -Killybegs, the next haven to Donegal." And in the examination of a -Spanish sailor named Macharg,[7] the following reference appears: "After -the fight in the narrow sea, she fell upon the coast of Ireland in a -haven called 'Erris St. Donnell,' where, at their coming in, they found -a great ship called the _Rata_, of 1,000 tons or more, in which was Don -Alonzo de Leyva. After she perished, Don Alonzo and all his company were -received into the hulk of _St. Anna_, with all the goods they had in the -ships of any value; as plate, apparel, money, jewels, and armour, -leaving behind them victual, ordnance, and much other stuff, which the -hulk was not able to carry away." It will be seen from the above that it -is stated that it was in the _St. Anna_ De Leyva embarked, after the -loss of his own vessel; but it would appear from "_La Felicissima -Armada_" that it was in the _San Martin_ they took ship, and afterward -removed to the _Duquesa Santa Anna_. - -The number of wrecks of the Spanish vessels on the Irish coast was -largely due to the insufficiency of their anchor-gear; and in -explanation of this, it may be observed that it was chiefly _hempen_ -cables which were then in use; and even in the largest vessels -substantial chain cables had not been adopted. - -It would seem that when De Leyva had reached "O'Donnell's country," he -found the _San Martin_ so much injured and in such a leaky condition, -that he abandoned her and placed his men and valuables in the _Duquesa -Santa Anna_, which, through the friendly aid of O'Neill and McSwine, he -was enabled to repair. After obtaining fresh stores of provisions from -the people of Tirconnell, De Leyva once more put to sea; but misfortune -still followed in his track, and the _Santa Anna_ ran on the rocks in -Glennageveny Bay, a few miles west of Inisowen Head. Still undaunted, De -Leyva, though now sorely wounded in escaping from the wreck, made -another effort. The _Girona_, which had also been patched up while at -Killybegs, lay at anchor in a creek in McSwine's territory, about twenty -miles distant from where he now was. In the _Girona_ he determined to -sail, and being unable to walk or ride had himself carried across -country, the remnant of his men following him--for many had been drowned. -Close to the shore, in sight of that relentless sea from which they had -already suffered so keenly, these belated men encamped for the space of -a week, using every effort to make the _Girona_--their last means of -escape--as tight and seaworthy as possible. They once more embarked, -hoping to be able at least to reach the coast of Scotland; but their -course was nearly run; and after a few days, while passing near to the -Giant's Causeway, they ran on a rock, and in a few minutes were dashed -to pieces. It is said every soul on board except five sailors--nobles, -mariners, soldiers, and slaves (who were kept as rowers)--were lost. The -actual spot of the wreck pointed to by tradition still bears the name of -"_Spaniard Rock_" the western head of Port-na-Spaniagh. - -[Illustration: - - WRECK OF A GALLEON AT PORT-NA-SPANIAGH, - NORTH COAST OF ANTRIM, SEPTEMBER, 1588. -] - -The _State Papers_ (Ireland, 1588) contain the following reference to -this event: "The Spanish ship [the _Girona_] which arrived in Tirconnell -with the McSweeny, was on Friday, the 18th of this present month [_Oct., -1588_], descried over against _Dunluce_, and by rough weather was -perished, so that there was driven to the land, being drowned, the -number of 260 persons, with certain butts of wine, which Sorely Boy -[MacDonnell] hath taken up for his use." There was another of the -Spanish ships wrecked near Dunluce, but the name of the vessel is -unknown. From this wreck the MacDonnells recovered three pieces of -cannon, which were subsequently claimed by Sir John Chichester for the -Government. These cannon were mounted on Dunluce Castle, and MacDonnell -refused to give them up. He had also rescued eleven sailors from this -wreck, as well as the five from the _Girona_. These he all took under -his protection, and eventually sent them over in a boat to Scotland, -from whence they made their way home. From the depositions of an Irish -sailor named _McGrath_, who was on board the _Girona_, it appears that -vessel went aground on a long, low reef of rock at the mouth of the -_Bush_ river, which reef was then known as the "Rock of Bunbois." - -Of the authentic relics of the Armada, those which have attracted most -attention, and been the subject of most controversy, are the iron -chests. That there are a greater number of these chests still preserved -in Ireland than could reasonably be assumed to have belonged to the -Spanish vessels which perished on the Irish coast, cannot be denied; -nevertheless, it is a mistake which some writers on the subject have -fallen into, in supposing that no such chests were in the Spanish -vessels, and that they are a mere popular fiction, as their introduction -into Ireland must have been at least a century later than the Armada -period. The writer has been at pains to obtain from the most trustworthy -sources, both in this country and in England, all the information -possible, and the result is here summarized. Having examined specimens -of these treasure-chests in South Kensington and elsewhere, belonging to -the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, from the earliest chest downwards, -the same features are apparent in their construction and ornamentation. -They were by no means peculiar to Spain, but were the typical and -recognised receptacles for valuables all over the Continent of Europe -for many centuries.[8] In Ireland these chests were in use in the time -of the O'Donnells, and were doubtless brought over in the vessels which -were frequently trading between the ports of Tirconnell and the Brabant -Marts. Within the past half-century, while some clay was being turned up -and removed from the precincts of _O'Clery's Castle_, at Kilbarron, near -Ballyshannon, the lid of one was discovered with the intricate system of -bolts and levers attached. This is now in the custody of the writer, -having been kindly lent to him by the owner, General Tredennick, -Woodhill, Ardara. When brought to light, it was supposed to have been -the lock of the chief entrance to O'Clery's stronghold, and continued to -be so regarded till identified by the writer as a portion of a -fifteenth-century coffer. This discovery proves beyond question that -these chests _were_ in use in Ireland, whether brought over in Spanish -or other vessels, at a much earlier date than some have supposed. The -lid found at O'Clery's Castle, it is reasonable to infer, belonged to a -chest which was used by the historians of Tirconnell for the safe -keeping of their valuable manuscripts and other articles; and, looking -to the fact that their house and property were confiscated within a -period of twenty years or so after the Spanish wrecks, and that -Kilbarron was then plundered and dismantled, there can be no doubt that -the chest in question belonged to the period when the O'Clerys -flourished in their rock-bound fortress. The lid itself offers a curious -bit of evidence of its past history: a portion of one of the hinges -remains attached, showing that it had been wrenched off with violence, -and that the chest to which it belonged had been forced by some -plundering enemy who had not possession of the master-key, which -actuated all the bolts of the lock. A similar lid was found in the ruins -of O'Donnell's Castle at Donegal, and is still in existence in this -neighbourhood. - -[Illustration: A SPANISH TREASURE-CHEST.] - -There is in the possession of W. E. Kelly, Esq., St. Helen's, Westport, -Co. Mayo (to whom the writer is indebted for the information), a very -interesting treasure-chest, which bears satisfactory evidence of having -been recovered from one of the Armada ships wrecked on that coast in -1588. After "the flight of the Earls," a branch of the O'Donnells -migrated from Tirconnell to _Newport_, Co. Mayo, and one of the -family--Conel O'Donnell, brother of Sir Neal O'Donnell--obtained from a -peasant, who lived on the sea-shore at Clew Bay, the chest in question. -No particulars are forthcoming as to the exact spot where the peasant -found it; but it bears evidence, from its corrosion, of having been -subjected to the prolonged action of sea water, and it is not unlikely -that this relic was on board the _Rata_, which De Leyva set fire to in -Blacksod Bay. The size of the chest is 2 ft. 10½ ins. long, 1 ft. 9 -ins. wide, and 1 ft. 7½ ins. high. - -In the Armada Exhibition, at Drury Lane, held October, 1888, the -following amongst other relics were shown: - -"No. 240.--Spanish treasure-chest, with two keys; the larger key is -emblematical, the bow being the ecclesiastical A.N., the wards being -'chevron' and 'cross.' Inside of chest has engraved face-plate to lock, -perforated with _Spanish eagles_ for design. - -"No. 241.--Spanish treasure-chest, believed to have come out of the -_Santa Anna_, etc. - -"No. 242.--Iron chest from Armada. This chest is of most remarkable -construction: there is an apparent keyhole, but the real one is -concealed in the lid, which is one large lock, the lock-plate of which -is of very fine workmanship of polished iron. - -"No. 243.--Iron treasure-chest, taken from the Spanish war-ship during -the fight with the Armada. - -"Spanish matchlock, taken from a Spaniard on the coast of Ireland. - -"Spear head, from one of the Armada ships, wrecked off the coast of -Donegal. - -"A spoon of curious floral design, found on the shore close to Dunluce -Castle, about 90 years ago [supposed to be from the wreck of the -_Girona_.]"[9] - -Turning to Cuellar's narrative, in speaking of the wrecks at Streedagh, -Co. Sligo, of which he was an eye-witness, the following occurs:[10] -"And then [the Irish] betook themselves to the shore to plunder and -break open _money chests_." These are called in Spanish _Arcas_, _i.e._, -iron chests with flat lids to hold money, etc. - -In the _State Papers_ (Ireland, 1588) several references to money chests -in the Spanish ships appear. "Plate and ducats" are spoken of as being -"rifled out of their chests." At 2nd Aug., 1588 [examination of Spanish -prisoners], from the "_Nuestra Señora del Rosario_," "a _chest of the -King's_ was taken wherein was 52,000 ducats, of which chest Don Pedro de -Valdez had one key and the King's treasurer or the Duke another. Besides -[it is added], many of the gentlemen had good store of money aboard the -said ship; also, there was wrought plate and a great store of precious -jewels and rich apparel." - -In _State Papers_ [4th and 5th August, 1588], in describing the capture -of a Spanish "_Carrack_"--the _San Salvador_--it is said: "This very night -some inkling came unto us that _a chest_ of great weight should be found -in the fore-peak of the ship," etc. These and many other references to -both treasure and treasure-chests, taken from contemporary sources, show -that the Spanish treasure-chests _are not_ mythical, but formed a -necessary part of the outfit of an expedition, on which those who had -entered had staked all their riches and had brought their valuables with -them. A fine specimen of the treasure-chest is in the possession of -Major Hamilton, Brownhall. It has been in his family for such a period -that its history is lost. The ornamental open-work of polished steel, -which covers the inside of lid, is a very fine specimen of mediæval iron -work. - -In Western Tirconnell is a cluster of islands which, collectively, are -called _The Rosses_. About four and a half miles north-west of -Mullaghderg are the "Spanish Stags" or "Enchanted Ships." On this wild -and rocky coast, abounding in shoals and sunken rocks, one of the -Spanish ships was cast away. Here lies buried in the sand the remains of -one of them. A little more than a century ago, an expedition of young -men, whose imagination was heated by the traditional accounts of buried -treasure, set out in a boat to the Spanish rock, and being good divers -and expert swimmers, they succeeded in reaching the wreck. They got on -the upper deck, and were able by great effort and perseverance to -recover a quantity of lead: they raised a number of brass guns, some of -which were 10 feet long. These were broken up and sold as scrap metal at -4½d. per lb. The iron guns, of which they found a number, were left -in the water. This vessel, tradition says, was a treasure ship; at all -events, a number of Spanish gold coins were found, and were in existence -some years ago. The brass cannon which were found bore the Spanish arms. -It is said some of the Spaniards from this vessel escaped to land, and -spent the rest of their lives amongst the Irish in The Rosses. - -[Illustration: Anchor recovered from the wreck of one of the -SHIPS of the SPANISH.ARMADA off the coast of DONEGAL. - -Presented by Cap'n Omma.] - -In the spring of 1895, an attempt was made to search for the remains of -this ship. A small steamer, called the _Harbour Lights_, visited the -spot, and remained for a fortnight, but without being able to accomplish -anything. Owing to the accumulation of sand, which now covers the wreck, -there are great obstacles in the way of reaching it. At about a distance -of two miles to the south of the "Spanish Rock" another vessel was -wrecked, in the Bay of Castlefort, inside of the North Island of Aran. -In 1853, the coastguards at Rutland, under the superintendence of their -chief officer, Mr. Richard Heard, and at the instance of Admiral Sir -Erasmus Ommanney, C.B., who was on a tour of inspection in that year, -had their attention directed to the wreck. The search was rewarded by -the recovery of a fine anchor, which was forthwith transmitted to -London, and presented by the Admiral to the United Service Institution, -Whitehall Place. Through the kindness of Sir Erasmus Ommanney, an -engraving[11] of this interesting relic is presented, and the writer is -also indebted to him for the particulars of the discovery of the anchor. -A portion of one of the brass cannon recovered from the _Girona_ was in -Castlecaldwell Museum, till the collection was disposed of. The fine -figurehead of one of the ships wrecked off Streedagh, which is shown on -the first page, is the only existing specimen in Ireland. In the Parish -Church of Carndonagh is a bell, which tradition says was recovered from -an Armada vessel wrecked at Inishowen. It bears the following legend: -"Sancta: Maria: Ora: Pro: Nobis Ricardus Pottar [his sign or trade mark] -De Vruain Me Fecit Alla [Allelujah]." - -The following are the names of the Spanish vessels lost on the coasts of -Ulster and Connacht, so far as they are known (several nameless vessels -were also cast away): - - _Duquesa Santa Anna_ 900 tons. - _The Rata_ 820 " - _The San Martin_ -- - _El Gran Grifon, Capitana_ 650 " - _The Girona_ -- - _The San Juan_ 530 " - _La Trinidad Valencera_ 1,100 " - -In the valuable work, entitled "State Papers relating to the Defeat of -the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588," by Professor Laughton (Navy Records -Society)--a work which throws much light on the history of the period, -and should be studied in connection with Captain Duro's book--the -following remarks are made as to the cause of the loss of so many -Spanish vessels: "The Spanish ships were lost partly from bad pilotage, -partly from bad seamanship, but chiefly because they were leaking like -sieves, had no anchors, their masts and rigging shattered, their water -casks smashed." - -The actual numbers when the fleet sailed from the Tagus on the 20th May -were: 130 ships, 57,868 tons, 2,431 guns, 8,050 seamen, 18,973 soldiers, -1,382 volunteers, 2,088 slaves (as rowers). - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Amongst those drowned at the wrecks on Streedagh were the following -Irishmen: Brian Mac-in-Persium, Andrew Mac-in-Persium, and Cormac -O'Larit, all of whom had shipped as sailors in the Spanish vessels. - -[2] See Translator's Preface for the sense in which the word "north" is -used in Spanish. - -[3] See O'Donovan's Letters (Sligo, R.I.A.) - -[4] _Santiago_, the Patron Saint of Spain; hence it became the war-cry -or watchword when going to battle. - -[5] Sir Owen O'Gallagher was O'Donnell's Marshal, and lived in the -Castle of Ballyshannon at this period. - -[6] Sir R. Bingham to Walsyngham, Oct. 1st, 1588. - -[7] Duro, p. 98; 25, i. - -[8] Chests of the same type, called _Arca_, were discovered in the -excavations at Pompeii, where they were used for keeping the public -money. - -[9] From the Official Catalogue of Tercentenary Exhibition of Spanish -Armada. - -[10] See Mr. Crawford's translation and relative note, Part II. - -[11] From a photograph kindly taken by T. B. M'Dowell, Esq., London. - - - - - PART II. - - - - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _NARRATIVE_ - - OF - - _THE SPANISH ARMADA_ - - AND OF - - _His Wanderings and Adventures in Ireland_. - - (_Dated October 4th, 1589_). - - - TRANSLATED BY - - ROBERT CRAWFORD, M.A., M.R.I.A., &c., - - _From the Spanish Text_, - - AS GIVEN IN - - "_LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE_," - - BY CAPTAIN CESAREO FERNANDEZ DURO, - - _Published in Madrid, 1884-5_. - - - - - _Translator's Preface._ - - -Shortly after the publication in Madrid of the second volume of Captain -Duro's book--"_La Armada Invencible_"--the Earl of Ducie drew special -attention to it in an article which appeared in the number of the -_Nineteenth Century_ for September, 1885. - -Subsequently Mr. Froude took up the subject, and discoursed upon it in -_Longman's Magazine_ for September, October, and November, 1891, giving -a general sketch of the salient features of the ill-fated expedition -from the Spanish point of view, as disclosed in the pages of the book in -question. - -These glowing pictures aroused much public interest at the time; but -they were especially attractive to those persons who happened to combine -the conditions of possessing antiquarian tastes, and living near the -localities brought into prominence by the recital of the great disasters -which befel the "Invincible Armada." - -Of all the exciting scenes in that eventful episode in our history, none -was more tragic than the wreck of three of the largest of the Spanish -ships, which took place, simultaneously, in the bay of Donegal, on the -north-west coast of Ireland, in September, 1588. - -The fact that in Captain Duro's book there appeared a hitherto -unpublished narrative of the event, written at the time by Don Francisco -Cuellar, one of the survivors of the catastrophe, and giving a minute -account of his wanderings and adventures in the country where he was -cast away, contributed to increase the local interest in the matter. - -Mr. Hugh Allingham at once began a series of exhaustive investigations -in relation to Cuellar's descriptions, the results of which he -subsequently placed before the public in the pages of the _Ulster -Journal of Archæology_, April, 1895. - -It was solely with the object of assisting him in the researches he then -undertook that this translation was prepared, and there was no intention -at the time of any future publication of it. - -It was a matter of importance to facilitate the process of -identification as regards the various localities referred to, as well as -to avoid the danger of misinterpreting the writer's meaning when dealing -with obscure passages; conditions requiring the translation to be as -literal as possible, and leaving the translator with but little freedom -in treating a language that at best does not lend itself easily to -reproduction in the English idiom. - -These facts are mentioned to account for the style in which it has been -prepared, as it has no pretensions to merit, except in so far as care -has been taken to follow closely the wording of the original Spanish. - -As Mr. Allingham is now about to publish a new edition of his "Spanish -Armada in Ulster and Connacht," it has been considered desirable that -this translation should be added to it _in extenso_ for the convenience -of reference. I have, therefore, gone carefully over it again, comparing -it with the Spanish text, and have made some slight alterations of an -occasional word or phrase in it to make the matter more explicit. - -This will explain why in some of Mr. Allingham's quotations from the -original translation, as given in the first edition of his paper on this -subject, a word here and there may be found to differ from those -contained in the present version; but the change does not affect the -sense or meaning of any passage, with, I think, a couple of exceptions. - -The first of these relates to where Cuellar describes the English as -going about searching "for us who had escaped [from the perils of the -sea. All the monks had fled] to the woods," etc. The part within the -brackets was left out in the original translation by the accidental -omission of a line in copying the rough draft; and, as the mutilated -sentence still made sense, the omission was not detected at the time. - -The other is the only really important change, and I will now proceed to -deal with it. - -The Spanish words are: "_Hacienda Norte de las montañas_," which I -originally translated as "making for the north of the mountains"; but -now prefer to render by the alternative reading: "_Making for the -direction of the mountains_." - -I will first show that this latter translation is also perfectly -correct, and that I am justified in adopting it, and then explain my -reason for doing so. - -In Spanish dictionaries generally the meaning of _Norte_ is given, -primarily, as North, signifying either the Arctic pole, the northern -part of the sphere, the polar star, the north wind, etc.; but it is also -used in another and metaphorical sense. - -In the best authority we have on such matters--the Dictionary of the -Spanish Academy--we find that _Norte_ also means _direction_, guide, "the -allusion being taken from the North Star, by which navigators guide -themselves with the direction of the nautical needle" [or mariner's -compass]. With such an authority to support me, I think it can scarcely -be disputed that the alternative translation, which I recommend, is a -fair one. - -I will now explain why I prefer it to my first reading of the passage. -Cuellar's statement leaves no room for doubt that it was to O'Rourke's -country, lying along and to the south of the Leitrim range of mountains, -he was bound; while Mr. Allingham's investigations make it equally -certain, in my opinion, that Glenade was the particular place Cuellar -came to, as described in his account of his wanderings. - -Now, as Glenade is among the Leitrim mountains, not on their northern -side--along which, in the first instance, I had supposed Cuellar's route -to lie--it became necessary for me to re-examine my position and make -sure whether the Spanish text required a rigid adherence to my first -translation, or might admit of some alternative reading that would -account for the apparent discrepancy. - -The result was, as already explained, that the pages of the dictionary -disclosed a perfectly easy and admissible treatment of the passage in -question, that solved the difficulty without the necessity of resorting -to any postulates, or putting a forced or novel interpretation upon the -words. - -Here, perhaps, I should refer to the fact that two other translators of -Cuellar's narrative--Professor O'Reilly in the _Proceedings of the Royal -Irish Academy_, December, 1893, and Mr. Sedgwick in a small volume -recently published by Mr. Elkin Mathews, of Vigo Street, London--give -this passage a very different meaning to that which I attach to it, -while they agree tolerably closely with each other. - -Professor O'Reilly omits all mention of the mountains, and translates -only the rest of the sentence, as: "_Taking the northerly direction -pointed out by the boy_"; while Mr. Sedgwick puts it in this form: -"_Striking north for the mountains_ the boy had pointed out." - -This latter reading gives the preposition (_de_) exactly the opposite -signification to that which it usually bears. - -But, apart from this, there is another and, I think, a fatal objection -to the two foregoing translations of the phrase. - -Both agree that the boy told Cuellar to go _straight on_ to mountains, -_pointed out_ by him, as the place behind which O'Rourke lived. If so, -these mountains could not have been situated to the north of where he -was at the time, as to go from thence in anything like a northerly -direction would have brought him at once into the sea, which lay to the -north of him, and extended for several miles farther eastwards. - -That this fact must have been apparent to both Cuellar and his guide as -they went along will be recognised by those who are acquainted with the -locality, which everywhere looks down upon the ocean. - -There is another rather important point upon which I differ from the two -gentlemen already named, who here again agree closely with each other. -It relates to the position of the village in which MacClancy's retainers -lived. Cuellar says it was established upon "_tierra firme_," which one -translates as _firm_, the other as _solid_, ground. To me the context -appears to indicate clearly that the expression was intended to bear its -ordinary idiomatic interpretation of _mainland_ in contradistinction to -the position of the castle itself, which we are told was built in the -lake. - -There are several other expressions about the meaning of which we -differ; but I will only refer to some of them, that are of sufficient -importance, either directly or indirectly, to make it desirable that -Cuellar's statement concerning them should be correctly given. I do not -refer to them in any spirit of adverse criticism, but in the interests -of accuracy, as regards details, in the description of an important -historical event. - -Both parties translate _montes_ as _mountains_. This, I think, is a -mistake: it should be _woods_. Cuellar repeatedly uses the correct word, -_montañas_, to express mountains; so that when we find him writing -_montes_, the natural inference is that he was referring to something of -a different nature; besides, _montes_ is frequently made use of in -Spanish to denote woods. - -Professor O'Reilly translates _manta_ as _cloak_ throughout; while Mr. -Sedgwick also does so the first time he meets with it, but calls it -_blanket_ always afterwards. _Manta_ means a blanket, but _manto_ is a -mantle, veil, or cloak; and the error alluded to is due, no doubt, to -the similarity of the two words. - -Again, both gentlemen translate _un trompeta_ as a _trumpet_: it should -be a _trumpeter_. The cause of the mistake here lies in overlooking the -nature of the article made use of. _Trompeta_ is both a masculine and -feminine noun. The former signifies the man who blows a trumpet, and the -latter is the instrument itself. In the present instance, the article -(_un_) being masculine, shows that the word is used in its masculine -sense, and therefore means a _trumpeter_. - -I will now briefly refer to a few cases of the two translators -separately, taking Professor O'Reilly first. - -_Galleon_ and _galley_ do not translate each other, but refer to very -different classes of ships. - -Cuellar did not remain on board _his own ship_ after he had been -sentenced to death and reprieved, but was detained on the ship of the -Judge Advocate, in which he was subsequently wrecked. The number of dead -bodies lying on the shore where he was cast away is given by Cuellar as -more than 600, not as more than 800. - -"_Casiñas de paja_" means, I think, that the huts were not merely -thatched with straw, but composed of it altogether. This appears to be -clear from the fact that Cuellar uses another expression--"_Casas -pajizas_"--when he wished to describe the thatched houses in Ocan's -village. - -Referring to the ship that Cuellar's companions--who outstripped -him--embarked upon, and in the wreck of which they were subsequently -lost, Professor O'Reilly says she "_drifted there by good luck_" (_con -gran fortuna_). I think this is not the true meaning of the passage, but -that the ship was driven in "_by a great tempest_" or storm; for he goes -on to say that her main-mast and rigging were much injured. It should be -borne in mind that _fortuna_ means a storm or tempest, as well as -fortune or luck. - -Turning now to Mr. Sedgwick's translation, he gives _Ancients_ as the -English equivalent for _Alférez_, which is probably some curious -misprint; for the ordinary meaning of the word is _ensign_. - -Again, _Sierra_ does not mean a "peak," but a mountain ridge or range. - -_Pelotes_ is given as _goat-skin_: it should be goat's _hair_. - -"_Y pues el salvaje sentia tanto desmamparar su castillo_" is -translated: "And since the savage had _resolved_ to abandon his castle." -This should be: "Besides [or since] the savage _regretted so much_ to -abandon his castle." - -Here it may be remarked that Cuellar always calls the natives of Ireland -savages, which seems very ungrateful on his part, as many of them showed -him great kindness. It would have been pleasanter for a translator at -the present day to have softened the harsher expression by substituting -_native_ for it, as Professor O'Reilly has done; but it appears to me -that this does not convey the correct meaning of what Cuellar had in -view when he used the word _salvaje_. - -Referring to MacClancy's Castle, Cuellar says: "_Por lo qual no se puede -ganar este castillo por agua, ni por la banda de tierra que esta mas -cerca de el._" Mr. Sedgwick translates it thus: "For this reason the -castle is safe from attack, and is inaccessible both by water and by the -strip of _land that runs up to it_." This would look as if the castle -stood upon a promontory of the mainland, instead of being built in the -lake, as Cuellar, at the beginning of the same paragraph, tells us it -was. - -I think the true meaning of the passage is this: "For which reason the -castle could not be taken by water nor by the shore of the land that is -nearest to it." - -To conclude: there appears to be an important error in Mr. Sedgwick's -translation, beginning with the title, and repeated in the first and -last sentences of this book, besides occurring several times throughout -its pages. I refer to the statement that Cuellar's letter was written to -King Philip II., and to the constant use of the expression "Your -Majesty" to the person he was addressing. - -I cannot find the slightest evidence in support of this assumption: on -the contrary, everything in the letter would seem to contradict it. It -is written in a familiar, chatty style, as to a person with whom the -writer was on fairly familiar terms, and was certainly not such as a -captain in the Spanish navy would address to his Sovereign. - -The error must, I think, have arisen from some misconception as to the -meaning of the abbreviations made use of in Spanish epistolary -correspondence. - -In twelve instances I find that Mr. Sedgwick has apparently mistaken the -initials V.m. (a capital V followed by a small m), which stand for -_Vuestra merced_--the usual form in which untitled persons addressed each -other--for V.M. (where both letters are capitals), meaning _Vuestra -Majestad_ (Your Majesty). Once (on page 12) he gives a similar rendering -of the letters S.M., which stand for _Su Majestad_ (His Majesty), -although on page 104 he translates the same initials correctly. On page -98 he uses the same formula (Your Majesty) to represent the expression -_La Majestad_ (The Majesty), and on page 102 he makes it do duty for the -whole expression "_La Majestad del rey nuestro Señor_" (the majesty of -the King, our Lord). - - ROBERT CRAWFORD. - - STONEWOLD, BALLYSHANNON, - _March_ 29_th_, 1897. - - - - - _Translation of_ - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _Narrative of the Spanish Armada_. - - _Letter of One who was with the Armada of [for] England, - and an Account of the Expedition._ - - -I believe that you[12](1) will be astonished at seeing this letter on -account of the slight certainty that could have existed as as to my -being alive. That you(12)(2) may be quite sure of this I write it [the -letter], and at some length, for which there is sufficient reason in the -great hardships and misfortunes I have passed through since the Armada -sailed from Lisbon for England, from which our Lord, in His infinite -good pleasure, delivered me. - -As I have not had an opportunity to write to you(12)(3) for more than a -year, I have not done so until now that God has brought me to these -States of Flanders, where I arrived twelve days ago with the Spaniards -who escaped from the ships that were lost in Ireland, Scotland, and -Shetland, which were more than twenty of the largest in the Armada. - -In them came a great force of picked infantry, many captains, -ensigns,[13] camp-masters,[14] and other war officials, besides several -gentlemen and scions[15] of nobility, out of all of whom, being more -than two hundred, not five survived; because some of them were drowned, -and those who reached the shore by swimming were cut in pieces by the -English, whom the Queen keeps quartered in the Kingdom of Ireland. - -I escaped from the sea and from these enemies by having commended myself -very earnestly to our Lord, and to the Most Holy Virgin, His Mother; and -with me three hundred and odd soldiers, who also knew how to save -themselves and to swim to shore. With them I experienced great -misfortunes: naked and shoe-less all the winter: passing more than seven -months among mountains and woods with savages, which they all are in -those parts of Ireland where we were shipwrecked. - -I think it is not right for me to omit to narrate to you, or to keep -back, the injuries and the great insults[16] that it was sought to -inflict upon me, so wrongfully, and without my having committed the -fault of neglecting to do my duty, from which our Lord delivered me. - -Having been condemned to death, as you will have known, and so -ignominiously, and seeing the severity with which the order for -execution was given, I demanded, with much spirit and anger, why they -inflicted upon me so great an insult and dishonour, I having served the -King as a good soldier and loyal subject of his on all occasions and in -the encounters which we had with the fleet of the enemy, from which the -galleon I commanded always came out of action very badly injured, and -with many people killed and wounded. - -In it (my demand) I requested that a copy of the order should be given -me, and that a judicial inquiry should be made of the three hundred and -fifty men who were on board the galleon, and if any one of them -considered me to blame they might quarter me. - -They did not wish to listen to me, nor to many gentlemen who interceded -on my behalf, replying that the Duke was then in retirement, and very -morose, and unwilling that any one should speak with him; because, in -addition to the miserable success which he always had with the enemy, on -the day of my trouble he was informed that the two galleons--_San Mateo_ -and _San Felipe_--of those from Portugal, in which were the two -camp-masters,[17] Don Francisco de Toledo, brother of the Count of -Orgaz, and Don Diego Pimentel, brother of the Marquis de Távara, were -lost in the sea, and most of those they carried were cut to pieces and -dead. - -On this account the Duke kept to his cabin, and the councillors, to make -up for his perversity,[18] did wrongs, right and left, on the lives and -reputations of blameless persons; and this is so public that every one -knows it. - -The galleon _San Pedro_, in which I sailed, received much injury from -many heavy cannon balls, which the enemy lodged in her in various parts; -and although they were repaired as well as was possible at the time, -there were still some hidden shot-holes through which much water -entered. - -After the fierce engagement we had off Calais on the 8th of August, -continuing from the morning till seven o'clock in the evening--which was -the last of all--our Armada being in the act of retiring--oh! I don't know -how I can say it--the fleet of our enemy followed behind to drive us from -their country; and when it was accomplished, and everything was safe, -which was on the 10th of the same [month], seeing that the enemy had -stopped [ceased to follow], some of the ships of our Armada trimmed up -and repaired their damages. - -On this day, for my great sins, I was resting for a little, as for ten -days I had not slept nor ceased to assist at whatever was necessary for -me,--a pilot [mate], a bad man whom I had, without saying anything to me, -made sail and passed out in advance of the admiral's ship for about two -miles, as other ships had done, in order to effect repairs. - -When about to lower sails, to see where the galleon was leaking, a -tender came alongside and summoned me, on the part of the Duke, to go on -board the admiral's ship. I proceeded thither; but before I reached her, -orders were given in another ship that I and another gentleman, who was -named Don Cristobal de Avila, who went as captain of a store-ship--which -was far ahead of my galleon--should be put to death in a most ignominious -manner. - -When I heard of this severity, I thought I should have burst with -passion, saying that all should bear me witness of the great wrong done -to me, I having served so well, as could be seen by written document. - -The Duke heard nothing of all this, because, as I say, he was in -retirement. Señor Don Francisco Bovadilla alone was he who ordered and -countermanded in the Armada; and by him, and others, whose evil deeds -are well known, all was managed. - -He ordered me to be taken to the ship of the Judge[19] Advocate General, -that his advice should be carried out on me. I went there; and although -he was severe, the Judge Advocate--Martin de Aranda, for so they called -him--heard me, and obtained confidential information concerning me. He -discovered that I had served His Majesty as a good soldier, for which -reason he did not venture to carry out on me the order that had been -given him. He wrote to the Duke about it, that if he did not order him -in writing, and signed by his own hand, he would not execute that order, -because he saw that I was not in fault, nor was there cause for it. - -Accompanying it, I wrote a letter to the Duke of such a nature that it -made him consider the affair carefully, and he replied to the Judge -Advocate that he should not execute the order upon me, but on Don -Cristobal, whom they hanged with great cruelty and ignominy, being a -gentleman and well known. - -God was pleased to deliver me because I was not in fault, which you will -be able to know well, or will have known from many persons who saw it -[eye-witnesses]. - -The said Judge Advocate was always very courteous to me, because of the -great respect he had for those who were in the right. - -I remained in his ship, in which we were in imminent danger of death, -because she opened so much with a storm which sprang up that she -continually filled with water, and we could not dry her out with the -pumps. We had neither remedy nor succour, except it was from God; for -the Duke still did not appear, and all the Armada proceeded, scattered -in such manner by the storm that some ships went to Germany, others -drove on the islands of Holland and Zealand into the enemies' hands, -others went to Shetland, others to Scotland, where they were lost and -burned. More than twenty were lost in the Kingdom of Ireland, with all -the chivalry and flower of the Armada. - -As I have said, the ship I sailed in was from the Levant, to which were -attached two others, very large, to afford us aid if they could. - -In these came Don Diego Enriquez, "the hunchback," as camp-master; and -not being able to weather [round or double] Cape Clear (?), in Ireland, -on account of the severe storm which arose upon the bow, he was forced -to make for the land with these three ships, which, as I say, were of -the largest size, and to anchor more than half a league from the shore, -where we remained for four days without being able to make any -provision, nor could it even be made. - -On the fifth [day] there sprang up so great a storm on our beam, with a -sea up to the heavens, so that the cables could not hold nor the sails -serve us, and we were driven ashore with all three ships upon a beach, -covered with very fine sand, shut in on one side and the other by great -rocks. - -Such a thing was never seen: for within the space of an hour all three -ships were broken in pieces, so that there did not escape three hundred -men, and more than one thousand were drowned, among them many persons of -importance--captains, gentlemen, and other officials. - -Don Diego Enriquez died there one of the saddest deaths that has ever -been seen in the world. - -In consequence of fearing the very heavy sea that was washing over the -highest part of the wrecks, he took his ship's boat that was decked, and -he and the son of the Count of Villa Franca and two other Portuguese -gentlemen, with more than sixteen thousand ducats, in jewels and -crown-pieces, placed themselves under the deck of the said boat, and -gave the order to close and caulk the hatchway by which they had -entered. - -Thereupon more than seventy men, who had remained alive, jumped from the -ship to the boat, and while she was making for the land so great a wave -washed over her that she sank, and all on deck were swept away. - -Then she drifted along, rolling over in different directions with the -waves, until she went ashore, where she settled wrong side up, and by -these mischances the gentlemen who had placed themselves under the deck -died within. - -More than a day and a half after she had grounded, some savages arrived, -who turned her up for the purpose of extracting nails or pieces of iron; -and, breaking through the deck, they drew out the dead men. - -Don Diego Enriquez expired in their hands, and they stripped him, and -took away the jewels and money which they (the dead men) had, casting -the bodies aside without burying them. - -And because it is a wonderful occurrence, and true without doubt (of a -certainty), I have wished to narrate it to you in order that it may be -known there (on your side) the manner in which this gentleman died. - -And as it would not be right to omit to mention my own good fortune, and -how I got to land, I say that I placed myself on the top of the poop of -my ship, after having commended myself to God and to Our Lady, and from -thence I gazed at the terrible spectacle. Many were drowning within the -ships; others, casting themselves into the water, sank to the bottom -without returning to the surface; others on rafts and barrels, and -gentlemen on pieces of timber; others cried aloud in the ships, calling -upon God; captains threw their chains and crown-pieces into the sea; the -waves swept others away, washing them out of the ships. - -While I was regarding this solemn[20] scene, I did not know what to do, -nor what means to adopt, as I did not know how to swim, and the waves -and storm were very great; and, on the other hand, the land and the -shore were full of enemies, who went about jumping and dancing with -delight at our misfortunes; and when any one of our people reached the -beach, two hundred savages and other enemies fell upon him and stripped -him of what he had on until he was left in his naked skin. Such they -maltreated and wounded without pity, all of which was plainly visible -from the battered ships, and it did not seem to me that there was -anything good happening on any side. - -I went to the Judge Advocate--God pardon him!--he was very sorrowful and -depressed, and I said to him that he should make some provision for -saving his life before the ship went to pieces, as she could not last -for half a quarter of an hour longer; nor did she last it. - -Most of her complement of men and all the captains and officers were -already drowned and dead when I determined to seek means of safety for -my life, and placed myself upon a piece of the ship that had been broken -off, and the Judge Advocate followed me, loaded with crown-pieces, which -he carried stitched up in his waistcoat and trousers. - -There was no way to detach the portion of wreck from the ship's side, as -it was held fast by some heavy iron chains, and the sea and the pieces -of timber floating about loose struck it, nearly killing us. - -I managed to find another resource, which was to take the cover of a -hatchway, about as large as a good-sized table, that by chance the mercy -of God brought to my hand. When I tried to place myself upon it, it sank -with me to a depth of six times my height below the surface, and I -swallowed so much water that I was nearly drowned. - -When I came up again, I called to the Judge Advocate, and I managed to -get him upon the hatchway cover with myself. In the act of casting-off -from the ship, there came a huge wave, breaking over us in such a manner -that the Judge Advocate was unable to resist it, and the wave bore him -away and drowned him, crying out and calling upon God while drowning. - -I could not aid him, as the hatchway cover, being without weight at one -end, began to turn over with me, and at that moment a piece of timber -crushed my legs. - -With great exertion, I righted myself upon my supporting timber; and, -supplicating Our Lady of Ontañar, there came four waves, one after the -other, and, without knowing how, or knowing how to swim, they cast me -upon the shore, where I emerged, unable to stand, all covered with -blood, and very much injured. - -The enemies and savages, who were on the beach stripping those who had -been able to reach it by swimming, did not touch me nor approach me, -seeing me, as I have said, with my legs and hands and my linen trousers -covered with blood. In this condition I proceeded, little by little, as -I could, meeting many Spaniards stripped to the skin, without any kind -of clothing whatsoever upon them, chattering with the cold, which was -severe, and thus I stopped for the night in a deserted place, and was -forced to lie down upon some rushes on the ground, with the great pain I -suffered in my leg. - -Presently a gentleman came up to me, a very nice young fellow, quite -naked, and he was so dazed that he could not speak, not even to tell me -who he was; and at that time, which would be about nine o'clock at -night, the wind was calm and the sea subsiding. I was then wet through -to the skin,[21] dying with pain and hunger, when there came up two -people--one of them armed, and the other with a large iron axe in his -hands--and upon reaching me and the other [man] who was with me, we -remained silent, as if we had not anything amiss [with us]. They were -sorry to see us; and without speaking a word to us, cut a quantity of -rushes and grass, covered us well, and then betook themselves to the -shore to plunder and break open[22] money-chests and whatever they might -find, at which work more than two thousand savages and Englishmen, who -were stationed in garrisons near there, took part. - -Managing to rest a little, I began to doze; and when fast asleep, at -about one o'clock in the night, I was disturbed by a great noise of men -on horseback--there were more than two hundred of them--who were going to -plunder and destroy the ships. I turned to call my companion, to see if -he slept, and found he was dead, which occasioned me great affliction -and grief. I got to know afterwards that he was a man of position. There -he lay on the ground with more than six hundred other dead bodies which -the sea cast up, and the crows and wolves[23] devoured them, without -there being any one to bury them: not even poor Don Diego Enriquez. - -At the dawn of day I began to walk, little by little, searching for a -monastery of monks, that I might repair[24] to it [or might recover in -it] as best I could, which I arrived at with much trouble and toil. I -found it deserted, and the church and images of the saints burned and -completely ruined, and twelve Spaniards hanging within the church by the -act of the Lutheran English, who went about searching for us to make an -end of all of us who had escaped [from the perils of the sea. All the -monks had fled] to the woods[25] for fear of the enemies, who would have -sacrificed them as well if they had caught them, as they were accustomed -to do, leaving neither place of worship nor hermitage standing; for they -had demolished them all, and made them drinking-places for cows and -swine. - -In order that you may occupy yourself somewhat after dinner, by way of -amusement, in reading this letter, which will almost appear as if taken -from some book of chivalry, I write it at such length, so that you may -imagine the risks and hardships that I have experienced. - -As I did not meet with any one at the said monastery, except the -Spaniards hanging within from the iron window gratings of the church, I -sallied forth speedily, and betook myself to a road which lay through a -great wood. When I had gone by it for the matter of a mile, I met with a -woman of more than eighty years of age, a rough savage, who was carrying -off five or six cows to hide them in that wood, so that the English who -had come to stop in her village might not take them. - -As she saw me, she stopped and recognised me, and said to me: "Thou -Spain." I said yes to her by signs, and that I had been shipwrecked. She -began to lament much and to weep, making me signs that I was near her -house, but not to go there, as there were numerous enemies in it, and -they had cut the heads off many Spaniards. All this was affliction and -hardship for me, as I travelled alone, and badly injured by a stick of -timber, which almost broke my legs in the water. - -At last, with the information of the old woman, I decided to go to the -shore, where the ships lay that were wrecked three days before, where -many parties of people went about carting away and removing to their -huts all our effects [spoils]. - -I did not venture to show myself, nor to approach them, in order that -they might not strip me of the poor linen garment I had on my back or -kill me, until I saw two poor Spanish soldiers approaching, stripped -naked as when they were born, crying out and calling upon God to help -them. - -The one bore a bad wound in the head, which they had given him when -stripping him. They came to me, as I called to them from where I was -concealed, and recounted to me the cruel deaths and punishments which -the English had inflicted upon more than one hundred Spaniards they had -taken. - -With this intelligence there was no lack of affliction; but God gave me -strength; and after I had commended myself to Him, and to His blessed -Mother, I said to those two soldiers: "Let us proceed to the ships where -these people are going about plundering, perhaps we shall find something -to eat or drink, for it is certain that I shall die of hunger." And -going in that direction, we began to see dead bodies, which was a great -grief and pity to see those whom the sea continued casting up. There -were stretched out upon that strand more than four hundred, among whom -we recognised some, and the poor Don Diego Enriquez, whom, with all my -sad plight, I did not wish to pass by without burying him in a pit, -which we made in the sand, at the water's edge. We laid him there along -with another very honourable captain, a great friend of mine, and we had -not quite finished burying them, when there came up to us two hundred -savages, to see what we were doing. We said to them, by signs, that we -were placing there those men who were our brothers, that the crows might -not eat them. - -Then we went off, and searched for something to eat along the shore--of -biscuits, which the sea was casting up--when four savages came up to me -to strip me of the clothing which I wore, and another was grieved and -took them away; seeing that, they began to maltreat me: and he may have -been a chief, for they respected him. - -This man, by the grace of God, assisted me and my two companions, and -brought us away from there, and remained a good while in our company, -until he put us on a road which led from the coast to a village where he -lived. There he told us to await him, and that he would return soon and -put us[26] on the way to a good place. - -Along with all this misery, that road was very stony, and I was unable -to move or go a step forward, because I went shoe-less, and dying with -pain in one of my legs, which was severely wounded. My poor companions -were naked and freezing with the cold, which was very great; and not -being able to exist nor assist me, they went on in front by the road, -and I remained there supplicating God's favour. - -He aided me, and I began to move along, little by little, and reached a -height, from whence I discovered some huts of straw;[27] and going -towards them by a valley, I entered a wood.[28] When I had gone a -distance of two shots of an arquebus in it, an old savage of more than -seventy years came out from behind the rocks, and two young men, with -their arms--one English, the other French--and a girl of the age of twenty -years, most beautiful[29] in the extreme, who were all going to the -shore to plunder. - -When they saw me pass among the trees, they changed their course towards -me, and the Englishman came up saying, "Yield, Spanish poltroon,"[30] -and made a slash at me with a knife, desiring to kill me. I warded off -the blow with a stick which I carried in my hand; but, in the end, he -got at me, and cut the sinew of my right leg. He wanted to repeat the -blow immediately, had not the savage come up with his daughter, who may -have been this Englishman's friend,[31] and I replied he might do what -he wished to me, for fortune had subdued me, and deprived me of my arms -in the sea. They took him away from me then, and the savage began to -strip me, to the taking off of my shirt, under which I wore a gold chain -of the value of rather more than a thousand dollars.[32] When they saw -it, they rejoiced greatly, and searched the jacket,[33] thread by -thread, in which I carried forty-five crown-pieces in gold, that the -Duke had ordered to be given to me at Corunna for two months' pay;[34] -and when the Englishman saw that I carried a chain and crown-pieces, he -wanted to take me prisoner, saying that he should be offered a ransom. I -replied that I had nothing to give; that I was a very poor soldier, and -had gained that, what they saw, in the ship. The girl lamented much to -see the bad treatment I received, and asked them to leave me the -clothes, and not to injure me any more. They all returned to the hut of -the savage, and I remained among those trees, bleeding from the wound -which the Englishman had inflicted upon me. I proceeded to put on again -my jacket and sack-coat; moreover, they had taken away my shirt, and -some relics of great value which I wore in a small garment [vestment], -of the Order of the Holy Trinity, that had been given to me at Lisbon. - -These the savage damsel took and hung them round her neck, making me a -sign that she wished to keep them, saying to me that she was a -Christian: which she was in like manner as Mahomet. - -From her hut they sent me a boy with a poultice made of herbs, to put -upon my wound, and butter and milk and a small piece of oaten bread to -eat. - -I applied the dressing and ate the food, and the boy went along the road -with me, showing me the direction I had to go, and advising me to avoid -a village which could be seen from thence, where they had killed many -Spaniards, and not one escaped that they could lay their hands upon. - -He [or the person] to do me this service was born a Frenchman, who had -been a soldier at Terceira, upon whom it pressed heavily to see such -injury done me. - -When the boy was about to turn back, he told me to continue travelling -_straight towards some mountains_ that appeared to be about six leagues -off, behind which there were good lands belonging to an important savage -very friendly to the King of Spain; and that he gave shelter to, and -treated well, all the Spaniards who went to him; and that he had in his -village more than eighty of those from the ships who reached there -naked. - -At this news I took some courage; and with my stick in hand, I began to -walk as best I could, making for the direction of the mountains [or for -the north of the mountains], as the boy had told me.[35] - -That night I reached some huts, where they did not do me harm, because -there was in them one who knew Latin; and in the necessity of the -circumstances, our Lord was pleased that we should understand one -another, talking Latin. I narrated to them my hardships. - -The Latin-speaking man sheltered me in his hut that night: he dressed my -wound, gave me supper, and a place where I might sleep upon some straw. -In the middle of the night his father arrived and his brothers, loaded -with plunder and our things, and it did not displease the old man that I -had been sheltered in his house and well treated. - -In the morning they gave me a horse and a boy to convey me over a mile -of bad road that there was, with mud up to the girths. Having passed it -by the distance of the shot of a cross-bow, we heard a very great noise, -and the boy said to me, by signs, "Save yourself, Spain" (for so they -call us); "many Sassana horsemen are coming this way, and they will make -bits of thee if thou doest not hide thyself: come this way quickly." -They call the English "Sassanas." He took me away to hide in some rugged -places among the rocks, where we were very well concealed. They would be -about one hundred and fifty horsemen going back to the coast to plunder -as many Spaniards as they found. - -God delivered me from them; and, proceeding on our way, there fell in -with me more than forty savages on foot, and they wished to make little -pieces of me because they were all Lutherans. They did not do it, as the -boy, who came with me, told them that his master had taken me prisoner, -and he had me in custody, and had sent me on that horse to be cured. -With all this, it did not suffice to obtain permission for me to pass in -peace; for two of those robbers came up to me and gave me six blows of a -stick, which bruised my shoulders and arms, and they stripped me of -everything that I wore, so as to leave me as naked as when I was born. I -speak the truth, by the holy baptism which I received. And seeing myself -in this condition, I gave many thanks to God, beseeching of His Divine -Majesty that He would fulfil His will on me, as that was what I desired. - -The boy of the savage wished to return to his hut with his horse, -weeping to see how I was left, stripped naked, so badly treated, and so -cold. - -I begged of God, very earnestly, that He would transport me to where I -should die confessed and in His grace. I took some courage, being in the -greatest extremity of misfortune that man ever saw, and with some -bracken leaves and a small piece of old matting which I wrapped around -my body, I protected myself from the cold as best I could. - -I continued travelling, little by little, towards the place that had -been pointed out to me, searching for the territory of the chief who had -protected the Spaniards; and, reaching the mountain range that they gave -me for direction, I met with a lake, around which there were about -thirty huts, all forsaken and unoccupied, and there I wished to pass the -night. - -Not having where to go, I sought out the best hut, which appeared to me -best to take shelter in for the night; and, as I say, they were -unoccupied and without people. On entering the door, I saw it was full -of sheaves of oats, which is the ordinary bread that those savages eat, -and I gave thanks to God that I was so well off as to have a place to -sleep on them; but just then I saw three men emerge from one side, naked -as when their mothers had brought them forth, and they stood up and -stared at me. They gave me a fright, for I thought they were, without -doubt, devils, and they understood no less that I might be so, swathed -in my ferns and matting. As I entered, they did not speak to me, because -they were quaking, nor, any more, did I to them, not having observed -them, the hut being somewhat dark. Seeing myself in this great -perplexity, I said: "Oh! Mother of God, be with me, and deliver me from -all evil." - -When they saw [? heard] me speaking Spanish, and calling upon the Mother -of God, they also said: "Let that great Lady be with us." - -Then I felt reassured, and went up to them, asking them if they were -Spaniards. - -Yes, we are, for our sins, they replied. Eleven of us were stripped -together at the shore, and in this naked state we came to seek some land -of Christians. On the way, there met us a party of enemies, who killed -eight of us, and the three who are here made our escape through a wood -so thick that they could not discover us. That evening, God provided us -with these huts, where we have rested, though there are no people in -them nor anything to eat. - -I said to them, then, to be of good courage, and to commend themselves -always to our Lord; that near to where we were there was a land of -friends and Christians; and that I brought word of a village, which was -three or four leagues distant, that belonged to Señor de Ruerque -[O'Rourke], where they had sheltered many of our lost Spaniards; and, -although I was very badly treated and wounded, on the morrow we should -proceed thither. - -The poor fellows rejoiced, and they asked me who I was. I told them I -was Captain Cuellar. They could not believe it, because they had felt -sure I was drowned; and they came up to me, and almost completely killed -me with embraces. - -One of them was an ensign, and the other two private soldiers. And as -the narrative is ludicrous, and true, as I am a Christian, I must -proceed to the end with it, in order that you may have something to -laugh at. - -I got into the straw, well buried in it, with care, not to injure nor -disturb its position; and, having arranged to rise in the morning for -our journey, we slept without supping, not having eaten anything but -blackberries and water-cresses. - -And when, in God's good time, day broke, I was wide awake with the great -pain I felt in my legs, I heard talking and the noise of people; and at -this juncture there came to the door a savage, with a halberd in his -hand, and he began to look at his oats and to talk to himself. - -I remained without breathing, and my companions, who had been aroused, -[were] watching the savage very attentively from under the straw, and -what he intended to do. - -It was the will of God that he went out and left, with many others who -had come along with him, to reap and work close to the huts in a place -where we could not go out without being seen. We remained quiet, buried -alive, discussing what it would suit us to do, and we decided not to -disinter ourselves, nor to move from that place while those heretic[36] -savages were there, who were from the place where so much evil was done -to the poor fellows of our Spaniards whom they caught; and they would -have done the same to us if they had perceived us there, where we had no -one to protect us but God. - -Thus passed the whole day; and then, when night came on, the traitors -departed to shelter themselves at their villages, while we awaited the -rising of the moon. - -Then wrapped up with straw and hay, for it was extremely cold, we -sallied forth from that great danger, in which we had been, without -waiting for the day. - -We went along, stumbling in the mud, and dying with hunger, thirst, and -pain, until God was pleased to bring us to a land of some safety, where -we found huts of better people, although all savages, but Christians and -charitable. One of them, seeing that I came so badly treated and -wounded, took me to his hut and dressed my wounds, he and his wife and -sons, and he did not permit me to depart till it appeared I should be -well able to reach the village I was bound for. In it I met with more -than seventy Spaniards, who all went about naked and severely -maltreated, because the chief was not there. - -He had gone to defend a territory which the English were coming to take; -and although this man is a savage, he is a very good Christian and an -enemy of heretics, always carrying on war with them. He is called Señor -de Ruerque [O'Rourke]. - -I arrived at his house with great exertion, enveloped in straw and -swathed around the body with a piece of matting, in such a plight that -no one could see me without being moved to great compassion. - -Some of the savages gave me a bad old blanket, full of vermin, with -which I covered myself, and somewhat improved matters. - -Early next day, about twenty of us Spaniards collected together at the -house of this Señor de Ruerque [O'Rourke], in order that they might give -us something to eat, for the love of God; and while we were there -begging, news was told us that a Spanish ship was at the coast, that she -was very large, and came for those Spaniards who had escaped. - -With this news, without waiting longer, the whole twenty of us left for -the direction where they told us the ship was, and we met with many -hindrances on the way; though, for me it was an advantage and a mercy -which God granted me that I did not arrive at the port where she was in -the same manner as the others who were with me reached it. They embarked -on board of her, as she belonged to the Armada, and had arrived there in -a great gale[37] with her main-mast and rigging much injured. Fearing -that the enemy might burn her or do her some other injury, for which -energetic preparations were being made, they set sail from thence in two -days with the crew that came in her and those they had picked up, -returning, to run aground and get wrecked, on the same coast. More than -two hundred persons were drowned, and those who reached the shore by -swimming were taken by the English and all put to death.[38] It pleased -God that I alone remained of the twenty who went in search of her, for I -did not suffer like the others. For ever blessed be His Most Holy Pity -for so great mercies as He has shown to me. - -Going along thus, lost with much uncertainty and toil, I met by chance -with a road along which a clergyman in secular clothing was travelling -(for the priests go about thus in that kingdom, so that the English may -not recognise them). He was sorry for me, and spoke to me in Latin, -asking me to what nation I belonged and about the shipwrecks that had -taken place. God gave me grace so that I was able to reply to everything -he asked me in the same Latin tongue; and so satisfied was he with me, -that he gave me to eat of that which he carried with him, and he -directed me by the right road that I should go to reach a castle, which -was six leagues from there. It was very strong, and belonged to a savage -gentleman, a very brave soldier and great enemy of the Queen of England -and of her affairs, a man who had never cared to obey her or pay -tribute, attending only to his castle and mountains, which made it -strong. - -I set out for there, experiencing much trouble on the road, and the -greatest, and that which gave me most pain, was that a savage met me on -the way, and, by deceiving me, took me to his hut in a deserted valley, -where he said I must live all my life, and he would teach me his trade, -which was that of a blacksmith. - -I did not know what to answer nor did I venture,[39] so that he should -not put me in the forge. Before him I showed a pleasant countenance, and -proceeded to work with my bellows for more than eight days, which -pleased the wicked savage blacksmith, because I did it carefully, so as -not to vex him and an accursed old woman he had for wife. - -I was in tribulation and sad with such miserable employment, when our -Lord favoured me by causing the clergyman to return by that way, who was -surprised to see me, because that savage did not wish to let me go away, -as he made use of me. The clergyman scolded him severely, and told me -not to be troubled, as he would speak with the chief of the castle to -which he had directed me, and get him to send for me, which he did the -following day. He sent four men of the savages, who served him, and a -Spanish soldier, of whom he had already ten with him of those who had -escaped by swimming. - -When he saw me so stripped [of clothing] and covered with straw, he and -all those who were with him grieved greatly, and their women even wept -to see me so badly treated. - -They helped me as best they could with a blanket of the kind they use, -and I remained there three months, acting as a real savage like -themselves. - -The wife of my master was very[40] beautiful in the extreme, and showed -[did] me much kindness. One day we were sitting in the sun with some of -her female friends and relatives, and they asked me about Spanish -matters and of other parts, and in the end it came to be suggested that -I should examine their hands and tell them their fortunes. Giving thanks -to God that it had not gone even worse with me than to be gipsy among -the savages, I began to look at the hands of each, and to say to them a -hundred thousand absurdities, which pleased them so much that there was -no other Spaniard better than I, or that was in greater favour with -them. - -By night and by day men and women persecuted me to tell them their -fortunes, so that I saw myself (continually) in such a large crowd that -I was forced to beg permission of my master to go from his castle. He -did not wish to give it me: however, he gave orders that no one should -annoy me or give me trouble. - -The custom of these savages is to live as the brute beasts among the -mountains, which are very rugged in that part of Ireland where we lost -ourselves. They live in huts made of straw. The men are all large -bodied, and of handsome features and limbs; and as active as the -roe-deer.[41] They do not eat oftener than once a day, and this is at -night; and that which they usually eat is butter with oaten bread. They -drink sour milk, for they have no other drink; they don't drink water, -although it is the best in the world. On feast days they eat some flesh -half-cooked, without bread or salt, as that is their custom. They clothe -themselves, according to their habit, with tight trousers[42] and short -loose coats[43] of very coarse goat's hair.[44] They cover themselves -with blankets,[45] and wear their hair down to their eyes. They are -great walkers, and inured to toil. They carry on perpetual war with the -English, who here keep garrison for the Queen, from whom they defend -themselves, and do not let them enter their territory, which is subject -to inundation, and marshy. That district extends for more than forty -leagues in length and breadth. The chief inclination of these people is -to be robbers, and to plunder each other; so that no day passes without -a call to arms among them. For the people in one village becoming aware -that in another there are cattle, or other effects, they immediately -come armed in the night, and "go[46] Santiago" [attack], and kill one -another; and the English from the garrisons, getting to know who had -taken, and robbed, most cattle, then come down upon them, and carry away -the plunder. They have, therefore, no other remedy but to withdraw -themselves to the mountains, with their women and cattle; for they -possess no other property, nor more moveables nor clothing. They sleep -upon the ground, on rushes, newly cut and full of water and ice. - -The most of the women are very beautiful, but badly[47] dressed [got -up]. They do not wear more than a chemise, and a blanket, with which -they cover themselves, and a linen cloth, much doubled, over the head, -and tied in front. They are great workers and housekeepers, after their -fashion. These people call themselves Christains. Mass is said among -them, and regulated according to the orders of the Church of Rome. The -great majority of their churches, monasteries, and hermitages, have been -demolished by the hands of the English, who are in garrison, and of -those natives who have joined them, and are as bad as they. In short, in -this kingdom there is neither justice nor right, and everyone does what -he pleases. - -As to ourselves, these savages liked us well because they knew we came -against [to oppose] the heretics, and were such great enemies of theirs; -and if it had not been for those who guarded us as their own persons, -not one of us would have been left alive. We had good-will to them for -this, although they were the first to rob us and strip to the skin those -who came alive to land; from whom, and from the thirteen ships of our -Armada, in which came so many people of importance, all of whom were -drowned, these savages obtained much riches in jewellery and money. - -Word of this reached the great Governor of the Queen, who was in the -city of Dililin [Dublin], and he went immediately, with seventeen -hundred soldiers, to search for the lost ships and the people who had -escaped. They were not much fewer than one thousand men, who, without -arms and naked, were wandering about the country in the locality where -each ship had been lost. - -The majority of these the Governor caught, and hanged them at once or -inflicted other penalties, and the people who he knew had sheltered them -he put in prison, and did them all the injury he could. - -In this manner he took three or four savage chiefs, who had castles, in -which they had sheltered some Spaniards; and, having put both parties -under arrest, marched with them along the whole of the coasts till he -arrived at the place where I was wrecked. From thence he turned off -towards the castle of Manglana [MacClancy], for so they called the -savage with whom I was, who was always a great enemy of the Queen, and -never loved anything of hers, nor cared to obey her, for which reason he -(the Governor) was very anxious to take him prisoner. - -This savage, taking into consideration the great force that was coming -against him, and that he could not resist it, decided to fly to the -mountains, which was his only remedy: more he could not do. - -We Spaniards, who were with him, had news of the misfortune which was -coming upon us, and we did not know what to do, or where to place -ourselves in safety. - -One Sunday, after mass, the chief, with dishevelled hair down to his -eyes, took us apart, and, burning with rage, said that he could not -remain, and he had decided to fly with all his villagers, their cattle, -and their families, and that we should settle what we wished to do to -save our lives. I replied to him to calm himself a little, and that -presently we would give him an answer. I went apart with the eight -Spaniards who were with me--they were good fellows--and I told them they -should well consider all our past misfortunes and that which was coming -upon us; and in order not to see ourselves in more, it was better to -make an end of it at once honourably; and as we had then a good -opportunity, we should not wait any longer, nor wander about flying to -the mountains and woods, naked and barefooted, with such great cold as -there was. Besides, the savage regretted so much to abandon his castle, -we, the nine Spaniards who were there, would cheerfully remain in it and -defend it to the death. This we could do very well, although there -should come two other such forces, more than that which was coming, -because the castle is very strong and very difficult to take if they do -not (even though they should) attack it with artillery; for it is -founded in a lake of very deep water, which is more than a league wide -at some parts, and three or four leagues long, and has an outlet to the -sea; and, besides, with the rise of spring tides it is not possible to -enter it, for which reason the castle could not be taken by water nor by -the shore of the land that is nearest to it. Neither could injury be -done it, because [for] a league round the town, which is established on -the mainland, it is marshy, breast-deep, so that even the inhabitants -[natives] could not get to it except by paths. - -Then, considering all this carefully, we decided to say to the savage -that we wished to hold the castle and defend it to the death; that he -should, with much speed, lay in provisions for six months, and some -arms. - -The chief was so pleased with this, and to see our courage, that he did -not delay much to make all provision, with the concurrence [good-will] -of the principal men of his town, who were all satisfied. And, to insure -that we should not act falsely, he made us swear that we would not -abandon his castle, nor surrender it to the enemy for any bargain or -agreement, even if we should perish from hunger; and not to open the -gates for Irishman, Spaniard, or any one else till his return, which he -would doubtless accomplish. - -Then, all that was necessary being well prepared, we moved into the -castle, with the ornaments and requisites for the Church service, and -some relics which were there, and we placed three or four boat-loads of -stones within, and six muskets, with six cross-bows, and other arms. -Then the chief, embracing us, retired to the mountains, all his people -having already gone there; and the report was spread throughout the -country that Manglana's [MacClancy's] Castle was put in a state of -defence, and would not be surrendered to the enemy, because a Spanish -captain, with other Spaniards who were within, guarded [held] it. - -Our courage seemed good to the whole country, and the enemy was very -indignant at it, and came upon the castle with his forces--about eighteen -hundred men--and observed us from a distance of a mile and a half from -it, without being able to approach closer on account of the water -which[48] intervened. From thence he exhibited some warnings, and hanged -two Spaniards, and did other damages [injuries] to put us in fear. He -demanded many times, by a trumpeter[49], that we should surrender the -castle, and he would spare our lives and give us a pass to Spain. We -said to him that he should come closer to the tower, as we did not -understand him, appearing always to make little of his threats and -promises [words]. - -We had been besieged for seventeen days, when our Lord saw fit to -succour and deliver us from that enemy by severe storms and great falls -of snow, which took place to such an extent that he [the Queen's -Governor] was compelled to depart with his force, and to march back to -Duplin [Dublin], where he had his residence and garrisons. From thence -he sent us warning that we should keep ourselves out of his hands, and -not come within his power; and that he would return in good time to that -country. - -We replied to him much to our satisfaction, and to that of our Governor -of the castle, who, when he got the news that the Englishmen had -retired, returned to his town and castle greatly appeased and calmed, -and they _fêted_ us much. - -He [the chief] very earnestly confirmed us [admitted us to full -privileges] as most loyal friends: offering whatever was his for our -service, and the chief persons of the land [did the same], neither more -nor less. To me he would give a sister of his, that I should marry her. -I thanked him much for this; but contented myself with a guide to direct -me to a place where I could meet with embarkation for Scotland. - -He did not wish to give me permission [to leave], nor to any Spaniard of -those who were with him, saying that the roads were not safe; but his -sole object was to detain us, that we might act as his guard. - -So much friendship did not appear good to me; and thus I decided, -secretly, with four of the soldiers who were in my company, to depart -one morning two hours before dawn, so that they should not pursue -[? stop] us on the road: and also because one day previously a boy -of Manglana's [MacClancy's] had told me his father had said that he -would not let me leave his castle until the King of Spain should send -soldiers to that country; and that he wished to put me in prison, so -that I might not go. - -Possessed of this information, I dressed myself as best I could, and -took to the road, with the four soldiers, one morning ten days after the -Nativity,[50] in the year 88. - -I travelled [went travelling] by the mountains and desolate places, -enduring much hardship, as God knows; and at the end of twenty days' -journey, I got to the place where Alonzo de Leyva, and the Count de -Paredes and Don Tomas de Granvela, were lost, with many other gentlemen, -to give an account of whom would need a quire[51] of paper. - -I went to the huts of some savages that were there, who told me of the -great misfortunes of our people who were drowned at that place, and -showed me many jewels and valuables of theirs, which distressed me -greatly. - -My chief cause of misery was that I had no means of embarking for the -Kingdom of Scotland; until one day I heard of the territory of a savage, -whom they called Prince Ocan, where there were some vessels that were -going to Scotland. Thither I travelled, crawling along, for I could -[scarcely] move because of a wound in one leg; but, as it led to safety, -I did all I could to walk, and reached it quickly. The vessels had left -two days before, which was no small disappointment for me, as I was in a -very dreadful country and among enemies, there being many English -stationed at the port, and each day they were with Ocan. - -At this time I suffered great pain in the leg, so much so that in no -manner could I stand upon it. I was advised, too, that I should be very -cautious, because there were many English there who would do me great -harm if they caught me, as they had done to other Spaniards; especially -if they knew who I was. - -I did not know what to do, as the soldiers who came with me had left, -and gone to another port further on to seek for a passage. - -Some women, when they saw me alone, and ill, pitied me, and took me away -to their little huts on the mountain, and kept me there for more than a -month and a half in safety, and cured me, so that my wound healed, and I -felt well enough to go to Ocan's village to speak with him. - -But he did not wish to hear or see me; for, it was said, he had given -his word to the great Governor of the Queen not to keep any Spaniard in -his territory, nor permit one to go about in it. - -The English, who were quartered there, having marched off to invade a -territory and take it, Ocan accompanied them with all his force, so that -one could go openly [boldly] about the village, which was composed of -thatched huts. - -In them there were some very beautiful girls, with whom I was very -friendly, and went into their houses occasionally for society and -conversation. - -One afternoon, while I was there, two young Englishmen came in, one of -whom was a sergeant, and possessed information of me, by name, but yet -had not seen me before. When they were seated, they asked me if I were a -Spaniard; and what I was doing there. I said yes; that I was one of the -soldiers of Don Alonzo de Luçon, who had lately surrendered to them; but -on account of a bad leg, I had not been able to leave the district; that -I was at their service, to do whatever they wished to command. - -They told me to wait a little, and that I should have to go with them to -the city of Dublin, where there were many important Spaniards in prison. - -I said that I could not walk or go with them, and they sent to search -for a horse to carry me. I told them I was very willing to do whatever -they wished, and to go with them, with which they were reassured, and -began to make fun with the girls. - -Their mother made signs to me to go away (that I should leave by the -door), and I did so in great haste, leaping banks as I went along. I got -among thick brambles, into which I penetrated until I lost sight of -Ocan's Castle, following this course until I wished to lie down for the -night. - -I had arrived at a very large laguna [lake or marsh], along the banks of -which I saw a herd of cows walking, and I was approaching to see if -there was any one with them who could tell me where I was, when I -observed two boy savages advancing. They came to collect their cows, and -take them up the mountain to where they and their fathers were hiding -for fear of the English; and there I spent two days with them, being -treated with much kindness. - -One of the boys had to go to the village of the Prince of Ocan to -ascertain what news or rumour there was, and he saw the two Englishmen, -who were going about, raging, in search of me. - -Information about me had already been given to them, and no one passed -by whom they did not ask if he had seen me. - -The boy was such a good lad that, upon learning this, he returned to his -hut, and informed me of what had occurred, so that I had to leave there -very early in the morning, and to go in search of a bishop, who was -seven leagues off in a castle where the English kept him in banishment -and retirement. This bishop was a very good Christian, and went about in -the garb of a savage for concealment, and I assure you I could not -restrain tears when I approached him to kiss his hand. He had twelve -Spaniards with him for the purpose of passing them over to Scotland, and -he was much delighted at my arrival, all the more so when the soldiers -told him that I was a captain. He treated me with every kindness[52] -that he could for the six days I was with him, and gave orders that a -boat should come to take us over to Scotland, which is usually done in -two days. He gave us provisions for the voyage and said mass to us in -the castle, and spoke with me about some things concerning the loss of -the kingdom, and how His Majesty had assisted them; and that he should -come to Spain as soon as possible after my arrival in Scotland, where he -advised me to live with much patience, as in general they were all -Lutherans and very few Catholics. The bishop was called Don Reimundo -Termi (?) [? Bishop of Times], an honourable and just man. God keep him -in His hands and preserve him from his enemies. - -That same day at dawn[53] [when it was growing light], I went to sea in -a wretched boat in which we sailed--18 persons--and the wind becoming -contrary the same day, we were forced to run before it, at the mercy of -God, for Shetland, where we reached the land at daylight; the boat being -nearly swamped, and the main-sail carried away. We went on shore to give -thanks to God for the mercies He had bestowed upon us in bringing us -there alive; and from thence, in two days, with good weather, we left -for Scotland, where we arrived in three days: not without danger, on -account of the great quantity of water the miserable boat took in. - -We blessed God who withdrew us from such perils and so great hardships, -and brought us to a land where there might be more succour. - -It was said that the King of Scotland protected all the Spaniards who -reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to Spain; but -all was the reverse, for he did no good to anyone, nor did he bestow one -dollar in charity. Those of us who reached that kingdom suffered the -greatest privations; inasmuch, as we were [left] for more than six -months as naked as when we arrived from Ireland, and other places, to -seek succour and assistance there, and passages to Spain. - -I am inclined to believe that he was much persuaded, on the part of the -Queen of England, to hand us over to her. And had not the Catholic Lords -and Counts of that kingdom helped us--and there were many, and great -gentlemen, to favour us and speak for us to the King, and in the -Councils which were held on the subject--without doubt we should have -been betrayed [sold], and handed over to the English. For the King of -Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess the authority or position of a -king: and he does not move a step, nor eat a mouthful, that is not by -order of the Queen. Thus, there are great dissensions among the -gentlemen, who bear him no good-will, and desire to see his reign ended, -and the Majesty of the King, our Lord, in his place, that he might -establish the Church of God, which has been brought to such ruin there. - -This they said to us many times, almost weeping, longing to see that day -which, they hoped in God, might soon arrive. - -And, as I say, these gentlemen supported us all the time that we were -there, and gave us much alms, and were kind to us, sorrowing for our -misfortunes, with much pity. They asked us to have patience, and to bear -with a people who called us idolaters and bad Christians, and said a -thousand heresies to us; for, if one made answer, they would fall upon -him and kill him, and it was impossible to live or remain in such a bad -kingdom with so bad a king....[54] A despatch was sent to the Duke of -Parma ... at which his Highness, as a pious prince, grieved, and with -great zeal he sought to succour us ... to the King, that he would permit -us to leave his kingdom, and to the Catholics and friends much gratitude -on the part of his Majesty, with his most friendly letters. - -There was a Scotch merchant in Flanders, who offered and agreed with his -Highness that he would come to Scotland for us and ship us in four -vessels, with the provisions which were necessary, and that he would -bring us to Flanders, his Highness giving him five ducats for each -Spaniard of those that he brought to Flanders. - -The agreement was made with him, and he went for us and embarked us, -unarmed and naked as he found us, and took us by the ports of the Queen -of England, which secured us permission to pass by all the fleets and -ships of her kingdom. - -All was treacherous; for an arrangement had been made with the ships of -Holland and Zealand that they should put to sea and await us at the same -bar [entrance to the harbour] of Dunkirk, and there they should put us -all to death, without sparing one, which the Dutch did as they were -commanded; and were on the look-out for us for a month and a half at the -said port of Dunkirk, and there they should have caught us all had not -God helped us. - -God willed that of the four vessels in which we came, two escaped and -grounded, where they went to pieces; and the enemy, seeing the means of -safety which we were taking, gave us a good discharge of artillery, so -that we were forced to cast ourselves afloat[55] [to make a desperate -attempt], and we thought to end it there. - -They could not come to our assistance with the boats from the port of -Dunkirk, as the enemy cannonaded them briskly. On the other hand, the -sea and wind were very high; so that we were in the greatest peril of -being all lost. - -However, we cast ourselves afloat[56] on timbers, and some soldiers were -drowned, as was also a Scotch captain. I reached the shore in my shirt, -without other description of clothing, and some soldiers of Medina (?) -who were there came to help me. - -It was sad to see us enter the town once more, stripped naked; and for -the other part we saw, as before our eyes, the Dutch making a thousand -pieces of two hundred and seventy Spaniards who came in the ship which -brought us to Dunkirk, without leaving more than three alive; for which -they are now being paid out, as more than four hundred Dutchmen who have -been taken since then have been beheaded. This I have wished to write to -you. - -From the City of Antwerp, 4th October, 1589. - - _Sᵍᵈ._ - - FRANCISCO DE CUELLAR. - - ACADEMY OF HISTORY--COLLECTION SALAZAR, - NO. 7, FOLIO 58. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[12] (1), (2), (3). V.m., initials representing _Vuestra merced_ = your -worship, your honour, or sir, you. - -[13] _Alférez_ = ensign. - -[14] _Maesos de Campo_--an obsolete form for _Maestre de Campo_, an -ancient military officer of superior rank, who commanded a certain -number of troops. In the English _State Papers_ of that period the -translation adopted for it is simply camp-master. - -[15] _Mayorazgos_--heirs to estates, by right of primogeniture. - -[16] _Agravios_ = offences, _insults_. - -[17] _Maesos de Campo._ See Note 5. - -[18] _Avieso_ = irregular, perverse. - -[19] _Auditor_ = a Judge appointed to assist military or naval officers -with his advice in Law proceedings. - -[20] _Fiesta_ = feast. This is a curious use of the word. - -[21] _Hecho una sopa de agua_--an idiomatic expression, meaning "_wet -through to the skin_." - -[22] _Arca_--coffer, _iron chest for money_. The dictionary of the -Spanish Academy gives a definition of _Arca_, of which the following is -a translation: "A large chest, with flat lid attached to it by hinges -or hooks, so that it can be opened and shut, and which is fastened in -front with a lock or padlock. It usually consists of plain wood without -lining in the interior or covering outside." - -[23] _Wolves_ did not disappear from Ireland till the early part of the -eighteenth century. There was a presentment for killing them, in the -County of Cork, as late as the year 1710. - -[24] This might also be translated "that I might recover in it." - -[25] The part within the brackets was accidentally omitted in copying -the rough draft of the original translation. _Montes_ signifies both -mountains and woods. Cuellar uses _montaña_ to signify mountain, and -_montes_ apparently for woods. He also makes use of _bosque_, a wood -with thick underbrush, or a thicket. - -[26] _Encaminaria_ = would guide, put in the right road. - -[27] _Paja_--coarse grass or straw. - -[28] _Bosque_--wood or thicket, with much underbrush. - -[29] _Hermosisima por todo extremo._ This implies a very strong -expression, consisting, as it does, of a double superlative. - -[30] _Poltron_ = poltroon. - -[31] _Amiga_ = female friend. - -[32] _Real_--a Spanish coin, value a dollar. - -[33] _Jubon_--doublet, jacket. - -[34] _Paga_--literally means payment; but when applied to soldiers or -sailors, as in this case, it means monthly pay. - -[35] _Hacienda Norte de las montañas._ _Norte_, strictly speaking, -means the _Arctic pole_; but, according to the Dictionary of the -Spanish Academy, it is also used, metaphorically, to mean _direction_, -or guide, in allusion to the _North Star_, by which navigators guide -themselves with the direction of the mariner's compass. - -[36] _Aquellos herejes salvajes_--literally, heretics, savages, both -being nouns. - -[37] _Fortuna_--generally means _fortune_ or _chance_, but it also -signifies a _storm_ or _tempest_. It is in this latter sense that it -appears to be used here; for Cuellar goes on to describe the injured -state in which the ship was. - -[38] _Y los pasaron todos á cuchillo_ = and they passed them all to -the _knife_. An idiomatic expression in Spanish corresponding to the -English one, _were put to the sword_. - -[39] Cuellar has not expressed himself clearly here, but he -seems to mean that he did not oppose the blacksmith's wishes. - -[40] _Muy hermosa por todo extremo._ This is a slight -modification of a similar expression on a previous occasion. See Note -29. - -[41] _Corzos_ = roe-deer. _Cervus capreolus_, or _Capreolus caprea_. - -[42] _Calzas_ = trousers, hose. - -[43] _Sayos_ = loose coats. - -[44] _Pelotes_ = goat's hair. - -[45] _Mantas_ = blankets. - -[46] _Anda Santiago._ This is a slang expression, meaning to attack. It -is derived from the fact that _Santiago_ was the war-cry or watchword -of the Spaniards when going into action, _Santiago_ being the patron -saint of Spain. - -[47] _Compuestas_ = composed, made up. - -[48] _Por el agua que habia de for medio._ - -[49] _Un trompeta_ = a trumpeter. This noun is both _feminine_ and -_masculine_, meaning, respectively, _a trumpet_ and _a trumpeter_. -The masculine article _un_ shows that the noun is used here in its -masculine form. - -[50] _Christmas._ - -[51] _Mano de papel_ = a quire of paper. - -[52] Cuellar uses the word _courtesy_ on several occasions where -_kindness_ is what he seems to mean. - -[53] Mass appears to have been said in the night-time, and the -preparations may also have been made during the night, so that the boat -might leave at daylight, and not attract too much attention. - -[54] Here the manuscript is stated to be torn and illegible. - -[55] _Echarnos a nado._ _Echarse a nado_ literally means to cast -oneself afloat; but it has also a metaphorical signification--viz., -_to make a desperate attempt_. As the same expression is made use of -twice close together, it may be that in the first instance it was meant -metaphorically; but this is by no means certain. - -[56] See preceding Note. - - - - - INDEX. - - PAGE - - _Academia de la Historia_, 7 - - Aghanlish (townland), 16 - - Allingham, Hugh, 39 - - Alonzo de Leyva, 65 - - Anchor, Spanish, 33 - - "_Armada, La, Invencible_", 5 - - Armada Exhibition, 31 - - Aran, North Island of, 33 - - - Ballyshannon Castle, 23 - - Belleek Castle, 23 - - Beallach-in-Mithidheim, 16 - - Bell, Spanish, in Donegal Church, 34 - - Bingham, Sir R., 22 - - Blacksod Bay, 26 - - Bundrowse, 10 - - Burke, Richard ("The Devil's Son"), 26 - - Bush River, 29 - - - Carrig-na-Spaniagh, 9 - - Cacair-Sinchill, 16 - - Castlefort Bay, Co. Donegal, 33 - - Castlecaldwell Museum, 34 - - Carndonagh Church, 34 - - Cannon, Brass, recovered from Armada Ships, 33 - - Cattle-booley, An Ancient, 17 - - _Century, Nineteenth_, 5 - - Church Relics, MacClancy's, 20 - - Chests, Money, 29-32, 51 - - Clew Bay (Money Chest), 31 - - Connaught, 6, 10, 25 - - Crannog, MacClancy's, 16 - - Crawford, Robert, 6 - - Cuellar, Captain, 7, 42, 44 - - Cuellar and his Comrades arrive at Dunkirk, 70 - - - Dartree MacClancy (territory), 15 - - Dartry Mountains, 13 - - De Leyva, 26, 65 - - Don Martin, 6 - - Don Diego Enriquez, 9, 49, 51 - - Don Graveillo de Swasso, 23 - - Don Cristobal de Avila, 47 - - Don Tomas de Granvela, 65 - - Don Reimundo Termi, Bishop (not identified), 67 - - Donegal Bay, 39 - - Donegal Mountains, 13 - - Doire-Melle, 16 - - Dromahair Castle, 26 - - Ducie, Earl of, 5, 39 - - Duro, Captain, 5, 39 - - Dun Carbery, 16 - - Dunluce Castle, 29, 65 - - _Duquesa Santa Anna_, 34 - - - "Enchanted Ships, The", 32 - - England, Queen of, 60 - - _El Gran Griffon, Capitana_, 34 - - Erris Head, 7, 26 - - Erne River, 23 - - Expedition against the Spaniards, 22 - - - _Feàr-Gortha_, 18 - - Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy, 22 - - Figure-head of Spanish Ship, 5 - - Froude, J. A., 5, 6, 39 - - - _Girona, The_, 27-29, 34 - - Giant's Causeway, 28 - - "Governor, Great, of the Queen", 62 - - Glack (townland), 15 - - Glenade, 13, 15, 41 - - Glencar Lough, 13 - - Glennageveny Bay, 28 - - - Habits of the Irish in 16th Century, 17-19, 61, 62 - - Hamilton, Major (Money Chest), 32 - - Head-dress of Irish Women of the Period, 19 - - "Hungry Grass" (superstition), 18 - - - Inismurray Island, 11 - - Iniskeen Island, 16 - - Inisheher Island, 15 - - Inisowen, 23 - - Ineen Dubh (O'Donnell's wife), 23 - - - Killybegs, 27 - - - Latin Language, 14, 55 - - _La Trinidad Valencera_, 34 - - "_La Armada Invencible_", 39 - - Laughton, Professor (Navy Records Society), 34 - - Leitrim Mountains, 41 - - Lord Deputy, 19, 23 - - _Longman's Magazine_, 39 - - - Martin de Aranda, 7, 47 - - Manglana (MacClancy), 19, 42, 43, 62, 65 - - MacClancy, Boethius, 22 - - MacDonnell, Sir James, 25 - - MacSwine's Territory, 27, 29 - - Medina, Duke of, 7 - - Melvin Lough, 15-17 - - Molaise, St., 11 - - Mullinaleck (townland), 16 - - Mullaghderg, 32 - - Myler McGrath, 24 - - - Newtown Village (O'Rourke), 13 - - Niall of the Nine Hostages, 16 - - _Nineteenth Century_, 39 - - North: in what sense used in narrative, 55 - - - Oaten Bread, 17, 18 - - O'Clery's Castle, 29 - - Ocan (O'Cahan), 65 - - O'Donnell's Castle, 23, 31 - - O'Donnell, 23, 27 - - O'Doherty's Country, 23 - - O'Gallagher (_alias_ O'Toole), 23 - - Ommanney, Sir Erasmus, 33 - - O'Neill, 21, 27 - - O'Rourke, 13, 15, 41, 57-59 - - - Palmistry in the 16th Century, 17 - - Paredes, Count de, 65 - - Provost Marshal, 7 - - - _Rata, The_, 26, 27, 34 - - Rossclogher Castle, 16, 17, 19-21 - - Rossfriar, 20 - - Rossan Point, 27 - - Rosses, The, 32 - - - Sassanas, 56 - - _San Pedro_, 7, 47 - - _San Juan de Sicilia_, 9, 34 - - _San Martin, The_, 27, 34 - - _Santa Anna, The_, 27 - - Scotland, Cuellar escapes to, 65-68 - - Scotland, King of: his attitude towards the - Spaniards, 68 - - Sedgwick, Mr.: his translation referred to, 41 - - Siege of Rossclogher Castle, 19-21, 63, 64 - - Spaniard Rock, 28 - - Spanish Eagles (Decoration on Chest Lid), 31 - - Spanish Vessels lost on the coast, 34 - - Spanish Vessels: why so many were lost, 34 - - Spanish Vessels, Tonnage and Number of Men in, 34 - - Spanish Arms, 33 - - Spanish Gold Coins found in Donegal, 34 - - Spanish Cannon, 33 - - Straw Huts referred to, 54 - - Staad Abbey, 11, 52 - - State Papers quoted, 10, 15, 21-29 - - - Tory Island, 7 - - Translation of Spanish Narrative. By R. Crawford, 45 - - Tullaghan, 16 - - - _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, 39 - - United Service Institution, London, 33 - - - War Materials in use in 16th Century, 20 - - Wolves in Ireland in 16th Century (Note), 51 - - Women, Beauty of, 62 - - - - - _ILLUSTRATIONS._ - - - PAGE - - Figure-head of Spanish Galleon, wrecked at Streedagh 5 - - Map of West and North-West Coast of Ireland, drawn A.D. 1609 8 - - The Spaniards holding Rossclogher Castle, with Vignette of - the Castle as it now is, from a sketch by Mrs. Allingham, - Ballyshannon 21 - - Wreck of a Galleon on Antrim Coast 28 - - A Spanish Treasure Chest 31 - - Spanish Anchor, drawn by Maude Allingham from a photograph - specially taken in London 33 - - * * * * * - - - IN PREPARATION. - - Annals of * * - - Ballyshannon & Tir-Hedba. - - By HUGH ALLINGHAM, M.R.L.A., ---- - - Author of - Ballyshannon: Its History and Antiquities, - Captain Cuellar's Adventures in Connacht and Ulster, A.D. 1588 - &., &., &. - - * * * * * - - The wide popularity and favourable reception of the HISTORY OF - BALLYSHANNON, published in 1879, and long hout of print, has induced - the author to extend the field of his researches over a much wider - area--a work on which he has been engaged for some years, and which - is now approaching completion. - - * * * * * - - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - | Transcriber's Notes. | - | | - | The original spelling and punctuation has been retained. | - | Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. | - | Fixed various punctuation. | - | | - | Italicized words and phrases in the text version are presented by | - | surrounding the text with underscores. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Cuellar's adventures in -Connaught & Ulster A.D. 1588., by Hugh Allingham - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S ADVENTURES *** - -***** This file should be named 52472-0.txt or 52472-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/7/52472/ - -Produced by Brownfox, Jane Robins, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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