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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d55a027 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52472 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52472) diff --git a/old/52472-0.txt b/old/52472-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4d40b6e..0000000 --- a/old/52472-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3553 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connaught & -Ulster A.D. 1588., by Hugh Allingham - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connaught & Ulster A.D. 1588. - To which is added An Introduction and Complete Translation - of Captain Cuellar's Narrative of the Spanish Armada and - his adventu - -Author: Hugh Allingham - -Translator: Robert Crawford - -Release Date: July 1, 2016 [EBook #52472] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S ADVENTURES *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox, Jane Robins, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _ADVENTURES_ - - IN - - _CONNACHT & ULSTER_ - A.D. 1588. - - A PICTURE OF THE TIMES, DRAWN FROM CONTEMPORARY SOURCES. - - BY HUGH ALLINGHAM, M.R.I.A., - - _Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries (Ireland); - Author of "Ballyshannon: its History and Antiquities," &c._ - - - _TO WHICH IS ADDED_ - - _An Introduction and Complete Translation_ - - OF - - _CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S_ - - _Narrative of the Spanish Armada_ - - AND HIS ADVENTURES IN IRELAND. - - BY ROBERT CRAWFORD, M.A., M.R.I.A., &C. - - - _With Map and Illustrations._ - - - LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW. - 1897. - - [_All Rights Reserved._] - - - - - PRINTED BY - M'CAW, STEVENSON & ORR, LIMITED, - LINENHALL WORKS, - BELFAST. - - - - - PART I. - - - - - _Note._ - - -The favourable reception which was accorded to the paper entitled "The -Spanish Armada in Ulster and Connacht," which appeared in Vol. I., Part -III., April, 1895, of _The Ulster Journal of Archæology_, and the -continued interest in the subject, which seems rather to increase as the -literature becomes more extensive, has induced me to re-write the paper, -and add much information I was not possessed of when the first paper was -printed. Mr. Crawford's most valuable contribution, which forms the -second part of this book, should at least justify the present -publication. To Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., my best thanks are due -for the use of copious notes and references, which have been of material -assistance. - - HUGH ALLINGHAM. - -BALLYSHANNON, _May_, 1897. - - - - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _Adventures in Connacht and Ulster_, - - A.D. 1588. - - -[Illustration: - - FIGUREHEAD OF A SPANISH GALLEON - WRECKED AT STREEDAGH, 1588. - - (_Now in possession of Simon Cullen, J.P., Sligo._) -] - -The publication of a work entitled "_La Armada Invincible_" [Madrid, -1885], by Captain Cesareo Fernandez Duro, a Spanish naval officer, has -been the means of bringing to light many fresh and interesting -particulars relating to this ill-fated venture; and, though the -incidents narrated are, as might be expected, viewed from the Spanish -standpoint, yet the history is written in a spirit of moderation, and -gives evidence of great research. - -Amongst the valuable documents which have been collected and printed by -Captain Duro, that having for its title "Letter of One who was with the -Armada for England, and an Account of the Expedition," is of most lively -interest to us, seeing that it presents a graphic picture of the North -and North-West of Ireland in 1588, drawn by one who was an actual -eye-witness of what he describes. - -Before proceeding, it may be well to observe that these adventures have -already been dealt with by several writers. The _Nineteenth Century_, -September, 1885, contained a valuable and interesting paper, entitled -"An Episode of the Armada," by the Earl of Ducie. In _Longman's -Magazine_ [September, October, and November, 1891] appeared "The Spanish -Story of the Armada," by J. A. Froude; and in the Proceedings, Royal -Irish Academy, 1893, Professor J. P. O'Reilly contributed a paper, -entitled "Remarks on Certain Passages in Captain Cuellar's Narrative." - -The present paper has been written with the desire to identify some of -the places visited by Cuellar while in Connaught and Ulster. His -references to these places are, as might have been expected from a -foreigner, in many instances obscure; and in order to correctly trace -his wanderings, and identify the spots he visited, an intimate -acquaintance with the local topography of the district is essential. - -Sometimes the clue afforded by his narrative is so slender, that anyone -unfamiliar with the localities intended might easily miss the meaning, -and be led to an entirely wrong conclusion. The present writer has had -the valuable assistance of R. Crawford, C.E., late Professor of -Engineering, T.C.D., an accomplished Spanish scholar--not merely a -translator--who possesses a practical acquaintance with the idioms of the -language. By this knowledge, Mr. Crawford has been able to elucidate -many obscure passages in the Spanish book, which would otherwise have -proved stumbling-blocks in the way of a proper understanding of the -author's meaning. Mr. Crawford has made a literal translation of the -whole of Cuellar's letter, which forms the second part of this book. A -careful perusal of Mr. Crawford's introductory remarks, and of his -translation, will well repay the reader, and is, in fact, needful for -the proper understanding of the subject-matter of these pages. - -Before entering on Cuellar's adventures on Irish soil, it may be as well -to refer to an evident error into which Mr. Froude has fallen in his -description of the wreck of the three vessels in Sligo Bay, in one of -which Cuellar was. In the article before referred to, the following -passage occurs: "Don Martin, after an ineffectual struggle to double -Achill Island, had fallen back into the bay, and had anchored off -Ballyshannon in a heavy sea with two other galleons. There they lay for -four days, from the first to the fifth of September, when, the gale -rising, their cables parted, and all three drove on shore on a sandy -beach among the rocks. Nowhere in the world does the sea break more -violently than on that cruel, shelterless strand," etc. Now, the facts -disclosed by Cuellar's narrative, and by other contemporary writers, -show that these Spanish ships were not at all near to Ballyshannon; but -having been caught in the violent gales which were then raging round the -coast, they were disabled, and being at the best of times unwieldy and -difficult to steer, they drifted down from the north, and, failing to -double Erris Head, were drawn into Sligo Bay, where they anchored about -a mile and a half off shore, in the hope of being able to repair -damages, and, when the gales subsided, proceed on their homeward voyage. - -Don Francisco Cuellar was captain of the _San Pedro_, a galleon of -twenty-four guns, which belonged to the squadron of Castile. The account -of Cuellar's adventures, as detailed by himself, are related in the -letter to which reference has been made. This document was discovered in -the archives of the _Academia de la Historia_, in Madrid, where it had -lain in oblivion for three centuries. Passing over the first part of the -letter, which relates his adventures in the _San Pedro_, which sustained -great damage in an engagement with English vessels off the coast of -France, being in a leaky and unseaworthy condition, owing to the number -of "shot holes," the _San Pedro_, by order of the mate (Cuellar having -retired to take some rest after the fight), moved a short distance away -from the Admiral's ship, for the purpose of carrying out some repairs to -the damaged hull. This action on the part of the _San Pedro_ raised the -anger of the Admiral, who ordered Cuellar and another officer to be -hanged at the yard's arm. Fortunately for Cuellar this unjust sentence -was not carried out in his case, chiefly through the friendly offices of -the Judge Advocate--Martin de Aranda. - -But Cuellar was no longer left in command of the _San Pedro_: he -henceforward sailed in the vessel of the Judge Advocate, who was also -styled Provost Marshal. Having passed round the north coast of Scotland, -the vessel in which Cuellar was, in company with two other ships--all of -large tonnage--encountered head winds and rough weather. Passing Tory -Island, they were endeavouring to clear Erris Head on the Mayo coast; -but the storms increasing, and the sea running high, they were unable to -make that point. With shattered spars and torn canvas, and a weight of -water in their holds, which the constant working of the pumps could -hardly keep under, these vessels in a rough sea were unmanageable, and, -drifting downwards, found themselves enbayed off the Sligo coast, where -they hoped to find temporary anchorage. In the sailing instructions -given by the Duke of Medina to the Spanish vessels on their return home, -the following occurs: "The course that is first to be held is to the -north-north-east, until you be found under 61 degrees and a half, and -then to take great heed lest you fall upon the Island of Ireland, for -fear of the harm that may happen unto you upon that coast. Then parting -from those islands, and doubling the Cape in 61½ degrees, you shall -run west-south-west, until you be found under 58 degrees, and from -thence to the south-west," etc. These particulars are valuable in -showing the direction in which the Spaniards endeavoured to navigate -their unwieldy craft. Captain Duro in his book refers to the frequency -of the opening of the seams in the old Spanish ships, which defect he -attributes to the excessive weight and height of the masts, whose -leverage in heavy weather caused a strain on the hulls which -necessitated the constant employment of caulkers. - -[Illustration: - - _A Map of the West and North West Coasts of Ireland, - Drawn in 1609. From the original in the British Museum - showing the places connected with the Spanish Armada._ -] - -Cuellar says they anchored half a league from the shore, where they -remained "four days without being able to make any provision or do -anything. On the fifth day there sprang up such a great storm," he -says, "on our beam, with a sea up to the heavens, so that the cables -could not hold, nor the sails serve us, and we were driven ashore upon -a beach covered with very fine sand, shut in on one side and the other -by great rocks. Such a thing was never seen; for within the space of -an hour all three ships were broken in pieces, so that there did not -escape 300 men, and more than 1,000 were drowned, and amongst them -many persons of importance--captains, gentlemen, and other officials." -Of the three vessels which were wrecked on the Streedagh Strand--(in a -map of the coast, made in 1609, the rock, which is still called -_Carrig-na-Spaniagh_, is thus marked: "Three Spanish shipps here cast -ashore in Anno Domi, 1588")--the name of one was the _San Juan de -Sicilia_. She was commanded by Don Diego Enriquez, "the Hunchback." - -This officer, as Cuellar relates, came to his death in a sad way. -Fearing the very heavy sea that was washing over the deck of his vessel, -which was going to pieces on the strand, he ordered out his large boat, -a decked one, and, accompanied by the Count of Villa Franca, and two -other Portuguese gentlemen, they closed themselves into the hold of the -boat, hoping to be washed ashore. Having gone below, and bringing with -them sixteen thousand ducats in jewels and crown pieces, they ordered -the hatchway to be tightly fastened down, in order to prevent the -ingress of water; but just as the boat was leaving the disabled ship, -more than seventy men, terror-stricken with the fate that awaited them, -wildly jumped on the deck of the boat, hoping thereby to reach the land; -but the small craft, unable to bear the great weight above water-line, -and having been struck by a wave, toppled over and sank, all on deck -being swept away. She afterwards rose to the surface, and was drifted -about in different directions, ultimately reaching the shore upside -down. Those unfortunates who were below were all killed, with the -exception of Don Diego Enriquez, who, after being in such a sad -condition for more than twenty-four hours, was found still living when -the hold was broken into by the "savages" who were searching for -plunder. They took out the dead men, and Don Diego, who only survived a -few minutes; and, having secured the plunder--jewels and money--left the -dead stripped and naked on the strand, denying them even the rights of -Christian burial! Cuellar, though in great extremities, was not -unmindful of the kindness he had received from the Judge Advocate, -Martin de Aranda. "One touch of nature makes the whole world kin." -Cuellar, the deposed captain, and the Judge Advocate, were standing on -the same deck, with the horrors of death facing them on all sides. -Martin de Aranda, seeing the destruction of all that was dear to him, -had little energy left to make any effort to escape; but Cuellar -endeavoured to rally his drooping spirits, and made every effort he -could to help him, and bring him to shore. Taking a hatchway from the -deck of the vessel they were in, Cuellar got it afloat, and succeeded in -getting the Judge Advocate on also; but in the act of casting off from -the ship, a huge wave engulphed them, and the Judge Advocate, being -unable to hold on, was drowned. Cuellar, grievously wounded by being -struck by pieces of floating timber, succeeded in keeping his footing on -the hatchway, and at length reached the shore, "unable to stand, all -covered with blood, and very much injured."[1] - -Fenton, writing to Burleigh (_State Papers_, 1588-9), says: "At my late -being in Sligo, I found both by view of eye and credible report that the -number of ships and men perished at these coasts was more than was -advertised thither by the Lord Deputy and Council, for I numbered in one -strand [Streedagh], of less than five miles in length, eleven hundred -dead corpses of men which the sea had driven on the shore. Since the -time of the advertisement, the country people told me the like was in -other places, though not of like numbers; and the Lord Deputy, writing -to the Council, says: 'After leaving Sligo, I journeyed towards Bundroys -[Bundrowse] and so to Ballyshannon, the uttermost part of Connaught that -way, and riding still along the sea-shore, I went to see the bay where -some of these ships were wrecked, and where, as I heard not long before, -lay twelve or thirteen hundred of the dead bodies. I rode along that -strand near two miles (but left behind me a long mile and more), and -then turned off that shore; in both which places, they said that had -seen it, there lay as great store of timber of wrecked ships as was in -that place which myself had viewed, being in my opinion (having small -skill or judgment therein) more than would have built _four_ of the -greatest ships I ever saw, beside mighty great boats, cables, and other -cordage answerable thereto, and such masts, for bigness and length, as -in my knowledge I never saw any two that could make the like.'" - -The account given by the Lord Deputy of his journey from Sligo to -Ballyshannon, though rather obscurely worded, points to the probability -of there having been more than one spot on that coast which was a scene -of disaster. It is evident that the entire shore from Streedagh to -Bundrowse was littered with the wreckage of the Spanish vessels, and it -could hardly be expected that all the "flotsam and jetsam" referred to -in the report we have quoted would have come from the three vessels -described by Cuellar. - -To return to the narrative. Cuellar now found himself in a desperate -plight; wounded, half-naked, and starving with hunger, he managed to -creep into a place of concealment during the remainder of the day; and -he says: "At the dawn of day I began to walk little by little, searching -for a monastery of monks that I might repair to it as best I could, the -which I arrived at with much trouble and toil, and I found it deserted, -and the church and images of the Saints burned and completely ruined, -and twelve Spaniards hanging within the church by the act of the English -Lutherans, who went about searching for us to make an end of all of us -who had escaped from the perils of the sea." Some writers on this -shipwreck have been unable to explain this reference to a monastery in -the vicinity of the sea-shore at Streedagh. No such difficulty, however, -exists in identifying the place indicated; for within sight of the -strand stood the _Abbey of Staad_, which tradition says was founded by -St. Molaise, the patron saint of the neighbouring island of Inismurray. -It was then to this monastery that Cuellar repaired, in the expectation -of finding there a safe asylum in his dire necessity. He was, however, -disappointed; for he found the place deserted, and several of his -fellow-countrymen hanging from the iron bars of the windows. The ruins -of Staad Abbey, which still remain, are inconsiderable, consisting of -portions of the church, which was oblong in form, and measured, -internally, 34 feet in length by 14 feet 5 inches in width. There are -indications that a much older building once occupied the site of the -existing ruin. Outside the walls of the old church it was customary to -light beacons for the purpose of signalling with the inhabitants of -Inismurray and elsewhere, and this mode of communication by fire-signals -was adopted in Ireland from remote times, and its existence amongst us -to the present day is an interesting survival of primitive life. -Cuellar, sick at heart with the ghastly spectacle in the monastery, -betook himself to a road "which lay through a great wood," and after -wandering about without being able to procure any food, he turned his -face once more to the sea-shore, in the hope of being able to pick up -some provisions that might have been washed in from the wrecks. Here he -found, stretched on the strand in one spot, more than 400 Spaniards, and -amongst them he recognised _Don Enriquez_ and another honoured officer. -He dug a hole in the sand and buried his two friends. After some time he -was joined by two other Spaniards. They met a man who seemed rather -friendly towards them. He directed them to take a road which led from -the coast to a village, which Cuellar describes as "consisting of some -huts of straw." This was probably the village of Grange, a couple of -miles distant; and the huts he refers to were the cabins with thatched -roofs, still a common feature in the country. From descriptions of -these, which are given by writers of the 16th century, there seems to be -but slight difference in the mode of constructing cabins then and now. -At Grange was a castle in which soldiers were stationed. It was an -important outpost at the period, being on the highway between Connacht -and Tirconnell. From this castle, bodies of soldiers used to sally -forth, scouring the neighbourhood for Spanish fugitives and plunder. -Fearing these military scouts, Cuellar turned off from the village, and -entered a wood, in which he had not gone far when a new misfortune befel -him. He was set upon by an "old savage," more than seventy years of age, -and by two young men--one English, the other French. They wounded him in -the leg, and stripped him of what little clothing was left to him. They -took from him a gold chain of the value of a thousand reals; also -forty-five gold crown pieces he had sewed into his clothing, and some -relics that had been given him at Lisbon. But for the interference of a -young girl, whom Cuellar describes as of the age of twenty, "and most -beautiful in the extreme," it would have gone hard with him in the hands -of these men. Having robbed him of all he had, they went on their way in -search of further prey, and the young girl, pitying the sad condition of -the Spaniard, made a salve of herbs for his wounds, and gave him butter -and milk, with oaten bread to eat. - -Cuellar was directed to travel in the direction of some mountains, which -appeared to be about six leagues distant, behind which there were good -lands belonging to an "important savage," a very great friend of the -King of Spain. The distances in leagues and miles given in the narrative -are in most cases considerably over-estimated, and cannot be relied on. -Cuellar, it should be remembered, is describing events which happened to -him in a strange country, wherein the names of the places, and the -distances from place to place, were alike unknown to him; and the -journeys he was forced to make, in his lame and wretched condition, must -have seemed to him very much longer than they were in reality. A right -understanding of this part of the narrative is important, as some -writers have fallen into the error of supposing that Cuellar's course -was in the direction of the _Donegal_ Mountains, on the other side of -the bay, visible, no doubt, from the locality of the wreck, but on the -distant northern horizon. A careful reading of the text will show that -this was not the direction he took. He says: "I began to walk as best I -could, making for the north[2] of the mountains, as the boy had told -me." This means that he kept on the _north_, or sea-side of the _Dartry_ -Mountains; and behind them (_i.e._, on the _south_ side) were good lands -belonging to a friendly chief. The word "north" does not here refer to -the cardinal point, but is used merely as a relative term, just as -"right and left," "back and front," are used in familiar conversation. -Besides, Cuellar plainly states the name of the chief he was seeking to -reach: he speaks of him as "Senior de Ruerque" (Spanish for -_O'Rourque_), whose territory lay in the direction of the mountain range -he was travelling towards. He calls him an "important savage"--a term -which he applies to the Irish natives he met with, whether friendly or -the reverse: it does not refer to their treatment of him personally; but -he intends it to define what he considers their position in the scale of -civilization as compared with his own country. Journeying on in the -direction pointed out to him, he came to a lake, in the vicinity of -which were about thirty huts--all forsaken and untenanted. Going into one -of these for shelter, he discovered three other naked men--Spaniards--who -had met the same hard treatment as himself. The only food they could -obtain here was blackberries and water-cresses. Covering themselves up -with some straw, they passed the night in a hut by the lake-side, -resolving at daybreak to push forward towards O'Rourke's village. - -The lake to which reference is here made is evidently Glenade Lough, -from which it was an easy journey to O'Rourke's settlement at Glencar. -O'Rourke had another "town" at _Newtown_, on the borders of the County -of Sligo. It seems probable, however, that at this time he had removed -his people to Glencar. In the Lough here were several crannogs, remains -of which are still visible. Such lacustrine habitations were usually -resorted to by the Irish chiefs in times of disturbance; for within -their stockaded lake-dwellings they and their possessions were safest -from the attack of the enemy. Having arrived at "the village," Cuellar -found the chief absent, being at war with the English, who were at the -time in occupation of Sligo. Here he found a number of Spaniards. Before -many days passed, tidings came that a Spanish ship, probably one of De -Leyva's vessels, was standing off the coast, and on the look-out for any -Spaniards who had escaped with their lives. Hearing this, Cuellar and -nineteen others resolved to make an effort to reach the vessel. They, -therefore, set off at once towards the coast. They met with many -hindrances on the way; and Cuellar, probably owing to the wounded state -of his leg, was unable to keep pace with the others, and was -consequently left behind, while the others got on board the vessel. He -regards this circumstance of his being left behind as a special -interference of Providence on his behalf, for the ship, after setting -sail, was, he says, "wrecked off the same coast, and more than 200 -persons were drowned." - -Resuming the course of Cuellar's fortunes, we find him pursuing his way -by the most secluded routes for fear of the "Sassana horsemen," as he -styles the English soldiers. He soon fell in with a clergyman, who -entered into friendly converse with him in the Latin tongue--a language, -it may be observed, that did not at that period in Ireland rank as a -"dead" one--men and women of various degrees, both high and low, spoke it -freely; of this there is abundant evidence from contemporary writers. -The clergyman gave Cuellar some of the food he had with him, and -directed him to take a road which would bring him to a castle which -belonged to a "savage" gentleman, "a very brave soldier, and a great -enemy of the Queen of England--a man who had never cared to obey her or -pay tribute, attending only to his castle and mountains, which [latter] -made it strong." Following the course pointed out to him, Cuellar met -with an untoward circumstance which caused him much anxiety; he was met -by a blacksmith who pursued his calling in a "deserted valley." Here he -was forced to abide, and work in the forge. For more than a week he (the -Spanish officer) had to blow the forge bellows, and, what was worse, -submit to the rough words of the blacksmith's wife, whom he calls "an -accursed old woman." At length, his friend the clergyman happened again -to pass that way, and seeing Cuellar labouring in the forge, he was -displeased. He comforted him, assuring him he would speak to the chief -of the castle to which he had directed him, and ask that an escort -should be sent for him. The following day this promise was fulfilled, -and four men from the castle, and a Spanish soldier who had already -found his way thither, arrived, and safely conducted him on his way. -Here he seems at last to have found kind and humane treatment. He -specially mentions the extreme kindness shown him by the chief's wife, -whom he describes as "beautiful in the extreme." - -Cuellar, in taking the course pointed out to him by the clergyman, was -travelling in an eastward direction, having his back turned on -O'Rourke's village, whither he had first gone for succour. The "deserted -valley," in which he fell in with the blacksmith, was doubtless the -beautiful valley of Glenade, from which place to the island castle of -Rossclogher was an easy journey. As this castle is a prominent feature -in our narrative, some particulars regarding it and its chiefs may be -here noted. - -The castle of Rossclogher, the picturesque ruins of which are still -prominent in the beautiful scenery of Lough Melvin, was built by one of -the clan, at a period--precise date not known--anterior to the reign of -Henry VIII. In the _Irish Annals_ the name of MacClancy, chief of -Dartraigh, appears at A.D. 1241. The territory was held by the family -for three hundred years, their property having been finally confiscated -after the wars of 1641. The castle lies close to the southern shore of -Lough Melvin, considerably to the westward of the island of Inisheher -(see Ordnance Map). It is a peculiar structure, being built on an -artificial foundation, somewhat similar to the "Hag's Castle" in Lough -Mask, and to Cloughoughter Castle in the neighbouring county of Cavan. -Here may be noted a striking instance of the accuracy and -appropriateness of Irish names of places. When the island of Inisheher -(Inis Siar), _i.e._, western island, got its name, the site of -Rossclogher Castle had not been laid, for where the castle stands is -considerably further west than the last natural island, which, from its -name, marks it as the most westerly island of the lough. - -The Irish name of this family was _MacFhlnncdaha_, the name being -variously written in the _State Papers_ as McGlannogh, McGlanthie, etc., -while in the Spanish narrative it is _Manglana_. In a map drawn in 1609, -the territory is marked "Dartrie MacGlannagh" (which see). The -MacClancys were chiefs, subject to O'Rourke, and their territory--a -formidable one, by reason of its mountains and fastnesses--comprised the -entire of the present barony of Rossclogher. According to local -tradition, which survived when O'Donovan visited the district in the -summer of 1836[3], the extent of "Dartree MacClancy" was from _Glack_ -townland on the east to _Bunduff_ on the west--a distance of about six -miles; and from _Mullinaleck_ townland on the north to _Aghanlish_ on -the south--a distance of about three miles. The townlands of Rossfriar -(Ross-na-mbraher, _i.e._, the Peninsula of the Friars), and that now -called Aghanlish, were ancient _termon lands_ appertaining to the church -of Rossclogher, the ruins of which stand on the mainland, close to the -island castle of our narrative. The romantic and beautiful district over -which the MacClancys held sway included _Lough Melvin_, with its islands -and the mountain range behind. Within its bounds were two castles--that -of Rossclogher and _Dun Carbery_. On the island of _Iniskeen_ was -MacClancy's crannog; and here it may be pointed out a frequent error has -been made in supposing that the Castle of Rossclogher stood on Iniskeen. -The crannog was on that large island which is far to the east of the -Castle of Rossclogher. This was merely used in troublous times as a -place of security--a sort of treasure-house; but not an ordinary -dwelling-place. Besides the buildings already mentioned within the -territory, were at least three monasteries--that of Doire-Melle, -Cacair-Sinchill, and Beallach-in-Mithidheim--as well as numerous -churches, the ruins of some being still in existence. The MacClancy clan -appear to have sprung from a stock totally distinct from the -neighbouring clans of Brefney. Their chief residence was at Rossclogher, -but they had another castle--that of Dun Carbery--some ruins of which are -still standing close to the village of Tullaghan. This was built in the -sixteenth century, and a more commanding site for a fortified house it -would have been difficult to select. It was built on the summit of an -extensive _Dun_, or fort, which belonged to a period long anterior to -the MacClancy rule; and it is a noticeable fact that the name of the -original owner of the _Dun Carbery_, son of Niall of the Nine Hostages -(fifth century), has continued to the present day as the name by which -the castle is known. - -The Castle of Rossclogher is built on a foundation of heavy stones laid -in the bed of the lake, and filled in with smaller stones and earth to -above water-level. The sub-structure was circular in form, and the -entire was encompassed by a thick wall, probably never more than five -feet in height. The walls of the castle are very thick, and composed of -freestone, obtained from an adjacent quarry on the mainland. They are -cemented together with the usual grouting of lime and coarse gravel, so -generally used by the builders of old; the outside walls were coated -with thick rough-cast, a feature not generally seen in old structures in -the locality. Facing the south shore, which is about one hundred yards -distant, are the remains of a bastion pierced for musketry. The water -between the castle and the shore is deep, and goes down sheer from the -foundation. - -On the shore, close to the castle, are the remains of military -earthworks, evidently constructed by some enemy seeking possession of -the castle. On the summit of a hill immediately over this, is a circular -enclosure about 220 feet in circumference; it is composed of earth, -faced with stone-work. Here the MacClancy-clan folded their flocks and -herds, and from this ancient "cattle-booley" a bridle-path led to the -mountains above. Portions of this pathway have recently been discovered; -it was only two feet in width, and regularly paved with stones enclosed -by a kerb. - -On the mainland, close to the southern shore, and within speaking -distance of the castle, stand the ruins of the old church which was -built by MacClancy, and which is of about the same date as the castle to -which it was an appendage. In the immediate neighbourhood of the shore, -guarded on one side by the lofty mountain range of Dartraigh, on the -other by the waters of Lough Melvin, was MacClancy's "town"--an -assemblage of primitive huts, probably circular in shape, and of the -simplest construction, where dwelt the followers and dependents of the -chief, ready, by night or by day, to obey the call to arms, or, as -Cuellar expresses it, "Go Santiago," a slang expression in Spain, -meaning to attack.[4] - -Of the manners and customs of the natives, Cuellar makes sundry -observations. Having described at length how he occupied his leisure in -the castle by telling the fortunes of the ladies by palmistry, he -mentions incidentally that their conversation was carried on in Latin. -He goes on to speak of the natives, or "savages," as he calls them. He -says: "Their custom is to live as the brute beasts among the mountains, -which are very rugged in that part of Ireland where we lost ourselves. -They live in huts made of straw; the men are all large bodied and of -handsome features and limbs, active as the roe-deer. They do not eat -oftener than once a day, and this is at night; and that which they -usually eat is butter with oaten bread. They drink sour milk, for they -have no other drink; they don't drink water, although it is the best in -the world. On feast days they eat some flesh, half-cooked, without bread -or salt, for that is their custom. They clothe themselves, according to -their habit, with tight trousers and short loose coats of very coarse -goat's hair. They cover themselves with blankets, and wear their hair -down to their eyes. They are great walkers, and inured to toil. They -carry on perpetual war with the English, who here keep garrison for the -Queen, from whom they defend themselves, and do not let them enter their -territory, which is subject to inundation and marshy." - -The reference Cuellar makes to the food of the Irish with whom he -sojourned is interesting. He says: "They do not eat oftener than once a -day, and this is at night, and that which they usually eat is butter -with _oaten bread_." The partiality for oaten bread here spoken of still -survives; but its use has within the last half century greatly declined, -owing to the extensive introduction of "white bread," the term applied -to ordinary bakers' loaves. When the tide of emigration to America--in -the early part of this century--was in full flow from Ballyshannon, the -emigrants had to provide their own food on the voyage from this port to -the Western Continent, and that universally taken with them was an ample -supply of oaten cakes. It may not be out of place here to refer to the -curious belief which still lives in the minds of the peasantry of this -district, though, like most of the survivals of folklore, it is fading -from the memories of the people. - -The _Feàr-Gortha_, or Hungry Grass, is believed to grow in certain -spots, and whoever has the bad luck to tread on this baneful fairy herb -is liable to be stricken down with the mysterious complaint. The -symptoms, which come on suddenly, are complete prostration, preceded by -a general feeling of weakness; the sufferer sinks down, and, if -assistance is not at hand, he perishes. It is believed that if food be -partaken of in the open air, and the fragments remaining be not thrown -as an offering to the "good folk," that they will mark their displeasure -by causing a crop of "hungry grass" to arise on the spot and produce the -effects described. Fortunately, the cure is as simple as the malady is -mysterious. _Oatcake_ is the specific, or, in its absence, a few grains -of oatmeal. The wary traveller who knows the dangers of the road, -carries in his pocket a small piece of oatcake, not intended as food, -but as a charm against the _Feàr-Gortha_. - -Cuellar also observes that the chief inclination of these people is to -plunder their neighbours, capturing cattle and any other property -obtainable, the raids being chiefly carried out at night. He also -remarks that the English garrison were in the habit of making plundering -expeditions into the territory of these natives, and the only refuge -they had was, on the approach of the soldiers, to withdraw to the -mountains with their families and cattle till the danger would be past. -Speaking of the women, he says: "Most of them are very beautiful, but -badly-dressed. The head-dress of the women is a linen cloth, doubled -over the head and tied in front." He remarks "the women are great -workers and housekeepers, after their fashion." Speaking of the -churches, etc., he says most of them have been demolished by the hands -of the English, and by those natives who have joined them, who are as -bad as they. He concludes his by-no-means flattering description in -these words: "In this kingdom there is neither justice nor right, and -everyone does what he pleases." - -The "sour milk" Cuellar speaks of is buttermilk, as great a favourite -here in the nineteenth century as in the sixteenth. The cloth which he -calls "very coarse goats' hair" was probably the familiar homespun -woollen frieze, which from the earliest times was made by the Irish. The -head-dress of the women--a linen cloth--is still adopted by elderly women -here. - -After enjoying a short period of rest in MacClancy's, or, as Cuellar -styles it, Manglana's castle, rumours of an alarming nature reached -them. The Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam, or, as he is called in the narrative, -"the great governor of the Queen," was marching from Dublin, with a -force of 1,700 soldiers, in search of the lost ships and the people who -had escaped the fury of the waves, and no quarter could be expected for -either the Irish chiefs or the shipwrecked Spaniards; all that came -within Fitzwilliam's grasp would certainly be hanged. Cuellar says the -Lord Deputy marched along the whole coast till he arrived at the place -where the shipwreck happened (at Streedagh), and from thence he came -towards the castle of "Manglana." It is at this point of his narrative -that he first mentions the name of the chief who had given him refuge. - -MacClancy seeing the force that had come against him, felt himself -unable to stand a siege, and decided to escape to the friendly shelter -of his mountains. He called Cuellar aside and made known his -determination, and advised that he and the other Spaniards should -consider what they would do for their own safety. Cuellar consulted with -his fellows, and they finally agreed that their only chance of life was -to hold out in the castle as long as possible, trusting to its strength -and isolated situation; and, leaving the result to the fortunes of war, -they determined to stand or fall together. - -Having communicated their decision to MacClancy, he willingly provided -them with all the arms within his reach, and a sufficient store of -provisions to last for six months. He made them take an oath to hold the -castle "till death," and not to open the gates for "Irishman, Spaniard, -or anyone else till his return." Having made these preparations, and -removed the furniture and relics out of the church on the shore, and -deposited them within the castle, MacClancy, after embracing Cuellar, -withdrew to the mountains, taking with him his family and followers, -with their flocks and herds. Cuellar now provided himself with several -boat-loads of stones, six muskets, and six crowbars, as well as a supply -of ammunition. He gives a minute description of the place he was going -to defend. He says: "The castle is very strong and very difficult to -take, if they do not attack it with artillery, for it is founded in a -lake of very deep water, which is more than a league wide at some parts, -and three or four leagues long, and has an outlet to the sea; and -besides, with the rise of spring tides, it is not possible to enter it; -for which reason the castle could not be taken by water, nor by the -shore of land which is nearest it, neither could injury be done it, -because a league around the 'town,' which is established on the -mainland, it is marshy, breast deep, so that even the inhabitants -[natives] could not get to it except by paths." These paths, through -bogs and shallow lakes, were made of large stones in a hidden, irregular -way, unknown to any except those who had the key to their position. -Three centuries ago, the aspect of the country was very different from -what it now is: the land was in a swampy, undrained condition, and, -beyond small patches here and there, which had been cleared for growing -corn, dense thickets of brushwood covered the surface everywhere; and, -as there were no roads or bridges, but merely narrow paths, where two -horsemen could not pass each other, the difficulty--not to say -impossibility--of bringing troops, heavy baggage, and artillery across -country is apparent. That such a state of things existed in MacClancy's -territory there is abundant evidence. The stones with which Cuellar -provided himself were a favourite item in the war materials of that -period: these were used with deadly effect from the towers of castles, -and were also thrown from cannon instead of iron balls. Cuellar says: -"Our courage seemed good to the whole country, and the enemy was very -indignant at it, and came upon the castle with his forces--about 1,800 -men--and observed us from a distance of a mile and a half from it, -without being able to approach closer on account of the water [or marshy -ground] which intervened." From this description, it is evident the Lord -Deputy's forces had taken up their position on the shore of the opposite -promontory of Rossfriar--a tongue of land which projects itself into the -lough at the north-west end. From this point he says they exhibited -"menaces and warnings," and hanged two Spanish fugitives they had laid -hold of, "to put the defenders in fear." The troops demanded by trumpet -a surrender of the castle, but the Spaniards declined all proposals. For -seventeen days, Cuellar says, the besiegers lay against them, but were -unable to get a favourable position for attack. "At length, a severe -storm and a great fall of snow compelled them to withdraw without having -accomplished anything." In the _State Papers_, under date 12th October, -1588, the Lord Deputy asks the Privy Council of England to send at once -two thousand "sufficient and thoroughly appointed men" to join the -service directed against the main body of 3,000 Spaniards in O'Donnell's -country and the North. In the same month, Fenton writes to the Lord -Deputy "that the Spaniards are marching towards Sligo, and are very near -Lough Erne." There were, no doubt, a large number of Spaniards who had -escaped the dangers of the sea, and had fled for refuge to O'Donnell, -O'Neill, and O'Rourke, all of whom were very favourable to them; but the -Lord Deputy, for his own ends, greatly exaggerated both their numbers -and strength. They were merely fugitives acting on the defensive, and -not then inclined to be aggressive. They well knew the fate of hundreds -of their countrymen, and what they might expect if they fell into the -hands of the Lord Deputy. - -[Illustration: - - THE SPANIARDS HOLDING ROSSCLOGHER - CASTLE AGAINST THE LORD DEPUTY. -] - -In the County of Clare, at this time, was another MacClancy--Boethius. He -was Elizabeth's High Sheriff there, and, unlike his namesake of -Rossclogher, he cruelly treated and killed a number of Spaniards of the -Armada, who had been shipwrecked off that coast. In memory of his -conduct then, he is cursed every seventh year in a church in Spain. In -the _State Papers_ no reference is made to this expedition against -MacClancy's castle; all that is said is that troops arrived at Athlone -on 10th November, 1588, and returned to Dublin on 23rd December -following, "without loss of any one of her Majesty's army; neither -brought I home, as the captains inform me, scarce twenty sick persons or -thereabouts; neither found I the water, nor other great impediments -which were objected before my going out, to have been dangerous, -otherwise than very reasonable to pass." In these vague terms -Fitzwilliam disposes of a disagreeable subject which he knew was more -for his own credit not to enlarge upon. It seems probable that Cuellar -has over-estimated the number of soldiers sent to storm the castle which -he was defending; there is, however, no ground for doubting the general -truth of his account of the transaction. MacClancy, we know, was the -subject of peculiar hatred by the authorities; Bingham describes him as -"an arch-rebel, and the most barbarous creature in Ireland," and the -fact of his having given shelter to Spanish fugitives made him ten times -worse in their eyes. - -_Fitzwilliam_, the Lord Deputy, whom Cuellar styles the "Great -Governor," was a covetous and merciless man. Not long after his arrival -in Ireland, the Spanish shipwrecks took place, and the rumours of the -great amount of treasure and valuables which the Spaniards were reported -to have with them called into prominence the most marked feature in the -Lord Deputy's character--cupidity. His commission shows this: "To make by -all good means, both of oaths and _otherwise_ [this means _by torture_], -to take all hulls of ships, treasures, etc., into your hands, and to -apprehend and execute all Spaniards of what quality soever ... torture -may be used in prosecuting this enquiry." - -In the _State Papers_, at December 3, 1588--Sir R. Bingham to the -Queen--the following reference to the Lord Deputy's expedition to the -North of Ireland is made: "But the Lord Deputy, having further -advertisements from the North of the state of things in those parts, -took occasion to make a journey thither, and made his way through this -province [Connaught], and in passing along caused both these two -Spaniards, which my brother [George Bingham] had, to be executed." One -of these was Don Graveillo de Swasso. At December 31st, the Lord Deputy -thus refers to his movements: "At my coming to the Castles of -Ballyshannon and Beleek, which stand upon the river Earne, and are in -possession of one Sir Owen O'Toole, _alias_ O'Gallagher[5], a principal -man of that country, I found all the country [people] and cattle fled -into the strong mountains and fastnesses of the woods in their own -countrie and neighbours adjoining, as O'Rourke, O'Hara, the -O'Glannaghies [MacClancy], Maguires, and others." In the _State Papers_, -15th October, 1588, we learn some curious particulars concerning the -wreck of one of the Spanish ships, named _La Trinidad Valencera_, at -Inisowen (O'Doherty's country). This vessel, which was a very large one -(1,100 tons), carried 42 guns and 360 men, including soldiers and -mariners, many of whom were drowned. They had only one boat left, and -this a broken one, in which they succeeded in landing a part of the -crew. Some swam to shore, and the rest were landed in a boat they bought -from the Inisowen men for 200 ducats. Some curious details are given of -how the Spaniards fared on land. When first they came ashore, with only -their rapiers in their hands, they found four or five "savages," who -bade them welcome, and well-used them: afterwards, some twenty more -"wild men" came to them, and robbed them of a money-bag containing 1,000 -reals of plate and some rich apparel. The only food they could obtain -was horse-flesh, which they bought from the country people, as well as a -small quantity of butter. When they had been about a week living here, -Fitzwilliam's men came on the scene, as also O'Donnell and his wife. The -Spaniards surrendered to the captains that carried "the Queen's -ensigns," the conditions being that their lives should be spared till -they appeared before the Lord Deputy, and be allowed to take with them a -change of apparel from the stores of their own ship. These conditions -were not adhered to, and the soldiers and natives were allowed to spoil -and plunder the shipwrecked Spaniards. The O'Donnell above referred to -was the father of the celebrated Red Hugh, who was at this period within -the walls of Dublin Castle, a close prisoner. "O'Donnell's wife" was the -celebrated Ineen Dubh, the mother of Red Hugh. O'Donnell felt himself -weak and unable to cope with the English power, which was surrounding -him on all sides. While not taking an active part in maltreating the -Spaniards, who had been thrown on his territory by the violence of the -storms, he was guilty in a passive way of permitting them to be -ill-used; and when, a short time after these events, he resigned the -government of Tirconnell to the more capable hands of his son, Red Hugh, -and retired to the solitude of the cloister, the greatest sin which -weighed on his conscience was his cruel conduct in slaying a number of -Spanish seamen in Inisowen, which act was instigated by the Lord Deputy. - -MacClancy at length paid dearly for his part in the Spanish affair. This -we learn from a letter in the _State Papers_, under date 23rd April, -1590: "The acceptable service performed by Sir George Bingham in cutting -off M'Glanaghie, an arch-rebel ... M'Glanaghie's head brought in. -M'Glanaghie ran for a lough, and tried to save himself by swimming, but -a shot broke his arm, and a gallowglass brought him ashore. He was the -most barbarous creature in Ireland; his countrie extended from Grange -till you come to Ballishannon; he was O'Rourke's right hand; he had -fourteen Spaniards with him, some of whom were taken alive." The lough -above referred to is Lough Melvin. MacClancy was endeavouring to reach -his fortress when he met his end. O'Rourke, shortly after these events, -fled to Scotland, where he was arrested, brought to London, arraigned on -a charge of high treason, found guilty, and hanged. At the place of -execution he was met by the notorious _Myler M'Grath_, that many-sided -ecclesiastic, whose castle walls, near Pettigo, still keep his name in -remembrance. M'Grath endeavoured to make him abjure his faith, but -O'Rourke could not be shaken; he knew the sordid character of the man, -and bitterly reproached him for his own mercenary conduct. - -When the siege was raised, MacClancy and his followers returned from the -mountains, and made much of Cuellar and his comrades, asking them to -remain and throw in their lot with them. To Cuellar he offered his -sister in marriage. This, however, the latter declined, saying he was -anxious to turn his face homewards. MacClancy would not hear of the -Spaniards leaving; and Cuellar, fearing he might be detained against his -will, determined to leave unobserved, which he did two days after -Christmas, when he and four Spanish soldiers left the castle before -dawn, and went "travelling by the mountains and desolate places," and at -the end of twenty days they came to _Dunluce_, where Alonzo de Leyva, -and the Count de Paredes, and many other Spanish nobles had been lost; -and there, he says, "they went to the huts of some 'savages,' who told -us of the great misfortunes of our people who were drowned." - -Cuellar does not indicate the course he took in travelling on foot from -the castle in Lough Melvin to Dunluce; but it is evident, from the time -spent on the journey, that it was the circuitous route round the coast -of Donegal to Derry, and from thence to Dunluce. Their journey was one -of danger, as military scouts were searching the country everywhere for -Spaniards, and more than once he had narrow escapes. After some delay -and considerable difficulty, Cuellar, through the friendly assistance of -Sir James MacDonnell, of Dunluce, succeeded in crossing over to -Scotland, in company with seventeen Spanish sailors who had been rescued -by MacDonnell. He hoped to enjoy the protection of King James VI., who -was then reported to favour the Spaniards. - -Cuellar did not find things much better there, and, after some delay, he -eventually took ship and arrived at Antwerp. His narrative is dated -October 4, 1589, and was evidently not written till his arrival on the -Continent. In forming an estimate of its value, it should be remembered -that the greater part, if not all, was written by him from memory. It is -highly improbable he would have made notes, or kept a diary in Ireland, -as the writing of his adventures never occurred to him (as his narrative -shows) till afterwards. This most probable supposition will account for -any inaccuracies in his statements as to places, distances, etc.; and -allowing for a natural tendency to exaggeration, Cuellar's narrative, -corroborated as it is in all essential points by contemporary history, -bears on its face the stamp of truth and authenticity. - -The _State Papers_ (Ireland) at this year (1588) contain several -references to these wrecks on the Connaught coast.[6] Amongst them the -following occur: "After the Spanish fleet had doubled Scotland, and were -in their course homewards, they were by contrary weather driven upon the -several parts of this province [Connaught] and wrecked, as it were, by -even portions--three ships in every of the four several counties -bordering on the sea coasts, viz., in Sligo, Mayo, Galway, and -Thomond:--so that twelve ships perished on the rocks and sands of the -shore-side, and some three or four besides to seaboard of the out-isles, -which presently sunk, both men and ships, in the night-time. And so can -I say by good estimation that six or seven thousand men have been cast -away on these coasts, save some 1,000 of them which escaped to land in -several places where their ships fell, which sithence _were all put to -the sword_." Of all the ships which composed the Armada, none was a -greater object of interest than the _Rata_, a great galleon commanded by -Don Alonzo de Leyva. This officer was Knight of Santiago and Commendador -of Alcuesca: a remarkable man, of invincible courage and perseverance, -who was destined to meet a watery grave on this expedition. It is said -that King Philip felt more grief for his death than for the loss of the -whole fleet. - -In the _Rata_ were hundreds of youths of the noblest families of -Castile, who had been committed to De Leyva's care. Having cleared the -northern coast of Scotland and gained the Atlantic, he kept well out to -sea, and in the early part of the month of September doubled Erris Head, -on the western coast of Mayo, after which he and another galleon came to -anchor in Blacksod Bay. Here he sent in a boat, with fourteen men, to -ascertain the disposition of the natives, whether friendly or the -reverse. Having landed, they soon encountered one of the petty -chiefs--Richard Burke by name, familiarly known as the "Devil's Son." -This man, true to his character, robbed and maltreated them. Immediately -after this a violent storm sprang up, which proved fatal to many of the -Spanish ships then off the Irish coast: the _Rata_ broke loose from her -anchors, and ran ashore; De Leyva and his men were only able to escape -with their lives, carrying with them their arms and any valuables they -could lay hold of. They set fire to the _Rata_; and perceiving hard by -an old castle, within it they took up their quarters. The "Devil's Son" -and his followers made their way to the wreck, plundering any of the -rich garments and stores which they could snatch from the flames. At -this juncture, _Bryan-na-Murtha O'Rourke_, Prince of Breffney, hearing -of the abject condition of the Spaniards, sent them immediate -assistance, and an invitation to their commander, De Leyva, to come to -his castle at Dromahair. There they were well entertained, comfortably -clothed, and provided with arms. This is referred to in the Irish _State -Papers_ thus: "Certain Spaniards being stript were relieved by Sir Brian -O'Rourke, apparelled, and new furnished with weapons." - -O'Rourke, whose power and popularity were very great, was a dangerous -foe to the Governor of Connaught, who was unable to make him pay the -"Queen's Rent." His action in harbouring and succouring the Spaniards, -and for a short space enlisting them in his service, had, as shall be -seen further on, important results in his approaching downfall. De Leyva -resolved, after some time, to quit the country, and to embark his men in -the other galleon, the _San Martin_, which had been able to hold out in -the offing. Having made sail, and on their way fallen in with the -_Girona_ and another ship--a galliass--they endeavoured to clear _Rossan_ -Point; but the sea being still very rough and the wind unpropitious, -they were obliged to make for Killybegs. Having reached the entrance to -that port, the two larger vessels went on the rocks, and became wrecks; -the galliass continued to float, though badly injured; the crews and -soldiers, numbering two thousand, were got ashore with their arms, but -no provisions were saved. - -The _State Papers_ [September, 1588] say that "John Festigan, who came -out of the barony of Carbrie [of which Streedagh strand forms a part], -saw _three great ships_ coming from the south-west, and bearing towards -O'Donnell's country, and took their course right to the harbour of -Killybegs, the next haven to Donegal." And in the examination of a -Spanish sailor named Macharg,[7] the following reference appears: "After -the fight in the narrow sea, she fell upon the coast of Ireland in a -haven called 'Erris St. Donnell,' where, at their coming in, they found -a great ship called the _Rata_, of 1,000 tons or more, in which was Don -Alonzo de Leyva. After she perished, Don Alonzo and all his company were -received into the hulk of _St. Anna_, with all the goods they had in the -ships of any value; as plate, apparel, money, jewels, and armour, -leaving behind them victual, ordnance, and much other stuff, which the -hulk was not able to carry away." It will be seen from the above that it -is stated that it was in the _St. Anna_ De Leyva embarked, after the -loss of his own vessel; but it would appear from "_La Felicissima -Armada_" that it was in the _San Martin_ they took ship, and afterward -removed to the _Duquesa Santa Anna_. - -The number of wrecks of the Spanish vessels on the Irish coast was -largely due to the insufficiency of their anchor-gear; and in -explanation of this, it may be observed that it was chiefly _hempen_ -cables which were then in use; and even in the largest vessels -substantial chain cables had not been adopted. - -It would seem that when De Leyva had reached "O'Donnell's country," he -found the _San Martin_ so much injured and in such a leaky condition, -that he abandoned her and placed his men and valuables in the _Duquesa -Santa Anna_, which, through the friendly aid of O'Neill and McSwine, he -was enabled to repair. After obtaining fresh stores of provisions from -the people of Tirconnell, De Leyva once more put to sea; but misfortune -still followed in his track, and the _Santa Anna_ ran on the rocks in -Glennageveny Bay, a few miles west of Inisowen Head. Still undaunted, De -Leyva, though now sorely wounded in escaping from the wreck, made -another effort. The _Girona_, which had also been patched up while at -Killybegs, lay at anchor in a creek in McSwine's territory, about twenty -miles distant from where he now was. In the _Girona_ he determined to -sail, and being unable to walk or ride had himself carried across -country, the remnant of his men following him--for many had been drowned. -Close to the shore, in sight of that relentless sea from which they had -already suffered so keenly, these belated men encamped for the space of -a week, using every effort to make the _Girona_--their last means of -escape--as tight and seaworthy as possible. They once more embarked, -hoping to be able at least to reach the coast of Scotland; but their -course was nearly run; and after a few days, while passing near to the -Giant's Causeway, they ran on a rock, and in a few minutes were dashed -to pieces. It is said every soul on board except five sailors--nobles, -mariners, soldiers, and slaves (who were kept as rowers)--were lost. The -actual spot of the wreck pointed to by tradition still bears the name of -"_Spaniard Rock_" the western head of Port-na-Spaniagh. - -[Illustration: - - WRECK OF A GALLEON AT PORT-NA-SPANIAGH, - NORTH COAST OF ANTRIM, SEPTEMBER, 1588. -] - -The _State Papers_ (Ireland, 1588) contain the following reference to -this event: "The Spanish ship [the _Girona_] which arrived in Tirconnell -with the McSweeny, was on Friday, the 18th of this present month [_Oct., -1588_], descried over against _Dunluce_, and by rough weather was -perished, so that there was driven to the land, being drowned, the -number of 260 persons, with certain butts of wine, which Sorely Boy -[MacDonnell] hath taken up for his use." There was another of the -Spanish ships wrecked near Dunluce, but the name of the vessel is -unknown. From this wreck the MacDonnells recovered three pieces of -cannon, which were subsequently claimed by Sir John Chichester for the -Government. These cannon were mounted on Dunluce Castle, and MacDonnell -refused to give them up. He had also rescued eleven sailors from this -wreck, as well as the five from the _Girona_. These he all took under -his protection, and eventually sent them over in a boat to Scotland, -from whence they made their way home. From the depositions of an Irish -sailor named _McGrath_, who was on board the _Girona_, it appears that -vessel went aground on a long, low reef of rock at the mouth of the -_Bush_ river, which reef was then known as the "Rock of Bunbois." - -Of the authentic relics of the Armada, those which have attracted most -attention, and been the subject of most controversy, are the iron -chests. That there are a greater number of these chests still preserved -in Ireland than could reasonably be assumed to have belonged to the -Spanish vessels which perished on the Irish coast, cannot be denied; -nevertheless, it is a mistake which some writers on the subject have -fallen into, in supposing that no such chests were in the Spanish -vessels, and that they are a mere popular fiction, as their introduction -into Ireland must have been at least a century later than the Armada -period. The writer has been at pains to obtain from the most trustworthy -sources, both in this country and in England, all the information -possible, and the result is here summarized. Having examined specimens -of these treasure-chests in South Kensington and elsewhere, belonging to -the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, from the earliest chest downwards, -the same features are apparent in their construction and ornamentation. -They were by no means peculiar to Spain, but were the typical and -recognised receptacles for valuables all over the Continent of Europe -for many centuries.[8] In Ireland these chests were in use in the time -of the O'Donnells, and were doubtless brought over in the vessels which -were frequently trading between the ports of Tirconnell and the Brabant -Marts. Within the past half-century, while some clay was being turned up -and removed from the precincts of _O'Clery's Castle_, at Kilbarron, near -Ballyshannon, the lid of one was discovered with the intricate system of -bolts and levers attached. This is now in the custody of the writer, -having been kindly lent to him by the owner, General Tredennick, -Woodhill, Ardara. When brought to light, it was supposed to have been -the lock of the chief entrance to O'Clery's stronghold, and continued to -be so regarded till identified by the writer as a portion of a -fifteenth-century coffer. This discovery proves beyond question that -these chests _were_ in use in Ireland, whether brought over in Spanish -or other vessels, at a much earlier date than some have supposed. The -lid found at O'Clery's Castle, it is reasonable to infer, belonged to a -chest which was used by the historians of Tirconnell for the safe -keeping of their valuable manuscripts and other articles; and, looking -to the fact that their house and property were confiscated within a -period of twenty years or so after the Spanish wrecks, and that -Kilbarron was then plundered and dismantled, there can be no doubt that -the chest in question belonged to the period when the O'Clerys -flourished in their rock-bound fortress. The lid itself offers a curious -bit of evidence of its past history: a portion of one of the hinges -remains attached, showing that it had been wrenched off with violence, -and that the chest to which it belonged had been forced by some -plundering enemy who had not possession of the master-key, which -actuated all the bolts of the lock. A similar lid was found in the ruins -of O'Donnell's Castle at Donegal, and is still in existence in this -neighbourhood. - -[Illustration: A SPANISH TREASURE-CHEST.] - -There is in the possession of W. E. Kelly, Esq., St. Helen's, Westport, -Co. Mayo (to whom the writer is indebted for the information), a very -interesting treasure-chest, which bears satisfactory evidence of having -been recovered from one of the Armada ships wrecked on that coast in -1588. After "the flight of the Earls," a branch of the O'Donnells -migrated from Tirconnell to _Newport_, Co. Mayo, and one of the -family--Conel O'Donnell, brother of Sir Neal O'Donnell--obtained from a -peasant, who lived on the sea-shore at Clew Bay, the chest in question. -No particulars are forthcoming as to the exact spot where the peasant -found it; but it bears evidence, from its corrosion, of having been -subjected to the prolonged action of sea water, and it is not unlikely -that this relic was on board the _Rata_, which De Leyva set fire to in -Blacksod Bay. The size of the chest is 2 ft. 10½ ins. long, 1 ft. 9 -ins. wide, and 1 ft. 7½ ins. high. - -In the Armada Exhibition, at Drury Lane, held October, 1888, the -following amongst other relics were shown: - -"No. 240.--Spanish treasure-chest, with two keys; the larger key is -emblematical, the bow being the ecclesiastical A.N., the wards being -'chevron' and 'cross.' Inside of chest has engraved face-plate to lock, -perforated with _Spanish eagles_ for design. - -"No. 241.--Spanish treasure-chest, believed to have come out of the -_Santa Anna_, etc. - -"No. 242.--Iron chest from Armada. This chest is of most remarkable -construction: there is an apparent keyhole, but the real one is -concealed in the lid, which is one large lock, the lock-plate of which -is of very fine workmanship of polished iron. - -"No. 243.--Iron treasure-chest, taken from the Spanish war-ship during -the fight with the Armada. - -"Spanish matchlock, taken from a Spaniard on the coast of Ireland. - -"Spear head, from one of the Armada ships, wrecked off the coast of -Donegal. - -"A spoon of curious floral design, found on the shore close to Dunluce -Castle, about 90 years ago [supposed to be from the wreck of the -_Girona_.]"[9] - -Turning to Cuellar's narrative, in speaking of the wrecks at Streedagh, -Co. Sligo, of which he was an eye-witness, the following occurs:[10] -"And then [the Irish] betook themselves to the shore to plunder and -break open _money chests_." These are called in Spanish _Arcas_, _i.e._, -iron chests with flat lids to hold money, etc. - -In the _State Papers_ (Ireland, 1588) several references to money chests -in the Spanish ships appear. "Plate and ducats" are spoken of as being -"rifled out of their chests." At 2nd Aug., 1588 [examination of Spanish -prisoners], from the "_Nuestra Señora del Rosario_," "a _chest of the -King's_ was taken wherein was 52,000 ducats, of which chest Don Pedro de -Valdez had one key and the King's treasurer or the Duke another. Besides -[it is added], many of the gentlemen had good store of money aboard the -said ship; also, there was wrought plate and a great store of precious -jewels and rich apparel." - -In _State Papers_ [4th and 5th August, 1588], in describing the capture -of a Spanish "_Carrack_"--the _San Salvador_--it is said: "This very night -some inkling came unto us that _a chest_ of great weight should be found -in the fore-peak of the ship," etc. These and many other references to -both treasure and treasure-chests, taken from contemporary sources, show -that the Spanish treasure-chests _are not_ mythical, but formed a -necessary part of the outfit of an expedition, on which those who had -entered had staked all their riches and had brought their valuables with -them. A fine specimen of the treasure-chest is in the possession of -Major Hamilton, Brownhall. It has been in his family for such a period -that its history is lost. The ornamental open-work of polished steel, -which covers the inside of lid, is a very fine specimen of mediæval iron -work. - -In Western Tirconnell is a cluster of islands which, collectively, are -called _The Rosses_. About four and a half miles north-west of -Mullaghderg are the "Spanish Stags" or "Enchanted Ships." On this wild -and rocky coast, abounding in shoals and sunken rocks, one of the -Spanish ships was cast away. Here lies buried in the sand the remains of -one of them. A little more than a century ago, an expedition of young -men, whose imagination was heated by the traditional accounts of buried -treasure, set out in a boat to the Spanish rock, and being good divers -and expert swimmers, they succeeded in reaching the wreck. They got on -the upper deck, and were able by great effort and perseverance to -recover a quantity of lead: they raised a number of brass guns, some of -which were 10 feet long. These were broken up and sold as scrap metal at -4½d. per lb. The iron guns, of which they found a number, were left -in the water. This vessel, tradition says, was a treasure ship; at all -events, a number of Spanish gold coins were found, and were in existence -some years ago. The brass cannon which were found bore the Spanish arms. -It is said some of the Spaniards from this vessel escaped to land, and -spent the rest of their lives amongst the Irish in The Rosses. - -[Illustration: Anchor recovered from the wreck of one of the -SHIPS of the SPANISH.ARMADA off the coast of DONEGAL. - -Presented by Cap'n Omma.] - -In the spring of 1895, an attempt was made to search for the remains of -this ship. A small steamer, called the _Harbour Lights_, visited the -spot, and remained for a fortnight, but without being able to accomplish -anything. Owing to the accumulation of sand, which now covers the wreck, -there are great obstacles in the way of reaching it. At about a distance -of two miles to the south of the "Spanish Rock" another vessel was -wrecked, in the Bay of Castlefort, inside of the North Island of Aran. -In 1853, the coastguards at Rutland, under the superintendence of their -chief officer, Mr. Richard Heard, and at the instance of Admiral Sir -Erasmus Ommanney, C.B., who was on a tour of inspection in that year, -had their attention directed to the wreck. The search was rewarded by -the recovery of a fine anchor, which was forthwith transmitted to -London, and presented by the Admiral to the United Service Institution, -Whitehall Place. Through the kindness of Sir Erasmus Ommanney, an -engraving[11] of this interesting relic is presented, and the writer is -also indebted to him for the particulars of the discovery of the anchor. -A portion of one of the brass cannon recovered from the _Girona_ was in -Castlecaldwell Museum, till the collection was disposed of. The fine -figurehead of one of the ships wrecked off Streedagh, which is shown on -the first page, is the only existing specimen in Ireland. In the Parish -Church of Carndonagh is a bell, which tradition says was recovered from -an Armada vessel wrecked at Inishowen. It bears the following legend: -"Sancta: Maria: Ora: Pro: Nobis Ricardus Pottar [his sign or trade mark] -De Vruain Me Fecit Alla [Allelujah]." - -The following are the names of the Spanish vessels lost on the coasts of -Ulster and Connacht, so far as they are known (several nameless vessels -were also cast away): - - _Duquesa Santa Anna_ 900 tons. - _The Rata_ 820 " - _The San Martin_ -- - _El Gran Grifon, Capitana_ 650 " - _The Girona_ -- - _The San Juan_ 530 " - _La Trinidad Valencera_ 1,100 " - -In the valuable work, entitled "State Papers relating to the Defeat of -the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588," by Professor Laughton (Navy Records -Society)--a work which throws much light on the history of the period, -and should be studied in connection with Captain Duro's book--the -following remarks are made as to the cause of the loss of so many -Spanish vessels: "The Spanish ships were lost partly from bad pilotage, -partly from bad seamanship, but chiefly because they were leaking like -sieves, had no anchors, their masts and rigging shattered, their water -casks smashed." - -The actual numbers when the fleet sailed from the Tagus on the 20th May -were: 130 ships, 57,868 tons, 2,431 guns, 8,050 seamen, 18,973 soldiers, -1,382 volunteers, 2,088 slaves (as rowers). - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] Amongst those drowned at the wrecks on Streedagh were the following -Irishmen: Brian Mac-in-Persium, Andrew Mac-in-Persium, and Cormac -O'Larit, all of whom had shipped as sailors in the Spanish vessels. - -[2] See Translator's Preface for the sense in which the word "north" is -used in Spanish. - -[3] See O'Donovan's Letters (Sligo, R.I.A.) - -[4] _Santiago_, the Patron Saint of Spain; hence it became the war-cry -or watchword when going to battle. - -[5] Sir Owen O'Gallagher was O'Donnell's Marshal, and lived in the -Castle of Ballyshannon at this period. - -[6] Sir R. Bingham to Walsyngham, Oct. 1st, 1588. - -[7] Duro, p. 98; 25, i. - -[8] Chests of the same type, called _Arca_, were discovered in the -excavations at Pompeii, where they were used for keeping the public -money. - -[9] From the Official Catalogue of Tercentenary Exhibition of Spanish -Armada. - -[10] See Mr. Crawford's translation and relative note, Part II. - -[11] From a photograph kindly taken by T. B. M'Dowell, Esq., London. - - - - - PART II. - - - - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _NARRATIVE_ - - OF - - _THE SPANISH ARMADA_ - - AND OF - - _His Wanderings and Adventures in Ireland_. - - (_Dated October 4th, 1589_). - - - TRANSLATED BY - - ROBERT CRAWFORD, M.A., M.R.I.A., &c., - - _From the Spanish Text_, - - AS GIVEN IN - - "_LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE_," - - BY CAPTAIN CESAREO FERNANDEZ DURO, - - _Published in Madrid, 1884-5_. - - - - - _Translator's Preface._ - - -Shortly after the publication in Madrid of the second volume of Captain -Duro's book--"_La Armada Invencible_"--the Earl of Ducie drew special -attention to it in an article which appeared in the number of the -_Nineteenth Century_ for September, 1885. - -Subsequently Mr. Froude took up the subject, and discoursed upon it in -_Longman's Magazine_ for September, October, and November, 1891, giving -a general sketch of the salient features of the ill-fated expedition -from the Spanish point of view, as disclosed in the pages of the book in -question. - -These glowing pictures aroused much public interest at the time; but -they were especially attractive to those persons who happened to combine -the conditions of possessing antiquarian tastes, and living near the -localities brought into prominence by the recital of the great disasters -which befel the "Invincible Armada." - -Of all the exciting scenes in that eventful episode in our history, none -was more tragic than the wreck of three of the largest of the Spanish -ships, which took place, simultaneously, in the bay of Donegal, on the -north-west coast of Ireland, in September, 1588. - -The fact that in Captain Duro's book there appeared a hitherto -unpublished narrative of the event, written at the time by Don Francisco -Cuellar, one of the survivors of the catastrophe, and giving a minute -account of his wanderings and adventures in the country where he was -cast away, contributed to increase the local interest in the matter. - -Mr. Hugh Allingham at once began a series of exhaustive investigations -in relation to Cuellar's descriptions, the results of which he -subsequently placed before the public in the pages of the _Ulster -Journal of Archæology_, April, 1895. - -It was solely with the object of assisting him in the researches he then -undertook that this translation was prepared, and there was no intention -at the time of any future publication of it. - -It was a matter of importance to facilitate the process of -identification as regards the various localities referred to, as well as -to avoid the danger of misinterpreting the writer's meaning when dealing -with obscure passages; conditions requiring the translation to be as -literal as possible, and leaving the translator with but little freedom -in treating a language that at best does not lend itself easily to -reproduction in the English idiom. - -These facts are mentioned to account for the style in which it has been -prepared, as it has no pretensions to merit, except in so far as care -has been taken to follow closely the wording of the original Spanish. - -As Mr. Allingham is now about to publish a new edition of his "Spanish -Armada in Ulster and Connacht," it has been considered desirable that -this translation should be added to it _in extenso_ for the convenience -of reference. I have, therefore, gone carefully over it again, comparing -it with the Spanish text, and have made some slight alterations of an -occasional word or phrase in it to make the matter more explicit. - -This will explain why in some of Mr. Allingham's quotations from the -original translation, as given in the first edition of his paper on this -subject, a word here and there may be found to differ from those -contained in the present version; but the change does not affect the -sense or meaning of any passage, with, I think, a couple of exceptions. - -The first of these relates to where Cuellar describes the English as -going about searching "for us who had escaped [from the perils of the -sea. All the monks had fled] to the woods," etc. The part within the -brackets was left out in the original translation by the accidental -omission of a line in copying the rough draft; and, as the mutilated -sentence still made sense, the omission was not detected at the time. - -The other is the only really important change, and I will now proceed to -deal with it. - -The Spanish words are: "_Hacienda Norte de las montañas_," which I -originally translated as "making for the north of the mountains"; but -now prefer to render by the alternative reading: "_Making for the -direction of the mountains_." - -I will first show that this latter translation is also perfectly -correct, and that I am justified in adopting it, and then explain my -reason for doing so. - -In Spanish dictionaries generally the meaning of _Norte_ is given, -primarily, as North, signifying either the Arctic pole, the northern -part of the sphere, the polar star, the north wind, etc.; but it is also -used in another and metaphorical sense. - -In the best authority we have on such matters--the Dictionary of the -Spanish Academy--we find that _Norte_ also means _direction_, guide, "the -allusion being taken from the North Star, by which navigators guide -themselves with the direction of the nautical needle" [or mariner's -compass]. With such an authority to support me, I think it can scarcely -be disputed that the alternative translation, which I recommend, is a -fair one. - -I will now explain why I prefer it to my first reading of the passage. -Cuellar's statement leaves no room for doubt that it was to O'Rourke's -country, lying along and to the south of the Leitrim range of mountains, -he was bound; while Mr. Allingham's investigations make it equally -certain, in my opinion, that Glenade was the particular place Cuellar -came to, as described in his account of his wanderings. - -Now, as Glenade is among the Leitrim mountains, not on their northern -side--along which, in the first instance, I had supposed Cuellar's route -to lie--it became necessary for me to re-examine my position and make -sure whether the Spanish text required a rigid adherence to my first -translation, or might admit of some alternative reading that would -account for the apparent discrepancy. - -The result was, as already explained, that the pages of the dictionary -disclosed a perfectly easy and admissible treatment of the passage in -question, that solved the difficulty without the necessity of resorting -to any postulates, or putting a forced or novel interpretation upon the -words. - -Here, perhaps, I should refer to the fact that two other translators of -Cuellar's narrative--Professor O'Reilly in the _Proceedings of the Royal -Irish Academy_, December, 1893, and Mr. Sedgwick in a small volume -recently published by Mr. Elkin Mathews, of Vigo Street, London--give -this passage a very different meaning to that which I attach to it, -while they agree tolerably closely with each other. - -Professor O'Reilly omits all mention of the mountains, and translates -only the rest of the sentence, as: "_Taking the northerly direction -pointed out by the boy_"; while Mr. Sedgwick puts it in this form: -"_Striking north for the mountains_ the boy had pointed out." - -This latter reading gives the preposition (_de_) exactly the opposite -signification to that which it usually bears. - -But, apart from this, there is another and, I think, a fatal objection -to the two foregoing translations of the phrase. - -Both agree that the boy told Cuellar to go _straight on_ to mountains, -_pointed out_ by him, as the place behind which O'Rourke lived. If so, -these mountains could not have been situated to the north of where he -was at the time, as to go from thence in anything like a northerly -direction would have brought him at once into the sea, which lay to the -north of him, and extended for several miles farther eastwards. - -That this fact must have been apparent to both Cuellar and his guide as -they went along will be recognised by those who are acquainted with the -locality, which everywhere looks down upon the ocean. - -There is another rather important point upon which I differ from the two -gentlemen already named, who here again agree closely with each other. -It relates to the position of the village in which MacClancy's retainers -lived. Cuellar says it was established upon "_tierra firme_," which one -translates as _firm_, the other as _solid_, ground. To me the context -appears to indicate clearly that the expression was intended to bear its -ordinary idiomatic interpretation of _mainland_ in contradistinction to -the position of the castle itself, which we are told was built in the -lake. - -There are several other expressions about the meaning of which we -differ; but I will only refer to some of them, that are of sufficient -importance, either directly or indirectly, to make it desirable that -Cuellar's statement concerning them should be correctly given. I do not -refer to them in any spirit of adverse criticism, but in the interests -of accuracy, as regards details, in the description of an important -historical event. - -Both parties translate _montes_ as _mountains_. This, I think, is a -mistake: it should be _woods_. Cuellar repeatedly uses the correct word, -_montañas_, to express mountains; so that when we find him writing -_montes_, the natural inference is that he was referring to something of -a different nature; besides, _montes_ is frequently made use of in -Spanish to denote woods. - -Professor O'Reilly translates _manta_ as _cloak_ throughout; while Mr. -Sedgwick also does so the first time he meets with it, but calls it -_blanket_ always afterwards. _Manta_ means a blanket, but _manto_ is a -mantle, veil, or cloak; and the error alluded to is due, no doubt, to -the similarity of the two words. - -Again, both gentlemen translate _un trompeta_ as a _trumpet_: it should -be a _trumpeter_. The cause of the mistake here lies in overlooking the -nature of the article made use of. _Trompeta_ is both a masculine and -feminine noun. The former signifies the man who blows a trumpet, and the -latter is the instrument itself. In the present instance, the article -(_un_) being masculine, shows that the word is used in its masculine -sense, and therefore means a _trumpeter_. - -I will now briefly refer to a few cases of the two translators -separately, taking Professor O'Reilly first. - -_Galleon_ and _galley_ do not translate each other, but refer to very -different classes of ships. - -Cuellar did not remain on board _his own ship_ after he had been -sentenced to death and reprieved, but was detained on the ship of the -Judge Advocate, in which he was subsequently wrecked. The number of dead -bodies lying on the shore where he was cast away is given by Cuellar as -more than 600, not as more than 800. - -"_Casiñas de paja_" means, I think, that the huts were not merely -thatched with straw, but composed of it altogether. This appears to be -clear from the fact that Cuellar uses another expression--"_Casas -pajizas_"--when he wished to describe the thatched houses in Ocan's -village. - -Referring to the ship that Cuellar's companions--who outstripped -him--embarked upon, and in the wreck of which they were subsequently -lost, Professor O'Reilly says she "_drifted there by good luck_" (_con -gran fortuna_). I think this is not the true meaning of the passage, but -that the ship was driven in "_by a great tempest_" or storm; for he goes -on to say that her main-mast and rigging were much injured. It should be -borne in mind that _fortuna_ means a storm or tempest, as well as -fortune or luck. - -Turning now to Mr. Sedgwick's translation, he gives _Ancients_ as the -English equivalent for _Alférez_, which is probably some curious -misprint; for the ordinary meaning of the word is _ensign_. - -Again, _Sierra_ does not mean a "peak," but a mountain ridge or range. - -_Pelotes_ is given as _goat-skin_: it should be goat's _hair_. - -"_Y pues el salvaje sentia tanto desmamparar su castillo_" is -translated: "And since the savage had _resolved_ to abandon his castle." -This should be: "Besides [or since] the savage _regretted so much_ to -abandon his castle." - -Here it may be remarked that Cuellar always calls the natives of Ireland -savages, which seems very ungrateful on his part, as many of them showed -him great kindness. It would have been pleasanter for a translator at -the present day to have softened the harsher expression by substituting -_native_ for it, as Professor O'Reilly has done; but it appears to me -that this does not convey the correct meaning of what Cuellar had in -view when he used the word _salvaje_. - -Referring to MacClancy's Castle, Cuellar says: "_Por lo qual no se puede -ganar este castillo por agua, ni por la banda de tierra que esta mas -cerca de el._" Mr. Sedgwick translates it thus: "For this reason the -castle is safe from attack, and is inaccessible both by water and by the -strip of _land that runs up to it_." This would look as if the castle -stood upon a promontory of the mainland, instead of being built in the -lake, as Cuellar, at the beginning of the same paragraph, tells us it -was. - -I think the true meaning of the passage is this: "For which reason the -castle could not be taken by water nor by the shore of the land that is -nearest to it." - -To conclude: there appears to be an important error in Mr. Sedgwick's -translation, beginning with the title, and repeated in the first and -last sentences of this book, besides occurring several times throughout -its pages. I refer to the statement that Cuellar's letter was written to -King Philip II., and to the constant use of the expression "Your -Majesty" to the person he was addressing. - -I cannot find the slightest evidence in support of this assumption: on -the contrary, everything in the letter would seem to contradict it. It -is written in a familiar, chatty style, as to a person with whom the -writer was on fairly familiar terms, and was certainly not such as a -captain in the Spanish navy would address to his Sovereign. - -The error must, I think, have arisen from some misconception as to the -meaning of the abbreviations made use of in Spanish epistolary -correspondence. - -In twelve instances I find that Mr. Sedgwick has apparently mistaken the -initials V.m. (a capital V followed by a small m), which stand for -_Vuestra merced_--the usual form in which untitled persons addressed each -other--for V.M. (where both letters are capitals), meaning _Vuestra -Majestad_ (Your Majesty). Once (on page 12) he gives a similar rendering -of the letters S.M., which stand for _Su Majestad_ (His Majesty), -although on page 104 he translates the same initials correctly. On page -98 he uses the same formula (Your Majesty) to represent the expression -_La Majestad_ (The Majesty), and on page 102 he makes it do duty for the -whole expression "_La Majestad del rey nuestro Señor_" (the majesty of -the King, our Lord). - - ROBERT CRAWFORD. - - STONEWOLD, BALLYSHANNON, - _March_ 29_th_, 1897. - - - - - _Translation of_ - - CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S - - _Narrative of the Spanish Armada_. - - _Letter of One who was with the Armada of [for] England, - and an Account of the Expedition._ - - -I believe that you[12](1) will be astonished at seeing this letter on -account of the slight certainty that could have existed as as to my -being alive. That you(12)(2) may be quite sure of this I write it [the -letter], and at some length, for which there is sufficient reason in the -great hardships and misfortunes I have passed through since the Armada -sailed from Lisbon for England, from which our Lord, in His infinite -good pleasure, delivered me. - -As I have not had an opportunity to write to you(12)(3) for more than a -year, I have not done so until now that God has brought me to these -States of Flanders, where I arrived twelve days ago with the Spaniards -who escaped from the ships that were lost in Ireland, Scotland, and -Shetland, which were more than twenty of the largest in the Armada. - -In them came a great force of picked infantry, many captains, -ensigns,[13] camp-masters,[14] and other war officials, besides several -gentlemen and scions[15] of nobility, out of all of whom, being more -than two hundred, not five survived; because some of them were drowned, -and those who reached the shore by swimming were cut in pieces by the -English, whom the Queen keeps quartered in the Kingdom of Ireland. - -I escaped from the sea and from these enemies by having commended myself -very earnestly to our Lord, and to the Most Holy Virgin, His Mother; and -with me three hundred and odd soldiers, who also knew how to save -themselves and to swim to shore. With them I experienced great -misfortunes: naked and shoe-less all the winter: passing more than seven -months among mountains and woods with savages, which they all are in -those parts of Ireland where we were shipwrecked. - -I think it is not right for me to omit to narrate to you, or to keep -back, the injuries and the great insults[16] that it was sought to -inflict upon me, so wrongfully, and without my having committed the -fault of neglecting to do my duty, from which our Lord delivered me. - -Having been condemned to death, as you will have known, and so -ignominiously, and seeing the severity with which the order for -execution was given, I demanded, with much spirit and anger, why they -inflicted upon me so great an insult and dishonour, I having served the -King as a good soldier and loyal subject of his on all occasions and in -the encounters which we had with the fleet of the enemy, from which the -galleon I commanded always came out of action very badly injured, and -with many people killed and wounded. - -In it (my demand) I requested that a copy of the order should be given -me, and that a judicial inquiry should be made of the three hundred and -fifty men who were on board the galleon, and if any one of them -considered me to blame they might quarter me. - -They did not wish to listen to me, nor to many gentlemen who interceded -on my behalf, replying that the Duke was then in retirement, and very -morose, and unwilling that any one should speak with him; because, in -addition to the miserable success which he always had with the enemy, on -the day of my trouble he was informed that the two galleons--_San Mateo_ -and _San Felipe_--of those from Portugal, in which were the two -camp-masters,[17] Don Francisco de Toledo, brother of the Count of -Orgaz, and Don Diego Pimentel, brother of the Marquis de Távara, were -lost in the sea, and most of those they carried were cut to pieces and -dead. - -On this account the Duke kept to his cabin, and the councillors, to make -up for his perversity,[18] did wrongs, right and left, on the lives and -reputations of blameless persons; and this is so public that every one -knows it. - -The galleon _San Pedro_, in which I sailed, received much injury from -many heavy cannon balls, which the enemy lodged in her in various parts; -and although they were repaired as well as was possible at the time, -there were still some hidden shot-holes through which much water -entered. - -After the fierce engagement we had off Calais on the 8th of August, -continuing from the morning till seven o'clock in the evening--which was -the last of all--our Armada being in the act of retiring--oh! I don't know -how I can say it--the fleet of our enemy followed behind to drive us from -their country; and when it was accomplished, and everything was safe, -which was on the 10th of the same [month], seeing that the enemy had -stopped [ceased to follow], some of the ships of our Armada trimmed up -and repaired their damages. - -On this day, for my great sins, I was resting for a little, as for ten -days I had not slept nor ceased to assist at whatever was necessary for -me,--a pilot [mate], a bad man whom I had, without saying anything to me, -made sail and passed out in advance of the admiral's ship for about two -miles, as other ships had done, in order to effect repairs. - -When about to lower sails, to see where the galleon was leaking, a -tender came alongside and summoned me, on the part of the Duke, to go on -board the admiral's ship. I proceeded thither; but before I reached her, -orders were given in another ship that I and another gentleman, who was -named Don Cristobal de Avila, who went as captain of a store-ship--which -was far ahead of my galleon--should be put to death in a most ignominious -manner. - -When I heard of this severity, I thought I should have burst with -passion, saying that all should bear me witness of the great wrong done -to me, I having served so well, as could be seen by written document. - -The Duke heard nothing of all this, because, as I say, he was in -retirement. Señor Don Francisco Bovadilla alone was he who ordered and -countermanded in the Armada; and by him, and others, whose evil deeds -are well known, all was managed. - -He ordered me to be taken to the ship of the Judge[19] Advocate General, -that his advice should be carried out on me. I went there; and although -he was severe, the Judge Advocate--Martin de Aranda, for so they called -him--heard me, and obtained confidential information concerning me. He -discovered that I had served His Majesty as a good soldier, for which -reason he did not venture to carry out on me the order that had been -given him. He wrote to the Duke about it, that if he did not order him -in writing, and signed by his own hand, he would not execute that order, -because he saw that I was not in fault, nor was there cause for it. - -Accompanying it, I wrote a letter to the Duke of such a nature that it -made him consider the affair carefully, and he replied to the Judge -Advocate that he should not execute the order upon me, but on Don -Cristobal, whom they hanged with great cruelty and ignominy, being a -gentleman and well known. - -God was pleased to deliver me because I was not in fault, which you will -be able to know well, or will have known from many persons who saw it -[eye-witnesses]. - -The said Judge Advocate was always very courteous to me, because of the -great respect he had for those who were in the right. - -I remained in his ship, in which we were in imminent danger of death, -because she opened so much with a storm which sprang up that she -continually filled with water, and we could not dry her out with the -pumps. We had neither remedy nor succour, except it was from God; for -the Duke still did not appear, and all the Armada proceeded, scattered -in such manner by the storm that some ships went to Germany, others -drove on the islands of Holland and Zealand into the enemies' hands, -others went to Shetland, others to Scotland, where they were lost and -burned. More than twenty were lost in the Kingdom of Ireland, with all -the chivalry and flower of the Armada. - -As I have said, the ship I sailed in was from the Levant, to which were -attached two others, very large, to afford us aid if they could. - -In these came Don Diego Enriquez, "the hunchback," as camp-master; and -not being able to weather [round or double] Cape Clear (?), in Ireland, -on account of the severe storm which arose upon the bow, he was forced -to make for the land with these three ships, which, as I say, were of -the largest size, and to anchor more than half a league from the shore, -where we remained for four days without being able to make any -provision, nor could it even be made. - -On the fifth [day] there sprang up so great a storm on our beam, with a -sea up to the heavens, so that the cables could not hold nor the sails -serve us, and we were driven ashore with all three ships upon a beach, -covered with very fine sand, shut in on one side and the other by great -rocks. - -Such a thing was never seen: for within the space of an hour all three -ships were broken in pieces, so that there did not escape three hundred -men, and more than one thousand were drowned, among them many persons of -importance--captains, gentlemen, and other officials. - -Don Diego Enriquez died there one of the saddest deaths that has ever -been seen in the world. - -In consequence of fearing the very heavy sea that was washing over the -highest part of the wrecks, he took his ship's boat that was decked, and -he and the son of the Count of Villa Franca and two other Portuguese -gentlemen, with more than sixteen thousand ducats, in jewels and -crown-pieces, placed themselves under the deck of the said boat, and -gave the order to close and caulk the hatchway by which they had -entered. - -Thereupon more than seventy men, who had remained alive, jumped from the -ship to the boat, and while she was making for the land so great a wave -washed over her that she sank, and all on deck were swept away. - -Then she drifted along, rolling over in different directions with the -waves, until she went ashore, where she settled wrong side up, and by -these mischances the gentlemen who had placed themselves under the deck -died within. - -More than a day and a half after she had grounded, some savages arrived, -who turned her up for the purpose of extracting nails or pieces of iron; -and, breaking through the deck, they drew out the dead men. - -Don Diego Enriquez expired in their hands, and they stripped him, and -took away the jewels and money which they (the dead men) had, casting -the bodies aside without burying them. - -And because it is a wonderful occurrence, and true without doubt (of a -certainty), I have wished to narrate it to you in order that it may be -known there (on your side) the manner in which this gentleman died. - -And as it would not be right to omit to mention my own good fortune, and -how I got to land, I say that I placed myself on the top of the poop of -my ship, after having commended myself to God and to Our Lady, and from -thence I gazed at the terrible spectacle. Many were drowning within the -ships; others, casting themselves into the water, sank to the bottom -without returning to the surface; others on rafts and barrels, and -gentlemen on pieces of timber; others cried aloud in the ships, calling -upon God; captains threw their chains and crown-pieces into the sea; the -waves swept others away, washing them out of the ships. - -While I was regarding this solemn[20] scene, I did not know what to do, -nor what means to adopt, as I did not know how to swim, and the waves -and storm were very great; and, on the other hand, the land and the -shore were full of enemies, who went about jumping and dancing with -delight at our misfortunes; and when any one of our people reached the -beach, two hundred savages and other enemies fell upon him and stripped -him of what he had on until he was left in his naked skin. Such they -maltreated and wounded without pity, all of which was plainly visible -from the battered ships, and it did not seem to me that there was -anything good happening on any side. - -I went to the Judge Advocate--God pardon him!--he was very sorrowful and -depressed, and I said to him that he should make some provision for -saving his life before the ship went to pieces, as she could not last -for half a quarter of an hour longer; nor did she last it. - -Most of her complement of men and all the captains and officers were -already drowned and dead when I determined to seek means of safety for -my life, and placed myself upon a piece of the ship that had been broken -off, and the Judge Advocate followed me, loaded with crown-pieces, which -he carried stitched up in his waistcoat and trousers. - -There was no way to detach the portion of wreck from the ship's side, as -it was held fast by some heavy iron chains, and the sea and the pieces -of timber floating about loose struck it, nearly killing us. - -I managed to find another resource, which was to take the cover of a -hatchway, about as large as a good-sized table, that by chance the mercy -of God brought to my hand. When I tried to place myself upon it, it sank -with me to a depth of six times my height below the surface, and I -swallowed so much water that I was nearly drowned. - -When I came up again, I called to the Judge Advocate, and I managed to -get him upon the hatchway cover with myself. In the act of casting-off -from the ship, there came a huge wave, breaking over us in such a manner -that the Judge Advocate was unable to resist it, and the wave bore him -away and drowned him, crying out and calling upon God while drowning. - -I could not aid him, as the hatchway cover, being without weight at one -end, began to turn over with me, and at that moment a piece of timber -crushed my legs. - -With great exertion, I righted myself upon my supporting timber; and, -supplicating Our Lady of Ontañar, there came four waves, one after the -other, and, without knowing how, or knowing how to swim, they cast me -upon the shore, where I emerged, unable to stand, all covered with -blood, and very much injured. - -The enemies and savages, who were on the beach stripping those who had -been able to reach it by swimming, did not touch me nor approach me, -seeing me, as I have said, with my legs and hands and my linen trousers -covered with blood. In this condition I proceeded, little by little, as -I could, meeting many Spaniards stripped to the skin, without any kind -of clothing whatsoever upon them, chattering with the cold, which was -severe, and thus I stopped for the night in a deserted place, and was -forced to lie down upon some rushes on the ground, with the great pain I -suffered in my leg. - -Presently a gentleman came up to me, a very nice young fellow, quite -naked, and he was so dazed that he could not speak, not even to tell me -who he was; and at that time, which would be about nine o'clock at -night, the wind was calm and the sea subsiding. I was then wet through -to the skin,[21] dying with pain and hunger, when there came up two -people--one of them armed, and the other with a large iron axe in his -hands--and upon reaching me and the other [man] who was with me, we -remained silent, as if we had not anything amiss [with us]. They were -sorry to see us; and without speaking a word to us, cut a quantity of -rushes and grass, covered us well, and then betook themselves to the -shore to plunder and break open[22] money-chests and whatever they might -find, at which work more than two thousand savages and Englishmen, who -were stationed in garrisons near there, took part. - -Managing to rest a little, I began to doze; and when fast asleep, at -about one o'clock in the night, I was disturbed by a great noise of men -on horseback--there were more than two hundred of them--who were going to -plunder and destroy the ships. I turned to call my companion, to see if -he slept, and found he was dead, which occasioned me great affliction -and grief. I got to know afterwards that he was a man of position. There -he lay on the ground with more than six hundred other dead bodies which -the sea cast up, and the crows and wolves[23] devoured them, without -there being any one to bury them: not even poor Don Diego Enriquez. - -At the dawn of day I began to walk, little by little, searching for a -monastery of monks, that I might repair[24] to it [or might recover in -it] as best I could, which I arrived at with much trouble and toil. I -found it deserted, and the church and images of the saints burned and -completely ruined, and twelve Spaniards hanging within the church by the -act of the Lutheran English, who went about searching for us to make an -end of all of us who had escaped [from the perils of the sea. All the -monks had fled] to the woods[25] for fear of the enemies, who would have -sacrificed them as well if they had caught them, as they were accustomed -to do, leaving neither place of worship nor hermitage standing; for they -had demolished them all, and made them drinking-places for cows and -swine. - -In order that you may occupy yourself somewhat after dinner, by way of -amusement, in reading this letter, which will almost appear as if taken -from some book of chivalry, I write it at such length, so that you may -imagine the risks and hardships that I have experienced. - -As I did not meet with any one at the said monastery, except the -Spaniards hanging within from the iron window gratings of the church, I -sallied forth speedily, and betook myself to a road which lay through a -great wood. When I had gone by it for the matter of a mile, I met with a -woman of more than eighty years of age, a rough savage, who was carrying -off five or six cows to hide them in that wood, so that the English who -had come to stop in her village might not take them. - -As she saw me, she stopped and recognised me, and said to me: "Thou -Spain." I said yes to her by signs, and that I had been shipwrecked. She -began to lament much and to weep, making me signs that I was near her -house, but not to go there, as there were numerous enemies in it, and -they had cut the heads off many Spaniards. All this was affliction and -hardship for me, as I travelled alone, and badly injured by a stick of -timber, which almost broke my legs in the water. - -At last, with the information of the old woman, I decided to go to the -shore, where the ships lay that were wrecked three days before, where -many parties of people went about carting away and removing to their -huts all our effects [spoils]. - -I did not venture to show myself, nor to approach them, in order that -they might not strip me of the poor linen garment I had on my back or -kill me, until I saw two poor Spanish soldiers approaching, stripped -naked as when they were born, crying out and calling upon God to help -them. - -The one bore a bad wound in the head, which they had given him when -stripping him. They came to me, as I called to them from where I was -concealed, and recounted to me the cruel deaths and punishments which -the English had inflicted upon more than one hundred Spaniards they had -taken. - -With this intelligence there was no lack of affliction; but God gave me -strength; and after I had commended myself to Him, and to His blessed -Mother, I said to those two soldiers: "Let us proceed to the ships where -these people are going about plundering, perhaps we shall find something -to eat or drink, for it is certain that I shall die of hunger." And -going in that direction, we began to see dead bodies, which was a great -grief and pity to see those whom the sea continued casting up. There -were stretched out upon that strand more than four hundred, among whom -we recognised some, and the poor Don Diego Enriquez, whom, with all my -sad plight, I did not wish to pass by without burying him in a pit, -which we made in the sand, at the water's edge. We laid him there along -with another very honourable captain, a great friend of mine, and we had -not quite finished burying them, when there came up to us two hundred -savages, to see what we were doing. We said to them, by signs, that we -were placing there those men who were our brothers, that the crows might -not eat them. - -Then we went off, and searched for something to eat along the shore--of -biscuits, which the sea was casting up--when four savages came up to me -to strip me of the clothing which I wore, and another was grieved and -took them away; seeing that, they began to maltreat me: and he may have -been a chief, for they respected him. - -This man, by the grace of God, assisted me and my two companions, and -brought us away from there, and remained a good while in our company, -until he put us on a road which led from the coast to a village where he -lived. There he told us to await him, and that he would return soon and -put us[26] on the way to a good place. - -Along with all this misery, that road was very stony, and I was unable -to move or go a step forward, because I went shoe-less, and dying with -pain in one of my legs, which was severely wounded. My poor companions -were naked and freezing with the cold, which was very great; and not -being able to exist nor assist me, they went on in front by the road, -and I remained there supplicating God's favour. - -He aided me, and I began to move along, little by little, and reached a -height, from whence I discovered some huts of straw;[27] and going -towards them by a valley, I entered a wood.[28] When I had gone a -distance of two shots of an arquebus in it, an old savage of more than -seventy years came out from behind the rocks, and two young men, with -their arms--one English, the other French--and a girl of the age of twenty -years, most beautiful[29] in the extreme, who were all going to the -shore to plunder. - -When they saw me pass among the trees, they changed their course towards -me, and the Englishman came up saying, "Yield, Spanish poltroon,"[30] -and made a slash at me with a knife, desiring to kill me. I warded off -the blow with a stick which I carried in my hand; but, in the end, he -got at me, and cut the sinew of my right leg. He wanted to repeat the -blow immediately, had not the savage come up with his daughter, who may -have been this Englishman's friend,[31] and I replied he might do what -he wished to me, for fortune had subdued me, and deprived me of my arms -in the sea. They took him away from me then, and the savage began to -strip me, to the taking off of my shirt, under which I wore a gold chain -of the value of rather more than a thousand dollars.[32] When they saw -it, they rejoiced greatly, and searched the jacket,[33] thread by -thread, in which I carried forty-five crown-pieces in gold, that the -Duke had ordered to be given to me at Corunna for two months' pay;[34] -and when the Englishman saw that I carried a chain and crown-pieces, he -wanted to take me prisoner, saying that he should be offered a ransom. I -replied that I had nothing to give; that I was a very poor soldier, and -had gained that, what they saw, in the ship. The girl lamented much to -see the bad treatment I received, and asked them to leave me the -clothes, and not to injure me any more. They all returned to the hut of -the savage, and I remained among those trees, bleeding from the wound -which the Englishman had inflicted upon me. I proceeded to put on again -my jacket and sack-coat; moreover, they had taken away my shirt, and -some relics of great value which I wore in a small garment [vestment], -of the Order of the Holy Trinity, that had been given to me at Lisbon. - -These the savage damsel took and hung them round her neck, making me a -sign that she wished to keep them, saying to me that she was a -Christian: which she was in like manner as Mahomet. - -From her hut they sent me a boy with a poultice made of herbs, to put -upon my wound, and butter and milk and a small piece of oaten bread to -eat. - -I applied the dressing and ate the food, and the boy went along the road -with me, showing me the direction I had to go, and advising me to avoid -a village which could be seen from thence, where they had killed many -Spaniards, and not one escaped that they could lay their hands upon. - -He [or the person] to do me this service was born a Frenchman, who had -been a soldier at Terceira, upon whom it pressed heavily to see such -injury done me. - -When the boy was about to turn back, he told me to continue travelling -_straight towards some mountains_ that appeared to be about six leagues -off, behind which there were good lands belonging to an important savage -very friendly to the King of Spain; and that he gave shelter to, and -treated well, all the Spaniards who went to him; and that he had in his -village more than eighty of those from the ships who reached there -naked. - -At this news I took some courage; and with my stick in hand, I began to -walk as best I could, making for the direction of the mountains [or for -the north of the mountains], as the boy had told me.[35] - -That night I reached some huts, where they did not do me harm, because -there was in them one who knew Latin; and in the necessity of the -circumstances, our Lord was pleased that we should understand one -another, talking Latin. I narrated to them my hardships. - -The Latin-speaking man sheltered me in his hut that night: he dressed my -wound, gave me supper, and a place where I might sleep upon some straw. -In the middle of the night his father arrived and his brothers, loaded -with plunder and our things, and it did not displease the old man that I -had been sheltered in his house and well treated. - -In the morning they gave me a horse and a boy to convey me over a mile -of bad road that there was, with mud up to the girths. Having passed it -by the distance of the shot of a cross-bow, we heard a very great noise, -and the boy said to me, by signs, "Save yourself, Spain" (for so they -call us); "many Sassana horsemen are coming this way, and they will make -bits of thee if thou doest not hide thyself: come this way quickly." -They call the English "Sassanas." He took me away to hide in some rugged -places among the rocks, where we were very well concealed. They would be -about one hundred and fifty horsemen going back to the coast to plunder -as many Spaniards as they found. - -God delivered me from them; and, proceeding on our way, there fell in -with me more than forty savages on foot, and they wished to make little -pieces of me because they were all Lutherans. They did not do it, as the -boy, who came with me, told them that his master had taken me prisoner, -and he had me in custody, and had sent me on that horse to be cured. -With all this, it did not suffice to obtain permission for me to pass in -peace; for two of those robbers came up to me and gave me six blows of a -stick, which bruised my shoulders and arms, and they stripped me of -everything that I wore, so as to leave me as naked as when I was born. I -speak the truth, by the holy baptism which I received. And seeing myself -in this condition, I gave many thanks to God, beseeching of His Divine -Majesty that He would fulfil His will on me, as that was what I desired. - -The boy of the savage wished to return to his hut with his horse, -weeping to see how I was left, stripped naked, so badly treated, and so -cold. - -I begged of God, very earnestly, that He would transport me to where I -should die confessed and in His grace. I took some courage, being in the -greatest extremity of misfortune that man ever saw, and with some -bracken leaves and a small piece of old matting which I wrapped around -my body, I protected myself from the cold as best I could. - -I continued travelling, little by little, towards the place that had -been pointed out to me, searching for the territory of the chief who had -protected the Spaniards; and, reaching the mountain range that they gave -me for direction, I met with a lake, around which there were about -thirty huts, all forsaken and unoccupied, and there I wished to pass the -night. - -Not having where to go, I sought out the best hut, which appeared to me -best to take shelter in for the night; and, as I say, they were -unoccupied and without people. On entering the door, I saw it was full -of sheaves of oats, which is the ordinary bread that those savages eat, -and I gave thanks to God that I was so well off as to have a place to -sleep on them; but just then I saw three men emerge from one side, naked -as when their mothers had brought them forth, and they stood up and -stared at me. They gave me a fright, for I thought they were, without -doubt, devils, and they understood no less that I might be so, swathed -in my ferns and matting. As I entered, they did not speak to me, because -they were quaking, nor, any more, did I to them, not having observed -them, the hut being somewhat dark. Seeing myself in this great -perplexity, I said: "Oh! Mother of God, be with me, and deliver me from -all evil." - -When they saw [? heard] me speaking Spanish, and calling upon the Mother -of God, they also said: "Let that great Lady be with us." - -Then I felt reassured, and went up to them, asking them if they were -Spaniards. - -Yes, we are, for our sins, they replied. Eleven of us were stripped -together at the shore, and in this naked state we came to seek some land -of Christians. On the way, there met us a party of enemies, who killed -eight of us, and the three who are here made our escape through a wood -so thick that they could not discover us. That evening, God provided us -with these huts, where we have rested, though there are no people in -them nor anything to eat. - -I said to them, then, to be of good courage, and to commend themselves -always to our Lord; that near to where we were there was a land of -friends and Christians; and that I brought word of a village, which was -three or four leagues distant, that belonged to Señor de Ruerque -[O'Rourke], where they had sheltered many of our lost Spaniards; and, -although I was very badly treated and wounded, on the morrow we should -proceed thither. - -The poor fellows rejoiced, and they asked me who I was. I told them I -was Captain Cuellar. They could not believe it, because they had felt -sure I was drowned; and they came up to me, and almost completely killed -me with embraces. - -One of them was an ensign, and the other two private soldiers. And as -the narrative is ludicrous, and true, as I am a Christian, I must -proceed to the end with it, in order that you may have something to -laugh at. - -I got into the straw, well buried in it, with care, not to injure nor -disturb its position; and, having arranged to rise in the morning for -our journey, we slept without supping, not having eaten anything but -blackberries and water-cresses. - -And when, in God's good time, day broke, I was wide awake with the great -pain I felt in my legs, I heard talking and the noise of people; and at -this juncture there came to the door a savage, with a halberd in his -hand, and he began to look at his oats and to talk to himself. - -I remained without breathing, and my companions, who had been aroused, -[were] watching the savage very attentively from under the straw, and -what he intended to do. - -It was the will of God that he went out and left, with many others who -had come along with him, to reap and work close to the huts in a place -where we could not go out without being seen. We remained quiet, buried -alive, discussing what it would suit us to do, and we decided not to -disinter ourselves, nor to move from that place while those heretic[36] -savages were there, who were from the place where so much evil was done -to the poor fellows of our Spaniards whom they caught; and they would -have done the same to us if they had perceived us there, where we had no -one to protect us but God. - -Thus passed the whole day; and then, when night came on, the traitors -departed to shelter themselves at their villages, while we awaited the -rising of the moon. - -Then wrapped up with straw and hay, for it was extremely cold, we -sallied forth from that great danger, in which we had been, without -waiting for the day. - -We went along, stumbling in the mud, and dying with hunger, thirst, and -pain, until God was pleased to bring us to a land of some safety, where -we found huts of better people, although all savages, but Christians and -charitable. One of them, seeing that I came so badly treated and -wounded, took me to his hut and dressed my wounds, he and his wife and -sons, and he did not permit me to depart till it appeared I should be -well able to reach the village I was bound for. In it I met with more -than seventy Spaniards, who all went about naked and severely -maltreated, because the chief was not there. - -He had gone to defend a territory which the English were coming to take; -and although this man is a savage, he is a very good Christian and an -enemy of heretics, always carrying on war with them. He is called Señor -de Ruerque [O'Rourke]. - -I arrived at his house with great exertion, enveloped in straw and -swathed around the body with a piece of matting, in such a plight that -no one could see me without being moved to great compassion. - -Some of the savages gave me a bad old blanket, full of vermin, with -which I covered myself, and somewhat improved matters. - -Early next day, about twenty of us Spaniards collected together at the -house of this Señor de Ruerque [O'Rourke], in order that they might give -us something to eat, for the love of God; and while we were there -begging, news was told us that a Spanish ship was at the coast, that she -was very large, and came for those Spaniards who had escaped. - -With this news, without waiting longer, the whole twenty of us left for -the direction where they told us the ship was, and we met with many -hindrances on the way; though, for me it was an advantage and a mercy -which God granted me that I did not arrive at the port where she was in -the same manner as the others who were with me reached it. They embarked -on board of her, as she belonged to the Armada, and had arrived there in -a great gale[37] with her main-mast and rigging much injured. Fearing -that the enemy might burn her or do her some other injury, for which -energetic preparations were being made, they set sail from thence in two -days with the crew that came in her and those they had picked up, -returning, to run aground and get wrecked, on the same coast. More than -two hundred persons were drowned, and those who reached the shore by -swimming were taken by the English and all put to death.[38] It pleased -God that I alone remained of the twenty who went in search of her, for I -did not suffer like the others. For ever blessed be His Most Holy Pity -for so great mercies as He has shown to me. - -Going along thus, lost with much uncertainty and toil, I met by chance -with a road along which a clergyman in secular clothing was travelling -(for the priests go about thus in that kingdom, so that the English may -not recognise them). He was sorry for me, and spoke to me in Latin, -asking me to what nation I belonged and about the shipwrecks that had -taken place. God gave me grace so that I was able to reply to everything -he asked me in the same Latin tongue; and so satisfied was he with me, -that he gave me to eat of that which he carried with him, and he -directed me by the right road that I should go to reach a castle, which -was six leagues from there. It was very strong, and belonged to a savage -gentleman, a very brave soldier and great enemy of the Queen of England -and of her affairs, a man who had never cared to obey her or pay -tribute, attending only to his castle and mountains, which made it -strong. - -I set out for there, experiencing much trouble on the road, and the -greatest, and that which gave me most pain, was that a savage met me on -the way, and, by deceiving me, took me to his hut in a deserted valley, -where he said I must live all my life, and he would teach me his trade, -which was that of a blacksmith. - -I did not know what to answer nor did I venture,[39] so that he should -not put me in the forge. Before him I showed a pleasant countenance, and -proceeded to work with my bellows for more than eight days, which -pleased the wicked savage blacksmith, because I did it carefully, so as -not to vex him and an accursed old woman he had for wife. - -I was in tribulation and sad with such miserable employment, when our -Lord favoured me by causing the clergyman to return by that way, who was -surprised to see me, because that savage did not wish to let me go away, -as he made use of me. The clergyman scolded him severely, and told me -not to be troubled, as he would speak with the chief of the castle to -which he had directed me, and get him to send for me, which he did the -following day. He sent four men of the savages, who served him, and a -Spanish soldier, of whom he had already ten with him of those who had -escaped by swimming. - -When he saw me so stripped [of clothing] and covered with straw, he and -all those who were with him grieved greatly, and their women even wept -to see me so badly treated. - -They helped me as best they could with a blanket of the kind they use, -and I remained there three months, acting as a real savage like -themselves. - -The wife of my master was very[40] beautiful in the extreme, and showed -[did] me much kindness. One day we were sitting in the sun with some of -her female friends and relatives, and they asked me about Spanish -matters and of other parts, and in the end it came to be suggested that -I should examine their hands and tell them their fortunes. Giving thanks -to God that it had not gone even worse with me than to be gipsy among -the savages, I began to look at the hands of each, and to say to them a -hundred thousand absurdities, which pleased them so much that there was -no other Spaniard better than I, or that was in greater favour with -them. - -By night and by day men and women persecuted me to tell them their -fortunes, so that I saw myself (continually) in such a large crowd that -I was forced to beg permission of my master to go from his castle. He -did not wish to give it me: however, he gave orders that no one should -annoy me or give me trouble. - -The custom of these savages is to live as the brute beasts among the -mountains, which are very rugged in that part of Ireland where we lost -ourselves. They live in huts made of straw. The men are all large -bodied, and of handsome features and limbs; and as active as the -roe-deer.[41] They do not eat oftener than once a day, and this is at -night; and that which they usually eat is butter with oaten bread. They -drink sour milk, for they have no other drink; they don't drink water, -although it is the best in the world. On feast days they eat some flesh -half-cooked, without bread or salt, as that is their custom. They clothe -themselves, according to their habit, with tight trousers[42] and short -loose coats[43] of very coarse goat's hair.[44] They cover themselves -with blankets,[45] and wear their hair down to their eyes. They are -great walkers, and inured to toil. They carry on perpetual war with the -English, who here keep garrison for the Queen, from whom they defend -themselves, and do not let them enter their territory, which is subject -to inundation, and marshy. That district extends for more than forty -leagues in length and breadth. The chief inclination of these people is -to be robbers, and to plunder each other; so that no day passes without -a call to arms among them. For the people in one village becoming aware -that in another there are cattle, or other effects, they immediately -come armed in the night, and "go[46] Santiago" [attack], and kill one -another; and the English from the garrisons, getting to know who had -taken, and robbed, most cattle, then come down upon them, and carry away -the plunder. They have, therefore, no other remedy but to withdraw -themselves to the mountains, with their women and cattle; for they -possess no other property, nor more moveables nor clothing. They sleep -upon the ground, on rushes, newly cut and full of water and ice. - -The most of the women are very beautiful, but badly[47] dressed [got -up]. They do not wear more than a chemise, and a blanket, with which -they cover themselves, and a linen cloth, much doubled, over the head, -and tied in front. They are great workers and housekeepers, after their -fashion. These people call themselves Christains. Mass is said among -them, and regulated according to the orders of the Church of Rome. The -great majority of their churches, monasteries, and hermitages, have been -demolished by the hands of the English, who are in garrison, and of -those natives who have joined them, and are as bad as they. In short, in -this kingdom there is neither justice nor right, and everyone does what -he pleases. - -As to ourselves, these savages liked us well because they knew we came -against [to oppose] the heretics, and were such great enemies of theirs; -and if it had not been for those who guarded us as their own persons, -not one of us would have been left alive. We had good-will to them for -this, although they were the first to rob us and strip to the skin those -who came alive to land; from whom, and from the thirteen ships of our -Armada, in which came so many people of importance, all of whom were -drowned, these savages obtained much riches in jewellery and money. - -Word of this reached the great Governor of the Queen, who was in the -city of Dililin [Dublin], and he went immediately, with seventeen -hundred soldiers, to search for the lost ships and the people who had -escaped. They were not much fewer than one thousand men, who, without -arms and naked, were wandering about the country in the locality where -each ship had been lost. - -The majority of these the Governor caught, and hanged them at once or -inflicted other penalties, and the people who he knew had sheltered them -he put in prison, and did them all the injury he could. - -In this manner he took three or four savage chiefs, who had castles, in -which they had sheltered some Spaniards; and, having put both parties -under arrest, marched with them along the whole of the coasts till he -arrived at the place where I was wrecked. From thence he turned off -towards the castle of Manglana [MacClancy], for so they called the -savage with whom I was, who was always a great enemy of the Queen, and -never loved anything of hers, nor cared to obey her, for which reason he -(the Governor) was very anxious to take him prisoner. - -This savage, taking into consideration the great force that was coming -against him, and that he could not resist it, decided to fly to the -mountains, which was his only remedy: more he could not do. - -We Spaniards, who were with him, had news of the misfortune which was -coming upon us, and we did not know what to do, or where to place -ourselves in safety. - -One Sunday, after mass, the chief, with dishevelled hair down to his -eyes, took us apart, and, burning with rage, said that he could not -remain, and he had decided to fly with all his villagers, their cattle, -and their families, and that we should settle what we wished to do to -save our lives. I replied to him to calm himself a little, and that -presently we would give him an answer. I went apart with the eight -Spaniards who were with me--they were good fellows--and I told them they -should well consider all our past misfortunes and that which was coming -upon us; and in order not to see ourselves in more, it was better to -make an end of it at once honourably; and as we had then a good -opportunity, we should not wait any longer, nor wander about flying to -the mountains and woods, naked and barefooted, with such great cold as -there was. Besides, the savage regretted so much to abandon his castle, -we, the nine Spaniards who were there, would cheerfully remain in it and -defend it to the death. This we could do very well, although there -should come two other such forces, more than that which was coming, -because the castle is very strong and very difficult to take if they do -not (even though they should) attack it with artillery; for it is -founded in a lake of very deep water, which is more than a league wide -at some parts, and three or four leagues long, and has an outlet to the -sea; and, besides, with the rise of spring tides it is not possible to -enter it, for which reason the castle could not be taken by water nor by -the shore of the land that is nearest to it. Neither could injury be -done it, because [for] a league round the town, which is established on -the mainland, it is marshy, breast-deep, so that even the inhabitants -[natives] could not get to it except by paths. - -Then, considering all this carefully, we decided to say to the savage -that we wished to hold the castle and defend it to the death; that he -should, with much speed, lay in provisions for six months, and some -arms. - -The chief was so pleased with this, and to see our courage, that he did -not delay much to make all provision, with the concurrence [good-will] -of the principal men of his town, who were all satisfied. And, to insure -that we should not act falsely, he made us swear that we would not -abandon his castle, nor surrender it to the enemy for any bargain or -agreement, even if we should perish from hunger; and not to open the -gates for Irishman, Spaniard, or any one else till his return, which he -would doubtless accomplish. - -Then, all that was necessary being well prepared, we moved into the -castle, with the ornaments and requisites for the Church service, and -some relics which were there, and we placed three or four boat-loads of -stones within, and six muskets, with six cross-bows, and other arms. -Then the chief, embracing us, retired to the mountains, all his people -having already gone there; and the report was spread throughout the -country that Manglana's [MacClancy's] Castle was put in a state of -defence, and would not be surrendered to the enemy, because a Spanish -captain, with other Spaniards who were within, guarded [held] it. - -Our courage seemed good to the whole country, and the enemy was very -indignant at it, and came upon the castle with his forces--about eighteen -hundred men--and observed us from a distance of a mile and a half from -it, without being able to approach closer on account of the water -which[48] intervened. From thence he exhibited some warnings, and hanged -two Spaniards, and did other damages [injuries] to put us in fear. He -demanded many times, by a trumpeter[49], that we should surrender the -castle, and he would spare our lives and give us a pass to Spain. We -said to him that he should come closer to the tower, as we did not -understand him, appearing always to make little of his threats and -promises [words]. - -We had been besieged for seventeen days, when our Lord saw fit to -succour and deliver us from that enemy by severe storms and great falls -of snow, which took place to such an extent that he [the Queen's -Governor] was compelled to depart with his force, and to march back to -Duplin [Dublin], where he had his residence and garrisons. From thence -he sent us warning that we should keep ourselves out of his hands, and -not come within his power; and that he would return in good time to that -country. - -We replied to him much to our satisfaction, and to that of our Governor -of the castle, who, when he got the news that the Englishmen had -retired, returned to his town and castle greatly appeased and calmed, -and they _fêted_ us much. - -He [the chief] very earnestly confirmed us [admitted us to full -privileges] as most loyal friends: offering whatever was his for our -service, and the chief persons of the land [did the same], neither more -nor less. To me he would give a sister of his, that I should marry her. -I thanked him much for this; but contented myself with a guide to direct -me to a place where I could meet with embarkation for Scotland. - -He did not wish to give me permission [to leave], nor to any Spaniard of -those who were with him, saying that the roads were not safe; but his -sole object was to detain us, that we might act as his guard. - -So much friendship did not appear good to me; and thus I decided, -secretly, with four of the soldiers who were in my company, to depart -one morning two hours before dawn, so that they should not pursue -[? stop] us on the road: and also because one day previously a boy -of Manglana's [MacClancy's] had told me his father had said that he -would not let me leave his castle until the King of Spain should send -soldiers to that country; and that he wished to put me in prison, so -that I might not go. - -Possessed of this information, I dressed myself as best I could, and -took to the road, with the four soldiers, one morning ten days after the -Nativity,[50] in the year 88. - -I travelled [went travelling] by the mountains and desolate places, -enduring much hardship, as God knows; and at the end of twenty days' -journey, I got to the place where Alonzo de Leyva, and the Count de -Paredes and Don Tomas de Granvela, were lost, with many other gentlemen, -to give an account of whom would need a quire[51] of paper. - -I went to the huts of some savages that were there, who told me of the -great misfortunes of our people who were drowned at that place, and -showed me many jewels and valuables of theirs, which distressed me -greatly. - -My chief cause of misery was that I had no means of embarking for the -Kingdom of Scotland; until one day I heard of the territory of a savage, -whom they called Prince Ocan, where there were some vessels that were -going to Scotland. Thither I travelled, crawling along, for I could -[scarcely] move because of a wound in one leg; but, as it led to safety, -I did all I could to walk, and reached it quickly. The vessels had left -two days before, which was no small disappointment for me, as I was in a -very dreadful country and among enemies, there being many English -stationed at the port, and each day they were with Ocan. - -At this time I suffered great pain in the leg, so much so that in no -manner could I stand upon it. I was advised, too, that I should be very -cautious, because there were many English there who would do me great -harm if they caught me, as they had done to other Spaniards; especially -if they knew who I was. - -I did not know what to do, as the soldiers who came with me had left, -and gone to another port further on to seek for a passage. - -Some women, when they saw me alone, and ill, pitied me, and took me away -to their little huts on the mountain, and kept me there for more than a -month and a half in safety, and cured me, so that my wound healed, and I -felt well enough to go to Ocan's village to speak with him. - -But he did not wish to hear or see me; for, it was said, he had given -his word to the great Governor of the Queen not to keep any Spaniard in -his territory, nor permit one to go about in it. - -The English, who were quartered there, having marched off to invade a -territory and take it, Ocan accompanied them with all his force, so that -one could go openly [boldly] about the village, which was composed of -thatched huts. - -In them there were some very beautiful girls, with whom I was very -friendly, and went into their houses occasionally for society and -conversation. - -One afternoon, while I was there, two young Englishmen came in, one of -whom was a sergeant, and possessed information of me, by name, but yet -had not seen me before. When they were seated, they asked me if I were a -Spaniard; and what I was doing there. I said yes; that I was one of the -soldiers of Don Alonzo de Luçon, who had lately surrendered to them; but -on account of a bad leg, I had not been able to leave the district; that -I was at their service, to do whatever they wished to command. - -They told me to wait a little, and that I should have to go with them to -the city of Dublin, where there were many important Spaniards in prison. - -I said that I could not walk or go with them, and they sent to search -for a horse to carry me. I told them I was very willing to do whatever -they wished, and to go with them, with which they were reassured, and -began to make fun with the girls. - -Their mother made signs to me to go away (that I should leave by the -door), and I did so in great haste, leaping banks as I went along. I got -among thick brambles, into which I penetrated until I lost sight of -Ocan's Castle, following this course until I wished to lie down for the -night. - -I had arrived at a very large laguna [lake or marsh], along the banks of -which I saw a herd of cows walking, and I was approaching to see if -there was any one with them who could tell me where I was, when I -observed two boy savages advancing. They came to collect their cows, and -take them up the mountain to where they and their fathers were hiding -for fear of the English; and there I spent two days with them, being -treated with much kindness. - -One of the boys had to go to the village of the Prince of Ocan to -ascertain what news or rumour there was, and he saw the two Englishmen, -who were going about, raging, in search of me. - -Information about me had already been given to them, and no one passed -by whom they did not ask if he had seen me. - -The boy was such a good lad that, upon learning this, he returned to his -hut, and informed me of what had occurred, so that I had to leave there -very early in the morning, and to go in search of a bishop, who was -seven leagues off in a castle where the English kept him in banishment -and retirement. This bishop was a very good Christian, and went about in -the garb of a savage for concealment, and I assure you I could not -restrain tears when I approached him to kiss his hand. He had twelve -Spaniards with him for the purpose of passing them over to Scotland, and -he was much delighted at my arrival, all the more so when the soldiers -told him that I was a captain. He treated me with every kindness[52] -that he could for the six days I was with him, and gave orders that a -boat should come to take us over to Scotland, which is usually done in -two days. He gave us provisions for the voyage and said mass to us in -the castle, and spoke with me about some things concerning the loss of -the kingdom, and how His Majesty had assisted them; and that he should -come to Spain as soon as possible after my arrival in Scotland, where he -advised me to live with much patience, as in general they were all -Lutherans and very few Catholics. The bishop was called Don Reimundo -Termi (?) [? Bishop of Times], an honourable and just man. God keep him -in His hands and preserve him from his enemies. - -That same day at dawn[53] [when it was growing light], I went to sea in -a wretched boat in which we sailed--18 persons--and the wind becoming -contrary the same day, we were forced to run before it, at the mercy of -God, for Shetland, where we reached the land at daylight; the boat being -nearly swamped, and the main-sail carried away. We went on shore to give -thanks to God for the mercies He had bestowed upon us in bringing us -there alive; and from thence, in two days, with good weather, we left -for Scotland, where we arrived in three days: not without danger, on -account of the great quantity of water the miserable boat took in. - -We blessed God who withdrew us from such perils and so great hardships, -and brought us to a land where there might be more succour. - -It was said that the King of Scotland protected all the Spaniards who -reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to Spain; but -all was the reverse, for he did no good to anyone, nor did he bestow one -dollar in charity. Those of us who reached that kingdom suffered the -greatest privations; inasmuch, as we were [left] for more than six -months as naked as when we arrived from Ireland, and other places, to -seek succour and assistance there, and passages to Spain. - -I am inclined to believe that he was much persuaded, on the part of the -Queen of England, to hand us over to her. And had not the Catholic Lords -and Counts of that kingdom helped us--and there were many, and great -gentlemen, to favour us and speak for us to the King, and in the -Councils which were held on the subject--without doubt we should have -been betrayed [sold], and handed over to the English. For the King of -Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess the authority or position of a -king: and he does not move a step, nor eat a mouthful, that is not by -order of the Queen. Thus, there are great dissensions among the -gentlemen, who bear him no good-will, and desire to see his reign ended, -and the Majesty of the King, our Lord, in his place, that he might -establish the Church of God, which has been brought to such ruin there. - -This they said to us many times, almost weeping, longing to see that day -which, they hoped in God, might soon arrive. - -And, as I say, these gentlemen supported us all the time that we were -there, and gave us much alms, and were kind to us, sorrowing for our -misfortunes, with much pity. They asked us to have patience, and to bear -with a people who called us idolaters and bad Christians, and said a -thousand heresies to us; for, if one made answer, they would fall upon -him and kill him, and it was impossible to live or remain in such a bad -kingdom with so bad a king....[54] A despatch was sent to the Duke of -Parma ... at which his Highness, as a pious prince, grieved, and with -great zeal he sought to succour us ... to the King, that he would permit -us to leave his kingdom, and to the Catholics and friends much gratitude -on the part of his Majesty, with his most friendly letters. - -There was a Scotch merchant in Flanders, who offered and agreed with his -Highness that he would come to Scotland for us and ship us in four -vessels, with the provisions which were necessary, and that he would -bring us to Flanders, his Highness giving him five ducats for each -Spaniard of those that he brought to Flanders. - -The agreement was made with him, and he went for us and embarked us, -unarmed and naked as he found us, and took us by the ports of the Queen -of England, which secured us permission to pass by all the fleets and -ships of her kingdom. - -All was treacherous; for an arrangement had been made with the ships of -Holland and Zealand that they should put to sea and await us at the same -bar [entrance to the harbour] of Dunkirk, and there they should put us -all to death, without sparing one, which the Dutch did as they were -commanded; and were on the look-out for us for a month and a half at the -said port of Dunkirk, and there they should have caught us all had not -God helped us. - -God willed that of the four vessels in which we came, two escaped and -grounded, where they went to pieces; and the enemy, seeing the means of -safety which we were taking, gave us a good discharge of artillery, so -that we were forced to cast ourselves afloat[55] [to make a desperate -attempt], and we thought to end it there. - -They could not come to our assistance with the boats from the port of -Dunkirk, as the enemy cannonaded them briskly. On the other hand, the -sea and wind were very high; so that we were in the greatest peril of -being all lost. - -However, we cast ourselves afloat[56] on timbers, and some soldiers were -drowned, as was also a Scotch captain. I reached the shore in my shirt, -without other description of clothing, and some soldiers of Medina (?) -who were there came to help me. - -It was sad to see us enter the town once more, stripped naked; and for -the other part we saw, as before our eyes, the Dutch making a thousand -pieces of two hundred and seventy Spaniards who came in the ship which -brought us to Dunkirk, without leaving more than three alive; for which -they are now being paid out, as more than four hundred Dutchmen who have -been taken since then have been beheaded. This I have wished to write to -you. - -From the City of Antwerp, 4th October, 1589. - - _Sᵍᵈ._ - - FRANCISCO DE CUELLAR. - - ACADEMY OF HISTORY--COLLECTION SALAZAR, - NO. 7, FOLIO 58. - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[12] (1), (2), (3). V.m., initials representing _Vuestra merced_ = your -worship, your honour, or sir, you. - -[13] _Alférez_ = ensign. - -[14] _Maesos de Campo_--an obsolete form for _Maestre de Campo_, an -ancient military officer of superior rank, who commanded a certain -number of troops. In the English _State Papers_ of that period the -translation adopted for it is simply camp-master. - -[15] _Mayorazgos_--heirs to estates, by right of primogeniture. - -[16] _Agravios_ = offences, _insults_. - -[17] _Maesos de Campo._ See Note 5. - -[18] _Avieso_ = irregular, perverse. - -[19] _Auditor_ = a Judge appointed to assist military or naval officers -with his advice in Law proceedings. - -[20] _Fiesta_ = feast. This is a curious use of the word. - -[21] _Hecho una sopa de agua_--an idiomatic expression, meaning "_wet -through to the skin_." - -[22] _Arca_--coffer, _iron chest for money_. The dictionary of the -Spanish Academy gives a definition of _Arca_, of which the following is -a translation: "A large chest, with flat lid attached to it by hinges -or hooks, so that it can be opened and shut, and which is fastened in -front with a lock or padlock. It usually consists of plain wood without -lining in the interior or covering outside." - -[23] _Wolves_ did not disappear from Ireland till the early part of the -eighteenth century. There was a presentment for killing them, in the -County of Cork, as late as the year 1710. - -[24] This might also be translated "that I might recover in it." - -[25] The part within the brackets was accidentally omitted in copying -the rough draft of the original translation. _Montes_ signifies both -mountains and woods. Cuellar uses _montaña_ to signify mountain, and -_montes_ apparently for woods. He also makes use of _bosque_, a wood -with thick underbrush, or a thicket. - -[26] _Encaminaria_ = would guide, put in the right road. - -[27] _Paja_--coarse grass or straw. - -[28] _Bosque_--wood or thicket, with much underbrush. - -[29] _Hermosisima por todo extremo._ This implies a very strong -expression, consisting, as it does, of a double superlative. - -[30] _Poltron_ = poltroon. - -[31] _Amiga_ = female friend. - -[32] _Real_--a Spanish coin, value a dollar. - -[33] _Jubon_--doublet, jacket. - -[34] _Paga_--literally means payment; but when applied to soldiers or -sailors, as in this case, it means monthly pay. - -[35] _Hacienda Norte de las montañas._ _Norte_, strictly speaking, -means the _Arctic pole_; but, according to the Dictionary of the -Spanish Academy, it is also used, metaphorically, to mean _direction_, -or guide, in allusion to the _North Star_, by which navigators guide -themselves with the direction of the mariner's compass. - -[36] _Aquellos herejes salvajes_--literally, heretics, savages, both -being nouns. - -[37] _Fortuna_--generally means _fortune_ or _chance_, but it also -signifies a _storm_ or _tempest_. It is in this latter sense that it -appears to be used here; for Cuellar goes on to describe the injured -state in which the ship was. - -[38] _Y los pasaron todos á cuchillo_ = and they passed them all to -the _knife_. An idiomatic expression in Spanish corresponding to the -English one, _were put to the sword_. - -[39] Cuellar has not expressed himself clearly here, but he -seems to mean that he did not oppose the blacksmith's wishes. - -[40] _Muy hermosa por todo extremo._ This is a slight -modification of a similar expression on a previous occasion. See Note -29. - -[41] _Corzos_ = roe-deer. _Cervus capreolus_, or _Capreolus caprea_. - -[42] _Calzas_ = trousers, hose. - -[43] _Sayos_ = loose coats. - -[44] _Pelotes_ = goat's hair. - -[45] _Mantas_ = blankets. - -[46] _Anda Santiago._ This is a slang expression, meaning to attack. It -is derived from the fact that _Santiago_ was the war-cry or watchword -of the Spaniards when going into action, _Santiago_ being the patron -saint of Spain. - -[47] _Compuestas_ = composed, made up. - -[48] _Por el agua que habia de for medio._ - -[49] _Un trompeta_ = a trumpeter. This noun is both _feminine_ and -_masculine_, meaning, respectively, _a trumpet_ and _a trumpeter_. -The masculine article _un_ shows that the noun is used here in its -masculine form. - -[50] _Christmas._ - -[51] _Mano de papel_ = a quire of paper. - -[52] Cuellar uses the word _courtesy_ on several occasions where -_kindness_ is what he seems to mean. - -[53] Mass appears to have been said in the night-time, and the -preparations may also have been made during the night, so that the boat -might leave at daylight, and not attract too much attention. - -[54] Here the manuscript is stated to be torn and illegible. - -[55] _Echarnos a nado._ _Echarse a nado_ literally means to cast -oneself afloat; but it has also a metaphorical signification--viz., -_to make a desperate attempt_. As the same expression is made use of -twice close together, it may be that in the first instance it was meant -metaphorically; but this is by no means certain. - -[56] See preceding Note. - - - - - INDEX. - - PAGE - - _Academia de la Historia_, 7 - - Aghanlish (townland), 16 - - Allingham, Hugh, 39 - - Alonzo de Leyva, 65 - - Anchor, Spanish, 33 - - "_Armada, La, Invencible_", 5 - - Armada Exhibition, 31 - - Aran, North Island of, 33 - - - Ballyshannon Castle, 23 - - Belleek Castle, 23 - - Beallach-in-Mithidheim, 16 - - Bell, Spanish, in Donegal Church, 34 - - Bingham, Sir R., 22 - - Blacksod Bay, 26 - - Bundrowse, 10 - - Burke, Richard ("The Devil's Son"), 26 - - Bush River, 29 - - - Carrig-na-Spaniagh, 9 - - Cacair-Sinchill, 16 - - Castlefort Bay, Co. Donegal, 33 - - Castlecaldwell Museum, 34 - - Carndonagh Church, 34 - - Cannon, Brass, recovered from Armada Ships, 33 - - Cattle-booley, An Ancient, 17 - - _Century, Nineteenth_, 5 - - Church Relics, MacClancy's, 20 - - Chests, Money, 29-32, 51 - - Clew Bay (Money Chest), 31 - - Connaught, 6, 10, 25 - - Crannog, MacClancy's, 16 - - Crawford, Robert, 6 - - Cuellar, Captain, 7, 42, 44 - - Cuellar and his Comrades arrive at Dunkirk, 70 - - - Dartree MacClancy (territory), 15 - - Dartry Mountains, 13 - - De Leyva, 26, 65 - - Don Martin, 6 - - Don Diego Enriquez, 9, 49, 51 - - Don Graveillo de Swasso, 23 - - Don Cristobal de Avila, 47 - - Don Tomas de Granvela, 65 - - Don Reimundo Termi, Bishop (not identified), 67 - - Donegal Bay, 39 - - Donegal Mountains, 13 - - Doire-Melle, 16 - - Dromahair Castle, 26 - - Ducie, Earl of, 5, 39 - - Duro, Captain, 5, 39 - - Dun Carbery, 16 - - Dunluce Castle, 29, 65 - - _Duquesa Santa Anna_, 34 - - - "Enchanted Ships, The", 32 - - England, Queen of, 60 - - _El Gran Griffon, Capitana_, 34 - - Erris Head, 7, 26 - - Erne River, 23 - - Expedition against the Spaniards, 22 - - - _Feàr-Gortha_, 18 - - Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy, 22 - - Figure-head of Spanish Ship, 5 - - Froude, J. A., 5, 6, 39 - - - _Girona, The_, 27-29, 34 - - Giant's Causeway, 28 - - "Governor, Great, of the Queen", 62 - - Glack (townland), 15 - - Glenade, 13, 15, 41 - - Glencar Lough, 13 - - Glennageveny Bay, 28 - - - Habits of the Irish in 16th Century, 17-19, 61, 62 - - Hamilton, Major (Money Chest), 32 - - Head-dress of Irish Women of the Period, 19 - - "Hungry Grass" (superstition), 18 - - - Inismurray Island, 11 - - Iniskeen Island, 16 - - Inisheher Island, 15 - - Inisowen, 23 - - Ineen Dubh (O'Donnell's wife), 23 - - - Killybegs, 27 - - - Latin Language, 14, 55 - - _La Trinidad Valencera_, 34 - - "_La Armada Invencible_", 39 - - Laughton, Professor (Navy Records Society), 34 - - Leitrim Mountains, 41 - - Lord Deputy, 19, 23 - - _Longman's Magazine_, 39 - - - Martin de Aranda, 7, 47 - - Manglana (MacClancy), 19, 42, 43, 62, 65 - - MacClancy, Boethius, 22 - - MacDonnell, Sir James, 25 - - MacSwine's Territory, 27, 29 - - Medina, Duke of, 7 - - Melvin Lough, 15-17 - - Molaise, St., 11 - - Mullinaleck (townland), 16 - - Mullaghderg, 32 - - Myler McGrath, 24 - - - Newtown Village (O'Rourke), 13 - - Niall of the Nine Hostages, 16 - - _Nineteenth Century_, 39 - - North: in what sense used in narrative, 55 - - - Oaten Bread, 17, 18 - - O'Clery's Castle, 29 - - Ocan (O'Cahan), 65 - - O'Donnell's Castle, 23, 31 - - O'Donnell, 23, 27 - - O'Doherty's Country, 23 - - O'Gallagher (_alias_ O'Toole), 23 - - Ommanney, Sir Erasmus, 33 - - O'Neill, 21, 27 - - O'Rourke, 13, 15, 41, 57-59 - - - Palmistry in the 16th Century, 17 - - Paredes, Count de, 65 - - Provost Marshal, 7 - - - _Rata, The_, 26, 27, 34 - - Rossclogher Castle, 16, 17, 19-21 - - Rossfriar, 20 - - Rossan Point, 27 - - Rosses, The, 32 - - - Sassanas, 56 - - _San Pedro_, 7, 47 - - _San Juan de Sicilia_, 9, 34 - - _San Martin, The_, 27, 34 - - _Santa Anna, The_, 27 - - Scotland, Cuellar escapes to, 65-68 - - Scotland, King of: his attitude towards the - Spaniards, 68 - - Sedgwick, Mr.: his translation referred to, 41 - - Siege of Rossclogher Castle, 19-21, 63, 64 - - Spaniard Rock, 28 - - Spanish Eagles (Decoration on Chest Lid), 31 - - Spanish Vessels lost on the coast, 34 - - Spanish Vessels: why so many were lost, 34 - - Spanish Vessels, Tonnage and Number of Men in, 34 - - Spanish Arms, 33 - - Spanish Gold Coins found in Donegal, 34 - - Spanish Cannon, 33 - - Straw Huts referred to, 54 - - Staad Abbey, 11, 52 - - State Papers quoted, 10, 15, 21-29 - - - Tory Island, 7 - - Translation of Spanish Narrative. By R. Crawford, 45 - - Tullaghan, 16 - - - _Ulster Journal of Archæology_, 39 - - United Service Institution, London, 33 - - - War Materials in use in 16th Century, 20 - - Wolves in Ireland in 16th Century (Note), 51 - - Women, Beauty of, 62 - - - - - _ILLUSTRATIONS._ - - - PAGE - - Figure-head of Spanish Galleon, wrecked at Streedagh 5 - - Map of West and North-West Coast of Ireland, drawn A.D. 1609 8 - - The Spaniards holding Rossclogher Castle, with Vignette of - the Castle as it now is, from a sketch by Mrs. Allingham, - Ballyshannon 21 - - Wreck of a Galleon on Antrim Coast 28 - - A Spanish Treasure Chest 31 - - Spanish Anchor, drawn by Maude Allingham from a photograph - specially taken in London 33 - - * * * * * - - - IN PREPARATION. - - Annals of * * - - Ballyshannon & Tir-Hedba. - - By HUGH ALLINGHAM, M.R.L.A., ---- - - Author of - Ballyshannon: Its History and Antiquities, - Captain Cuellar's Adventures in Connacht and Ulster, A.D. 1588 - &., &., &. - - * * * * * - - The wide popularity and favourable reception of the HISTORY OF - BALLYSHANNON, published in 1879, and long hout of print, has induced - the author to extend the field of his researches over a much wider - area--a work on which he has been engaged for some years, and which - is now approaching completion. - - * * * * * - - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - | Transcriber's Notes. | - | | - | The original spelling and punctuation has been retained. | - | Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved. | - | Fixed various punctuation. | - | | - | Italicized words and phrases in the text version are presented by | - | surrounding the text with underscores. | - +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Cuellar's adventures in -Connaught & Ulster A.D. 1588., by Hugh Allingham - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S ADVENTURES *** - -***** This file should be named 52472-0.txt or 52472-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/7/52472/ - -Produced by Brownfox, Jane Robins, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connaught & Ulster A.D. 1588. - To which is added An Introduction and Complete Translation - of Captain Cuellar's Narrative of the Spanish Armada and - his adventu - -Author: Hugh Allingham - -Translator: Robert Crawford - -Release Date: July 1, 2016 [EBook #52472] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S ADVENTURES *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox, Jane Robins, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="497" height="800" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chapter" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1"></a></span></p> - - - -<h1>CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S<br /><em>ADVENTURES</em><br /><span class="small60">IN</span><br /><em><span class='sc'>CONNACHT & ULSTER</span></em><br /><span class="small80">A.D. 1588.</span></h1> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='sc'>A Picture of the Times, drawn from Contemporary sources.</span></div> - <div class='c001a'><span class='sc'>By</span> HUGH ALLINGHAM, M.R.I.A.,</div> - <div class='c001a'><em>Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries (Ireland);</em><br /> -<em>Author of "Ballyshannon: its History and Antiquities," &c.</em></div> - <div class='c002a'><em>TO WHICH IS ADDED</em></div> - <div class='c001a'><em>An Introduction and Complete Translation</em></div> - <div class='c001a'>OF</div> - <div class='c001a'><em>CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S</em></div> - <div class='c001a'><em>Narrative of the Spanish Armada</em></div> - <div class='c001a'>AND HIS ADVENTURES IN IRELAND.</div> - <div class='c001a'><span class='sc'>By</span> ROBERT CRAWFORD, M.A., M.R.I.A., <span class='sc'>&c.</span></div> -<hr class="r5" /> - <div class='c001a'><em>With Map and Illustrations.</em></div> -<hr class="r5" /> - <div class='c002a'>LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, <span class='sc'>62, Paternoster Row</span>.</div> - <div>1897.</div> - <div class='c001a'>[<em>All Rights Reserved.</em>]</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class="chapter" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a></span></p> - - -<p class="center"><span class='sc'>Printed by</span><br /> -<span class='sc'>M'Caw, Stevenson & Orr, Limited,</span><br /> -<span class='sc'>Linenhall Works,</span><br /> -<span class='sc'>Belfast.</span></p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a></span></p> - - - -<h2>PART I.</h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a></span></p> - - - -<h2><em>Note.</em></h2> - -<p class='c005'>The favourable reception which was accorded to the paper -entitled "The Spanish Armada in Ulster and Connacht," -which appeared in Vol. I., Part III., April, 1895, of <cite>The -Ulster Journal of Archology</cite>, and the continued interest in -the subject, which seems rather to increase as the literature -becomes more extensive, has induced me to re-write the -paper, and add much information I was not possessed of -when the first paper was printed. Mr. Crawford's most -valuable contribution, which forms the second part of this -book, should at least justify the present publication. To -Francis Joseph Bigger, M.R.I.A., my best thanks are due -for the use of copious notes and references, which have been -of material assistance.</p> - -<div class='c006'>HUGH ALLINGHAM.</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='sc'>Ballyshannon</span>, <em>May</em>, 1897.</p> - -<hr class="chapter" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a></span></p> - - - -<h2>CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S<br /><cite>Adventures in Connacht and Ulster</cite>,<br />A.D. 1588.</h2> - -<p class='c005'><span class="bfl">T</span>HE publication of a work entitled -"<cite>La Armada Invincible</cite>" -[Madrid, 1885], by Captain -Cesareo Fernandez Duro, a -Spanish naval officer, has been the -means of bringing to light many fresh -and interesting particulars relating to -this ill-fated venture; and, though the -incidents narrated are, as might be -expected, viewed from the Spanish -standpoint, yet the history is written -in a spirit of moderation, and gives -evidence of great research.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Amongst the valuable documents -which have been collected and printed -by Captain Duro, that having for its -title "Letter of One who was with the -Armada for England, and an Account -of the Expedition," is of most lively -interest to us, seeing that it presents a -graphic picture of the North and -North-West of Ireland in 1588, drawn -by one who was an actual eye-witness of what he describes.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_005sm.jpg" width="299" height="500" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>FIGUREHEAD OF A SPANISH GALLEON<br />WRECKED AT STREEDAGH, 1588.<br /><br />(<cite>Now in possession of Simon Cullen, J.P., Sligo.</cite>)</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="larger-file"> - [<a href="images/i_005.jpg">See larger version</a>] -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Before proceeding, it may be well to observe that these adventures -have already been dealt with by several writers. The <cite>Nineteenth -Century</cite>, September, 1885, contained a valuable and interesting paper, -entitled "An Episode of the Armada," by the Earl of Ducie. In -<cite>Longman's Magazine</cite> [September, October, and November, 1891] -appeared "The Spanish Story of the Armada," by J. A. Froude; and -in the Proceedings, Royal Irish Academy, 1893, Professor J. P. -O'Reilly contributed a paper, entitled "Remarks on Certain Passages -in Captain Cuellar's Narrative."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>The present paper has been written with the desire to identify -some of the places visited by Cuellar while in Connaught and Ulster. -His references to these places are, as might have been expected from -a foreigner, in many instances obscure; and in order to correctly -trace his wanderings, and identify the spots he visited, an intimate -acquaintance with the local topography of the district is essential.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Sometimes the clue afforded by his narrative is so slender, that -anyone unfamiliar with the localities intended might easily miss the -meaning, and be led to an entirely wrong conclusion. The present -writer has had the valuable assistance of R. Crawford, C.E., late Professor -of Engineering, T.C.D., an accomplished Spanish scholar—not -merely a translator—who possesses a practical acquaintance with the -idioms of the language. By this knowledge, Mr. Crawford has been -able to elucidate many obscure passages in the Spanish book, which -would otherwise have proved stumbling-blocks in the way of a proper -understanding of the author's meaning. Mr. Crawford has made a -literal translation of the whole of Cuellar's letter, which forms the -second part of this book. A careful perusal of Mr. Crawford's introductory -remarks, and of his translation, will well repay the reader, -and is, in fact, needful for the proper understanding of the subject-matter -of these pages.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Before entering on Cuellar's adventures on Irish soil, it may be as -well to refer to an evident error into which Mr. Froude has fallen in -his description of the wreck of the three vessels in Sligo Bay, in one -of which Cuellar was. In the article before referred to, the following -passage occurs: "Don Martin, after an ineffectual struggle to double -Achill Island, had fallen back into the bay, and had anchored off Ballyshannon -in a heavy sea with two other galleons. There they lay for -four days, from the first to the fifth of September, when, the gale rising, -their cables parted, and all three drove on shore on a sandy beach -among the rocks. Nowhere in the world does the sea break more -violently than on that cruel, shelterless strand," etc. Now, the facts disclosed -by Cuellar's narrative, and by other contemporary writers, show -that these Spanish ships were not at all near to Ballyshannon; but -having been caught in the violent gales which were then raging round -the coast, they were disabled, and being at the best of times unwieldy -and difficult to steer, they drifted down from the north, and, failing to -double Erris Head, were drawn into Sligo Bay, where they anchored -about a mile and a half off shore, in the hope of being able to repair -damages, and, when the gales subsided, proceed on their homeward -voyage.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>Don Francisco Cuellar was captain of the <em>San Pedro</em>, a galleon of -twenty-four guns, which belonged to the squadron of Castile. The -account of Cuellar's adventures, as detailed by himself, are related in -the letter to which reference has been made. This document was -discovered in the archives of the <cite>Academia de la Historia</cite>, in -Madrid, where it had lain in oblivion for three centuries. Passing -over the first part of the letter, which relates his adventures in the <em>San -Pedro</em>, which sustained great damage in an engagement with English -vessels off the coast of France, being in a leaky and unseaworthy condition, -owing to the number of "shot holes," the <em>San Pedro</em>, by order -of the mate (Cuellar having retired to take some rest after the fight), -moved a short distance away from the Admiral's ship, for the purpose -of carrying out some repairs to the damaged hull. This action on the -part of the <em>San Pedro</em> raised the anger of the Admiral, who ordered -Cuellar and another officer to be hanged at the yard's arm. -Fortunately for Cuellar this unjust sentence was not carried out in his -case, chiefly through the friendly offices of the Judge Advocate—Martin -de Aranda.</p> - -<p class='c007'>But Cuellar was no longer left in command of the <em>San Pedro</em>: -he henceforward sailed in the vessel of the Judge Advocate, who was -also styled Provost Marshal. Having passed round the north coast of -Scotland, the vessel in which Cuellar was, in company with two other -ships—all of large tonnage—encountered head winds and rough -weather. Passing Tory Island, they were endeavouring to clear Erris -Head on the Mayo coast; but the storms increasing, and the sea -running high, they were unable to make that point. With shattered -spars and torn canvas, and a weight of water in their holds, which the -constant working of the pumps could hardly keep under, these vessels -in a rough sea were unmanageable, and, drifting downwards, found -themselves enbayed off the Sligo coast, where they hoped to find temporary -anchorage. In the sailing instructions given by the Duke of -Medina to the Spanish vessels on their return home, the following -occurs: "The course that is first to be held is to the north-north-east, -until you be found under 61 degrees and a half, and then to take -great heed lest you fall upon the Island of Ireland, for fear of the harm -that may happen unto you upon that coast. Then parting from those -islands, and doubling the Cape in 61 1⁄2 degrees, you shall run west-south-west, -until you be found under 58 degrees, and from thence to -the south-west," etc. These particulars are valuable in showing the -direction in which the Spaniards endeavoured to navigate their unwieldy -craft. Captain Duro in his book refers to the frequency of the opening -of the seams in the old Spanish ships, which defect he attributes -to the excessive weight and height of the masts, whose leverage -in heavy weather caused a strain on the hulls which necessitated the -constant employment of caulkers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a></span></p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src="images/i_008sm.jpg" width="560" height="426" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p><em>A Map of the West and North West Coasts of Ireland,<br />Drawn in 1609. From the original in the British Museum<br />showing the places connected with the Spanish Armada.</em></p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="larger-file"> - [<a href="images/i_008.jpg">See larger version</a>] -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar says they anchored half a league from the shore, where -they remained "four days without being able to make any provision -or do anything. On the fifth day there sprang up such a -great storm," he says, "on our beam, with a sea up to the heavens, -so that the cables could not hold, nor the sails serve us, and we were -driven ashore upon a beach covered with very fine sand, shut in on -one side and the other by great rocks. Such a thing was never seen; -for within the space of an hour all three ships were broken in pieces, -so that there did not escape 300 men, and more than 1,000 were -drowned, and amongst them many persons of importance—captains, -gentlemen, and other officials." Of the three vessels which were -wrecked on the Streedagh Strand—(in a map of the coast, made in -1609, the rock, which is still called <em>Carrig-na-Spaniagh</em>, is thus -marked: "Three Spanish shipps here cast ashore in Anno Domi, -1588")—the name of one was the <em>San Juan de Sicilia</em>. She was -commanded by Don Diego Enriquez, "the Hunchback."</p> - -<p class='c007'>This officer, as Cuellar relates, came to his death in a sad way. -Fearing the very heavy sea that was washing over the deck of his -vessel, which was going to pieces on the strand, he ordered out his -large boat, a decked one, and, accompanied by the Count of Villa -Franca, and two other Portuguese gentlemen, they closed themselves -into the hold of the boat, hoping to be washed ashore. Having gone -below, and bringing with them sixteen thousand ducats in jewels and -crown pieces, they ordered the hatchway to be tightly fastened down, -in order to prevent the ingress of water; but just as the boat was -leaving the disabled ship, more than seventy men, terror-stricken with -the fate that awaited them, wildly jumped on the deck of the boat, -hoping thereby to reach the land; but the small craft, unable to bear -the great weight above water-line, and having been struck by a wave, -toppled over and sank, all on deck being swept away. She afterwards -rose to the surface, and was drifted about in different directions, -ultimately reaching the shore upside down. Those unfortunates who -were below were all killed, with the exception of Don Diego Enriquez, -who, after being in such a sad condition for more than twenty-four hours, -was found still living when the hold was broken into by the -"savages" who were searching for plunder. They took out the dead -men, and Don Diego, who only survived a few minutes; and, having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -secured the plunder—jewels and money—left the dead stripped and -naked on the strand, denying them even the rights of Christian burial! -Cuellar, though in great extremities, was not unmindful of the -kindness he had received from the Judge Advocate, Martin de -Aranda. "One touch of nature makes the whole world kin." Cuellar, -the deposed captain, and the Judge Advocate, were standing on the -same deck, with the horrors of death facing them on all sides. -Martin de Aranda, seeing the destruction of all that was dear to him, -had little energy left to make any effort to escape; but Cuellar -endeavoured to rally his drooping spirits, and made every effort he -could to help him, and bring him to shore. Taking a hatchway from -the deck of the vessel they were in, Cuellar got it afloat, and succeeded -in getting the Judge Advocate on also; but in the act of casting off -from the ship, a huge wave engulphed them, and the Judge Advocate, -being unable to hold on, was drowned. Cuellar, grievously wounded -by being struck by pieces of floating timber, succeeded in keeping his -footing on the hatchway, and at length reached the shore, "unable to -stand, all covered with blood, and very much injured."<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c007'>Fenton, writing to Burleigh (<cite>State Papers</cite>, 1588-9), says: "At my -late being in Sligo, I found both by view of eye and credible report -that the number of ships and men perished at these coasts was more -than was advertised thither by the Lord Deputy and Council, for I -numbered in one strand [Streedagh], of less than five miles in length, -eleven hundred dead corpses of men which the sea had driven on the -shore. Since the time of the advertisement, the country people told -me the like was in other places, though not of like numbers; and the -Lord Deputy, writing to the Council, says: 'After leaving Sligo, I -journeyed towards Bundroys [Bundrowse] and so to Ballyshannon, the -uttermost part of Connaught that way, and riding still along the sea-shore, -I went to see the bay where some of these ships were wrecked, -and where, as I heard not long before, lay twelve or thirteen hundred -of the dead bodies. I rode along that strand near two miles (but left -behind me a long mile and more), and then turned off that shore; in -both which places, they said that had seen it, there lay as great store -of timber of wrecked ships as was in that place which myself had -viewed, being in my opinion (having small skill or judgment therein) -more than would have built <em>four</em> of the greatest ships I ever saw, -beside mighty great boats, cables, and other cordage answerable thereto,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -and such masts, for bigness and length, as in my knowledge I never saw -any two that could make the like.'"</p> - -<p class='c007'>The account given by the Lord Deputy of his journey from Sligo -to Ballyshannon, though rather obscurely worded, points to the -probability of there having been more than one spot on that coast -which was a scene of disaster. It is evident that the entire shore from -Streedagh to Bundrowse was littered with the wreckage of the Spanish -vessels, and it could hardly be expected that all the "flotsam and -jetsam" referred to in the report we have quoted would have come -from the three vessels described by Cuellar.</p> - -<p class='c007'>To return to the narrative. Cuellar now found himself in a -desperate plight; wounded, half-naked, and starving with hunger, he -managed to creep into a place of concealment during the remainder of -the day; and he says: "At the dawn of day I began to walk little by -little, searching for a monastery of monks that I might repair to it as -best I could, the which I arrived at with much trouble and toil, and I -found it deserted, and the church and images of the Saints burned -and completely ruined, and twelve Spaniards hanging within the -church by the act of the English Lutherans, who went about searching -for us to make an end of all of us who had escaped from the perils of -the sea." Some writers on this shipwreck have been unable to explain -this reference to a monastery in the vicinity of the sea-shore at -Streedagh. No such difficulty, however, exists in identifying the place -indicated; for within sight of the strand stood the <em>Abbey of Staad</em>, -which tradition says was founded by St. Molaise, the patron saint -of the neighbouring island of Inismurray. It was then to this -monastery that Cuellar repaired, in the expectation of finding there a -safe asylum in his dire necessity. He was, however, disappointed; for -he found the place deserted, and several of his fellow-countrymen -hanging from the iron bars of the windows. The ruins of Staad -Abbey, which still remain, are inconsiderable, consisting of portions -of the church, which was oblong in form, and measured, internally, -34 feet in length by 14 feet 5 inches in width. There are indications -that a much older building once occupied the site of the existing ruin. -Outside the walls of the old church it was customary to light beacons -for the purpose of signalling with the inhabitants of Inismurray and -elsewhere, and this mode of communication by fire-signals was adopted -in Ireland from remote times, and its existence amongst us to the -present day is an interesting survival of primitive life. Cuellar, sick at -heart with the ghastly spectacle in the monastery, betook himself to a -road "which lay through a great wood," and after wandering about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -without being able to procure any food, he turned his face once more -to the sea-shore, in the hope of being able to pick up some provisions -that might have been washed in from the wrecks. Here he found, -stretched on the strand in one spot, more than 400 Spaniards, and -amongst them he recognised <em>Don Enriquez</em> and another honoured -officer. He dug a hole in the sand and buried his two friends. After -some time he was joined by two other Spaniards. They met a -man who seemed rather friendly towards them. He directed them -to take a road which led from the coast to a village, which -Cuellar describes as "consisting of some huts of straw." This -was probably the village of Grange, a couple of miles distant; -and the huts he refers to were the cabins with thatched roofs, still a -common feature in the country. From descriptions of these, which -are given by writers of the 16th century, there seems to be but slight -difference in the mode of constructing cabins then and now. At -Grange was a castle in which soldiers were stationed. It was an -important outpost at the period, being on the highway between -Connacht and Tirconnell. From this castle, bodies of soldiers used -to sally forth, scouring the neighbourhood for Spanish fugitives and -plunder. Fearing these military scouts, Cuellar turned off from -the village, and entered a wood, in which he had not gone far when a -new misfortune befel him. He was set upon by an "old savage," -more than seventy years of age, and by two young men—one English, -the other French. They wounded him in the leg, and stripped him -of what little clothing was left to him. They took from him a gold -chain of the value of a thousand reals; also forty-five gold crown -pieces he had sewed into his clothing, and some relics that had been -given him at Lisbon. But for the interference of a young girl, whom -Cuellar describes as of the age of twenty, "and most beautiful in the -extreme," it would have gone hard with him in the hands of these -men. Having robbed him of all he had, they went on their way in -search of further prey, and the young girl, pitying the sad condition of -the Spaniard, made a salve of herbs for his wounds, and gave him -butter and milk, with oaten bread to eat.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar was directed to travel in the direction of some mountains, -which appeared to be about six leagues distant, behind which there -were good lands belonging to an "important savage," a very great -friend of the King of Spain. The distances in leagues and miles -given in the narrative are in most cases considerably over-estimated, -and cannot be relied on. Cuellar, it should be remembered, is -describing events which happened to him in a strange country,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -wherein the names of the places, and the distances from place to place, -were alike unknown to him; and the journeys he was forced to make, -in his lame and wretched condition, must have seemed to him very -much longer than they were in reality. A right understanding of this -part of the narrative is important, as some writers have fallen into the -error of supposing that Cuellar's course was in the direction of the -<em>Donegal</em> Mountains, on the other side of the bay, visible, no doubt, -from the locality of the wreck, but on the distant northern horizon. -A careful reading of the text will show that this was not the direction -he took. He says: "I began to walk as best I could, making -for the north<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c008'><sup>[2]</sup></a> of the mountains, as the boy had told me." This -means that he kept on the <em>north</em>, or sea-side of the <em>Dartry</em> Mountains; -and behind them (<em>i.e.</em>, on the <em>south</em> side) were good lands belonging -to a friendly chief. The word "north" does not here refer to the -cardinal point, but is used merely as a relative term, just as "right -and left," "back and front," are used in familiar conversation. -Besides, Cuellar plainly states the name of the chief he was seeking to -reach: he speaks of him as "Senior de Ruerque" (Spanish for -<em>O'Rourque</em>), whose territory lay in the direction of the mountain range -he was travelling towards. He calls him an "important savage"—a -term which he applies to the Irish natives he met with, whether -friendly or the reverse: it does not refer to their treatment of him -personally; but he intends it to define what he considers their -position in the scale of civilization as compared with his own country. -Journeying on in the direction pointed out to him, he came to a lake, -in the vicinity of which were about thirty huts—all forsaken and -untenanted. Going into one of these for shelter, he discovered three -other naked men—Spaniards—who had met the same hard treatment -as himself. The only food they could obtain here was blackberries -and water-cresses. Covering themselves up with some straw, they -passed the night in a hut by the lake-side, resolving at daybreak to -push forward towards O'Rourke's village.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The lake to which reference is here made is evidently Glenade -Lough, from which it was an easy journey to O'Rourke's settlement at -Glencar. O'Rourke had another "town" at <em>Newtown</em>, on the borders -of the County of Sligo. It seems probable, however, that at this time -he had removed his people to Glencar. In the Lough here were -several crannogs, remains of which are still visible. Such lacustrine -habitations were usually resorted to by the Irish chiefs in times of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> -disturbance; for within their stockaded lake-dwellings they and their -possessions were safest from the attack of the enemy. Having arrived -at "the village," Cuellar found the chief absent, being at war with the -English, who were at the time in occupation of Sligo. Here he found -a number of Spaniards. Before many days passed, tidings came that -a Spanish ship, probably one of De Leyva's vessels, was standing off -the coast, and on the look-out for any Spaniards who had escaped with -their lives. Hearing this, Cuellar and nineteen others resolved to -make an effort to reach the vessel. They, therefore, set off at once -towards the coast. They met with many hindrances on the way; and -Cuellar, probably owing to the wounded state of his leg, was unable -to keep pace with the others, and was consequently left behind, while -the others got on board the vessel. He regards this circumstance of -his being left behind as a special interference of Providence on his -behalf, for the ship, after setting sail, was, he says, "wrecked off the -same coast, and more than 200 persons were drowned."</p> - -<p class='c007'>Resuming the course of Cuellar's fortunes, we find him pursuing -his way by the most secluded routes for fear of the "Sassana horsemen," -as he styles the English soldiers. He soon fell in with a -clergyman, who entered into friendly converse with him in the Latin -tongue—a language, it may be observed, that did not at that period -in Ireland rank as a "dead" one—men and women of various degrees, -both high and low, spoke it freely; of this there is abundant evidence -from contemporary writers. The clergyman gave Cuellar some of the -food he had with him, and directed him to take a road which would -bring him to a castle which belonged to a "savage" gentleman, "a -very brave soldier, and a great enemy of the Queen of England—a -man who had never cared to obey her or pay tribute, attending only -to his castle and mountains, which [latter] made it strong." Following -the course pointed out to him, Cuellar met with an untoward circumstance -which caused him much anxiety; he was met by a blacksmith -who pursued his calling in a "deserted valley." Here he was forced -to abide, and work in the forge. For more than a week he (the -Spanish officer) had to blow the forge bellows, and, what was worse, -submit to the rough words of the blacksmith's wife, whom he calls -"an accursed old woman." At length, his friend the clergyman -happened again to pass that way, and seeing Cuellar labouring in the -forge, he was displeased. He comforted him, assuring him he would -speak to the chief of the castle to which he had directed him, and ask -that an escort should be sent for him. The following day this -promise was fulfilled, and four men from the castle, and a Spanish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> -soldier who had already found his way thither, arrived, and safely -conducted him on his way. Here he seems at last to have found kind -and humane treatment. He specially mentions the extreme kindness -shown him by the chief's wife, whom he describes as "beautiful in -the extreme."</p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar, in taking the course pointed out to him by the clergyman, -was travelling in an eastward direction, having his back turned on -O'Rourke's village, whither he had first gone for succour. The -"deserted valley," in which he fell in with the blacksmith, was doubtless -the beautiful valley of Glenade, from which place to the island -castle of Rossclogher was an easy journey. As this castle is a -prominent feature in our narrative, some particulars regarding it and -its chiefs may be here noted.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The castle of Rossclogher, the picturesque ruins of which are -still prominent in the beautiful scenery of Lough Melvin, was built by -one of the clan, at a period—precise date not known—anterior to the -reign of Henry VIII. In the <cite>Irish Annals</cite> the name of MacClancy, -chief of Dartraigh, appears at <span class='fss'>A.D.</span> 1241. The territory was held by -the family for three hundred years, their property having been finally -confiscated after the wars of 1641. The castle lies close to the southern -shore of Lough Melvin, considerably to the westward of the island of -Inisheher (see Ordnance Map). It is a peculiar structure, being -built on an artificial foundation, somewhat similar to the "Hag's -Castle" in Lough Mask, and to Cloughoughter Castle in the neighbouring -county of Cavan. Here may be noted a striking instance of -the accuracy and appropriateness of Irish names of places. When -the island of Inisheher (Inis Siar), <em>i.e.</em>, western island, got its name, -the site of Rossclogher Castle had not been laid, for where the castle -stands is considerably further west than the last natural island, which, -from its name, marks it as the most westerly island of the lough.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Irish name of this family was <em>MacFhlnncdaha</em>, the name -being variously written in the <cite>State Papers</cite> as McGlannogh, -McGlanthie, etc., while in the Spanish narrative it is <em>Manglana</em>. -In a map drawn in 1609, the territory is marked "Dartrie -MacGlannagh" (which see). The MacClancys were chiefs, subject -to O'Rourke, and their territory—a formidable one, by reason of its -mountains and fastnesses—comprised the entire of the present barony -of Rossclogher. According to local tradition, which survived when -O'Donovan visited the district in the summer of 1836<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c008'><sup>[3]</sup></a>, the extent of -"Dartree MacClancy" was from <em>Glack</em> townland on the east to <em>Bunduff</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> -on the west—a distance of about six miles; and from <em>Mullinaleck</em> townland -on the north to <em>Aghanlish</em> on the south—a distance of about -three miles. The townlands of Rossfriar (Ross-na-mbraher, <em>i.e.</em>, the -Peninsula of the Friars), and that now called Aghanlish, were ancient -<em>termon lands</em> appertaining to the church of Rossclogher, the ruins of -which stand on the mainland, close to the island castle of our narrative. -The romantic and beautiful district over which the -MacClancys held sway included <em>Lough Melvin</em>, with its islands -and the mountain range behind. Within its bounds were two -castles—that of Rossclogher and <em>Dun Carbery</em>. On the island of -<em>Iniskeen</em> was MacClancy's crannog; and here it may be pointed out -a frequent error has been made in supposing that the Castle of Rossclogher -stood on Iniskeen. The crannog was on that large island -which is far to the east of the Castle of Rossclogher. This was merely -used in troublous times as a place of security—a sort of treasure-house; -but not an ordinary dwelling-place. Besides the buildings -already mentioned within the territory, were at least three monasteries—that -of Doire-Melle, Cacair-Sinchill, and Beallach-in-Mithidheim—as -well as numerous churches, the ruins of some -being still in existence. The MacClancy clan appear to have -sprung from a stock totally distinct from the neighbouring clans -of Brefney. Their chief residence was at Rossclogher, but they had -another castle—that of Dun Carbery—some ruins of which are still -standing close to the village of Tullaghan. This was built in the -sixteenth century, and a more commanding site for a fortified house -it would have been difficult to select. It was built on the summit of -an extensive <em>Dun</em>, or fort, which belonged to a period long anterior -to the MacClancy rule; and it is a noticeable fact that the name of -the original owner of the <em>Dun Carbery</em>, son of Niall of the Nine -Hostages (fifth century), has continued to the present day as the -name by which the castle is known.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Castle of Rossclogher is built on a foundation of heavy stones -laid in the bed of the lake, and filled in with smaller stones and earth -to above water-level. The sub-structure was circular in form, and the -entire was encompassed by a thick wall, probably never more than five -feet in height. The walls of the castle are very thick, and composed -of freestone, obtained from an adjacent quarry on the mainland. -They are cemented together with the usual grouting of lime and coarse -gravel, so generally used by the builders of old; the outside walls were -coated with thick rough-cast, a feature not generally seen in old -structures in the locality. Facing the south shore, which is about one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -hundred yards distant, are the remains of a bastion pierced for -musketry. The water between the castle and the shore is deep, and -goes down sheer from the foundation.</p> - -<p class='c007'>On the shore, close to the castle, are the remains of military -earthworks, evidently constructed by some enemy seeking possession -of the castle. On the summit of a hill immediately over this, is a -circular enclosure about 220 feet in circumference; it is composed of -earth, faced with stone-work. Here the MacClancy-clan folded their -flocks and herds, and from this ancient "cattle-booley" a bridle-path -led to the mountains above. Portions of this pathway have recently -been discovered; it was only two feet in width, and regularly paved -with stones enclosed by a kerb.</p> - -<p class='c007'>On the mainland, close to the southern shore, and within speaking -distance of the castle, stand the ruins of the old church which was -built by MacClancy, and which is of about the same date as the castle -to which it was an appendage. In the immediate neighbourhood of -the shore, guarded on one side by the lofty mountain range of Dartraigh, -on the other by the waters of Lough Melvin, was MacClancy's -"town"—an assemblage of primitive huts, probably circular in shape, -and of the simplest construction, where dwelt the followers and -dependents of the chief, ready, by night or by day, to obey the call to -arms, or, as Cuellar expresses it, "Go Santiago," a slang expression in -Spain, meaning to attack.<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c007'>Of the manners and customs of the natives, Cuellar makes sundry -observations. Having described at length how he occupied his -leisure in the castle by telling the fortunes of the ladies by palmistry, -he mentions incidentally that their conversation was carried on in -Latin. He goes on to speak of the natives, or "savages," as he calls -them. He says: "Their custom is to live as the brute beasts among -the mountains, which are very rugged in that part of Ireland where -we lost ourselves. They live in huts made of straw; the men are all -large bodied and of handsome features and limbs, active as the roe-deer. -They do not eat oftener than once a day, and this is at night; -and that which they usually eat is butter with oaten bread. They -drink sour milk, for they have no other drink; they don't drink -water, although it is the best in the world. On feast days they eat -some flesh, half-cooked, without bread or salt, for that is their custom. -They clothe themselves, according to their habit, with tight trousers -and short loose coats of very coarse goat's hair. They cover themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> -with blankets, and wear their hair down to their eyes. They -are great walkers, and inured to toil. They carry on perpetual war -with the English, who here keep garrison for the Queen, from whom -they defend themselves, and do not let them enter their territory, -which is subject to inundation and marshy."</p> - -<p class='c007'>The reference Cuellar makes to the food of the Irish with -whom he sojourned is interesting. He says: "They do not -eat oftener than once a day, and this is at night, and that -which they usually eat is butter with <em>oaten bread</em>." The partiality -for oaten bread here spoken of still survives; but its use -has within the last half century greatly declined, owing to the -extensive introduction of "white bread," the term applied to ordinary -bakers' loaves. When the tide of emigration to America—in the -early part of this century—was in full flow from Ballyshannon, the -emigrants had to provide their own food on the voyage from this -port to the Western Continent, and that universally taken with them -was an ample supply of oaten cakes. It may not be out of place here -to refer to the curious belief which still lives in the minds of the -peasantry of this district, though, like most of the survivals of folklore, -it is fading from the memories of the people.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The <em>Fer-Gortha</em>, or Hungry Grass, is believed to grow in certain -spots, and whoever has the bad luck to tread on this baneful fairy -herb is liable to be stricken down with the mysterious complaint. -The symptoms, which come on suddenly, are complete prostration, -preceded by a general feeling of weakness; the sufferer sinks down, -and, if assistance is not at hand, he perishes. It is believed that if -food be partaken of in the open air, and the fragments remaining be -not thrown as an offering to the "good folk," that they will mark their -displeasure by causing a crop of "hungry grass" to arise on the spot -and produce the effects described. Fortunately, the cure is as simple -as the malady is mysterious. <em>Oatcake</em> is the specific, or, in its -absence, a few grains of oatmeal. The wary traveller who knows the -dangers of the road, carries in his pocket a small piece of oatcake, -not intended as food, but as a charm against the <em>Fer-Gortha</em>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar also observes that the chief inclination of these people is -to plunder their neighbours, capturing cattle and any other property -obtainable, the raids being chiefly carried out at night. He also -remarks that the English garrison were in the habit of making -plundering expeditions into the territory of these natives, and the only -refuge they had was, on the approach of the soldiers, to withdraw to -the mountains with their families and cattle till the danger would be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> -past. Speaking of the women, he says: "Most of them are very -beautiful, but badly-dressed. The head-dress of the women is a linen -cloth, doubled over the head and tied in front." He remarks "the -women are great workers and housekeepers, after their fashion." -Speaking of the churches, etc., he says most of them have been -demolished by the hands of the English, and by those natives who -have joined them, who are as bad as they. He concludes his by-no-means -flattering description in these words: "In this kingdom there -is neither justice nor right, and everyone does what he pleases."</p> - -<p class='c007'>The "sour milk" Cuellar speaks of is buttermilk, as great a -favourite here in the nineteenth century as in the sixteenth. The -cloth which he calls "very coarse goats' hair" was probably the -familiar homespun woollen frieze, which from the earliest times was -made by the Irish. The head-dress of the women—a linen cloth—is -still adopted by elderly women here.</p> - -<p class='c007'>After enjoying a short period of rest in MacClancy's, or, as Cuellar -styles it, Manglana's castle, rumours of an alarming nature reached -them. The Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam, or, as he is called in the -narrative, "the great governor of the Queen," was marching from -Dublin, with a force of 1,700 soldiers, in search of the lost ships and -the people who had escaped the fury of the waves, and no quarter -could be expected for either the Irish chiefs or the shipwrecked -Spaniards; all that came within Fitzwilliam's grasp would certainly be -hanged. Cuellar says the Lord Deputy marched along the whole -coast till he arrived at the place where the shipwreck happened (at -Streedagh), and from thence he came towards the castle of -"Manglana." It is at this point of his narrative that he first mentions -the name of the chief who had given him refuge.</p> - -<p class='c007'>MacClancy seeing the force that had come against him, felt himself -unable to stand a siege, and decided to escape to the friendly -shelter of his mountains. He called Cuellar aside and made known -his determination, and advised that he and the other Spaniards should -consider what they would do for their own safety. Cuellar consulted -with his fellows, and they finally agreed that their only chance of life -was to hold out in the castle as long as possible, trusting to its strength -and isolated situation; and, leaving the result to the fortunes of -war, they determined to stand or fall together.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Having communicated their decision to MacClancy, he willingly -provided them with all the arms within his reach, and a sufficient -store of provisions to last for six months. He made them take an -oath to hold the castle "till death," and not to open the gates for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -"Irishman, Spaniard, or anyone else till his return." Having made -these preparations, and removed the furniture and relics out of the -church on the shore, and deposited them within the castle, MacClancy, -after embracing Cuellar, withdrew to the mountains, taking with him -his family and followers, with their flocks and herds. Cuellar now -provided himself with several boat-loads of stones, six muskets, and -six crowbars, as well as a supply of ammunition. He gives a minute -description of the place he was going to defend. He says: "The -castle is very strong and very difficult to take, if they do not attack it -with artillery, for it is founded in a lake of very deep water, which is -more than a league wide at some parts, and three or four leagues long, -and has an outlet to the sea; and besides, with the rise of spring -tides, it is not possible to enter it; for which reason the castle could -not be taken by water, nor by the shore of land which is nearest it, -neither could injury be done it, because a league around the 'town,' -which is established on the mainland, it is marshy, breast deep, so -that even the inhabitants [natives] could not get to it except by paths." -These paths, through bogs and shallow lakes, were made of large -stones in a hidden, irregular way, unknown to any except those who -had the key to their position. Three centuries ago, the aspect of the -country was very different from what it now is: the land was in a -swampy, undrained condition, and, beyond small patches here and -there, which had been cleared for growing corn, dense thickets of -brushwood covered the surface everywhere; and, as there were no -roads or bridges, but merely narrow paths, where two horsemen could -not pass each other, the difficulty—not to say impossibility—of bringing -troops, heavy baggage, and artillery across country is apparent. -That such a state of things existed in MacClancy's territory there is -abundant evidence. The stones with which Cuellar provided himself -were a favourite item in the war materials of that period: these were -used with deadly effect from the towers of castles, and were also -thrown from cannon instead of iron balls. Cuellar says: "Our -courage seemed good to the whole country, and the enemy was -very indignant at it, and came upon the castle with his forces—about -1,800 men—and observed us from a distance of a mile and a half -from it, without being able to approach closer on account of the -water [or marshy ground] which intervened." From this description, -it is evident the Lord Deputy's forces had taken up their position on -the shore of the opposite promontory of Rossfriar—a tongue of land -which projects itself into the lough at the north-west end. From this -point he says they exhibited "menaces and warnings," and hanged two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -Spanish fugitives they had laid hold of, "to put the defenders in -fear." The troops demanded by trumpet a surrender of the castle, -but the Spaniards declined all proposals. For seventeen days, -Cuellar says, the besiegers lay against them, but were unable to get a -favourable position for attack. "At length, a severe storm and a -great fall of snow compelled them to withdraw without having accomplished -anything." In the <cite>State Papers</cite>, under date 12th October, -1588, the Lord Deputy asks the Privy Council of England to send at -once two thousand "sufficient and thoroughly appointed men" to join -the service directed against the main body of 3,000 Spaniards in -O'Donnell's country and the North. In the same month, Fenton -writes to the Lord Deputy "that the Spaniards are marching towards -Sligo, and are very near Lough Erne." There were, no doubt, a -large number of Spaniards who had escaped the dangers of the sea, -and had fled for refuge to O'Donnell, O'Neill, and O'Rourke, all of -whom were very favourable to them; but the Lord Deputy, for his -own ends, greatly exaggerated both their numbers and strength. -They were merely fugitives acting on the defensive, and not then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> -inclined to be aggressive. They well knew the fate of hundreds of -their countrymen, and what they might expect if they fell into the -hands of the Lord Deputy.</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src="images/i_021sm.jpg" width="560" height="478" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p>THE SPANIARDS HOLDING ROSSCLOGHER<br />CASTLE AGAINST THE LORD DEPUTY.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="larger-file"> - [<a href="images/i_021.jpg">See larger version</a>] -</div> - -<p class='c007'>In the County of Clare, at this time, was another MacClancy—Boethius. -He was Elizabeth's High Sheriff there, and, unlike his namesake -of Rossclogher, he cruelly treated and killed a number of -Spaniards of the Armada, who had been shipwrecked off that coast. -In memory of his conduct then, he is cursed every seventh year in a -church in Spain. In the <cite>State Papers</cite> no reference is made to this -expedition against MacClancy's castle; all that is said is that troops -arrived at Athlone on 10th November, 1588, and returned to Dublin -on 23rd December following, "without loss of any one of her Majesty's -army; neither brought I home, as the captains inform me, scarce -twenty sick persons or thereabouts; neither found I the water, nor -other great impediments which were objected before my going out, to -have been dangerous, otherwise than very reasonable to pass." In -these vague terms Fitzwilliam disposes of a disagreeable subject which -he knew was more for his own credit not to enlarge upon. It -seems probable that Cuellar has over-estimated the number of soldiers -sent to storm the castle which he was defending; there is, however, -no ground for doubting the general truth of his account of the transaction. -MacClancy, we know, was the subject of peculiar hatred by -the authorities; Bingham describes him as "an arch-rebel, and the -most barbarous creature in Ireland," and the fact of his having given -shelter to Spanish fugitives made him ten times worse in their eyes.</p> - -<p class='c007'><em>Fitzwilliam</em>, the Lord Deputy, whom Cuellar styles the "Great -Governor," was a covetous and merciless man. Not long after his -arrival in Ireland, the Spanish shipwrecks took place, and the rumours -of the great amount of treasure and valuables which the Spaniards -were reported to have with them called into prominence the most -marked feature in the Lord Deputy's character—cupidity. His commission -shows this: "To make by all good means, both of oaths and -<em>otherwise</em> [this means <em>by torture</em>], to take all hulls of ships, treasures, -etc., into your hands, and to apprehend and execute all Spaniards of -what quality soever ... torture may be used in prosecuting this -enquiry."</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the <cite>State Papers</cite>, at December 3, 1588—Sir R. Bingham to -the Queen—the following reference to the Lord Deputy's expedition -to the North of Ireland is made: "But the Lord Deputy, having -further advertisements from the North of the state of things in those -parts, took occasion to make a journey thither, and made his way<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -through this province [Connaught], and in passing along caused both -these two Spaniards, which my brother [George Bingham] had, to be -executed." One of these was Don Graveillo de Swasso. At December -31st, the Lord Deputy thus refers to his movements: "At my -coming to the Castles of Ballyshannon and Beleek, which stand upon -the river Earne, and are in possession of one Sir Owen O'Toole, <em>alias</em> -O'Gallagher<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c008'><sup>[5]</sup></a>, a principal man of that country, I found all the -country [people] and cattle fled into the strong mountains and fastnesses -of the woods in their own countrie and neighbours adjoining, -as O'Rourke, O'Hara, the O'Glannaghies [MacClancy], Maguires, -and others." In the <cite>State Papers</cite>, 15th October, 1588, we learn -some curious particulars concerning the wreck of one of the Spanish -ships, named <em>La Trinidad Valencera</em>, at Inisowen (O'Doherty's -country). This vessel, which was a very large one (1,100 tons), -carried 42 guns and 360 men, including soldiers and mariners, many -of whom were drowned. They had only one boat left, and this a -broken one, in which they succeeded in landing a part of the crew. -Some swam to shore, and the rest were landed in a boat they bought -from the Inisowen men for 200 ducats. Some curious details are -given of how the Spaniards fared on land. When first they came -ashore, with only their rapiers in their hands, they found four or five -"savages," who bade them welcome, and well-used them: afterwards, -some twenty more "wild men" came to them, and robbed them of a -money-bag containing 1,000 reals of plate and some rich apparel. -The only food they could obtain was horse-flesh, which they bought -from the country people, as well as a small quantity of butter. When -they had been about a week living here, Fitzwilliam's men came on -the scene, as also O'Donnell and his wife. The Spaniards surrendered -to the captains that carried "the Queen's ensigns," the conditions -being that their lives should be spared till they appeared before the -Lord Deputy, and be allowed to take with them a change of apparel -from the stores of their own ship. These conditions were not adhered -to, and the soldiers and natives were allowed to spoil and plunder the -shipwrecked Spaniards. The O'Donnell above referred to was the -father of the celebrated Red Hugh, who was at this period within the -walls of Dublin Castle, a close prisoner. "O'Donnell's wife" was the -celebrated Ineen Dubh, the mother of Red Hugh. O'Donnell felt -himself weak and unable to cope with the English power, which was -surrounding him on all sides. While not taking an active part in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -maltreating the Spaniards, who had been thrown on his territory by -the violence of the storms, he was guilty in a passive way of permitting -them to be ill-used; and when, a short time after these events, he -resigned the government of Tirconnell to the more capable hands of -his son, Red Hugh, and retired to the solitude of the cloister, the -greatest sin which weighed on his conscience was his cruel conduct -in slaying a number of Spanish seamen in Inisowen, which act was -instigated by the Lord Deputy.</p> - -<p class='c007'>MacClancy at length paid dearly for his part in the Spanish affair. -This we learn from a letter in the <cite>State Papers</cite>, under date 23rd April, -1590: "The acceptable service performed by Sir George Bingham -in cutting off M'Glanaghie, an arch-rebel ... M'Glanaghie's head -brought in. M'Glanaghie ran for a lough, and tried to save himself -by swimming, but a shot broke his arm, and a gallowglass brought him -ashore. He was the most barbarous creature in Ireland; his countrie -extended from Grange till you come to Ballishannon; he was -O'Rourke's right hand; he had fourteen Spaniards with him, some of -whom were taken alive." The lough above referred to is Lough Melvin. -MacClancy was endeavouring to reach his fortress when he met his -end. O'Rourke, shortly after these events, fled to Scotland, where -he was arrested, brought to London, arraigned on a charge of high -treason, found guilty, and hanged. At the place of execution he was -met by the notorious <em>Myler M'Grath</em>, that many-sided ecclesiastic, -whose castle walls, near Pettigo, still keep his name in remembrance. -M'Grath endeavoured to make him abjure his faith, but O'Rourke -could not be shaken; he knew the sordid character of the man, and -bitterly reproached him for his own mercenary conduct.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When the siege was raised, MacClancy and his followers returned -from the mountains, and made much of Cuellar and his comrades, -asking them to remain and throw in their lot with them. To Cuellar -he offered his sister in marriage. This, however, the latter declined, -saying he was anxious to turn his face homewards. MacClancy would -not hear of the Spaniards leaving; and Cuellar, fearing he might be -detained against his will, determined to leave unobserved, which he -did two days after Christmas, when he and four Spanish soldiers left -the castle before dawn, and went "travelling by the mountains and -desolate places," and at the end of twenty days they came to <em>Dunluce</em>, -where Alonzo de Leyva, and the Count de Paredes, and many other -Spanish nobles had been lost; and there, he says, "they went to the -huts of some 'savages,' who told us of the great misfortunes of our -people who were drowned."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar does not indicate the course he took in travelling on foot -from the castle in Lough Melvin to Dunluce; but it is evident, from -the time spent on the journey, that it was the circuitous route round -the coast of Donegal to Derry, and from thence to Dunluce. Their -journey was one of danger, as military scouts were searching the -country everywhere for Spaniards, and more than once he had narrow -escapes. After some delay and considerable difficulty, Cuellar, through -the friendly assistance of Sir James MacDonnell, of Dunluce, succeeded -in crossing over to Scotland, in company with seventeen Spanish -sailors who had been rescued by MacDonnell. He hoped to enjoy -the protection of King James VI., who was then reported to favour -the Spaniards.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar did not find things much better there, and, after some -delay, he eventually took ship and arrived at Antwerp. His -narrative is dated October 4, 1589, and was evidently not written -till his arrival on the Continent. In forming an estimate of its value, -it should be remembered that the greater part, if not all, was written -by him from memory. It is highly improbable he would have made -notes, or kept a diary in Ireland, as the writing of his adventures -never occurred to him (as his narrative shows) till afterwards. This -most probable supposition will account for any inaccuracies in his -statements as to places, distances, etc.; and allowing for a natural -tendency to exaggeration, Cuellar's narrative, corroborated as it is in -all essential points by contemporary history, bears on its face the -stamp of truth and authenticity.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The <cite>State Papers</cite> (Ireland) at this year (1588) contain several -references to these wrecks on the Connaught coast.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c008'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Amongst them -the following occur: "After the Spanish fleet had doubled Scotland, -and were in their course homewards, they were by contrary weather -driven upon the several parts of this province [Connaught] and -wrecked, as it were, by even portions—three ships in every of the four -several counties bordering on the sea coasts, viz., in Sligo, Mayo, -Galway, and Thomond:—so that twelve ships perished on the rocks -and sands of the shore-side, and some three or four besides to -seaboard of the out-isles, which presently sunk, both men and ships, -in the night-time. And so can I say by good estimation that six or -seven thousand men have been cast away on these coasts, save some -1,000 of them which escaped to land in several places where their -ships fell, which sithence <em>were all put to the sword</em>." Of all the ships<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -which composed the Armada, none was a greater object of interest -than the <em>Rata</em>, a great galleon commanded by Don Alonzo de Leyva. -This officer was Knight of Santiago and Commendador of Alcuesca: -a remarkable man, of invincible courage and perseverance, who was -destined to meet a watery grave on this expedition. It is said that -King Philip felt more grief for his death than for the loss of the -whole fleet.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the <em>Rata</em> were hundreds of youths of the noblest families of -Castile, who had been committed to De Leyva's care. Having cleared -the northern coast of Scotland and gained the Atlantic, he kept well -out to sea, and in the early part of the month of September doubled -Erris Head, on the western coast of Mayo, after which he and another -galleon came to anchor in Blacksod Bay. Here he sent in a boat, -with fourteen men, to ascertain the disposition of the natives, whether -friendly or the reverse. Having landed, they soon encountered one -of the petty chiefs—Richard Burke by name, familiarly known as the -"Devil's Son." This man, true to his character, robbed and maltreated -them. Immediately after this a violent storm sprang up, which proved -fatal to many of the Spanish ships then off the Irish coast: the <em>Rata</em> -broke loose from her anchors, and ran ashore; De Leyva and his -men were only able to escape with their lives, carrying with them -their arms and any valuables they could lay hold of. They set fire to -the <em>Rata</em>; and perceiving hard by an old castle, within it they took up -their quarters. The "Devil's Son" and his followers made their way -to the wreck, plundering any of the rich garments and stores which -they could snatch from the flames. At this juncture, <em>Bryan-na-Murtha -O'Rourke</em>, Prince of Breffney, hearing of the abject condition of the -Spaniards, sent them immediate assistance, and an invitation to their -commander, De Leyva, to come to his castle at Dromahair. There -they were well entertained, comfortably clothed, and provided with -arms. This is referred to in the Irish <cite>State Papers</cite> thus: "Certain -Spaniards being stript were relieved by Sir Brian O'Rourke, apparelled, -and new furnished with weapons."</p> - -<p class='c007'>O'Rourke, whose power and popularity were very great, was a -dangerous foe to the Governor of Connaught, who was unable to -make him pay the "Queen's Rent." His action in harbouring and -succouring the Spaniards, and for a short space enlisting them in his -service, had, as shall be seen further on, important results in his -approaching downfall. De Leyva resolved, after some time, to quit -the country, and to embark his men in the other galleon, the <em>San -Martin</em>, which had been able to hold out in the offing. Having made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -sail, and on their way fallen in with the <em>Girona</em> and another ship—a -galliass—they endeavoured to clear <em>Rossan</em> Point; but the sea being -still very rough and the wind unpropitious, they were obliged to make -for Killybegs. Having reached the entrance to that port, the two larger -vessels went on the rocks, and became wrecks; the galliass continued -to float, though badly injured; the crews and soldiers, numbering two -thousand, were got ashore with their arms, but no provisions were -saved.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The <cite>State Papers</cite> [September, 1588] say that "John Festigan, -who came out of the barony of Carbrie [of which Streedagh strand -forms a part], saw <em>three great ships</em> coming from the south-west, and -bearing towards O'Donnell's country, and took their course right to -the harbour of Killybegs, the next haven to Donegal." And in the -examination of a Spanish sailor named Macharg,<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c008'><sup>[7]</sup></a> the following reference -appears: "After the fight in the narrow sea, she fell upon the -coast of Ireland in a haven called 'Erris St. Donnell,' where, at their -coming in, they found a great ship called the <em>Rata</em>, of 1,000 tons or -more, in which was Don Alonzo de Leyva. After she perished, Don -Alonzo and all his company were received into the hulk of <em>St. Anna</em>, -with all the goods they had in the ships of any value; as plate, -apparel, money, jewels, and armour, leaving behind them victual, -ordnance, and much other stuff, which the hulk was not able to carry -away." It will be seen from the above that it is stated that it was in -the <em>St. Anna</em> De Leyva embarked, after the loss of his own vessel; -but it would appear from "<em>La Felicissima Armada</em>" that it was in -the <em>San Martin</em> they took ship, and afterward removed to the <em>Duquesa -Santa Anna</em>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The number of wrecks of the Spanish vessels on the Irish coast -was largely due to the insufficiency of their anchor-gear; and in -explanation of this, it may be observed that it was chiefly <em>hempen</em> -cables which were then in use; and even in the largest vessels -substantial chain cables had not been adopted.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It would seem that when De Leyva had reached "O'Donnell's -country," he found the <em>San Martin</em> so much injured and in such a leaky -condition, that he abandoned her and placed his men and valuables in -the <em>Duquesa Santa Anna</em>, which, through the friendly aid of O'Neill -and McSwine, he was enabled to repair. After obtaining fresh stores -of provisions from the people of Tirconnell, De Leyva once more put to -sea; but misfortune still followed in his track, and the <em>Santa Anna</em><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> -ran on the rocks in Glennageveny Bay, a few miles west of Inisowen -Head. Still undaunted, De Leyva, though now sorely wounded in -escaping from the wreck, made another effort. The <em>Girona</em>, which -had also been patched up while at Killybegs, lay at anchor in a creek -in McSwine's territory, about twenty miles distant from where he now -was. In the <em>Girona</em> he determined to sail, and being unable to walk -or ride had himself carried across country, the remnant of his men -following him—for many had been drowned. Close to the shore, in -sight of that relentless sea from which they had already suffered -so keenly, these belated men encamped for the space of a week, using -every effort to make the <em>Girona</em>—their last means of escape—as tight -and seaworthy as possible. They once more embarked, hoping to be -able at least to reach the coast of Scotland; but their course was -nearly run; and after a few days, while passing near to the Giant's -Causeway, they ran on a rock, and in a few minutes were dashed to -pieces. It is said every soul on board except five sailors—nobles, -mariners, soldiers, and slaves (who were kept as rowers)—were lost. -The actual spot of the wreck pointed to by tradition still bears the -name of "<em>Spaniard Rock</em>" the western head of Port-na-Spaniagh.</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src="images/i_028sm.jpg" width="560" height="389" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p>WRECK OF A GALLEON AT PORT-NA-SPANIAGH,<br />NORTH COAST OF ANTRIM, SEPTEMBER, 1588.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="larger-file"> - [<a href="images/i_028.jpg">See larger version</a>] -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The <cite>State Papers</cite> (Ireland, 1588) contain the following reference -to this event: "The Spanish ship [the <em>Girona</em>] which arrived in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> -Tirconnell with the McSweeny, was on Friday, the 18th of this present -month [<em>Oct.</em>, 1588], descried over against <em>Dunluce</em>, and by rough -weather was perished, so that there was driven to the land, being -drowned, the number of 260 persons, with certain butts of wine, -which Sorely Boy [MacDonnell] hath taken up for his use." There -was another of the Spanish ships wrecked near Dunluce, but the -name of the vessel is unknown. From this wreck the MacDonnells -recovered three pieces of cannon, which were subsequently claimed -by Sir John Chichester for the Government. These cannon were -mounted on Dunluce Castle, and MacDonnell refused to give them -up. He had also rescued eleven sailors from this wreck, as well as -the five from the <em>Girona</em>. These he all took under his protection, -and eventually sent them over in a boat to Scotland, from whence -they made their way home. From the depositions of an Irish sailor -named <em>McGrath</em>, who was on board the <em>Girona</em>, it appears that vessel -went aground on a long, low reef of rock at the mouth of the <em>Bush</em> -river, which reef was then known as the "Rock of Bunbois."</p> - -<p class='c007'>Of the authentic relics of the Armada, those which have attracted -most attention, and been the subject of most controversy, are the -iron chests. That there are a greater number of these chests still -preserved in Ireland than could reasonably be assumed to have -belonged to the Spanish vessels which perished on the Irish coast, -cannot be denied; nevertheless, it is a mistake which some writers -on the subject have fallen into, in supposing that no such chests were -in the Spanish vessels, and that they are a mere popular fiction, as -their introduction into Ireland must have been at least a century later -than the Armada period. The writer has been at pains to obtain -from the most trustworthy sources, both in this country and in -England, all the information possible, and the result is here summarized. -Having examined specimens of these treasure-chests in -South Kensington and elsewhere, belonging to the 14th, 15th, and -16th centuries, from the earliest chest downwards, the same features -are apparent in their construction and ornamentation. They were by -no means peculiar to Spain, but were the typical and recognised -receptacles for valuables all over the Continent of Europe for many -centuries.<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> In Ireland these chests were in use in the time of the -O'Donnells, and were doubtless brought over in the vessels which -were frequently trading between the ports of Tirconnell and the -Brabant Marts. Within the past half-century, while some clay was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> -being turned up and removed from the precincts of <em>O'Clery's Castle</em>, -at Kilbarron, near Ballyshannon, the lid of one was discovered with -the intricate system of bolts and levers attached. This is now in the -custody of the writer, having been kindly lent to him by the owner, -General Tredennick, Woodhill, Ardara. When brought to light, it -was supposed to have been the lock of the chief entrance to O'Clery's -stronghold, and continued to be so regarded till identified by the -writer as a portion of a fifteenth-century coffer. This discovery proves -beyond question that these chests <em>were</em> in use in Ireland, whether -brought over in Spanish or other vessels, at a much earlier date than -some have supposed. The lid found at O'Clery's Castle, it is reasonable -to infer, belonged to a chest which was used by the historians of -Tirconnell for the safe keeping of their valuable manuscripts and other -articles; and, looking to the fact that their house and property were -confiscated within a period of twenty years or so after the Spanish -wrecks, and that Kilbarron was then plundered and dismantled, there -can be no doubt that the chest in question belonged to the period -when the O'Clerys flourished in their rock-bound fortress. The lid -itself offers a curious bit of evidence of its past history: a portion of -one of the hinges remains attached, showing that it had been wrenched -off with violence, and that the chest to which it belonged had been -forced by some plundering enemy who had not possession of the -master-key, which actuated all the bolts of the lock. A similar lid -was found in the ruins of O'Donnell's Castle at Donegal, and is still -in existence in this neighbourhood.</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src="images/i_030sm.jpg" width="500" height="491" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p>A SPANISH TREASURE-CHEST.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="larger-file"> - [<a href="images/i_030.jpg">See larger version</a>] -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>There is in the possession of W. E. Kelly, Esq., St. Helen's, -Westport, Co. Mayo (to whom the writer is indebted for the information), -a very interesting treasure-chest, which bears satisfactory evidence -of having been recovered from one of the Armada ships wrecked on -that coast in 1588. After "the flight of the Earls," a branch of the -O'Donnells migrated from Tirconnell to <em>Newport</em>, Co. Mayo, and one -of the family—Conel O'Donnell, brother of Sir Neal O'Donnell—obtained -from a peasant, who lived on the sea-shore at Clew Bay, the -chest in question. No particulars are forthcoming as to the exact spot -where the peasant found it; but it bears evidence, from its corrosion, -of having been subjected to the prolonged action of sea water, and it -is not unlikely that this relic was on board the <em>Rata</em>, which De Leyva -set fire to in Blacksod Bay. The size of the chest is 2 ft. 10 1⁄2 ins. long, -1 ft. 9 ins. wide, and 1 ft. 7 1⁄2 ins. high.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the Armada Exhibition, at Drury Lane, held October, 1888, -the following amongst other relics were shown:</p> - -<p class='c007'>"No. 240.—Spanish treasure-chest, with two keys; the larger key -is emblematical, the bow being the ecclesiastical A.N., the wards -being 'chevron' and 'cross.' Inside of chest has engraved face-plate -to lock, perforated with <em>Spanish eagles</em> for design.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"No. 241.—Spanish treasure-chest, believed to have come out of -the <em>Santa Anna</em>, etc.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"No. 242.—Iron chest from Armada. This chest is of most remarkable -construction: there is an apparent keyhole, but the real one is -concealed in the lid, which is one large lock, the lock-plate of which -is of very fine workmanship of polished iron.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"No. 243.—Iron treasure-chest, taken from the Spanish war-ship -during the fight with the Armada.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"Spanish matchlock, taken from a Spaniard on the coast of Ireland.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"Spear head, from one of the Armada ships, wrecked off the coast -of Donegal.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"A spoon of curious floral design, found on the shore close to -Dunluce Castle, about 90 years ago [supposed to be from the wreck -of the <em>Girona</em>.]"<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c008'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>Turning to Cuellar's narrative, in speaking of the wrecks at -Streedagh, Co. Sligo, of which he was an eye-witness, the following -occurs:<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c008'><sup>[10]</sup></a> "And then [the Irish] betook themselves to the shore to -plunder and break open <em>money chests</em>." These are called in Spanish -<em>Arcas</em>, <em>i.e.</em>, iron chests with flat lids to hold money, etc.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the <cite>State Papers</cite> (Ireland, 1588) several references to money -chests in the Spanish ships appear. "Plate and ducats" are spoken -of as being "rifled out of their chests." At 2nd Aug., 1588 [examination -of Spanish prisoners], from the "<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Nuestra Seora del Rosario</em>," -"a <em>chest of the King's</em> was taken wherein was 52,000 ducats, of which -chest Don Pedro de Valdez had one key and the King's treasurer or -the Duke another. Besides [it is added], many of the gentlemen had -good store of money aboard the said ship; also, there was wrought -plate and a great store of precious jewels and rich apparel."</p> - -<p class='c007'>In <cite>State Papers</cite> [4th and 5th August, 1588], in describing the -capture of a Spanish "<em>Carrack</em>"—the <em>San Salvador</em>—it is said: "This -very night some inkling came unto us that <em>a chest</em> of great weight -should be found in the fore-peak of the ship," etc. These and many -other references to both treasure and treasure-chests, taken from -contemporary sources, show that the Spanish treasure-chests <em>are not</em> -mythical, but formed a necessary part of the outfit of an expedition, -on which those who had entered had staked all their riches and had -brought their valuables with them. A fine specimen of the treasure-chest -is in the possession of Major Hamilton, Brownhall. It has -been in his family for such a period that its history is lost. The -ornamental open-work of polished steel, which covers the inside of -lid, is a very fine specimen of medival iron work.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In Western Tirconnell is a cluster of islands which, collectively, are -called <em>The Rosses</em>. About four and a half miles north-west of -Mullaghderg are the "Spanish Stags" or "Enchanted Ships." On -this wild and rocky coast, abounding in shoals and sunken rocks, one -of the Spanish ships was cast away. Here lies buried in the sand the -remains of one of them. A little more than a century ago, an -expedition of young men, whose imagination was heated by the -traditional accounts of buried treasure, set out in a boat to the -Spanish rock, and being good divers and expert swimmers, they -succeeded in reaching the wreck. They got on the upper deck, and -were able by great effort and perseverance to recover a quantity of -lead: they raised a number of brass guns, some of which were 10 feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -long. These were broken up and sold as scrap metal at 4 1⁄2d. per lb. -The iron guns, of which they found a number, were left in the water. -This vessel, tradition says, was a treasure ship; at all events, a -number of Spanish gold coins were found, and were in existence some -years ago. The brass cannon which were found bore the Spanish -arms. It is said some of the Spaniards from this vessel escaped to -land, and spent the rest of their lives amongst the Irish in The Rosses.</p> - -<div class='figcenter'> -<img src="images/i_033sm.jpg" width="560" height="403" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"> -<p>Anchor of Spanish Galleon</p> - </div> -</div> - -<div class="larger-file"> - [<a href="images/i_033.jpg">See larger version</a>] -</div> - -<p class='c007'>In the spring of 1895, an attempt was made to search for the -remains of this ship. A small steamer, called the <em>Harbour Lights</em>, -visited the spot, and remained for a fortnight, but without being -able to accomplish anything. Owing to the accumulation of sand, -which now covers the wreck, there are great obstacles in the way of -reaching it. At about a distance of two miles to the south of the -"Spanish Rock" another vessel was wrecked, in the Bay of Castlefort, -inside of the North Island of Aran. In 1853, the coastguards -at Rutland, under the superintendence of their chief officer, Mr. -Richard Heard, and at the instance of Admiral Sir Erasmus Ommanney, -C.B., who was on a tour of inspection in that year, had their attention -directed to the wreck. The search was rewarded by the recovery of -a fine anchor, which was forthwith transmitted to London, and presented -by the Admiral to the United Service Institution, Whitehall -Place. Through the kindness of Sir Erasmus Ommanney, an engraving<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c008'><sup>[11]</sup></a> -of this interesting relic is presented, and the writer is also indebted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> -him for the particulars of the discovery of the anchor. A portion of -one of the brass cannon recovered from the <em>Girona</em> was in Castlecaldwell -Museum, till the collection was disposed of. The fine -figurehead of one of the ships wrecked off Streedagh, which is shown -on the first page, is the only existing specimen in Ireland. In the -Parish Church of Carndonagh is a bell, which tradition says was -recovered from an Armada vessel wrecked at Inishowen. It bears -the following legend: "Sancta: Maria: Ora: Pro: Nobis Ricardus -Pottar [his sign or trade mark] De Vruain Me Fecit Alla [Allelujah]."</p> - -<p class='c007'>The following are the names of the Spanish vessels lost on the -coasts of Ulster and Connacht, so far as they are known (several -nameless vessels were also cast away):</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>Duquesa Santa Anna</em></td> - <td class='c010'>900</td> - <td class='c010'>tons.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>The Rata</em></td> - <td class='c010'>820</td> - <td class='tdc'>"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>The San Martin</em></td> - <td class='c010'>—</td> - <td class='c010'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>El Gran Grifon, Capitana</em></td> - <td class='c010'>650</td> - <td class='tdc'>"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>The Girona</em></td> - <td class='c010'>—</td> - <td class='c010'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>The San Juan</em></td> - <td class='c010'>530</td> - <td class='tdc'>"</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'><em>La Trinidad Valencera</em></td> - <td class='c010'>1,100</td> - <td class='tdc'>"</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c007'>In the valuable work, entitled "State Papers relating to the Defeat -of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588," by Professor Laughton (Navy -Records Society)—a work which throws much light on the history of -the period, and should be studied in connection with Captain Duro's -book—the following remarks are made as to the cause of the loss of -so many Spanish vessels: "The Spanish ships were lost partly from -bad pilotage, partly from bad seamanship, but chiefly because they -were leaking like sieves, had no anchors, their masts and rigging -shattered, their water casks smashed."</p> - -<p class='c007'>The actual numbers when the fleet sailed from the Tagus -on the 20th May were: 130 ships, 57,868 tons, 2,431 guns, 8,050 -seamen, 18,973 soldiers, 1,382 volunteers, 2,088 slaves (as rowers).</p> - - -<div class='footnotes'> -<div> - <h2 class='c015'>FOOTNOTES:</h2> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span>Amongst those drowned at the wrecks on Streedagh were the following -Irishmen: Brian Mac-in-Persium, Andrew Mac-in-Persium, and Cormac -O'Larit, all of whom had shipped as sailors in the Spanish vessels.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. </span>See Translator's Preface for the sense in which the word "north" is used -in Spanish.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. </span>See O'Donovan's Letters (Sligo, R.I.A.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. </span><em>Santiago</em>, the Patron Saint of Spain; hence it became the war-cry or -watchword when going to battle.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. </span>Sir Owen O'Gallagher was O'Donnell's Marshal, and lived in the Castle -of Ballyshannon at this period.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. </span>Sir R. Bingham to Walsyngham, Oct. 1st, 1588.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. </span>Duro, p. 98; 25, i.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. </span>Chests of the same type, called <em>Arca</em>, were discovered in the excavations -at Pompeii, where they were used for keeping the public money.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. </span>From the Official Catalogue of Tercentenary Exhibition of Spanish Armada.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. </span>See Mr. Crawford's translation and relative note, Part II.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. </span>From a photograph kindly taken by T. B. M'Dowell, Esq., London.</p> -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a></span></p> - -<h2>PART II.</h2> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a></span></p> - - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<h2>CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S<br /> -<em>NARRATIVE</em><br /> -<span class="small60">OF</span><br /> -<em>THE SPANISH ARMADA</em><br /> -<span class="small60">AND OF</span><br /> -<span class="small80"><em>His Wanderings and Adventures in Ireland</em>.<br /> -(<em>Dated October 4th, 1589</em>).</span></h2> - -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div class='c002a'><span class='sc'>Translated by</span></div> - <div class='c001a'>ROBERT CRAWFORD, M.A., M.R.I.A., &c.,</div> - <div class='c001a'><em>From the Spanish Text</em>,</div> - <div class='c001a'>AS GIVEN IN</div> - <div class='c001a'>"<em>LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE</em>,"</div> - <div class='c001a'><span class='sc'>By CAPTAIN CESAREO FERNANDEZ DURO</span>,</div> - <div class='c001a'><em>Published in Madrid, 1884-5</em>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<hr class="chapter" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a></span></p> - - -<h2><em>Translator's Preface.</em></h2> - -<p class='c005'>Shortly after the publication in Madrid of the second volume of -Captain Duro's book—"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">La Armada Invencible</em>"—the Earl of Ducie -drew special attention to it in an article which appeared in the -number of the <cite>Nineteenth Century</cite> for September, 1885.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Subsequently Mr. Froude took up the subject, and discoursed -upon it in <cite>Longman's Magazine</cite> for September, October, and -November, 1891, giving a general sketch of the salient features of the -ill-fated expedition from the Spanish point of view, as disclosed in the -pages of the book in question.</p> - -<p class='c007'>These glowing pictures aroused much public interest at the time; -but they were especially attractive to those persons who happened to -combine the conditions of possessing antiquarian tastes, and living -near the localities brought into prominence by the recital of the great -disasters which befel the "Invincible Armada."</p> - -<p class='c007'>Of all the exciting scenes in that eventful episode in our history, -none was more tragic than the wreck of three of the largest of the -Spanish ships, which took place, simultaneously, in the bay of Donegal, -on the north-west coast of Ireland, in September, 1588.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The fact that in Captain Duro's book there appeared a hitherto -unpublished narrative of the event, written at the time by Don -Francisco Cuellar, one of the survivors of the catastrophe, and giving -a minute account of his wanderings and adventures in the country -where he was cast away, contributed to increase the local interest in -the matter.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Mr. Hugh Allingham at once began a series of exhaustive -investigations in relation to Cuellar's descriptions, the results of -which he subsequently placed before the public in the pages of the -<cite>Ulster Journal of Archology</cite>, April, 1895.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It was solely with the object of assisting him in the researches -he then undertook that this translation was prepared, and there was -no intention at the time of any future publication of it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It was a matter of importance to facilitate the process of identification -as regards the various localities referred to, as well as to avoid -the danger of misinterpreting the writer's meaning when dealing with -obscure passages; conditions requiring the translation to be as literal -as possible, and leaving the translator with but little freedom in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> -treating a language that at best does not lend itself easily to reproduction -in the English idiom.</p> - -<p class='c007'>These facts are mentioned to account for the style in which it has -been prepared, as it has no pretensions to merit, except in so far as -care has been taken to follow closely the wording of the original Spanish.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As Mr. Allingham is now about to publish a new edition of his -"Spanish Armada in Ulster and Connacht," it has been considered -desirable that this translation should be added to it <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">in extenso</em> for the -convenience of reference. I have, therefore, gone carefully over it -again, comparing it with the Spanish text, and have made some slight -alterations of an occasional word or phrase in it to make the matter -more explicit.</p> - -<p class='c007'>This will explain why in some of Mr. Allingham's quotations from -the original translation, as given in the first edition of his paper on -this subject, a word here and there may be found to differ from those -contained in the present version; but the change does not affect the -sense or meaning of any passage, with, I think, a couple of exceptions.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The first of these relates to where Cuellar describes the English as -going about searching "for us who had escaped [from the perils of -the sea. All the monks had fled] to the woods," etc. The part -within the brackets was left out in the original translation by the -accidental omission of a line in copying the rough draft; and, as the -mutilated sentence still made sense, the omission was not detected -at the time.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The other is the only really important change, and I will now -proceed to deal with it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Spanish words are: "<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Hacienda Norte de las montaas</em>," which -I originally translated as "making for the north of the mountains"; -but now prefer to render by the alternative reading: "<em>Making for the -direction of the mountains</em>."</p> - -<p class='c007'>I will first show that this latter translation is also perfectly correct, -and that I am justified in adopting it, and then explain my reason for -doing so.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In Spanish dictionaries generally the meaning of <em>Norte</em> is given, -primarily, as North, signifying either the Arctic pole, the northern part -of the sphere, the polar star, the north wind, etc.; but it is also used -in another and metaphorical sense.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the best authority we have on such matters—the Dictionary of -the Spanish Academy—we find that <em>Norte</em> also means <em>direction</em>, guide, -"the allusion being taken from the North Star, by which navigators -guide themselves with the direction of the nautical needle" [or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> -mariner's compass]. With such an authority to support me, I think -it can scarcely be disputed that the alternative translation, which I -recommend, is a fair one.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I will now explain why I prefer it to my first reading of the passage. -Cuellar's statement leaves no room for doubt that it was to O'Rourke's -country, lying along and to the south of the Leitrim range of mountains, -he was bound; while Mr. Allingham's investigations make it -equally certain, in my opinion, that Glenade was the particular place -Cuellar came to, as described in his account of his wanderings.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Now, as Glenade is among the Leitrim mountains, not on their -northern side—along which, in the first instance, I had supposed -Cuellar's route to lie—it became necessary for me to re-examine my -position and make sure whether the Spanish text required a rigid -adherence to my first translation, or might admit of some alternative -reading that would account for the apparent discrepancy.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The result was, as already explained, that the pages of the -dictionary disclosed a perfectly easy and admissible treatment of the -passage in question, that solved the difficulty without the necessity of -resorting to any postulates, or putting a forced or novel interpretation -upon the words.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Here, perhaps, I should refer to the fact that two other translators -of Cuellar's narrative—Professor O'Reilly in the <cite>Proceedings of the -Royal Irish Academy</cite>, December, 1893, and Mr. Sedgwick in a small -volume recently published by Mr. Elkin Mathews, of Vigo Street, -London—give this passage a very different meaning to that which I -attach to it, while they agree tolerably closely with each other.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Professor O'Reilly omits all mention of the mountains, and translates -only the rest of the sentence, as: "<em>Taking the northerly direction -pointed out by the boy</em>"; while Mr. Sedgwick puts it in this form: -"<em>Striking north for the mountains</em> the boy had pointed out."</p> - -<p class='c007'>This latter reading gives the preposition (<em>de</em>) exactly the opposite -signification to that which it usually bears.</p> - -<p class='c007'>But, apart from this, there is another and, I think, a fatal objection -to the two foregoing translations of the phrase.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Both agree that the boy told Cuellar to go <em>straight on</em> to mountains, -<em>pointed out</em> by him, as the place behind which O'Rourke lived. -If so, these mountains could not have been situated to the north of -where he was at the time, as to go from thence in anything like a -northerly direction would have brought him at once into the sea, -which lay to the north of him, and extended for several miles farther -eastwards.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>That this fact must have been apparent to both Cuellar and his -guide as they went along will be recognised by those who are -acquainted with the locality, which everywhere looks down upon -the ocean.</p> - -<p class='c007'>There is another rather important point upon which I differ from -the two gentlemen already named, who here again agree closely with -each other. It relates to the position of the village in which -MacClancy's retainers lived. Cuellar says it was established upon -"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">tierra firme</em>," which one translates as <em>firm</em>, the other as <em>solid</em>, ground. -To me the context appears to indicate clearly that the expression was -intended to bear its ordinary idiomatic interpretation of <em>mainland</em> in -contradistinction to the position of the castle itself, which we are told -was built in the lake.</p> - -<p class='c007'>There are several other expressions about the meaning of which -we differ; but I will only refer to some of them, that are of sufficient -importance, either directly or indirectly, to make it desirable that -Cuellar's statement concerning them should be correctly given. I do -not refer to them in any spirit of adverse criticism, but in the interests -of accuracy, as regards details, in the description of an important -historical event.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Both parties translate <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">montes</em> as <em>mountains</em>. This, I think, is a -mistake: it should be <em>woods</em>. Cuellar repeatedly uses the correct -word, <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">montaas</em>, to express mountains; so that when we find him -writing <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">montes</em>, the natural inference is that he was referring to something -of a different nature; besides, <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">montes</em> is frequently made use of -in Spanish to denote woods.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Professor O'Reilly translates <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">manta</em> as <em>cloak</em> throughout; while -Mr. Sedgwick also does so the first time he meets with it, but calls it -<em>blanket</em> always afterwards. <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Manta</em> means a blanket, but <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">manto</em> is a -mantle, veil, or cloak; and the error alluded to is due, no doubt, to -the similarity of the two words.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Again, both gentlemen translate <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">un trompeta</em> as a <em>trumpet</em>: it -should be a <em>trumpeter</em>. The cause of the mistake here lies in overlooking -the nature of the article made use of. <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Trompeta</em> is both a -masculine and feminine noun. The former signifies the man who -blows a trumpet, and the latter is the instrument itself. In the -present instance, the article (<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">un</em>) being masculine, shows that the -word is used in its masculine sense, and therefore means a -<em>trumpeter</em>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I will now briefly refer to a few cases of the two translators -separately, taking Professor O'Reilly first.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'><em>Galleon</em> and <em>galley</em> do not translate each other, but refer to very -different classes of ships.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Cuellar did not remain on board <em>his own ship</em> after he had been -sentenced to death and reprieved, but was detained on the ship of the -Judge Advocate, in which he was subsequently wrecked. The -number of dead bodies lying on the shore where he was cast away is -given by Cuellar as more than 600, not as more than 800.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Casias de paja</em>" means, I think, that the huts were not merely -thatched with straw, but composed of it altogether. This appears -to be clear from the fact that Cuellar uses another expression—"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Casas -pajizas</em>"—when he wished to describe the thatched houses in Ocan's -village.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Referring to the ship that Cuellar's companions—who outstripped -him—embarked upon, and in the wreck of which they were subsequently -lost, Professor O'Reilly says she "<em>drifted there by good luck</em>" -(<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">con gran fortuna</em>). I think this is not the true meaning of the -passage, but that the ship was driven in "<em>by a great tempest</em>" or -storm; for he goes on to say that her main-mast and rigging were -much injured. It should be borne in mind that <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">fortuna</em> means a -storm or tempest, as well as fortune or luck.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Turning now to Mr. Sedgwick's translation, he gives <em>Ancients</em> as -the English equivalent for <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Alfrez</em>, which is probably some curious -misprint; for the ordinary meaning of the word is <em>ensign</em>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Again, <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Sierra</em> does not mean a "peak," but a mountain ridge or -range.</p> - -<p class='c007'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Pelotes</em> is given as <em>goat-skin</em>: it should be goat's <em>hair</em>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Y pues el salvaje sentia tanto desmamparar su castillo</em>" is translated: -"And since the savage had <em>resolved</em> to abandon his castle." -This should be: "Besides [or since] the savage <em>regretted so much</em> to -abandon his castle."</p> - -<p class='c007'>Here it may be remarked that Cuellar always calls the natives of -Ireland savages, which seems very ungrateful on his part, as many of -them showed him great kindness. It would have been pleasanter for -a translator at the present day to have softened the harsher expression -by substituting <em>native</em> for it, as Professor O'Reilly has done; but it -appears to me that this does not convey the correct meaning of what -Cuellar had in view when he used the word <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">salvaje</em>.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Referring to MacClancy's Castle, Cuellar says: "<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Por lo qual no se -puede ganar este castillo por agua, ni por la banda de tierra que esta -mas cerca de el.</em>" Mr. Sedgwick translates it thus: "For this reason -the castle is safe from attack, and is inaccessible both by water and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -by the strip of <em>land that runs up to it</em>." This would look as if the -castle stood upon a promontory of the mainland, instead of being built -in the lake, as Cuellar, at the beginning of the same paragraph, tells -us it was.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I think the true meaning of the passage is this: "For which -reason the castle could not be taken by water nor by the shore of the -land that is nearest to it."</p> - -<p class='c007'>To conclude: there appears to be an important error in Mr. -Sedgwick's translation, beginning with the title, and repeated in the -first and last sentences of this book, besides occurring several times -throughout its pages. I refer to the statement that Cuellar's letter -was written to King Philip II., and to the constant use of the expression -"Your Majesty" to the person he was addressing.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I cannot find the slightest evidence in support of this assumption: -on the contrary, everything in the letter would seem to contradict it. -It is written in a familiar, chatty style, as to a person with whom the -writer was on fairly familiar terms, and was certainly not such as a -captain in the Spanish navy would address to his Sovereign.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The error must, I think, have arisen from some misconception as -to the meaning of the abbreviations made use of in Spanish epistolary -correspondence.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In twelve instances I find that Mr. Sedgwick has apparently -mistaken the initials V.m. (a capital V followed by a small m), which -stand for <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Vuestra merced</em>—the usual form in which untitled persons -addressed each other—for V.M. (where both letters are capitals), -meaning <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Vuestra Majestad</em> (Your Majesty). Once (on page 12) he -gives a similar rendering of the letters S.M., which stand for <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Su -Majestad</em> (His Majesty), although on page 104 he translates the same -initials correctly. On page 98 he uses the same formula (Your -Majesty) to represent the expression <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">La Majestad</em> (The Majesty), and -on page 102 he makes it do duty for the whole expression "<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">La -Majestad del rey nuestro Seor</em>" (the majesty of the King, our Lord).</p> - -<div class='c006'>ROBERT CRAWFORD.</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='sc'>Stonewold, Ballyshannon</span>,<br /> -<span class="mleft3"><em>March</em> 29<em>th</em>, 1897.</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a></span></p> - -<hr class="chapter" /> - <h2><em><span class="small80">Translation of</span></em><br />CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S<br /><em>Narrative of the Spanish Armada</em>.</h2> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class='p1b'><em>Letter of One who was with the Armada of [for] England,<br />and an Account of the Expedition.</em></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - - -<p class='c005'><span class="bfl">I</span> BELIEVE that you<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c008'><sup>[1]</sup></a> (1) will be astonished at seeing this letter -on account of the slight certainty that could have existed as -as to my being alive. That you<a id='r12a' />(2) may be quite sure of this I -write it [the letter], and at some length, for which there is -sufficient reason in the great hardships and misfortunes I have passed -through since the Armada sailed from Lisbon for England, from which -our Lord, in His infinite good pleasure, delivered me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As I have not had an opportunity to write to you<a id='r12b' />(3) for more than -a year, I have not done so until now that God has brought me to -these States of Flanders, where I arrived twelve days ago with the -Spaniards who escaped from the ships that were lost in Ireland, -Scotland, and Shetland, which were more than twenty of the largest -in the Armada.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In them came a great force of picked infantry, many captains, -ensigns,<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c008'><sup>[4]</sup></a> camp-masters,<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c008'><sup>[5]</sup></a> and other war officials, besides several -gentlemen and scions<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c008'><sup>[6]</sup></a> of nobility, out of all of whom, being more -than two hundred, not five survived; because some of them were -drowned, and those who reached the shore by swimming were cut -in pieces by the English, whom the Queen keeps quartered in the -Kingdom of Ireland.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>I escaped from the sea and from these enemies by having commended -myself very earnestly to our Lord, and to the Most Holy -Virgin, His Mother; and with me three hundred and odd soldiers, -who also knew how to save themselves and to swim to shore. With -them I experienced great misfortunes: naked and shoe-less all the -winter: passing more than seven months among mountains and -woods with savages, which they all are in those parts of Ireland where -we were shipwrecked.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I think it is not right for me to omit to narrate to you, or to keep -back, the injuries and the great insults<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c008'><sup>[7]</sup></a> that it was sought to inflict -upon me, so wrongfully, and without my having committed the fault -of neglecting to do my duty, from which our Lord delivered me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Having been condemned to death, as you will have known, and so -ignominiously, and seeing the severity with which the order for -execution was given, I demanded, with much spirit and anger, why -they inflicted upon me so great an insult and dishonour, I having -served the King as a good soldier and loyal subject of his on all -occasions and in the encounters which we had with the fleet of the -enemy, from which the galleon I commanded always came out of -action very badly injured, and with many people killed and wounded.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In it (my demand) I requested that a copy of the order should be -given me, and that a judicial inquiry should be made of the three -hundred and fifty men who were on board the galleon, and if any one -of them considered me to blame they might quarter me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>They did not wish to listen to me, nor to many gentlemen who -interceded on my behalf, replying that the Duke was then in retirement, -and very morose, and unwilling that any one should speak with -him; because, in addition to the miserable success which he always -had with the enemy, on the day of my trouble he was informed that -the two galleons—<em>San Mateo</em> and <em>San Felipe</em>—of those from Portugal, -in which were the two camp-masters,<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c008'><sup>[8]</sup></a> Don Francisco de Toledo, -brother of the Count of Orgaz, and Don Diego Pimentel, brother -of the Marquis de Tvara, were lost in the sea, and most of those -they carried were cut to pieces and dead.</p> - -<p class='c007'>On this account the Duke kept to his cabin, and the councillors, -to make up for his perversity,<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c008'><sup>[9]</sup></a> did wrongs, right and left, on the lives -and reputations of blameless persons; and this is so public that every -one knows it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>The galleon <em>San Pedro</em>, in which I sailed, received much injury -from many heavy cannon balls, which the enemy lodged in her in -various parts; and although they were repaired as well as was possible -at the time, there were still some hidden shot-holes through which -much water entered.</p> - -<p class='c007'>After the fierce engagement we had off Calais on the 8th of -August, continuing from the morning till seven o'clock in the evening—which -was the last of all—our Armada being in the act of retiring—oh! -I don't know how I can say it—the fleet of our enemy followed -behind to drive us from their country; and when it was accomplished, -and everything was safe, which was on the 10th of the same [month], -seeing that the enemy had stopped [ceased to follow], some of the -ships of our Armada trimmed up and repaired their damages.</p> - -<p class='c007'>On this day, for my great sins, I was resting for a little, as for ten -days I had not slept nor ceased to assist at whatever was necessary -for me,—a pilot [mate], a bad man whom I had, without saying anything -to me, made sail and passed out in advance of the admiral's ship -for about two miles, as other ships had done, in order to effect repairs.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When about to lower sails, to see where the galleon was leaking, a -tender came alongside and summoned me, on the part of the Duke, -to go on board the admiral's ship. I proceeded thither; but before -I reached her, orders were given in another ship that I and another -gentleman, who was named Don Cristobal de Avila, who went as -captain of a store-ship—which was far ahead of my galleon—should be -put to death in a most ignominious manner.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When I heard of this severity, I thought I should have burst with -passion, saying that all should bear me witness of the great wrong -done to me, I having served so well, as could be seen by written -document.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Duke heard nothing of all this, because, as I say, he was in -retirement. Seor Don Francisco Bovadilla alone was he who -ordered and countermanded in the Armada; and by him, and others, -whose evil deeds are well known, all was managed.</p> - -<p class='c007'>He ordered me to be taken to the ship of the Judge<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c008'><sup>[10]</sup></a> Advocate -General, that his advice should be carried out on me. I went there; -and although he was severe, the Judge Advocate—Martin de Aranda, -for so they called him—heard me, and obtained confidential information -concerning me. He discovered that I had served His Majesty -as a good soldier, for which reason he did not venture to carry out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -on me the order that had been given him. He wrote to the Duke -about it, that if he did not order him in writing, and signed by his -own hand, he would not execute that order, because he saw that I -was not in fault, nor was there cause for it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Accompanying it, I wrote a letter to the Duke of such a nature -that it made him consider the affair carefully, and he replied to the -Judge Advocate that he should not execute the order upon me, but -on Don Cristobal, whom they hanged with great cruelty and ignominy, -being a gentleman and well known.</p> - -<p class='c007'>God was pleased to deliver me because I was not in fault, which -you will be able to know well, or will have known from many persons -who saw it [eye-witnesses].</p> - -<p class='c007'>The said Judge Advocate was always very courteous to me, -because of the great respect he had for those who were in the right.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I remained in his ship, in which we were in imminent danger of -death, because she opened so much with a storm which sprang up -that she continually filled with water, and we could not dry her out -with the pumps. We had neither remedy nor succour, except it was -from God; for the Duke still did not appear, and all the Armada -proceeded, scattered in such manner by the storm that some ships -went to Germany, others drove on the islands of Holland and Zealand -into the enemies' hands, others went to Shetland, others to Scotland, -where they were lost and burned. More than twenty were lost in the -Kingdom of Ireland, with all the chivalry and flower of the Armada.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As I have said, the ship I sailed in was from the Levant, to which -were attached two others, very large, to afford us aid if they could.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In these came Don Diego Enriquez, "the hunchback," as camp-master; -and not being able to weather [round or double] Cape -Clear (?), in Ireland, on account of the severe storm which arose -upon the bow, he was forced to make for the land with these three -ships, which, as I say, were of the largest size, and to anchor more -than half a league from the shore, where we remained for four days -without being able to make any provision, nor could it even be made.</p> - -<p class='c007'>On the fifth [day] there sprang up so great a storm on our beam, -with a sea up to the heavens, so that the cables could not hold nor -the sails serve us, and we were driven ashore with all three ships upon -a beach, covered with very fine sand, shut in on one side and the -other by great rocks.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Such a thing was never seen: for within the space of an hour all -three ships were broken in pieces, so that there did not escape three -hundred men, and more than one thousand were drowned, among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> -them many persons of importance—captains, gentlemen, and other -officials.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Don Diego Enriquez died there one of the saddest deaths that has -ever been seen in the world.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In consequence of fearing the very heavy sea that was washing -over the highest part of the wrecks, he took his ship's boat that was -decked, and he and the son of the Count of Villa Franca and two -other Portuguese gentlemen, with more than sixteen thousand ducats, -in jewels and crown-pieces, placed themselves under the deck of the -said boat, and gave the order to close and caulk the hatchway by -which they had entered.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Thereupon more than seventy men, who had remained alive, -jumped from the ship to the boat, and while she was making for the -land so great a wave washed over her that she sank, and all on deck -were swept away.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Then she drifted along, rolling over in different directions with -the waves, until she went ashore, where she settled wrong side up, -and by these mischances the gentlemen who had placed themselves -under the deck died within.</p> - -<p class='c007'>More than a day and a half after she had grounded, some savages -arrived, who turned her up for the purpose of extracting nails or -pieces of iron; and, breaking through the deck, they drew out the -dead men.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Don Diego Enriquez expired in their hands, and they stripped -him, and took away the jewels and money which they (the dead men) -had, casting the bodies aside without burying them.</p> - -<p class='c007'>And because it is a wonderful occurrence, and true without doubt -(of a certainty), I have wished to narrate it to you in order that it may be -known there (on your side) the manner in which this gentleman died.</p> - -<p class='c007'>And as it would not be right to omit to mention my own good -fortune, and how I got to land, I say that I placed myself on the top -of the poop of my ship, after having commended myself to God and -to Our Lady, and from thence I gazed at the terrible spectacle. Many -were drowning within the ships; others, casting themselves into the -water, sank to the bottom without returning to the surface; others on -rafts and barrels, and gentlemen on pieces of timber; others cried -aloud in the ships, calling upon God; captains threw their chains and -crown-pieces into the sea; the waves swept others away, washing -them out of the ships.</p> - -<p class='c007'>While I was regarding this solemn<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c008'><sup>[11]</sup></a> scene, I did not know what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> -to do, nor what means to adopt, as I did not know how to swim, and -the waves and storm were very great; and, on the other hand, the -land and the shore were full of enemies, who went about jumping and -dancing with delight at our misfortunes; and when any one of our -people reached the beach, two hundred savages and other enemies -fell upon him and stripped him of what he had on until he was left -in his naked skin. Such they maltreated and wounded without pity, -all of which was plainly visible from the battered ships, and it did not -seem to me that there was anything good happening on any side.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I went to the Judge Advocate—God pardon him!—he was very -sorrowful and depressed, and I said to him that he should make -some provision for saving his life before the ship went to pieces, as -she could not last for half a quarter of an hour longer; nor did she last it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Most of her complement of men and all the captains and officers -were already drowned and dead when I determined to seek means of -safety for my life, and placed myself upon a piece of the ship that -had been broken off, and the Judge Advocate followed me, loaded -with crown-pieces, which he carried stitched up in his waistcoat and -trousers.</p> - -<p class='c007'>There was no way to detach the portion of wreck from the ship's -side, as it was held fast by some heavy iron chains, and the sea and -the pieces of timber floating about loose struck it, nearly killing us.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I managed to find another resource, which was to take the cover -of a hatchway, about as large as a good-sized table, that by chance -the mercy of God brought to my hand. When I tried to place myself -upon it, it sank with me to a depth of six times my height below the -surface, and I swallowed so much water that I was nearly drowned.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When I came up again, I called to the Judge Advocate, and I -managed to get him upon the hatchway cover with myself. In the -act of casting-off from the ship, there came a huge wave, breaking -over us in such a manner that the Judge Advocate was unable to -resist it, and the wave bore him away and drowned him, crying out -and calling upon God while drowning.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I could not aid him, as the hatchway cover, being without weight -at one end, began to turn over with me, and at that moment a piece -of timber crushed my legs.</p> - -<p class='c007'>With great exertion, I righted myself upon my supporting timber; -and, supplicating Our Lady of Ontaar, there came four waves, one -after the other, and, without knowing how, or knowing how to swim, -they cast me upon the shore, where I emerged, unable to stand, all -covered with blood, and very much injured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>The enemies and savages, who were on the beach stripping those -who had been able to reach it by swimming, did not touch me nor -approach me, seeing me, as I have said, with my legs and hands and -my linen trousers covered with blood. In this condition I proceeded, -little by little, as I could, meeting many Spaniards stripped to the -skin, without any kind of clothing whatsoever upon them, chattering -with the cold, which was severe, and thus I stopped for the night in -a deserted place, and was forced to lie down upon some rushes on the -ground, with the great pain I suffered in my leg.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Presently a gentleman came up to me, a very nice young fellow, -quite naked, and he was so dazed that he could not speak, not even -to tell me who he was; and at that time, which would be about nine -o'clock at night, the wind was calm and the sea subsiding. I was -then wet through to the skin,<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c008'><sup>[12]</sup></a> dying with pain and hunger, when -there came up two people—one of them armed, and the other with a -large iron axe in his hands—and upon reaching me and the other -[man] who was with me, we remained silent, as if we had not anything -amiss [with us]. They were sorry to see us; and without speaking a -word to us, cut a quantity of rushes and grass, covered us well, and -then betook themselves to the shore to plunder and break open<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c008'><sup>[13]</sup></a> -money-chests and whatever they might find, at which work more than -two thousand savages and Englishmen, who were stationed in garrisons -near there, took part.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Managing to rest a little, I began to doze; and when fast asleep, -at about one o'clock in the night, I was disturbed by a great noise of -men on horseback—there were more than two hundred of them—who -were going to plunder and destroy the ships. I turned to call my -companion, to see if he slept, and found he was dead, which -occasioned me great affliction and grief. I got to know afterwards -that he was a man of position. There he lay on the ground with more -than six hundred other dead bodies which the sea cast up, and the -crows and wolves<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c008'><sup>[14]</sup></a> devoured them, without there being any one to -bury them: not even poor Don Diego Enriquez.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>At the dawn of day I began to walk, little by little, searching for -a monastery of monks, that I might repair<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c008'><sup>[15]</sup></a> to it [or might recover -in it] as best I could, which I arrived at with much trouble and toil. -I found it deserted, and the church and images of the saints burned -and completely ruined, and twelve Spaniards hanging within the -church by the act of the Lutheran English, who went about searching -for us to make an end of all of us who had escaped [from the perils of -the sea. All the monks had fled] to the woods<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c008'><sup>[16]</sup></a> for fear of the enemies, -who would have sacrificed them as well if they had caught them, as -they were accustomed to do, leaving neither place of worship nor -hermitage standing; for they had demolished them all, and made -them drinking-places for cows and swine.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In order that you may occupy yourself somewhat after dinner, -by way of amusement, in reading this letter, which will almost appear -as if taken from some book of chivalry, I write it at such length, so -that you may imagine the risks and hardships that I have experienced.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As I did not meet with any one at the said monastery, except the -Spaniards hanging within from the iron window gratings of the church, -I sallied forth speedily, and betook myself to a road which lay through -a great wood. When I had gone by it for the matter of a mile, I met -with a woman of more than eighty years of age, a rough savage, who -was carrying off five or six cows to hide them in that wood, so that -the English who had come to stop in her village might not take -them.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As she saw me, she stopped and recognised me, and said to me: -"Thou Spain." I said yes to her by signs, and that I had been shipwrecked. -She began to lament much and to weep, making me signs -that I was near her house, but not to go there, as there were numerous -enemies in it, and they had cut the heads off many Spaniards. All -this was affliction and hardship for me, as I travelled alone, and badly -injured by a stick of timber, which almost broke my legs in the water.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At last, with the information of the old woman, I decided to go -to the shore, where the ships lay that were wrecked three days before, -where many parties of people went about carting away and removing -to their huts all our effects [spoils].</p> - -<p class='c007'>I did not venture to show myself, nor to approach them, in order -that they might not strip me of the poor linen garment I had on my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -back or kill me, until I saw two poor Spanish soldiers approaching, -stripped naked as when they were born, crying out and calling upon -God to help them.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The one bore a bad wound in the head, which they had given him -when stripping him. They came to me, as I called to them from -where I was concealed, and recounted to me the cruel deaths and -punishments which the English had inflicted upon more than one -hundred Spaniards they had taken.</p> - -<p class='c007'>With this intelligence there was no lack of affliction; but God -gave me strength; and after I had commended myself to Him, and to -His blessed Mother, I said to those two soldiers: "Let us proceed to -the ships where these people are going about plundering, perhaps we -shall find something to eat or drink, for it is certain that I shall die -of hunger." And going in that direction, we began to see dead -bodies, which was a great grief and pity to see those whom the sea -continued casting up. There were stretched out upon that strand -more than four hundred, among whom we recognised some, and the -poor Don Diego Enriquez, whom, with all my sad plight, I did not -wish to pass by without burying him in a pit, which we made in the -sand, at the water's edge. We laid him there along with another -very honourable captain, a great friend of mine, and we had not quite -finished burying them, when there came up to us two hundred -savages, to see what we were doing. We said to them, by signs, that -we were placing there those men who were our brothers, that the -crows might not eat them.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Then we went off, and searched for something to eat along the -shore—of biscuits, which the sea was casting up—when four savages -came up to me to strip me of the clothing which I wore, and another -was grieved and took them away; seeing that, they began to maltreat -me: and he may have been a chief, for they respected him.</p> - -<p class='c007'>This man, by the grace of God, assisted me and my two companions, -and brought us away from there, and remained a good while -in our company, until he put us on a road which led from the coast -to a village where he lived. There he told us to await him, and that -he would return soon and put us<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c008'><sup>[17]</sup></a> on the way to a good place.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Along with all this misery, that road was very stony, and I was -unable to move or go a step forward, because I went shoe-less, and -dying with pain in one of my legs, which was severely wounded. My -poor companions were naked and freezing with the cold, which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -very great; and not being able to exist nor assist me, they went on in -front by the road, and I remained there supplicating God's favour.</p> - -<p class='c007'>He aided me, and I began to move along, little by little, and -reached a height, from whence I discovered some huts of straw;<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c008'><sup>[18]</sup></a> -and going towards them by a valley, I entered a wood.<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c008'><sup>[19]</sup></a> When I -had gone a distance of two shots of an arquebus in it, an old savage -of more than seventy years came out from behind the rocks, and two -young men, with their arms—one English, the other French—and a -girl of the age of twenty years, most beautiful<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c008'><sup>[20]</sup></a> in the extreme, who -were all going to the shore to plunder.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When they saw me pass among the trees, they changed their course -towards me, and the Englishman came up saying, "Yield, Spanish -poltroon,"<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c008'><sup>[21]</sup></a> and made a slash at me with a knife, desiring to kill me. -I warded off the blow with a stick which I carried in my hand; but, -in the end, he got at me, and cut the sinew of my right leg. He -wanted to repeat the blow immediately, had not the savage come up -with his daughter, who may have been this Englishman's friend,<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c008'><sup>[22]</sup></a> -and I replied he might do what he wished to me, for fortune had -subdued me, and deprived me of my arms in the sea. They took him -away from me then, and the savage began to strip me, to the taking -off of my shirt, under which I wore a gold chain of the value of -rather more than a thousand dollars.<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c008'><sup>[23]</sup></a> When they saw it, they -rejoiced greatly, and searched the jacket,<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c008'><sup>[24]</sup></a> thread by thread, in which -I carried forty-five crown-pieces in gold, that the Duke had ordered -to be given to me at Corunna for two months' pay;<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c008'><sup>[25]</sup></a> and when the -Englishman saw that I carried a chain and crown-pieces, he wanted -to take me prisoner, saying that he should be offered a ransom. I -replied that I had nothing to give; that I was a very poor soldier, and -had gained that, what they saw, in the ship. The girl lamented much -to see the bad treatment I received, and asked them to leave me the -clothes, and not to injure me any more. They all returned to the hut -of the savage, and I remained among those trees, bleeding from the -wound which the Englishman had inflicted upon me. I proceeded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> -to put on again my jacket and sack-coat; moreover, they had taken -away my shirt, and some relics of great value which I wore in a small -garment [vestment], of the Order of the Holy Trinity, that had been -given to me at Lisbon.</p> - -<p class='c007'>These the savage damsel took and hung them round her neck, -making me a sign that she wished to keep them, saying to me that -she was a Christian: which she was in like manner as Mahomet.</p> - -<p class='c007'>From her hut they sent me a boy with a poultice made of herbs, -to put upon my wound, and butter and milk and a small piece of -oaten bread to eat.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I applied the dressing and ate the food, and the boy went along -the road with me, showing me the direction I had to go, and advising -me to avoid a village which could be seen from thence, where they -had killed many Spaniards, and not one escaped that they could lay -their hands upon.</p> - -<p class='c007'>He [or the person] to do me this service was born a Frenchman, -who had been a soldier at Terceira, upon whom it pressed heavily to -see such injury done me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When the boy was about to turn back, he told me to continue -travelling <em>straight towards some mountains</em> that appeared to be about -six leagues off, behind which there were good lands belonging to an -important savage very friendly to the King of Spain; and that he gave -shelter to, and treated well, all the Spaniards who went to him; and -that he had in his village more than eighty of those from the ships -who reached there naked.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At this news I took some courage; and with my stick in hand, I -began to walk as best I could, making for the direction of the -mountains [or for the north of the mountains], as the boy had told -me.<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c008'><sup>[26]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c007'>That night I reached some huts, where they did not do me harm, -because there was in them one who knew Latin; and in the necessity -of the circumstances, our Lord was pleased that we should understand -one another, talking Latin. I narrated to them my hardships.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The Latin-speaking man sheltered me in his hut that night: he -dressed my wound, gave me supper, and a place where I might sleep -upon some straw. In the middle of the night his father arrived and -his brothers, loaded with plunder and our things, and it did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> -displease the old man that I had been sheltered in his house and well -treated.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In the morning they gave me a horse and a boy to convey me -over a mile of bad road that there was, with mud up to the girths. -Having passed it by the distance of the shot of a cross-bow, we heard -a very great noise, and the boy said to me, by signs, "Save yourself, -Spain" (for so they call us); "many Sassana horsemen are coming this -way, and they will make bits of thee if thou doest not hide thyself: -come this way quickly." They call the English "Sassanas." He -took me away to hide in some rugged places among the rocks, where -we were very well concealed. They would be about one hundred -and fifty horsemen going back to the coast to plunder as many -Spaniards as they found.</p> - -<p class='c007'>God delivered me from them; and, proceeding on our way, there -fell in with me more than forty savages on foot, and they wished to -make little pieces of me because they were all Lutherans. They did -not do it, as the boy, who came with me, told them that his master -had taken me prisoner, and he had me in custody, and had sent me -on that horse to be cured. With all this, it did not suffice to obtain -permission for me to pass in peace; for two of those robbers came up -to me and gave me six blows of a stick, which bruised my shoulders -and arms, and they stripped me of everything that I wore, so as to -leave me as naked as when I was born. I speak the truth, by the -holy baptism which I received. And seeing myself in this condition, -I gave many thanks to God, beseeching of His Divine Majesty that -He would fulfil His will on me, as that was what I desired.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The boy of the savage wished to return to his hut with his horse, -weeping to see how I was left, stripped naked, so badly treated, and -so cold.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I begged of God, very earnestly, that He would transport me to -where I should die confessed and in His grace. I took some courage, -being in the greatest extremity of misfortune that man ever saw, and -with some bracken leaves and a small piece of old matting which I -wrapped around my body, I protected myself from the cold as best -I could.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I continued travelling, little by little, towards the place that had -been pointed out to me, searching for the territory of the chief who -had protected the Spaniards; and, reaching the mountain range that -they gave me for direction, I met with a lake, around which there -were about thirty huts, all forsaken and unoccupied, and there I -wished to pass the night.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>Not having where to go, I sought out the best hut, which appeared -to me best to take shelter in for the night; and, as I say, they were -unoccupied and without people. On entering the door, I saw it was -full of sheaves of oats, which is the ordinary bread that those savages -eat, and I gave thanks to God that I was so well off as to have a -place to sleep on them; but just then I saw three men emerge from -one side, naked as when their mothers had brought them forth, and -they stood up and stared at me. They gave me a fright, for I thought -they were, without doubt, devils, and they understood no less that I -might be so, swathed in my ferns and matting. As I entered, they -did not speak to me, because they were quaking, nor, any more, did -I to them, not having observed them, the hut being somewhat dark. -Seeing myself in this great perplexity, I said: "Oh! Mother of God, -be with me, and deliver me from all evil."</p> - -<p class='c007'>When they saw [? heard] me speaking Spanish, and calling upon -the Mother of God, they also said: "Let that great Lady be with us."</p> - -<p class='c007'>Then I felt reassured, and went up to them, asking them if they -were Spaniards.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Yes, we are, for our sins, they replied. Eleven of us were stripped -together at the shore, and in this naked state we came to seek some -land of Christians. On the way, there met us a party of enemies, -who killed eight of us, and the three who are here made our escape -through a wood so thick that they could not discover us. That evening, -God provided us with these huts, where we have rested, though -there are no people in them nor anything to eat.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I said to them, then, to be of good courage, and to commend themselves -always to our Lord; that near to where we were there was a -land of friends and Christians; and that I brought word of a village, -which was three or four leagues distant, that belonged to Seor de -Ruerque [O'Rourke], where they had sheltered many of our lost -Spaniards; and, although I was very badly treated and wounded, on -the morrow we should proceed thither.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The poor fellows rejoiced, and they asked me who I was. I told -them I was Captain Cuellar. They could not believe it, because they -had felt sure I was drowned; and they came up to me, and almost -completely killed me with embraces.</p> - -<p class='c007'>One of them was an ensign, and the other two private soldiers. -And as the narrative is ludicrous, and true, as I am a Christian, I -must proceed to the end with it, in order that you may have something -to laugh at.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I got into the straw, well buried in it, with care, not to injure nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> -disturb its position; and, having arranged to rise in the morning for -our journey, we slept without supping, not having eaten anything but -blackberries and water-cresses.</p> - -<p class='c007'>And when, in God's good time, day broke, I was wide awake with -the great pain I felt in my legs, I heard talking and the noise of -people; and at this juncture there came to the door a savage, with a -halberd in his hand, and he began to look at his oats and to talk to -himself.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I remained without breathing, and my companions, who had been -aroused, [were] watching the savage very attentively from under the -straw, and what he intended to do.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It was the will of God that he went out and left, with many others -who had come along with him, to reap and work close to the huts in -a place where we could not go out without being seen. We remained -quiet, buried alive, discussing what it would suit us to do, and we -decided not to disinter ourselves, nor to move from that place while -those heretic<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c008'><sup>[27]</sup></a> savages were there, who were from the place where so -much evil was done to the poor fellows of our Spaniards whom they -caught; and they would have done the same to us if they had perceived -us there, where we had no one to protect us but God.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Thus passed the whole day; and then, when night came on, the -traitors departed to shelter themselves at their villages, while we -awaited the rising of the moon.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Then wrapped up with straw and hay, for it was extremely cold, -we sallied forth from that great danger, in which we had been, without -waiting for the day.</p> - -<p class='c007'>We went along, stumbling in the mud, and dying with hunger, -thirst, and pain, until God was pleased to bring us to a land of some -safety, where we found huts of better people, although all savages, but -Christians and charitable. One of them, seeing that I came so badly -treated and wounded, took me to his hut and dressed my wounds, he -and his wife and sons, and he did not permit me to depart till it -appeared I should be well able to reach the village I was bound for. -In it I met with more than seventy Spaniards, who all went about -naked and severely maltreated, because the chief was not there.</p> - -<p class='c007'>He had gone to defend a territory which the English were coming -to take; and although this man is a savage, he is a very good -Christian and an enemy of heretics, always carrying on war with them. -He is called Seor de Ruerque [O'Rourke].</p> - -<p class='c007'>I arrived at his house with great exertion, enveloped in straw and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> -swathed around the body with a piece of matting, in such a plight that -no one could see me without being moved to great compassion.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Some of the savages gave me a bad old blanket, full of vermin, -with which I covered myself, and somewhat improved matters.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Early next day, about twenty of us Spaniards collected together at -the house of this Seor de Ruerque [O'Rourke], in order that they -might give us something to eat, for the love of God; and while we -were there begging, news was told us that a Spanish ship was at the -coast, that she was very large, and came for those Spaniards who had -escaped.</p> - -<p class='c007'>With this news, without waiting longer, the whole twenty of us -left for the direction where they told us the ship was, and we met -with many hindrances on the way; though, for me it was an advantage -and a mercy which God granted me that I did not arrive at the port -where she was in the same manner as the others who were with me -reached it. They embarked on board of her, as she belonged to the -Armada, and had arrived there in a great gale<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c008'><sup>[28]</sup></a> with her main-mast -and rigging much injured. Fearing that the enemy might burn her -or do her some other injury, for which energetic preparations were -being made, they set sail from thence in two days with the crew that -came in her and those they had picked up, returning, to run aground -and get wrecked, on the same coast. More than two hundred -persons were drowned, and those who reached the shore by swimming -were taken by the English and all put to death.<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c008'><sup>[29]</sup></a> It pleased -God that I alone remained of the twenty who went in search of her, -for I did not suffer like the others. For ever blessed be His Most -Holy Pity for so great mercies as He has shown to me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Going along thus, lost with much uncertainty and toil, I met by -chance with a road along which a clergyman in secular clothing was -travelling (for the priests go about thus in that kingdom, so that the -English may not recognise them). He was sorry for me, and spoke to -me in Latin, asking me to what nation I belonged and about the shipwrecks -that had taken place. God gave me grace so that I was able -to reply to everything he asked me in the same Latin tongue; and so -satisfied was he with me, that he gave me to eat of that which he -carried with him, and he directed me by the right road that I should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> -go to reach a castle, which was six leagues from there. It was very -strong, and belonged to a savage gentleman, a very brave soldier and -great enemy of the Queen of England and of her affairs, a man who had -never cared to obey her or pay tribute, attending only to his castle -and mountains, which made it strong.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I set out for there, experiencing much trouble on the road, and -the greatest, and that which gave me most pain, was that a savage met -me on the way, and, by deceiving me, took me to his hut in a deserted -valley, where he said I must live all my life, and he would teach me -his trade, which was that of a blacksmith.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I did not know what to answer nor did I venture,<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c008'><sup>[30]</sup></a> so that he -should not put me in the forge. Before him I showed a pleasant -countenance, and proceeded to work with my bellows for more than -eight days, which pleased the wicked savage blacksmith, because I did -it carefully, so as not to vex him and an accursed old woman he had -for wife.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I was in tribulation and sad with such miserable employment, -when our Lord favoured me by causing the clergyman to return by -that way, who was surprised to see me, because that savage did not -wish to let me go away, as he made use of me. The clergyman -scolded him severely, and told me not to be troubled, as he would -speak with the chief of the castle to which he had directed me, and -get him to send for me, which he did the following day. He sent four -men of the savages, who served him, and a Spanish soldier, of whom -he had already ten with him of those who had escaped by swimming.</p> - -<p class='c007'>When he saw me so stripped [of clothing] and covered with straw, -he and all those who were with him grieved greatly, and their women -even wept to see me so badly treated.</p> - -<p class='c007'>They helped me as best they could with a blanket of the kind -they use, and I remained there three months, acting as a real savage -like themselves.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The wife of my master was very<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c008'><sup>[31]</sup></a> beautiful in the extreme, and -showed [did] me much kindness. One day we were sitting in the sun -with some of her female friends and relatives, and they asked me -about Spanish matters and of other parts, and in the end it came to -be suggested that I should examine their hands and tell them their -fortunes. Giving thanks to God that it had not gone even worse with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> -me than to be gipsy among the savages, I began to look at the hands -of each, and to say to them a hundred thousand absurdities, which -pleased them so much that there was no other Spaniard better than I, -or that was in greater favour with them.</p> - -<p class='c007'>By night and by day men and women persecuted me to tell them -their fortunes, so that I saw myself (continually) in such a large crowd -that I was forced to beg permission of my master to go from his castle. -He did not wish to give it me: however, he gave orders that no one -should annoy me or give me trouble.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The custom of these savages is to live as the brute beasts among -the mountains, which are very rugged in that part of Ireland where -we lost ourselves. They live in huts made of straw. The men are -all large bodied, and of handsome features and limbs; and as active -as the roe-deer.<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c008'><sup>[32]</sup></a> They do not eat oftener than once a day, and -this is at night; and that which they usually eat is butter with oaten -bread. They drink sour milk, for they have no other drink; they -don't drink water, although it is the best in the world. On feast days -they eat some flesh half-cooked, without bread or salt, as that is their -custom. They clothe themselves, according to their habit, with tight -trousers<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c008'><sup>[33]</sup></a> and short loose coats<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c008'><sup>[34]</sup></a> of very coarse goat's hair.<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c008'><sup>[35]</sup></a> They -cover themselves with blankets,<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c008'><sup>[36]</sup></a> and wear their hair down to their -eyes. They are great walkers, and inured to toil. They carry on -perpetual war with the English, who here keep garrison for the Queen, -from whom they defend themselves, and do not let them enter their -territory, which is subject to inundation, and marshy. That district -extends for more than forty leagues in length and breadth. The -chief inclination of these people is to be robbers, and to plunder each -other; so that no day passes without a call to arms among them. For -the people in one village becoming aware that in another there are -cattle, or other effects, they immediately come armed in the night, -and "go<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c008'><sup>[37]</sup></a> Santiago" [attack], and kill one another; and the English -from the garrisons, getting to know who had taken, and robbed, most -cattle, then come down upon them, and carry away the plunder. -They have, therefore, no other remedy but to withdraw themselves to -the mountains, with their women and cattle; for they possess no other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> -property, nor more moveables nor clothing. They sleep upon the -ground, on rushes, newly cut and full of water and ice.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The most of the women are very beautiful, but badly<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c008'><sup>[38]</sup></a> dressed -[got up]. They do not wear more than a chemise, and a blanket, with -which they cover themselves, and a linen cloth, much doubled, over -the head, and tied in front. They are great workers and housekeepers, -after their fashion. These people call themselves Christains. Mass -is said among them, and regulated according to the orders of the -Church of Rome. The great majority of their churches, monasteries, -and hermitages, have been demolished by the hands of the English, -who are in garrison, and of those natives who have joined them, and -are as bad as they. In short, in this kingdom there is neither justice -nor right, and everyone does what he pleases.</p> - -<p class='c007'>As to ourselves, these savages liked us well because they knew we -came against [to oppose] the heretics, and were such great enemies -of theirs; and if it had not been for those who guarded us as their -own persons, not one of us would have been left alive. We had good-will -to them for this, although they were the first to rob us and strip -to the skin those who came alive to land; from whom, and from the -thirteen ships of our Armada, in which came so many people of -importance, all of whom were drowned, these savages obtained much -riches in jewellery and money.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Word of this reached the great Governor of the Queen, who was -in the city of Dililin [Dublin], and he went immediately, with seventeen -hundred soldiers, to search for the lost ships and the people who had -escaped. They were not much fewer than one thousand men, who, -without arms and naked, were wandering about the country in the -locality where each ship had been lost.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The majority of these the Governor caught, and hanged them at -once or inflicted other penalties, and the people who he knew had -sheltered them he put in prison, and did them all the injury he could.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In this manner he took three or four savage chiefs, who had castles, -in which they had sheltered some Spaniards; and, having put both -parties under arrest, marched with them along the whole of the coasts -till he arrived at the place where I was wrecked. From thence he -turned off towards the castle of Manglana [MacClancy], for so they -called the savage with whom I was, who was always a great enemy of -the Queen, and never loved anything of hers, nor cared to obey her, -for which reason he (the Governor) was very anxious to take him -prisoner.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p> - -<p class='c007'>This savage, taking into consideration the great force that was -coming against him, and that he could not resist it, decided to fly to -the mountains, which was his only remedy: more he could not do.</p> - -<p class='c007'>We Spaniards, who were with him, had news of the misfortune -which was coming upon us, and we did not know what to do, or where -to place ourselves in safety.</p> - -<p class='c007'>One Sunday, after mass, the chief, with dishevelled hair down to -his eyes, took us apart, and, burning with rage, said that he could -not remain, and he had decided to fly with all his villagers, their cattle, -and their families, and that we should settle what we wished to do to -save our lives. I replied to him to calm himself a little, and that -presently we would give him an answer. I went apart with the eight -Spaniards who were with me—they were good fellows—and I told -them they should well consider all our past misfortunes and that which -was coming upon us; and in order not to see ourselves in more, it was -better to make an end of it at once honourably; and as we had then -a good opportunity, we should not wait any longer, nor wander about -flying to the mountains and woods, naked and barefooted, with such -great cold as there was. Besides, the savage regretted so much to -abandon his castle, we, the nine Spaniards who were there, would -cheerfully remain in it and defend it to the death. This we could -do very well, although there should come two other such forces, more -than that which was coming, because the castle is very strong and very -difficult to take if they do not (even though they should) attack it with -artillery; for it is founded in a lake of very deep water, which is more -than a league wide at some parts, and three or four leagues long, and -has an outlet to the sea; and, besides, with the rise of spring tides it -is not possible to enter it, for which reason the castle could not be -taken by water nor by the shore of the land that is nearest to it. -Neither could injury be done it, because [for] a league round the town, -which is established on the mainland, it is marshy, breast-deep, so that -even the inhabitants [natives] could not get to it except by paths.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Then, considering all this carefully, we decided to say to the -savage that we wished to hold the castle and defend it to the death; -that he should, with much speed, lay in provisions for six months, -and some arms.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The chief was so pleased with this, and to see our courage, that -he did not delay much to make all provision, with the concurrence -[good-will] of the principal men of his town, who were all satisfied. -And, to insure that we should not act falsely, he made us swear that -we would not abandon his castle, nor surrender it to the enemy for any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> -bargain or agreement, even if we should perish from hunger; and not -to open the gates for Irishman, Spaniard, or any one else till his return, -which he would doubtless accomplish.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Then, all that was necessary being well prepared, we moved into -the castle, with the ornaments and requisites for the Church service, -and some relics which were there, and we placed three or four boatloads -of stones within, and six muskets, with six cross-bows, and other -arms. Then the chief, embracing us, retired to the mountains, all -his people having already gone there; and the report was spread -throughout the country that Manglana's [MacClancy's] Castle was -put in a state of defence, and would not be surrendered to the enemy, -because a Spanish captain, with other Spaniards who were within, -guarded [held] it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Our courage seemed good to the whole country, and the enemy -was very indignant at it, and came upon the castle with his forces—about -eighteen hundred men—and observed us from a distance of a -mile and a half from it, without being able to approach closer on -account of the water which<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c008'><sup>[39]</sup></a> intervened. From thence he exhibited -some warnings, and hanged two Spaniards, and did other damages -[injuries] to put us in fear. He demanded many times, by a trumpeter<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c008'><sup>[40]</sup></a>, -that we should surrender the castle, and he would spare our -lives and give us a pass to Spain. We said to him that he should -come closer to the tower, as we did not understand him, appearing -always to make little of his threats and promises [words].</p> - -<p class='c007'>We had been besieged for seventeen days, when our Lord saw fit -to succour and deliver us from that enemy by severe storms and great -falls of snow, which took place to such an extent that he [the Queen's -Governor] was compelled to depart with his force, and to march back -to Duplin [Dublin], where he had his residence and garrisons. From -thence he sent us warning that we should keep ourselves out of his -hands, and not come within his power; and that he would return in -good time to that country.</p> - -<p class='c007'>We replied to him much to our satisfaction, and to that of our -Governor of the castle, who, when he got the news that the Englishmen -had retired, returned to his town and castle greatly appeased and -calmed, and they <em>fted</em> us much.</p> - -<p class='c007'>He [the chief] very earnestly confirmed us [admitted us to full<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> -privileges] as most loyal friends: offering whatever was his for our -service, and the chief persons of the land [did the same], neither more -nor less. To me he would give a sister of his, that I should marry -her. I thanked him much for this; but contented myself with a -guide to direct me to a place where I could meet with embarkation -for Scotland.</p> - -<p class='c007'>He did not wish to give me permission [to leave], nor to any -Spaniard of those who were with him, saying that the roads were not -safe; but his sole object was to detain us, that we might act as his -guard.</p> - -<p class='c007'>So much friendship did not appear good to me; and thus I -decided, secretly, with four of the soldiers who were in my company, -to depart one morning two hours before dawn, so that they should -not pursue [? stop] us on the road: and also because one day previously -a boy of Manglana's [MacClancy's] had told me his father had -said that he would not let me leave his castle until the King of Spain -should send soldiers to that country; and that he wished to put me -in prison, so that I might not go.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Possessed of this information, I dressed myself as best I could, -and took to the road, with the four soldiers, one morning ten days -after the Nativity,<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c008'><sup>[41]</sup></a> in the year 88.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I travelled [went travelling] by the mountains and desolate places, -enduring much hardship, as God knows; and at the end of twenty -days' journey, I got to the place where Alonzo de Leyva, and the -Count de Paredes and Don Tomas de Granvela, were lost, with many -other gentlemen, to give an account of whom would need a quire<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c008'><sup>[42]</sup></a> of -paper.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I went to the huts of some savages that were there, who told me -of the great misfortunes of our people who were drowned at that -place, and showed me many jewels and valuables of theirs, which -distressed me greatly.</p> - -<p class='c007'>My chief cause of misery was that I had no means of embarking -for the Kingdom of Scotland; until one day I heard of the territory -of a savage, whom they called Prince Ocan, where there were some -vessels that were going to Scotland. Thither I travelled, crawling -along, for I could [scarcely] move because of a wound in one leg; but, -as it led to safety, I did all I could to walk, and reached it quickly. -The vessels had left two days before, which was no small disappointment -for me, as I was in a very dreadful country and among enemies,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> -there being many English stationed at the port, and each day they -were with Ocan.</p> - -<p class='c007'>At this time I suffered great pain in the leg, so much so that in -no manner could I stand upon it. I was advised, too, that I should -be very cautious, because there were many English there who would -do me great harm if they caught me, as they had done to other -Spaniards; especially if they knew who I was.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I did not know what to do, as the soldiers who came with me had -left, and gone to another port further on to seek for a passage.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Some women, when they saw me alone, and ill, pitied me, and -took me away to their little huts on the mountain, and kept me there -for more than a month and a half in safety, and cured me, so that my -wound healed, and I felt well enough to go to Ocan's village to speak -with him.</p> - -<p class='c007'>But he did not wish to hear or see me; for, it was said, he had -given his word to the great Governor of the Queen not to keep any -Spaniard in his territory, nor permit one to go about in it.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The English, who were quartered there, having marched off to -invade a territory and take it, Ocan accompanied them with all his force, -so that one could go openly [boldly] about the village, which was -composed of thatched huts.</p> - -<p class='c007'>In them there were some very beautiful girls, with whom I was very -friendly, and went into their houses occasionally for society and -conversation.</p> - -<p class='c007'>One afternoon, while I was there, two young Englishmen came in, -one of whom was a sergeant, and possessed information of me, by -name, but yet had not seen me before. When they were seated, -they asked me if I were a Spaniard; and what I was doing there. -I said yes; that I was one of the soldiers of Don Alonzo de Luon, -who had lately surrendered to them; but on account of a bad leg, I had -not been able to leave the district; that I was at their service, to do -whatever they wished to command.</p> - -<p class='c007'>They told me to wait a little, and that I should have to go with -them to the city of Dublin, where there were many important Spaniards -in prison.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I said that I could not walk or go with them, and they sent to -search for a horse to carry me. I told them I was very willing to do -whatever they wished, and to go with them, with which they were -reassured, and began to make fun with the girls.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Their mother made signs to me to go away (that I should leave -by the door), and I did so in great haste, leaping banks as I went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> -along. I got among thick brambles, into which I penetrated until I -lost sight of Ocan's Castle, following this course until I wished to lie -down for the night.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I had arrived at a very large laguna [lake or marsh], along the -banks of which I saw a herd of cows walking, and I was approaching -to see if there was any one with them who could tell me where I was, -when I observed two boy savages advancing. They came to collect -their cows, and take them up the mountain to where they and their -fathers were hiding for fear of the English; and there I spent two days -with them, being treated with much kindness.</p> - -<p class='c007'>One of the boys had to go to the village of the Prince of Ocan to -ascertain what news or rumour there was, and he saw the two Englishmen, -who were going about, raging, in search of me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Information about me had already been given to them, and no -one passed by whom they did not ask if he had seen me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The boy was such a good lad that, upon learning this, he returned -to his hut, and informed me of what had occurred, so that I had to -leave there very early in the morning, and to go in search of a bishop, -who was seven leagues off in a castle where the English kept him in -banishment and retirement. This bishop was a very good Christian, -and went about in the garb of a savage for concealment, and I assure -you I could not restrain tears when I approached him to kiss his hand. -He had twelve Spaniards with him for the purpose of passing them -over to Scotland, and he was much delighted at my arrival, all the -more so when the soldiers told him that I was a captain. He treated me -with every kindness<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c008'><sup>[43]</sup></a> that he could for the six days I was with him, -and gave orders that a boat should come to take us over to Scotland, -which is usually done in two days. He gave us provisions for the -voyage and said mass to us in the castle, and spoke with me about -some things concerning the loss of the kingdom, and how His -Majesty had assisted them; and that he should come to Spain as -soon as possible after my arrival in Scotland, where he advised me to -live with much patience, as in general they were all Lutherans and -very few Catholics. The bishop was called Don Reimundo Termi (?) -[? Bishop of Times], an honourable and just man. God keep him in -His hands and preserve him from his enemies.</p> - -<p class='c007'>That same day at dawn<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c008'><sup>[44]</sup></a> [when it was growing light], I went to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> -sea in a wretched boat in which we sailed—18 persons—and the wind -becoming contrary the same day, we were forced to run before it, at -the mercy of God, for Shetland, where we reached the land at daylight; -the boat being nearly swamped, and the main-sail carried away. -We went on shore to give thanks to God for the mercies He had -bestowed upon us in bringing us there alive; and from thence, in two -days, with good weather, we left for Scotland, where we arrived in -three days: not without danger, on account of the great quantity of -water the miserable boat took in.</p> - -<p class='c007'>We blessed God who withdrew us from such perils and so great -hardships, and brought us to a land where there might be more -succour.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It was said that the King of Scotland protected all the Spaniards -who reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to -Spain; but all was the reverse, for he did no good to anyone, nor did -he bestow one dollar in charity. Those of us who reached that kingdom -suffered the greatest privations; inasmuch, as we were [left] for -more than six months as naked as when we arrived from Ireland, and -other places, to seek succour and assistance there, and passages to -Spain.</p> - -<p class='c007'>I am inclined to believe that he was much persuaded, on the part -of the Queen of England, to hand us over to her. And had not the -Catholic Lords and Counts of that kingdom helped us—and there -were many, and great gentlemen, to favour us and speak for us to -the King, and in the Councils which were held on the subject—without -doubt we should have been betrayed [sold], and handed over to the -English. For the King of Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess -the authority or position of a king: and he does not move a step, -nor eat a mouthful, that is not by order of the Queen. Thus, there -are great dissensions among the gentlemen, who bear him no good-will, -and desire to see his reign ended, and the Majesty of the King, -our Lord, in his place, that he might establish the Church of God, -which has been brought to such ruin there.</p> - -<p class='c007'>This they said to us many times, almost weeping, longing to see -that day which, they hoped in God, might soon arrive.</p> - -<p class='c007'>And, as I say, these gentlemen supported us all the time that we -were there, and gave us much alms, and were kind to us, sorrowing -for our misfortunes, with much pity. They asked us to have patience, -and to bear with a people who called us idolaters and bad Christians, -and said a thousand heresies to us; for, if one made answer, they -would fall upon him and kill him, and it was impossible to live or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> -remain in such a bad kingdom with so bad a king....<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c008'><sup>[*]</sup></a> -A despatch was sent to the Duke of Parma ...* at which -his Highness, as a pious prince, grieved, and with great zeal he sought -to succour us ...* to the King, that he would permit us to -leave his kingdom, and to the Catholics and friends much gratitude -on the part of his Majesty, with his most friendly letters.</p> - -<p class='c007'>There was a Scotch merchant in Flanders, who offered and agreed -with his Highness that he would come to Scotland for us and ship us -in four vessels, with the provisions which were necessary, and that he -would bring us to Flanders, his Highness giving him five ducats for -each Spaniard of those that he brought to Flanders.</p> - -<p class='c007'>The agreement was made with him, and he went for us and -embarked us, unarmed and naked as he found us, and took us by the -ports of the Queen of England, which secured us permission to pass -by all the fleets and ships of her kingdom.</p> - -<p class='c007'>All was treacherous; for an arrangement had been made with the -ships of Holland and Zealand that they should put to sea and await -us at the same bar [entrance to the harbour] of Dunkirk, and there -they should put us all to death, without sparing one, which the Dutch -did as they were commanded; and were on the look-out for us for a -month and a half at the said port of Dunkirk, and there they should -have caught us all had not God helped us.</p> - -<p class='c007'>God willed that of the four vessels in which we came, two escaped -and grounded, where they went to pieces; and the enemy, seeing the -means of safety which we were taking, gave us a good discharge of -artillery, so that we were forced to cast ourselves afloat<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c008'><sup>[45]</sup></a> [to make a -desperate attempt], and we thought to end it there.</p> - -<p class='c007'>They could not come to our assistance with the boats from the -port of Dunkirk, as the enemy cannonaded them briskly. On the -other hand, the sea and wind were very high; so that we were in the -greatest peril of being all lost.</p> - -<p class='c007'>However, we cast ourselves afloat<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c008'><sup>[46]</sup></a> on timbers, and some soldiers -were drowned, as was also a Scotch captain. I reached the shore in -my shirt, without other description of clothing, and some soldiers of -Medina (?) who were there came to help me.</p> - -<p class='c007'>It was sad to see us enter the town once more, stripped naked;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> -and for the other part we saw, as before our eyes, the Dutch making -a thousand pieces of two hundred and seventy Spaniards who came -in the ship which brought us to Dunkirk, without leaving more than -three alive; for which they are now being paid out, as more than four -hundred Dutchmen who have been taken since then have been -beheaded. This I have wished to write to you.</p> - -<p class='c007'>From the City of Antwerp, 4th October, 1589.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><em>S<sup>gd.</sup></em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='c006'>FRANCISCO DE CUELLAR.</div> - -<p class='c007'><span class='sc'>Academy of History—Collection Salazar,</span><br /> -<span class="mleft6">No. 7, <span class='sc'>Folio</span> 58.</span></p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<div class='footnotes'> - -<div> - <h2 class='c015'>FOOTNOTES:</h2> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>1</a>. </span> (1) <a href='#r12a'>(2)</a>, <a href='#r12b'>(3)</a>. V.m., initials representing <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Vuestra merced</em> = your worship, your -honour, or sir, you.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>4</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Alfrez</em> = ensign.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>5</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Maesos de Campo</em>—an obsolete form for <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Maestre de Campo</em>, an ancient -military officer of superior rank, who commanded a certain number of troops. -In the English <em>State Papers</em> of that period the translation adopted for it is simply -camp-master.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>6</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Mayorazgos</em>—heirs to estates, by right of primogeniture.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>7</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Agravios</em> = offences, <em>insults</em>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>8</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Maesos de Campo.</em> See Note 5.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>9</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Avieso</em> = irregular, perverse.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>10</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Auditor</em> = a Judge appointed to assist military or naval officers -with his advice in Law proceedings.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>11</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Fiesta</em> = feast. This is a curious use of the word.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>12</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Hecho una sopa de agua</em>—an idiomatic expression, meaning "<em>wet through -to the skin</em>."</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>13</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Arca</em>—coffer, <em>iron chest for money</em>. The dictionary of the Spanish -Academy gives a definition of <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Arca</em>, of which the following is a translation: "A -large chest, with flat lid attached to it by hinges or hooks, so that it can be opened -and shut, and which is fastened in front with a lock or padlock. It usually consists -of plain wood without lining in the interior or covering outside."</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>14</a>. </span><em>Wolves</em> did not disappear from Ireland till the early part of the eighteenth -century. There was a presentment for killing them, in the County of Cork, as late -as the year 1710.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>15</a>. </span>This might also be translated "that I might recover in it."</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>16</a>. </span>The part within the brackets was accidentally omitted in copying the rough -draft of the original translation. <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Montes</em> signifies both mountains and -woods. Cuellar uses <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">montaa</em> to signify mountain, and <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">montes</em> -apparently for woods. He also makes use of <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">bosque</em>, a wood with -thick underbrush, or a thicket.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>17</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Encaminaria</em> = would guide, put in the right road.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>18</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Paja</em>—coarse grass or straw.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>19</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Bosque</em>—wood or thicket, with much underbrush.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>20</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Hermosisima por todo extremo.</em> This implies a very strong expression, -consisting, as it does, of a double superlative.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>21</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Poltron</em> = poltroon.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>22</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Amiga</em> = female friend.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>23</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Real</em>—a Spanish coin, value a dollar.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r33'>24</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Jubon</em>—doublet, jacket.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r34'>25</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Paga</em>—literally means payment; but when applied to soldiers or sailors, -as in this case, it means monthly pay.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r35'>26</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Hacienda Norte de las montaas.</em> <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Norte</em>, strictly speaking, means the -<em>Arctic pole</em>; but, according to the Dictionary of the Spanish Academy, it is also -used, metaphorically, to mean <em>direction</em>, or guide, in allusion to the <em>North Star</em>, by -which navigators guide themselves with the direction of the mariner's compass.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r36'>27</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Aquellos herejes salvajes</em>—literally, heretics, savages, both being nouns.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r37'>28</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Fortuna</em>—generally means <em>fortune</em> or <em>chance</em>, but it also signifies a <em>storm</em> or -<em>tempest</em>. It is in this latter sense that it appears to be used here; for Cuellar goes -on to describe the injured state in which the ship was.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r38'>29</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Y los pasaron todos cuchillo</em> = and they passed them all to the <em>knife</em>. An -idiomatic expression in Spanish corresponding to the English one, <em>were put to the -sword</em>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r39'>30</a>. </span>Cuellar has not expressed himself clearly here, but he seems to mean that -he did not oppose the blacksmith's wishes.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r40'>31</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Muy hermosa por todo extremo.</em> This is a slight modification of a similar -expression on a previous occasion. See Note 20.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r41'>32</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Corzos</em> = roe-deer. <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Cervus capreolus</em>, or <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Capreolus caprea</em>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r42'>33</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Calzas</em> = trousers, hose.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r43'>34</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Sayos</em> = loose coats.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r44'>35</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Pelotes</em> = goat's hair.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r45'>36</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Mantas</em> = blankets.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r46'>37</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Anda Santiago.</em> This is a slang expression, meaning to attack. It is -derived from the fact that <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Santiago</em> was the war-cry or watchword of the Spaniards -when going into action, <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Santiago</em> being the patron saint of Spain.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r47'>38</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Compuestas</em> = composed, made up.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r48'>39</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Por el agua que habia de for medio.</em></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r49'>40</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Un trompeta</em> = a trumpeter. This noun is both <em>feminine</em> and <em>masculine</em>, -meaning, respectively, <em>a trumpet</em> and <em>a trumpeter</em>. The masculine article <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">un</em> shows -that the noun is used here in its masculine form.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r50'>41</a>. </span><em>Christmas.</em></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r51'>42</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Mano de papel</em> = a quire of paper.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r52'>43</a>. </span>Cuellar uses the word <em>courtesy</em> on several occasions where <em>kindness</em> is what -he seems to mean.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r53'>44</a>. </span>Mass appears to have been said in the night-time, and the preparations -may also have been made during the night, so that the boat might leave at daylight, -and not attract too much attention.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r54'>[*]</a>. </span>Here the manuscript is stated to be torn and illegible.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r55'>45</a>. </span><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Echarnos a nado.</em> <em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Echarse a nado</em> literally means to cast oneself afloat; -but it has also a metaphorical signification—viz., <em>to make a desperate attempt</em>. As -the same expression is made use of twice close together, it may be that in the first -instance it was meant metaphorically; but this is by no means certain.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c007'><span class='label'><a href='#r56'>46</a>. </span>See preceding Note.</p> -</div> - -</div> - - <h2 class='c004'>INDEX.</h2> -<ul class='index'> - <li class='c013'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Academia de la Historia</em>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Aghanlish (townland), <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Allingham, Hugh, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Alonzo de Leyva, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Anchor, Spanish, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c013'>"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Armada, La, Invencible</em>", <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Armada Exhibition, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Aran, North Island of, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Ballyshannon Castle, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Belleek Castle, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Beallach-in-Mithidheim, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Bell, Spanish, in Donegal Church, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Bingham, Sir R., <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Blacksod Bay, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Bundrowse, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Burke, Richard ("The Devil's Son"), <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Bush River, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Carrig-na-Spaniagh, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Cacair-Sinchill, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Castlefort Bay, Co. Donegal, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Castlecaldwell Museum, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Carndonagh Church, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Cannon, Brass, recovered from Armada Ships, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Cattle-booley, An Ancient, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em>Century, Nineteenth</em>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Church Relics, MacClancy's, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Chests, Money, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>-<a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Clew Bay (Money Chest), <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Connaught, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Crannog, MacClancy's, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Crawford, Robert, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Cuellar, Captain, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Cuellar and his Comrades arrive at Dunkirk, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Dartree MacClancy (territory), <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Dartry Mountains, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c013'>De Leyva, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Don Martin, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Don Diego Enriquez, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Don Graveillo de Swasso, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Don Cristobal de Avila, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Don Tomas de Granvela, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Don Reimundo Termi, Bishop (not identified), <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Donegal Bay, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Donegal Mountains, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Doire-Melle, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Dromahair Castle, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Ducie, Earl of, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Duro, Captain, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Dun Carbery, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Dunluce Castle, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Duquesa Santa Anna</em>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c002'>"Enchanted Ships, The", <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c013'>England, Queen of, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">El Gran Griffon, Capitana</em>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Erris Head, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Erne River, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Expedition against the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c002'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">Fer-Gortha</em>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Figure-head of Spanish Ship, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Froude, J. A., <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c002'><em>Girona, The</em>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>-<a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Giant's Causeway, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c013'>"Governor, Great, of the Queen", <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Glack (townland), <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Glenade, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Glencar Lough, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Glennageveny Bay, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Habits of the Irish in 16th Century, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>-<a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Hamilton, Major (Money Chest), <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Head-dress of Irish Women of the Period, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c013'>"Hungry Grass" (superstition), <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Inismurray Island, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Iniskeen Island, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Inisheher Island, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Inisowen, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Ineen Dubh (O'Donnell's wife), <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Killybegs, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Latin Language, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">La Trinidad Valencera</em>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>"<em xml:lang="es" lang="es">La Armada Invencible</em>", <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Laughton, Professor (Navy Records Society), <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Leitrim Mountains, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Lord Deputy, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em>Longman's Magazine</em>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Martin de Aranda, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Manglana (MacClancy), <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'>MacClancy, Boethius, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c013'>MacDonnell, Sir James, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></li> - <li class='c013'>MacSwine's Territory, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Medina, Duke of, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Melvin Lough, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>- <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Molaise, St., <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Mullinaleck (townland), <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Mullaghderg, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Myler McGrath, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c002'><a id='Page_72'></a>Newtown Village (O'Rourke), <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Niall of the Nine Hostages, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em>Nineteenth Century</em>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>North: in what sense used in narrative, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Oaten Bread, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Clery's Castle, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Ocan (O'Cahan), <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Donnell's Castle, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Donnell, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Doherty's Country, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Gallagher (<em>alias</em> O'Toole), <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Ommanney, Sir Erasmus, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Neill, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c013'>O'Rourke, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>-<a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Palmistry in the 16th Century, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Paredes, Count de, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Provost Marshal, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c002'><em>Rata, The</em>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Rossclogher Castle, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>-<a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Rossfriar, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Rossan Point, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Rosses, The, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Sassanas, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em>San Pedro</em>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em xml:lang="es" lang="es">San Juan de Sicilia</em>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em>San Martin, The</em>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'><em>Santa Anna, The</em>, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Scotland, Cuellar escapes to, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>-<a href='#Page_68'>68</a>#</li> - <li class='c013'>Scotland, King of: his attitude towards the Spaniards, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Sedgwick, Mr.: his translation referred to, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Siege of Rossclogher Castle, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>-<a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spaniard Rock, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Eagles (Decoration on Chest Lid), <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Vessels lost on the coast, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Vessels: why so many were lost, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Vessels, Tonnage and Number of Men in, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Arms, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Gold Coins found in Donegal, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Spanish Cannon, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Straw Huts referred to, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Staad Abbey, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a></li> - <li class='c013'>State Papers quoted, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>-<a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Tory Island, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Translation of Spanish Narrative. By R. Crawford, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Tullaghan, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c002'><em>Ulster Journal of Archology</em>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a></li> - <li class='c013'>United Service Institution, London, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a></li> - <li class='c002'>War Materials in use in 16th Century, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Wolves in Ireland in 16th Century (Note), <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> - <li class='c013'>Women, Beauty of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a></li> -</ul> - - -<h2><em>ILLUSTRATIONS.</em></h2> - - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c009'> </td> - <td class='c014'>PAGE</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>Figure-head of Spanish Galleon, wrecked at Streedagh</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>Map of West and North-West Coast of Ireland, drawn <span class='fss'>A.D</span>. 1609</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_8'>8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>The Spaniards holding Rossclogher Castle, with Vignette of the Castle as it now is, from a sketch by Mrs. Allingham, Ballyshannon</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>Wreck of a Galleon on Antrim Coast</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>A Spanish Treasure Chest</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c009'>Spanish Anchor, drawn by Maude Allingham from a photograph specially taken in London</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="r15" /> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/backcover.jpg" width="500" height="794" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class='transnote'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>Transcriber's Notes.</div> - </div> - -<p class='c007'>The original Spanish spelling and punctuation has been retained.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Fixed various punctuation.</p> - -<p class='c007'>Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been -preserved.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Captain Cuellar's adventures in -Connaught & Ulster A.D. 1588., by Hugh Allingham - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAPTAIN CUELLAR'S ADVENTURES *** - -***** This file should be named 52472-h.htm or 52472-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/4/7/52472/ - -Produced by Brownfox, Jane Robins, readbueno and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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