diff options
Diffstat (limited to '5171-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 5171-0.txt | 4669 |
1 files changed, 4669 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/5171-0.txt b/5171-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c56d738 --- /dev/null +++ b/5171-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4669 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thomas Hariot, by Henry Stevens + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Thomas Hariot + +Author: Henry Stevens + +Release Date: May 28, 2002 [eBook #5171] +[Most recently updated: December 25, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Norm Wolcott + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HARIOT *** + + + + +Thomas Hariot + +by Henry Stevens + + + + +[Redactor’s note: Very little is known of Thomas Hariot; his only +published works are the ‘Briefe and true report’ (PG#4247) and the +posthumous ‘Praxis’, a handbook of algebra. He anticipated the law of +refraction, corresponded with Kepler, observed comets, and may have +been the first to recognize that the straight line paths of comets +might be segments of elongated ellipses. The lost ‘ephemera’ referred +to in the text have since been found (since 1876) and a conference was +held in 1970 at the University of Delaware on the current state of +Hariot research, the proceedings of which have been published by the +Oxford University Press, where one may find a fairly current view of +the historical record. Due to the large number of quotations and early +english typography, the casual reader may find the ‘html’ version +easier to follow than the text version.] + + +THOMAS HARIOT +THE MATHEMATICIAN +THE PHILOSOPHER AND +THE SCHOLAR +DEVELOPED +CHIEFLY +FROM +DORMANT MATERIALS +WITH NOTICES OF HIS ASSOCIATES +INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL AND +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DISQUISITIONS +UPON THE MATERIALS OF THE +HISTORY OF ‘OULD +VIRGINIA’ + +BY HENRY STEVENS OF VERMONT + + +PREMONITION + +WHEN I YEARS AGO undertook among other enterprises to compile a sketch +of the life of THOMAS HARIOT the first historian of the new found land +of Virginia; and to trace the gradual geographical development of that +country out of the unlimited ‘Terra Florida’ of Juan Ponce de Leon, +through the French planting and the Spanish rooting out of the Huguenot +colony down to the successful foothold of the English in Wingandacoa +under Raleigh’s patent, I little suspected either the extent of the +research I was drifting into, or the success that awaited my +investigations. + +The results however are contained in this little volume, which has +expanded day by day from the original limit of fifty to above two +hundred pages. From a concise bibliographical essay the work has grown +into a biography of a philosopher and man of science with extraordinary +surroundings, wherein the patient reader may trace the gradual +development of Virginia from the earliest time to 1585 ; I especially,’ +says Strachey, I that which hath bene published by that true lover of +vertue and great learned professor of all arts and knowledges, Mr +Hariots, who lyved there in the tyme of the first colony, spake the +Indian language, searcht the country,’ etc ; Hariot’s nearly forty +years’ intimate connection with Sir Walter Raleigh; his long close +companionship with Henry Percy ; his correspondence with Kepler; his +participation in Raleigh’s `History of the World;’ his invention of the +telescope and his consequent astronomical discoveries ; his scientific +disciples ; his many friendships and no foeships ; his blameless life ; +his beautiful epitaph in St Christopher’s church, and his long slumber +in the ‘garden’ of the Bank of England. + +The little book is now submitted with considerable diffidence, for in +endeavouring to extricate Hariot from the confusion of historical +‘facts’ into which he had fallen, and to place him in the position to +which he is entitled by his great merits, it is desirable to be clear, +explicit and logical. A decision of mankind of two centuries’ standing, +as expressed in many dictionaries and encyclopaedias, cannot be easily +reversed without good contemporary evidence. This I have endeavoured to +produce. + +Referring to pages 191 and 192 the writer still craves the reader’s +indulgence for the apparently irrelevant matter introduced, as well as +for the inartistic grouping of the many detached materials, for reasons +there given. + +It ought perhaps to be stated here that the book necessarily includes +notices, more or less elaborate, of very many of Hariot’s friends, +associates and contemporaries, while others, for want of space, are +mentioned little more than by name. + +The lives of Raleigh, and Henry Percy of Northumberland, Prisoners in +the Tower, seem to be inseparable from that of their Fidus Achates, but +I have endeavoured to eliminate that of Hariot as far as possible +without derogation to his patrons. All the new documents mentioned have +their special value, but too much importance cannot be attached to the +recovery of Hariot’s Will, for it at once dispels a great deal of the +inference and conjecture that have so long beclouded his memory. It +throws the bright electric light of to-day over his eminently +scholarly, scientific and philosophical Life. By this and the other +authorities given it is hoped to add a new star to the joint +constellation of the honored Worthies of England and America. + + HENRY STEVENS of Vermont + +Vermont House, xiii Upper Avenue Road, + London, N.W. April 10 1885 + + +THOMAS HARIOT +AND HIS +ASSOCIATES + +‘chusing always rather to doe some thinge worth +nothing than nothing att all.’ _Sir William Lower +to Hariot_ July 19 1611 (see p. 99) + + + +To + + +FRANCIS PARKMAN + + +THE + + +HISTORIAN and TRUSTIE FRIEND + + +Who Forty Years ago +When we were young Students of History together +Gave me a hand of his over the Sea +NOW +Give I him this right hand of mine +with +Ever grateful Tribute to +our life-long + +FRIENDSHIP + + +MORIN + + +Custos juris reimprimendi +Caveat homo trium literarum + + +[The touching Dedication on the opposite page was penned by my father a +few months before his death on February 18, 1886. I have thought it +best to leave it exactly as he had planned it, although now, alas! Mr. +Parkman is no longer with us. Let us hope the old friends may have +again joined hands beyond the unknown sea.-H. N. S.] + + +EXPLANATORY + +IN the year 1877 the late Mr. Henry Stevens of Vermont, under the +pseudonym of ‘Mr. Secretary Outis,’ projected and initiated a literary +Association entitled THE HERCULES CLUB. The following extracts from the +original prospectus of that year explain this platform: + +The objects of this Association are literary, social, antiquarian, +festive and historical ; and its aims are thoroughly independent +research into the materials of early Anglo-American history and +literature. The Association is known as THE HERCULES CLUB, whose +Eurystheus is Historic Truth and whose appointed labours are to clear +this field for the historian of the future. + +“Sinking the individual in the Association the Hercules Club proposes +to scour the plain and endeavour to rid it of some of the many +literary, historical, chronological, geographical and other monstrous +errors, hydras and public nuisances that infest it . . . . Very many +books, maps, manuscripts and other materials relating alike to England +and to America are well known to exist in various public and private +repositories on both sides of the Atlantic. Some unique are of the +highest rarity, are of great historic value, while others are difficult +of access, if not wholly inaccessible, to the general student. It ís +one of the purposes therefore of the Hercules Club to ferret out these +materials, collate, edit and reproduce them with extreme accuracy, but +not in facsimile. The printing is to be in the best style of the +Chiswick Press. The paper with the Club’s monogram in each leaf is made +expressly for the purpose”. + +The following ten works were selected as the first field of the Club’s +investigations, and to form the first series of its publications. + +1. Waymouth (Capt. George) Voyage to North Virginia in 1605. By James +Rosier. London, 1605, 4° + +2. Sil. Jourdan’s Description of Barmuda. London, 1610, 4° + +3. Lochinvar. Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee +Vndertakers in the new plantation of Cape Breton, now New Galloway. +Edinburgh, 1625, 4° + +4. Voyage into New England in 1623-24.. By Christopher Levett. London, +1628, 4° + +5. Capt. John Smith’s True Relation of such occurrences of Noate as +hath hapned in Virginia. London, 1608, 4° + +6. Gosnold’s Voyage to the North part of Virginia in 1602. By John +Brereton. London, 1602, 4° + +7. A Plain Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Islands. +London, 1613, 4° + +8. For the Colony in Virginia Brittania, Lavves Divine Morall and +Martiall, &c. London, 1612, 4° + +9. Capt. John Smith’s Description of NewEngland, 16l4-15, map. London, +1616, 4° + +10. Hariot (Thomas) Briefe and true report of the new foundland of +Virginia. London, 1588, 4° + +‘Mr. Secretary Outis’ undertook the task of seeing the reprints of the +original texts of these ten volumes through the Press, and almost the +whole of this work he actually accomplished. + +The co-operative objects of the Association, however, appear never to +have been fully inaugurated, although a large number of literary men, +collectors, societies and libraries entered their names as Members of +the Club. All were willing to give their pecuniary support as +subscribers to the Club’s publications, but few offered the more +valuable aid of their literary assistance; hence practically the whole +of the editing also devolved upon Mr. Henry Stevens. + +He first took up No. 10 on the above list, Hariot’s Virginia. His long +and diligent study for the introduction thereto, resulted in the +discovery of so much new and important matter relative to Hariot and +Raleigh, that it became necessary to embody it in the present separate +volume, as the maximum dimensions contemplated for the introduction to +each work had been exceeded tenfold or more. + +Owing to Mr. Stevens’s failing health, the cares of his business, and +the continual discovery of fresh material, it was not till 1885 that +his investigations were completed, although many sheets of the book had +been printed off from time to time as he progressed. The whole of the +text was actually printed off during his lifetime, but unfortunately he +did not live to witness the publication of his work, perhaps the most +historically important of any of his writings. Publication has since +been delayed for reasons explained hereinafter. + +On the death of my father, on February 28, 1886, I found myself +appointed his literary executor, and I have since devoted much time to +the arrangement, completion, and publication of his various unfinished +works, seeking the help of competent editors where necessary. + +Immediately after his decease I published his + +_Recollections of Mr. James Lenox of New York, and the formation of his +Library,_ a little volume which was most favourably received and ran +through several impressions. + +In the same year I published _The Dawn of British Trade to the East +Indies as recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company._ +This volume contained an account of the formation of the Company and of +Captain Waymouth’s voyage to America in search of the North-west +passage to the East Indies. The work was printed for the first time +from the original manuscript preserved in the India Office, and the +introduction was written by Sir George Birdwood. + +In 1888 I issued _Johann Schöner, Professor of Mathematics at +Nuremberg. A reproduction of his Globe of 1523 long lost, his +dedicatory letter to Reymer von Streytperck, and the `De Moluccis’ of +Maximilianus Transylvanus, with new translations and notes on the Globe +by Henry Stevens of Vermont, edited, with an introduction and +bibliography, by C. H. Coote, of the British Museum._ This Globe of +1523_,_ now generally known as Schöner’s Third Globe, is marked by a +line representing the route of Magellan’s expedition in the first +circumnavigation of the earth; and the facsimile of Maximilianus’s +interesting account of that voyage, with an English translation, was +consequently added to the volume. Mr. Coote, in his introduction, gives +a graphic account of many other early globes, several of which are also +reproduced in facsimile. The whole volume was most carefully prepared, +and exhibits considerable originality both in the printing and binding, +Mr. Henry Stevens’s own ideas having been faithfully carried out. + +In 1893 I issued to the subscribers that elegant folio volume which my +father always considered as his _magnum opus._ It was entitled _The New +Laws of the Indies for the good treatment and preservation of the +Indians, promulgated by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, 1542-1543. A +facsimile reprint of the original Spanish edition, together with a +literal translation into the English language, to which is prefixed an +historical introduction._ Of the long introduction _of_ ninety-four +pages, the first thirty-eight are from the pen of Mr. Henry Stevens, +the remainder from that of Mr. Fred. W. Lucas, whose diligent +researches into American history are amply exemplified in his former +work, _Appendiculae Historicae, or shreds of history hung on a horn,_ +and in his recent work, _The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers +Zeno._ + +Ever since 1886 I have from time to time unsuccessfully endeavoured to +enlist the services of various editors competent to complete the +projected eleven volumes of the Hercules Club publications, but after a +lapse of nearly fourteen years I have awakened to the fact that no +actual progress has been made, and that I have secured nothing beyond +the vague promise of future assistance. The field of editors capable of +this class of work being necessarily very limited, and death having +recently robbed me in the most promising case of even the slender hope +of future help, I determined to ascertain for myself the exact position +of the work already done, with the hope of bringing at least some of +the volumes to a completion separately, instead of waiting longer in +the hope of finishing and issuing them all _en bloc_ as originally +proposed and intended. On collating the printed stock I found that the +two volumes, _Hariot’s Virginia_ and the _Life of Hariot,_ were +practically complete, the text of both all printed off, and the titles +and preliminary leaves and the Index to _Hariot’s Virginia_ actually +standing in type at the Chiswick Press just as my father left them +fourteen years ago! (Many thanks to Messrs Charles Whittingham and Co. +for their patience.) The proofs of these I have corrected and passed +for press, and I have added the Index to the present volume. My great +regret is that I did not sooner discover the practical completeness of +these two volumes, as owing to the nature of the contents of the _Life +of Hariot_ it is not just to Hariot’s memory, or to that of my father, +that such important truths should so long have been withheld from +posterity. + +These two volumes being thus completed, ít remained to be decided in +what manner they should be published. I did not feel myself competent +to pick up the fallen reins of the HERCULES CLUB, which, as I have said +before, appears never to have been fully inaugurated on the intended +co-operative basis. + +There being now no constituted association (such having entirely lapsed +on the death of Mr. ‘Secretary Outis’), and many of the original +subscribers, who were ipso facto members, being also no longer with us, +it appeared impossible to put forth the volumes as the publications of +the HERCULES CLUB. Consequently I resolved to issue them myself (and +any future volumes I may be able to bring to completion) simply as +privately printed books, and I feel perfectly justified in so doing, as +no one but Mr. Henry Stevens had any hand in their design or production +either editorially or financially. No money whatever was received from +the members, whose subscriptions were only to become payable when the +publications were ready for delivery. The surviving members have been +offered the first chance of subscribing to these two Hariot volumes and +I am grateful for the support received. They and the new subscribers +will also be offered the option of taking any subsequent volumes of the +series which I may be enabled to complete. + +HENRY N. STEVENS, + +_Literary Executor of the late +Henry Stevens of Vermont. + 39, Great Russell Street, +_ London, W.C. +_ 10th February, 1900._ + + +THOMAS HARIOT + + +AND HIS + + +ASSOCIATES + + +COLLECTORS OF RARE English books always speak reverently and even +mysteriously of the ‘quarto Hariot’ as they do of the ‘first folio.’ It +is given to but few of them ever to touch or to see it, for not more +than seven copies are at present known to exist. Even four of these are +locked up in public libraries, whence they are never likely to pass +into private hands. + +One copy is in the Grenville Library; another is in the Bodleian; a +third slumbers in the University of Leyden; a fourth is in the Lenox +Library; a fifth in Lord Taunton’s; a sixth in the late Henry Huth’s; +and a seventh produced £300 in 1883 in the Drake sale. + +The little quarto volume of Hariot’s Virginia is as important as it is +rare, and as beautiful as it is important. Few English books of its +time, 1588, surpass it either in typographic execution or literary +merit. It was not probably thrown into the usual channels of commerce, +as it bears the imprint of a privately-printed book, without the name +or address of a publisher, and is not found entered in the registers of +Stationers’ Hall. It bears the arms of Sir Walter Raleigh on the +reverse of the title, and is highly commended by Ralfe Lane, the late +Governor of the Colony, who testifies, ‘I dare boldly auouch It may +very well pass with the credit of truth even amongst the most true +relations of this age.’ It was manifestly put forth somewhat hurriedly +to counteract, in influential quarters, certain slanders and aspersions +spread abroad in England by some ignorant persons returned from +Virginia, who ‘woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men more,’ and who +‘had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was +needful or requisite.’ Hariot’s book is dated at the end, February +1588, that is 1589 by present reckoning. Raleigh’s assignment is dated +the 7th of March following. It is probable therefore that the +‘influential quarters’ above referred to meant the Assignment of +Raleigh’s Charter which would have expired by the limitation of six +years on the 24th of March, 1590, if no colonists had been shipped or +plantation attempted. It is possible also that Theodore De Bry’s +presence in London, as mentioned below, may have hastened the printing +of the volume. + +Indeed, the little book professes to be only an epitome of what might +be expected, for near the end the author says, ‘this is all the fruits +of our labours, that I haue thought necessary to aduertise you of at +present;’ and, further on, ‘I haue ready in a discourse by it self in +maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time +shall bee thought conuenicnt, shall also be published.’ Hariot’s +‘Chronicle of Virginia’ among things long lost upon earth ! It is to be +hoped that some day the historic trumpet of Fame will sound loud enough +to awaken it, together with Cabot’s lost bundle of maps and journals +deposited with William Worthington ; Ferdinand Columbus’ lost life of +his father in the original Spanish; and Peter Martyr’s book on the +first circumnavigation of the globe by the fleet of Magalhaens, which +he so fussily sent to Pope Adrian to be read and printed, also lost! +Hakluyt, in his volume of 1589, dated in his preface the 19th of +November, gives something of a chronicle of Virginian events, +1584-1589, with a reprint of this book. But there are reasons for +believing that this is not the chronicle which Hariot refers to. As +White’s original drawings have recently turned up after nearly three +centuries, may we not still hope to see also Hariot’s Chronicle? + +However, till these lost jewels are found let us appreciate what is +still left to us. Hariot’s ‘True Report’ is usually considered the +first original authority in our language relating to that part of +English North America now called the United States, and is indeed so +full and trustworthy that almost everything of a primeval character +that we know of ‘Ould Virginia’ may be traced back to it as to a first +parent. It is an integral portion of English history, for England +supplied the enterprise and the men. It is equally an integral portion +of American history, for America supplied the scene and the material. + +Without any preliminary flourish or subsequent reflections, the learned +author simply and truthfully portrays in 1585-6 the land and the people +of Virginia, the condition and commodities of the one, with the habits +and character of the other, of that narrow strip of coast lying between +Cape Fear and the Chesapeake, chiefly in the present State of North +Carolina. This land, called by the natives Wingandacoa, was named in +England in 1584 Virginia, in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. This name +at first covered only a small district, but afterwards it possessed +varying limits, extending at one time over North Virginia even to 45 +degrees north. + +Raleigh’s Virginia soon faded, but her portrait to the life is to be +found in Hariot’s book, especially when taken with the pictures by +Captain John White, so often referred to in the text. This precious +little work is perhaps the most truthful, trustworthy, fresh, and +important representation of primitive American human life, animals and +vegetables for food, natural productions and commercial commodities +that has come down to us. Though the ‘first colonie’ of Raleigh, like +all his subsequent efforts in this direction, was a present failure, +Hariot and White have left us some, if not ample, compensation in their +picturesque account of the savage life and lavish nature of +pre-Anglo-Virginia, the like of which we look for in vain elsewhere, +either in Spanish, French, or English colonization. + +Indeed, nearly all we know of the uncontaminated American aborigines, +their mode of life and domestic economy, is derived from this book, and +therefore its influence and results as an original authority cannot +well be over-estimated. We have many Spanish and French books of a +kindred character, but none so lively and lifelike as this by Hariot, +especially as afterwards illustrated by De Bry’s engravings from +White’s drawings described below. + +The first breath of European enterprise in the New World, combined with +its commercial Christianity, seems in all quarters, particularly the +Spanish and English, to have at once taken off the bloom and freshness +of the Indian. His natural simplicity and grandeur of character +immediately quailed before the dictatorial owner of property and +civilization. The Christian greed for gold and the civilized cruelty +practised without scruple in plundering the unregenerate and unbaptized +of their possessions of all kinds, soon taught the Indian cunning and +the necessity of resorting to all manner of savage and untutored +devices to enable him to cope with his relentless enemies for even +restrained liberty and self-preservation; nay, even for very existence, +and this too on his own soil that generously gave him bread and meat. +All these by a self-asserted authority the coming European civilizer, +with Bible in hand, taxed with tribute of gold, labour, liberty, life. +This has been the common lot of the western races. + +It is therefore refreshing to catch this mirrored glimpse of Virginia, +her inhabitants, and her resources of primitive nature, before she was +contaminated by the residence and monopoly of the white man. It may +have been best in the long run that the European races should displace +the aborigines of the New World, but it is a melancholy reflection upon +‘go ye into all the world and preach the gospel unto every creature,’ +that no tribe of American Indians has yet been absorbed into the body +politic. Many a white man has let himself down into savage life and +habits, but no tribe of aborigines has yet come up to the requirements, +the honours, and the delights of European civilization. Like the tall +wild grass before the prairie-fire, the aboriginal races are gradually +but surely being swept away by the progress of civilization. Now that +they are gone or going the desire to gather real and visible memorials +of them is increasing, but fate seems to have swept these also from the +grasp of the greedy conqueror. Cortes gathered the golden art treasures +of Montezuma and sent them to Charles the Fifth, but the spoiler was +spoiled on the high seas, and not a drinking-cup or ringer-ring of that +western barbaric monarch remains to tell us of his island splendour. + +A historical word upon the events that led up to Raleigh’s Virginia +patent may not be out of place in a bibliographical Life of Hariot. The +patent was no sudden freak of fortune but was the natural outgrowth of +stirring events. Had it not been allotted to Raleigh it would doubtless +soon after have fallen to some other promoter. But Raleigh was the +Devonshire war-horse that first snuffed the breeze from afar. He +fathered and took upon himself the burden of this newborn English +enterprise of Western Planting. + +Though unsuccessful himself, Raleigh lifted his country into success +more than any other one man of his time. To this day he is honoured +alike in the old country that gave him birth, and in the new country to +which he gave new life. His energy, enterprise, and fame are now a part +of England’s history and pride, while his disgrace and death belong to +his king. Thomas Hariot was for nearly forty years his confidential +lieutenant throughout his varied career. + +From his youth Raleigh had sympathized, like many intelligent +Englishmen, with the Huguenot cause in France. As early as 1569, at the +age of seventeen, he had been one of a hundred volunteers whom +Elizabeth sent over to assist and countenance Coligni. He thus probably +became better acquainted with the great but unsuccessful scheme of +colonizing Florida. At all events the history of that disastrous French +Huguenot colonization was first published under his auspices, and a +chief survivor, Jacques Le Moyne, became attached to his service and +interests. The story is in brief as follows. + +Gaspar de Coligni, Admiral of France, often in our day called the +French Raleigh, was a Protestant, and firm friend of England. One of +his captains, Jean Ribault, of Dieppe, also a Protestant, had written +an important paper on the policy of preserving peace with Protestant +England. That paper, transmitted by the Admiral to England, is still +preserved in the national archives. Ribault became the leader of +Coligni’s preliminary expedition in 1562 into Florida to seek out a +suitable place, somewhere between 30° north latitude and Cape Breton, +for the discomfited Huguenots to retire to and found a Protestant +colony. The previous Brazilian project had already been abandoned as +impracticable and unsuccessful. + +Hitherto the Spanish Roman Catholic maritime doctrine had been that to +see or sail by any undiscovered country gave possession. But the French +Protestants, now firmly rejecting the Pope’s gift, required occupation +in addition to discovery to secure title. Hence Florida at that time, +not being occupied by the Spanish, was considered open to the French. +Ribault sailed from Havre the 18th of February 1562, taking a course +across the Atlantic direct, and, as he thought, new, making his land +fall on the 30th of April at 29½ degrees; but Verrazano had in 1524 +sailed also direct for Florida, taking a similar course, with the +difference that he started from Madeira. Thence coasting northward, +seeking for a harbour, touching at the river of May, and proceeding up +the coast to 32½ degrees, Ribault found a good harbour into which he +entered on the 27th of May, and named it Port Royal. He was so well +pleased with the country that, perhaps contrary to instructions, he +left a colony of thirty volunteers, under Capt. Albert de la Pierria, +and returned home with the news, arriving in France, after a quick +voyage, on the 20th of July, 1562. + +Ribault, on leaving Port Royal, intended to explore up the coast to +40°, that is, to the present site of New York, but gives various +reasons for not doing so, one of which was ‘the declaration made vnto +vs of our pilots and some others that had before been at some of those +places where we purposed to sayle and have been already found by some +of the king’s subjects.’ This little colony of Port Royal, after nearly +a year of danger and privation, built a ship and put to sea, hoping to +reach France. After incredible sufferings, they were relieved by an +English ship, which, after putting the feeble on shore, carried the +rest to England, having on board a French sailor who had come home the +previous year with Ribault. These surviving colonists were all +presented to Queen Elizabeth, and attracted much attention and great +sympathy in England. Some found their way back to France, while others +entered the English service. Thus England became acquainted with the +aim, object, success, and failure of the first Florida (now South +Carolina) Protestant French colony. Thomas Hacket published in London +the 30th of May 1563, Ribault’s ‘True and last Discouerie of Florida,’ +purporting to be a translation from the French; but no printed French +original is now known to exist. + +The year of bigotry, 1563, in France having passed, a second expedition +of three vessels under Réné de Laudonnière, who had been an officer +under Ribault in 1562, sailed for Florida from Havre, April 22, 1564, +and arrived at the river of May the 25th of June. There were men of +courage and consequence in this company of adventurers, among whom was +Le Moyne, the painter and mathematician. The story of the sufferings of +this second colony has often been told, and need not be repeated here. +Suffice it to say that it was greatly relieved in July 1565, by Captain +John Hawkins on his return voyage from his second famous slave +expedition to Africa and the West Indies. Hawkins, after generously +relieving the French with food, general supplies, and friendly counsel, +returned to Devonshire, sailing up the coast to Newfoundland, and +thence home, bringing stores of gold, silver, pearls, and the usual +valuable merchandize of the Indies, but the store of information +respecting Florida and our Protestant friends, and especially the +geography of the American coast, was worth more to England than all his +vast store of merchandize. + +In 1565 a third French expedition was fitted out, again under Ribault, +to supply, reinforce, and support Laudonnière. After many disappointing +and vexatious delays, Ribault, late in the season, put to sea, but by +stress of weather was forced into Portsmouth, where he remained a +fortnight. This gave England still more information respecting the +French Protestant projects of southern colonization, as well as of +Florida, which at that time extended very far north of its present +limits. At length on the 14th of June Ribault left the hospitable +shores of England with a fair north east wind to waft his seven ships, +freighted with above three hundred colonists including sailors and +soldiers, and taking the new ‘French route’ north of the Azores and +south of Bermuda, entered the river of May on the 27th of August, just +one month after the departure of Hawkins, and just one day before the +arrival of the Spaniards at the river of St John, a few miles south. + +We find no hint of any opposition in England to these French colonizing +schemes, but on the contrary they were looked upon as an advantageous +barrier to Spanish greed of territorial extension northward under the +vicegerent’s gift. There are still existing hints of English projects +of western voyages at this time, about the year 1565, to the American +coast. Elizabeth, however, was friendly to the Huguenots, and evinced +great sympathy with their Florida colonial scheme. England’s claim to +Newfoundland and Labrador, through discovery by the Cabots, had been +allowed to lapse chiefly from the Protestant doctrine of +non-occupation. The French occupation of Canada was not disputed. There +was some doubt, however, about the intermediate country between the New +France of Canada and the New France of Florida, and hence we find that +private plans of English occupation were hatching at this early period, +but they were not encouraged. This delicate question between France and +Spain was, however, soon settled by the well known course of events +with which England had nothing to do but to stand aside till the +contest was over, and then in due course of time, like an independent +powerful neutral, step in and reap the rewards. + +It is well known that Laudonnière’s followers were not altogether +harmonious. Some restless spirits seceded, and seizing one of the +colony’s ships, entered successfully in the autumn and winter of +1564-65 into piracy on the rich commerce of Spain in the West Indies. +These French spoliations had been a sore point with the owners of West +India commerce since the days of Verrazano, so much so that the Spanish +Government had instituted a fleet of coastguards among the islands to +intercept and destroy the pirates. This fleet for some time had been +under the charge of an experienced, trusted, and efficient officer +named Pedro Menendez de Avilés. No doubt the provocation was great, and +the new piracy was not to be endured. The home government of Spain had +been kept informed of the Huguenot encroachments in Florida, a country +which had long ago been granted to Ponce de Leon, Ayllon and others, +and had been coasted by Estevan Gomez, but these encroachments had +hitherto been so long winked at that the French colonists began to feel +themselves to be in tolerable security. + +French piracy and Calvinism, however, coming together were two +provocations too much for the patriotism and piety of the zealous Roman +Catholic Spanish commander in the West Indies. Besides, there was a +sorrow which roused his Spanish bigotry and induced him more than ever +to serve God and his king by exterminating heresy. Don Pedro, with his +new honors and high hopes, had left Cadiz on the 31st of May 1564, as +Captain-General of the West India, the Terra Firma, the Peruvian, and +the New-Spain fleets, his son under him commanding the ships to Vera +Cruz. This son on the homeward voyage in the autumn had been lost on +the rocks of Bermuda. This circumstance, with the Florida pirates, the +heretic French and his Spanish love of barbaric gold, fired his zeal. + +The General rushed home to Spain for new powers. Early in 1565 he stood +again before Philip petition in hand. Besides his present dignities he +would be Adelantado of Florida. Florida in Spanish eyes extended not +only to St. Mary’s or the Bay of Chesapeake, but even to Newfoundland, +so as to embrace the whole northern continent west of the line of +demarcation. Philip had heard not only of Laudonnière and the French +Huguenots the last year, but was informed of Ribault’s new reinforcing +expedition from Dieppe. He at once not only granted the General’s +request, but enlarged his powers from time to time as additional news +came in of the French. Don Pedro became indeed a royal favourite. He +was now a veteran of forty-seven, who had done Philip and his father +personal service. He had cruised against blockaders and corsairs in +early youth, had convoyed richly-laden plate fleets from the Indies; +had turned the scale of victory at StQuintin in 1557 by suddenly +throwing Spanish troops into Flanders greatly to the advantage of +Philip; was the commanding general of the armada in which the king +returned in 1559 from Flanders to Spain; had been made in 1560 +captain-general of the convoy or protecting fleets between Spain and +the West Indies, in which there was much active business in guarding +Spanish commerce from corsairs. In spoiling these spoilers the general +amassed much wealth, and was acknowledged the protector of the islands +and their commerce. In 1561 he had fallen into some difficulty which +caused his arrest by the Council of the Indies, but the king came to +his rescue, restored his appointments, and promoted him in 1562 and +1563, and still more, as we have seen, in 1564. In 1565 Philip gave him +almost unlimited power over Florida, with directions to conquer, +colonize, Christianize, explore and survey, and all these too at his +own expense. Such is the fascination of royal grants. He was given +three years to perform these wonders, in which so many others had +failed. He was to survey the coasts up to Chesapeake Bay, explore +inlets and find out the hidden straits to Cathay. Thus armed and +instructed this Spanish pioneer of Virginia history and geography +returned to his native Asturias, raised an army, manned and fitted out +a fleet with many soldiers and sailors, and 500 negro slaves. He +embarked at Cadiz with eleven ships on the 29th of June 1565, a +fortnight after Ribault with his seven ships had left Portsmouth. From +Porto Rico the Adelantado, in his hot haste to forestall the French, +took a new route north of StDomingo, through the Lucayan islands and +the Bahamas, to the coast of Florida at the River of StJohn, on the +28th of August, the day after the arrival of the French a few miles +north. Here Menendez entered the inlet, landed his five hundred African +negro slaves, founded a town, the first in what is now the United +States, and named it StAugustine, because he made his land-fall on the +saint’s-day of the great African bishop. Thus StAugustine became the +patron saint of this first town in the United States. Here slavery +struck root, and here the Spanish Papist and the French Huguenot, +brought out of civilized and Christianized Europe were set down +blindfolded on the wild and inhospitable shores of Florida, like two +game-cocks, to fight out their religious and implacable hatred. It was +here that these ‘children of the sun’ showed the red men of the +American forests that they too were human and mortal. Here, a few days +later, the Spaniards began that merciless cut-throat religious butchery +of Huguenots, to the astonishment of the savages of the primeval +forests of America which finds a parallel on the pages of history only +in the lesson which it taught in refined Paris just seven years later +on St Bartholomew’s day. + +All the world knows how the swift vengeance of Pedro Menendez de Aviles +descended upon the unfortunate colonists of Laudonnière and Ribault and +destroyed them, with very few exceptions, in September 1565. On the +other hand, every one has heard how the Spaniards, almost all except +the absent leader, expiated their murderous cruelty in April 1568, +under the retributive justice of De Gourgues. The Spanish settlers of +Florida were thus as completely exterminated by the French as the +French three years before had been exterminated by the Spaniards. + +After this till 1574, the Spaniards maintained possession of Florida, +as far north as the Chesapeake Bay, under Menendez, who had been +appointed at first Adelantado of Florida, and subsequently also +Governor of Cuba. He caused an elaborate and official survey of the +whole coast to be made and recorded, both in writing and in charts. +Barcia tells the whole interesting story, but the charts seem to have +been lost, though the description, or parts of it, remains. Menendez +returned to Spain and died in 1574, just as he had been invested with +the command of an ‘invincible’ armada of three hundred ships, and +twenty thousand men to act against England and Flanders. All his North +American acquisitions and surveys seem to have at once fallen into +neglect. Not a Spanish town had been founded north of StAugustine. His +Spanish missionaries sent among the Indians had gained no solid foot +hold. Spain however still claimed possession, on paper, of the whole +coast up to Newfoundland, though she could not boast of a single place +of actual occupation. + +England at this time began to see the coast clear for the spread of her +protestant principles in America, and for her occupation of some of +those vast countries she now professed to have been the first to +discover by the Cabots. No friendly power any longer stood in her way. +Her relations with Spain had settled into patriotic hatred and open +war. The voyages of Hawkins and Drake into the West Indies had revealed +to Englishmen the enormous wealth of the Spanish trade thither, as well +as the weakness of the Spanish Government in those plundered papal +possessions. Frobisher had matured his plans, secured his grant, and in +1576 made his first voyage to find the north west passage. The same +year the half-brother of Raleigh, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, published his +‘discourse for a discouerieof a new passage to Catai,’ with a map +showing the coast of North America, and the passage to China. This was +the result of years of study, and though the elaborate work was written +out hastily at last, we know that while others were advocating the +north east passage, Sir Humphrey always persisted in the north western. +Frobisher’s expedition is said to have been an outgrowth of Gilbert’s +efforts and petitions. These projects were long in hand, but Gilbert, +in June 1578, obtained his famous patent from Elizabeth for two hundred +leagues of any American coast not occupied by a Christian prince. This +grant was limited to six years, to expire the eleventh of June 1584 in +case no settlement was made or colony founded. The story of Gilbert’s +efforts, expenditures of himself and friends, his unparalleled +misfortunes and death, need not be retold here. Part of his rights and +privileges fell to his half-brother Walter Raleigh who had participated +somewhat in the enterprise. After Gilbert’s death and before the +expiration of the patent, Raleigh succeeded in obtaining from Elizabeth +another patent, with similar rights, privileges, and limitations, dated +the 25th of March 1584, leaving the whole unoccupied coast open to his +selection. On the 27th of April, only a month later, he despatched two +barks under the command of Captains Amadas and Barlow, to reconnoitre +the coast, as Ribault had done, for a suitable place to plant a colony, +somewhere between Florida and Newfoundland. This patent also, like +Gilbert’s, in case of negligence or non-success, was limited to six +years. But it required the confirmation of Parliament. Though there +were many rival interests, some of which had perhaps to be conciliated, +the patent was confirmed. + +It ought perhaps to be mentioned here that five of Gilbert’s six years +having already expired without his obtaining success or possession, +several others, anticipating a forfeiture of the patent, began +agitation for rival patents in 1583. Carleil, Walsingham, Sidney, +Peckham, Raleigh, and perhaps others were eager in the strife. Mostof +the papers are given in Hakluyt’s 1589 edition. The ‘Golden Hinde’ +returned in September 1583 with the news of the utter failure of the +expedition and the death of Sir Humphrey. Raleigh succeeded in +obtaining the royal grant, and then all the rest joined him in getting +the patent confirmed by Parliament. + +Raleigh was now thirty-three, a man of position, of large heart and +large income, a popular courtier high in royal favor, a man of foreign +travel, great experience and extensive acquirements. He had served +under Coligni with his protestant friends in France; subsequently +served under William of Orange in Flanders; had served his Queen in +Ireland; under Gilbert’s patent, contemplated a voyage to Newfoundland +in 1578; and in 1583 was ready to embark himself again, but by some +happy accident did not go, though he fitted out and sent a large ship +at his own cost bearing his own name, which ship however put back on +account of the outbreak of some contagion. Fully alive to the wants, +plans, and desires of the Huguenots, he had not only informed himself +of their Florida schemes, but had promoted the publication of their +history, and secured the interest and active co-operation of the most +important survivor of them all, Jaques LeMoyne, the painter, who having +escaped landed destitute in Wales, and subsequently entered the service +of Raleigh who had him safely lodged in the Blackfriars. He had also, +how or when precisely is not known, secured the active aid and facile +pen of the geographical Richard Hakluyt, who wrote for him, as no man +else could write, in 1584, a treatise on Western Planting, a work +intended probably to prime the ministry and the Parliament, to enable +Raleigh first to secure the confirmation of his patent, and afterwards +the co-operation and active interest of the nobility and gentry in his +enterprise. This important hitherto unpublished volume of sixty-three +large folio pages in the hand writing of Hakluyt, after having probably +served its purpose and lain dormant for nearly three centuries, was +bought at Earl Mountnorris’s sale at Arley Castle in December 1852, by +Mr Henry Stevens of Vermont, who, as he himself informs us, after +partly copying it, and endeavouring in vain to place it in some public +or private library in England or the United States, threw it into +auction, where it was sold by Messrs Puttick and Simpson in May 1854, +for £44, as lot 474, Sir Thomas Phillipps being the purchaser. The +manuscript still adorns the Phillipps library at Cheltenham. In 1868 a +copy of this most suggestive volume was obtained by the late Dr Leonard +Woods for the Maine Historical Society, and has since been edited with +valuable notes by Mr Charles Deane of Cambridge and with an +Introduction by Dr Woods. It appeared in 1877 as the second volume of +the second series of the Society’s Collections. + +This Treatise of Hakluyt under Raleigh’s inspiration may be regarded as +the harbinger of Virginia history. Though intended for a special +purpose, it is of the highest importance in developing the history of +English maritime policy at that time, and defining the growth of the +English arguments, advantages and reasons for western planting. The +book is full of personal hints, and is immensely suggestive, showing us +more than anything else the master hand of Master Hakluyt in moulding +England’s ‘sea policie’ and colonial navigation. No mere geographical +study by Hakluyt could alone have produced this remarkable volume. It +is the combination of many materials, and the result of compromising +divers interests. Hakluyt had already, though still a young man under +thirty, entered deeply into the study of commercial geography, and had +in 1582 published his _Divers Voyages_ dedicated to his friend Sir +Philip Sidney, son-in-law to the chief Secretary Walsingham. In the +Spring of 1583 the Secretary sent Hakluyt down to Bristol with a letter +to the principal merchants there to enlist their co-operation in a +project of discovery and planting in America somewhere between the +possessions of the French in Canada and the Spaniards in Florida, which +his son-in-law Master Christopher Carleil was developing under the +auspices of the Muscovie Company, and for which they were about to ask +the Queen for a patent independent of Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s. + +In the summer of 1583 Hakluyt thought to go to Newfoundland with +Gilbert’s expedition, according to the letter of Parmenius, but +fortunately did not go. But in the autumn of the same year Walsingham +sent him to Paris nominally as chaplain to the English Ambassador at +the French court, Sir Edward Stafford, but really to pursue his +geographical investigations into the west and learn what the French and +Spanish were doing in these remote regions, and what were their +particular claims, resources and trade. + +Before his departure for Paris, the ‘Golden Hinde’ had returned to +Falmouth with the heavy news of the fate of Gilbert and the consequent +certain forfeiture of his patent, notwithstanding it had still some +nine months to run. Though Sir Humphrey had taken formal possession of +Newfoundland, as no colony was left there, his rights and privileges +would lapse as a matter of course. + +Western planting now became the talk and fashion. Many projects were +hatching for new patents. Raleigh alone succeeded. Hakluyt’s position +and circumstances in Paris seem made for the occasion, and he soon +found all these western eggs put into his basket. The materials of the +several previous writers and of the rival claimants were all apparently +thrust upon him. He thus became in 1583-4, though perhaps +unconsciously, the mouthpiece of a snug family party all playing into +the hands of Raleigh. There were Walsingham, and Sidney, and Carleil, +and Leicester, all connected with each other and with Raleigh. Then +there were the papers of Sir George Peckham, Edward Hayes, Richard +Clarke master of the Delight, and Steven Par-menius, rich alike in +hints and facts. The interests of these distinguished persons were by +family ties or other influence suddenly merged into a single patent and +that Raleigh’s. The papers mostly passed through Raleigh’s hands into +Hakluyt’s, who acknowledges himself indebted to him for his chiefest +light. + +Raleigh, besides being the half-brother and representative of Sir +Humphrey Gilbert, held also a large share in that venture. Gilbert’s +real aim, policy and plan, in this last yearof his patent, to prospect +for a suitable place in which to take possession and found a colony, +was to begin at the south and work northward as the French had done, +but his previous failures since 1578, the inevitable impediments and +delays, the advanced season of this his last year 1583, and the +necessity of making a final strike for success, in behalf of himself +and his assignees, compelled him at the last hour to go direct to +Newfoundland, take possession, and then, if thought best, work +southward. He was however unquestionably influenced or professed to be +by rumours of metals or gold mines in Newfoundland. This northern +passage was his fatal mistake. Had he taken a middle or southern course +say between 37° and 42° he might perhaps have succeeded. + +Under these circumstances Hakluyt’s Discourse of Western Planting was +written, and may be considered as a digest of many plans without much +originality and a consolidation of many interests. Hakluyt and Raleigh +were at Oxford together, but we find no particular evidence of their +intimacy before the Spring of 1584, when Hakluyt had returned to London +from Paris with his Discourse, or perhaps it was partly written in +England. It is pretty certain that it was not shown to the Queen before +the date of the Patent, the 25th of March, as Hakluyt speaks of her +seeing it in the summer. It was probably intended principally for the +promotion of the interests of the Patent in Parliament. + +At all events with his investigations in France Hakluyt’s Discourse +became thoroughly English in its tone and tenor, and from this time he +labored zealously in the interests of Raleigh. A main point of inquiry +in Paris was to avail himself of the many opportunities at the Spanish +and Portuguese embassies, and with the French merchants and sailors of +Paris, Rouen, Havre and Dieppe, to pick up the particulars of the West +India trade of the Spaniards, and the nature of the French dealings in +Cape Breton and Canada. This led him to set forth the advantages of +direct English western trade independent of France and Spain, and of +French and Spanish routes. + +The fisheries of Newfoundland and the Banks were extensive, and by +repeated treaties neutral, but gave no exclusive rights on the +adjoining territory to any one of the fishing nations; though in all +cases the English by common consent exercised leadership in the +Newfoundland harbors among the fishing ships, of which there were now +some six or eight hundred a year, notwithstanding the English still +fished also at Iceland. + +It was necessary however in the interests of England for Hakluyt in +this Discourse to revive and substantiate the English rights in America +by putting forward the prior discovery by the Cabots in 1497-1498. +Though he presents this direct claim modestly, yet like Sir Humphrey +Gilbert he founds it upon insufficient evidence. In a loose manner he +speaks of Cabot and not the Cabots, and attributes to Sebastian the son +what properly belongs to John the father. He reposes full confidence in +the loose and gossiping statements of Peter Martyr that Sebastian +Cabot, a quarter of a century after the discovery, told him that at the +time, 1497 or 98,he had explored the coast to the latitude of +Gibraltar, that is to Chesapeake Bay and the longitude of Cuba or the +city of Cincinnati, a thing not probable, in as much as the active old +pilot mayor was never able to declare, down to the time of Gomez, that +he had been on that coast before. It would have been foolish in him to +fit out in 1524 Gomez to ‘discover’ what the pilot mayor had already +explored in 1497. + +Hakluyt’s arguments and historical statements in this Discourse of 1584 +to the present time have always been presented by English diplomatists +with confidence, especially against the French. Yet the French +continued to maintain their occupation of Cape Breton, the Gulf of St +Lawrence and Canada, which together they called New France. It is now +however made apparent from contemporary historical documents that have +recently been brought to light from the archives of Spain and Venice +that John Cabot, accompanied by his son Sebastian, then a youth of some +nineteen or twenty years, in 1497 took possession of Cape Breton in the +names of Venice and England conjointly, and raised the flags of St Mark +and St George. There is not yet any trustworthy evidence that they went +south of Cape Breton either in that or the voyage of 1498. + +Hakluyt in his Divers Voyages in 1582 did not venture to make this +Cabot claim so strong as in this Discourse. In his dedication to Sir +Philip Sidney he quaintly says that he ‘put downe the title which we +haue to this part of America which is from Florida to 67 degrees +northwarde by the letters patentes graunted to John Cabote and his +three sonnes,’ simply meaning that he had printed the first patent of +5th May 1496. In his title page he speaks of the Discoverie of +America,’ made first of all by our Englishmen and afterwards by the +Frenchmen and Bretons.’ He does not question the rights and privileges +of Frenchmen to the Gulf of St Lawrence and Canada, because they were +in the occupation of a Christian prince. + +This Discourse of Western Planting therefore, and the voyage of Amadas +and Barlow, in 1584, at the instigation and expense of Raleigh, based +on a thorough knowledge of the Huguenot and Spanish expeditions to +Florida in 1562-1568, are all parts of Virginia history, and therefore +are preliminary to Hariot’s Report. It should be borne in mind that +these terms Florida and Virginia as used by the Spaniards, French, and +English, included the whole country from the point of Florida through +the Carolinas and Virginia to the Chesapeake Bay, or perhaps even to +Bacalaos. + +Raleigh’s patent, in which all interests were thus consolidated, came +before Parliament in the Autumn of 1584 well fortified in its +historical and geographical bearings by Hakluyt’s learned Discourse. In +the House of Commons the matter was adroitly referred to a Commitee of +which Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Christopher Hatton and Sir +Francis Drake were members. The bill having passed the House was sent +up to the Lords, and there read the first time on Sunday the 19th of +December 1584, as appears by the following entry in the Lords’ Journal, +volume ii, page 76. ‘Hodie allatae sicut a Dome Communi 4 Billae; +_Prima,_ For the Confirmation of the Queen’s Majesty’s Letters Patents, +granted to Walter Raughlieghe, Esquire, touching the Discovery and +Inhabiting of certain Foreign Lands and Countries, quae ia _vice_ lecta +est.’ It does not appear precisely at what date the Bill received the +Queen’s signature, but probably as early as Christmas or New Year. + +Having now early in 1585 secured the Confirmation of this much coveted +patent which liberally permitted him in the name and under the aegis of +England to plant a ‘colonie’ and found an English empire in the New +World at his own expense of money, men, and enterprise; having pocketed +the geographical results and valuable experience of the French in +Florida and Canada; having vainly attempted a visit to Newfoundland in +1578, and having succeeded to the rights and privileges of his noble +half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert; having received by the return in +September of his two reconnoitring barks favorable reports as to the +properest place to begin his Western Planting in Wingandacoa ; and +being thoroughly supported by the good wishes and hearty co-operation +of the Queen and many of her prominent and influential subjects, +Raleigh rose superior to all jealousies and opposition. + +This lasted as usual just so long as he was successful and no longer. +But he was blessed in his household, or at his table, or in his +confidence, with four sterling adherents who stuck to him through thick +and thin, through prosperity and adversity. These were Richard Hakluyt, +Jaques Le Moyne, John White and Thomas Hariot. When Wingandacoa makes +up her jewels she will not forget these Four, whom it is just to call +Raleigh’s Magi. + +With marvellous energy, enterprise, and skill Raleigh collected and +fitted out in an incredibly short time a fleet of seven ships well +stocked and well manned to transport his ‘first colonie’ into the wilds +of America. It was under the command of his valiant cousin, Admiral Sir +Richard Grenville, and sailed from Plymouth on the 19th of May 1585. +Never before did a finer fleet leave the shores of England, and never +since was one more honestly or hopefully dispatched. There were the +‘Tyger’ and the ‘Roe Buck’ of 140 tons each, the ‘Lyon’ of 100 tons, +the ‘Elizabeth’ of 50 tons, the ‘Dorothea’, a small bark, and two +pinnaces, hardly big enough to bear distinct names, yet small enough to +cross dangerous bars and enter unknown bays and rivers. In this +splendid outfit were nearly two hundred souls, among whom were Master +Ralfe Lane as governor of the colony. Thomas Candish or Cavendish +afterwards the circumnavigator, Captain Philip Amadas of the Council, +John White the painter as delineator and draughtsman, Master Thomas +Hariot the mathematician as historiographer, surveyor and scientific +discoverer or explorer, and many others whose names are preserved in +Hakluyt. + +The fleet had a prosperous voyage by the then usual route of the West +Indies and fell in with the main of Florida on the 20th of June, made +and named Cape Fear on the 23d, and a first landing the next day, and +on the 26th came to Wococa where Amadas and Barlow had been the year +before. They disembarked and at first mistook the country for Paradise. +July was spent in surveying and exploring the country, making the +acquaintance of the natives, chiefly by means of two Indians that had +been taken to England and brought back able to speak English. On the +5th of August Master John Arundel, captain of one of the vessels, was +sent back to England, and on the 25th of August Admiral Grenville, +after a sojourn of two months in Virginia, took his leave and returned, +arriving at Plymouth on the 18th of October. There were left in +Virginia as Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie,’ one hundred and nine men. They +remained there one whole year and then, discontented, returned to +England in July 1586 in Sir Francis Drake’s fleet coming home +victorious from the West Indies. + +One of these 109 men was Thomas Hariot the Author of the Report of +Virginia. Another was John White the painter. To these two earnest and +true men we owe, as has been said, nearly all we know of ‘Ould +Virginia.’ Their story is briefly told by Hakluyt. + +Sir Francis Drake in the true spirit of friendship went out of his way +to make this call on the Colony of his friend Raleigh. He found them +anything but contented and prosperous. They had long been expecting +supplies and reinforcements from home, which not arriving, on the +departure of Drake’s fleet becoming dejected and homesick, they +petitioned the Governor for permission to return. Immediately after +their departure a ship arrived from Raleigh, and fourteen days later +Sir Richard Grenville himself returned with his fleet of three ships, +new planters and stores of supplies, only to find the Colony deserted +and no tidings to be had. Leaving twenty men to hold possession the +Admiral made his way back to England. + +It has already been stated how and under what circumstances the epitome +of the labours and surveys of Hariot came to be printed, but it may be +well to show how it came to be united with John White’s drawings and +republished a year or two later as the first part of De Bry’s +celebrated collections of voyages. Hakluyt returned to Paris at the end +of 1584. and remained there, perhaps with an occasional visit to +London, till 1588, always working in the interests of Raleigh. In April +1585, a month before the departure of the Virginia fleet, he wrote to +Walsingham that he ‘was careful to advertise Sir Walter Raleigh from +tyme to tyme and send him discourses both in print and in written hand +concerning his voyage.’ Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière’s Journal had +fallen into Hakluyt’s hand, and he induced his friend Basanier the +mathematician to edit and publish it. This was done and the work was +dedicated to Raleigh and probably paid for by him. Le Moyne the painter +and mathematician who had accompanied the expedition, one of the few +who escaped into the woods and swamps with Laudonnière the dreadful +morning of the massacre, was named by Basanier. He also mentions a lad +named De Bry who was lucky enough to find his way out of the clutches +of the Spanish butchers into the hands of the more merciful American +Savages. This young man was found +by De Gourgues nearly three years later among the Indians that joined +him in his mission of retribution against the Spaniards, and was +restored to his friends well instructed in the ways, manners and +customs of the Florida Aborigines. + +This journal of Laudonnière carefully edited by Basanier was completed +in time to be published in Paris in 1586, in French, in octavo. It was +dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh. Hakluyt translated it into English, +and printed it in small quarto in London the next year and it +reappeared again in his folio voyages of 1589. The French edition fell +under the eye of Theodore De Bry the afterwards celebrated engraver of +Frankfort, formerly of Liege. Whether or not this engraver was a +relative of young De Bry of Florida is not known, but we are told that +he soon sought out Le Moyne whom he found in Raleigh’s service living +in the Blackfriars in London, acting as painter, engraver on wood, a +teacher and art publisher or bookseller. + +De Bry first came to London in 1587 to see Le Moyne and arrange with +him about illustrating Laudonnière’s Journal with the artist’s maps and +paintings, and remained here some time, but did not succeed in +obtaining what he wanted, probably because Le Moyne was meditating a +similar work of his own, and being still attached to the household of +Raleigh was not free to negotiate for that peculiar local and special +information which he had already placed at Raleigh’s disposal for his +colony planted a little north of the French settlement in Florida, then +supposed to be in successful operation, but of which nothing had yet +been published to give either the world at large or the Spaniards in +the peninsula a premature clue to his enterprise. + +There is still preserved a good memorial of De Bry’s visit to London in +the celebrated funeral pageant at the obsequies of Sir Philip Sidney in +the month of February 1587, drawn and invented by T. Lant and engraved +on copper by Theodore de Bry in the city of London, 1587. A complete +copy is in the British Museum, and another is said to be at the old +family seat of the Sidneys at Penshurst in Kent, now Lord de L’lsle’s; +while a third copy not quite perfect adorns the famous London +collectionof Mr Gardner of St John’s Wood Park. + +LeMoyne died in 1588, and De Bry soon after came to London a second +time and succeeded in purchasing of the widow of Le Moyne a portion of +the artist’s drawings or paintings together with his version of the +French Florida Expeditions. While here this time De Bry fell in with +Richard Hakluyt, who had returned from Paris in November 1588, +escorting Lady Sheffield. + +Hakluyt at the end of this year, or the beginning of 1589, was engaged +in seeing through the press his first folio collection of the voyages +of the English, finished, according to the date in the preface, the +17th of November, though entered at Stationers’ Hall on the strength of +a note from Walsingham the first of September previous. Hakluyt with +his mind full of voyages and travels was abundantly competent to +appreciate De Bry’s project of publishing a luxurious edition of +Laudonnière’s Florida illustrated with the exquisite drawings of Le +Moyne. Ever ready to make a good thing better, Hakluyt suggested the +addition of Le Moyne’s and other Florida papers; and introduced De Bry +to John White, Governor of Virginia, then in London. + +White, an English painter of eminence and merit, was as an artist to +Virginia what Le Moyne his master had been to Florida. Le Moyne had +twenty years before mapped and pictured everything in Florida from the +River of May to Cape Fear, and White had done the same for Raleigh’s +Colony in Virginia (now North Carolina) from Cape Fear to the +Chesapeake Bay. Le Moyne had spent a year with Laudonnière at Fort +Caroline in 1564-65, and White had been a whole year in and about +Roanoke and the wilderness of Virginia in 1585-86 as the right hand man +of Hariot. + +Together Hariot and White surveyed, mapped, pictured and described the +country, the Indians, men and women; the animals, birds, fishes, trees, +plants, fruits and vegetables. Hariot’s Report or epitome of his +Chronicle, reproduced by the Hercules Club, was privately printed in +February 1589. A volume containing seventy-six of White’s original +drawings in water colours is now preserved in the Grenville library in +the British Museum, purchased by the Trustees in March 1866 of Mr Henry +Stevens at the instigation of Mr Panizzi, and placed there as an +appropriate pendant to the world-renowned Grenville De Bry. This is the +very volume that White painted for Raleigh, and which served De Bry for +his Virginia. Only 23 out of the 76 drawings were engraved, the rest +never yet having been published. Thus Hariot’s text and map with +White’s drawings are necessary complements to each other and should be +mentioned together. + +Knowing all these men and taking an active part in all these important +events, Hakluyt acted wisely in inducing De Bry to modify his plan of a +separate publication and make a Collection of illustrated Voyages. He +suggested first that the separate work of Florida should be suspended, +and enlarged with Le Moyne’s papers, outside of Laudonnière. Then +reprint, as a basis of the Collection, Hariot’s privately printed +Report on Virginia just coming out in February 1589, and illustrate it +with the map and White’s drawings. Hakluyt engaged to write +descriptions of the plates, and his geographical touches are easily +recognizable in the maps of both Virginia and Florida. + +In this way De Bry was induced to make Hariot’s Virginia the First Part +of his celebrated PEREGRINATIONS, with a dedication to Sir Walter +Raleigh. Florida then became the Second Part. The first was illustrated +from the portfolio of John White, and the second from that of Jaques Le +Moyne. Both parts are therefore perfectly authentic and trustworthy. +Thus the famous Collections of De Bry may be said to be of English +origin, for to Raleigh and his magi De Bry owed everything in the start +of his great work. Being thus supplied and instructed, De Bry returned +to Frankfort, and with incredible energy and enterprise, engraved, +printed, and issued his VIRGINIA in four languages, English, French, +Latin and German, in 1590, and his Florida in Latin and German, in +1591. The bibliographical history of these books, the intimacy and +dependence of the several persons engaged; and the geographical +development of Florida-Virginia are all so intertwined and blended, +that the whole seems to lead up to Thomas Hariot, the clearing up of +whose biography thus becomes an appropriate labor of the Hercules Club. + +Little more remains to be said of Raleigh’s Magi who have been thus +shown to be hand and glove in working out these interesting episodes of +French and English colonial history. To Hakluyt, Le Moyne, White, De +Bry and Hariot, Raleigh owes an undivided and indivisible debt of +gratitude for the prominent niche which he achieved in the world’s +history, especially in that of England and America ; while to Raleigh’s +liberal heart and boundless enterprise must be ascribed a generous +share of the reputation achieved by his Magi in both hemispheres. + +Of Hakluyt and De Bry little more need be said here. They both hewed +out their own fortunes and recorded them on the pages of history, the +one with his pen, the other with his graver. If at times ill informed +bibliographers who have got beyond their depth fail to discern its +merits, and endeavour to deny or depreciate De Bry’s Collection, +charging it with a want of authenticity and historic truth, it is hoped +that enough has been said here to vindicate at least the first two +parts, Virginia and Florida. The remaining parts, it is believed, can +be shown to be of equal authority. + +Whoever compares the original drawings of Le Moyne and White with the +engravings of De Bry, as one may now do in the British Museum, must be +convinced that, beautiful as De Bry’s work is, it seems tame in the +presence of the original water-colour drawings. There is no +exaggeration in the engravings. + +Le Moyne’s name has not found its way into modern dictionaries of art +or biography, but he was manifestly an artist of great merit and a man +of good position. In addition to what is given above it may be added +that a considerable number of his works is still in existence, and it +is hoped will hereafter be duly appreciated. In the print-room of the +British Museum are two of his drawings, highly finished in +water-colours, being unquestionably the originals of plates eight and +forty-one of De Bry’s Florida. They are about double the size of the +engravings. They came in with the Sloane Collection. There is also in +the Manuscript Department of the British Museum a volume of original +drawings relating chiefly to Florida and Virginia (Sloane N° 5270) +manifestly a mixture of Le Moyne’s and White’s sketches. They are very +valuable. There is also in the Museum library a printed and manuscript +book by Le Moyne, which speaks for itself and tells its own interesting +story. It is in small oblong quarto and is entitled ‘La/ Clef des +Champs,/ pour trouuer plusieurs Ani-/maux, tant Bestes qu’Oyseaux, +auec/ plusieurs Fleurs & Fruitz. . . / Anno. I586./ ¶ Imprimé aux +Blackfriers, pour Jaques/ le Moyne, dit de Morgues Paintre/’. The book +consists of fifty leaves, of which two are preliminary containing the +title and on the reverse and third page a neat dedication in French ‘A +Ma-dame Madame/ De Sidney.’/ Signed’ Voftre tres-affectionne,/ JAQVES +LE MOINE dit + +de/ MORGVES Paintre.’/ This dedication is dated ‘Londres/ ce xxvi. de +Mars.’/ On the reverse of the second leaf, also in French, is ‘¶ A Elle +Mesme,/ Sonet’ with the initials I.L.M. + +Then follow forty-eight leaves with two woodcuts coloured by hand on +the recto of each leaf, reverse blank. These ninety-six cuts sum up +twenty-four each of beasts, birds, fruits and flowers, with names +printed under each in English, French, German and Latin. Although the +book is dated the 26th of March 1586, it was not entered at Stationers’ +Hall until the 31st of July 1587. It there stands under the name of +James Le Moyne alias Morgan. Madame Sidney is given as Mary Sidney. She +was sister of Sir Philip, countess of Pembroke, ‘Sidney’s sister, +Pembroke’s mother.’ There is no allusion to Sir Philip in the +dedication, and therefore we may infer that it was penned before the +battle of Zut-phen. Both the dedication and the sonnet show the +artist’s intimacy and friendship with that distinguished family. + +There are two copies of this exceedingly rare book in the British +Museum, both slightly imperfect, but will together make a complete one, +but the more interesting copy is that in 727 c/2 31, in the Sloane +Collection. It has bound up with it thirty-seven leaves on which are +beautifully drawn and painted flowers, fruits, birds &c. There can be +little doubt that these are Le Moyne’s own paintings. It is curious to +find that all these scattered works in the different departments came +in with the Sloane Collection which formed the nucleus of the British +Museum. It is to be hoped that other samples of Le Moyne’s art may be +found or identified, and that all of them may be brought together or be +described as the ‘Le Moyne Collection.’ How Sir Hans Sloane became +possessed of them does not yet appear. + +Capt. John White’s name in the annals of English art is destined to +rank high, though it has hitherto failed to be recorded in the art +histories and dictionaries. Yet his seventy-six original paintings in +water-colours done probably in Virginia in 1585-1586 while he was there +with Hariot as the official draughtsman or painter of Raleigh’s ‘First +Colonie’ entitle him to prominence among English artists in Elizabeth’s +reign. There are some other works of his in the Manuscript department +mingled with those of his friend and master Le Moyne. + +As Raleigh’s friend and agent White’s name deserves honorable mention +in the history of ‘Ould Virginia.’ He was an original adventurer in the +‘First Colonie’ and was one of the hundred and nine who spent a whole +year at and about Roanoke and returned with Drake in 1586. He went +again to Virginia in April 1587 as Governor of Raleigh’s’ Second +Colonie,’ consisting of one hundred and fifty persons in three ships, +being the fourth expedition. Raleigh appointed to him twelve assistants +‘to whome he gave a Charter, and incorporated them by the name of +Governour and Assistants of the Citie of Raleigh in Virginia,’ intended +to be founded on the Chesapeake Bay. It never became more than a ‘paper +city.’ + +This Second Colony landed at Roanoke the 20th of July, but finding +themselves disappointed and defeated in all points, the colonists +joined in urging the Governor to return to England for supplies and +instructions. He reluctantly departed the 27th of August from Roanoke, +leaving there his daughter, who was the mother of the first child of +English parents born in English North America, Virginia Dare. He +intended immediately to return to Virginia with relief, but the +embarrassments of Raleigh, the +stirring times, and the ‘Spanish Armada’ defeated Sir Walter and +frustrated all his plans. + +On the 20th of November 1587 Governor White having reached home +apprised Raleigh of the circumstances and requirements of the Colony. +Sir Walter at once ‘appointed a pinnesse to be sent thither with all +such necessaries as he vnderstood they stood in neede of,’ and also +‘wrote his letters vnto them, wherein among other matters he comforted +them with promise, that with all conuenient speede he would prepare a +good supply of shipping and men with sufficience of all thinges +needefull, which he intended, God willing, should be with them the +Sommer following.’ This promised fleet was got ready in the harbor of +Bideford under the personal care and supervision of Sir Richard +Grenville, and waited only for a fair wind to put to sea. Then came +news of the proposed invasion of England by Philip King of Spain with +his ‘invincible armada,’ so wide spread and alarming that it was deemed +prudent by the Government to stay all ships fit for war in any ports of +England to be in readiness for service at home ; and even Sir Richard +Grenville was commanded not to leave Cornwall. + +Governor White however having left about one hundred and twenty men, +women and children in Virginia, among whom were his own daughter and +granddaughter, left no stone unturned for their relief. He labored so +earnestly and successfully that he obtained two small ‘pinneses’ named +the ‘Brave’ and the ‘Roe,’ one of thirty and the other of twenty-five +tons, ‘wherein fifteen planters and all their provision, with certain +reliefe for those that wintered in the Countrie was to be transported.’ + +The’ Brave’ and the ‘Roe’ with this slender equipment passed the bar of +Bideford the 22nd of April, just six months after the return of the +Governor, a small fleet with small hope. Had it been larger its going +forth would not have been permitted. The Governor remained behind, +thinking he could serve the Colony better in England. But the sailors +of the little ‘Brave’ and ‘Roe’ had caught the fighting mania before +they sailed, and instead of going with all speed to the relief of +Virginia, scoured the seas for rich prizes, and like two little +fighting cocks let loose attacked every sail they caught sight of, +friend or foe. The natural consequence was that before they reached +Madeira (they took the southern course for the sake of plunder) they +had been several times thoroughly whipped, and ‘all thinges spilled’ in +their fights. ‘By this occasion, God iustly punishing the theeuerie of +our euil disposed mariners, we were of force constrained to break of +our voyage intended for the reliefe of our Colony left the yere before +in Virginia, and the same night to set our course for England.’ In a +month from their departure they recrossed the bar of Bideford, their +voyage having been a disgraceful failure, yet the doings of these two +miniature corsairs are recorded in Hakluyt manifestly only as specimens +of English pluck, a British quality always admired, however much +misdirected. Meanwhile no tidings of the ‘Second colonie’ and worse +still, no tidings or help had the Second Colony received all this long +time from England. And even to this day the echo is ‘no tidings’ and no +help from home. This then may be called the first and great human +sacrifice that savage America required of civilized England before +yielding to her inevitable destiny. + +And so it was that Virginia and the Armada Year shook the fortunes of +Raleigh and compelled him to assign a portion of his Patent and +privileges under it to divers gentlemen and merchants of London. This +document, in which are included and protected the charter rights of +White and others in the ‘City of Raleigh,’ bears date the 7th of March +1589. Matters being thus settled, with more capital and new life a +‘Fifth Expedition’ was fitted out in 1590 in which Governor White went +out to carry aid, and to reinforce his long neglected colony of 1587. +Not one survivor was found, and White returned the same year in every +way unsuccessful. He soon after retired to Raleigh’s estates in +Ireland, and the last heard of him is a long letter to his friend +Hakluyt ‘from my house at Newtowne in Kylmore the 4th of February +1593.’ + +Raleigh’s Patent, like that of Gilbert, would have expired by the +limitation of six years on the 24th of March 1590 if he had not +succeeded in leading out a colony and taking possession. His first +colony of 1585 was voluntarily abandoned, but not his discoveries. His +second colony of 1587 was surrounded with so much obscurity that though +in fact he maintained no real and permanent settlement, yet it was +never denied that he lawfully took possession and inhabited Virginia +within the six years and also for a time in the seventh year, and +therefore was entitled to privileges extending two hundred leagues from +Roanoke. As long as Elizabeth lived no one disputed Raleigh’s +privileges under his patent, though partly assigned, but none of the +Assignees cared to adventure further. The patent had become practically +a dead letter. As late however as 1603 the compliment was paid Raleigh +of asking his permission to make a voyage to North Virginia. As no +English plantation between the Spanish and the French possessions in +North America at the time of the accession of James was maintained the +patent was allowed nominally to remain in force. But no one claimed any +rights under it. It has been stated by several recent historians that +the attainder of Raleigh took away his patent privileges, but evidence +of this is not forthcoming. It is manifest that James the First, who +had little regard for his own or others’ royal grants or chartered +rights in America, considered the coast clear and as open to his own +royal bounty as it had been long before to Pope Alexander the Sixth. It +was easier and safer to obtain new charters than to revive any +questionable old ones. + +But to all intents and purposes the interesting history of Virginia +begins with Raleigh. Whence he drew his inspiration, how he profited by +the experience of others, how he patronized his Magi and bound them to +himself with cords of friendship and liberality; how by his very +blunders and misfortunes he transmitted to posterity some of the most +precious historical memorials found on the pages of English or American +history, we have, perhaps at unnecessary length, endeavoured to show in +this long essay on the brief and true Report of Thomas Hariot, his +surveyor and topographer in Virginia, which must ever serve as the +corner-stone of English American History, by a man who, though long +neglected and half forgotten, must eventually shine as the morning star +of the mathematical sciences in England, as well as that of the history +of her Empire in the West. + +It remains now to give some personal account of Thomas Hariot, whose +first book as the first of the labors of the hercules club has been +reproduced. Every incident in the life of a man of eminent genius and +originality in any country is a lesson to the world’s posterity +deserving careful record. Hitherto dear quaint old positive +antiquarianly slippery Anthony à Wood in his _Athenes Oxoniensis_ +embodies nearly all of our accepted notions of this great English +mathematician and philosopher. Anthony was indefatigable in his +researches into the biography of Hariot who was both an Oxford man and +an Oxford scholar. He happily succeeded in mousing out a goodly number +of recondite and particular occurrences of Hariot’s life. He managed, +however, to state very many of them erroneously ; and he drew hence +some important inferences, the reverse, as it now appears, of +historical truth. This naturally leads one to inquire into his +authorities. Wood’s account of Hariot appeared in his first edition of +1691, and has not been improved in the two subsequent editions. For +most of his facts he appears to have been indebted to Dr John Wallis’s +Algebra, first published in 1685, though ready for the printer in 1676 +; and for his fictions to poor old gossiping Aubrey; while his +inferences, in respect to Hariot’s deism and disbelief in the +Scriptures, are probably his own, as we find no sufficient trace of +them prior to the appearance of his Athenæ, unless it be in Chief +Justice Popham’s unjust charge at Winchester in 1603, when he is said +to have twitted Raleigh from the bench with having been ‘bedeviled’ by +Hariot. Dr Wallis appears to have obtained part of his facts from John +Collins, who had been in his usual indefatigable manner looking up +Hariot and his papers as early as 1649, and wrote to the doctor of his +success several letters between 1667 and 1673, which maybe seen in +Professor Rigaud’s Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth +Century, 2 vols, Oxford, 1841, 8°. + +Since 1784, from time to time, several other writers have partly +repeated Wood’s estimate and added several new facts, as will be shown +further on. But it has been reserved for the Hercules Club, now just +three hundred years after Hariot left the University, to bring to light +new and important contemporary evidence, sufficient, it is believed, to +considerably modify our general estimate of Hariot’s life and +character, and to raise him from the second rank of mathematicians to +which Montucla coolly relegated him nearly a century ago to the +pre-eminence of being one of the foremost scholars of his age, not +alone of England but of the world. Had he been walled around by church +bigotry like his friend and contemporary Galileo he would +unquestionably by the originality and brilliancy of his observations +and discoveries have rivalled, or perhaps have shared that +philosopher’s victories in science. At all events it is believed that +the new matter is sufficient to reopen the courts of criticism and +revision in which some of the decisions respecting the use of +perspective glasses, the invention of the telescope, the discoveries of +the spots on the sun, the satellites of Jupiter and the horns of Venus +may be reconsidered and perhaps reversed. It is believed that in +logical analysis, in philosophy, and in many other departments of +science few in his day were his equals, while in pure mathematics none +was his superior. + +Thomas Hariot was born at Oxford, or as Anthony à Wood with more than +his usual quaint-ness expresses it, ‘tumbled out of his mother’s womb +into the lap of the Oxonian muses in 1560.’ He was a ‘bateler or +commoner of St Mary’s hall.’ He ‘took the degree of bachelor of arts in +1579, and in the latter end of that year did compleat it by +determination in Schoolstreet.’ Nothing of his boyhood, or of his +family, except a few hints in his will, has come to light. + +It is not known precisely at what time Hariot joined Walter Raleigh, +who was only eight years his senior. From what their friend Hakluyt +says of them both, their intimate friendship and mutually serviceable +connection were already an old story as early as 1587. On the eighth +calends of March 1587, that is on the 22d of February 1588, present +reckoning, Hakluyt wrote from Paris to Raleigh in London, + +‘To you therefore I have freely desired to give and dedicate these my +labors. For to whom could I present these Decades of the New World [of +Peter Martyr] more appropriately than to yourself, who, at the expense +of nearly one hundred thousand ducats, with new fleets, are showing to +us of modern times new regions, leading forth a third colony [to +Virginia], giving us news of the unknown, and opening up for us +pathways through the inaccessible ; and whose every care, and thought, +and effort tend towards this end, hinge upon and adhere to it ? To whom +have been present and still are present the same ideas, desires, & +incentives as with that most illustrious Charles Howard, the Second +Neptune of the Ocean, and Edward Stafford our most prudent Ambassador +at the Court of France, in order to accomplish great deeds by sea and +land. But since by your skill in the art of navigation you clearly saw +that the chief glory of an insular kingdom would obtain its greatest +splendor among us by the firm support of the mathematical sciences, you +have trained up and supported now a long time, with a most liberal +salary, Thomas Hariot, a young man well versed in those studies, in +order that you might acquire in your spare hours by his instruction a +knowledge of these noble sciences ; and your own numerous Sea Captains +might unite profitably theory with practice. What is to be the result +shortly of this your wise and learned school, they who possess even +moderate judgment can have no difficulty in guessing. This one thing I +know, the one and only consideration to place before you, that first +the Portuguese and afterwards the Spaniards formerly made great +endeavours with no small loss, but at length succeeded through +determination of mind. Hasten on then to adorn the Sparta[Vir-ginia] +you have discovered; hasten on that ship more than Argonautic, of +nearly a thousand tons burthen which you have at last built and +finished with truly regal expenditure, to join with the rest of the +fleet you have fitted out.’ + +From this extract one might perhaps reasonably infer that Hariot went +directly from the University in 1580 at the age of twenty into +Raleigh’s service, or at latest in 1582 when Raleigh returned from +Flanders. As our translation of this important passage is rather a free +one the old geographer’s words are here added, in his own peculiar +Latin. Hakluyt in his edition of Peter Martyr’s Eight Decades, printed +at Paris in 1587, 8°, writes of his young friend Hariot in his +dedication to his older friend Sir Walter Raleigh, as follows :— + +Tibi igitur has meas vigilias condonatas & confecratas efle volui. Cui +enim potius, quàm tibi has noui Orbis Decades offerem, qui centum ferè +millium ducatoru impenfa, nouis tuis clafsibus regiones nouas, nouam +iam tertiò ducendo coloniam, notas ex ignotis, ex inaccefsis peruias, +nouifsimis hifce teporibus nobis exhibes ? Cuius omnes curse, +cogitationes, conatus, hue fpeflant, haec verfant, in his inhaerent. +Cui cum Illuftrifsimo illo herôe, Carolo Hovvardo, altcro Oceani maris +Neptuno, Edoardi Staffbrdij, noftri apud regem Chriftianifsimum +oratoris prudentifsimi fororio, eadem ftudia, eaedem voluntates, iidem +ad res magnas terra maríque aggrediendas funt & fuerunt ani-morum +ftimuli. Cùm vero artis nauigatoriæ peritia, præcipuum regni infularis +ornamentum, Mathematicarii fcientiaru adminiculis adhibitis, fuu apud +nos fplendore poffe cofequi facile per-fpiceres, Thomas Hariotum, +iuuenem in illis difciplinis excellente, honeftifsimo falario iamdiu +donatum apud te aluifti, cuius fubndio horis fuccefsiuis nobililsimas +fcientias illas addifcercs, tuique familiarcs duces maritimi, quos +habes non paucos, cum praii theoria non fine fructu incredibili +coiungeret. Ex quo pulcherrimo & fapientifsimo inftitutotuo, quid breui +euentutum fit, qui vel mediocri iudicio volent, facilè proculdubio +diuinare poterunt. Vnum hoc fcio, vnam & vnicam rationem te inire, quaæ +primò Lufitani, deinde Caftellani, quod antea toties cum no exigua +iactura funt conati, tandem ex animoru votis perficerut. Perge ergo +Spartam quam nactus es ornare, perge nauem illam plufquam Argonauticam, +mille cuparum fere capace, quam fumptibus plane regiis fabricatam iam +tadem foelicitcr abfoluifti, reliquae tuae clafsi, quam babes egregiè +inftructam, adiungere. + +From this early time for nearly forty years, till the morning of the +29th of October 1618, when Raleigh was beheaded, these two friends are +found inseparable. Whether in prosperity or in adversity, in the Tower +or on the scaffold, Sir Walter always had his Fidus Achates to look +after him and watch his interests. With a sharp wit, close mouth, and +ready pen Hariot was of inestimable service to his liberal patron. With +rare attainments in the Greek and Latin Classics, and all branches of +the abstract sciences, he combined that perfect fidelity and honesty of +character which placed him always above suspicion even of the enemies +of Sir Walter. He was neither a politician nor statesman, and therefore +could be even in those times a faithful guide, philosopher, and friend +to Raleigh. + +In the year 1585, as has already been stated above, Hariot, at the age +of twenty-five, went out to Virginia in Raleigh’s « first Colonie’ as +surveyor and historiographer with Sir Richard Grenville, and remained +there one year under Governor Ralph Lane, returning in July 1586, in +Sir Francis Drake’s home-bound fleet from the West Indies. During the +absence of this expedition Raleigh had received triple favors from +Fortune. He had entered Parliament, been knighted, and had been +presented by the Queen with twelve thousand broad acres in Ireland. +These Irish acres were partly the Queen’s perquisite from the Babington +‘conspiracy.’ Other royal windfalls had considerably increased Sir +Walter’s expectations, and aroused his ambition. Hariot is known to +have spent some time in Ireland on Raleigh’s estates there during the +reign of Elizabeth, but it is uncertain when. It may have been between +the autumn of 1586 and the autumn of 1588. He was in London in the +winter of 1588-89 in time to get out hurriedly his report in February +1589. It is possible, however, that he went to Ireland after his book +was out. He was probably the manager of one of the estates there as +Governor John White was of another in 1591-93. + +The next early author whom we find speaking of Hariot is his lifelong +friend and companion Robert Hues or Hughes in his ‘Tractatus de / +Globis et eo- +/ rvm vsv, / Accommo-datus iis qui Lon-/dini editi funt Anno I593,/ +/ fumptibus +Gulielmi Sanderfoni / Ciuis Londinienfis/Confcriptus a Ro-/bertoHues./ +Londini/ In ardibus Thomae Dawfon. / 1594.’ / 8° + +In his dedication to Sir Walter Raleigh the author says : + +Borealiora Europae noftrates diligentimme luftrarunt. Primo Hugo +Willoughby eques Anglus & Richardus Chanceler has oras apperuerunt. +Succedit eis Stephanus Borough, vlterius pro-grefsi funt Artunis Pet & +Carol. Iackman. Sufceptæ funt hae nauigationes, inftigante Sebaftiano +Caboto, vt, fiquâ pofset fieri traiectum in regiones Synanum & Cathayac +breuimmum confequeremur, at irreto haec omnia conatu, nifi quod his +medijs firmatum eft commercium cum Mofchouitis. Hâc cum non fuccederet, +inftitutx funt nauigationes ad Borealiora Americæ;, quas primo fuscepit +Martinus Frobifher, fecutus eft poftca Ioannes Dauis. Ex his omnibus +nauigationibus multi antiquiorum errores,magna eorum ignorantia +detectacft. Atque his conatibus minus fuccedentibus, gens noftra +nauibus abundans otij impatiens, in alias paries fuas nauigationes +inftituerunt. Humphredus Gilbert Eques, Americæ oras Hifpanis +incognitas, magno animo & viribus, fucceffu non aequali noftris aperire +conatus eft. Id quod tuis poftea aufpicijs (vir honoratifsime) felicius +fufceptum eft quibus Virginia nobis patefacta eft, præefecto clafsis +Richardo Grinuil nobili equite, quam diligentifsime luftrauit & +defcripfit Thomæ Hariotus. + +In the English edition of Robert Hues’ work, London, 1638, this very +interesting but somewhat irrelevant passage appears as follows: + +Among whom, the first that adventured on the discovery of these parts, +were, Sir Hugh Willoughby, and Richard Chanceler: after them, Stephen +Borough. And farther yet then either of these, did Arthur Pet, and +Charles Lackman discover these parts. And these voyages were all +undertaken by the instigation of Sebastian Cabot: that so, if it were +possible, there might bee found out a nearer pafsage to Cathay and +China : yet all in vane ; fave only that by this meanes a course of +trafficke was confirmed betwixt us and the Mofcovite. + +When their attempts fucceeded not this way ; their next designe was +then to try, what might bee done in the Northern Coasts of America : +and the first undertaker of these voyages was Mr. Martin Frobisher: who +was afterward feconded by Mr. Iohn Davis. By meanes of all which +Navigations, many errours of the Ancients, and their great ignorance +was discovered. + +But now that all these their endeavours fucceeded not, our Kingdome at +that time being well furnished in fhips, and impatient of idlenefse : +they resolved at length to adventure upon other parts. And first Sir +Humphrey Gilbert with great courage and Forces attempted to make a +discovery of those parts of America, which were yet unknowne to the +Spaniard : but the successe was not answerable. Which attempt of his, +was afterward more prosperously prosecuted by that honourable Gentleman +Sir Walter Rawleigh: to whose meanes Virginia was first discovered unto +us, the Generall of his Forces being Sir Richard Greenville : which +Countrey was afterwards very exactly furveighed and described by Mr. +Thomas Harriot. + +This William Sanderson, the patron of Mollineux, Hood, and Hues, was a +rich and liberal London merchant, who had married a niece of Raleigh. +He contributed largely to Sir Walter’s first reconnoitring expedition +in 1584 under Amidas and Barlow, and was afterwards a liberal +adventurer and supporter of Raleigh in all his colonial schemes. He was +fond of the science of geography, and contributed largely to the +preparation and publication of the globes of Mollineux, and the +Descriptions of them by Hood and Hues in 1592 and 1594. He was also a +good friend of all Raleigh’s friends, and acted as Sir Walter’s fiscal +agent in regard to the Wine monopoly. On being called upon for a +settlement of the large amount due, as Raleigh supposed, after his +imprisonment in the Tower, Sanderson denied his indebtedness, was sued, +cast into the debtors’ jail, and died in poverty. His son published +severe comments against Raleigh. + +Robert Hues, who was an intimate friend and associate of Hariot, was +born at Hertford in 1554. He became a poor scholar at Brazen nose, and +was afterwards at St Mary’s Hall with Hariot. He took his degree of +A.B.in 1579. He is said to have been a good Greek scholar, and after +leaving the University travelled and became an eminent geographer and +mathematician. He attracted the attention, probably through Raleigh, of +that noble patron of learning Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, +who took him into his service, made him one of his scientific +companions while in the Tower, supported him partly at Sion, intrusted +him to instruct his children, and finally sent him to Oxford as tutor +at Christ Church of his eldest surviving son, Algernon Percy, who on +the death of his father on gunpowder treason day 1632, became the 10th +Earl of Northumberland. Hues died at Oxford the 24th of May, 1632, and +was buried in the cathedral of Christ Church, according to the +inscription on his monument. He is mentioned by Chapman in his +translation of Homer’s Works [ 1616 ] as ‘another right learned, +honest, and entirely loved friend of mine.’ See infra, p. 183. + +In 1595 Hariot was mentioned as a distinguished man of science in his +Seaman’s Secrets by Captain John Davis the navigator, a friend and +partner of Raleigh. + +On the eleventh of July 1596 Hariot under peculiar circumstances wrote +a long and confidential letter to Sir Robert Cecil, Chief Secretary of +State, in the interests of Raleigh’s Guiana projects. The letter is +here given in full, as it shows better than anything else the close and +confidential relations existing between Sir Walter and Hariot at that +time. Raleigh had returned from Guiana, his first El Dorado expedition, +in August 1595, and had in the mean time employed such energy and +enterprise that within about five months he had fitted out and +dispatched his second El Dorado fleet under his friend Captain Keymis. +This second expedition returned to Plymouth in June 1596, a few days +after Raleigh had gone with Essex and Howard of Effingham on that +world-renowned expedition against Cadiz. Sir Walter appears to have +left his affairs in the hands of his ever faithful Hariot, and hence +this sensible and timely letter in the absence of his patron. There +appears to have been no complaint against Keymis; but the master of his +ship, Samuel Mace, seems to have been less discreet. The letter tells +its own story, and gives a vivid picture of the intelligent earnestness +of Sir Walter respecting Guiana, and at the same time the earnest +intelligence of Hariot during Raleigh’s absence in Spain. + +It has been denied that Raleigh really expected to find the El Dorado +in either his first expedition of 1595 or last in 1617, but this letter +goes to show that both he and Hariot had firm faith in the scheme. +Indeed in a German book of travels just published, entitled ‘Aus den +Llanos. Schildenung einer naturwisscn-schaftlichen Reise nach +Venezuela, Von Carl Sachs, Leipzig, 1879,’ the writer states that the +export of gold from Spanish Guiana in 1875 was 79,496 ounces. He says +that the richest mine, that of Callao, has of late years returned as +much as 500 per centum. After briefly narrating the expeditions of +Raleigh, which had been preceded by various Spanish expeditions, he +adds: ‘Now at this day, after nearly three centuries, the riches sought +for have been actually found In the very country where these +unfortunate efforts were made.’ Hariot’s letter is as follows: + +LETTER OF THOMAS HARIOT TO MR. SECRETARY + + +SIR ROBERT CECIL. + + +_From the original holograph in the Cecil Papers at Hatfield, vol. +xliii, +At first printed in Edward Edward’s Life of +Raleigh, vol. ii, page 420._ + + +Right Honourable Sir, + +These are to let you understand that whereas, according to your Honor’s +direction, I have been framing of a Charte out of some such of Sir +Walter’s notes and writings, which he hath left behind him,—his +principal Charte being carried with him, —if it may please you, I do +thinke most fit that the discovery of Captain Kemish be added, in his +due place, before I finish it. It is of importance, and all Chartes +which had that coast before be very imperfecte, as in many thinges +elce. And that of Sir Walter’s, although it were better in that parte +then any other, yet it was don but by intelligence from the Indians, +and this voyadge was specially for the discovery of the same; which is, +as I find, well and sufficiently performed. And because the secrecy of +these matters doth much importe her Majesty and this State, I pray let +me be so bould as to crave that the dispatch of the plotting and +describing be don only by me for you, according to the order of trust +that Sir Walter left with me, before his departure, in that behalf, and +as he hath usually don heretofore. If your Honor have any notes from +Sir Thomas Baskerville, if it may please you to make me acquaynted with +them, that which they will manifest of other particularytyes then that +before Sir Walter hath described shall also be set downe. + +Although Captain Kemish be not come home rich, yet he hath don the +speciall thing which he was injoined to do, as the discovery of the +coast betwixt the river of Amasones and Orinico, where are many goodly +harbors for the greatest ships her Majesty hath and any nomber; wher +there are great rivers, and more then probability of great good to be +don by them for Guiana, as by any other way or to other rich contryes +borderinge upon it. As also, the discovery of the mouth of Orinico it +self,—a good harbor and free passage for ingresse and egresse of most +of the ordinary ships of England, above 3 hundred miles into the +contry. Insomuch that Berreo wondred much of our mens comming up so +far; so that it seemeth they know not of that passage. Nether could +they, or can possibly, find it from Trinidado; from whence usually they +have made their discoveryes. But if it be don by them the shortest way, +it must be done out of Spayne. Now, if it shall please her Majesty to +undertake the enterprise, or permitte it in her subjectes, by her +order, countenance, and authority, for the supplanting of those that +are now gotten thither, I thinke it of great importance to keepe that +which is don as secretly as we may, lest the Spaniardes learne to know +those harbors and entrances, and worke to prevent us. + +And because I understand that the master of the ship with Captain +Kemish is somewhat carelesse of this, by geving and selling copyes of +his travelles and plottes of discoveryes, I thought it my dutye to +remember it unto your wisdome, that some order might be taken for the +prevention of such inconveniences as may thereby follow : by geving +authority to some Justice, or the Mayor, to call him before them, and +to take all his writinges and chartes or papers that concerne this +discovery, or any elce, in other mens handes, that he hath sold or +conveyed them into ; and to send them sealed to your Honor, as also to +take bond for his further secrecy on that behalf. And the like order to +be taken by those others, as we shall further informe your Honor of, +that have any such plots, which yet, for myne owne parte, I know not +of; or any other order, by sending for him up or otherwise, as to your +wisdome shall seeme best. + +Concerning the Eldorado which hath been shewed your Honor out of the +Spanish booke of Acosta, which you had from Wright, and I have scene, +when I shall have that favour as but to speake with you I shall shew +you that it is not ours—that we meane—there being three. Nether doth he +say, or meane, that Amazones river and Orinoco is all one,—as some, I +feare, do averre to your Honor ; as by good profe out of that booke +alone I can make manifest; and by other meanes besides then this +discovery, I can put it out of all dout. + +To be breef, I am at your Honor’s comandement in love and duty farther +than I can sodeynly expresse for haste. I will wayte upon you at Court, +or here at London, about any of these matters or any others, at any +time, if I might have but that favour as to heare so much. I dare not +presume of my selfe, for some former respectes. My fidelity hath never +been impeached, and I take that order that it never shall. I make no +application. And I beseech your Honor to pardon my boldness, because of +haste. My meaning is allwayes good. And so I most humbly take my leave. +This Sunday, 11th of July 1596. + +Your Honor’s most ready at commandement in all services I may, + + + THO. HARRIOTE. + + + addressed: + +To the right honorable Sir ROBERT CICILL, Knight + Principall Secretary to Her Majesty, these. + + Endorsed: 11 July, 1596. Mr Harriott to my Master. + +The vigilant Secretary lost no time in acting upon Hariot’s +suggestions. On the 31st of July Sir George Trenchard and Sir Ralph +Horsey wrote to Cecil from Dorchester in reply to his instructions, +that they had seized the charts and books of the ‘India Voyage’ [to +Guiana] from one Samuel Mace and William Downe, which they would send +up to the Secretary if desired. They were desired, and accordingly sent +them by post on the 10th of August. A few days later Raleigh returned +to Plymouth with the first glorious news of the success of the English +fleet at Cadiz ; which news completely turned the heads of the people +of England one way, and those of the Queen and the hungry politicians +the other. Poor Mace, to whom Raleigh was much attached, was restored +to his confidence. To Raleigh more than to any one man this triumph +over Spain was justly due, but in the pitiful squabbles that followed +in the apportionment of the honors and the spoils Sir Walter used to +aver that his sole gain in this great national enterprise from +beginning to end was but a lame leg. He might have added that the +business had gained for him the envy, malice and all uncharitableness +of those in high places. In worldly wealth he was now comparatively +poor, and his fortunes were broken, though the Queen at times, only at +times, smiled on him. + +At what precise time Hariot, who never deserted Raleigh, became +acquainted with Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, with whose honored +name, next to that of Sir Walter’s, his must ever be associated, does +not as yet appear. It is known, however, that there was an intimacy +between Raleigh and Percy as early as 1586, when Sir Walter presented +Percy with a coat of mail on his going over to Flanders, and soon after +a bedstead made of cedar from Virginia ; while the Earl about the same +time gave to Sir Walter a ‘stroe coloured velvet saddle.’ From this +time to the day of Raleigh’s triumph on the scaffold there exists +plenty of evidence of their continued intimacy. + +When therefore the Earl and Raleigh were finally caged together in the +Tower for life in 1606 their friendship was of more than twenty years’ +standing. From this we infer that Hariot also knew Percy almost from +the time of his joining Raleigh; but the earliest mention of his name +in connection with that of the Earl which we have met with is this of +1596, in the Earl’s pay-rolls, still preserved at Sion, and described +in the Sixth Report of the Royal Commission of Historical Manuscripts, +page 227, ‘To Mr. Herytt for a book of the Turk’s pictures, 7s.’ It +appears from the same rolls that from Michaelmas 1597 to 1610, if not +earlier and later, an annual pension of £80 (not £ 120, or £ 150, £300, +as variously stated) was paid to Hariot by the Earl. This pension was +probably continued as long as Hariot lived; and besides there are not +wanting many marks of the Earl’s liberality, friendship, and love for +his companion and pensioner, who was long known as ‘Hariot of Sion on +Thames,’ as expressed on his monument. In the Earl’s accounts for 1608 +there is this entry, ‘Payment for repairing and finishing Mr Heriotts +house at Sion.’ + +At what time exactly Hariot took up his residence at Sion the Earl’s +new seat (purchased of James in 1604) is not known, but probably soon +after the Earl was sent to the Tower in 1606. There is preserved a +Letter from Sir William Lower addressed to Hariot at Sion dated the +3Oth of September 1607, and other letters or papers exist showing his +continued residence there until near the time of his death in 1621. +Wood and many subsequent writers to the present time have confused Sion +near Isleworth with Sion College in London. They are totally distinct. +Hariot had nothing to do with Sion College, which was not founded until +1630, nine years after his death. The error arose out of the +coincidence of Torporley’s taking chambers at Sion College on retiring +from his clerical profession, and dying there in April 1632, leaving +his mathematical books and manuscripts to the College Library. He had +been appointed by Hariot to look over, arrange, and ‘pen out the +doctrine’ of his mathematical writings. Torporley’s abstracts of +Hariot’s papers are still preserved in Sion College Library. + +What the Earl of Northumberland did for Hariot is, as the world goes, +ascribed to patronage ; what Hariot did for the Earl cannot be measured +by money or houses, but may be summed up in four words, alike honorable +to both, ‘they were long friends.’ To this day the debt of gratitude +from the philosopher to the nobleman is fairly balanced by the similar +debt of the nobleman to the philosopher. Hariot’s Will, given on pages +193-203, tells the rest of the story of this noble friendship. + +It is manifest, however, from many considerations that the noble Earl +took a lively and almost officious interest in the public honor and +character of his friend, for Hariot appears to have been as careless of +his own scientific reputation as his contemporary Shakspeare is said to +have been of his literary eminence. + +On the other hand, Hariot’s interest in the Earl’s affairs and family +at Sion redound greatly to his credit. He was both an eminent scholar +and a remarkable teacher. Earnest students flocked to him for higher +education from all parts of the country. Besides the private scientific +and professional instruction that from the first he gave to Raleigh, +his captains and sea officers, he seems to have had under his +scientific tuition and mathematical guidance many young men who +afterwards became celebrated; among whom may be mentioned Robert +Sidney, the brother of Sir Philip, afterwards Lord Lisle of Penshurst; +Thomas Aylesburyof Windsor, afterwards Sir Thomas, the +great-grandfather of two queens of England; the late Lord Harrington; +Sir William Protheroe and Sir William Lower of South Wales; Nathaniel +Torporley of Shropshire; Sir Ferdinando Gorges of Devonshire; Captain +Keymis; Captain Whiddon, and many others. Cordial and affectionate +letters of most of these men to their venerated master are still +preserved. + +At Sion were the groves of Hariot’s academy. + +Yet he with Warner and Hues was constantly passing by the Thames +between Sion and the Tower, some three or four hours by oar and tide. +They were all three pensioners, or in the pay, of the Earl, though the +last two were on a very different footing from that of Hariot as to +emoluments and responsible position. They were, however, companions of +both the Earl and Sir Walter, and, if tradition is to be believed, they +were sometimes joined by Ben Jonson, Dr Burrill, Rev. Gilbert +Hawthorne, Hugh Broughton, the poet Hoskins and perhaps others. + +The Earl had a large family to be educated, and there is reason to +believe that in his absence from Sion Hariot was intrusted for many +years with the confidential supervision of some of the Earl’s personal +affairs at Sion, including the education of his children. How he +identified himself with the noble family of his patron may be inferred +from these extracts from a letter to Hariot, dated July 19, 1611, of +William Lower, one of his loving disciples. Cecil had been fishing out +some new evidence of Percy’s treason from a discharged servant, and was +pressing cruelly upon the prisoner. Lower writes : + + +I have here [in South Wales] much otium and therefore I may cast awaye +some of it in vaine pursuites, chusing always rather to doe some thinge +worth nothing then nothing att all. How farre I had proceeded in this, +I ment now to have given you an account, but that the reporte of the +unfortunate Erles relapse into calamitie makes me beleeve that you are +enough troubled both with his misfortunes and my ladys troubles; and so +a discourse of this nature would be unseasonable. [And concludes the +letter with] But at this time this much is to much. I am sorrie to +heare of the new troubles ther, and pray for a good issue of them +especiallie for my ladys sake and her five litle ones. [The Countess of +Northumberland here referred to was the mother of Sir William Lower’s +wife, who was Penelope Perrot, daughter of Sir John Perrot, who married +Lady Dorothy Devereux, sister of Essex, and for her second husband +Henry Percy the gth Earl of Northumberland. Lower died in 1615.] + + +This responsible trust gave Hariot a good house and home of his own at +Sion, with independence and an observatory. He had a library in his own +house, and seems to have been the Earl’s librarian and book selector or +purchaser for the library of Sion House, as well as for the use of the +Earl in the Tower. The Earl was a great book-collector, as appears by +his payrolls. Books were carried from Sion to the Tower and back again, +probably not only for the Earl’s own use, but for Raleigh’s in his +History of the World. Many of these books, it is understood, are still +preserved at Petworth, then and subsequently one of the Earl’s seats, +but now occupied by the Earl of Leconsfield. + +To look back a little. Before either Raleigh or Henry Percy was shut up +in the Tower, we find one of Hariot’s earliest and ablest mathematical +disciples, Nathaniel Torporley, a learned clergyman, writing in high +praise of him in his now rare mathematical book in Latin, entitled,’ +Diclides Coelometricx,’ or Universal Gates of Astronomy, containing all +the materials for calculation of the whole art in the moderate space of +two tables, on a new general and very easy system. By Nathaniel +Torporley, of Shropshire, in his philosophical retreat, printed in +1602. The exact title is as follows: + +Diclides Coelometricæ / Seu / Valvæ Astronomicæ / vniversales / Omnia +artis totius numera Psephophoretica in sat modicis / finibus duarum +Tabularum Methodo noua, generali,/ & facilima continentes./ Authore +Nathale Torporlaeo Salopiensi / in secessu Philotheoro. / Londini / +Excudebat Felix Kingston. 1602. / 4°. + +In the long preface Torporley, who had entered St Mary’s Hall the year +Hariot graduated, and who during his travels abroad had served two +years as private secretary or amanuensis to Francis Vieta, the great +French Mathematician, but who had since become a disciple of the +greater English Mathematician, thus admiringly speaks of his new +master, Thomas Hariot: + + +Neque enim, per Authorum cunctationem & affectatam ob-scuritatem, fieri +potuit, vt in prima huius Artis promulgatione, eidem alicui & +inventionis laudem, te erudiendi mercedem deferremus; sed dimicamibus +illis, neque de minoribus præmijs quam de imperio Mathematico +certantibus; mussantibus vero alijs, & arrectis animis expectantibus, + + +Quis pecori imperitet, quern tot armenta sequantur; non defuit Anglæ & +suus Agonista (ornatifimum dico, et in omni eruditionis varietate +principemvirum Thomam Hariotum, homine natu ad Artes illustrandas, &, +quod illi palmariu erit præstantissimu, ad nubes philofophicas, in +quibus multa iam secula caligauit mundus, indubitata; veritatis +splendore difcutiendas) qui vetaret, tarn folidz laudis spolia ad +exteros Integra deuolui. Ille enim (etiamdum in pharetra conclufa, quæ +pupilla viuacis auicular terebraret, sagitta) ipsam totius Artiseius +metam egregia methodo collimauit; expedita vero facilitate patefactam, +inter alios amicorum, & mihi quoque tradidit; multisq vitro citroq, +iaftatis Quæstionibus, ingenia nostra in abysso huius Artis exercendi +causam præbuit. + + +Of Mr Torporley we shall have more to say further on, as he is +particularly mentioned in Hariot’s will. Meanwhile here is an attempt +at a translation of his peculiar Latin in the above extract: + + +For indeed by the delays and affected obscurity of authors, it was +impossible, that in the first promulgation of the art, we should give +the praise of invention and the credit of teaching, to the same +individual ; but while they were quarrelling & contending for no less a +prize than the empire of Mathematics, whilst others were muttering, and +waiting with excited minds to see + + + Who should rule the flock, whom so many herds should follow, + + +our own champion has not been wanting to England. I mean Thomas Hariot, +a most distinguished man, and one excelling in all branches of learning +: a man born to illustrate Science, and, what was his principal +distinction, to clear away by the splendour of undoubted truth those +philosophical clouds in which the world had been involved for so many +centuries : who did not allow the trophies of substantial praise to be +wholly carried abroad toother nations. For he (while the arrow, which +was to hit the bull’s-eye, was yet in the quiver) defined by an +admirable method the limits of all that science ; and showed it to me, +amongst others of his friends, explained in an expeditious and simple +manner ; and by proposing various problems to us, enabled us to +exercise our ingenuity in the profundities of this science. + + +But time and space beckon. On the 24th of March 1603, set ‘that bright +occidental Star,’ and ‘that mock Sun’ fræ the north took by succession +its place. To Raleigh the change was the setting of a great hope, for +to Queen Elizabeth he owed his fortunes, and was proud of the debt. To +Raleigh more than to any other one man, notwithstanding his many +faults, the Queen owed the brilliancy of her Court, the efficacy and +terror of her navy, the enterprise and intelligent energy of her +people, to say nothing of the adventurous spirit of colonization which +he awoke in his efforts in Western Planting. The glory of his +achievements today is the glory alike of England and English America. +King James let no man down so far as he did Raleigh. Perhaps it was +because there was no one left of Elizabeth’s Court who could fall so +far. + +On three trumped up charges which never were, and never could be +sustained with due form of law, Raleigh was with small delay thrown +into the Tower. Several other noblemen and less eminent persons were +sent there also. The Asiatic plague was raging in the City. A moral +pestilence of equal virulence at the same time infested the Court. The +State prisoners must be tried openly, though already secretly +condemned. The Judges of his ‘dread Majesty’ dared not venture to the +Tower as usual for the trials, forgetting apparently that its precincts +were just as unhealthy for the great prisoners of State as for them, +who were liable any day on the miffs of majesty to change places. + +So it was determined that the’ traitors’ should be carted down to +Winchester for trial. A cold wet November seven-days’ journey through +mud and slush was the miserable dodge to carry out this scheme of +darkness which neither Coke nor Popham would have dared to perpetrate +in the broad light of London. It was, as all the world knows, a mock +trial. The prisoners Raleigh, Cobham, Gray, and Markham were condemned +and sentenced to death as traitors, and Raleigh, for the grim sport of +the royal Nimrod, was made to witness a mock execution of his +fellow-convicts, but being in due course all respited by a warrant +which the Governorof Winchester Castle had carried three days in his +pocket, were carted back to the Tower, where, not pardoned, their +sentences not commuted, but simply deferred, they were tortured with a +living death hanging over them, like the sword of Damocles depending on +royal caprice. + +Here Raleigh dragged out his long imprisonment, and (as tersely & truly +expressed by his son) was, after thirteen years, beheaded for opposing +the very thing he was condemned and sentenced for favouring. The whole +story is a bundle of inconsistencies, like that of Henry Percy, the 9th +Earl of Northumberland, committed to the Tower in 1606, and his fifteen +years’ imprisonment. The stories of these two celebrated men are +inseparably connected with that of Hariot. But it is not our purpose to +trace either Raleigh’s or Percy’s progress through these long and +dreary years any further than is necessary to illustrate the life of +Hariot, who was the light of the outer world to them both. Incarcerated +and watched as they were, Hariot was the ears, the eyes, and the hands +of these two noble captives. + +The depth and variety of Hariot’s intellectual and scientific +resources, his honesty of purpose, his fidelity of character, his +eminent scholarship, his unswerving integrity, and his command of +tongue, rendered him alike invulnerable to politicians and to royal +minions. He was with Raleigh at Winchester and in the Tower, off and +on, as required, from 1604 to 1618, except during the last voyage to +Guiana. He was at the same time a pensioner, a companion, and +confidential factotum of his old friend the Earl of Northumberland both +in the Tower and at Sion for fifteen years. Watched as these two +prisoners were, ensnared, entrapped, and entangled for new evidence +against them, it was necessary for Hariot to pursue a delicate and +cautious course, to eschew politics, statecraft and treason, and to +devote himself to pure science (almost the only pure commodity that was +then a safeguard) metaphysics, natural philosophy, mathematics, +history, and literature. He was their jackal, their book of reference, +their guide, their teacher, and their friend. + +Raleigh found himself in December 1603, lodged in the Tower, innocent, +as is now generally admitted, of the charges against him, but legally +attainted of high treason. All his worldly effects therefore escheated +to the Crown. The King out of pure cowardice (for he dared not carry +out the sentence of the Court) waived the horrid parts of the +sentence—too horrid even to be quoted here—and commuted it to execution +by the block. He also waived the immediate forfeitureof property +acquired under Elizabeth’s reign, and even allowed Raleigh to complete +the entail of certain estates to his wife and son. + +The Governor of the Tower and his Lieutenant were at first officially +kind and friendly, extending many privileges to win his confidence. If +there had been any treason in Sir Walter they would most certainly have +wormed it out of him, for his eyes at first were not fully open. He +still believed in the honour and fidelity of his mock friends at Court. + +When no more satisfactory evidence of his guilt could be smuggled out +of him, or his companions, in support of the unjust verdict, they +began, in 1605, to abridge his privileges and darken his lights. At +first his friends and visitors were cut down to a fixed number. There +is a list among the Burleigh papers in the British Museum by which it +appears that Lady Raleigh, her maid, and her son might visit Sir +Walter. For this they took a house on Tower Hill near the old +fortress, where they lived six years, or as long as this privilege +lasted. + +Then Sir Walter was to be allowed two men servants and a boy, who were +to remain within the Tower. Besides these he was permitted to see on +occasion, Mr Hawthorne, a clergyman ; Dr Turner, his physician } Mr +Johns, his surgeon ; Mr Sherbery, his solicitor ; his bailiff at +Sherburne ; and his old friend, Thomas Hariot, with no official +designation. + +It needs no ears under the walls of the Tower to tell us what were the +duties of this learned and trusted friend, who had been Sir Walter’s +confidential factor for a quarter of a century in all his most +important enterprises. Hariot, it will be perceived, was the only one +named, in this house-list, without an assigned profession. Fortunately +there is still preserved a ‘hoggeshead of papers’ in Hariot’s +handwriting, ill-assorted and hitherto unsifted, which partially reveal +the secrets of this prison-house, and show Hariot here, there, and +everywhere, mixed up with all the studies, toils, experiments, books, +and literary ventures of our honored traitor. + +So passed, with tantalizing uncertainty, the year 1605, with many fears +for the future and some hopes; but 1606 brought into the Tower Sir +Walter’s old friend Henry Percy, another ‘traitor.’ With him, at first, +there was considerable liberality on the part of the officials (all +paid for), and both Raleigh and Percy had each a garden to cultivate +and walk in, and a still-room or laboratory in which to study and +perform their ‘magic.’ Hariot was the master of both in these occult +sciences. The ‘furnace’ and the ‘still’ were at first Raleigh’s chief +amusement and study. Assaying and transfusing metals, distilling +simples and compounds, concocting medicines, and testing antidotes, +with exercises in chemistry and alchemy, were the studies of both +Raleigh and the Earl. But soon the policy of the Court changed. The +prisoners had less liberty and saw less of each other, and so the +stills were pulled down, and the gardens given up. Raleigh was more +closely watched, and entrapped. Then there was fencing and defencing, +for nothing could stand against the King’s persistent rancor, and +Cecil’s dissimulation. From time to time Sir Walter’s titles, his +offices, his Elizabethan monopolies and his appointments were all taken +from him. All his emoluments were wanted for hungry favourites ; and +finally the Sherburne estate which he had been permitted to entail on +his son went by no higher law than the king’s, ‘I mon hae it for Carr.’ + +During all these anxious months Hariot was Sir Walter’s close-mouthed +and trusted Mercury, a silent messenger who floated frequently by the +tide on the Thames between the Tower and his residence at Sion, a +pensioner of, and one of Percy’s staff of wise men, but really +Raleigh’s strong right hand. He adroitly and faithfully served two +masters, preserving his own independence and self reliance, and not +losing the confidence of either. + +From the trial at Winchester to the final transfer of Sherburne, a +period of some five years, every step against Raleigh was taken through +the high Courts of Justice. That the cannie monarch was capable of all +this moral wrong and legal crookedness need not surprise any one who +has investigated his antecedents and proclivities, but that he on +coming to England should have developed that masterly power of warping +great minds and bending the English Courts of Justice to his purposes, +and even crunching its strong old oaken Bench and Bar into his own +royal privy pocket, does surprise one. The secret of this unenglish +strength, however, has been attributed partly to his Bur-leigh help. + +When Raleigh found the cords thus tightening round him, he offered +sundry concessions and services for life and liberty. He would carry +out his schemes for enriching the king and the kingdom by conquering +and exploring Guiana; he would accept exile in Holland; or emigrate to +Virginia, and help to build up a new English empire in the West; but +all in vain. It was feared that his unexpired and dormant patent might +interfere with the King’s own Virginia charter. So Raleigh and Hariot +worked on, but relieved the tedium by ever changing study. Every year +or two, as long as he could command through himself or friends the +resources, Raleigh sent privately a reconnoitring and intelligence ship +to Guiana, to keep that pet enterprise alive. In this delicate matter +Hariot was Sir Walter’s geographer and assayer, while Hariot’s old +college friend, Keymis, was his factor or shipping agent. + +Then come Raleigh’s Essays and smaller writing with his hopeful +correspondence with the Queen and Prince Henry. Lady Raleigh’s +privileges, after six years, ceased in 1611; probably about the time +that Cecil was for some unaccountable reason prospecting actively for +new evidence against both Sir Walter and Percy. The years 1610 and 1611 +were anxious times for them both; but they were bright days for Hariot, +with his invention of the telescope and his discoveries. Whether in the +Tower, administering new scientific delicacies and delights to the +prisoners; or at Sion, unlocking the secrets of the starry firmament by +night, in his observatory; or floating between Sion and the Tower by +day on the broad bosom of the Thames, prying into the optical secrets +of lenses, and inventing his perspective trunks by which he could bring +distant objects near, Hariot in foggy England of the north was working +out almost the same brilliant series of discoveries that Galileo was +making in Italy. To this day, with our undated and indefinite material, +even with the new and much more precise evidence now for the first time +herewith produced, it is difficult to decide which of them first +invented the telescope, or first by actual observation with that +marvellous instrument confirmed the truth of the Copernican System by +revealing the spots on the Sun, the orbit of Mars, the horns of Venus, +the satellites of Jupiter, the mountains in the Moon, the elliptical +orbits of comets, _etc._ It is manifest, however, that they were both +working in the same groove and at the same time. + +Hariot was undoubtedly as great a mathematician and astronomer as +Galileo. In 1607 at Ilfracombe and in South Wales, he had taken by hand +and Jacob’s staff, the old patriarchal method, valuable observations of +the comet of that year, and compared notes with his astronomical pupil +William Lower, and afterwards with Kepler. This comet, now known as +Halley’s, ought perhaps to have been named Hariot’s, for it confirmed +his notions that the motions of the planets were not perfect circles +and afforded probably the germ of his reasoning out the elliptical +orbits of comets, especially afterhis friend and correspondent [see +infra, pages 178-180] Kepler’s book _de Motibus Stella Atartis_ came +out in 1609, and he had invented and improved his telescope or +perspective ‘truncke’ or cylinder in 1609-10. + +It is not positively stated that Hariot held direct correspondence with +Galileo in 1609 and 1610 or even later, but the evidence is strong that +he was promptly kept informedof what was going on in Italy in +astronomical and mathematical discovery, as well as in Germany and +elsewhere. That he was using a ‘perspective truncke’ or telescope as +early as the winter of 1609-10, and that his ‘servaunte’ Christopher +Tooke (or as Lower in 1611 familiarly called him’ Kitt’) made lenses +for him and fitted them into his ‘trunckcs’ for sale by himself, is +known. From this circumstance,and from the fact that he disposed of +many ‘trunckes’ by his will, and left a considerable stock of them to +Tooke, it is manifest that he manufactured and traded in telescopes +from 1609 to 1621. With his invention of the telescope then it required +no correspondence with Galileo to induce him to rake the heavens and +sweep our planetary system for new astronomical discoveries. To an +astronomer of his activity and mathematical acumen these discoveries +followed as a matter of course. Like Galileo he may have borrowed from +the Dutch (or quite as likely they of him) the idea that by a +combination of lenses it was possible to bring distant objects near, +but that he worked out the idea independently of Galileo admits hardly +of a doubt. But he seems to have been less ambitious than Galileo to +claim priority in either the invention or the discoveries that +immediately followed. In this connection the following hitherto +unpublished letter will be read with interest: + +LETTER OF SIR WILLIAM LOWER _in South Wales to_ + + +THOMAS HARIOT _at Sion_ 21 _June_ 1610. + + +_Printed from the holograph original in the British Museum_ + + +I gaue your letter a double welcome, both because it came from you and +contained newes of that strange nature ; although that wch I craued, +you haue deserved till another time. Me thinkes my diligent Galileus +hath done more in his three fold discouerie then Magellane in openinge +the streightes to the South sea or the dutch men that weare eaten by +beares in Noua Zembla. I am sure with more ease and saftie to him selfe +and more pleasure to mee. I am so affected with this newes as I wish +sommer were past that I mighte obserue these phenomenes also, in the +moone I had formerlie observed a strange spotted-nesse al ouer, but had +no conceite that anie parte therof mighte be shadowes; since I haue +obserued three degrees in the darke partes, of wch the lighter sorte +hath some resemblance of shadinesse but that they grow shorter or +longer I cannot yet pceaue. ther are three starres in Orion below the +three in his girdle so neere togeather as they appeared vnto me alwayes +like a longe starre, insomuch as aboute 4 yeares since I was a writing +you newes out of Cornwall of a view a strange phenomenon but asking +some that had better eyes then my selfe they told me, they were three +starres lying close togeather in a right line, thes starres with my +cylinder this last winter I often observed, and it was longe er I +beleued that I saw them, they appearinge through the Cylinder so farre +and distinctlie asunder that without I can not yet disseuer. the +discouerie of thes made me then obserue the 7 starres also in, ### +[Taurus], wch before I alwayes rather beleued to be, 7. then euer could +nomber them, through my Cylinder I saw thes also plainelie and far +asunder, and more then, 7. to, but because I was prejugd with that +number, I beleved not myne eyes nor was carefull to obserue how manie; +the next winter now that you have opened mine eyes you shall heare much +frö me of this argument, of the third and greatest (that I confesse +pleased me most) I have least to say, sauing that just at the instance +that I receaved your letters wee Traventane Philosophers were a +consideringe of Kepler’s* reasons [*pag. 106. Noua Stella Serpentarii] +by wch he indeauors to ouerthrow Nolanus and Gilberts opinions +concerninge the immensitie of the Spheare of the starres and. that +opinion particularlie of Nolanus by wch he affirmed that the eye beinge +placed in anie parte of the Univers the apparence would be still all +one as vnto us here. When I was a sayinge that although Kepler had sayd +somethinge to moste that mighte be vrged for that opinion of Nolanus, +yet of one principall thinge hee had not thought; for although it may +be true that to the ey placed in anie starre of, ### [Cancer], the +starres in Capricorne will vanish, yet he hath not therfore so soundlie +concluded (as he thinkes) that therfore towards that parte of the world +ther wilbe a voidnesse or thin scattering of little starres wheras els +round about ther will appeare huge starres close thruste togeather: for +sayd I (hauinge heard you say often as much) what is in that huge space +betweene the starres and Saturne, ther remaine euer fixed infinite +nombers wch may supplie the apparence to the eye that shalbe placed in +### [Cancer], wch by reason of ther lesser magnitudes doe flie our +sighte what is aboute ### [Saturn], ### [Jupiter], ### [Mars], etc. +ther moue other planets also wch appeare not. just as I was a saying +this comes your letter, wch when I had redd, loe, qd I, what I spoke +probablie experience hath made good ; so that we both with wonder and +delighte fell a consideringe your letter, we are here so on fire with +thes thinges that I must renew my request and your promise to send mee +of all sortes of thes Cylinders. my man shal deliuer you monie for anie +charge requisite, and contente your man for his paines and skill. Send +me so manie as you thinke needfull vnto thes obseruations, and in +requitall, I will send you store of observations. Send me also one of +Galileus bookes if anie yet be come ouer and you can get them. +Concerning my doubte in Kepler, you see what it is to bee so far fro +you. What troubled me a month you satisfyed in a minute. I have +supplied verie fitlie my wante of a spheare, in the desolution of a +hogshead, for the hopes therof haue framed me a verie fine one. I pray +also at your leasure answere the other pointes of my last letter +concerning Vieta, Kepler and your selfe. I have nothinge to presence +you in counter, but gratitude with a will in act to be vsefull vnto you +and a power in proxima potentia ; wch I will not leaue also till I haue +broughte ad actum. If you in the meane time can further it, tell wher +in I may doe you seruice, and see how wholie you shall dispose of me. + +Your most assured and louing friend +Tra’uenti the longest day of, 1610. Willm Lower. +~ _Addressed:_ To his espesial good frind +Mr. Thomas Hariot + +Seal of Arms, _(B. M. Add._ 6789.) at Sion neere London. + + +[Tra’venti or Trafenty, near Lower Court, is eight or nine miles +south-west of Caermarthen, near the confluence of the rivers Taf and +Cywyn.] + +The writer is fortunately able to throw some light upon these letters +of Lower to Hariot. In _the Monatlicbe Correspondenz Vol._ 8, 1803, +published by F. X. von Zach at Gotha, pages 47-56, is a most +interesting fragment of an original letter inEnglish toHariot. Dr Zach +says that he found this letter at Petworth in 1784, and it being +without date or signature he confidently assigned its authorship to the +Earl of Northumberland, and guessed the date to have been prior to +1619. In his many notes he is in raptures over his discovery, and +deplores the misfortune of its breaking off in the most interesting +place just as the Earl was about to announce the discovery of the +elliptical orbit of the comet of 1607, as reasoned out of Hariot’s +observations and the writings of Kepler. This famous letter has been +used or copied in many places, particularly in Ersch and Gru-ber’s +Algemeine Encyklopadie under Hariot. + +The mystery is now solved by giving here the letter in full. It is even +more important than Dr Zach with all his enthusiasm supposed. It is +not, however, from the pen of Northumberland, though none the less +interesting on that account. The letter is in the well-known +handwriting of Lower, of Tra’venti, on Mount Martin, near Llanfihangel, +in South Wales, to his dearly loved friend and master Hariot at Sion, +and is dated the 6th of February, 1610. The letter fills two sheets of +foolscap paper. The first sheet of four pages Dr Zach found at +Petworth, and it is to be hoped that it still exists there. The other +sheet of four pages is preserved in the British Museum (Add. 6789). How +long these two sheets have been separated it is difficult to tell, but +probably from Hariot’s day, that is, for more than two centuries and a +half. The two fragments are now brought together and printed for the +first time complete, the first half from Dr Zach’s text, and the latter +half copied verbatim direct from the original autograph manuscript, +Brit. Mus. Add. 6789. + + +LETTER FROM SIR WILLIAM LOWER MATHEMATICIAN + + +AND ASTRONOMER TO THOMAS HARIOT AT SION + + +FEBRUARY 6, 1610. + + +I have receeved the perspective Cylinder that you promised me and am +sorrie that my man gave you not more warning, that I might have had +also the 2 or 3 more that you mentioned to chuse for me. Hence forward +he shall have order to attend you better and to defray the charge of +this and others, that he forgot to pay the worke man. According as you +wished I have observed the Mone in all his changes. In the new I +discover manifestlie the earthshine, a little before the Dichotomic, +that spot which reprefents unto me the Man in the Moone (but without a +head) is first to be feene. a little after neare the brimme of the +gibbous parts towards the upper corner appeare luminous parts like +starres much brighter then the rest and the whole brimme along, lookes +like unto the Description of Coasts in the dutch bookes of voyages, in +the full she appeares like a tarte that my Cooke made me the last +Weeke. here a vaine of bright stuffe, and there of darke, and so +consufedlie al over. I muft confesse I can see none of this without my +cylinder. Yet an ingenious younge man that accompanies me here often, +and loves you, and these studies much, sees manie of these things even +without the helpe of the instrument, but with it sees them most +plainielie. I meane the younge Mr. Protherbe. + +Kepler I read diligentlie. but therein I find what it is to be so far +from you. For as himfelf, he hath almoft put me out of my wits, his +Aequanes, his sections of excentricities, librations in the diameters +of Epicycles, revolutions in ellipses, have fo thoroughlie seased upon +my imagination as I do not onlie ever dreame of them, but oftentimes +awake lose my selfe, and power of thinkinge with to much wantinge to +it. not of his caufes for I cannot phansie those magnetical natures, +but aboute his theorie which me thinks (although I cannot yet +overmafter manie of his particulars) he eftablifheth soundlie and as +you say overthrowes the circular Aftronomie. + +Do you not here startle, to see every day some of your inventions taken +from you ; for I remember long since you told me as much, that the +motions of the planets were not perfect circles. So you taught me the +curious way to observe weight in Water, and within a while after +Ghetaldi comes out with it in print, a little before Vieta prevented +[anticipated] you of the gharland of the greate Invention of Algebra, +al these were your deues and manie others that I could mention ; and +yet to great reservednesse had robd you of these glories, but although +the inventions be greate, the first and last I meane, yet when I survei +your storehouse, I see they are the smallest things and such as in +comparison of manie others are of smal or no value. Onlie let this +remember you, that it is possible by to much procrastination to be +prevented in the honor of some of your rarest inventions and +speculations. Let your Countrie and frinds injoye the comforts they +would have in the true and greate honor you would purchase your selfe +by publishing some of your choise workes, but you know best what you +have to doe. Onlie I, because I wish you all good, with this, and +sometimes the more longinglie, because in one of your letters you gave +me some kind of hope therof. + +But againe to Kepler I have read him twice over cursoridlie. I read him +now with Calculation. Some times I find a difference of minutes, +sometimes false prints, and sometimes an utter confufion in his +accounts, these difficulties are so manie, and often as here againe I +want your conference, for I know an hower with you, would advance my +studies more than a yeare heare, to give you a taft of some of thes +difficulties that you may judge of my capacitie, I will send you onlie +this one [upon the _Locum Martis_ out of Kepler’s Astronomy, de motibus +Stella: Martis, etc. Pragæ, 1609, folio Ch. xxvi, page 137.] For this +theorie I am much in love with these particulars; + +1° his permutation of the medial to the apparent motions, for it is +more rational that all dimensions as of Eccentricities, apogacies, +etc.. . . should depend rather of the habitude to the sun, then to the +imaginarie circle of orbis annuus. + +2° His elliptical iter planetarum. for me thinks it shiews a Way to the +folving of the unknown walks of comets. For ai his Ellipfis in the +Earths motion is more a circle _[here endeth Dr Zacb’s fragment, and +here beginneth the continuation from tie original in the Britith +Museum]_ and in Mars is more longe and in some of the other planets may +be longer againe so in thos commets that are appeard fixed the ellipsis +may be neere a right line. + +3. His phansie of ecliptica media or his via regia of the sun, vnto wch +the walke of al the other planets is obliqj more or lesse; even the +ecliptica uera under wch the earth walkes his yeares journie; by wch he +solues handsomelie the mutation of the starres latitudes. Indeed I am +much delighted with his booke, but he is so tough in rnanie places as I +cannot bite him. I pray write me some instructions in your next, how I +may deale with him to ouermaster him for I am readie to take paines, te +modo jura dantem indigeo, dictatorem exposco. But in his booke I am +much out of loue with thes particulars. I. First his manie and +intolerable atechnies, whence deriue thos manie and vncertaine assayes +of calculation. 2. His finding fault with Vieta for mending the like +things in Ptol: Cop..... but se the justice Vieta speakes sleightlie of +Copernicus a greater then Atlas. Kepler speakes as slightlie of Vieta, +a greater then Appollonius whom Kepler everie wher admires. For +whosoever can doe the things that Kepler cannot doe, shalbe to him +great Appollonius. But enough of Kepler let me once againe intreate +your counsel how to read him with best profit, for I am wholie +possessed with Astronomical speculations and desires. For your +declaration of Vieta’s appendicle it is so full and plaine, as you haue +aboundantlie satisfyed my desire, for wch I yield you the thankes I +ought, onlie in a word tell me whether by it he can solue Copernicus, 5 +cap: of his 5. booke. The last of Vieta’s probleames you leaue to +speake of because (you say) I had a better of you, wch was more +vniuersal and more easilie demonstrated, and findeth the point, E. as +wel out of the plaine of the triangle giuen, as in the plaine. I pray +here helpe my memorie or vnderstand-inge, for although I haue bethought +my selfe vsq ad insaniam, I cannot remember or conceaue what +proposition you meane. If I haue had such a one of you, tel me what one +it is and by what tokens I may know it ; If I haue not had, then let me +now haue it, for you know how much I loue your things and of all wayes +of teaching for richnesse and fullnesse for stuffe and forme, yours +vnto me are incomparablie most satisfactorie. If your leasure giue you +leaue imparte also unto me somewhat els of your riches in this +argument. + +Let me intreate you to advise and direct this bearer Mr. Vaughan wher +and how to prouide himselfe of a fit sphere ; that by the contemplation +of that our imaginations here may be releued in manie speculations that +perplexe our vnderstandings with diagrammed in plano. He hath monie to +prouide doe you but tell him wher the are to be had and what manner of +sphere (I meant with what and how manie circles) wilbe most vsefull for +vs to thes studies. After all this I must needs tell you my sorrowes. +God that gaue him, hath taken from me my onlie sun, by continual and +strange fits of Epelepsie or Apoloxie, when in apparence, as he was +most pleasant and goodlie, he was most healthie, but amongst other +things, I haue learnt of you to setle and submit my desires to the will +of god ; onlie my wife with more greife beares this affliction, yet now +againe she begins to be comforted. Let me heare fro you and according +to your leasure and frindshippe haue directions in the course of studie +I am in. Aboue al things take care of your health, keepe correspondence +with Kepler and wherinsoeuer you can haue vse of me, require it with +all libertie. Soe I rest ever, + +Your assured and true friend to be vsed in + +all things that you please. + +Willm Lowër. + +Tra’vent on Mount Martin [in South Wales.] 6 February, 1610. + +Let me not make my selfe more able then ther is cause. I can not order +the calculation by the construction you sent me of Vieta’s 3. probleme, +to find the distances of C. & D. & B. from the Apegen or the proportion +of ia. to ac. the eccentricitie. I tooke Copernicus, 3. observations in +the, 6. chap, of his, 5. booke, therfore helpe here once againe. + +_Addressed:_ To his especiall good friend + +Mr. THO : HARRYOT at Sion neere London. + + +About this time, it is understood, Raleigh took up seriously and +earnestly the great literary work of his life, _The History of the +World._ It must have been brewing in his mind for years, for in his +preface he expressed the fears he had entertained ‘that the darkness of +age and death would have overtaken him long before the performance.’ +The work, according to Camden, was published in April 1614, just before +the meeting of Parliament. It appeared anonymously, and for obvious +reasons was not entered at Stationers’ Hall. James is said to have had +his conscience so pricked by certain passages which everywhere pervade +the work on the power, conduct and responsibility of princes, that +strenuous efforts were made in January 1615 to call in and suppress it, +but the king might as well have attempted to call back a departed +spirit by Act of Parliament as to call in that ‘History of the World’ +by royal proclamation. The Book was in type and in the hands of the +people of England. It could therefore no more be suppressed at that day +by princely power than could manifest destiny itself. The second +edition of 1621 was the first with Raleigh’s name. + +This grand work, which in almost everychapter shows the masterly hand +of Raleigh himself, needs no comment here. It is however no +disparagement of the book (but the contrary) to say that in the +collection, arrangement and condensation of its materials; that in +unlocking the muniment room of antiquity and perusing the chief authors +of the Greek and Latin classics from Heroditus to Livy and Eusebius, +covering a period of near four thousand years, he must have had at +cheerful beck powerful and competent aid. To collect, read, collate, +note down, and digest these vast and scattered treasures into +reasonable and presentable shape for the master mind, required not a +bevy of poets and parsons, but one masterly scholar of scientific, +analytic, mathematical, philosophical and religious training. Such a +man was Hariot. + +We read of Gibbon’s twenty years’ fag and toil on the materials of the +History of the Roman Empire alone, and at a time when there were many +aids not existing in Raleigh’s day. Gibbon personally ransacked the +libraries of Europe. Raleigh had scarcely four years to cover the four +most ancient empires and a much longer period, and was himself confined +to Tower Hill. But he had at command a Hariot, a sort of winged +Mercury, who was neither entowered nor hide-bound with conceit or +ignorance. He was a marvellously good Greek and Latin scholar, who +wrote Latin with almost as much ease as English. One has but to read +the vast number of notes, citations and particular references in the +History of the World to see the height, depth, and perfect modelling of +the structure. + +Raleigh was unquestionably the designer, the architect and the finisher +of his History of the World. To him is due the honor and credit of the +work. But who was the builder ? The answer manifestly is Thomas Hariot +of Sion on Thames, learned, patient, self-forgetting, painstaking, +long-waiting, devoted Hariot. Many writers have claimed to be, or have +been named as, Sir Walter’s assistants and polishers. Ben Jonson, Rev. +Dr Burhill, John Hoskins the poet, and others have each had their +advocates,but without sufficient evidence. It may well be questioned if +any one of them possessed either the ability, the time, the access to +the Tower, or the opportunity to perform such herculean labors of love. +These claims are apparently all based on pure conjecture, or +unrectified gossip, as shown by Mr Bolton Corney in his razorly reply +to Mr Isaac D’israeli. But Thomas Hariot, on the contrary, possessed +abundantly what they all lacked, the necessary credentials. For proof +of this assertion the doubter, as well as the lover of confirmed +historical accuracy, is referred to the Hariot papers still preserved +partly at Petworth and partly in the British Museum. + +The Hariot manuscripts, of which there are thousands of folio pages all +in his own handwriting, seem to be still in the same confused state in +which he left them. He directed that the ‘waste’ should be weeded out +of his mathematical papers and destroyed. But this duty seems, +fortunately for us, to have been neglected by his executors, and hence +among this ‘waste’ one has even now no great difficulty in recognizing +in the well-known Latin handwriting of the’ magician,’ many jottings in +chronology, geography and science, and many abstracts and citations of +the classics, that in their time must have played parts in the _History +of the World._ The Will now first produced lets in a flood of light on +the history of these valued papers, and dispels a great deal of the +heaps of foreign pretension, domestic assertion, and mixed charlatanism +that have since 1784 beclouded the memories of both Raleigh and Hariot. +It is true that on a hint in the previous century from Camden of a will +by the great mathematician, many conjectures were afloat from the days +of Pell, Collins, Wallis and Wood, but it has not been possible until +now for one, with due knowledge of the main events in the lives of +these two men, each equally great in his own sphere, to satisfactorily +clear away any considerable portion of the misconception and +misstatements of biographers and historians concerning them and their +achievements. The dawn however is coming, when these new materials now +first printed by the Hercules Club, but not worked up, may attract the +attention of some historian competent to give them a thorough +scientific scrutiny and ‘pen their doctrine.’ + +It is not our purpose here to dwell upon Raleigh’s masterpiece. From +the preface of the _History of the World,_ which opens with ‘the +boundless ambition of mortal man,’ to the epilogue which closes up the +work with the glorious triumph of Death, the whole book is replete with +lessons of wisdom and warning. No one can rise from its perusal without +perceiving that the modern author has made himself by apt illustration +an accomplished actor in ancient history, while the ancient characters +are made in their vera effigies to strut on modern stages. His pictures +of great actions and great men, noble deeds and nobler princes, are +drawn with such masterly perspective of truth, that they serve for all +time ; while his portraiture of tyrants, villains, and dishonorable +characters are no less lifelike and human. One marvels not therefore +that King James, whose political creed was that the people are bound to +princes by iron, and princes to the people by cobwebs, should see in +Raleigh’s portraiture of the upright kings no likeness to himself, but +had no difficulty in recognizing in the deformed greatness and selfish +virtues of the old monarchs qualities suggestive of himself and his +favorites. This grand history, extending from the creation over the +four great monarchies of the world, near four thousand years, closes +with the final triumph of Emilius Paullus in these memorable and +oft-repeated words from the first edition of 1614. + +Kings and Princes have alwayes laid before them, the actions, but not +the ends, of those great Ones which precededthem. They are alwayes +transported with the glorie of the one, but they never minde the +miserie of the other, till they finde the experience themselves. They +neglect the advice of God, while they enioy life, or hope it; but they +follow the counsell of Death, upon his first approach. It is he that +puts into man all the wisdome of the world, without speaking a word ; +which God with all the words of His Law, promises, or threats, doth not +infuse. Death which hateth and destroyeth man, is beleeved ; God, which +hath made him and loves him, is alwayes deferred. I have considered, +saith Solomon, all the workes that are under the Sunne, and behold, all +is vanitie and vexation of spirit: but who beleeves it, till Death +tells it us. It was Death, which opening the conscience of Charles the +fift, made him enjoyne his sonne Philip to restore Navarre ; and King +Francis the First of France, to command that justice should be done +upon the murderers of the Protestants in Merindol and Cabrieres, which +till then he neglected. It is therefore Death alone that can suddenly +make man know himselfe. He tells the proud and insolent, that they are +but Abjects, and humbles them at the instant ; makes them crie, +complaine, and repent; yea, even to hate their forepassed happinesse. +He takes the account of the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked +begger, which hath interest in nothing, but in the grauell that filles +his mouth. He holds a glasse before the eyes of the most beautifull, +and makes them see therein their deformitie and rottennesse; and they +acknowledge it. + +O eloquent, just and mightie Death ! whom none could advise, thou hast +perswaded ; what none hath dared, thou hast done ; and whom all the +world hath flattered, thou onely hast cast out of the world and +despised : thou hast drawne together all the farre stretched +greatnesse, all the pride, crueltie, and ambition, of man, and covered +it all over with those two narrow words : _Hic jacet._ + +With this outburst of true eloquence the historian of the world laid +down his pen in 1614. Four short years later the same historian +himself, wickedly sacrificed by his hispaniolized monarch, laid down +his life on the scaffold, with an apotheosis scarcely less eloquent. No +death recorded in ancient or modern history is more grand or +instructive than that of Sir Walter Raleigh, in many respects the +greatest man of his age. + +On the execution being granted in the King’s Bench Court, on the +afternoon of the 28th of October 1618, he asked for a little time for +pre- paration, but his request was refused, Bacon having already in his +pocket the death warrant duly signed by the King before the meeting of +the Court! Sir Walter then asked for paper, pen and ink; and when he +came to die that he might be permitted to speak at his farewell. To +these last requests he appears to have received no reply, but was with +indecent haste hustled off to the Gate House for execution early the +next morning, the 29th of October, Lord Mayor’s day, when it was +expected that the crowd would go cityward. However, there was a crowd, +and probably in consequence he was not prohibited from speaking. He had +prepared himself, and is said to have consulted a _‘Note of +Remembrance’_ which he held in his hand while speaking. It is possible, +nay, probable that this very same _Note_ still survives in +‘paper-saving’ Hariot’s ‘waste,’ for a precious little waif, all +crumpled and soiled, just such a ‘Note of Remembrance,’ it is believed, +as Raleigh held in his hand and consulted during that ever memorable +speech, has comedown to us, and is now preserved among the Hariot +papers in the British Museum. It has been recently recognized and +identified by Mr Stevens, who has placed it, with other newly +discovered documents respecting our philosopher, at the disposition of +the Hercules Club. It is thought to possess internal evidence of having +been drawn out _before_ the speech, and is not therefore Hariot’s +jottings of remembrance _after_ it. But positive proof is wanting. + +It is beyond all doubt, however, in the well-known handwriting of +Hariot, and is presumed to be the ‘note of remembrance’ _for_ the +speech, made in the Gate House, probably from dictation, during the +night before the execution. It appears as if hurriedly penned with a +blunt quill, and is on a narrow strip of thin foolscap paper such as +Hariot used. It is about twelve inches long and nearly four inches +wide, about one-third of the lower part of the paper being blank. There +is no heading, date, or anything else on the paper. It is rather +difficult to read, but every word, letter and point have been made out, +and the whole _Note_ is here given, line for line, and verbatim, the +heading and press-mark only being added : + + +[SIR WALTER RALEIGH’S ‘NOTE OR REMEMBRANCE’ + +_for his speech on the Scaffold_ Oct. 29 1618.] + +Two fits of an agew. + +Thankes to god. + +of calling god to witness. + +note + +That He Speake iustly & truely. + +I.) Concerning his loyalty to _ye_ + +King. French Agent, + +& Comission fro ye french King. + +2.) of Slanderous fpeeches touching + +his majty. a french man. + +Sr L. Stukely. + +3.) Sr L. Stukely. My lo: Carewe. + +4.) SrL. Stukely. My lo: of Danchaster. + +5.) Sr L. St: S’ Edward Perham. + +6.) Sr L. St. A letter on london hyway l0000li. + +7.) Mine of Guiana. + +8.) Came back by constreynt. + +9.) My L. of Arundell. + +10.) Company ufed ill in ye Voyadge. + +11. Spotting of his face & counterfeiting sicknes. + +12 The _E. of_ Eflex. + +Lastly, he deiired ye company to ioyne with him in prayer. &c. + +_[Brit. MM. Add._ MSS. 6789.] + + +Every paragraph of the speech is noted, but not quite in the order of +the speech as variously reported by those who witnessed the execution +and heard it. Circumstances occurred after Sir Walter began to speak, +which may have caused the slight change in the order as here set down. +This argues in favor of its being a note prepared beforehand. If so It +must have been written shortly before the speech, because the order for +the execution was not given in the King’s Bench Court till the +afternoon of the 28th, and the execution was fixed for early the next +morning. + +There is a little confusion of the tenses, but this is not strange +considering that the note was penned by a third person. The last two +lines, below the number 12, may have been added by Hariot afterwards, +as they are in the past tense and third person, and are separated from +the rest of the note by a dash. This point is not numbered. It is +possible that thefirst five lines were also added subsequently, as they +are not numbered, and are placed near the top of the paper, as if +interpolated, but they are in the same handwriting, and apparently were +written with the same pen and ink. + +At all events, whether written by Hariot before or after the deed, it +is a precious contemporary document, and is another proof, if any more +be needed, of the genuineness of the reported dying speech, and, +consequently, that the famous ‘Spanish papers’ recently reproduced are +forgeries and false. It requires no great stretch of the imagination +with this little messenger in hand to believe that the ingenious +teacher and friend of his youth, and for nearly two score years the +constant companion of his manhood, passed that dreadful night with Sir +Walter in the Gate House at Westminster, and after ‘dear Bess’ had +taken her leave at midnight, penned out this note of remembrance for +his friend’s morning guidance, that nothing should be forgotten in case +the ague returned, which he feared even more than death. + +A little more than a month after the execution of his friend, Hariot is +found in his observatory at Sion taking observations of the comet of +December 1618. His valuable observations are preserved among his +mathematical papers. During the eleven years following his primitive +observations of the ‘Hariot’ comet of 1607, first at Ilfracombeand +later at Kidwely, great advances had been made in the science of +astronomy, chiefly in consequence of the invention of the telescope, +and the discoveries by means of it. No mathematician in Europe was +probably further advanced in this science than Hariot. + +What particular discoveries belonged to him and what to Galileo, Kepler +and other contemporaries, it is very difficult to determine, since it +is now positively known that from 1609 or 1610 Hariot was a +manufacturer and dealer in lenses, or perspective glasses, as well as +in perspective trunks or telescopes; and that he was in correspondence +with Kepler, and probably with Galileo. He was easily the chief of +astronomers in England, and is known to have possessed the earliest +books of Galileo and to have sent them to his disciples, Lower and +Protheroe, in Wales. Respecting this comet of 1618, he was in +correspondence with Alien and Standish of Oxford and other scholars at +home and abroad. + +In ‘Certain Elegant Poems, Written By Dr. [Richard] Corbel, Bishop of +Norwich. R. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, 1647, 16°- The mirth-loving +Bishop, in ‘A Letter sent from Doclor Corbetto MaJler [Sir Thomas] +Ailebury, Decem. 9. 1618’ [on the Comet of that year] is the following +allusion to Hariot: + + +_Burton_ to _Gunter_ Cants, and _Burton_ heares +From _Gunter,_ and th’ Exchange both tongue & eares +By carriage : thus doth mired _Guy_ complaine, +His Waggon on their letters beares _Charles_ Waine, +_Charles_ Waine, to which they fay the tayle will reach +And at this diftance they both heare, and teach. +Now for the peace of God and men, advise +(Thou that haft wherewithall to make us wise) +Thine owne rich ftudies, and deepe Harriots mine, +In which there is no drosse, but all refine, +O tell us what to trust to, lest we wax +All stiffe and tupid with his paralex ; +Say, shall the old Philofophy be true ? +Or doth he ride above the Moone think you ? _etc._ + + +After the departure of the ‘Blazing Starr’ of December 1618, very +little is known of Hariot, except that he lived at Sion while his +patron the Earl was still in the Tower, where he was probably +frequently visited by his man of science. The following letter, dated +the 19th of January 1619, to him at Sion from Sir Thomas Aylesbury is +interesting as showing the great interest taken in his old master by +his ‘loytering scholar.’ Many other letters of this stamp, breathing +love and ardent friendship, are found among the Hariot papers, from Sir +William Lower, Sir John Protheroe, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr Turner, +and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. Here is a sample: + + +Sr, Though I have bene yet soe little a while att New Mar-kett, that I +have not any thing of moment to ympart; yet I thinke it not amisse to +write a bare salutacons, and let yo know, that in theise wearie +journeys I am often times comforted wth the remembraunce of yor kind +love and paynes bestowed on yor loytering scholar, whose little credit +in the way of learning is all-waits underpropped wt the name of soe +worthie a Maister. + +The Comet being spent, the talke of it still runnes current here; The +Kings ma before mycumming spake w’ one of Cambridge called Olarentia, +(a name able to beget beleefe of some extraordinarie qualities) but +what satisfaction he gave, I cannot yet learne; here are papers out of +Spayne about it, yea and fro Roome, wc I will endevor to gett, and +meane yt yo shall partake of the newes as tyme serves. + +Cura ut valeas et me ames, who am ever trulie and unfaynedlyr +yors att Commaund. THO: AYLESBURIE. + +Newmarkett. 19, Jan. 1618/1619 + +_Addressed:_ To my right woorthie frend Mr. THOMAS HARRIOT + +att Syon, theise, fro Newmarkett. + + +Between 1615 and 1620 there are evidences of Hariot’s failing health. +He was greatly troubled with a cancerous ulcer on the lip. How early +this began is not apparent. In 1610 his friend Lower cautions him to be +careful of his health. There is in the British Museum among the Hariot +papers the drafts of three beautiful letters in Latin written from Sion +in 1615 and 1616 to a friend of distinction, name not mentioned, who +had been recently appointed to some medical office at court, in which +he describes himself and his disease. + +These letters show great resignation and Christian fortitude. He seemed +to be getting better in 1616, and expressed himself as somewhat +hopeful. The progress of the cancer and other troubles cannot now +probably be traced, but he is found in the summer of 1621 lodging with +his old friend Thomas Buckner, in Threadneedle Street, near the Royal +Exchange, in the parish of St Christopher. Buckner had been one of +Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie’ to Virginia in 1585 with Hariot, and Hariot, +now in 1621, had come up from Sion probably for medical advice near the +hospital. On the 2gth of June he made or executed his Will, and died +three days after at Buckner’s, on the and of July 1621. He was buried +the next day, according to the wish expressed in his will, in the old +parish church of St Christopher in Threadneedle Street. + +Sifte viator, leviter preme, +Iacet hic juxta, Quod mortale fuit, +C. V. +THOMÆ HARRIOTT. +Hic fuit Doftiffimus ille Harriotus +de Syon ad Flumen Thamefin, +Patria & educatione +Oxonienfis, +QVM omnes fcientias Caluit, +Qui in omnibus excelluit, +Mathematicis, Philofophicis, Theologicis. +Veritatis indagator ftudiofiffimus, +Dei Trini-uniui cultor piiffimus, +Sexagenarius, aut eo circiter, +Mortalitati valedixit, Non vitæ, +Anno Christi M.DC.XXI. Iulii 2. + + +Shortly after there was erected to his memory in the chancel, at the +expense, it is understood, of his noble friend the Earl of +Northumberland, a fine marble monument, bearing the above neat and +appropriate inscription. + +St Christopher’s, a very old church, with its records (still preserved) +extending back in an almost unbroken series to 1488, passed through +many vicissitudes before itwas finally swallowed up by the leviathan of +the world’s commerce. The site of it is now occupied by the south-west +cornerof the Bank of England on Princes Street, to the left of the +entrance, nearly opposite the Mansion House. The church was restored +and redecorated the year of Hariot’s death, and again twelve years +later, but was burnt in the great fire of 1666. Hariot’s monument +perished with it, but the inscription had been preserved by Stow. The +church was rebuilt on the same foundation by Sir Christopher Wren in +1680. + +About a century ago the church, with the whole parish of St Christopher +(called then St Christopher-le-stocks because near the stocks standing +at the east end of Cheapside), together with a large portion of two +other parishes, St Margaret’s and St Bartholomew’s, was purchased by +the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street for the site of the new Bank of +England. Thus one great bank of this modern metropolis covers a large +part of three parishes of old London. + +The whole area of the Bank, however, was not given up to mammon, though +still here men most do congregate, and worshippers most do worship. One +small consecrated spot, enough perhaps to leaven and memorize the whole +site, was respected, and not built over. It was the churchyard of St +Christopher. This ‘God’s acre’ the architect and the governors have +dedicated to Beauty, Art, and Nature. The little ‘Garden of the Bank of +England,’ the loveliest spot in all London at this day, measuring about +twenty-four by thirty-two yards, was just a hundred years ago the +little churchyard of St Christopher, where still repose the bones of +THOMAS HARIOT. + +Virginia, which once comprehended the present United States from South +to North, has been called the monument to Sir Walter Raleigh. So the +Bank of England, built round the churchyard of St Christopher, may be +called the monument to Thomas Hariot. + +The present year, 1879, is just three centuries since Hariot went +forth, a youth of twenty, from the University of Oxford. We have +briefly told his story. England is all the richer for his life, and the +world itself acknowledges the wealth of his science and the worth of +his philosophy. The Bank of England is built round his bones, but it +cannot cover his memory. + +Stay, traveller, tread lightly ; +Near this spot lies what was mortal +of that most celebrated man +THOMAS HARRIOT. +He was the very learned Harriot +of Sion on Thames ; +by birth and education +an Oxonian, Who cultivated all the sciences, +and excelled in all, +In Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Theology. +A most studious investigator of truth, A most pious +worshipper of the Triune God, +At the age of sixty, or thereabouts, +He bade farewell to mortality, not to life, +July 2d A.D. 1621. + + +He lived, died, and was forgotten in the parish of St Christopher. +Henceforward, whenever Englishmen and Americans, merchants and +scholars, rich and poor, men of genius and men of money, enter this +little’ Garden,’ let them read there in English what Henry Percy +originally set up in Latin, the above inscription. + +An impression has gone abroad, traceable chiefly to Aubrey and to +Anthony à Wood, that Hariot was unsound in religious principles and +matters of belief; that he was, in fact, not only a Deist himself, but +that he exerted a baleful influence over Raleigh and his History as +well as over the Earl of Northumberland. Not to misstate this utterly +unfounded imputation, the very words of Wood, as first printed in his +Athenæ in 1691, and never since modified, are here given in full: ‘But +notwithstanding his great skill in mathematics, he had strange thoughts +of the scripture, and always undervalued the old story of the creation +of the world, and could never believe that trite position, _Ex nihilo +nihil fit._ He made a _Philosophical Theology,_ wherein he cast off the +OLD TESTAMENT, so that consequently the New would have no foundation. +He wasaDeist, and his doctrine he did impart to the said Count [the +Earl] and to Sir Walt. Raleigh when he was compiling the _History of +the World,_ and would controvert the matter with eminent divines of +those times; who therefore having no good opinion of him, did look on +the manner of his death as a judgment upon him for those matters, and +for nullifying the scripture.’ + +It is needless to say that in all our investigations into the life, +actions, and character of this eminent philosopher and Christian, from +the time when, as a young man in 1585, he took delight in reading the +Bible to the Indians of Virginia, down to the time that he made his +remarkable will in 1621, not one word has been found in cor-roboration +of these statements; but, on the contrary, many passages have appeared +to contradict and disprove them. Let any one notice the numerous +citations of the various books of the Bible in Raleigh’s History, and +he will surely fail to discover any evidence of Raleigh’s being a +Deist, or that Hariot had taught him to undervalue the scripture. + +It is not necessary here to say more in this connection than to quote +the following passage from one of the Latin letters in 1616 referred to +above by Hariot to the eminent physician who had just received a high +medical appointment at Court, describing himself and his terrible +affliction [a cancer on the lip]. The passage is given in English, but +the original Latin may be seen in the British Museum (Add. 6789). It +seems to have been written on purpose to refute such slanders. He +writes : + + +Think of me as your sincere friend. Your interests are involved as well +as mine. My recovery will be your triumph, but through the Almighty who +is the Author of all good things. As I have now and then said, I +believe these three points. I believe in God Almighty; I believe that +Medicine was ordained by him ; I trust the Physician as his minister. +My faith is sure, my hope firm. I wait however with patience for +everything in its own time according to His Providence. We must act +earnestly, fight boldly, but in His name, and we shall conquer. Sic +transit gloria mundi, omnia transibunt, nos ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. So +passes away the glory of this world, all things shall pass away, we +shall pass away, you will pass away, they will pass away. + + +There is unfortunately no portrait known of Hariot, and we can form no +idea of his personal appearance; but, fortunately, the drafts of the +three Latin letters to his eminent friend at Court, alluded to above, +fully describe his terrible disease and other bodily infirmities in +1615 and 1616, and give us some notion of himself and his personal +habits. His regular physician was Dr Turner, and his apothecary Mr +May-orne, both employed also by Sir Walter. + +Dr Alexander Read, in his ‘Chirurgicall Lectures of Tumors and Vlcers +Delivered in the Chirurgeans Hall, 1632-34. London. 1638,’ 4°, says in +Treatise 2, Lecture 26, page 307: + + +Cancerous ulcers also feize upon this part [lips]. This grief haftened +the end of that famous Mathematician, Mr. Hariot, with whom I was +acquainted but a fhorttime before his death : whom at one time, +together with Mr. Hughes, who wrote of the Globes, Mr. Warner, and Mr. +Torperley, the Noble Earl of Northumberland, the favourer of all good +learning, and Mecænas of learned men, maintained while he was in the +Tower for their worth and various literature + + +A great deal of misconception has hitherto prevailed respecting +Hariot’s great printed work on Algebra. His reputation as a +mathematician has been permitted to hinge chiefly upon it, very much to +his disadvantage. A brief bibliographical statement of facts will +probably present the matter in a new light. But first let the book be +described as it lies before us and has been described by many others +since the days of Professor Wallis, nearly two hundred years ago. The +Title is as follows : ‘Artis Analyticæ / Praxis / Ad æquationes +Algebraicas nouæ, expeditæ, & generali / methodo, resoluendas : +/ Tractatus/ E posthumis THOMÆ HARRIOTI Philosophi ac Mathematici ce- / +leberrimi sche-diasmatis summæ fide & diligentia / descriptus:/ +Et/Illvstrissimo Domino/Dom. HenricoPercio,/ Northvmbriæ Comiti,/Qui +hæc primò, sub Patronatus & Munificentiæ suæ auspicjss / ad proprios +vsus elucubrata, in communem Mathematicorum / vtilitatem, denuò +reuisenda, describenda, & publicanda / mandauit, meritissimi Honoris +ergò / Nuncupatus. / Londini / Apud Robertvm Barker, Typographum / +Regium : Et Hæred. Io. Billii. /Anno 1631. / _Title, reverse blank;_ +Prefatio 4 pages; Text 180 pages, and Errata 1 page (Bbb) followed by a +blank page, folio. A very handsomely printed book. In the British +Museum, 529 m 8, is Charles the First’s copy in old calf, gilt edges, +with the royal arms on the sides. In the Preface the editors (Aylesbury +and Prothero aided by Warner)say: + + +Artis Analyticæ, cuius caufa hîc agitur, port eruditum illud Græcorum +fæculum antiquitatæ iamdiù & incultæ iacentis, rcftitutionem +_Francifcus Viete,_ Gallus, vir clariflimus, & ob infignem in fcientijs +Mathematicis peritiam, Gallicæ gentis decus, primus fingulari confilio +& intentato ante hâc conamine aggreffus eft; atque ingenuam hanc animi +fui intentionem per varios tractatus, quos in argumenti huius +elaboratione eleganter & acutè confcripfit, pofteris teftatem rcliquit. +Dùm verò ille veteris Analytices reftitutionem, quam fibi propofuit, +feriò molitus eft, non tàm eam reftitutam, quàm proprijs inuentionibus +actam & exornatam, tanquam nouam & fuam, nobis tradidifle videtur. Quod +generali conceptu enuntiatum paulo fufius explicandum eft; vt, oftenfo +eo quod primùm à _Vieta_ in inftituto fuo promouendo actum eft, quid +pofteà ab authore noftro doctifiimo _Thomâ Harrioto,_ qui ilium +certamine ifto Analytico fequntus eft, praeftitum fit, meliùs +innotefcere possit. [Which done into English is substantially as +follows] + +Francis Vieta, a Frenchman, a most distinguished man, and on account of +his remarkable skill in Mathematical Science the honour of the French +nation, first of all with singular genius and with industry hitherto +unattempted undertook the restoration of the analytic art, of which +subject we are here treating, which after the learned age of the Greeks +for a long time had become antiquated and remained uncultivated : and +by various treatises which he eloquently and ingeniously wrote in the +working out of this line of argument, left a record to posterity of +this noble design of his mind. But while he seriously laboured at the +restoration of the old Analysis, which he had proposed to himself, he +seems not so much to have transmitted to us a restoration of that +science, as a new and original method, worked out and illustrated by +his own discoveries. This, having been enunciated in general terms, +must be explained a little more at length ; so that having shown what +was first effected by Vieta in promoting his design, it may be more +clear, what was afterwards performed by our very learned author Thomas +Harriot, who followed him in these analytical investigations. + + +And at the end of the volume, on page 180, is the following explanatory +note : + + +AD MATHIMATICIS STUDIOSOS. + + + ‘Ex omnibus _Thoma Harrioti_ fcriptis Mathematicis,quòd opus hoc + Analyticum primum in publicum emiflum fit, haud inconfulto factum + eft. Nam, quùm reliqua eius opera, multiplici inuentorum nouitate + excellentia, eodem omnino quo tractatus ifte (Logiftices fpeciofsæ + exemplis omnimodis totus compofitus) ftilo Logiftico, hactenùs + inufitato, confcripta fint, eâ certè ratione fit, vt prodromus hic + tractatus, vltra proprium ipfius inæftimabilem vfum, reliquis + _Harrioti_ fcriptis, de quorum editione iam ferio cogitatur, pro + neceffario preparamento fiue introductorio opportunè inferuire + poffit. De quâ quidem accefforiâ operis huius vtilitate rerum + Mathematicarum ftudiofos paucis his præmonuiffe operæprecium efle + duximus.’ [Which being interpreted reads as follows in English] + +TO STUDENTS OF MATHEMATICS. + + +It is not without good reason that, of all Thomas Harriot’s +Mathematical writings, this on Analysis has been published first. For +whereas all his remaining works, remarkable for their manifold +novelties of discovery, are written precisely in the same, hitherto +unusual, logical style as this treatise (which consists entirely of +varied specimens of beautiful reasoning); this was certainly done that +this preliminary treatise, besides its own inestimable utility, might +suitably serve as a necessary preparation or introduction to the study +of Harriot’s remaining works, the publication of which is now under +serious consideration. Of this accessory use of this treatise we have +thought it worth while to remind mathematical students in these brief +remarks. + + +From this it appears that Hariot’s system of Analytics or Algebra was +based on that of his friend and correspondent Francois Vieta, as +Vieta’s was avowedly based on that of the ancients. There appears to +have been no attempt whatever on the part of the Englishman to +appropriate the honors of the Frenchman, as many foreign writers have +charged. Full credit was given by Hariot and his friends to the +distinguished French mathematician. + +But Hariot’s modifications, improvements, and simplifications were so +distinct and marked that from the first, and long before publication, +they were called among his students and correspondents ‘Hariot’s +Method,’ meaning thereby only Hariot’s peculiarities, without reference +to the great merits of Vieta’s restoration, modification, adaptation, +and improvement of the old analyses from the times of the Greeks. + +Vieta’s’ Canon Mathematicus’ was published at Paris in 1579, and was +reissued in London with a new title in 1589 as his ‘Opera Mathematica.’ +But this work does not contain the Algebra. That was first published in +1591 under the following title : + +‘Francisci Vietæ/InArtem Analyticam/Isagoge/Seorfim excuffa ab Opere +reftitutæ Mathematicæ/Analyfeos, seu, Algebraicâ nouâ. / Tvronis,/ Apud +Iametivm Mettayer Typographium Regium. / Anno 1591.’ / folio. A +Supplement appeared in 1593. Seven years later there came out under the +auspices of Ghetaldi, a young Italian nobleman of mathematical tastes, +who had been studying in Paris, the following:—‘De Nvmerosa Potestatvm +/ Ad Exegefum / Resolvtione. / Ex Opere reftitutæ Mathematicæ +Analyfeos, / feu, Algebrà nouà / Francisci Vietæ. / Parisiis, / +Excudebat David le Clerc. / 1600.’ / folio. On the last page of this +book is an interesting letter from Marino Ghetaldi to his preceptor +Michele Coignetto, dated at Paris the I5th of February 1600. + +These three thin folio volumes of great rarity are models of +typographic beauty. They manifestly served as the model for printing +Hariot’s Algebra in 1631. The set here described (the three bound in +one volume), Prince Henry’s own copies, bearing his arms and the Prince +of Wales’ feathers, is preserved in the British Museum, press-marked +530, m. 10. + +Thus Vieta’s method appears to have been given to the world in three +instalments between 1591 and 1600, while the author himself died in +1603. It was probably in reference to one or both of these works that +Lower gently reproached Hariot for having allowed himself to be +anticipated in the public announcement of his discoveries in Algebra by +Vieta. It has already been seen, on page 101 above, what Torperley, the +friend of Vieta, wrote of his two masters in 1602, and also, on page +121, what Lower wrote to Hariot in 1610. + +One is forced, therefore, to the conclusion that by 1600, if not some +time before, Hariot had completed his method in Algebra, and +distributed his well known problems to his admiring scholars. It has +also been seen how, from 1603 to the day of his death, he was occupied +in many other absorbing matters connected with Raleigh and Percy. Yet +he may have felt, as Lower expressed it, that when he surveyed his +storehouse of inventions this one of Algebra might seem in ‘comparison +of manie others smal or of no value.’ The matter is introduced here +mainly because certain foreign writers,rebutting Wallis’s patriotic +claims in behalf of Hariot, have not only accused Hariot of +appropriating Vieta’s rights, but they even describe the distinguished +English mathematician as working on the ‘Cartesian Method.’ While the +truth appears to be that Hariot’s method in Algebra, though not +published for more than thirty years after its invention, must date +from a time when Descartes was scarcely four years old. + +On the other hand, on looking into Descartes’ great and original work +on geometry, first published in 1637, six years after Hariot’s Algebra +first saw the light in print, one is not disposed to accuse the great +philosopher of plagiarism because in working out his problems of great +novelty in reference to geometrical curves he employed any systems of +notation and calculation in algebra (Hariot’s among the others) that +happened to be before the world. The point or essence of Descartes’ +work was geometry and not algebra. Therefore, in climbing to his loft, +he was perfectly justified in using the ladder which Hariot had left, +as it was then in general use, and was only an incidental aid in his +independent calculations, especially as the fame of his great +mathematical brother was well established, and he had been already +sixteen years in St Christopher’s. Vieta therefore had manifestly no +just reason to complain, and Descartes stands acquitted. + +The history of Hariot’s _Praxis_ has attracted a great deal of +attention for more than two centuries and has long been obscured by +many misconceptions and erroneous statements. In the first place it has +been always said from the days of Collins that it was edited by Walter +Warner, and Wood adds that Warner was to have his pension continued by +Algernon Percy, for that scientific labor. There is evidence that +Warner, though employed on the work by Sir Thomas Aylesbury, was not +the sole editor. See Aylesbury’s Letter to the Earl on page 189. + +The book led to a great deal of international or patriotic controversy, +and with great injustice to Hariot was treated by the English advocates +as his masterpiece in science. Wallis in 1685 in his History of +Algebra, after much correspondence with Collins and others on the +subject between 1667 and 1676, became Hariot’s English champion. The +controversy respecting the Methods of Hariot and of Descartes became as +warm as that respecting the discoveries of Leibnitz and of Newton. + +Wallis ranked Oughtred’s _Clavis_ and Hariot’s _Praxis_ very high, and +because both were first printed in 1631, treated them as productions or +inventions of that year, whereas Hariot’s method, as we have seen, had +been long practically before his disciples; and was, ten years after +the author’s death, given to the world avowedly as an’ accessory’ only, +or preliminary treatise, that it ‘might suitably serve as a necessary +preparation or introduction to the study of Hariot’s remaining works, +the publication of which is now under serious consideration.’ +Unfortunately this excellent scheme fell through, probably in +consequence of the death of the Earl of Northumberland, and perhaps +partly because of the death of Nathaniel Torporley who had long been +engaged in ‘penning the doctrine’ of Hariot’s mathematical papers. They +both died in 1632, shortly after the publication of the Praxis. +Wallis’s charge had a basis of truth, but it was narrow and petty. As +an Algebraist he seems to have lost sight of the main point, that +Descartes’ great work was on Geometry and not on Algebra, and that +Hariot’s method, though first printed in 1631, was almost as old as +Descartes himself. Montucla the French mathematician, near the close of +the last century, in his History of Mathematics, summed up the +controversy raised by Wallis including the minor one raised by Dr Zach +in 1785, clearing Descartes of Wallis’s charges and relegating Hariot +to the respectability of a second-rate mathematician. If Montucla’s +verdict be based on mathematical reasoning as loose and slipshod as is +his statement of the historical points of the case, to say nothing of +his utter ignorance of Hariot’s biography and true position as an +English man of science, one feels justified in rejecting it as +worthless : as one also is compelled to do the vapid conclusions drawn +from Montucla which have since found their way into many recent +biographical dictionaries and into many pretentious articles in learned +encyclopædias respecting Hariot and his works. The truth seems to be +that Hariot was unlucky and fell into oblivion accidentally. He was a +man of immense industry and great mental power, but perhaps careless of +his scientific and literary reputation. As has been seen, he always had +many irons in the fire, and was overtaken by death in the prime of +life, leaving, as his will shows, many things unfinished, and none of +his papers in a state ready for publication. He was surrounded by the +best of friends, but time and opportunity, as so often happens in the +affairs of busy men, worked against him, and he was well nigh consigned +to forgetfulness. + +However, after a half century’s slumber, when the great fire of London +had destroyed his monument, and too late many scholars were minded to +attempt the recovery and preservation of memorials of the past, John +Collins the mathematician began soundings in the pool of oblivion for +Hariot and his papers. He and his correspondents fished up a great deal +of truth and history, but so mixed with error and conjecture that the +results, though interesting, are misleading. + +In the ‘Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century, +Edited by Professor S.J. Rigaud, 2 volumes, Oxford 1841,’ 8°, are found +the following instructive and amusing passages : + + +As for Geysius, he published an Algebra and Stereometria divers years +before the first edition of the Clavis [of Oughtred, 1631] was extant +in Mr. Harriot’s method, out of which Alsted took what he published of +algebra in his Encylopasdia printed in 1630, the year before the Clavis +was first extant (see Christmannus and Raymarus). Mr. Harriot’s method +is now more used than Oughtred’s, and himself in the esteem of Dr. +Wallis not beneath Des Cartes. Dr. Hakewill, in his Apology, tells you +Harriot was the first that squared the area of a spherical triangle; +and I can tell you, by the perusal of some papers of Torporley’s it +appears that Harriot could make the sign of any arch at demand, and the +converse, and apply a table of sines to solve all equations, and +treated largely of figurate arithmetic. His papers fell into the hands +of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, father to the Lord Chancellor’s lady, where I +hope they still are, unless they had the hard fate to be lent out, +before the fire, and be burned, as some have said. + +_Collins to Wallis, no date, circa_ 1670, _vol. ii, page_ 478. + +As to Harriot, he was so learned, saith Dr. Pell, that had he published +all he knew in algebra, he would have left little of the chief +mysteries of that art unhandled. His papers fell into the hands of Sir +Thomas Aylesbury, who was father to the late Lord Chancellor’s +[Clarendon] Lady,by which means they fell into the Lord Chancellor’s +hands, to whom application was made by the members of the Royal Society +to obtain them: his lordship (then in the height of his dignity and +employments) gave order for a search to be made, and in result the +answer was, they could not be found. I am afraid the search was but +perfunctory, and that, if his lordship (now at leisure) were solicited +for them, he might write to his son the Lord Cornbury to make a +diligent search for them. One Mr. Protheroe, in Wales, was executor to +Mr. Harriot, and from him the Lord Vaughan, the Earl of Carbery’s son, +received more than a quire of Mr. Harriot’s Analytics. The Lord +Brounker has about two sheets of Harriot de Motu et Collisione +Corporum, and more of his I know not of: there is nothing of Harriot’s +extant but that piece which Mons. Garibal hath. + +_Collint to Vernon, not dated but circa_ 1671, _vol. i, page_ 153. + + +Upon this passage Professor Rigaud makes the following note, written at +Oxford in 1841: + + +Harriot’s will is not to be found, but Camden says that he left his +property to Viscount Lisle and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. Lord Lisle’s share +of the papers appear to have been given up to his father-in-law, Henry +earl of Northumberland, who had been Harriot’s munificent patron, and +they descended with the family property to the E. of Egremont, by whom +a large portion has been given to the British Museum, and the remainder +are still preserved at Petworth. Sir Thomas Aylesbury’s share became +the property of his son-in-law Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom the +Royal Society applied, but, as it appears, without obtaining them. (See +Birch, Hist. Royal Society, vol. ii, pp. 120, 116, 309.)—_Vol. i, page_ +153. + + +Here seems to be the germ of Professor Wallis’s charge of plagiarism +against Descartes, written to Collins twelve years before it appeared +in thefirst editionof his History of Algebra in English in 1685. It +subsequently took a wider range, and was strenuously defended by Wallis +when opposed: + + +That which I most valued in his [Des Cartes] method, and which pleased +me best, was the way of bringing over the whole equations to one side, +making it equal to nothing, and thereby forming his compound equations +by the multiplication of simples, from thence also determining the +number of roots, real or imaginary, in each. This artifice, on which +all the rest of his doctrine is grounded, was that which most made me +to set a value on him, presuming it had been properly his own; but +afterwards I perceived that he had it from Hariot, whose Algebra was +published after his death in the year 1631, six years before Des +Cartes’ Geometry in French in the year 1637 : and yet Des Cartes makes +no mention at all of Harriot, whom he follows in designing his species +by small letters, and the power: of them by the number of dimensions, +without the characters of _j, c, qq, &c._ + +_Walla to Collins, Oxford,_ 12 _April_ 1673, _vol, ii, page_ 573. + +And had I but known of any precedent, (as since in Harriot I find one, +and I think but one √_—dddddd,)_ I should not have scrupled to follow +it; but I was then too young an algebraist to innovate without example. +Since that time I have been more venturous, and I find now that others +do not scruple to use it as well as I. [Just what Descartes did. He +‘innovated’ prior to 1637, when he took Hariot’s well recognized +notation in algebra to work out his problems in geometry for which +Hariot himself would have thanked him.] + +_Wallis to Collins, May 6,_ 1673, _vol. ii, page_ 578. + +One Torporley, long since, left a manuscript treatise in Latin in Sion +College, wherein is a much more copious table of figurate numbers, +which I have caused to be transcribed, with what he says de +combinationibus, to send to Mr. Strode. + + +On this passage, extracted from a letter from Collins to Baker, dated +the 19th of August, 1676, Professor Rigaud has the following note, +written in 1841, vol. ii, page 5 : + +Nath. Torporley left his manuscripts to Sion College, where he spent +the latter years of his life ; but the greater part of them was +destroyed by the fire of London. Reading, in his catalogue of the +library, mentions only one, “Corrector Analyticus,” which is an attack +on Warner for the manner in which he had edited Harriot’s “Artis +Analyticæ Praxis.” This is a short tract, and incomplete. There is, +however, another volume, A. 37-39, entitled, “Algebraica, Tabulæ +Sinuum,&c.” in which Torporley’s hand may be certainly recognized. +Wood, in the list of his works, speaks of "Congestor opus +Mathematicam,— imperfect." A perfect copy of this treatise is in Lord +Maccles-field’s possession, and probably once belonged to Collins. + +Perhaps the best comment that one can make on the wild and +extraordinary statements contained in the above extracts is to ask the +reader to read over Hariot’s Will,given entire on pages 193-203, and +especially this _Item_ respecting his Mathematical and other Writings, +and the Rev. Nathaniel Torporley, from which it will appear that all +his valued papers were bequeathed with great care to the Earl of +Northumberland, to be deposited in his library in a trunk with lock and +key, after they had been looked over and perused, by Mr Torporley, and +(the waste papers having been weeded out) the whole arranged by him ‘to +the end that _after hee doth vnderstand them_ he may make use in +penning such doctrine that belongs unto them for publique use.’ This, +of course, was to be done under the supervision of the four Executors, +who were persons of no less distinction than Sir Robert Sidney Knight +Viscount Lisle, John Protheroe Esquire, Thomas Aylesbury Esquire, and +Thomas Buckner Mercer. + + +ITEM I ordayne and Constitute the aforesaid Nathaniel Thorperley first +to be Overseer of my Mathematical Writings to be received of my +Executors to peruse and order and to separate the Chiefe of them from +my waste papers, to the end that after hee doth vnderstand them hee may +make use in penninge such doctrine that belongs vnto them for publique +vses as it shall be thought Convenient by my Executors and him selfe. +And if it happen that some manner of Notacions or writings of the said +papers shall not be understood by him then my desire is that it will +please him to confer with Mr Warner or Mr Hughes Attendants on the +afore said Earle Concerning the aforesaid double. And if hee be not +resolued by either of them That then hee Conferre with ihe aforesaid +John Protheroe Esquier or the aforesaid Thomas Alesbury Esquior. (I +hopeing that some or other of the aforesaid fower last nominated can +resolve him). And when hee hath had the use of the said papers soe +longe as my Executors and hee have agreed for the use afore said That +then he deliver them againe unto my Executors to be putt into a +Convenient Truncke with a locke and key and to be placed in my Lord of +Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof to be delivered into his +Lordshipps hands. And if at anie tyme after my Executors or the afore +said Nathaniell Thorperley shall agayne desire the use of some or all +of the said Mathematicall papers That then it will please the said +Earle to lett anie of the aforesaid to have them for theire use soe +long as shall be thought Convenient, and afterwards to be restored +agayne unto the Truncke in the afore said Earles Library. Secondly my +will and desire is that the said Nathaniell Thorperley be alsoe +Overseere of other written bookes and papers as my Executors and hee +shall thincke Convenient. + + +This will, of extraordinary interest, has fallen to our lot to exhume, +after many antiquaries and scholars had long sought it in vain. It was +recently discovered in the Archdeaconry Court of London, just the place +where one would least expect to find it. One has only to read the +document to read the character of the man—good, learned,affectionate, +charitable and just. He was carried off by a terrible disease, away +from home, but among friends. He left his affairs and fame in loving +hands. His will was proved on the 4th day after his death by two of the +Executors, Sir Thomas Aylesbury and Mr Buckner, with the right reserved +to the other two to act subsequently. It is found by papers in the +British Museum that Sir John Protheroe did act, for there is a very +long list of manuscripts, copied from Protheroe’s list of papers +delivered to Mr Torporley, which served as a receipt for them, and +which was returned with the papers. + +Mr Torporley then, it is manifest, had in hand the papers and returned +them, but it is not apparent what amount of labor he bestowed upon +them. They do not appear to be properly arranged, nor have the waste +papers been weeded out. From Protheroe’s list and other circumstances +it is likely that nothing has been destroyed, except perhaps the +Raleigh accounts and the Irish papers in the ‘canvas baggs.’ The papers +were at Sion, and were placed in a trunk and delivered to the Earl, who +left the Tower only sixteen days after Hariot’s death. They +subsequently found their way to Petworth, another seat of the Earl, +where the trunk and half of the papers still remain, in the possession +of the Earl of Leconsfield, a branch of the Northumberland family. They +are briefly described in this manner by Mr Alfred J. Horwood in the +Sixth Report of the Historical Manuscript Commission for 1877, page +319, folio. + + +A black leather box containing several hundred leaves of figures and +calculations by Hariot. + + +A large bundle of Hariot’s papers. They are arranged in packets by +Professor Rigaud. Spots on the Sun. Comets of 1607 and 1618. The Moon. +Jupiter’s Satellites. Projectiles, Centre of Gravity, Reflection of +bodies. Triangles. Snell’s Eratosthenes Batavus. Geometry. Calendar. +Conic Sections. De Stella Martis. Drawings of Constellations, papers on +Chemistry and Miscellaneous Calculations. Collections from Observations +of Hannelius, Warner, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe. On the vernal and +autumnal equinoxes, the solstices, orbit of the Earth, length of the +year, &c. Algebra. + + +A similar collection, but not yet arranged, catalogued, numbered or +bound, is carefully preserved in the Manuscript Department of the +British Museum (Additional, 6782-6789), in eight thick Solander cases, +probably as much in bulk as the Petworth papers. They were presented to +the Museum by the Earl of Egremont in 1810. Why the two collections +were separated does not appear. The Museum papers contain much that is +waste, but much also that is of importance equal probably to those at +Petworth. Mr Torporley was in effect appointed by Hariot his literary +and scientific editor under the direction of the Executors. No papers +were left ready for publication. It must have required great study and +labor to master them sufficiently to pen for public use such doctrine +or science as belonged to them. Torporley lived in Shropshire, but a +few years after Hariot’s death he retired from his rectorship and +removed to London,taking rooms in 1630 at Sion College in London Wall, +when that institution was first founded. It contained then as now a +library for the use of the Clergy, and a few suites of apartments for +those who desired to reside on the premises. It never was a College or +place of instruction, but a sort of guild or Clergyman’s Club. At this +time Mr Torporley was about seventy years old. He died in his chambers +at Sion College in April 1632, and was buried on the 17th of that month +in the Church of St Alphage, close by. In a nuncupative will spoken the +14th ofApril, a copy of which is before the writer, he left his books +and manuscripts to the Sion Col ege Library. A complete list of about +170 books and several manuscripts is preserved in the ‘Donors’ Book.’ A +few of the books are said to have been destroyed by the fire of London, +but probably none of the manuscripts were lost. + +Torporley’s manuscripts, as has been stated, have often been referred +to, and sometimes copied, but their true history and character is +explained by Hariot’sWill. There are really but two manuscripts +relating to Hariot. The more important one comprises 116 +closely-written folio leaves, or 232 pages, all in Torporley’s +handwriting. It bears no title or designation. Hence various writers +who have seen it, from Collins, Wood, and Dr Zach, have given it +different names, such as, _‘Ephemeris Chysometria,’ ‘Congestor opus +Matbematicum,’_ etc. but it appears to be nothing more nor less than +Torporley’s attempt to pen out such doctrine as he found in Hariot’s +papers. The leaves are numbered, 1 to 16 containing a Treatise on +Hariot’s Theory of Numbers. Leaves 17 to 25 are tables of the divisors +of odd numbers up to 20,300. On the verso of leaf 25 the Theory of +Numbers is resumed, extending to the recto of 27. On the verso of leaf +27 begins the treatise on the properties of Triangles and ends on leaf +34. Leaves 35 to 55 comprise examples of Algebraical processes, and +leaves 56 to 116 contain Tables (probably tabulæ sinuum ?) up to 180°. +On the second leaf the Author speaks of himself as working out, or +working on Hariot’s principles, and also as making use of the writings +of Vieta. He adds: + + +‘And since it is our principal design to explain the improvement in +this science[the Properties of Numbers and Triangles] discovered by our +friend Thomas Hariot; but he neither completely reformed it (which +indeed was not necessary) nor gave a full account of it, but only +strengthened it where it was defective, and by treating in his own way +the points of the science which were heretofore more difficult, +rendered them clear and easy.’ + + +This manuscript was probably intended for another printed volume of +Hariot’s mathematical works, but owing to the deaths about the same +time, 1632, of the venerable editor and the noble patron this work +never bore a definite name and never saw the light of the press. + + +CORRECTOR ANALYTICUS +Artis pofthumx THOMÆ HARIOTI +Vt Mathematici eximij, perraro +Vt Philofophi Audentes, frequentius errantis +Vt Hominis evanidi, infigniter +Ad +Fidedigniorem refutationem Philopfeudofophiæ +Atomifticæ;, per cum Reducis, et præ +cæteris eius Portentis +feriò +corripiendæ, anathematyzandæq +Compendiu Antimonitorfi, et Speciminale +exanthorati ia Senioris +Na: Torporley. +Vt +Noverit Arbiter Caveat Emptor. +non bene Ripæ +Creditur, ipfe Aries etiam nunc Vellera ficcat. +_Virgil, Ecl._ iii. 94,95,] + + +This Second Manuscript is a pretentious but small affair. It was +manifestly written at Sion College after the _Praxis_ appeared in 1631. +It is only the preface or the opening of a growl of envy or +disappointment. It shows clearly that Torporley himself was not the +editor of the Algebra or Praxis. The above is the pedantic title-page, +given line for line and verbatim. + +The manuscript is in small quarto, and exclusive of the title (which, +indeed, is the nub of the achievement) contains only nine pages, +breaking off abruptly in the middle of a sentence. He criticises the +editors of Hariot’s Algebra, the executors Aylesbury and Protheroe, +aided by Warner, who were all eminent mathematicians. He speaks of the +administrators or editors as if more than one, and does not mention +Warner, or lead us to believe that he was sole editor. Only a small +portion of this projected criticism seems ever to have been written. It +appears to have been begun in senile peevishness, containing only a few +prefatory remarks and discussing some algebraical questions with the +fancied errors of the editors. No mention is made of the’Atomic +Theory,’as promised on the title-page, which is here done into English, +and is as follows:— + +THE ANALYTICAL CORRECTOR +of the posthumous scientific writings +of THOMAS HARRIOT. +As an excellent Mathematician one who very seldom +erred +As a bold Philosopher one who occasionally erred, +As a frail Man one who notably erred +For +the more trustworthy refutation of the pseudo-philosophic +atomic theory, revived by him and, outside his +other strange notions, deserving of +reprehension and anathema. +A Compendious Warning with specimens by the aged +and retired-from-active-life +Na: Torporley. +So that +The critic may know +The buyer may beware. +It is not safe to trust to the bank, +The bell-wether himself is drying his fleece. + + +The ‘Corrector Analyticus’ may be found printed in full (but without +the quaint titles) in ‘The Historical Society of Science. A Collection +of Letters illustrative of Science, edited by J. O. Halliwell,’ London, +1841, 8°, Appendix, pages 109-116. ForTorporley’s curious paper +entitled ‘A Synopsis of the Controversie of Atoms,’ see Brit. Mus. Mss, +Birch 4458, 2. + +Mr Torporley informs us, and the papers appear to bear him out in the +statement, that Hariot wrote memoranda, problems, etc. on loose pieces +of paper, and then arranged them in sets fastened together according to +the subjects treated of. He adds, ‘First then let me speak of Hariot’s +method, of which frequent mention will have to be made in the following +pages; so that the reader may understand why some things are stated and +some passed over: here I cannot but complain, that I find it a serious +defect that his Commentators have so completely transformed it [the +Praxis] that they not only do not retain his orderbut not evenhis +language.’ Again he writes, ‘But not even those well-thought-out and +necessary to be known matters, which have been delivered to us, have +been handed down to posterity by his administrators with the fidelity +and accuracy promised.’ The suspicion is raised that Torporley’s age +and dilatoriness compelled the accomplished executors to take the +editorial matter in hand themselves and hinc iliae lacrymæ. + +On the back of the above title-page is another attempt of the same sort +as follows, showing that this deed of pedantry was committed at Sion +College: + +CORRECTOR +sive +Notæ in Analyticam +Novam, Novatam, Posthuma +quatenus +Fallacem, Defectivam, Extrariam +cum +Apodictica refutatione Atomorum +Somnij, præ cæteris Novatorum +portentis corripiendi Ana- +thematizandiq +Ex Collegio Sion Londinenfi +perfuncti Senis Artemq reponentis +NT +Extremu hoc munus morientis +habetor : +Σĸηρον προς κέντρονλ α κτρον λακτίζειν + [Greek Text] +nee bene Ripæ +Creditur ipse Aries etia nunc Vellera ficcat. + + +There are one or two unimportant papers among the Torperley manuscripts +that bear marks of having belonged to the Hariot papers, and there is a +manuscript by Warner, entitled, ‘Certayne Definitions of the +Planisphere.’ Any one curious in the history of Torperley may find in +the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, 1636, page 364, how his +property was purloined by Mr Spencer, the first Librarian of Sion +College. He was sued by Mistress Payne the administratrix and was +compelled to disgorge _£4.0_ in money, eleven diamond rings, eight gold +rings, two bracelets, etc. Then Archbishop Laud took away Spencer’s +librarianship, and let him drop. + +Mr William Spence of Greenock published in Nov. 1814, a work entitled, +‘Outlines of a Theory of Algebraical Equations deduced from the +Principles of Harriott, and extended to the Fluxional or differential +Calculus. By William Spence. London, for the Author, by Davis and +Dickson, 1814, 8°, _iv and 80 pages._ Privately printed, intended +‘exclusively for the perusal of those gentlemen to whom it is +addressed.’ He says in his prefatory note that— + + +‘As the principles are drawn from that theory of equations, by which +Harriott has so far advanced the science of algebra.’ The author says, +page I,’ Until the publication of Harriot’s _Artis Analytica Praxis,_ +no extended theory of equations was given. Harriot considered +algebraical equations merely as analytical expressions, detached wholly +from the operations by which they might be individually produced ; and, +carrying all the terms over to one side, he assumed the hypothesis, +that, as in that state the equation was equal to nothing, it could +always be reduced to as many simple factors as there were units in the +index of its highest power.’ + + +Between 1606 and 1609 a very interesting and historically instructive +correspondence took place between Kepler and Hariot upon several +important scientific subjects. Five of the letters are given in full in +‘Joannis Keppleri Alio-rumque Epistolæ Mutuæ. [Frankfort] 1718,’ folio, +to which the reader is referred, but a brief abstract of them may not +be out of place here. The letters are numbered from 222 to 226 and fill +pages 373 to 382. The correspondence was begun by Kepler: + + +_Letter_ 122, _dated Prague,_ 11 _October,_ 1606, _from John Kepler_ + + +_to Thomas Hariot,_ + + +Kepler had heard of Hariot’s acquirements in Natural Philosophy from +his friend John Eriksen. Would be glad to know Hariot’s views as to the +origin and essential differences of colours; also on the question of +refraction of rays of light; and the causes of the Rainbow; and of +haloes round the sun. + +_Letter_ 223, _dated London,_ 11 _December, 1606,from_ + + +_Thomas Hariot to John Kepler,_ + + +Had received with pleasure Kepler’s letter; but should not be able to +answer it at length, being in indifferent health, so that it was not +easy to write or even carefully to reflect. Sends a table of the +results of experiments on equal bulks of various liquids and +transparent solids (thirteen in number, including spring, rain, and +salt water; Spanish and Rhenish wine; vinegar; spirits of wine; oils +and glass). The angle of incidence is 30° in each case; also the +specific gravity of each substance is given. Then he discusses the +reason why refraction takes place. Promises to write on the Rainbow; +but will merely say at present that it is to be explained by the +reflection on the concave superficies and the refraction at the convex +superficies of each separate drop. + +_Letter_ 224 _is from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, dated at Prague,_ +11 _August,_ 1607. + + +Thanks Hariot for his table, which supplies matter for serious +consideration. Asks questions as to how he defines the angles of +incidence and refraction; and goes on to discuss the reasons of +refraction. Agrees with Hariot as to his views about the Rainbow; but +will be very glad to receive his treatises on Colours and the Rainbow. + +_Letter_ 225 _is from Thomas Hariot to John Kepler, dated at Syon,_ + + +_near London,_ 13 _July_ (o.s.), 1608. + +The departure of Eriksen and other matters do not allow leisure to +write at length. The turpentine (oleum terebinth inum) was not the same +as that experimented on by Kepler but a purer and lighter article (Sp. +grav. ’87). The angle of incidence is understood as defined by Alhazen +and Vitellio [first published 1572]. Points out some errors in +Vitellio’s second table of refractions. As to the causes of refraction, +Hariot believes in the theory of the vacuum; ‘where we still stick in +the mud’. Hopes God (Deum optimum maximum) will soon put an end to +this. Wishes for Kepler’s meteorological records for the last two +years, and will send his own notes in return. Gilbert, author of a work +on the magnet, had recently died, leaving in his brother’s hands a book +entitled ‘De Globo et Mundo nostro sub lunari Philosophia nova contra +Peripateticos, lib. 5." [A treatise, in five books, on Natural +Philosophy, in answer to the Peripatetics.] The book is likely to be +published before the end of the year. Hariot had read some chapters; +and saw that Gilbert defends the doctrine of a vacuum. Not to leave a +vacuum on this page (says Hariot), it is remarkable that though gold is +both heavy and opaque, when beaten out into gold-leaf the light of a +candle can be seen through it, though it appears of a green colour. + +_Letter 226, from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, it dated from_ + + +_Prague, September,_ 1609. + +Excuses himself for not having replied sooner; having been very busy; +but would not lose the present opportunity of writing. Discusses the +questions of refraction and the vacuum. Commentaries on Mars entitled +‘Astronomia Nova [Greek Text] or Physica Cælestis,’ have been published +at Frankfort; has not a copy by him. Regrets to hear of the death of +Gilbert. Hopes his work on Magnetism will also be published; and that +Erikson will bring a copy with him. Promises to send a copy of his own +meteorological observations; and hopes to receive Hariot’s. + + +These studies in optics and this correspondence with the learned Kepler +indicate Hariot’s great advancement in natural philosophy as early as +1606 to 1609 and give an earnest of his inventive genius and scientific +enterprise with his telescope in the astronomical discoveries which +immediately followed in 1609 to 1613. Before awarding all the prizes +for discoveries and inventions in mathematics, philosophy and natural +science to claimants throughout the wide Republic of Letters, let +modest Hariot be heard and examined. Let his papers and all his +credentials be laid out before the high court of science, not in the +light of today, but contemporaneously with those of Tycho, Kepler, +Galileo, Snell, Vieta and Descartes. Hariot himself has claimed +nothing, but Justice and Historical Truth are bound to assign him a +niche appropriate to his merits. + +To show that Hariot, like his friends Hakluyt and Purchas, was alive to +everything geographical as well as mathematical going on, the following +is given from the original manuscript among the Hariot papers in the +British Museum (Add. 6789): + + +Three reasons to prove that there is a passage from the North’ west +into the South-sea. + + + +1. The tydes in Port Nelson (where Sr. Tho : Button did winter, were +constantly, 15, or, 18, foote ; wc is not found in any Bay Throughout +the world but in such seas as lie open att both ends to the mayne +Ocean. + + +2. Every strong Westerne winde did bring into the Harbor where he +wintered, soe much water, that the Neap-tydes were equall to the +Spring-tydes, notwtstanding yt the harbor was open only to ye E.N.E. + + +3. In comming out of the harbor, shaping his course directly North, +about, 60, degrees, he found a stronge race of a tyde, set-ting dueEast +and West, wc in probabilitie could be noe other thing, than the tyde +comming from the West, and retourning from the East, + + +Among the manuscripts in the handwriting of Hariot in the British +Museum (Add. 6789) are these samples of ingenious trifling. No evidence +is forthcoming that he was ever a married man, but that he occasionally +let himself down from pure mathematics and high philosophy and amused +himself with anagrams is plain enough. Here are a few specimens on his +own name. + +ANAGRAMS ON THOMAS HARIOTUS + + + Tu homo artis has traho hosti mufa + Homo has vt artis O trahit hos mufa + Homo hasta vtris oh, os trahit mufa + vitus oho trahit mifas + rutis oho, trahis mutis + Humo astra hosti oho, fum Charitas. + + +If the pertingent Reader still craves more evidence of the extent of +Hariot’s friendships, and the universality of his acquirements, let him +read the following pithy, quaint, and beautiful tribute paid to him by +blind Old Homer’s Chapman in 1616. It is found in the Preface to the +Reader in the first complete edition of Homer’sworks translated by +George Chapman, London [1616], fo. + + +No coference had with any one liuing in al the noueltiet I prefume I +haue found. Only fome one or two places I haue fhewed to my worthy and +moft learned friend, M. Harriots, for his cenfure how much mine owne +weighed: whofe iudgement and knowledge in all kinds, I know to be +incomparable, and bottomlefle ; yea, to be admired as much, as his moft +blameles life, and the right facred expence of his time, is to be +honoured and reuerenced. Which affirmation of his cleare vnmatchednefle +in all manner of learning; I make in contempt of that naftie objection +often thruft vpon me ; that he that will iudge, muft know more then he +of whom he iudgeth ; for fo a man fhould know neither God nor himfelf. +Another right learned, honeft, and entirely loued friend of mine, M. +Robert Hews, I muft needs put into my confest conference touching +Homer, though very little more than that I had with M. Harriots. Which +two, I proteft, are all, and preferred to all. + + +It remains to say two words more about Baron Zach’s’ discovery’ of the +Hariot papers at Petworth in 1784. This remarkable story has been told +many times, in many books, and in many languages. It has found its way +into many modern dictionaries and grave encyclopædias, but it always +appears with an unsatisfactory and suspicious flavor. Dr Zach’s +‘discovery’ is found cropping up all over the continent, and everywhere +is made paramount to Hariot’s papers, while Oxford is blamed for not +giving the young German his dues! + +It seems that Dr Zach, a young man, was in England with Count Bruhl, +who had married the dowager Lady Egremont. He thus had easy access to +the old Percy Library at Petworth, in Sussex, where was stored, as we +have seen by Hariot’s will, the black trunk containing his mathematical +writings as bequeathed to the 9th Earl of Northumberland. In 1785 Dr +Zach announced with a truly scholastic flourish in Bode’s Berlin +Ephemeris for 1788 his remarkable ‘discovery’ of the papers of Thomas +Hariot previously known as an eminent Algebraist or Mathematician, but +now elevated to the rank also of a first-class English Astronomer. The +next year, 1786, is celebrated in the annals of English science from +the circumstance of Oxford’s having accepted a proposition from Dr Zach +to publish his account of Hariot and his writings. The Royal Academy of +Brussels in 1788 printed in its Memoirs Dr Zach’s paper on the planet +Uranus, with a long note relative to the discovery at Petworth. + +The Berlin paper immediately upon publication was translated into +English and extensively circulated in this country, conducing, it is +suspected, more to the renown of Dr Zach than to that of Hariot. In +1793 Bode’s Jahrbuch gave from the pen of Dr Zach an account of the +Comets of 1607 and 1618, with Hariot’s Observations thereon. But these +observations were given with so many errors and misreadings, as shown +by Professor Rigaud, that they were soon pronounced worthless, to the +discredit of Hariot rather than of his eminent editor. But matters came +to a crisis in 1794, nine years after the grand flourish of the first +announcement at Berlin. Dr Zach sent to Oxford for publication his +abstract of certain of the scientific papers, and the Earl of Egremont +intrusted to the University Dr Zach’s selection of the original papers. +Zach’s abstracts were merely sufficient to identify himself with the +works of Hariot, but he had performed no real editorial labours, and +had not ‘pen’d the doctrine’ contained in them. Here were years of +useful work to be done which the University dreamed not of, so the +whole matter was referred to Professors Robertson and Powell, who both +reported adversely in 1798, or before. In 1799 all the Hariot papers +were returned to Petworth. + +In the mean time the full translation of Dr Zach’s account of his +‘discovery,’ with some curious additions, found its way into Dr +Hutton’s Dictionary of Mathematics, under Hariot, 1796, 2 volumes in +quarto. This publication gave an air of solemn record and history to +the transactions, insomuch that Oxford began to be blamed for +withholding from the press Dr Zach’s great work. Oxford preserved a +becoming silence. In 1803 Dr Zach published at Gotha in his Monatliche +Correspondenz a fragment of that remarkable letter from the Earl of +Northumberland to Hariot (which letter we have shown to be Lower’s, see +p. 120). This publication, together with the reprint of the original +Berlin paper by Zach in the second edition of Hutton’s Dictionary in +1815 without alteration, seemed to bring the matter to a point. Oxford +was obliged to rise and explain. + +The whole question was inquired into. Professor Robertson’s original +report was brought out and sent to Dr David Brewster, who printed it in +his Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for 1822, volume vi, page 314, in +an article on the Hariot papers. In the meanwhile, in 1810, that +portion of the Hariot papers that did not go to Oxford was presented to +the British Museum by the Earl of Egremont. The division of the papers +(on what principle it is difficult to guess) was unquestionably Dr +Zach’s. The value is no doubt much depreciated by the separation. Under +all these circumstances no one can wonder at the Oxford decision, or +that the papers were deemed not worthy of publication. Yet under other +circumstances it is almost certain that the two collections when worked +together will yield valuable materials for the life of Hariot and the +history and progress of English science, discovery, and invention. To +Professor S. F. Rigaud is due the credit for the most part of working +out the crooked and entangled history of the Zachean fiasco, which has +apparently depreciated the real value of these papers. Professor +Rigaud’s papers may be seen in the Royal Institution Journal, 1831, +volume ii, pages 267-271, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, iii, +125, and in the Appx to Bradley’s Works. Now to pick up a few dropped +stitches. Notices of Hariot by Camden, Aubrey, Hakewill, and others are +omitted from press of matter. Gabriel Harvey in 1593, in his’ Pierces +Supererogation,’ page 190, exclaims ‘and what profounde Mathematician +like Digges, Hariot, or Dee esteemeth not the pregnant Mechanician?’ +MrJ.O.Halliwell’s Collection of Letters referred to on page 174, though +falling late under our eye, is most acceptable and thankfully used. +Several letters of Sir William Lower are printed from the originals in +the British Museum. And so is John Bulkley’s dedication to Hariot of +his work on the Quadrature of the Circle, dated Kal. Martii, 1591, the +original manuscript of which is in Sion College. There is also an +interesting letter from Hariot to the Earl dated Sion June 13, 1619, +respecting the doctrine of reflections as communicated to Warner and +Hues for the use of the Earl. But the most important letter is the +following on page 71 from Sir Thomas Aylesbury, one of Hariot’s +executors, to the Earl of Northumberland, respecting some remuneration +for the extra services of Warner in assisting him in passing Hariot’s +‘Artis Analyticæ Praxis’ through the press : + + +Rt. Ho. May it plese your löp. July 5, 1631. + +I presumed heretofore to moue your löp on the behalf of Mr. W. for some +consideration to be had of his extraordinary expense in attending the +publication of Mr. H. book after the copy was finished. The same humble +request I am induced to renew by reson of his present wants occasioned +by that attendance. + +For his literary labour and paines taken in forming the work and +fitting it for the publik view, he looks for no other reward then your +löps acceptance therof as an honest discharge of his duty. But his long +attendance through vnexpected difficulties in seeking to get the book +freely printed, and after that was vndertaken the friuolous delaies of +the printers and slow preceding of the presse, wch no intreties of his +or myne could remedy, drew him to a gretter expence then his meanes +would here, including both your löps pencion and the arbitrary help of +his frends. It is this extraordinary expense, wch he cannot recouer wch +makes both him and me for him appele to your Löps goodnei and bounty +for some tollerable mitigation thereof. + +I purpose God willing to set forth other peeces of Mr. H. wherein by +reson of my owne incombrances I must of necessitie desire the help of +Mr. W. rather then of any other, whereto I find him redy enough because +it tends to your löps service, and may the more freely trouble him, yf +he receive some little encouragement from your löp towards the +repairing of the detrement that lies still vpon him by his last +imploiment. But for the future my intention it to haue the impression +at my owne charge, and not depend on the curtesy of those +mechaniks,making account that wch may seeme to be saued by the other +way will not countervaile the trouble and tedious prolongation of the +busines. But the copies being made perfect and faire written for the +presse they shall be sufficiently bound to deliuer the books perfectly +clen out of theire hands, and by this meanes the trouble and charge of +attending the presse will be saued. Therfore my Lo. what you do now +will be but for this once, and in such proportion as shall best like +you to favour the humble motion of him who is + +Allway most redy at your Löps commaund _ . + +_Endorsed in the handwriting of Warner,_ + +Sr Th. A. letters about my busines. + +[B. M. Birch, 4396, 87.] + + +Notwithstanding the plain initials T. A. Mr Halliwell erroneously +attributes this letter to Torporley, who had been in his grave three +months. The handwriting is not Torporley’s but Warner’s. The Earl died +on the 5th of November following. T. A. unquestionably stands for Sir +Thomas Aylesbury, who, as executor and good friend, had the matter in +hand. Indeed Warner’s endorsement settles the question of authorship. + +Six shillings and eight pence were paid for Hariot’s knell, and £4 were +paid as his legacy to the parish for the poor, according to memoranda +supplied by Mr Edwin Freshfleld from the Records of St Christopher’s. +See Will, page 200. + +Hariot had a lease from Raleigh of ‘Pinford grounds,’ at Sherburne, for +fifty-eight years, but the King wanted it for Carr, so of course the +title was found defective. + +In conclusion, before laying down the pen with which has been exhumed +and set up on a new pedestal one of England’s worthiest of her many +forgotten Worthies, let the holder crave the indulgence of the reader +for the illogical, wordy and mixed style of this essay. He is perfectly +aware of these shortcomings, but puts in the plea that while groping in +the past as if blindfolded he has been decoyed on step by step by the +unexpected recovery of new materials after the others were in type, so +that as often as he had finished his labor of love new facts have +turned up which he had not the heart to reject. So he has incorporated +them one after another as best he could. The results are more +inartistic and crude than he could have wished, but he hesitates not on +that account to invite lovers of and believers in the Truth of History +to the banquet he has prepared. + +A well-dined Reader is not likely, the writer thinks, to quarrel with +his dessert because he has to pick out, with some little patience, the +dainty meats of the nuts he has to arrange and crack for himself. +Repetition, and perhaps some contradiction, are acknowledged. But +meandering thoughts and ill-digested narratives, though tedious, are +not criminal. When these new materials have dried in the noon-day sun +for a year and a day, the writer then, or at the expiration of the +Horatian period, may bring them back to his anvil to be re-hammered. +May they then prove as true as they now seem new, is the wish of the +admirer of Thomas Hariot, the first historian of Virginia, the friend +of Sir Walter Raleigh, the companion of Henry Percy, and the Benefactor +of Mankind. + + +THE WILL of THOMAS HARIOT + +Recorded in the Archdeaconry Court of London + +IN THE NAME OF + +GOD Amen ye nine and twentieth daie of june, in the yeare of or Lord +God 1621 And in ye yeares of the reigne of or Soueraigne Lord James by +the Grace of God of England Scotland Fraunce & Ireland Kinge Defender +of the Faythe & (that is to saie) of England Fraunce & Ireland the +nineteenth And of Scotland the fower & fiftieth I THOMAS HARRIOT of +Syon in the County of Midd Gentleman being troubled in my bodie wth +infirmities. But of pfecte minde & memorie Laude & prayse be giuen to +Almightie God for the same doe make & ordayne this my last will and +testamt. In manner and forme following (viz) First & principally I +Comitte my Soule in to the hands of Almighty God my maker and of his +sonne Jesus Christe my Redeemer of whose merritts by his grace wrought +in mee by the holy Ghoste I doubte not but that I am made ptaker, to +thend that I may enioye the Kingdome of heaven ppared for the electe. +Item my will is that if I die in Londn that my bodie bee interred in +the same pishe Churche of the house where I lye the we" I comitte to +the discrecon of my Executors hereafter named, Excepte taking the +advise and direccon of the right honorable my very good Lord the EARLE +OF NORTHUMBERLAND if it bee his pleasure to haue me buryed at Ilseworth +in ye County of Midd And if it be the pleasure of God that I die at +Syon I doe ordayne that my buriall bee at ye said Churche of Ilseworth +w’out question Item I will & bequeath vnto the aforesaid Earle One +wooden Boxe full or neere full of drawne Mappes standing nowe at the +Northeast windowe of that Roome wch is Called the plor at my house in +Syon, And if it pleaseth his Lorpp to haue anie other Mappes or Chartes +drawne by hand or printed Or anie Bookes or other thinges that I haue I +desire my Extors that hee may haue them according to his pleasure at +reasonable rates excepte my Mathematicall papers in anie other sorte +then is here after menconed Excepting alsoe some other thinges giuen +away in Legacies hereafter alsoe specified Item I bequeath vnto the +right honorable Sr ROBERT SYDNEY KNIGHT VICOUNT LISLE, One Boxe of +papers being nowe vppon the table in my Library at Syon, conteyning +fiue quires of paper, more or lesse wch were written by the last Lord +Harrington, and Coppyed out of some of my Mathematicall papers for his +instrucon Alsoe I doe acknowledge that I haue two newe greate globes +wch haue Cous of Leather the wch I borrowed of the said LORD LISLE And +my will is that they bee restored vnto him againe Item I giue vnto JOHN +PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke in the Countie of Carmarthen Esquier One +furnace wth his apputnnce out of the North Clossett of my Library at +Syon. Item I giue vnto NATHANIELL THORPERLEYof Salwarpe in the Countie +of Worcester Clarke One other furnace wth his apputnnce out of the same +Clossett. Item I glue vnto my servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE one other +furnace wth his apputennce out of the same Clossett Alsoe I glue to him +an other furnace out of the South Clossett of my said Lybrarie Item I +give and bequeath vnto Mris BUCKNER wife vnto THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer at +whose house being in St Christophers pishe I nowe lye, and hereafter +nominated one of my Executors the some of fiffteene poundes towards the +repacons of some damages that I haue made, or for other vses as shee +shall thincke Convenient’ Item I giue vnto Mr JOHN BUCKNER theire +eldest sonne the some of fiue poundes Item I giue & bequeath vnto my +Cozen THOMAS YATES my sisters sonne fifty poundes towardes the paiemt. +of his debte and not otherwise, But if his debt doe fall out to be +lesse then fifty poundes then the residue to remayne to himselfe Item +to JOHN HARRIOTT Late servaunte to Mr Doleman of Shawe neere Newbury ín +Barkeshire and being the sonne of my vnckle John Harriotte but nowe +married and dwelling in Churche peene about a Myle westward from the +said Shawe, I doe giue and bequeath fifty poundes Item I giue and +bequeath vnto CHRISTOPHER TOOKE my foresaid servaunte one hundred +poundes. Item I giue & bequeath vnto myservaunte JOHN SHELLER fiue +poundes more then the forty shillinges wch I haue of his in +Custodie,being money given vnto him at sevall tymes by my frends wch in +all is seauen poundes to bee imployed for his vse according to the +discrecon of my Executors for ye placing of him wth an other Master +Item I giue and bequeath to JOANE my servaunte fiue poundes more then +her wages. Item I giue and bequeath vnto my svaunte JANE wch serveth +vnder the said JONE fortie shillinges more then her wages wch wages is +twenty shillinges by yeare Item I giue and bequeath to my auncient +svaunte CHRISTOPHER KELLETT a Lymning paynter dwelling neare +PettyFraunce in Westminster fiue poundes Item to my aincient servaunte +JOANE wife to Paule Chapman dwelling in Brayneford end I bequeath +fortie shillinges. Item I giue vnto the aforesaid EARLE OF +NORTHUMBERLAND my two pspectiue trunckes wherewth I vse espetially to +see Venus horned like the Moone and the Spout in the Sonne The glasses +of wch trunckes I desire to haue remooved into two other of the fayrest +trunckes by my said servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE Item I bequeath vnto +euyone of my Executors hereafterwards to be named, One pspectiue +truncke a peece of the best glasses, and ye fayrest trunckes, as my +said servaunte Can best fitt to theire liking Item I giue vnto my said +servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE the residue of my Cases of pspectiue +trunckes wth the other glasses of his owne making fitted for pspectiue +trunckes (excepting two great longe trunckes Consisting of many ptes +wch I giue vnto the said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND to remayne in his +Library for such vses as they may be put vnto, Alsoe I bequeath the +dishes of iron Called by the spectacle makers tooles to grinde +spectacles, and other pspectiue glasses for trunckes vnto my foresaid +servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE, Item Concerninge my debts, I doe +acknowledg that at this psente I doe owe moneyes to Monseir Mayornes a +Potycarie More to Mr Wheately a Potticary dwelling neare the Stockes at +the East end of Cheapeside Item to my Brewer dwelling at Braynford end +Item to Mr John Bill Staconer for Bookes The some of the debte to all +fower before meneoned I thincke and Judge not to bee much more or lesse +then forty poundes. Item I doe acknowledge to owe vnto Mr Christopher +Ingram keeper of the house of Syon for the aforesaid EARLE OF +NORTHUMBERLAND Three thousand sixe hundred of Billett wch I desire to +be repayed vnto him Item I doe acknowledge that I haue some written +Coppies to the number of twelue or fowerteene (more or lesse) lent vnto +me by Thomas Allen of Gloster Hall in Oxford M` of Artes vnto whome I +desire my Executors hereafter named to restore them safely according to +the noate that hee shall deliu of them (I doubting whether I haue anie +true noate of them my selfe) Item I make Constitute and ordayne theise +fowre following my Executors Namely the aforesaid Sr ROBERT SIDNEY +KNIGHT VISCOUNT LYSLE (if his Lopp may take soe many paynes in my +behalfe) Also JOHN PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke in the County of +Carmarthen Esquio` Alsoe THOMAS ALESBURY of Westminster Esquior Lastly +THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer dwelling in St Xpofers pishe in Lond not farre +from ye Royall Exchainge vnto wch Executors I giue full power & aucty +to vse theire owne discrecons in paying theire Charges in my behalfe +out of the rest of my good And if my Bookes wth other goods doe in +value Come to more then I haue afore supposed First I desire them to +bestowe soe much vppon ye poore not exceeding twenty poundes as they +shall thincke Convenient somee pte whereof I giue vnto the poore of the +hospitall in Christes Churche in Lond, Some pte vnto the said pishe of +St Xpofors where I nowe lye, and some pte wch I would haue the greater) +vnto the poore of the píshe of Isleworth neere Syon in the Countie of +Midd Secondly out of the said residue of my good, my will is, That the +said Executors take some pte thereof for theire owne vses according to +theire discretions Lastly my will and desire is that they bestowe the +value of the rest vppon Sr Thomas Bodleyes Library in Oxford, or imploy +it to such Charitable & pious vses as they shall thincke best Item my +will and desire is that Robert Hughes gentleman and nowe attendant +vppon th’afore said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND for matters of Learning bee +an ouseer at the prizing of my Bookes, and some other thinges as my +Executors and hee shall agree vnto Item I ordayne and Constitute the +aforesaid NATHANIELL THORPERLEY first to be Ouseer of my Mathematicall +Writinges to be receiued of my Executors to pvse and order and to +sepate the Cheife of them from my waste papers, to the end that after +hee doth vnderstand them hee may make vse in penninge such doctrine +that belonges vnto them for publique vses as it shall be thought +Convenient by my Executors and him selfe And if it happen that some +manner of Notacons or writinges of the said papers shall not be +vnderstood by him then my desire is that it will please him to Conferre +wth Mr Warner or Mr Hughes Attendants on the aforesaid Earle Concerning +the aforesaid doubte. And if hee be not resolued by either of them That +then hee Conferre wth the aforesaid JOHN PROTHEROE Esquior or the +aforesaid THOMAS ALESBURY Esquior. (I hoping that some or other of the +aforesaid fower last nominated can resolue him) And when hee hath had +the vse of the said papers see longe as my Executors and hee have +agreed for the vse afore said That then he deliu them againe vnto my +Executors to be putt into a Convenient Truncke with a locke & key and +to be placed in my Lord of Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof +to be delifted into his Lordpps hands And if at anie tyme after my +Executors or the afore said NATHANIELL THORPERLEY shall agayne desire +the vse of some or all of the said Mathematicall paps That then it will +please the said Earle to lett anie of the aforesaid to haue them for +theire vse soe long as shall be thought Convenient, and afterwards to +be restored agayne vnto the Truncke in the afore said Earle’s Library +Secondly my will & desire is that the said NATHANIELL THORPERLEY be +alsoe Ouseere of other written bookes & papers as my Executors and hee +shall thincke Convenient. Item Whereas I haue diuers waste papers (of +wch some are in a Canvas bagge) of my Accompte to Sr Walter Rawley for +all wch I haue discharges or acquitances lying in some boxes or other +my desire is that they may bee all burnte. Alsoe there is an other +Canvas bagge of papers concerning Irishe Accompt (the psons whome they +Concerne are dead many yeares since in the raigne of queene Elizabeth +wch I desire alsoe may be burnte as likewise many Idle paps and +Cancelled Deedes wch are good for noe vse Item I revoake all former +wills by mee heretofore made saue onely this my pnte last will and +Testament wch I will shalbe in all thinges effectually and truely +pformed according to the tenor and true meaning of the same In witnes +whereof I the afore said THOMAS HARRIOTT haue to this my psent last +will & Testament put my hand & scale yeouen the daie and yeare first +aboue written THO : HARRIOTTS. + +Sealed a published and deliued by ye wthin named THOMAS HARRIOTT for +and as his last will & Testamt the daie & yeares wthin written in the +pfice of vs IMMANUELL BOWRNE WILL: FUTTER, Scr: & THO : ALFORD Svte to +the said scr + +Probatum fuit hfnoi Testum sexto die mensis Julij Anno Dni 1621. Coram +venli viro RICHARDO CLARKE legum Dcore Surto Dni Offitis &c . jurio +THOME AILESBURIE et THOME BUCKNER duorum Extorum &c quibus &c de bene +&c saluo jure &c Resrvata tamen ptate similem Comissionem faciendi Dno +ROBERTO SIDNEY militi et JOHANNI PROTHERO armigero alteris Extoribus &c +Cum venerint eandem in debita Juris forma petituri. Pro Inveno ANDREE +prox &c. Concordat cum Originali fca exaicoe pnos HEN: DURHAM Norium +Pubcm RA: BYRDE + +[From the certified copy filed in the Probate Registry in Somerset +House, which has been collated with the copy registered, Arch. Lond. +1618-1626/7, Folio 71. The differences in spelling, punctuation etc. +are numerous but unimportant.] + + END + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HARIOT *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following +the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use +of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for +copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very +easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation +of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project +Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may +do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected +by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark +license, especially commercial redistribution. + +START: FULL LICENSE + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full +Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at +www.gutenberg.org/license. + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or +destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your +possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a +Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound +by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the +person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph +1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this +agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the +Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection +of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual +works in the collection are in the public domain in the United +States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the +United States and you are located in the United States, we do not +claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, +displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as +all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope +that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting +free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm +works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the +Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily +comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when +you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are +in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, +check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this +agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, +distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any +other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no +representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any +country other than the United States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other +immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear +prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work +on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, +performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and + most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this + eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the + United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where + you are located before using this eBook. + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is +derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not +contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the +copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in +the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are +redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply +either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or +obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any +additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms +will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works +posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the +beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including +any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access +to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format +other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official +version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website +(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense +to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means +of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain +Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the +full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +provided that: + +* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed + to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has + agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid + within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are + legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty + payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in + Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation." + +* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all + copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue + all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm + works. + +* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + +* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than +are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing +from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of +the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set +forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project +Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may +contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate +or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or +other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or +cannot be read by your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium +with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you +with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in +lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person +or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second +opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If +the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing +without further opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO +OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of +damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement +violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the +agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or +limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or +unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the +remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in +accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the +production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, +including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of +the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this +or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any +Defect you cause. + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of +computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It +exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations +from people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future +generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see +Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at +www.gutenberg.org + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by +U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, +Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up +to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website +and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without +widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND +DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular +state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To +donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project +Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be +freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and +distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of +volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in +the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our website which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + |