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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thomas Hariot, by Henry Stevens
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Thomas Hariot
+
+Author: Henry Stevens
+
+Release Date: May 28, 2002 [eBook #5171]
+[Most recently updated: December 25, 2021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Norm Wolcott
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HARIOT ***
+
+
+
+
+Thomas Hariot
+
+by Henry Stevens
+
+
+
+
+[Redactor’s note: Very little is known of Thomas Hariot; his only
+published works are the ‘Briefe and true report’ (PG#4247) and the
+posthumous ‘Praxis’, a handbook of algebra. He anticipated the law of
+refraction, corresponded with Kepler, observed comets, and may have
+been the first to recognize that the straight line paths of comets
+might be segments of elongated ellipses. The lost ‘ephemera’ referred
+to in the text have since been found (since 1876) and a conference was
+held in 1970 at the University of Delaware on the current state of
+Hariot research, the proceedings of which have been published by the
+Oxford University Press, where one may find a fairly current view of
+the historical record. Due to the large number of quotations and early
+english typography, the casual reader may find the ‘html’ version
+easier to follow than the text version.]
+
+
+THOMAS HARIOT
+THE MATHEMATICIAN
+THE PHILOSOPHER AND
+THE SCHOLAR
+DEVELOPED
+CHIEFLY
+FROM
+DORMANT MATERIALS
+WITH NOTICES OF HIS ASSOCIATES
+INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL AND
+BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DISQUISITIONS
+UPON THE MATERIALS OF THE
+HISTORY OF ‘OULD
+VIRGINIA’
+
+BY HENRY STEVENS OF VERMONT
+
+
+PREMONITION
+
+WHEN I YEARS AGO undertook among other enterprises to compile a sketch
+of the life of THOMAS HARIOT the first historian of the new found land
+of Virginia; and to trace the gradual geographical development of that
+country out of the unlimited ‘Terra Florida’ of Juan Ponce de Leon,
+through the French planting and the Spanish rooting out of the Huguenot
+colony down to the successful foothold of the English in Wingandacoa
+under Raleigh’s patent, I little suspected either the extent of the
+research I was drifting into, or the success that awaited my
+investigations.
+
+The results however are contained in this little volume, which has
+expanded day by day from the original limit of fifty to above two
+hundred pages. From a concise bibliographical essay the work has grown
+into a biography of a philosopher and man of science with extraordinary
+surroundings, wherein the patient reader may trace the gradual
+development of Virginia from the earliest time to 1585 ; I especially,’
+says Strachey, I that which hath bene published by that true lover of
+vertue and great learned professor of all arts and knowledges, Mr
+Hariots, who lyved there in the tyme of the first colony, spake the
+Indian language, searcht the country,’ etc ; Hariot’s nearly forty
+years’ intimate connection with Sir Walter Raleigh; his long close
+companionship with Henry Percy ; his correspondence with Kepler; his
+participation in Raleigh’s `History of the World;’ his invention of the
+telescope and his consequent astronomical discoveries ; his scientific
+disciples ; his many friendships and no foeships ; his blameless life ;
+his beautiful epitaph in St Christopher’s church, and his long slumber
+in the ‘garden’ of the Bank of England.
+
+The little book is now submitted with considerable diffidence, for in
+endeavouring to extricate Hariot from the confusion of historical
+‘facts’ into which he had fallen, and to place him in the position to
+which he is entitled by his great merits, it is desirable to be clear,
+explicit and logical. A decision of mankind of two centuries’ standing,
+as expressed in many dictionaries and encyclopaedias, cannot be easily
+reversed without good contemporary evidence. This I have endeavoured to
+produce.
+
+Referring to pages 191 and 192 the writer still craves the reader’s
+indulgence for the apparently irrelevant matter introduced, as well as
+for the inartistic grouping of the many detached materials, for reasons
+there given.
+
+It ought perhaps to be stated here that the book necessarily includes
+notices, more or less elaborate, of very many of Hariot’s friends,
+associates and contemporaries, while others, for want of space, are
+mentioned little more than by name.
+
+The lives of Raleigh, and Henry Percy of Northumberland, Prisoners in
+the Tower, seem to be inseparable from that of their Fidus Achates, but
+I have endeavoured to eliminate that of Hariot as far as possible
+without derogation to his patrons. All the new documents mentioned have
+their special value, but too much importance cannot be attached to the
+recovery of Hariot’s Will, for it at once dispels a great deal of the
+inference and conjecture that have so long beclouded his memory. It
+throws the bright electric light of to-day over his eminently
+scholarly, scientific and philosophical Life. By this and the other
+authorities given it is hoped to add a new star to the joint
+constellation of the honored Worthies of England and America.
+
+      HENRY STEVENS of Vermont
+
+Vermont House, xiii Upper Avenue Road,
+          London, N.W. April 10 1885
+
+
+THOMAS HARIOT
+AND HIS
+ASSOCIATES
+
+‘chusing always rather to doe some thinge worth
+nothing than nothing att all.’ _Sir William Lower
+to Hariot_ July 19 1611 (see p. 99)
+
+
+
+To
+
+
+FRANCIS PARKMAN
+
+
+THE
+
+
+HISTORIAN and TRUSTIE FRIEND
+
+
+Who Forty Years ago
+When we were young Students of History together
+Gave me a hand of his over the Sea
+NOW
+Give I him this right hand of mine
+with
+Ever grateful Tribute to
+our life-long
+
+FRIENDSHIP
+
+
+MORIN
+
+
+Custos juris reimprimendi
+Caveat homo trium literarum
+
+
+[The touching Dedication on the opposite page was penned by my father a
+few months before his death on February 18, 1886. I have thought it
+best to leave it exactly as he had planned it, although now, alas! Mr.
+Parkman is no longer with us. Let us hope the old friends may have
+again joined hands beyond the unknown sea.-H. N. S.]
+
+
+EXPLANATORY
+
+IN the year 1877 the late Mr. Henry Stevens of Vermont, under the
+pseudonym of ‘Mr. Secretary Outis,’ projected and initiated a literary
+Association entitled THE HERCULES CLUB. The following extracts from the
+original prospectus of that year explain this platform:
+
+The objects of this Association are literary, social, antiquarian,
+festive and historical ; and its aims are thoroughly independent
+research into the materials of early Anglo-American history and
+literature. The Association is known as THE HERCULES CLUB, whose
+Eurystheus is Historic Truth and whose appointed labours are to clear
+this field for the historian of the future.
+
+“Sinking the individual in the Association the Hercules Club proposes
+to scour the plain and endeavour to rid it of some of the many
+literary, historical, chronological, geographical and other monstrous
+errors, hydras and public nuisances that infest it . . . . Very many
+books, maps, manuscripts and other materials relating alike to England
+and to America are well known to exist in various public and private
+repositories on both sides of the Atlantic. Some unique are of the
+highest rarity, are of great historic value, while others are difficult
+of access, if not wholly inaccessible, to the general student. It ís
+one of the purposes therefore of the Hercules Club to ferret out these
+materials, collate, edit and reproduce them with extreme accuracy, but
+not in facsimile. The printing is to be in the best style of the
+Chiswick Press. The paper with the Club’s monogram in each leaf is made
+expressly for the purpose”.
+
+The following ten works were selected as the first field of the Club’s
+investigations, and to form the first series of its publications.
+
+1. Waymouth (Capt. George) Voyage to North Virginia in 1605. By James
+Rosier. London, 1605, 4°
+
+2. Sil. Jourdan’s Description of Barmuda. London, 1610, 4°
+
+3. Lochinvar. Encouragements for such as shall have intention to bee
+Vndertakers in the new plantation of Cape Breton, now New Galloway.
+Edinburgh, 1625, 4°
+
+4. Voyage into New England in 1623-24.. By Christopher Levett. London,
+1628, 4°
+
+5. Capt. John Smith’s True Relation of such occurrences of Noate as
+hath hapned in Virginia. London, 1608, 4°
+
+6. Gosnold’s Voyage to the North part of Virginia in 1602. By John
+Brereton. London, 1602, 4°
+
+7. A Plain Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Islands.
+London, 1613, 4°
+
+8. For the Colony in Virginia Brittania, Lavves Divine Morall and
+Martiall, &c. London, 1612, 4°
+
+9. Capt. John Smith’s Description of NewEngland, 16l4-15, map. London,
+1616, 4°
+
+10. Hariot (Thomas) Briefe and true report of the new foundland of
+Virginia. London, 1588, 4°
+
+‘Mr. Secretary Outis’ undertook the task of seeing the reprints of the
+original texts of these ten volumes through the Press, and almost the
+whole of this work he actually accomplished.
+
+The co-operative objects of the Association, however, appear never to
+have been fully inaugurated, although a large number of literary men,
+collectors, societies and libraries entered their names as Members of
+the Club. All were willing to give their pecuniary support as
+subscribers to the Club’s publications, but few offered the more
+valuable aid of their literary assistance; hence practically the whole
+of the editing also devolved upon Mr. Henry Stevens.
+
+He first took up No. 10 on the above list, Hariot’s Virginia. His long
+and diligent study for the introduction thereto, resulted in the
+discovery of so much new and important matter relative to Hariot and
+Raleigh, that it became necessary to embody it in the present separate
+volume, as the maximum dimensions contemplated for the introduction to
+each work had been exceeded tenfold or more.
+
+Owing to Mr. Stevens’s failing health, the cares of his business, and
+the continual discovery of fresh material, it was not till 1885 that
+his investigations were completed, although many sheets of the book had
+been printed off from time to time as he progressed. The whole of the
+text was actually printed off during his lifetime, but unfortunately he
+did not live to witness the publication of his work, perhaps the most
+historically important of any of his writings. Publication has since
+been delayed for reasons explained hereinafter.
+
+On the death of my father, on February 28, 1886, I found myself
+appointed his literary executor, and I have since devoted much time to
+the arrangement, completion, and publication of his various unfinished
+works, seeking the help of competent editors where necessary.
+
+Immediately after his decease I published his
+
+_Recollections of Mr. James Lenox of New York, and the formation of his
+Library,_ a little volume which was most favourably received and ran
+through several impressions.
+
+In the same year I published _The Dawn of British Trade to the East
+Indies as recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company._
+This volume contained an account of the formation of the Company and of
+Captain Waymouth’s voyage to America in search of the North-west
+passage to the East Indies. The work was printed for the first time
+from the original manuscript preserved in the India Office, and the
+introduction was written by Sir George Birdwood.
+
+In 1888 I issued _Johann Schöner, Professor of Mathematics at
+Nuremberg. A reproduction of his Globe of 1523 long lost, his
+dedicatory letter to Reymer von Streytperck, and the `De Moluccis’ of
+Maximilianus Transylvanus, with new translations and notes on the Globe
+by Henry Stevens of Vermont, edited, with an introduction and
+bibliography, by C. H. Coote, of the British Museum._ This Globe of
+1523_,_ now generally known as Schöner’s Third Globe, is marked by a
+line representing the route of Magellan’s expedition in the first
+circumnavigation of the earth; and the facsimile of Maximilianus’s
+interesting account of that voyage, with an English translation, was
+consequently added to the volume. Mr. Coote, in his introduction, gives
+a graphic account of many other early globes, several of which are also
+reproduced in facsimile. The whole volume was most carefully prepared,
+and exhibits considerable originality both in the printing and binding,
+Mr. Henry Stevens’s own ideas having been faithfully carried out.
+
+In 1893 I issued to the subscribers that elegant folio volume which my
+father always considered as his _magnum opus._ It was entitled _The New
+Laws of the Indies for the good treatment and preservation of the
+Indians, promulgated by the Emperor Charles the Fifth, 1542-1543. A
+facsimile reprint of the original Spanish edition, together with a
+literal translation into the English language, to which is prefixed an
+historical introduction._ Of the long introduction _of_ ninety-four
+pages, the first thirty-eight are from the pen of Mr. Henry Stevens,
+the remainder from that of Mr. Fred. W. Lucas, whose diligent
+researches into American history are amply exemplified in his former
+work, _Appendiculae Historicae, or shreds of history hung on a horn,_
+and in his recent work, _The Annals of the Voyages of the Brothers
+Zeno._
+
+Ever since 1886 I have from time to time unsuccessfully endeavoured to
+enlist the services of various editors competent to complete the
+projected eleven volumes of the Hercules Club publications, but after a
+lapse of nearly fourteen years I have awakened to the fact that no
+actual progress has been made, and that I have secured nothing beyond
+the vague promise of future assistance. The field of editors capable of
+this class of work being necessarily very limited, and death having
+recently robbed me in the most promising case of even the slender hope
+of future help, I determined to ascertain for myself the exact position
+of the work already done, with the hope of bringing at least some of
+the volumes to a completion separately, instead of waiting longer in
+the hope of finishing and issuing them all _en bloc_ as originally
+proposed and intended. On collating the printed stock I found that the
+two volumes, _Hariot’s Virginia_ and the _Life of Hariot,_ were
+practically complete, the text of both all printed off, and the titles
+and preliminary leaves and the Index to _Hariot’s Virginia_ actually
+standing in type at the Chiswick Press just as my father left them
+fourteen years ago! (Many thanks to Messrs Charles Whittingham and Co.
+for their patience.) The proofs of these I have corrected and passed
+for press, and I have added the Index to the present volume. My great
+regret is that I did not sooner discover the practical completeness of
+these two volumes, as owing to the nature of the contents of the _Life
+of Hariot_ it is not just to Hariot’s memory, or to that of my father,
+that such important truths should so long have been withheld from
+posterity.
+
+These two volumes being thus completed, ít remained to be decided in
+what manner they should be published. I did not feel myself competent
+to pick up the fallen reins of the HERCULES CLUB, which, as I have said
+before, appears never to have been fully inaugurated on the intended
+co-operative basis.
+
+There being now no constituted association (such having entirely lapsed
+on the death of Mr. ‘Secretary Outis’), and many of the original
+subscribers, who were ipso facto members, being also no longer with us,
+it appeared impossible to put forth the volumes as the publications of
+the HERCULES CLUB. Consequently I resolved to issue them myself (and
+any future volumes I may be able to bring to completion) simply as
+privately printed books, and I feel perfectly justified in so doing, as
+no one but Mr. Henry Stevens had any hand in their design or production
+either editorially or financially. No money whatever was received from
+the members, whose subscriptions were only to become payable when the
+publications were ready for delivery. The surviving members have been
+offered the first chance of subscribing to these two Hariot volumes and
+I am grateful for the support received. They and the new subscribers
+will also be offered the option of taking any subsequent volumes of the
+series which I may be enabled to complete.
+
+HENRY N. STEVENS,
+
+_Literary Executor of the late
+Henry Stevens of Vermont.
+     39, Great Russell Street,
+_     London, W.C.
+_     10th February, 1900._
+
+
+THOMAS HARIOT
+
+
+AND HIS
+
+
+ASSOCIATES
+
+
+COLLECTORS OF RARE English books always speak reverently and even
+mysteriously of the ‘quarto Hariot’ as they do of the ‘first folio.’ It
+is given to but few of them ever to touch or to see it, for not more
+than seven copies are at present known to exist. Even four of these are
+locked up in public libraries, whence they are never likely to pass
+into private hands.
+
+One copy is in the Grenville Library; another is in the Bodleian; a
+third slumbers in the University of Leyden; a fourth is in the Lenox
+Library; a fifth in Lord Taunton’s; a sixth in the late Henry Huth’s;
+and a seventh produced £300 in 1883 in the Drake sale.
+
+The little quarto volume of Hariot’s Virginia is as important as it is
+rare, and as beautiful as it is important. Few English books of its
+time, 1588, surpass it either in typographic execution or literary
+merit. It was not probably thrown into the usual channels of commerce,
+as it bears the imprint of a privately-printed book, without the name
+or address of a publisher, and is not found entered in the registers of
+Stationers’ Hall. It bears the arms of Sir Walter Raleigh on the
+reverse of the title, and is highly commended by Ralfe Lane, the late
+Governor of the Colony, who testifies, ‘I dare boldly auouch It may
+very well pass with the credit of truth even amongst the most true
+relations of this age.’ It was manifestly put forth somewhat hurriedly
+to counteract, in influential quarters, certain slanders and aspersions
+spread abroad in England by some ignorant persons returned from
+Virginia, who ‘woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men more,’ and who
+‘had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was
+needful or requisite.’ Hariot’s book is dated at the end, February
+1588, that is 1589 by present reckoning. Raleigh’s assignment is dated
+the 7th of March following. It is probable therefore that the
+‘influential quarters’ above referred to meant the Assignment of
+Raleigh’s Charter which would have expired by the limitation of six
+years on the 24th of March, 1590, if no colonists had been shipped or
+plantation attempted. It is possible also that Theodore De Bry’s
+presence in London, as mentioned below, may have hastened the printing
+of the volume.
+
+Indeed, the little book professes to be only an epitome of what might
+be expected, for near the end the author says, ‘this is all the fruits
+of our labours, that I haue thought necessary to aduertise you of at
+present;’ and, further on, ‘I haue ready in a discourse by it self in
+maner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time
+shall bee thought conuenicnt, shall also be published.’ Hariot’s
+‘Chronicle of Virginia’ among things long lost upon earth ! It is to be
+hoped that some day the historic trumpet of Fame will sound loud enough
+to awaken it, together with Cabot’s lost bundle of maps and journals
+deposited with William Worthington ; Ferdinand Columbus’ lost life of
+his father in the original Spanish; and Peter Martyr’s book on the
+first circumnavigation of the globe by the fleet of Magalhaens, which
+he so fussily sent to Pope Adrian to be read and printed, also lost!
+Hakluyt, in his volume of 1589, dated in his preface the 19th of
+November, gives something of a chronicle of Virginian events,
+1584-1589, with a reprint of this book. But there are reasons for
+believing that this is not the chronicle which Hariot refers to. As
+White’s original drawings have recently turned up after nearly three
+centuries, may we not still hope to see also Hariot’s Chronicle?
+
+However, till these lost jewels are found let us appreciate what is
+still left to us. Hariot’s ‘True Report’ is usually considered the
+first original authority in our language relating to that part of
+English North America now called the United States, and is indeed so
+full and trustworthy that almost everything of a primeval character
+that we know of ‘Ould Virginia’ may be traced back to it as to a first
+parent. It is an integral portion of English history, for England
+supplied the enterprise and the men. It is equally an integral portion
+of American history, for America supplied the scene and the material.
+
+Without any preliminary flourish or subsequent reflections, the learned
+author simply and truthfully portrays in 1585-6 the land and the people
+of Virginia, the condition and commodities of the one, with the habits
+and character of the other, of that narrow strip of coast lying between
+Cape Fear and the Chesapeake, chiefly in the present State of North
+Carolina. This land, called by the natives Wingandacoa, was named in
+England in 1584 Virginia, in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. This name
+at first covered only a small district, but afterwards it possessed
+varying limits, extending at one time over North Virginia even to 45
+degrees north.
+
+Raleigh’s Virginia soon faded, but her portrait to the life is to be
+found in Hariot’s book, especially when taken with the pictures by
+Captain John White, so often referred to in the text. This precious
+little work is perhaps the most truthful, trustworthy, fresh, and
+important representation of primitive American human life, animals and
+vegetables for food, natural productions and commercial commodities
+that has come down to us. Though the ‘first colonie’ of Raleigh, like
+all his subsequent efforts in this direction, was a present failure,
+Hariot and White have left us some, if not ample, compensation in their
+picturesque account of the savage life and lavish nature of
+pre-Anglo-Virginia, the like of which we look for in vain elsewhere,
+either in Spanish, French, or English colonization.
+
+Indeed, nearly all we know of the uncontaminated American aborigines,
+their mode of life and domestic economy, is derived from this book, and
+therefore its influence and results as an original authority cannot
+well be over-estimated. We have many Spanish and French books of a
+kindred character, but none so lively and lifelike as this by Hariot,
+especially as afterwards illustrated by De Bry’s engravings from
+White’s drawings described below.
+
+The first breath of European enterprise in the New World, combined with
+its commercial Christianity, seems in all quarters, particularly the
+Spanish and English, to have at once taken off the bloom and freshness
+of the Indian. His natural simplicity and grandeur of character
+immediately quailed before the dictatorial owner of property and
+civilization. The Christian greed for gold and the civilized cruelty
+practised without scruple in plundering the unregenerate and unbaptized
+of their possessions of all kinds, soon taught the Indian cunning and
+the necessity of resorting to all manner of savage and untutored
+devices to enable him to cope with his relentless enemies for even
+restrained liberty and self-preservation; nay, even for very existence,
+and this too on his own soil that generously gave him bread and meat.
+All these by a self-asserted authority the coming European civilizer,
+with Bible in hand, taxed with tribute of gold, labour, liberty, life.
+This has been the common lot of the western races.
+
+It is therefore refreshing to catch this mirrored glimpse of Virginia,
+her inhabitants, and her resources of primitive nature, before she was
+contaminated by the residence and monopoly of the white man. It may
+have been best in the long run that the European races should displace
+the aborigines of the New World, but it is a melancholy reflection upon
+‘go ye into all the world and preach the gospel unto every creature,’
+that no tribe of American Indians has yet been absorbed into the body
+politic. Many a white man has let himself down into savage life and
+habits, but no tribe of aborigines has yet come up to the requirements,
+the honours, and the delights of European civilization. Like the tall
+wild grass before the prairie-fire, the aboriginal races are gradually
+but surely being swept away by the progress of civilization. Now that
+they are gone or going the desire to gather real and visible memorials
+of them is increasing, but fate seems to have swept these also from the
+grasp of the greedy conqueror. Cortes gathered the golden art treasures
+of Montezuma and sent them to Charles the Fifth, but the spoiler was
+spoiled on the high seas, and not a drinking-cup or ringer-ring of that
+western barbaric monarch remains to tell us of his island splendour.
+
+A historical word upon the events that led up to Raleigh’s Virginia
+patent may not be out of place in a bibliographical Life of Hariot. The
+patent was no sudden freak of fortune but was the natural outgrowth of
+stirring events. Had it not been allotted to Raleigh it would doubtless
+soon after have fallen to some other promoter. But Raleigh was the
+Devonshire war-horse that first snuffed the breeze from afar. He
+fathered and took upon himself the burden of this newborn English
+enterprise of Western Planting.
+
+Though unsuccessful himself, Raleigh lifted his country into success
+more than any other one man of his time. To this day he is honoured
+alike in the old country that gave him birth, and in the new country to
+which he gave new life. His energy, enterprise, and fame are now a part
+of England’s history and pride, while his disgrace and death belong to
+his king. Thomas Hariot was for nearly forty years his confidential
+lieutenant throughout his varied career.
+
+From his youth Raleigh had sympathized, like many intelligent
+Englishmen, with the Huguenot cause in France. As early as 1569, at the
+age of seventeen, he had been one of a hundred volunteers whom
+Elizabeth sent over to assist and countenance Coligni. He thus probably
+became better acquainted with the great but unsuccessful scheme of
+colonizing Florida. At all events the history of that disastrous French
+Huguenot colonization was first published under his auspices, and a
+chief survivor, Jacques Le Moyne, became attached to his service and
+interests. The story is in brief as follows.
+
+Gaspar de Coligni, Admiral of France, often in our day called the
+French Raleigh, was a Protestant, and firm friend of England. One of
+his captains, Jean Ribault, of Dieppe, also a Protestant, had written
+an important paper on the policy of preserving peace with Protestant
+England. That paper, transmitted by the Admiral to England, is still
+preserved in the national archives. Ribault became the leader of
+Coligni’s preliminary expedition in 1562 into Florida to seek out a
+suitable place, somewhere between 30° north latitude and Cape Breton,
+for the discomfited Huguenots to retire to and found a Protestant
+colony. The previous Brazilian project had already been abandoned as
+impracticable and unsuccessful.
+
+Hitherto the Spanish Roman Catholic maritime doctrine had been that to
+see or sail by any undiscovered country gave possession. But the French
+Protestants, now firmly rejecting the Pope’s gift, required occupation
+in addition to discovery to secure title. Hence Florida at that time,
+not being occupied by the Spanish, was considered open to the French.
+Ribault sailed from Havre the 18th of February 1562, taking a course
+across the Atlantic direct, and, as he thought, new, making his land
+fall on the 30th of April at 29½ degrees; but Verrazano had in 1524
+sailed also direct for Florida, taking a similar course, with the
+difference that he started from Madeira. Thence coasting northward,
+seeking for a harbour, touching at the river of May, and proceeding up
+the coast to 32½ degrees, Ribault found a good harbour into which he
+entered on the 27th of May, and named it Port Royal. He was so well
+pleased with the country that, perhaps contrary to instructions, he
+left a colony of thirty volunteers, under Capt. Albert de la Pierria,
+and returned home with the news, arriving in France, after a quick
+voyage, on the 20th of July, 1562.
+
+Ribault, on leaving Port Royal, intended to explore up the coast to
+40°, that is, to the present site of New York, but gives various
+reasons for not doing so, one of which was ‘the declaration made vnto
+vs of our pilots and some others that had before been at some of those
+places where we purposed to sayle and have been already found by some
+of the king’s subjects.’ This little colony of Port Royal, after nearly
+a year of danger and privation, built a ship and put to sea, hoping to
+reach France. After incredible sufferings, they were relieved by an
+English ship, which, after putting the feeble on shore, carried the
+rest to England, having on board a French sailor who had come home the
+previous year with Ribault. These surviving colonists were all
+presented to Queen Elizabeth, and attracted much attention and great
+sympathy in England. Some found their way back to France, while others
+entered the English service. Thus England became acquainted with the
+aim, object, success, and failure of the first Florida (now South
+Carolina) Protestant French colony. Thomas Hacket published in London
+the 30th of May 1563, Ribault’s ‘True and last Discouerie of Florida,’
+purporting to be a translation from the French; but no printed French
+original is now known to exist.
+
+The year of bigotry, 1563, in France having passed, a second expedition
+of three vessels under Réné de Laudonnière, who had been an officer
+under Ribault in 1562, sailed for Florida from Havre, April 22, 1564,
+and arrived at the river of May the 25th of June. There were men of
+courage and consequence in this company of adventurers, among whom was
+Le Moyne, the painter and mathematician. The story of the sufferings of
+this second colony has often been told, and need not be repeated here.
+Suffice it to say that it was greatly relieved in July 1565, by Captain
+John Hawkins on his return voyage from his second famous slave
+expedition to Africa and the West Indies. Hawkins, after generously
+relieving the French with food, general supplies, and friendly counsel,
+returned to Devonshire, sailing up the coast to Newfoundland, and
+thence home, bringing stores of gold, silver, pearls, and the usual
+valuable merchandize of the Indies, but the store of information
+respecting Florida and our Protestant friends, and especially the
+geography of the American coast, was worth more to England than all his
+vast store of merchandize.
+
+In 1565 a third French expedition was fitted out, again under Ribault,
+to supply, reinforce, and support Laudonnière. After many disappointing
+and vexatious delays, Ribault, late in the season, put to sea, but by
+stress of weather was forced into Portsmouth, where he remained a
+fortnight. This gave England still more information respecting the
+French Protestant projects of southern colonization, as well as of
+Florida, which at that time extended very far north of its present
+limits. At length on the 14th of June Ribault left the hospitable
+shores of England with a fair north east wind to waft his seven ships,
+freighted with above three hundred colonists including sailors and
+soldiers, and taking the new ‘French route’ north of the Azores and
+south of Bermuda, entered the river of May on the 27th of August, just
+one month after the departure of Hawkins, and just one day before the
+arrival of the Spaniards at the river of St John, a few miles south.
+
+We find no hint of any opposition in England to these French colonizing
+schemes, but on the contrary they were looked upon as an advantageous
+barrier to Spanish greed of territorial extension northward under the
+vicegerent’s gift. There are still existing hints of English projects
+of western voyages at this time, about the year 1565, to the American
+coast. Elizabeth, however, was friendly to the Huguenots, and evinced
+great sympathy with their Florida colonial scheme. England’s claim to
+Newfoundland and Labrador, through discovery by the Cabots, had been
+allowed to lapse chiefly from the Protestant doctrine of
+non-occupation. The French occupation of Canada was not disputed. There
+was some doubt, however, about the intermediate country between the New
+France of Canada and the New France of Florida, and hence we find that
+private plans of English occupation were hatching at this early period,
+but they were not encouraged. This delicate question between France and
+Spain was, however, soon settled by the well known course of events
+with which England had nothing to do but to stand aside till the
+contest was over, and then in due course of time, like an independent
+powerful neutral, step in and reap the rewards.
+
+It is well known that Laudonnière’s followers were not altogether
+harmonious. Some restless spirits seceded, and seizing one of the
+colony’s ships, entered successfully in the autumn and winter of
+1564-65 into piracy on the rich commerce of Spain in the West Indies.
+These French spoliations had been a sore point with the owners of West
+India commerce since the days of Verrazano, so much so that the Spanish
+Government had instituted a fleet of coastguards among the islands to
+intercept and destroy the pirates. This fleet for some time had been
+under the charge of an experienced, trusted, and efficient officer
+named Pedro Menendez de Avilés. No doubt the provocation was great, and
+the new piracy was not to be endured. The home government of Spain had
+been kept informed of the Huguenot encroachments in Florida, a country
+which had long ago been granted to Ponce de Leon, Ayllon and others,
+and had been coasted by Estevan Gomez, but these encroachments had
+hitherto been so long winked at that the French colonists began to feel
+themselves to be in tolerable security.
+
+French piracy and Calvinism, however, coming together were two
+provocations too much for the patriotism and piety of the zealous Roman
+Catholic Spanish commander in the West Indies. Besides, there was a
+sorrow which roused his Spanish bigotry and induced him more than ever
+to serve God and his king by exterminating heresy. Don Pedro, with his
+new honors and high hopes, had left Cadiz on the 31st of May 1564, as
+Captain-General of the West India, the Terra Firma, the Peruvian, and
+the New-Spain fleets, his son under him commanding the ships to Vera
+Cruz. This son on the homeward voyage in the autumn had been lost on
+the rocks of Bermuda. This circumstance, with the Florida pirates, the
+heretic French and his Spanish love of barbaric gold, fired his zeal.
+
+The General rushed home to Spain for new powers. Early in 1565 he stood
+again before Philip petition in hand. Besides his present dignities he
+would be Adelantado of Florida. Florida in Spanish eyes extended not
+only to St. Mary’s or the Bay of Chesapeake, but even to Newfoundland,
+so as to embrace the whole northern continent west of the line of
+demarcation. Philip had heard not only of Laudonnière and the French
+Huguenots the last year, but was informed of Ribault’s new reinforcing
+expedition from Dieppe. He at once not only granted the General’s
+request, but enlarged his powers from time to time as additional news
+came in of the French. Don Pedro became indeed a royal favourite. He
+was now a veteran of forty-seven, who had done Philip and his father
+personal service. He had cruised against blockaders and corsairs in
+early youth, had convoyed richly-laden plate fleets from the Indies;
+had turned the scale of victory at StQuintin in 1557 by suddenly
+throwing Spanish troops into Flanders greatly to the advantage of
+Philip; was the commanding general of the armada in which the king
+returned in 1559 from Flanders to Spain; had been made in 1560
+captain-general of the convoy or protecting fleets between Spain and
+the West Indies, in which there was much active business in guarding
+Spanish commerce from corsairs. In spoiling these spoilers the general
+amassed much wealth, and was acknowledged the protector of the islands
+and their commerce. In 1561 he had fallen into some difficulty which
+caused his arrest by the Council of the Indies, but the king came to
+his rescue, restored his appointments, and promoted him in 1562 and
+1563, and still more, as we have seen, in 1564. In 1565 Philip gave him
+almost unlimited power over Florida, with directions to conquer,
+colonize, Christianize, explore and survey, and all these too at his
+own expense. Such is the fascination of royal grants. He was given
+three years to perform these wonders, in which so many others had
+failed. He was to survey the coasts up to Chesapeake Bay, explore
+inlets and find out the hidden straits to Cathay. Thus armed and
+instructed this Spanish pioneer of Virginia history and geography
+returned to his native Asturias, raised an army, manned and fitted out
+a fleet with many soldiers and sailors, and 500 negro slaves. He
+embarked at Cadiz with eleven ships on the 29th of June 1565, a
+fortnight after Ribault with his seven ships had left Portsmouth. From
+Porto Rico the Adelantado, in his hot haste to forestall the French,
+took a new route north of StDomingo, through the Lucayan islands and
+the Bahamas, to the coast of Florida at the River of StJohn, on the
+28th of August, the day after the arrival of the French a few miles
+north. Here Menendez entered the inlet, landed his five hundred African
+negro slaves, founded a town, the first in what is now the United
+States, and named it StAugustine, because he made his land-fall on the
+saint’s-day of the great African bishop. Thus StAugustine became the
+patron saint of this first town in the United States. Here slavery
+struck root, and here the Spanish Papist and the French Huguenot,
+brought out of civilized and Christianized Europe were set down
+blindfolded on the wild and inhospitable shores of Florida, like two
+game-cocks, to fight out their religious and implacable hatred. It was
+here that these ‘children of the sun’ showed the red men of the
+American forests that they too were human and mortal. Here, a few days
+later, the Spaniards began that merciless cut-throat religious butchery
+of Huguenots, to the astonishment of the savages of the primeval
+forests of America which finds a parallel on the pages of history only
+in the lesson which it taught in refined Paris just seven years later
+on St Bartholomew’s day.
+
+All the world knows how the swift vengeance of Pedro Menendez de Aviles
+descended upon the unfortunate colonists of Laudonnière and Ribault and
+destroyed them, with very few exceptions, in September 1565. On the
+other hand, every one has heard how the Spaniards, almost all except
+the absent leader, expiated their murderous cruelty in April 1568,
+under the retributive justice of De Gourgues. The Spanish settlers of
+Florida were thus as completely exterminated by the French as the
+French three years before had been exterminated by the Spaniards.
+
+After this till 1574, the Spaniards maintained possession of Florida,
+as far north as the Chesapeake Bay, under Menendez, who had been
+appointed at first Adelantado of Florida, and subsequently also
+Governor of Cuba. He caused an elaborate and official survey of the
+whole coast to be made and recorded, both in writing and in charts.
+Barcia tells the whole interesting story, but the charts seem to have
+been lost, though the description, or parts of it, remains. Menendez
+returned to Spain and died in 1574, just as he had been invested with
+the command of an ‘invincible’ armada of three hundred ships, and
+twenty thousand men to act against England and Flanders. All his North
+American acquisitions and surveys seem to have at once fallen into
+neglect. Not a Spanish town had been founded north of StAugustine. His
+Spanish missionaries sent among the Indians had gained no solid foot
+hold. Spain however still claimed possession, on paper, of the whole
+coast up to Newfoundland, though she could not boast of a single place
+of actual occupation.
+
+England at this time began to see the coast clear for the spread of her
+protestant principles in America, and for her occupation of some of
+those vast countries she now professed to have been the first to
+discover by the Cabots. No friendly power any longer stood in her way.
+Her relations with Spain had settled into patriotic hatred and open
+war. The voyages of Hawkins and Drake into the West Indies had revealed
+to Englishmen the enormous wealth of the Spanish trade thither, as well
+as the weakness of the Spanish Government in those plundered papal
+possessions. Frobisher had matured his plans, secured his grant, and in
+1576 made his first voyage to find the north west passage. The same
+year the half-brother of Raleigh, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, published his
+‘discourse for a discouerieof a new passage to Catai,’ with a map
+showing the coast of North America, and the passage to China. This was
+the result of years of study, and though the elaborate work was written
+out hastily at last, we know that while others were advocating the
+north east passage, Sir Humphrey always persisted in the north western.
+Frobisher’s expedition is said to have been an outgrowth of Gilbert’s
+efforts and petitions. These projects were long in hand, but Gilbert,
+in June 1578, obtained his famous patent from Elizabeth for two hundred
+leagues of any American coast not occupied by a Christian prince. This
+grant was limited to six years, to expire the eleventh of June 1584 in
+case no settlement was made or colony founded. The story of Gilbert’s
+efforts, expenditures of himself and friends, his unparalleled
+misfortunes and death, need not be retold here. Part of his rights and
+privileges fell to his half-brother Walter Raleigh who had participated
+somewhat in the enterprise. After Gilbert’s death and before the
+expiration of the patent, Raleigh succeeded in obtaining from Elizabeth
+another patent, with similar rights, privileges, and limitations, dated
+the 25th of March 1584, leaving the whole unoccupied coast open to his
+selection. On the 27th of April, only a month later, he despatched two
+barks under the command of Captains Amadas and Barlow, to reconnoitre
+the coast, as Ribault had done, for a suitable place to plant a colony,
+somewhere between Florida and Newfoundland. This patent also, like
+Gilbert’s, in case of negligence or non-success, was limited to six
+years. But it required the confirmation of Parliament. Though there
+were many rival interests, some of which had perhaps to be conciliated,
+the patent was confirmed.
+
+It ought perhaps to be mentioned here that five of Gilbert’s six years
+having already expired without his obtaining success or possession,
+several others, anticipating a forfeiture of the patent, began
+agitation for rival patents in 1583. Carleil, Walsingham, Sidney,
+Peckham, Raleigh, and perhaps others were eager in the strife. Mostof
+the papers are given in Hakluyt’s 1589 edition. The ‘Golden Hinde’
+returned in September 1583 with the news of the utter failure of the
+expedition and the death of Sir Humphrey. Raleigh succeeded in
+obtaining the royal grant, and then all the rest joined him in getting
+the patent confirmed by Parliament.
+
+Raleigh was now thirty-three, a man of position, of large heart and
+large income, a popular courtier high in royal favor, a man of foreign
+travel, great experience and extensive acquirements. He had served
+under Coligni with his protestant friends in France; subsequently
+served under William of Orange in Flanders; had served his Queen in
+Ireland; under Gilbert’s patent, contemplated a voyage to Newfoundland
+in 1578; and in 1583 was ready to embark himself again, but by some
+happy accident did not go, though he fitted out and sent a large ship
+at his own cost bearing his own name, which ship however put back on
+account of the outbreak of some contagion. Fully alive to the wants,
+plans, and desires of the Huguenots, he had not only informed himself
+of their Florida schemes, but had promoted the publication of their
+history, and secured the interest and active co-operation of the most
+important survivor of them all, Jaques LeMoyne, the painter, who having
+escaped landed destitute in Wales, and subsequently entered the service
+of Raleigh who had him safely lodged in the Blackfriars. He had also,
+how or when precisely is not known, secured the active aid and facile
+pen of the geographical Richard Hakluyt, who wrote for him, as no man
+else could write, in 1584, a treatise on Western Planting, a work
+intended probably to prime the ministry and the Parliament, to enable
+Raleigh first to secure the confirmation of his patent, and afterwards
+the co-operation and active interest of the nobility and gentry in his
+enterprise. This important hitherto unpublished volume of sixty-three
+large folio pages in the hand writing of Hakluyt, after having probably
+served its purpose and lain dormant for nearly three centuries, was
+bought at Earl Mountnorris’s sale at Arley Castle in December 1852, by
+Mr Henry Stevens of Vermont, who, as he himself informs us, after
+partly copying it, and endeavouring in vain to place it in some public
+or private library in England or the United States, threw it into
+auction, where it was sold by Messrs Puttick and Simpson in May 1854,
+for £44, as lot 474, Sir Thomas Phillipps being the purchaser. The
+manuscript still adorns the Phillipps library at Cheltenham. In 1868 a
+copy of this most suggestive volume was obtained by the late Dr Leonard
+Woods for the Maine Historical Society, and has since been edited with
+valuable notes by Mr Charles Deane of Cambridge and with an
+Introduction by Dr Woods. It appeared in 1877 as the second volume of
+the second series of the Society’s Collections.
+
+This Treatise of Hakluyt under Raleigh’s inspiration may be regarded as
+the harbinger of Virginia history. Though intended for a special
+purpose, it is of the highest importance in developing the history of
+English maritime policy at that time, and defining the growth of the
+English arguments, advantages and reasons for western planting. The
+book is full of personal hints, and is immensely suggestive, showing us
+more than anything else the master hand of Master Hakluyt in moulding
+England’s ‘sea policie’ and colonial navigation. No mere geographical
+study by Hakluyt could alone have produced this remarkable volume. It
+is the combination of many materials, and the result of compromising
+divers interests. Hakluyt had already, though still a young man under
+thirty, entered deeply into the study of commercial geography, and had
+in 1582 published his _Divers Voyages_ dedicated to his friend Sir
+Philip Sidney, son-in-law to the chief Secretary Walsingham. In the
+Spring of 1583 the Secretary sent Hakluyt down to Bristol with a letter
+to the principal merchants there to enlist their co-operation in a
+project of discovery and planting in America somewhere between the
+possessions of the French in Canada and the Spaniards in Florida, which
+his son-in-law Master Christopher Carleil was developing under the
+auspices of the Muscovie Company, and for which they were about to ask
+the Queen for a patent independent of Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s.
+
+In the summer of 1583 Hakluyt thought to go to Newfoundland with
+Gilbert’s expedition, according to the letter of Parmenius, but
+fortunately did not go. But in the autumn of the same year Walsingham
+sent him to Paris nominally as chaplain to the English Ambassador at
+the French court, Sir Edward Stafford, but really to pursue his
+geographical investigations into the west and learn what the French and
+Spanish were doing in these remote regions, and what were their
+particular claims, resources and trade.
+
+Before his departure for Paris, the ‘Golden Hinde’ had returned to
+Falmouth with the heavy news of the fate of Gilbert and the consequent
+certain forfeiture of his patent, notwithstanding it had still some
+nine months to run. Though Sir Humphrey had taken formal possession of
+Newfoundland, as no colony was left there, his rights and privileges
+would lapse as a matter of course.
+
+Western planting now became the talk and fashion. Many projects were
+hatching for new patents. Raleigh alone succeeded. Hakluyt’s position
+and circumstances in Paris seem made for the occasion, and he soon
+found all these western eggs put into his basket. The materials of the
+several previous writers and of the rival claimants were all apparently
+thrust upon him. He thus became in 1583-4, though perhaps
+unconsciously, the mouthpiece of a snug family party all playing into
+the hands of Raleigh. There were Walsingham, and Sidney, and Carleil,
+and Leicester, all connected with each other and with Raleigh. Then
+there were the papers of Sir George Peckham, Edward Hayes, Richard
+Clarke master of the Delight, and Steven Par-menius, rich alike in
+hints and facts. The interests of these distinguished persons were by
+family ties or other influence suddenly merged into a single patent and
+that Raleigh’s. The papers mostly passed through Raleigh’s hands into
+Hakluyt’s, who acknowledges himself indebted to him for his chiefest
+light.
+
+Raleigh, besides being the half-brother and representative of Sir
+Humphrey Gilbert, held also a large share in that venture. Gilbert’s
+real aim, policy and plan, in this last yearof his patent, to prospect
+for a suitable place in which to take possession and found a colony,
+was to begin at the south and work northward as the French had done,
+but his previous failures since 1578, the inevitable impediments and
+delays, the advanced season of this his last year 1583, and the
+necessity of making a final strike for success, in behalf of himself
+and his assignees, compelled him at the last hour to go direct to
+Newfoundland, take possession, and then, if thought best, work
+southward. He was however unquestionably influenced or professed to be
+by rumours of metals or gold mines in Newfoundland. This northern
+passage was his fatal mistake. Had he taken a middle or southern course
+say between 37° and 42° he might perhaps have succeeded.
+
+Under these circumstances Hakluyt’s Discourse of Western Planting was
+written, and may be considered as a digest of many plans without much
+originality and a consolidation of many interests. Hakluyt and Raleigh
+were at Oxford together, but we find no particular evidence of their
+intimacy before the Spring of 1584, when Hakluyt had returned to London
+from Paris with his Discourse, or perhaps it was partly written in
+England. It is pretty certain that it was not shown to the Queen before
+the date of the Patent, the 25th of March, as Hakluyt speaks of her
+seeing it in the summer. It was probably intended principally for the
+promotion of the interests of the Patent in Parliament.
+
+At all events with his investigations in France Hakluyt’s Discourse
+became thoroughly English in its tone and tenor, and from this time he
+labored zealously in the interests of Raleigh. A main point of inquiry
+in Paris was to avail himself of the many opportunities at the Spanish
+and Portuguese embassies, and with the French merchants and sailors of
+Paris, Rouen, Havre and Dieppe, to pick up the particulars of the West
+India trade of the Spaniards, and the nature of the French dealings in
+Cape Breton and Canada. This led him to set forth the advantages of
+direct English western trade independent of France and Spain, and of
+French and Spanish routes.
+
+The fisheries of Newfoundland and the Banks were extensive, and by
+repeated treaties neutral, but gave no exclusive rights on the
+adjoining territory to any one of the fishing nations; though in all
+cases the English by common consent exercised leadership in the
+Newfoundland harbors among the fishing ships, of which there were now
+some six or eight hundred a year, notwithstanding the English still
+fished also at Iceland.
+
+It was necessary however in the interests of England for Hakluyt in
+this Discourse to revive and substantiate the English rights in America
+by putting forward the prior discovery by the Cabots in 1497-1498.
+Though he presents this direct claim modestly, yet like Sir Humphrey
+Gilbert he founds it upon insufficient evidence. In a loose manner he
+speaks of Cabot and not the Cabots, and attributes to Sebastian the son
+what properly belongs to John the father. He reposes full confidence in
+the loose and gossiping statements of Peter Martyr that Sebastian
+Cabot, a quarter of a century after the discovery, told him that at the
+time, 1497 or 98,he had explored the coast to the latitude of
+Gibraltar, that is to Chesapeake Bay and the longitude of Cuba or the
+city of Cincinnati, a thing not probable, in as much as the active old
+pilot mayor was never able to declare, down to the time of Gomez, that
+he had been on that coast before. It would have been foolish in him to
+fit out in 1524 Gomez to ‘discover’ what the pilot mayor had already
+explored in 1497.
+
+Hakluyt’s arguments and historical statements in this Discourse of 1584
+to the present time have always been presented by English diplomatists
+with confidence, especially against the French. Yet the French
+continued to maintain their occupation of Cape Breton, the Gulf of St
+Lawrence and Canada, which together they called New France. It is now
+however made apparent from contemporary historical documents that have
+recently been brought to light from the archives of Spain and Venice
+that John Cabot, accompanied by his son Sebastian, then a youth of some
+nineteen or twenty years, in 1497 took possession of Cape Breton in the
+names of Venice and England conjointly, and raised the flags of St Mark
+and St George. There is not yet any trustworthy evidence that they went
+south of Cape Breton either in that or the voyage of 1498.
+
+Hakluyt in his Divers Voyages in 1582 did not venture to make this
+Cabot claim so strong as in this Discourse. In his dedication to Sir
+Philip Sidney he quaintly says that he ‘put downe the title which we
+haue to this part of America which is from Florida to 67 degrees
+northwarde by the letters patentes graunted to John Cabote and his
+three sonnes,’ simply meaning that he had printed the first patent of
+5th May 1496. In his title page he speaks of the Discoverie of
+America,’ made first of all by our Englishmen and afterwards by the
+Frenchmen and Bretons.’ He does not question the rights and privileges
+of Frenchmen to the Gulf of St Lawrence and Canada, because they were
+in the occupation of a Christian prince.
+
+This Discourse of Western Planting therefore, and the voyage of Amadas
+and Barlow, in 1584, at the instigation and expense of Raleigh, based
+on a thorough knowledge of the Huguenot and Spanish expeditions to
+Florida in 1562-1568, are all parts of Virginia history, and therefore
+are preliminary to Hariot’s Report. It should be borne in mind that
+these terms Florida and Virginia as used by the Spaniards, French, and
+English, included the whole country from the point of Florida through
+the Carolinas and Virginia to the Chesapeake Bay, or perhaps even to
+Bacalaos.
+
+Raleigh’s patent, in which all interests were thus consolidated, came
+before Parliament in the Autumn of 1584 well fortified in its
+historical and geographical bearings by Hakluyt’s learned Discourse. In
+the House of Commons the matter was adroitly referred to a Commitee of
+which Walsingham and Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Christopher Hatton and Sir
+Francis Drake were members. The bill having passed the House was sent
+up to the Lords, and there read the first time on Sunday the 19th of
+December 1584, as appears by the following entry in the Lords’ Journal,
+volume ii, page 76. ‘Hodie allatae sicut a Dome Communi 4 Billae;
+_Prima,_ For the Confirmation of the Queen’s Majesty’s Letters Patents,
+granted to Walter Raughlieghe, Esquire, touching the Discovery and
+Inhabiting of certain Foreign Lands and Countries, quae ia _vice_ lecta
+est.’ It does not appear precisely at what date the Bill received the
+Queen’s signature, but probably as early as Christmas or New Year.
+
+Having now early in 1585 secured the Confirmation of this much coveted
+patent which liberally permitted him in the name and under the aegis of
+England to plant a ‘colonie’ and found an English empire in the New
+World at his own expense of money, men, and enterprise; having pocketed
+the geographical results and valuable experience of the French in
+Florida and Canada; having vainly attempted a visit to Newfoundland in
+1578, and having succeeded to the rights and privileges of his noble
+half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert; having received by the return in
+September of his two reconnoitring barks favorable reports as to the
+properest place to begin his Western Planting in Wingandacoa ; and
+being thoroughly supported by the good wishes and hearty co-operation
+of the Queen and many of her prominent and influential subjects,
+Raleigh rose superior to all jealousies and opposition.
+
+This lasted as usual just so long as he was successful and no longer.
+But he was blessed in his household, or at his table, or in his
+confidence, with four sterling adherents who stuck to him through thick
+and thin, through prosperity and adversity. These were Richard Hakluyt,
+Jaques Le Moyne, John White and Thomas Hariot. When Wingandacoa makes
+up her jewels she will not forget these Four, whom it is just to call
+Raleigh’s Magi.
+
+With marvellous energy, enterprise, and skill Raleigh collected and
+fitted out in an incredibly short time a fleet of seven ships well
+stocked and well manned to transport his ‘first colonie’ into the wilds
+of America. It was under the command of his valiant cousin, Admiral Sir
+Richard Grenville, and sailed from Plymouth on the 19th of May 1585.
+Never before did a finer fleet leave the shores of England, and never
+since was one more honestly or hopefully dispatched. There were the
+‘Tyger’ and the ‘Roe Buck’ of 140 tons each, the ‘Lyon’ of 100 tons,
+the ‘Elizabeth’ of 50 tons, the ‘Dorothea’, a small bark, and two
+pinnaces, hardly big enough to bear distinct names, yet small enough to
+cross dangerous bars and enter unknown bays and rivers. In this
+splendid outfit were nearly two hundred souls, among whom were Master
+Ralfe Lane as governor of the colony. Thomas Candish or Cavendish
+afterwards the circumnavigator, Captain Philip Amadas of the Council,
+John White the painter as delineator and draughtsman, Master Thomas
+Hariot the mathematician as historiographer, surveyor and scientific
+discoverer or explorer, and many others whose names are preserved in
+Hakluyt.
+
+The fleet had a prosperous voyage by the then usual route of the West
+Indies and fell in with the main of Florida on the 20th of June, made
+and named Cape Fear on the 23d, and a first landing the next day, and
+on the 26th came to Wococa where Amadas and Barlow had been the year
+before. They disembarked and at first mistook the country for Paradise.
+July was spent in surveying and exploring the country, making the
+acquaintance of the natives, chiefly by means of two Indians that had
+been taken to England and brought back able to speak English. On the
+5th of August Master John Arundel, captain of one of the vessels, was
+sent back to England, and on the 25th of August Admiral Grenville,
+after a sojourn of two months in Virginia, took his leave and returned,
+arriving at Plymouth on the 18th of October. There were left in
+Virginia as Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie,’ one hundred and nine men. They
+remained there one whole year and then, discontented, returned to
+England in July 1586 in Sir Francis Drake’s fleet coming home
+victorious from the West Indies.
+
+One of these 109 men was Thomas Hariot the Author of the Report of
+Virginia. Another was John White the painter. To these two earnest and
+true men we owe, as has been said, nearly all we know of ‘Ould
+Virginia.’ Their story is briefly told by Hakluyt.
+
+Sir Francis Drake in the true spirit of friendship went out of his way
+to make this call on the Colony of his friend Raleigh. He found them
+anything but contented and prosperous. They had long been expecting
+supplies and reinforcements from home, which not arriving, on the
+departure of Drake’s fleet becoming dejected and homesick, they
+petitioned the Governor for permission to return. Immediately after
+their departure a ship arrived from Raleigh, and fourteen days later
+Sir Richard Grenville himself returned with his fleet of three ships,
+new planters and stores of supplies, only to find the Colony deserted
+and no tidings to be had. Leaving twenty men to hold possession the
+Admiral made his way back to England.
+
+It has already been stated how and under what circumstances the epitome
+of the labours and surveys of Hariot came to be printed, but it may be
+well to show how it came to be united with John White’s drawings and
+republished a year or two later as the first part of De Bry’s
+celebrated collections of voyages. Hakluyt returned to Paris at the end
+of 1584. and remained there, perhaps with an occasional visit to
+London, till 1588, always working in the interests of Raleigh. In April
+1585, a month before the departure of the Virginia fleet, he wrote to
+Walsingham that he ‘was careful to advertise Sir Walter Raleigh from
+tyme to tyme and send him discourses both in print and in written hand
+concerning his voyage.’ Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière’s Journal had
+fallen into Hakluyt’s hand, and he induced his friend Basanier the
+mathematician to edit and publish it. This was done and the work was
+dedicated to Raleigh and probably paid for by him. Le Moyne the painter
+and mathematician who had accompanied the expedition, one of the few
+who escaped into the woods and swamps with Laudonnière the dreadful
+morning of the massacre, was named by Basanier. He also mentions a lad
+named De Bry who was lucky enough to find his way out of the clutches
+of the Spanish butchers into the hands of the more merciful American
+Savages. This young man was found
+by De Gourgues nearly three years later among the Indians that joined
+him in his mission of retribution against the Spaniards, and was
+restored to his friends well instructed in the ways, manners and
+customs of the Florida Aborigines.
+
+This journal of Laudonnière carefully edited by Basanier was completed
+in time to be published in Paris in 1586, in French, in octavo. It was
+dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh. Hakluyt translated it into English,
+and printed it in small quarto in London the next year and it
+reappeared again in his folio voyages of 1589. The French edition fell
+under the eye of Theodore De Bry the afterwards celebrated engraver of
+Frankfort, formerly of Liege. Whether or not this engraver was a
+relative of young De Bry of Florida is not known, but we are told that
+he soon sought out Le Moyne whom he found in Raleigh’s service living
+in the Blackfriars in London, acting as painter, engraver on wood, a
+teacher and art publisher or bookseller.
+
+De Bry first came to London in 1587 to see Le Moyne and arrange with
+him about illustrating Laudonnière’s Journal with the artist’s maps and
+paintings, and remained here some time, but did not succeed in
+obtaining what he wanted, probably because Le Moyne was meditating a
+similar work of his own, and being still attached to the household of
+Raleigh was not free to negotiate for that peculiar local and special
+information which he had already placed at Raleigh’s disposal for his
+colony planted a little north of the French settlement in Florida, then
+supposed to be in successful operation, but of which nothing had yet
+been published to give either the world at large or the Spaniards in
+the peninsula a premature clue to his enterprise.
+
+There is still preserved a good memorial of De Bry’s visit to London in
+the celebrated funeral pageant at the obsequies of Sir Philip Sidney in
+the month of February 1587, drawn and invented by T. Lant and engraved
+on copper by Theodore de Bry in the city of London, 1587. A complete
+copy is in the British Museum, and another is said to be at the old
+family seat of the Sidneys at Penshurst in Kent, now Lord de L’lsle’s;
+while a third copy not quite perfect adorns the famous London
+collectionof Mr Gardner of St John’s Wood Park.
+
+LeMoyne died in 1588, and De Bry soon after came to London a second
+time and succeeded in purchasing of the widow of Le Moyne a portion of
+the artist’s drawings or paintings together with his version of the
+French Florida Expeditions. While here this time De Bry fell in with
+Richard Hakluyt, who had returned from Paris in November 1588,
+escorting Lady Sheffield.
+
+Hakluyt at the end of this year, or the beginning of 1589, was engaged
+in seeing through the press his first folio collection of the voyages
+of the English, finished, according to the date in the preface, the
+17th of November, though entered at Stationers’ Hall on the strength of
+a note from Walsingham the first of September previous. Hakluyt with
+his mind full of voyages and travels was abundantly competent to
+appreciate De Bry’s project of publishing a luxurious edition of
+Laudonnière’s Florida illustrated with the exquisite drawings of Le
+Moyne. Ever ready to make a good thing better, Hakluyt suggested the
+addition of Le Moyne’s and other Florida papers; and introduced De Bry
+to John White, Governor of Virginia, then in London.
+
+White, an English painter of eminence and merit, was as an artist to
+Virginia what Le Moyne his master had been to Florida. Le Moyne had
+twenty years before mapped and pictured everything in Florida from the
+River of May to Cape Fear, and White had done the same for Raleigh’s
+Colony in Virginia (now North Carolina) from Cape Fear to the
+Chesapeake Bay. Le Moyne had spent a year with Laudonnière at Fort
+Caroline in 1564-65, and White had been a whole year in and about
+Roanoke and the wilderness of Virginia in 1585-86 as the right hand man
+of Hariot.
+
+Together Hariot and White surveyed, mapped, pictured and described the
+country, the Indians, men and women; the animals, birds, fishes, trees,
+plants, fruits and vegetables. Hariot’s Report or epitome of his
+Chronicle, reproduced by the Hercules Club, was privately printed in
+February 1589. A volume containing seventy-six of White’s original
+drawings in water colours is now preserved in the Grenville library in
+the British Museum, purchased by the Trustees in March 1866 of Mr Henry
+Stevens at the instigation of Mr Panizzi, and placed there as an
+appropriate pendant to the world-renowned Grenville De Bry. This is the
+very volume that White painted for Raleigh, and which served De Bry for
+his Virginia. Only 23 out of the 76 drawings were engraved, the rest
+never yet having been published. Thus Hariot’s text and map with
+White’s drawings are necessary complements to each other and should be
+mentioned together.
+
+Knowing all these men and taking an active part in all these important
+events, Hakluyt acted wisely in inducing De Bry to modify his plan of a
+separate publication and make a Collection of illustrated Voyages. He
+suggested first that the separate work of Florida should be suspended,
+and enlarged with Le Moyne’s papers, outside of Laudonnière. Then
+reprint, as a basis of the Collection, Hariot’s privately printed
+Report on Virginia just coming out in February 1589, and illustrate it
+with the map and White’s drawings. Hakluyt engaged to write
+descriptions of the plates, and his geographical touches are easily
+recognizable in the maps of both Virginia and Florida.
+
+In this way De Bry was induced to make Hariot’s Virginia the First Part
+of his celebrated PEREGRINATIONS, with a dedication to Sir Walter
+Raleigh. Florida then became the Second Part. The first was illustrated
+from the portfolio of John White, and the second from that of Jaques Le
+Moyne. Both parts are therefore perfectly authentic and trustworthy.
+Thus the famous Collections of De Bry may be said to be of English
+origin, for to Raleigh and his magi De Bry owed everything in the start
+of his great work. Being thus supplied and instructed, De Bry returned
+to Frankfort, and with incredible energy and enterprise, engraved,
+printed, and issued his VIRGINIA in four languages, English, French,
+Latin and German, in 1590, and his Florida in Latin and German, in
+1591. The bibliographical history of these books, the intimacy and
+dependence of the several persons engaged; and the geographical
+development of Florida-Virginia are all so intertwined and blended,
+that the whole seems to lead up to Thomas Hariot, the clearing up of
+whose biography thus becomes an appropriate labor of the Hercules Club.
+
+Little more remains to be said of Raleigh’s Magi who have been thus
+shown to be hand and glove in working out these interesting episodes of
+French and English colonial history. To Hakluyt, Le Moyne, White, De
+Bry and Hariot, Raleigh owes an undivided and indivisible debt of
+gratitude for the prominent niche which he achieved in the world’s
+history, especially in that of England and America ; while to Raleigh’s
+liberal heart and boundless enterprise must be ascribed a generous
+share of the reputation achieved by his Magi in both hemispheres.
+
+Of Hakluyt and De Bry little more need be said here. They both hewed
+out their own fortunes and recorded them on the pages of history, the
+one with his pen, the other with his graver. If at times ill informed
+bibliographers who have got beyond their depth fail to discern its
+merits, and endeavour to deny or depreciate De Bry’s Collection,
+charging it with a want of authenticity and historic truth, it is hoped
+that enough has been said here to vindicate at least the first two
+parts, Virginia and Florida. The remaining parts, it is believed, can
+be shown to be of equal authority.
+
+Whoever compares the original drawings of Le Moyne and White with the
+engravings of De Bry, as one may now do in the British Museum, must be
+convinced that, beautiful as De Bry’s work is, it seems tame in the
+presence of the original water-colour drawings. There is no
+exaggeration in the engravings.
+
+Le Moyne’s name has not found its way into modern dictionaries of art
+or biography, but he was manifestly an artist of great merit and a man
+of good position. In addition to what is given above it may be added
+that a considerable number of his works is still in existence, and it
+is hoped will hereafter be duly appreciated. In the print-room of the
+British Museum are two of his drawings, highly finished in
+water-colours, being unquestionably the originals of plates eight and
+forty-one of De Bry’s Florida. They are about double the size of the
+engravings. They came in with the Sloane Collection. There is also in
+the Manuscript Department of the British Museum a volume of original
+drawings relating chiefly to Florida and Virginia (Sloane N° 5270)
+manifestly a mixture of Le Moyne’s and White’s sketches. They are very
+valuable. There is also in the Museum library a printed and manuscript
+book by Le Moyne, which speaks for itself and tells its own interesting
+story. It is in small oblong quarto and is entitled ‘La/ Clef des
+Champs,/ pour trouuer plusieurs Ani-/maux, tant Bestes qu’Oyseaux,
+auec/ plusieurs Fleurs & Fruitz. . . / Anno. I586./ ¶ Imprimé aux
+Blackfriers, pour Jaques/ le Moyne, dit de Morgues Paintre/’. The book
+consists of fifty leaves, of which two are preliminary containing the
+title and on the reverse and third page a neat dedication in French ‘A
+Ma-dame Madame/ De Sidney.’/ Signed’ Voftre tres-affectionne,/ JAQVES
+LE MOINE dit
+
+de/ MORGVES Paintre.’/ This dedication is dated ‘Londres/ ce xxvi. de
+Mars.’/ On the reverse of the second leaf, also in French, is ‘¶ A Elle
+Mesme,/ Sonet’ with the initials I.L.M.
+
+Then follow forty-eight leaves with two woodcuts coloured by hand on
+the recto of each leaf, reverse blank. These ninety-six cuts sum up
+twenty-four each of beasts, birds, fruits and flowers, with names
+printed under each in English, French, German and Latin. Although the
+book is dated the 26th of March 1586, it was not entered at Stationers’
+Hall until the 31st of July 1587. It there stands under the name of
+James Le Moyne alias Morgan. Madame Sidney is given as Mary Sidney. She
+was sister of Sir Philip, countess of Pembroke, ‘Sidney’s sister,
+Pembroke’s mother.’ There is no allusion to Sir Philip in the
+dedication, and therefore we may infer that it was penned before the
+battle of Zut-phen. Both the dedication and the sonnet show the
+artist’s intimacy and friendship with that distinguished family.
+
+There are two copies of this exceedingly rare book in the British
+Museum, both slightly imperfect, but will together make a complete one,
+but the more interesting copy is that in 727 c/2 31, in the Sloane
+Collection. It has bound up with it thirty-seven leaves on which are
+beautifully drawn and painted flowers, fruits, birds &c. There can be
+little doubt that these are Le Moyne’s own paintings. It is curious to
+find that all these scattered works in the different departments came
+in with the Sloane Collection which formed the nucleus of the British
+Museum. It is to be hoped that other samples of Le Moyne’s art may be
+found or identified, and that all of them may be brought together or be
+described as the ‘Le Moyne Collection.’ How Sir Hans Sloane became
+possessed of them does not yet appear.
+
+Capt. John White’s name in the annals of English art is destined to
+rank high, though it has hitherto failed to be recorded in the art
+histories and dictionaries. Yet his seventy-six original paintings in
+water-colours done probably in Virginia in 1585-1586 while he was there
+with Hariot as the official draughtsman or painter of Raleigh’s ‘First
+Colonie’ entitle him to prominence among English artists in Elizabeth’s
+reign. There are some other works of his in the Manuscript department
+mingled with those of his friend and master Le Moyne.
+
+As Raleigh’s friend and agent White’s name deserves honorable mention
+in the history of ‘Ould Virginia.’ He was an original adventurer in the
+‘First Colonie’ and was one of the hundred and nine who spent a whole
+year at and about Roanoke and returned with Drake in 1586. He went
+again to Virginia in April 1587 as Governor of Raleigh’s’ Second
+Colonie,’ consisting of one hundred and fifty persons in three ships,
+being the fourth expedition. Raleigh appointed to him twelve assistants
+‘to whome he gave a Charter, and incorporated them by the name of
+Governour and Assistants of the Citie of Raleigh in Virginia,’ intended
+to be founded on the Chesapeake Bay. It never became more than a ‘paper
+city.’
+
+This Second Colony landed at Roanoke the 20th of July, but finding
+themselves disappointed and defeated in all points, the colonists
+joined in urging the Governor to return to England for supplies and
+instructions. He reluctantly departed the 27th of August from Roanoke,
+leaving there his daughter, who was the mother of the first child of
+English parents born in English North America, Virginia Dare. He
+intended immediately to return to Virginia with relief, but the
+embarrassments of Raleigh, the
+stirring times, and the ‘Spanish Armada’ defeated Sir Walter and
+frustrated all his plans.
+
+On the 20th of November 1587 Governor White having reached home
+apprised Raleigh of the circumstances and requirements of the Colony.
+Sir Walter at once ‘appointed a pinnesse to be sent thither with all
+such necessaries as he vnderstood they stood in neede of,’ and also
+‘wrote his letters vnto them, wherein among other matters he comforted
+them with promise, that with all conuenient speede he would prepare a
+good supply of shipping and men with sufficience of all thinges
+needefull, which he intended, God willing, should be with them the
+Sommer following.’ This promised fleet was got ready in the harbor of
+Bideford under the personal care and supervision of Sir Richard
+Grenville, and waited only for a fair wind to put to sea. Then came
+news of the proposed invasion of England by Philip King of Spain with
+his ‘invincible armada,’ so wide spread and alarming that it was deemed
+prudent by the Government to stay all ships fit for war in any ports of
+England to be in readiness for service at home ; and even Sir Richard
+Grenville was commanded not to leave Cornwall.
+
+Governor White however having left about one hundred and twenty men,
+women and children in Virginia, among whom were his own daughter and
+granddaughter, left no stone unturned for their relief. He labored so
+earnestly and successfully that he obtained two small ‘pinneses’ named
+the ‘Brave’ and the ‘Roe,’ one of thirty and the other of twenty-five
+tons, ‘wherein fifteen planters and all their provision, with certain
+reliefe for those that wintered in the Countrie was to be transported.’
+
+The’ Brave’ and the ‘Roe’ with this slender equipment passed the bar of
+Bideford the 22nd of April, just six months after the return of the
+Governor, a small fleet with small hope. Had it been larger its going
+forth would not have been permitted. The Governor remained behind,
+thinking he could serve the Colony better in England. But the sailors
+of the little ‘Brave’ and ‘Roe’ had caught the fighting mania before
+they sailed, and instead of going with all speed to the relief of
+Virginia, scoured the seas for rich prizes, and like two little
+fighting cocks let loose attacked every sail they caught sight of,
+friend or foe. The natural consequence was that before they reached
+Madeira (they took the southern course for the sake of plunder) they
+had been several times thoroughly whipped, and ‘all thinges spilled’ in
+their fights. ‘By this occasion, God iustly punishing the theeuerie of
+our euil disposed mariners, we were of force constrained to break of
+our voyage intended for the reliefe of our Colony left the yere before
+in Virginia, and the same night to set our course for England.’ In a
+month from their departure they recrossed the bar of Bideford, their
+voyage having been a disgraceful failure, yet the doings of these two
+miniature corsairs are recorded in Hakluyt manifestly only as specimens
+of English pluck, a British quality always admired, however much
+misdirected. Meanwhile no tidings of the ‘Second colonie’ and worse
+still, no tidings or help had the Second Colony received all this long
+time from England. And even to this day the echo is ‘no tidings’ and no
+help from home. This then may be called the first and great human
+sacrifice that savage America required of civilized England before
+yielding to her inevitable destiny.
+
+And so it was that Virginia and the Armada Year shook the fortunes of
+Raleigh and compelled him to assign a portion of his Patent and
+privileges under it to divers gentlemen and merchants of London. This
+document, in which are included and protected the charter rights of
+White and others in the ‘City of Raleigh,’ bears date the 7th of March
+1589. Matters being thus settled, with more capital and new life a
+‘Fifth Expedition’ was fitted out in 1590 in which Governor White went
+out to carry aid, and to reinforce his long neglected colony of 1587.
+Not one survivor was found, and White returned the same year in every
+way unsuccessful. He soon after retired to Raleigh’s estates in
+Ireland, and the last heard of him is a long letter to his friend
+Hakluyt ‘from my house at Newtowne in Kylmore the 4th of February
+1593.’
+
+Raleigh’s Patent, like that of Gilbert, would have expired by the
+limitation of six years on the 24th of March 1590 if he had not
+succeeded in leading out a colony and taking possession. His first
+colony of 1585 was voluntarily abandoned, but not his discoveries. His
+second colony of 1587 was surrounded with so much obscurity that though
+in fact he maintained no real and permanent settlement, yet it was
+never denied that he lawfully took possession and inhabited Virginia
+within the six years and also for a time in the seventh year, and
+therefore was entitled to privileges extending two hundred leagues from
+Roanoke. As long as Elizabeth lived no one disputed Raleigh’s
+privileges under his patent, though partly assigned, but none of the
+Assignees cared to adventure further. The patent had become practically
+a dead letter. As late however as 1603 the compliment was paid Raleigh
+of asking his permission to make a voyage to North Virginia. As no
+English plantation between the Spanish and the French possessions in
+North America at the time of the accession of James was maintained the
+patent was allowed nominally to remain in force. But no one claimed any
+rights under it. It has been stated by several recent historians that
+the attainder of Raleigh took away his patent privileges, but evidence
+of this is not forthcoming. It is manifest that James the First, who
+had little regard for his own or others’ royal grants or chartered
+rights in America, considered the coast clear and as open to his own
+royal bounty as it had been long before to Pope Alexander the Sixth. It
+was easier and safer to obtain new charters than to revive any
+questionable old ones.
+
+But to all intents and purposes the interesting history of Virginia
+begins with Raleigh. Whence he drew his inspiration, how he profited by
+the experience of others, how he patronized his Magi and bound them to
+himself with cords of friendship and liberality; how by his very
+blunders and misfortunes he transmitted to posterity some of the most
+precious historical memorials found on the pages of English or American
+history, we have, perhaps at unnecessary length, endeavoured to show in
+this long essay on the brief and true Report of Thomas Hariot, his
+surveyor and topographer in Virginia, which must ever serve as the
+corner-stone of English American History, by a man who, though long
+neglected and half forgotten, must eventually shine as the morning star
+of the mathematical sciences in England, as well as that of the history
+of her Empire in the West.
+
+It remains now to give some personal account of Thomas Hariot, whose
+first book as the first of the labors of the hercules club has been
+reproduced. Every incident in the life of a man of eminent genius and
+originality in any country is a lesson to the world’s posterity
+deserving careful record. Hitherto dear quaint old positive
+antiquarianly slippery Anthony à Wood in his _Athenes Oxoniensis_
+embodies nearly all of our accepted notions of this great English
+mathematician and philosopher. Anthony was indefatigable in his
+researches into the biography of Hariot who was both an Oxford man and
+an Oxford scholar. He happily succeeded in mousing out a goodly number
+of recondite and particular occurrences of Hariot’s life. He managed,
+however, to state very many of them erroneously ; and he drew hence
+some important inferences, the reverse, as it now appears, of
+historical truth. This naturally leads one to inquire into his
+authorities. Wood’s account of Hariot appeared in his first edition of
+1691, and has not been improved in the two subsequent editions. For
+most of his facts he appears to have been indebted to Dr John Wallis’s
+Algebra, first published in 1685, though ready for the printer in 1676
+; and for his fictions to poor old gossiping Aubrey; while his
+inferences, in respect to Hariot’s deism and disbelief in the
+Scriptures, are probably his own, as we find no sufficient trace of
+them prior to the appearance of his Athenæ, unless it be in Chief
+Justice Popham’s unjust charge at Winchester in 1603, when he is said
+to have twitted Raleigh from the bench with having been ‘bedeviled’ by
+Hariot. Dr Wallis appears to have obtained part of his facts from John
+Collins, who had been in his usual indefatigable manner looking up
+Hariot and his papers as early as 1649, and wrote to the doctor of his
+success several letters between 1667 and 1673, which maybe seen in
+Professor Rigaud’s Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth
+Century, 2 vols, Oxford, 1841, 8°.
+
+Since 1784, from time to time, several other writers have partly
+repeated Wood’s estimate and added several new facts, as will be shown
+further on. But it has been reserved for the Hercules Club, now just
+three hundred years after Hariot left the University, to bring to light
+new and important contemporary evidence, sufficient, it is believed, to
+considerably modify our general estimate of Hariot’s life and
+character, and to raise him from the second rank of mathematicians to
+which Montucla coolly relegated him nearly a century ago to the
+pre-eminence of being one of the foremost scholars of his age, not
+alone of England but of the world. Had he been walled around by church
+bigotry like his friend and contemporary Galileo he would
+unquestionably by the originality and brilliancy of his observations
+and discoveries have rivalled, or perhaps have shared that
+philosopher’s victories in science. At all events it is believed that
+the new matter is sufficient to reopen the courts of criticism and
+revision in which some of the decisions respecting the use of
+perspective glasses, the invention of the telescope, the discoveries of
+the spots on the sun, the satellites of Jupiter and the horns of Venus
+may be reconsidered and perhaps reversed. It is believed that in
+logical analysis, in philosophy, and in many other departments of
+science few in his day were his equals, while in pure mathematics none
+was his superior.
+
+Thomas Hariot was born at Oxford, or as Anthony à Wood with more than
+his usual quaint-ness expresses it, ‘tumbled out of his mother’s womb
+into the lap of the Oxonian muses in 1560.’ He was a ‘bateler or
+commoner of St Mary’s hall.’ He ‘took the degree of bachelor of arts in
+1579, and in the latter end of that year did compleat it by
+determination in Schoolstreet.’ Nothing of his boyhood, or of his
+family, except a few hints in his will, has come to light.
+
+It is not known precisely at what time Hariot joined Walter Raleigh,
+who was only eight years his senior. From what their friend Hakluyt
+says of them both, their intimate friendship and mutually serviceable
+connection were already an old story as early as 1587. On the eighth
+calends of March 1587, that is on the 22d of February 1588, present
+reckoning, Hakluyt wrote from Paris to Raleigh in London,
+
+‘To you therefore I have freely desired to give and dedicate these my
+labors. For to whom could I present these Decades of the New World [of
+Peter Martyr] more appropriately than to yourself, who, at the expense
+of nearly one hundred thousand ducats, with new fleets, are showing to
+us of modern times new regions, leading forth a third colony [to
+Virginia], giving us news of the unknown, and opening up for us
+pathways through the inaccessible ; and whose every care, and thought,
+and effort tend towards this end, hinge upon and adhere to it ? To whom
+have been present and still are present the same ideas, desires, &
+incentives as with that most illustrious Charles Howard, the Second
+Neptune of the Ocean, and Edward Stafford our most prudent Ambassador
+at the Court of France, in order to accomplish great deeds by sea and
+land. But since by your skill in the art of navigation you clearly saw
+that the chief glory of an insular kingdom would obtain its greatest
+splendor among us by the firm support of the mathematical sciences, you
+have trained up and supported now a long time, with a most liberal
+salary, Thomas Hariot, a young man well versed in those studies, in
+order that you might acquire in your spare hours by his instruction a
+knowledge of these noble sciences ; and your own numerous Sea Captains
+might unite profitably theory with practice. What is to be the result
+shortly of this your wise and learned school, they who possess even
+moderate judgment can have no difficulty in guessing. This one thing I
+know, the one and only consideration to place before you, that first
+the Portuguese and afterwards the Spaniards formerly made great
+endeavours with no small loss, but at length succeeded through
+determination of mind. Hasten on then to adorn the Sparta[Vir-ginia]
+you have discovered; hasten on that ship more than Argonautic, of
+nearly a thousand tons burthen which you have at last built and
+finished with truly regal expenditure, to join with the rest of the
+fleet you have fitted out.’
+
+From this extract one might perhaps reasonably infer that Hariot went
+directly from the University in 1580 at the age of twenty into
+Raleigh’s service, or at latest in 1582 when Raleigh returned from
+Flanders. As our translation of this important passage is rather a free
+one the old geographer’s words are here added, in his own peculiar
+Latin. Hakluyt in his edition of Peter Martyr’s Eight Decades, printed
+at Paris in 1587, 8°, writes of his young friend Hariot in his
+dedication to his older friend Sir Walter Raleigh, as follows :—
+
+Tibi igitur has meas vigilias condonatas & confecratas efle volui. Cui
+enim potius, quàm tibi has noui Orbis Decades offerem, qui centum ferè
+millium ducatoru impenfa, nouis tuis clafsibus regiones nouas, nouam
+iam tertiò ducendo coloniam, notas ex ignotis, ex inaccefsis peruias,
+nouifsimis hifce teporibus nobis exhibes ? Cuius omnes curse,
+cogitationes, conatus, hue fpeflant, haec verfant, in his inhaerent.
+Cui cum Illuftrifsimo illo herôe, Carolo Hovvardo, altcro Oceani maris
+Neptuno, Edoardi Staffbrdij, noftri apud regem Chriftianifsimum
+oratoris prudentifsimi fororio, eadem ftudia, eaedem voluntates, iidem
+ad res magnas terra maríque aggrediendas funt & fuerunt ani-morum
+ftimuli. Cùm vero artis nauigatoriæ peritia, præcipuum regni infularis
+ornamentum, Mathematicarii fcientiaru adminiculis adhibitis, fuu apud
+nos fplendore poffe cofequi facile per-fpiceres, Thomas Hariotum,
+iuuenem in illis difciplinis excellente, honeftifsimo falario iamdiu
+donatum apud te aluifti, cuius fubndio horis fuccefsiuis nobililsimas
+fcientias illas addifcercs, tuique familiarcs duces maritimi, quos
+habes non paucos, cum praii theoria non fine fructu incredibili
+coiungeret. Ex quo pulcherrimo & fapientifsimo inftitutotuo, quid breui
+euentutum fit, qui vel mediocri iudicio volent, facilè proculdubio
+diuinare poterunt. Vnum hoc fcio, vnam & vnicam rationem te inire, quaæ
+primò Lufitani, deinde Caftellani, quod antea toties cum no exigua
+iactura funt conati, tandem ex animoru votis perficerut. Perge ergo
+Spartam quam nactus es ornare, perge nauem illam plufquam Argonauticam,
+mille cuparum fere capace, quam fumptibus plane regiis fabricatam iam
+tadem foelicitcr abfoluifti, reliquae tuae clafsi, quam babes egregiè
+inftructam, adiungere.
+
+From this early time for nearly forty years, till the morning of the
+29th of October 1618, when Raleigh was beheaded, these two friends are
+found inseparable. Whether in prosperity or in adversity, in the Tower
+or on the scaffold, Sir Walter always had his Fidus Achates to look
+after him and watch his interests. With a sharp wit, close mouth, and
+ready pen Hariot was of inestimable service to his liberal patron. With
+rare attainments in the Greek and Latin Classics, and all branches of
+the abstract sciences, he combined that perfect fidelity and honesty of
+character which placed him always above suspicion even of the enemies
+of Sir Walter. He was neither a politician nor statesman, and therefore
+could be even in those times a faithful guide, philosopher, and friend
+to Raleigh.
+
+In the year 1585, as has already been stated above, Hariot, at the age
+of twenty-five, went out to Virginia in Raleigh’s « first Colonie’ as
+surveyor and historiographer with Sir Richard Grenville, and remained
+there one year under Governor Ralph Lane, returning in July 1586, in
+Sir Francis Drake’s home-bound fleet from the West Indies. During the
+absence of this expedition Raleigh had received triple favors from
+Fortune. He had entered Parliament, been knighted, and had been
+presented by the Queen with twelve thousand broad acres in Ireland.
+These Irish acres were partly the Queen’s perquisite from the Babington
+‘conspiracy.’ Other royal windfalls had considerably increased Sir
+Walter’s expectations, and aroused his ambition. Hariot is known to
+have spent some time in Ireland on Raleigh’s estates there during the
+reign of Elizabeth, but it is uncertain when. It may have been between
+the autumn of 1586 and the autumn of 1588. He was in London in the
+winter of 1588-89 in time to get out hurriedly his report in February
+1589. It is possible, however, that he went to Ireland after his book
+was out. He was probably the manager of one of the estates there as
+Governor John White was of another in 1591-93.
+
+The next early author whom we find speaking of Hariot is his lifelong
+friend and companion Robert Hues or Hughes in his ‘Tractatus de /
+Globis et eo-
+/ rvm vsv, / Accommo-datus iis qui Lon-/dini editi funt Anno I593,/
+/ fumptibus
+Gulielmi Sanderfoni / Ciuis Londinienfis/Confcriptus a Ro-/bertoHues./
+Londini/ In ardibus Thomae Dawfon. / 1594.’ / 8°
+
+In his dedication to Sir Walter Raleigh the author says :
+
+Borealiora Europae noftrates diligentimme luftrarunt. Primo Hugo
+Willoughby eques Anglus & Richardus Chanceler has oras apperuerunt.
+Succedit eis Stephanus Borough, vlterius pro-grefsi funt Artunis Pet &
+Carol. Iackman. Sufceptæ funt hae nauigationes, inftigante Sebaftiano
+Caboto, vt, fiquâ pofset fieri traiectum in regiones Synanum & Cathayac
+breuimmum confequeremur, at irreto haec omnia conatu, nifi quod his
+medijs firmatum eft commercium cum Mofchouitis. Hâc cum non fuccederet,
+inftitutx funt nauigationes ad Borealiora Americæ;, quas primo fuscepit
+Martinus Frobifher, fecutus eft poftca Ioannes Dauis. Ex his omnibus
+nauigationibus multi antiquiorum errores,magna eorum ignorantia
+detectacft. Atque his conatibus minus fuccedentibus, gens noftra
+nauibus abundans otij impatiens, in alias paries fuas nauigationes
+inftituerunt. Humphredus Gilbert Eques, Americæ oras Hifpanis
+incognitas, magno animo & viribus, fucceffu non aequali noftris aperire
+conatus eft. Id quod tuis poftea aufpicijs (vir honoratifsime) felicius
+fufceptum eft quibus Virginia nobis patefacta eft, præefecto clafsis
+Richardo Grinuil nobili equite, quam diligentifsime luftrauit &
+defcripfit Thomæ Hariotus.
+
+In the English edition of Robert Hues’ work, London, 1638, this very
+interesting but somewhat irrelevant passage appears as follows:
+
+Among whom, the first that adventured on the discovery of these parts,
+were, Sir Hugh Willoughby, and Richard Chanceler: after them, Stephen
+Borough. And farther yet then either of these, did Arthur Pet, and
+Charles Lackman discover these parts. And these voyages were all
+undertaken by the instigation of Sebastian Cabot: that so, if it were
+possible, there might bee found out a nearer pafsage to Cathay and
+China : yet all in vane ; fave only that by this meanes a course of
+trafficke was confirmed betwixt us and the Mofcovite.
+
+When their attempts fucceeded not this way ; their next designe was
+then to try, what might bee done in the Northern Coasts of America :
+and the first undertaker of these voyages was Mr. Martin Frobisher: who
+was afterward feconded by Mr. Iohn Davis. By meanes of all which
+Navigations, many errours of the Ancients, and their great ignorance
+was discovered.
+
+But now that all these their endeavours fucceeded not, our Kingdome at
+that time being well furnished in fhips, and impatient of idlenefse :
+they resolved at length to adventure upon other parts. And first Sir
+Humphrey Gilbert with great courage and Forces attempted to make a
+discovery of those parts of America, which were yet unknowne to the
+Spaniard : but the successe was not answerable. Which attempt of his,
+was afterward more prosperously prosecuted by that honourable Gentleman
+Sir Walter Rawleigh: to whose meanes Virginia was first discovered unto
+us, the Generall of his Forces being Sir Richard Greenville : which
+Countrey was afterwards very exactly furveighed and described by Mr.
+Thomas Harriot.
+
+This William Sanderson, the patron of Mollineux, Hood, and Hues, was a
+rich and liberal London merchant, who had married a niece of Raleigh.
+He contributed largely to Sir Walter’s first reconnoitring expedition
+in 1584 under Amidas and Barlow, and was afterwards a liberal
+adventurer and supporter of Raleigh in all his colonial schemes. He was
+fond of the science of geography, and contributed largely to the
+preparation and publication of the globes of Mollineux, and the
+Descriptions of them by Hood and Hues in 1592 and 1594. He was also a
+good friend of all Raleigh’s friends, and acted as Sir Walter’s fiscal
+agent in regard to the Wine monopoly. On being called upon for a
+settlement of the large amount due, as Raleigh supposed, after his
+imprisonment in the Tower, Sanderson denied his indebtedness, was sued,
+cast into the debtors’ jail, and died in poverty. His son published
+severe comments against Raleigh.
+
+Robert Hues, who was an intimate friend and associate of Hariot, was
+born at Hertford in 1554. He became a poor scholar at Brazen nose, and
+was afterwards at St Mary’s Hall with Hariot. He took his degree of
+A.B.in 1579. He is said to have been a good Greek scholar, and after
+leaving the University travelled and became an eminent geographer and
+mathematician. He attracted the attention, probably through Raleigh, of
+that noble patron of learning Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland,
+who took him into his service, made him one of his scientific
+companions while in the Tower, supported him partly at Sion, intrusted
+him to instruct his children, and finally sent him to Oxford as tutor
+at Christ Church of his eldest surviving son, Algernon Percy, who on
+the death of his father on gunpowder treason day 1632, became the 10th
+Earl of Northumberland. Hues died at Oxford the 24th of May, 1632, and
+was buried in the cathedral of Christ Church, according to the
+inscription on his monument. He is mentioned by Chapman in his
+translation of Homer’s Works [ 1616 ] as ‘another right learned,
+honest, and entirely loved friend of mine.’ See infra, p. 183.
+
+In 1595 Hariot was mentioned as a distinguished man of science in his
+Seaman’s Secrets by Captain John Davis the navigator, a friend and
+partner of Raleigh.
+
+On the eleventh of July 1596 Hariot under peculiar circumstances wrote
+a long and confidential letter to Sir Robert Cecil, Chief Secretary of
+State, in the interests of Raleigh’s Guiana projects. The letter is
+here given in full, as it shows better than anything else the close and
+confidential relations existing between Sir Walter and Hariot at that
+time. Raleigh had returned from Guiana, his first El Dorado expedition,
+in August 1595, and had in the mean time employed such energy and
+enterprise that within about five months he had fitted out and
+dispatched his second El Dorado fleet under his friend Captain Keymis.
+This second expedition returned to Plymouth in June 1596, a few days
+after Raleigh had gone with Essex and Howard of Effingham on that
+world-renowned expedition against Cadiz. Sir Walter appears to have
+left his affairs in the hands of his ever faithful Hariot, and hence
+this sensible and timely letter in the absence of his patron. There
+appears to have been no complaint against Keymis; but the master of his
+ship, Samuel Mace, seems to have been less discreet. The letter tells
+its own story, and gives a vivid picture of the intelligent earnestness
+of Sir Walter respecting Guiana, and at the same time the earnest
+intelligence of Hariot during Raleigh’s absence in Spain.
+
+It has been denied that Raleigh really expected to find the El Dorado
+in either his first expedition of 1595 or last in 1617, but this letter
+goes to show that both he and Hariot had firm faith in the scheme.
+Indeed in a German book of travels just published, entitled ‘Aus den
+Llanos. Schildenung einer naturwisscn-schaftlichen Reise nach
+Venezuela, Von Carl Sachs, Leipzig, 1879,’ the writer states that the
+export of gold from Spanish Guiana in 1875 was 79,496 ounces. He says
+that the richest mine, that of Callao, has of late years returned as
+much as 500 per centum. After briefly narrating the expeditions of
+Raleigh, which had been preceded by various Spanish expeditions, he
+adds: ‘Now at this day, after nearly three centuries, the riches sought
+for have been actually found In the very country where these
+unfortunate efforts were made.’ Hariot’s letter is as follows:
+
+LETTER OF THOMAS HARIOT TO MR. SECRETARY
+
+
+SIR ROBERT CECIL.
+
+
+_From the original holograph in the Cecil Papers at Hatfield, vol.
+xliii,
+At first printed in Edward Edward’s Life of
+Raleigh, vol. ii, page 420._
+
+
+Right Honourable Sir,
+
+These are to let you understand that whereas, according to your Honor’s
+direction, I have been framing of a Charte out of some such of Sir
+Walter’s notes and writings, which he hath left behind him,—his
+principal Charte being carried with him, —if it may please you, I do
+thinke most fit that the discovery of Captain Kemish be added, in his
+due place, before I finish it. It is of importance, and all Chartes
+which had that coast before be very imperfecte, as in many thinges
+elce. And that of Sir Walter’s, although it were better in that parte
+then any other, yet it was don but by intelligence from the Indians,
+and this voyadge was specially for the discovery of the same; which is,
+as I find, well and sufficiently performed. And because the secrecy of
+these matters doth much importe her Majesty and this State, I pray let
+me be so bould as to crave that the dispatch of the plotting and
+describing be don only by me for you, according to the order of trust
+that Sir Walter left with me, before his departure, in that behalf, and
+as he hath usually don heretofore. If your Honor have any notes from
+Sir Thomas Baskerville, if it may please you to make me acquaynted with
+them, that which they will manifest of other particularytyes then that
+before Sir Walter hath described shall also be set downe.
+
+Although Captain Kemish be not come home rich, yet he hath don the
+speciall thing which he was injoined to do, as the discovery of the
+coast betwixt the river of Amasones and Orinico, where are many goodly
+harbors for the greatest ships her Majesty hath and any nomber; wher
+there are great rivers, and more then probability of great good to be
+don by them for Guiana, as by any other way or to other rich contryes
+borderinge upon it. As also, the discovery of the mouth of Orinico it
+self,—a good harbor and free passage for ingresse and egresse of most
+of the ordinary ships of England, above 3 hundred miles into the
+contry. Insomuch that Berreo wondred much of our mens comming up so
+far; so that it seemeth they know not of that passage. Nether could
+they, or can possibly, find it from Trinidado; from whence usually they
+have made their discoveryes. But if it be don by them the shortest way,
+it must be done out of Spayne. Now, if it shall please her Majesty to
+undertake the enterprise, or permitte it in her subjectes, by her
+order, countenance, and authority, for the supplanting of those that
+are now gotten thither, I thinke it of great importance to keepe that
+which is don as secretly as we may, lest the Spaniardes learne to know
+those harbors and entrances, and worke to prevent us.
+
+And because I understand that the master of the ship with Captain
+Kemish is somewhat carelesse of this, by geving and selling copyes of
+his travelles and plottes of discoveryes, I thought it my dutye to
+remember it unto your wisdome, that some order might be taken for the
+prevention of such inconveniences as may thereby follow : by geving
+authority to some Justice, or the Mayor, to call him before them, and
+to take all his writinges and chartes or papers that concerne this
+discovery, or any elce, in other mens handes, that he hath sold or
+conveyed them into ; and to send them sealed to your Honor, as also to
+take bond for his further secrecy on that behalf. And the like order to
+be taken by those others, as we shall further informe your Honor of,
+that have any such plots, which yet, for myne owne parte, I know not
+of; or any other order, by sending for him up or otherwise, as to your
+wisdome shall seeme best.
+
+Concerning the Eldorado which hath been shewed your Honor out of the
+Spanish booke of Acosta, which you had from Wright, and I have scene,
+when I shall have that favour as but to speake with you I shall shew
+you that it is not ours—that we meane—there being three. Nether doth he
+say, or meane, that Amazones river and Orinoco is all one,—as some, I
+feare, do averre to your Honor ; as by good profe out of that booke
+alone I can make manifest; and by other meanes besides then this
+discovery, I can put it out of all dout.
+
+To be breef, I am at your Honor’s comandement in love and duty farther
+than I can sodeynly expresse for haste. I will wayte upon you at Court,
+or here at London, about any of these matters or any others, at any
+time, if I might have but that favour as to heare so much. I dare not
+presume of my selfe, for some former respectes. My fidelity hath never
+been impeached, and I take that order that it never shall. I make no
+application. And I beseech your Honor to pardon my boldness, because of
+haste. My meaning is allwayes good. And so I most humbly take my leave.
+This Sunday, 11th of July 1596.
+
+Your Honor’s most ready at commandement in all services I may,
+
+
+   THO. HARRIOTE.
+
+
+  addressed:
+
+To the right honorable Sir ROBERT CICILL, Knight
+  Principall Secretary to Her Majesty, these.
+
+  Endorsed: 11 July, 1596. Mr Harriott to my Master.
+
+The vigilant Secretary lost no time in acting upon Hariot’s
+suggestions. On the 31st of July Sir George Trenchard and Sir Ralph
+Horsey wrote to Cecil from Dorchester in reply to his instructions,
+that they had seized the charts and books of the ‘India Voyage’ [to
+Guiana] from one Samuel Mace and William Downe, which they would send
+up to the Secretary if desired. They were desired, and accordingly sent
+them by post on the 10th of August. A few days later Raleigh returned
+to Plymouth with the first glorious news of the success of the English
+fleet at Cadiz ; which news completely turned the heads of the people
+of England one way, and those of the Queen and the hungry politicians
+the other. Poor Mace, to whom Raleigh was much attached, was restored
+to his confidence. To Raleigh more than to any one man this triumph
+over Spain was justly due, but in the pitiful squabbles that followed
+in the apportionment of the honors and the spoils Sir Walter used to
+aver that his sole gain in this great national enterprise from
+beginning to end was but a lame leg. He might have added that the
+business had gained for him the envy, malice and all uncharitableness
+of those in high places. In worldly wealth he was now comparatively
+poor, and his fortunes were broken, though the Queen at times, only at
+times, smiled on him.
+
+At what precise time Hariot, who never deserted Raleigh, became
+acquainted with Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, with whose honored
+name, next to that of Sir Walter’s, his must ever be associated, does
+not as yet appear. It is known, however, that there was an intimacy
+between Raleigh and Percy as early as 1586, when Sir Walter presented
+Percy with a coat of mail on his going over to Flanders, and soon after
+a bedstead made of cedar from Virginia ; while the Earl about the same
+time gave to Sir Walter a ‘stroe coloured velvet saddle.’ From this
+time to the day of Raleigh’s triumph on the scaffold there exists
+plenty of evidence of their continued intimacy.
+
+When therefore the Earl and Raleigh were finally caged together in the
+Tower for life in 1606 their friendship was of more than twenty years’
+standing. From this we infer that Hariot also knew Percy almost from
+the time of his joining Raleigh; but the earliest mention of his name
+in connection with that of the Earl which we have met with is this of
+1596, in the Earl’s pay-rolls, still preserved at Sion, and described
+in the Sixth Report of the Royal Commission of Historical Manuscripts,
+page 227, ‘To Mr. Herytt for a book of the Turk’s pictures, 7s.’ It
+appears from the same rolls that from Michaelmas 1597 to 1610, if not
+earlier and later, an annual pension of £80 (not £ 120, or £ 150, £300,
+as variously stated) was paid to Hariot by the Earl. This pension was
+probably continued as long as Hariot lived; and besides there are not
+wanting many marks of the Earl’s liberality, friendship, and love for
+his companion and pensioner, who was long known as ‘Hariot of Sion on
+Thames,’ as expressed on his monument. In the Earl’s accounts for 1608
+there is this entry, ‘Payment for repairing and finishing Mr Heriotts
+house at Sion.’
+
+At what time exactly Hariot took up his residence at Sion the Earl’s
+new seat (purchased of James in 1604) is not known, but probably soon
+after the Earl was sent to the Tower in 1606. There is preserved a
+Letter from Sir William Lower addressed to Hariot at Sion dated the
+3Oth of September 1607, and other letters or papers exist showing his
+continued residence there until near the time of his death in 1621.
+Wood and many subsequent writers to the present time have confused Sion
+near Isleworth with Sion College in London. They are totally distinct.
+Hariot had nothing to do with Sion College, which was not founded until
+1630, nine years after his death. The error arose out of the
+coincidence of Torporley’s taking chambers at Sion College on retiring
+from his clerical profession, and dying there in April 1632, leaving
+his mathematical books and manuscripts to the College Library. He had
+been appointed by Hariot to look over, arrange, and ‘pen out the
+doctrine’ of his mathematical writings. Torporley’s abstracts of
+Hariot’s papers are still preserved in Sion College Library.
+
+What the Earl of Northumberland did for Hariot is, as the world goes,
+ascribed to patronage ; what Hariot did for the Earl cannot be measured
+by money or houses, but may be summed up in four words, alike honorable
+to both, ‘they were long friends.’ To this day the debt of gratitude
+from the philosopher to the nobleman is fairly balanced by the similar
+debt of the nobleman to the philosopher. Hariot’s Will, given on pages
+193-203, tells the rest of the story of this noble friendship.
+
+It is manifest, however, from many considerations that the noble Earl
+took a lively and almost officious interest in the public honor and
+character of his friend, for Hariot appears to have been as careless of
+his own scientific reputation as his contemporary Shakspeare is said to
+have been of his literary eminence.
+
+On the other hand, Hariot’s interest in the Earl’s affairs and family
+at Sion redound greatly to his credit. He was both an eminent scholar
+and a remarkable teacher. Earnest students flocked to him for higher
+education from all parts of the country. Besides the private scientific
+and professional instruction that from the first he gave to Raleigh,
+his captains and sea officers, he seems to have had under his
+scientific tuition and mathematical guidance many young men who
+afterwards became celebrated; among whom may be mentioned Robert
+Sidney, the brother of Sir Philip, afterwards Lord Lisle of Penshurst;
+Thomas Aylesburyof Windsor, afterwards Sir Thomas, the
+great-grandfather of two queens of England; the late Lord Harrington;
+Sir William Protheroe and Sir William Lower of South Wales; Nathaniel
+Torporley of Shropshire; Sir Ferdinando Gorges of Devonshire; Captain
+Keymis; Captain Whiddon, and many others. Cordial and affectionate
+letters of most of these men to their venerated master are still
+preserved.
+
+At Sion were the groves of Hariot’s academy.
+
+Yet he with Warner and Hues was constantly passing by the Thames
+between Sion and the Tower, some three or four hours by oar and tide.
+They were all three pensioners, or in the pay, of the Earl, though the
+last two were on a very different footing from that of Hariot as to
+emoluments and responsible position. They were, however, companions of
+both the Earl and Sir Walter, and, if tradition is to be believed, they
+were sometimes joined by Ben Jonson, Dr Burrill, Rev. Gilbert
+Hawthorne, Hugh Broughton, the poet Hoskins and perhaps others.
+
+The Earl had a large family to be educated, and there is reason to
+believe that in his absence from Sion Hariot was intrusted for many
+years with the confidential supervision of some of the Earl’s personal
+affairs at Sion, including the education of his children. How he
+identified himself with the noble family of his patron may be inferred
+from these extracts from a letter to Hariot, dated July 19, 1611, of
+William Lower, one of his loving disciples. Cecil had been fishing out
+some new evidence of Percy’s treason from a discharged servant, and was
+pressing cruelly upon the prisoner. Lower writes :
+
+
+I have here [in South Wales] much otium and therefore I may cast awaye
+some of it in vaine pursuites, chusing always rather to doe some thinge
+worth nothing then nothing att all. How farre I had proceeded in this,
+I ment now to have given you an account, but that the reporte of the
+unfortunate Erles relapse into calamitie makes me beleeve that you are
+enough troubled both with his misfortunes and my ladys troubles; and so
+a discourse of this nature would be unseasonable. [And concludes the
+letter with] But at this time this much is to much. I am sorrie to
+heare of the new troubles ther, and pray for a good issue of them
+especiallie for my ladys sake and her five litle ones. [The Countess of
+Northumberland here referred to was the mother of Sir William Lower’s
+wife, who was Penelope Perrot, daughter of Sir John Perrot, who married
+Lady Dorothy Devereux, sister of Essex, and for her second husband
+Henry Percy the gth Earl of Northumberland. Lower died in 1615.]
+
+
+This responsible trust gave Hariot a good house and home of his own at
+Sion, with independence and an observatory. He had a library in his own
+house, and seems to have been the Earl’s librarian and book selector or
+purchaser for the library of Sion House, as well as for the use of the
+Earl in the Tower. The Earl was a great book-collector, as appears by
+his payrolls. Books were carried from Sion to the Tower and back again,
+probably not only for the Earl’s own use, but for Raleigh’s in his
+History of the World. Many of these books, it is understood, are still
+preserved at Petworth, then and subsequently one of the Earl’s seats,
+but now occupied by the Earl of Leconsfield.
+
+To look back a little. Before either Raleigh or Henry Percy was shut up
+in the Tower, we find one of Hariot’s earliest and ablest mathematical
+disciples, Nathaniel Torporley, a learned clergyman, writing in high
+praise of him in his now rare mathematical book in Latin, entitled,’
+Diclides Coelometricx,’ or Universal Gates of Astronomy, containing all
+the materials for calculation of the whole art in the moderate space of
+two tables, on a new general and very easy system. By Nathaniel
+Torporley, of Shropshire, in his philosophical retreat, printed in
+1602. The exact title is as follows:
+
+Diclides Coelometricæ / Seu / Valvæ Astronomicæ / vniversales / Omnia
+artis totius numera Psephophoretica in sat modicis / finibus duarum
+Tabularum Methodo noua, generali,/ & facilima continentes./ Authore
+Nathale Torporlaeo Salopiensi / in secessu Philotheoro. / Londini /
+Excudebat Felix Kingston. 1602. / 4°.
+
+In the long preface Torporley, who had entered St Mary’s Hall the year
+Hariot graduated, and who during his travels abroad had served two
+years as private secretary or amanuensis to Francis Vieta, the great
+French Mathematician, but who had since become a disciple of the
+greater English Mathematician, thus admiringly speaks of his new
+master, Thomas Hariot:
+
+
+Neque enim, per Authorum cunctationem & affectatam ob-scuritatem, fieri
+potuit, vt in prima huius Artis promulgatione, eidem alicui &
+inventionis laudem, te erudiendi mercedem deferremus; sed dimicamibus
+illis, neque de minoribus præmijs quam de imperio Mathematico
+certantibus; mussantibus vero alijs, & arrectis animis expectantibus,
+
+
+Quis pecori imperitet, quern tot armenta sequantur; non defuit Anglæ &
+suus Agonista (ornatifimum dico, et in omni eruditionis varietate
+principemvirum Thomam Hariotum, homine natu ad Artes illustrandas, &,
+quod illi palmariu erit præstantissimu, ad nubes philofophicas, in
+quibus multa iam secula caligauit mundus, indubitata; veritatis
+splendore difcutiendas) qui vetaret, tarn folidz laudis spolia ad
+exteros Integra deuolui. Ille enim (etiamdum in pharetra conclufa, quæ
+pupilla viuacis auicular terebraret, sagitta) ipsam totius Artiseius
+metam egregia methodo collimauit; expedita vero facilitate patefactam,
+inter alios amicorum, & mihi quoque tradidit; multisq vitro citroq,
+iaftatis Quæstionibus, ingenia nostra in abysso huius Artis exercendi
+causam præbuit.
+
+
+Of Mr Torporley we shall have more to say further on, as he is
+particularly mentioned in Hariot’s will. Meanwhile here is an attempt
+at a translation of his peculiar Latin in the above extract:
+
+
+For indeed by the delays and affected obscurity of authors, it was
+impossible, that in the first promulgation of the art, we should give
+the praise of invention and the credit of teaching, to the same
+individual ; but while they were quarrelling & contending for no less a
+prize than the empire of Mathematics, whilst others were muttering, and
+waiting with excited minds to see
+
+
+    Who should rule the flock, whom so many herds should follow,
+
+
+our own champion has not been wanting to England. I mean Thomas Hariot,
+a most distinguished man, and one excelling in all branches of learning
+: a man born to illustrate Science, and, what was his principal
+distinction, to clear away by the splendour of undoubted truth those
+philosophical clouds in which the world had been involved for so many
+centuries : who did not allow the trophies of substantial praise to be
+wholly carried abroad toother nations. For he (while the arrow, which
+was to hit the bull’s-eye, was yet in the quiver) defined by an
+admirable method the limits of all that science ; and showed it to me,
+amongst others of his friends, explained in an expeditious and simple
+manner ; and by proposing various problems to us, enabled us to
+exercise our ingenuity in the profundities of this science.
+
+
+But time and space beckon. On the 24th of March 1603, set ‘that bright
+occidental Star,’ and ‘that mock Sun’ fræ the north took by succession
+its place. To Raleigh the change was the setting of a great hope, for
+to Queen Elizabeth he owed his fortunes, and was proud of the debt. To
+Raleigh more than to any other one man, notwithstanding his many
+faults, the Queen owed the brilliancy of her Court, the efficacy and
+terror of her navy, the enterprise and intelligent energy of her
+people, to say nothing of the adventurous spirit of colonization which
+he awoke in his efforts in Western Planting. The glory of his
+achievements today is the glory alike of England and English America.
+King James let no man down so far as he did Raleigh. Perhaps it was
+because there was no one left of Elizabeth’s Court who could fall so
+far.
+
+On three trumped up charges which never were, and never could be
+sustained with due form of law, Raleigh was with small delay thrown
+into the Tower. Several other noblemen and less eminent persons were
+sent there also. The Asiatic plague was raging in the City. A moral
+pestilence of equal virulence at the same time infested the Court. The
+State prisoners must be tried openly, though already secretly
+condemned. The Judges of his ‘dread Majesty’ dared not venture to the
+Tower as usual for the trials, forgetting apparently that its precincts
+were just as unhealthy for the great prisoners of State as for them,
+who were liable any day on the miffs of majesty to change places.
+
+So it was determined that the’ traitors’ should be carted down to
+Winchester for trial. A cold wet November seven-days’ journey through
+mud and slush was the miserable dodge to carry out this scheme of
+darkness which neither Coke nor Popham would have dared to perpetrate
+in the broad light of London. It was, as all the world knows, a mock
+trial. The prisoners Raleigh, Cobham, Gray, and Markham were condemned
+and sentenced to death as traitors, and Raleigh, for the grim sport of
+the royal Nimrod, was made to witness a mock execution of his
+fellow-convicts, but being in due course all respited by a warrant
+which the Governorof Winchester Castle had carried three days in his
+pocket, were carted back to the Tower, where, not pardoned, their
+sentences not commuted, but simply deferred, they were tortured with a
+living death hanging over them, like the sword of Damocles depending on
+royal caprice.
+
+Here Raleigh dragged out his long imprisonment, and (as tersely & truly
+expressed by his son) was, after thirteen years, beheaded for opposing
+the very thing he was condemned and sentenced for favouring. The whole
+story is a bundle of inconsistencies, like that of Henry Percy, the 9th
+Earl of Northumberland, committed to the Tower in 1606, and his fifteen
+years’ imprisonment. The stories of these two celebrated men are
+inseparably connected with that of Hariot. But it is not our purpose to
+trace either Raleigh’s or Percy’s progress through these long and
+dreary years any further than is necessary to illustrate the life of
+Hariot, who was the light of the outer world to them both. Incarcerated
+and watched as they were, Hariot was the ears, the eyes, and the hands
+of these two noble captives.
+
+The depth and variety of Hariot’s intellectual and scientific
+resources, his honesty of purpose, his fidelity of character, his
+eminent scholarship, his unswerving integrity, and his command of
+tongue, rendered him alike invulnerable to politicians and to royal
+minions. He was with Raleigh at Winchester and in the Tower, off and
+on, as required, from 1604 to 1618, except during the last voyage to
+Guiana. He was at the same time a pensioner, a companion, and
+confidential factotum of his old friend the Earl of Northumberland both
+in the Tower and at Sion for fifteen years. Watched as these two
+prisoners were, ensnared, entrapped, and entangled for new evidence
+against them, it was necessary for Hariot to pursue a delicate and
+cautious course, to eschew politics, statecraft and treason, and to
+devote himself to pure science (almost the only pure commodity that was
+then a safeguard) metaphysics, natural philosophy, mathematics,
+history, and literature. He was their jackal, their book of reference,
+their guide, their teacher, and their friend.
+
+Raleigh found himself in December 1603, lodged in the Tower, innocent,
+as is now generally admitted, of the charges against him, but legally
+attainted of high treason. All his worldly effects therefore escheated
+to the Crown. The King out of pure cowardice (for he dared not carry
+out the sentence of the Court) waived the horrid parts of the
+sentence—too horrid even to be quoted here—and commuted it to execution
+by the block. He also waived the immediate forfeitureof property
+acquired under Elizabeth’s reign, and even allowed Raleigh to complete
+the entail of certain estates to his wife and son.
+
+The Governor of the Tower and his Lieutenant were at first officially
+kind and friendly, extending many privileges to win his confidence. If
+there had been any treason in Sir Walter they would most certainly have
+wormed it out of him, for his eyes at first were not fully open. He
+still believed in the honour and fidelity of his mock friends at Court.
+
+When no more satisfactory evidence of his guilt could be smuggled out
+of him, or his companions, in support of the unjust verdict, they
+began, in 1605, to abridge his privileges and darken his lights. At
+first his friends and visitors were cut down to a fixed number. There
+is a list among the Burleigh papers in the British Museum by which it
+appears that Lady Raleigh, her maid, and her son might visit Sir
+Walter. For this they took a house on Tower Hill near the old
+fortress, where they lived six years, or as long as this privilege
+lasted.
+
+Then Sir Walter was to be allowed two men servants and a boy, who were
+to remain within the Tower. Besides these he was permitted to see on
+occasion, Mr Hawthorne, a clergyman ; Dr Turner, his physician } Mr
+Johns, his surgeon ; Mr Sherbery, his solicitor ; his bailiff at
+Sherburne ; and his old friend, Thomas Hariot, with no official
+designation.
+
+It needs no ears under the walls of the Tower to tell us what were the
+duties of this learned and trusted friend, who had been Sir Walter’s
+confidential factor for a quarter of a century in all his most
+important enterprises. Hariot, it will be perceived, was the only one
+named, in this house-list, without an assigned profession. Fortunately
+there is still preserved a ‘hoggeshead of papers’ in Hariot’s
+handwriting, ill-assorted and hitherto unsifted, which partially reveal
+the secrets of this prison-house, and show Hariot here, there, and
+everywhere, mixed up with all the studies, toils, experiments, books,
+and literary ventures of our honored traitor.
+
+So passed, with tantalizing uncertainty, the year 1605, with many fears
+for the future and some hopes; but 1606 brought into the Tower Sir
+Walter’s old friend Henry Percy, another ‘traitor.’ With him, at first,
+there was considerable liberality on the part of the officials (all
+paid for), and both Raleigh and Percy had each a garden to cultivate
+and walk in, and a still-room or laboratory in which to study and
+perform their ‘magic.’ Hariot was the master of both in these occult
+sciences. The ‘furnace’ and the ‘still’ were at first Raleigh’s chief
+amusement and study. Assaying and transfusing metals, distilling
+simples and compounds, concocting medicines, and testing antidotes,
+with exercises in chemistry and alchemy, were the studies of both
+Raleigh and the Earl. But soon the policy of the Court changed. The
+prisoners had less liberty and saw less of each other, and so the
+stills were pulled down, and the gardens given up. Raleigh was more
+closely watched, and entrapped. Then there was fencing and defencing,
+for nothing could stand against the King’s persistent rancor, and
+Cecil’s dissimulation. From time to time Sir Walter’s titles, his
+offices, his Elizabethan monopolies and his appointments were all taken
+from him. All his emoluments were wanted for hungry favourites ; and
+finally the Sherburne estate which he had been permitted to entail on
+his son went by no higher law than the king’s, ‘I mon hae it for Carr.’
+
+During all these anxious months Hariot was Sir Walter’s close-mouthed
+and trusted Mercury, a silent messenger who floated frequently by the
+tide on the Thames between the Tower and his residence at Sion, a
+pensioner of, and one of Percy’s staff of wise men, but really
+Raleigh’s strong right hand. He adroitly and faithfully served two
+masters, preserving his own independence and self reliance, and not
+losing the confidence of either.
+
+From the trial at Winchester to the final transfer of Sherburne, a
+period of some five years, every step against Raleigh was taken through
+the high Courts of Justice. That the cannie monarch was capable of all
+this moral wrong and legal crookedness need not surprise any one who
+has investigated his antecedents and proclivities, but that he on
+coming to England should have developed that masterly power of warping
+great minds and bending the English Courts of Justice to his purposes,
+and even crunching its strong old oaken Bench and Bar into his own
+royal privy pocket, does surprise one. The secret of this unenglish
+strength, however, has been attributed partly to his Bur-leigh help.
+
+When Raleigh found the cords thus tightening round him, he offered
+sundry concessions and services for life and liberty. He would carry
+out his schemes for enriching the king and the kingdom by conquering
+and exploring Guiana; he would accept exile in Holland; or emigrate to
+Virginia, and help to build up a new English empire in the West; but
+all in vain. It was feared that his unexpired and dormant patent might
+interfere with the King’s own Virginia charter. So Raleigh and Hariot
+worked on, but relieved the tedium by ever changing study. Every year
+or two, as long as he could command through himself or friends the
+resources, Raleigh sent privately a reconnoitring and intelligence ship
+to Guiana, to keep that pet enterprise alive. In this delicate matter
+Hariot was Sir Walter’s geographer and assayer, while Hariot’s old
+college friend, Keymis, was his factor or shipping agent.
+
+Then come Raleigh’s Essays and smaller writing with his hopeful
+correspondence with the Queen and Prince Henry. Lady Raleigh’s
+privileges, after six years, ceased in 1611; probably about the time
+that Cecil was for some unaccountable reason prospecting actively for
+new evidence against both Sir Walter and Percy. The years 1610 and 1611
+were anxious times for them both; but they were bright days for Hariot,
+with his invention of the telescope and his discoveries. Whether in the
+Tower, administering new scientific delicacies and delights to the
+prisoners; or at Sion, unlocking the secrets of the starry firmament by
+night, in his observatory; or floating between Sion and the Tower by
+day on the broad bosom of the Thames, prying into the optical secrets
+of lenses, and inventing his perspective trunks by which he could bring
+distant objects near, Hariot in foggy England of the north was working
+out almost the same brilliant series of discoveries that Galileo was
+making in Italy. To this day, with our undated and indefinite material,
+even with the new and much more precise evidence now for the first time
+herewith produced, it is difficult to decide which of them first
+invented the telescope, or first by actual observation with that
+marvellous instrument confirmed the truth of the Copernican System by
+revealing the spots on the Sun, the orbit of Mars, the horns of Venus,
+the satellites of Jupiter, the mountains in the Moon, the elliptical
+orbits of comets, _etc._ It is manifest, however, that they were both
+working in the same groove and at the same time.
+
+Hariot was undoubtedly as great a mathematician and astronomer as
+Galileo. In 1607 at Ilfracombe and in South Wales, he had taken by hand
+and Jacob’s staff, the old patriarchal method, valuable observations of
+the comet of that year, and compared notes with his astronomical pupil
+William Lower, and afterwards with Kepler. This comet, now known as
+Halley’s, ought perhaps to have been named Hariot’s, for it confirmed
+his notions that the motions of the planets were not perfect circles
+and afforded probably the germ of his reasoning out the elliptical
+orbits of comets, especially afterhis friend and correspondent [see
+infra, pages 178-180] Kepler’s book _de Motibus Stella Atartis_ came
+out in 1609, and he had invented and improved his telescope or
+perspective ‘truncke’ or cylinder in 1609-10.
+
+It is not positively stated that Hariot held direct correspondence with
+Galileo in 1609 and 1610 or even later, but the evidence is strong that
+he was promptly kept informedof what was going on in Italy in
+astronomical and mathematical discovery, as well as in Germany and
+elsewhere. That he was using a ‘perspective truncke’ or telescope as
+early as the winter of 1609-10, and that his ‘servaunte’ Christopher
+Tooke (or as Lower in 1611 familiarly called him’ Kitt’) made lenses
+for him and fitted them into his ‘trunckcs’ for sale by himself, is
+known. From this circumstance,and from the fact that he disposed of
+many ‘trunckes’ by his will, and left a considerable stock of them to
+Tooke, it is manifest that he manufactured and traded in telescopes
+from 1609 to 1621. With his invention of the telescope then it required
+no correspondence with Galileo to induce him to rake the heavens and
+sweep our planetary system for new astronomical discoveries. To an
+astronomer of his activity and mathematical acumen these discoveries
+followed as a matter of course. Like Galileo he may have borrowed from
+the Dutch (or quite as likely they of him) the idea that by a
+combination of lenses it was possible to bring distant objects near,
+but that he worked out the idea independently of Galileo admits hardly
+of a doubt. But he seems to have been less ambitious than Galileo to
+claim priority in either the invention or the discoveries that
+immediately followed. In this connection the following hitherto
+unpublished letter will be read with interest:
+
+LETTER OF SIR WILLIAM LOWER _in South Wales to_
+
+
+THOMAS HARIOT _at Sion_ 21 _June_ 1610.
+
+
+_Printed from the holograph original in the British Museum_
+
+
+I gaue your letter a double welcome, both because it came from you and
+contained newes of that strange nature ; although that wch I craued,
+you haue deserved till another time. Me thinkes my diligent Galileus
+hath done more in his three fold discouerie then Magellane in openinge
+the streightes to the South sea or the dutch men that weare eaten by
+beares in Noua Zembla. I am sure with more ease and saftie to him selfe
+and more pleasure to mee. I am so affected with this newes as I wish
+sommer were past that I mighte obserue these phenomenes also, in the
+moone I had formerlie observed a strange spotted-nesse al ouer, but had
+no conceite that anie parte therof mighte be shadowes; since I haue
+obserued three degrees in the darke partes, of wch the lighter sorte
+hath some resemblance of shadinesse but that they grow shorter or
+longer I cannot yet pceaue. ther are three starres in Orion below the
+three in his girdle so neere togeather as they appeared vnto me alwayes
+like a longe starre, insomuch as aboute 4 yeares since I was a writing
+you newes out of Cornwall of a view a strange phenomenon but asking
+some that had better eyes then my selfe they told me, they were three
+starres lying close togeather in a right line, thes starres with my
+cylinder this last winter I often observed, and it was longe er I
+beleued that I saw them, they appearinge through the Cylinder so farre
+and distinctlie asunder that without I can not yet disseuer. the
+discouerie of thes made me then obserue the 7 starres also in, ###
+[Taurus], wch before I alwayes rather beleued to be, 7. then euer could
+nomber them, through my Cylinder I saw thes also plainelie and far
+asunder, and more then, 7. to, but because I was prejugd with that
+number, I beleved not myne eyes nor was carefull to obserue how manie;
+the next winter now that you have opened mine eyes you shall heare much
+frö me of this argument, of the third and greatest (that I confesse
+pleased me most) I have least to say, sauing that just at the instance
+that I receaved your letters wee Traventane Philosophers were a
+consideringe of Kepler’s* reasons [*pag. 106. Noua Stella Serpentarii]
+by wch he indeauors to ouerthrow Nolanus and Gilberts opinions
+concerninge the immensitie of the Spheare of the starres and. that
+opinion particularlie of Nolanus by wch he affirmed that the eye beinge
+placed in anie parte of the Univers the apparence would be still all
+one as vnto us here. When I was a sayinge that although Kepler had sayd
+somethinge to moste that mighte be vrged for that opinion of Nolanus,
+yet of one principall thinge hee had not thought; for although it may
+be true that to the ey placed in anie starre of, ### [Cancer], the
+starres in Capricorne will vanish, yet he hath not therfore so soundlie
+concluded (as he thinkes) that therfore towards that parte of the world
+ther wilbe a voidnesse or thin scattering of little starres wheras els
+round about ther will appeare huge starres close thruste togeather: for
+sayd I (hauinge heard you say often as much) what is in that huge space
+betweene the starres and Saturne, ther remaine euer fixed infinite
+nombers wch may supplie the apparence to the eye that shalbe placed in
+### [Cancer], wch by reason of ther lesser magnitudes doe flie our
+sighte what is aboute ### [Saturn], ### [Jupiter], ### [Mars], etc.
+ther moue other planets also wch appeare not. just as I was a saying
+this comes your letter, wch when I had redd, loe, qd I, what I spoke
+probablie experience hath made good ; so that we both with wonder and
+delighte fell a consideringe your letter, we are here so on fire with
+thes thinges that I must renew my request and your promise to send mee
+of all sortes of thes Cylinders. my man shal deliuer you monie for anie
+charge requisite, and contente your man for his paines and skill. Send
+me so manie as you thinke needfull vnto thes obseruations, and in
+requitall, I will send you store of observations. Send me also one of
+Galileus bookes if anie yet be come ouer and you can get them.
+Concerning my doubte in Kepler, you see what it is to bee so far fro
+you. What troubled me a month you satisfyed in a minute. I have
+supplied verie fitlie my wante of a spheare, in the desolution of a
+hogshead, for the hopes therof haue framed me a verie fine one. I pray
+also at your leasure answere the other pointes of my last letter
+concerning Vieta, Kepler and your selfe. I have nothinge to presence
+you in counter, but gratitude with a will in act to be vsefull vnto you
+and a power in proxima potentia ; wch I will not leaue also till I haue
+broughte ad actum. If you in the meane time can further it, tell wher
+in I may doe you seruice, and see how wholie you shall dispose of me.
+
+Your most assured and louing friend
+Tra’uenti the longest day of, 1610. Willm Lower.
+~ _Addressed:_ To his espesial good frind
+Mr. Thomas Hariot
+
+Seal of Arms, _(B. M. Add._ 6789.) at Sion neere London.
+
+
+[Tra’venti or Trafenty, near Lower Court, is eight or nine miles
+south-west of Caermarthen, near the confluence of the rivers Taf and
+Cywyn.]
+
+The writer is fortunately able to throw some light upon these letters
+of Lower to Hariot. In _the Monatlicbe Correspondenz Vol._ 8, 1803,
+published by F. X. von Zach at Gotha, pages 47-56, is a most
+interesting fragment of an original letter inEnglish toHariot. Dr Zach
+says that he found this letter at Petworth in 1784, and it being
+without date or signature he confidently assigned its authorship to the
+Earl of Northumberland, and guessed the date to have been prior to
+1619. In his many notes he is in raptures over his discovery, and
+deplores the misfortune of its breaking off in the most interesting
+place just as the Earl was about to announce the discovery of the
+elliptical orbit of the comet of 1607, as reasoned out of Hariot’s
+observations and the writings of Kepler. This famous letter has been
+used or copied in many places, particularly in Ersch and Gru-ber’s
+Algemeine Encyklopadie under Hariot.
+
+The mystery is now solved by giving here the letter in full. It is even
+more important than Dr Zach with all his enthusiasm supposed. It is
+not, however, from the pen of Northumberland, though none the less
+interesting on that account. The letter is in the well-known
+handwriting of Lower, of Tra’venti, on Mount Martin, near Llanfihangel,
+in South Wales, to his dearly loved friend and master Hariot at Sion,
+and is dated the 6th of February, 1610. The letter fills two sheets of
+foolscap paper. The first sheet of four pages Dr Zach found at
+Petworth, and it is to be hoped that it still exists there. The other
+sheet of four pages is preserved in the British Museum (Add. 6789). How
+long these two sheets have been separated it is difficult to tell, but
+probably from Hariot’s day, that is, for more than two centuries and a
+half. The two fragments are now brought together and printed for the
+first time complete, the first half from Dr Zach’s text, and the latter
+half copied verbatim direct from the original autograph manuscript,
+Brit. Mus. Add. 6789.
+
+
+LETTER FROM SIR WILLIAM LOWER MATHEMATICIAN
+
+
+AND ASTRONOMER TO THOMAS HARIOT AT SION
+
+
+FEBRUARY 6, 1610.
+
+
+I have receeved the perspective Cylinder that you promised me and am
+sorrie that my man gave you not more warning, that I might have had
+also the 2 or 3 more that you mentioned to chuse for me. Hence forward
+he shall have order to attend you better and to defray the charge of
+this and others, that he forgot to pay the worke man. According as you
+wished I have observed the Mone in all his changes. In the new I
+discover manifestlie the earthshine, a little before the Dichotomic,
+that spot which reprefents unto me the Man in the Moone (but without a
+head) is first to be feene. a little after neare the brimme of the
+gibbous parts towards the upper corner appeare luminous parts like
+starres much brighter then the rest and the whole brimme along, lookes
+like unto the Description of Coasts in the dutch bookes of voyages, in
+the full she appeares like a tarte that my Cooke made me the last
+Weeke. here a vaine of bright stuffe, and there of darke, and so
+consufedlie al over. I muft confesse I can see none of this without my
+cylinder. Yet an ingenious younge man that accompanies me here often,
+and loves you, and these studies much, sees manie of these things even
+without the helpe of the instrument, but with it sees them most
+plainielie. I meane the younge Mr. Protherbe.
+
+Kepler I read diligentlie. but therein I find what it is to be so far
+from you. For as himfelf, he hath almoft put me out of my wits, his
+Aequanes, his sections of excentricities, librations in the diameters
+of Epicycles, revolutions in ellipses, have fo thoroughlie seased upon
+my imagination as I do not onlie ever dreame of them, but oftentimes
+awake lose my selfe, and power of thinkinge with to much wantinge to
+it. not of his caufes for I cannot phansie those magnetical natures,
+but aboute his theorie which me thinks (although I cannot yet
+overmafter manie of his particulars) he eftablifheth soundlie and as
+you say overthrowes the circular Aftronomie.
+
+Do you not here startle, to see every day some of your inventions taken
+from you ; for I remember long since you told me as much, that the
+motions of the planets were not perfect circles. So you taught me the
+curious way to observe weight in Water, and within a while after
+Ghetaldi comes out with it in print, a little before Vieta prevented
+[anticipated] you of the gharland of the greate Invention of Algebra,
+al these were your deues and manie others that I could mention ; and
+yet to great reservednesse had robd you of these glories, but although
+the inventions be greate, the first and last I meane, yet when I survei
+your storehouse, I see they are the smallest things and such as in
+comparison of manie others are of smal or no value. Onlie let this
+remember you, that it is possible by to much procrastination to be
+prevented in the honor of some of your rarest inventions and
+speculations. Let your Countrie and frinds injoye the comforts they
+would have in the true and greate honor you would purchase your selfe
+by publishing some of your choise workes, but you know best what you
+have to doe. Onlie I, because I wish you all good, with this, and
+sometimes the more longinglie, because in one of your letters you gave
+me some kind of hope therof.
+
+But againe to Kepler I have read him twice over cursoridlie. I read him
+now with Calculation. Some times I find a difference of minutes,
+sometimes false prints, and sometimes an utter confufion in his
+accounts, these difficulties are so manie, and often as here againe I
+want your conference, for I know an hower with you, would advance my
+studies more than a yeare heare, to give you a taft of some of thes
+difficulties that you may judge of my capacitie, I will send you onlie
+this one [upon the _Locum Martis_ out of Kepler’s Astronomy, de motibus
+Stella: Martis, etc. Pragæ, 1609, folio Ch. xxvi, page 137.] For this
+theorie I am much in love with these particulars;
+
+1° his permutation of the medial to the apparent motions, for it is
+more rational that all dimensions as of Eccentricities, apogacies,
+etc.. . . should depend rather of the habitude to the sun, then to the
+imaginarie circle of orbis annuus.
+
+2° His elliptical iter planetarum. for me thinks it shiews a Way to the
+folving of the unknown walks of comets. For ai his Ellipfis in the
+Earths motion is more a circle _[here endeth Dr Zacb’s fragment, and
+here beginneth the continuation from tie original in the Britith
+Museum]_ and in Mars is more longe and in some of the other planets may
+be longer againe so in thos commets that are appeard fixed the ellipsis
+may be neere a right line.
+
+3. His phansie of ecliptica media or his via regia of the sun, vnto wch
+the walke of al the other planets is obliqj more or lesse; even the
+ecliptica uera under wch the earth walkes his yeares journie; by wch he
+solues handsomelie the mutation of the starres latitudes. Indeed I am
+much delighted with his booke, but he is so tough in rnanie places as I
+cannot bite him. I pray write me some instructions in your next, how I
+may deale with him to ouermaster him for I am readie to take paines, te
+modo jura dantem indigeo, dictatorem exposco. But in his booke I am
+much out of loue with thes particulars. I. First his manie and
+intolerable atechnies, whence deriue thos manie and vncertaine assayes
+of calculation. 2. His finding fault with Vieta for mending the like
+things in Ptol: Cop..... but se the justice Vieta speakes sleightlie of
+Copernicus a greater then Atlas. Kepler speakes as slightlie of Vieta,
+a greater then Appollonius whom Kepler everie wher admires. For
+whosoever can doe the things that Kepler cannot doe, shalbe to him
+great Appollonius. But enough of Kepler let me once againe intreate
+your counsel how to read him with best profit, for I am wholie
+possessed with Astronomical speculations and desires. For your
+declaration of Vieta’s appendicle it is so full and plaine, as you haue
+aboundantlie satisfyed my desire, for wch I yield you the thankes I
+ought, onlie in a word tell me whether by it he can solue Copernicus, 5
+cap: of his 5. booke. The last of Vieta’s probleames you leaue to
+speake of because (you say) I had a better of you, wch was more
+vniuersal and more easilie demonstrated, and findeth the point, E. as
+wel out of the plaine of the triangle giuen, as in the plaine. I pray
+here helpe my memorie or vnderstand-inge, for although I haue bethought
+my selfe vsq ad insaniam, I cannot remember or conceaue what
+proposition you meane. If I haue had such a one of you, tel me what one
+it is and by what tokens I may know it ; If I haue not had, then let me
+now haue it, for you know how much I loue your things and of all wayes
+of teaching for richnesse and fullnesse for stuffe and forme, yours
+vnto me are incomparablie most satisfactorie. If your leasure giue you
+leaue imparte also unto me somewhat els of your riches in this
+argument.
+
+Let me intreate you to advise and direct this bearer Mr. Vaughan wher
+and how to prouide himselfe of a fit sphere ; that by the contemplation
+of that our imaginations here may be releued in manie speculations that
+perplexe our vnderstandings with diagrammed in plano. He hath monie to
+prouide doe you but tell him wher the are to be had and what manner of
+sphere (I meant with what and how manie circles) wilbe most vsefull for
+vs to thes studies. After all this I must needs tell you my sorrowes.
+God that gaue him, hath taken from me my onlie sun, by continual and
+strange fits of Epelepsie or Apoloxie, when in apparence, as he was
+most pleasant and goodlie, he was most healthie, but amongst other
+things, I haue learnt of you to setle and submit my desires to the will
+of god ; onlie my wife with more greife beares this affliction, yet now
+againe she begins to be comforted. Let me heare fro you and according
+to your leasure and frindshippe haue directions in the course of studie
+I am in. Aboue al things take care of your health, keepe correspondence
+with Kepler and wherinsoeuer you can haue vse of me, require it with
+all libertie. Soe I rest ever,
+
+Your assured and true friend to be vsed in
+
+all things that you please.
+
+Willm Lowër.
+
+Tra’vent on Mount Martin [in South Wales.] 6 February, 1610.
+
+Let me not make my selfe more able then ther is cause. I can not order
+the calculation by the construction you sent me of Vieta’s 3. probleme,
+to find the distances of C. & D. & B. from the Apegen or the proportion
+of ia. to ac. the eccentricitie. I tooke Copernicus, 3. observations in
+the, 6. chap, of his, 5. booke, therfore helpe here once againe.
+
+_Addressed:_ To his especiall good friend
+
+Mr. THO : HARRYOT at Sion neere London.
+
+
+About this time, it is understood, Raleigh took up seriously and
+earnestly the great literary work of his life, _The History of the
+World._ It must have been brewing in his mind for years, for in his
+preface he expressed the fears he had entertained ‘that the darkness of
+age and death would have overtaken him long before the performance.’
+The work, according to Camden, was published in April 1614, just before
+the meeting of Parliament. It appeared anonymously, and for obvious
+reasons was not entered at Stationers’ Hall. James is said to have had
+his conscience so pricked by certain passages which everywhere pervade
+the work on the power, conduct and responsibility of princes, that
+strenuous efforts were made in January 1615 to call in and suppress it,
+but the king might as well have attempted to call back a departed
+spirit by Act of Parliament as to call in that ‘History of the World’
+by royal proclamation. The Book was in type and in the hands of the
+people of England. It could therefore no more be suppressed at that day
+by princely power than could manifest destiny itself. The second
+edition of 1621 was the first with Raleigh’s name.
+
+This grand work, which in almost everychapter shows the masterly hand
+of Raleigh himself, needs no comment here. It is however no
+disparagement of the book (but the contrary) to say that in the
+collection, arrangement and condensation of its materials; that in
+unlocking the muniment room of antiquity and perusing the chief authors
+of the Greek and Latin classics from Heroditus to Livy and Eusebius,
+covering a period of near four thousand years, he must have had at
+cheerful beck powerful and competent aid. To collect, read, collate,
+note down, and digest these vast and scattered treasures into
+reasonable and presentable shape for the master mind, required not a
+bevy of poets and parsons, but one masterly scholar of scientific,
+analytic, mathematical, philosophical and religious training. Such a
+man was Hariot.
+
+We read of Gibbon’s twenty years’ fag and toil on the materials of the
+History of the Roman Empire alone, and at a time when there were many
+aids not existing in Raleigh’s day. Gibbon personally ransacked the
+libraries of Europe. Raleigh had scarcely four years to cover the four
+most ancient empires and a much longer period, and was himself confined
+to Tower Hill. But he had at command a Hariot, a sort of winged
+Mercury, who was neither entowered nor hide-bound with conceit or
+ignorance. He was a marvellously good Greek and Latin scholar, who
+wrote Latin with almost as much ease as English. One has but to read
+the vast number of notes, citations and particular references in the
+History of the World to see the height, depth, and perfect modelling of
+the structure.
+
+Raleigh was unquestionably the designer, the architect and the finisher
+of his History of the World. To him is due the honor and credit of the
+work. But who was the builder ? The answer manifestly is Thomas Hariot
+of Sion on Thames, learned, patient, self-forgetting, painstaking,
+long-waiting, devoted Hariot. Many writers have claimed to be, or have
+been named as, Sir Walter’s assistants and polishers. Ben Jonson, Rev.
+Dr Burhill, John Hoskins the poet, and others have each had their
+advocates,but without sufficient evidence. It may well be questioned if
+any one of them possessed either the ability, the time, the access to
+the Tower, or the opportunity to perform such herculean labors of love.
+These claims are apparently all based on pure conjecture, or
+unrectified gossip, as shown by Mr Bolton Corney in his razorly reply
+to Mr Isaac D’israeli. But Thomas Hariot, on the contrary, possessed
+abundantly what they all lacked, the necessary credentials. For proof
+of this assertion the doubter, as well as the lover of confirmed
+historical accuracy, is referred to the Hariot papers still preserved
+partly at Petworth and partly in the British Museum.
+
+The Hariot manuscripts, of which there are thousands of folio pages all
+in his own handwriting, seem to be still in the same confused state in
+which he left them. He directed that the ‘waste’ should be weeded out
+of his mathematical papers and destroyed. But this duty seems,
+fortunately for us, to have been neglected by his executors, and hence
+among this ‘waste’ one has even now no great difficulty in recognizing
+in the well-known Latin handwriting of the’ magician,’ many jottings in
+chronology, geography and science, and many abstracts and citations of
+the classics, that in their time must have played parts in the _History
+of the World._ The Will now first produced lets in a flood of light on
+the history of these valued papers, and dispels a great deal of the
+heaps of foreign pretension, domestic assertion, and mixed charlatanism
+that have since 1784 beclouded the memories of both Raleigh and Hariot.
+It is true that on a hint in the previous century from Camden of a will
+by the great mathematician, many conjectures were afloat from the days
+of Pell, Collins, Wallis and Wood, but it has not been possible until
+now for one, with due knowledge of the main events in the lives of
+these two men, each equally great in his own sphere, to satisfactorily
+clear away any considerable portion of the misconception and
+misstatements of biographers and historians concerning them and their
+achievements. The dawn however is coming, when these new materials now
+first printed by the Hercules Club, but not worked up, may attract the
+attention of some historian competent to give them a thorough
+scientific scrutiny and ‘pen their doctrine.’
+
+It is not our purpose here to dwell upon Raleigh’s masterpiece. From
+the preface of the _History of the World,_ which opens with ‘the
+boundless ambition of mortal man,’ to the epilogue which closes up the
+work with the glorious triumph of Death, the whole book is replete with
+lessons of wisdom and warning. No one can rise from its perusal without
+perceiving that the modern author has made himself by apt illustration
+an accomplished actor in ancient history, while the ancient characters
+are made in their vera effigies to strut on modern stages. His pictures
+of great actions and great men, noble deeds and nobler princes, are
+drawn with such masterly perspective of truth, that they serve for all
+time ; while his portraiture of tyrants, villains, and dishonorable
+characters are no less lifelike and human. One marvels not therefore
+that King James, whose political creed was that the people are bound to
+princes by iron, and princes to the people by cobwebs, should see in
+Raleigh’s portraiture of the upright kings no likeness to himself, but
+had no difficulty in recognizing in the deformed greatness and selfish
+virtues of the old monarchs qualities suggestive of himself and his
+favorites. This grand history, extending from the creation over the
+four great monarchies of the world, near four thousand years, closes
+with the final triumph of Emilius Paullus in these memorable and
+oft-repeated words from the first edition of 1614.
+
+Kings and Princes have alwayes laid before them, the actions, but not
+the ends, of those great Ones which precededthem. They are alwayes
+transported with the glorie of the one, but they never minde the
+miserie of the other, till they finde the experience themselves. They
+neglect the advice of God, while they enioy life, or hope it; but they
+follow the counsell of Death, upon his first approach. It is he that
+puts into man all the wisdome of the world, without speaking a word ;
+which God with all the words of His Law, promises, or threats, doth not
+infuse. Death which hateth and destroyeth man, is beleeved ; God, which
+hath made him and loves him, is alwayes deferred. I have considered,
+saith Solomon, all the workes that are under the Sunne, and behold, all
+is vanitie and vexation of spirit: but who beleeves it, till Death
+tells it us. It was Death, which opening the conscience of Charles the
+fift, made him enjoyne his sonne Philip to restore Navarre ; and King
+Francis the First of France, to command that justice should be done
+upon the murderers of the Protestants in Merindol and Cabrieres, which
+till then he neglected. It is therefore Death alone that can suddenly
+make man know himselfe. He tells the proud and insolent, that they are
+but Abjects, and humbles them at the instant ; makes them crie,
+complaine, and repent; yea, even to hate their forepassed happinesse.
+He takes the account of the rich, and proves him a beggar, a naked
+begger, which hath interest in nothing, but in the grauell that filles
+his mouth. He holds a glasse before the eyes of the most beautifull,
+and makes them see therein their deformitie and rottennesse; and they
+acknowledge it.
+
+O eloquent, just and mightie Death ! whom none could advise, thou hast
+perswaded ; what none hath dared, thou hast done ; and whom all the
+world hath flattered, thou onely hast cast out of the world and
+despised : thou hast drawne together all the farre stretched
+greatnesse, all the pride, crueltie, and ambition, of man, and covered
+it all over with those two narrow words : _Hic jacet._
+
+With this outburst of true eloquence the historian of the world laid
+down his pen in 1614. Four short years later the same historian
+himself, wickedly sacrificed by his hispaniolized monarch, laid down
+his life on the scaffold, with an apotheosis scarcely less eloquent. No
+death recorded in ancient or modern history is more grand or
+instructive than that of Sir Walter Raleigh, in many respects the
+greatest man of his age.
+
+On the execution being granted in the King’s Bench Court, on the
+afternoon of the 28th of October 1618, he asked for a little time for
+pre- paration, but his request was refused, Bacon having already in his
+pocket the death warrant duly signed by the King before the meeting of
+the Court! Sir Walter then asked for paper, pen and ink; and when he
+came to die that he might be permitted to speak at his farewell. To
+these last requests he appears to have received no reply, but was with
+indecent haste hustled off to the Gate House for execution early the
+next morning, the 29th of October, Lord Mayor’s day, when it was
+expected that the crowd would go cityward. However, there was a crowd,
+and probably in consequence he was not prohibited from speaking. He had
+prepared himself, and is said to have consulted a _‘Note of
+Remembrance’_ which he held in his hand while speaking. It is possible,
+nay, probable that this very same _Note_ still survives in
+‘paper-saving’ Hariot’s ‘waste,’ for a precious little waif, all
+crumpled and soiled, just such a ‘Note of Remembrance,’ it is believed,
+as Raleigh held in his hand and consulted during that ever memorable
+speech, has comedown to us, and is now preserved among the Hariot
+papers in the British Museum. It has been recently recognized and
+identified by Mr Stevens, who has placed it, with other newly
+discovered documents respecting our philosopher, at the disposition of
+the Hercules Club. It is thought to possess internal evidence of having
+been drawn out _before_ the speech, and is not therefore Hariot’s
+jottings of remembrance _after_ it. But positive proof is wanting.
+
+It is beyond all doubt, however, in the well-known handwriting of
+Hariot, and is presumed to be the ‘note of remembrance’ _for_ the
+speech, made in the Gate House, probably from dictation, during the
+night before the execution. It appears as if hurriedly penned with a
+blunt quill, and is on a narrow strip of thin foolscap paper such as
+Hariot used. It is about twelve inches long and nearly four inches
+wide, about one-third of the lower part of the paper being blank. There
+is no heading, date, or anything else on the paper. It is rather
+difficult to read, but every word, letter and point have been made out,
+and the whole _Note_ is here given, line for line, and verbatim, the
+heading and press-mark only being added :
+
+
+[SIR WALTER RALEIGH’S ‘NOTE OR REMEMBRANCE’
+
+_for his speech on the Scaffold_ Oct. 29 1618.]
+
+Two fits of an agew.
+
+Thankes to god.
+
+of calling god to witness.
+
+note
+
+That He Speake iustly & truely.
+
+I.) Concerning his loyalty to _ye_
+
+King. French Agent,
+
+& Comission fro ye french King.
+
+2.) of Slanderous fpeeches touching
+
+his majty. a french man.
+
+Sr L. Stukely.
+
+3.) Sr L. Stukely. My lo: Carewe.
+
+4.) SrL. Stukely. My lo: of Danchaster.
+
+5.) Sr L. St: S’ Edward Perham.
+
+6.) Sr L. St. A letter on london hyway l0000li.
+
+7.) Mine of Guiana.
+
+8.) Came back by constreynt.
+
+9.) My L. of Arundell.
+
+10.) Company ufed ill in ye Voyadge.
+
+11. Spotting of his face & counterfeiting sicknes.
+
+12 The _E. of_ Eflex.
+
+Lastly, he deiired ye company to ioyne with him in prayer. &c.
+
+_[Brit. MM. Add._ MSS. 6789.]
+
+
+Every paragraph of the speech is noted, but not quite in the order of
+the speech as variously reported by those who witnessed the execution
+and heard it. Circumstances occurred after Sir Walter began to speak,
+which may have caused the slight change in the order as here set down.
+This argues in favor of its being a note prepared beforehand. If so It
+must have been written shortly before the speech, because the order for
+the execution was not given in the King’s Bench Court till the
+afternoon of the 28th, and the execution was fixed for early the next
+morning.
+
+There is a little confusion of the tenses, but this is not strange
+considering that the note was penned by a third person. The last two
+lines, below the number 12, may have been added by Hariot afterwards,
+as they are in the past tense and third person, and are separated from
+the rest of the note by a dash. This point is not numbered. It is
+possible that thefirst five lines were also added subsequently, as they
+are not numbered, and are placed near the top of the paper, as if
+interpolated, but they are in the same handwriting, and apparently were
+written with the same pen and ink.
+
+At all events, whether written by Hariot before or after the deed, it
+is a precious contemporary document, and is another proof, if any more
+be needed, of the genuineness of the reported dying speech, and,
+consequently, that the famous ‘Spanish papers’ recently reproduced are
+forgeries and false. It requires no great stretch of the imagination
+with this little messenger in hand to believe that the ingenious
+teacher and friend of his youth, and for nearly two score years the
+constant companion of his manhood, passed that dreadful night with Sir
+Walter in the Gate House at Westminster, and after ‘dear Bess’ had
+taken her leave at midnight, penned out this note of remembrance for
+his friend’s morning guidance, that nothing should be forgotten in case
+the ague returned, which he feared even more than death.
+
+A little more than a month after the execution of his friend, Hariot is
+found in his observatory at Sion taking observations of the comet of
+December 1618. His valuable observations are preserved among his
+mathematical papers. During the eleven years following his primitive
+observations of the ‘Hariot’ comet of 1607, first at Ilfracombeand
+later at Kidwely, great advances had been made in the science of
+astronomy, chiefly in consequence of the invention of the telescope,
+and the discoveries by means of it. No mathematician in Europe was
+probably further advanced in this science than Hariot.
+
+What particular discoveries belonged to him and what to Galileo, Kepler
+and other contemporaries, it is very difficult to determine, since it
+is now positively known that from 1609 or 1610 Hariot was a
+manufacturer and dealer in lenses, or perspective glasses, as well as
+in perspective trunks or telescopes; and that he was in correspondence
+with Kepler, and probably with Galileo. He was easily the chief of
+astronomers in England, and is known to have possessed the earliest
+books of Galileo and to have sent them to his disciples, Lower and
+Protheroe, in Wales. Respecting this comet of 1618, he was in
+correspondence with Alien and Standish of Oxford and other scholars at
+home and abroad.
+
+In ‘Certain Elegant Poems, Written By Dr. [Richard] Corbel, Bishop of
+Norwich. R. Cotes for Andrew Crooke, 1647, 16°- The mirth-loving
+Bishop, in ‘A Letter sent from Doclor Corbetto MaJler [Sir Thomas]
+Ailebury, Decem. 9. 1618’ [on the Comet of that year] is the following
+allusion to Hariot:
+
+
+_Burton_ to _Gunter_ Cants, and _Burton_ heares
+From _Gunter,_ and th’ Exchange both tongue & eares
+By carriage : thus doth mired _Guy_ complaine,
+His Waggon on their letters beares _Charles_ Waine,
+_Charles_ Waine, to which they fay the tayle will reach
+And at this diftance they both heare, and teach.
+Now for the peace of God and men, advise
+(Thou that haft wherewithall to make us wise)
+Thine owne rich ftudies, and deepe Harriots mine,
+In which there is no drosse, but all refine,
+O tell us what to trust to, lest we wax
+All stiffe and tupid with his paralex ;
+Say, shall the old Philofophy be true ?
+Or doth he ride above the Moone think you ? _etc._
+
+
+After the departure of the ‘Blazing Starr’ of December 1618, very
+little is known of Hariot, except that he lived at Sion while his
+patron the Earl was still in the Tower, where he was probably
+frequently visited by his man of science. The following letter, dated
+the 19th of January 1619, to him at Sion from Sir Thomas Aylesbury is
+interesting as showing the great interest taken in his old master by
+his ‘loytering scholar.’ Many other letters of this stamp, breathing
+love and ardent friendship, are found among the Hariot papers, from Sir
+William Lower, Sir John Protheroe, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr Turner,
+and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. Here is a sample:
+
+
+Sr, Though I have bene yet soe little a while att New Mar-kett, that I
+have not any thing of moment to ympart; yet I thinke it not amisse to
+write a bare salutacons, and let yo know, that in theise wearie
+journeys I am often times comforted wth the remembraunce of yor kind
+love and paynes bestowed on yor loytering scholar, whose little credit
+in the way of learning is all-waits underpropped wt the name of soe
+worthie a Maister.
+
+The Comet being spent, the talke of it still runnes current here; The
+Kings ma before mycumming spake w’ one of Cambridge called Olarentia,
+(a name able to beget beleefe of some extraordinarie qualities) but
+what satisfaction he gave, I cannot yet learne; here are papers out of
+Spayne about it, yea and fro Roome, wc I will endevor to gett, and
+meane yt yo shall partake of the newes as tyme serves.
+
+Cura ut valeas et me ames, who am ever trulie and unfaynedlyr
+yors att Commaund. THO: AYLESBURIE.
+
+Newmarkett. 19, Jan. 1618/1619
+
+_Addressed:_ To my right woorthie frend Mr. THOMAS HARRIOT
+
+att Syon, theise, fro Newmarkett.
+
+
+Between 1615 and 1620 there are evidences of Hariot’s failing health.
+He was greatly troubled with a cancerous ulcer on the lip. How early
+this began is not apparent. In 1610 his friend Lower cautions him to be
+careful of his health. There is in the British Museum among the Hariot
+papers the drafts of three beautiful letters in Latin written from Sion
+in 1615 and 1616 to a friend of distinction, name not mentioned, who
+had been recently appointed to some medical office at court, in which
+he describes himself and his disease.
+
+These letters show great resignation and Christian fortitude. He seemed
+to be getting better in 1616, and expressed himself as somewhat
+hopeful. The progress of the cancer and other troubles cannot now
+probably be traced, but he is found in the summer of 1621 lodging with
+his old friend Thomas Buckner, in Threadneedle Street, near the Royal
+Exchange, in the parish of St Christopher. Buckner had been one of
+Raleigh’s ‘First Colonie’ to Virginia in 1585 with Hariot, and Hariot,
+now in 1621, had come up from Sion probably for medical advice near the
+hospital. On the 2gth of June he made or executed his Will, and died
+three days after at Buckner’s, on the and of July 1621. He was buried
+the next day, according to the wish expressed in his will, in the old
+parish church of St Christopher in Threadneedle Street.
+
+Sifte viator, leviter preme,
+Iacet hic juxta, Quod mortale fuit,
+C. V.
+THOMÆ HARRIOTT.
+Hic fuit Doftiffimus ille Harriotus
+de Syon ad Flumen Thamefin,
+Patria & educatione
+Oxonienfis,
+QVM omnes fcientias Caluit,
+Qui in omnibus excelluit,
+Mathematicis, Philofophicis, Theologicis.
+Veritatis indagator ftudiofiffimus,
+Dei Trini-uniui cultor piiffimus,
+Sexagenarius, aut eo circiter,
+Mortalitati valedixit, Non vitæ,
+Anno Christi M.DC.XXI. Iulii 2.
+
+
+Shortly after there was erected to his memory in the chancel, at the
+expense, it is understood, of his noble friend the Earl of
+Northumberland, a fine marble monument, bearing the above neat and
+appropriate inscription.
+
+St Christopher’s, a very old church, with its records (still preserved)
+extending back in an almost unbroken series to 1488, passed through
+many vicissitudes before itwas finally swallowed up by the leviathan of
+the world’s commerce. The site of it is now occupied by the south-west
+cornerof the Bank of England on Princes Street, to the left of the
+entrance, nearly opposite the Mansion House. The church was restored
+and redecorated the year of Hariot’s death, and again twelve years
+later, but was burnt in the great fire of 1666. Hariot’s monument
+perished with it, but the inscription had been preserved by Stow. The
+church was rebuilt on the same foundation by Sir Christopher Wren in
+1680.
+
+About a century ago the church, with the whole parish of St Christopher
+(called then St Christopher-le-stocks because near the stocks standing
+at the east end of Cheapside), together with a large portion of two
+other parishes, St Margaret’s and St Bartholomew’s, was purchased by
+the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street for the site of the new Bank of
+England. Thus one great bank of this modern metropolis covers a large
+part of three parishes of old London.
+
+The whole area of the Bank, however, was not given up to mammon, though
+still here men most do congregate, and worshippers most do worship. One
+small consecrated spot, enough perhaps to leaven and memorize the whole
+site, was respected, and not built over. It was the churchyard of St
+Christopher. This ‘God’s acre’ the architect and the governors have
+dedicated to Beauty, Art, and Nature. The little ‘Garden of the Bank of
+England,’ the loveliest spot in all London at this day, measuring about
+twenty-four by thirty-two yards, was just a hundred years ago the
+little churchyard of St Christopher, where still repose the bones of
+THOMAS HARIOT.
+
+Virginia, which once comprehended the present United States from South
+to North, has been called the monument to Sir Walter Raleigh. So the
+Bank of England, built round the churchyard of St Christopher, may be
+called the monument to Thomas Hariot.
+
+The present year, 1879, is just three centuries since Hariot went
+forth, a youth of twenty, from the University of Oxford. We have
+briefly told his story. England is all the richer for his life, and the
+world itself acknowledges the wealth of his science and the worth of
+his philosophy. The Bank of England is built round his bones, but it
+cannot cover his memory.
+
+Stay, traveller, tread lightly ;
+Near this spot lies what was mortal
+of that most celebrated man
+THOMAS HARRIOT.
+He was the very learned Harriot
+of Sion on Thames ;
+by birth and education
+an Oxonian, Who cultivated all the sciences,
+and excelled in all,
+In Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Theology.
+A most studious investigator of truth, A most pious
+worshipper of the Triune God,
+At the age of sixty, or thereabouts,
+He bade farewell to mortality, not to life,
+July 2d A.D. 1621.
+
+
+He lived, died, and was forgotten in the parish of St Christopher.
+Henceforward, whenever Englishmen and Americans, merchants and
+scholars, rich and poor, men of genius and men of money, enter this
+little’ Garden,’ let them read there in English what Henry Percy
+originally set up in Latin, the above inscription.
+
+An impression has gone abroad, traceable chiefly to Aubrey and to
+Anthony à Wood, that Hariot was unsound in religious principles and
+matters of belief; that he was, in fact, not only a Deist himself, but
+that he exerted a baleful influence over Raleigh and his History as
+well as over the Earl of Northumberland. Not to misstate this utterly
+unfounded imputation, the very words of Wood, as first printed in his
+Athenæ in 1691, and never since modified, are here given in full: ‘But
+notwithstanding his great skill in mathematics, he had strange thoughts
+of the scripture, and always undervalued the old story of the creation
+of the world, and could never believe that trite position, _Ex nihilo
+nihil fit._ He made a _Philosophical Theology,_ wherein he cast off the
+OLD TESTAMENT, so that consequently the New would have no foundation.
+He wasaDeist, and his doctrine he did impart to the said Count [the
+Earl] and to Sir Walt. Raleigh when he was compiling the _History of
+the World,_ and would controvert the matter with eminent divines of
+those times; who therefore having no good opinion of him, did look on
+the manner of his death as a judgment upon him for those matters, and
+for nullifying the scripture.’
+
+It is needless to say that in all our investigations into the life,
+actions, and character of this eminent philosopher and Christian, from
+the time when, as a young man in 1585, he took delight in reading the
+Bible to the Indians of Virginia, down to the time that he made his
+remarkable will in 1621, not one word has been found in cor-roboration
+of these statements; but, on the contrary, many passages have appeared
+to contradict and disprove them. Let any one notice the numerous
+citations of the various books of the Bible in Raleigh’s History, and
+he will surely fail to discover any evidence of Raleigh’s being a
+Deist, or that Hariot had taught him to undervalue the scripture.
+
+It is not necessary here to say more in this connection than to quote
+the following passage from one of the Latin letters in 1616 referred to
+above by Hariot to the eminent physician who had just received a high
+medical appointment at Court, describing himself and his terrible
+affliction [a cancer on the lip]. The passage is given in English, but
+the original Latin may be seen in the British Museum (Add. 6789). It
+seems to have been written on purpose to refute such slanders. He
+writes :
+
+
+Think of me as your sincere friend. Your interests are involved as well
+as mine. My recovery will be your triumph, but through the Almighty who
+is the Author of all good things. As I have now and then said, I
+believe these three points. I believe in God Almighty; I believe that
+Medicine was ordained by him ; I trust the Physician as his minister.
+My faith is sure, my hope firm. I wait however with patience for
+everything in its own time according to His Providence. We must act
+earnestly, fight boldly, but in His name, and we shall conquer. Sic
+transit gloria mundi, omnia transibunt, nos ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. So
+passes away the glory of this world, all things shall pass away, we
+shall pass away, you will pass away, they will pass away.
+
+
+There is unfortunately no portrait known of Hariot, and we can form no
+idea of his personal appearance; but, fortunately, the drafts of the
+three Latin letters to his eminent friend at Court, alluded to above,
+fully describe his terrible disease and other bodily infirmities in
+1615 and 1616, and give us some notion of himself and his personal
+habits. His regular physician was Dr Turner, and his apothecary Mr
+May-orne, both employed also by Sir Walter.
+
+Dr Alexander Read, in his ‘Chirurgicall Lectures of Tumors and Vlcers
+Delivered in the Chirurgeans Hall, 1632-34. London. 1638,’ 4°, says in
+Treatise 2, Lecture 26, page 307:
+
+
+Cancerous ulcers also feize upon this part [lips]. This grief haftened
+the end of that famous Mathematician, Mr. Hariot, with whom I was
+acquainted but a fhorttime before his death : whom at one time,
+together with Mr. Hughes, who wrote of the Globes, Mr. Warner, and Mr.
+Torperley, the Noble Earl of Northumberland, the favourer of all good
+learning, and Mecænas of learned men, maintained while he was in the
+Tower for their worth and various literature
+
+
+A great deal of misconception has hitherto prevailed respecting
+Hariot’s great printed work on Algebra. His reputation as a
+mathematician has been permitted to hinge chiefly upon it, very much to
+his disadvantage. A brief bibliographical statement of facts will
+probably present the matter in a new light. But first let the book be
+described as it lies before us and has been described by many others
+since the days of Professor Wallis, nearly two hundred years ago. The
+Title is as follows : ‘Artis Analyticæ / Praxis / Ad æquationes
+Algebraicas nouæ, expeditæ, & generali / methodo, resoluendas :
+/ Tractatus/ E posthumis THOMÆ HARRIOTI Philosophi ac Mathematici ce- /
+leberrimi sche-diasmatis summæ fide & diligentia / descriptus:/
+Et/Illvstrissimo Domino/Dom. HenricoPercio,/ Northvmbriæ Comiti,/Qui
+hæc primò, sub Patronatus & Munificentiæ suæ auspicjss / ad proprios
+vsus elucubrata, in communem Mathematicorum / vtilitatem, denuò
+reuisenda, describenda, & publicanda / mandauit, meritissimi Honoris
+ergò / Nuncupatus. / Londini / Apud Robertvm Barker, Typographum /
+Regium : Et Hæred. Io. Billii. /Anno 1631. / _Title, reverse blank;_
+Prefatio 4 pages; Text 180 pages, and Errata 1 page (Bbb) followed by a
+blank page, folio. A very handsomely printed book. In the British
+Museum, 529 m 8, is Charles the First’s copy in old calf, gilt edges,
+with the royal arms on the sides. In the Preface the editors (Aylesbury
+and Prothero aided by Warner)say:
+
+
+Artis Analyticæ, cuius caufa hîc agitur, port eruditum illud Græcorum
+fæculum antiquitatæ iamdiù & incultæ iacentis, rcftitutionem
+_Francifcus Viete,_ Gallus, vir clariflimus, & ob infignem in fcientijs
+Mathematicis peritiam, Gallicæ gentis decus, primus fingulari confilio
+& intentato ante hâc conamine aggreffus eft; atque ingenuam hanc animi
+fui intentionem per varios tractatus, quos in argumenti huius
+elaboratione eleganter & acutè confcripfit, pofteris teftatem rcliquit.
+Dùm verò ille veteris Analytices reftitutionem, quam fibi propofuit,
+feriò molitus eft, non tàm eam reftitutam, quàm proprijs inuentionibus
+actam & exornatam, tanquam nouam & fuam, nobis tradidifle videtur. Quod
+generali conceptu enuntiatum paulo fufius explicandum eft; vt, oftenfo
+eo quod primùm à _Vieta_ in inftituto fuo promouendo actum eft, quid
+pofteà ab authore noftro doctifiimo _Thomâ Harrioto,_ qui ilium
+certamine ifto Analytico fequntus eft, praeftitum fit, meliùs
+innotefcere possit. [Which done into English is substantially as
+follows]
+
+Francis Vieta, a Frenchman, a most distinguished man, and on account of
+his remarkable skill in Mathematical Science the honour of the French
+nation, first of all with singular genius and with industry hitherto
+unattempted undertook the restoration of the analytic art, of which
+subject we are here treating, which after the learned age of the Greeks
+for a long time had become antiquated and remained uncultivated : and
+by various treatises which he eloquently and ingeniously wrote in the
+working out of this line of argument, left a record to posterity of
+this noble design of his mind. But while he seriously laboured at the
+restoration of the old Analysis, which he had proposed to himself, he
+seems not so much to have transmitted to us a restoration of that
+science, as a new and original method, worked out and illustrated by
+his own discoveries. This, having been enunciated in general terms,
+must be explained a little more at length ; so that having shown what
+was first effected by Vieta in promoting his design, it may be more
+clear, what was afterwards performed by our very learned author Thomas
+Harriot, who followed him in these analytical investigations.
+
+
+And at the end of the volume, on page 180, is the following explanatory
+note :
+
+
+AD MATHIMATICIS STUDIOSOS.
+
+
+  ‘Ex omnibus _Thoma Harrioti_ fcriptis Mathematicis,quòd opus hoc
+  Analyticum primum in publicum emiflum fit, haud inconfulto factum
+  eft. Nam, quùm reliqua eius opera, multiplici inuentorum nouitate
+  excellentia, eodem omnino quo tractatus ifte (Logiftices fpeciofsæ
+  exemplis omnimodis totus compofitus) ftilo Logiftico, hactenùs
+  inufitato, confcripta fint, eâ certè ratione fit, vt prodromus hic
+  tractatus, vltra proprium ipfius inæftimabilem vfum, reliquis
+  _Harrioti_ fcriptis, de quorum editione iam ferio cogitatur, pro
+  neceffario preparamento fiue introductorio opportunè inferuire
+  poffit. De quâ quidem accefforiâ operis huius vtilitate rerum
+  Mathematicarum ftudiofos paucis his præmonuiffe operæprecium efle
+  duximus.’ [Which being interpreted reads as follows in English]
+
+TO STUDENTS OF MATHEMATICS.
+
+
+It is not without good reason that, of all Thomas Harriot’s
+Mathematical writings, this on Analysis has been published first. For
+whereas all his remaining works, remarkable for their manifold
+novelties of discovery, are written precisely in the same, hitherto
+unusual, logical style as this treatise (which consists entirely of
+varied specimens of beautiful reasoning); this was certainly done that
+this preliminary treatise, besides its own inestimable utility, might
+suitably serve as a necessary preparation or introduction to the study
+of Harriot’s remaining works, the publication of which is now under
+serious consideration. Of this accessory use of this treatise we have
+thought it worth while to remind mathematical students in these brief
+remarks.
+
+
+From this it appears that Hariot’s system of Analytics or Algebra was
+based on that of his friend and correspondent Francois Vieta, as
+Vieta’s was avowedly based on that of the ancients. There appears to
+have been no attempt whatever on the part of the Englishman to
+appropriate the honors of the Frenchman, as many foreign writers have
+charged. Full credit was given by Hariot and his friends to the
+distinguished French mathematician.
+
+But Hariot’s modifications, improvements, and simplifications were so
+distinct and marked that from the first, and long before publication,
+they were called among his students and correspondents ‘Hariot’s
+Method,’ meaning thereby only Hariot’s peculiarities, without reference
+to the great merits of Vieta’s restoration, modification, adaptation,
+and improvement of the old analyses from the times of the Greeks.
+
+Vieta’s’ Canon Mathematicus’ was published at Paris in 1579, and was
+reissued in London with a new title in 1589 as his ‘Opera Mathematica.’
+But this work does not contain the Algebra. That was first published in
+1591 under the following title :
+
+‘Francisci Vietæ/InArtem Analyticam/Isagoge/Seorfim excuffa ab Opere
+reftitutæ Mathematicæ/Analyfeos, seu, Algebraicâ nouâ. / Tvronis,/ Apud
+Iametivm Mettayer Typographium Regium. / Anno 1591.’ / folio. A
+Supplement appeared in 1593. Seven years later there came out under the
+auspices of Ghetaldi, a young Italian nobleman of mathematical tastes,
+who had been studying in Paris, the following:—‘De Nvmerosa Potestatvm
+/ Ad Exegefum / Resolvtione. / Ex Opere reftitutæ Mathematicæ
+Analyfeos, / feu, Algebrà nouà / Francisci Vietæ. / Parisiis, /
+Excudebat David le Clerc. / 1600.’ / folio. On the last page of this
+book is an interesting letter from Marino Ghetaldi to his preceptor
+Michele Coignetto, dated at Paris the I5th of February 1600.
+
+These three thin folio volumes of great rarity are models of
+typographic beauty. They manifestly served as the model for printing
+Hariot’s Algebra in 1631. The set here described (the three bound in
+one volume), Prince Henry’s own copies, bearing his arms and the Prince
+of Wales’ feathers, is preserved in the British Museum, press-marked
+530, m. 10.
+
+Thus Vieta’s method appears to have been given to the world in three
+instalments between 1591 and 1600, while the author himself died in
+1603. It was probably in reference to one or both of these works that
+Lower gently reproached Hariot for having allowed himself to be
+anticipated in the public announcement of his discoveries in Algebra by
+Vieta. It has already been seen, on page 101 above, what Torperley, the
+friend of Vieta, wrote of his two masters in 1602, and also, on page
+121, what Lower wrote to Hariot in 1610.
+
+One is forced, therefore, to the conclusion that by 1600, if not some
+time before, Hariot had completed his method in Algebra, and
+distributed his well known problems to his admiring scholars. It has
+also been seen how, from 1603 to the day of his death, he was occupied
+in many other absorbing matters connected with Raleigh and Percy. Yet
+he may have felt, as Lower expressed it, that when he surveyed his
+storehouse of inventions this one of Algebra might seem in ‘comparison
+of manie others smal or of no value.’ The matter is introduced here
+mainly because certain foreign writers,rebutting Wallis’s patriotic
+claims in behalf of Hariot, have not only accused Hariot of
+appropriating Vieta’s rights, but they even describe the distinguished
+English mathematician as working on the ‘Cartesian Method.’ While the
+truth appears to be that Hariot’s method in Algebra, though not
+published for more than thirty years after its invention, must date
+from a time when Descartes was scarcely four years old.
+
+On the other hand, on looking into Descartes’ great and original work
+on geometry, first published in 1637, six years after Hariot’s Algebra
+first saw the light in print, one is not disposed to accuse the great
+philosopher of plagiarism because in working out his problems of great
+novelty in reference to geometrical curves he employed any systems of
+notation and calculation in algebra (Hariot’s among the others) that
+happened to be before the world. The point or essence of Descartes’
+work was geometry and not algebra. Therefore, in climbing to his loft,
+he was perfectly justified in using the ladder which Hariot had left,
+as it was then in general use, and was only an incidental aid in his
+independent calculations, especially as the fame of his great
+mathematical brother was well established, and he had been already
+sixteen years in St Christopher’s. Vieta therefore had manifestly no
+just reason to complain, and Descartes stands acquitted.
+
+The history of Hariot’s _Praxis_ has attracted a great deal of
+attention for more than two centuries and has long been obscured by
+many misconceptions and erroneous statements. In the first place it has
+been always said from the days of Collins that it was edited by Walter
+Warner, and Wood adds that Warner was to have his pension continued by
+Algernon Percy, for that scientific labor. There is evidence that
+Warner, though employed on the work by Sir Thomas Aylesbury, was not
+the sole editor. See Aylesbury’s Letter to the Earl on page 189.
+
+The book led to a great deal of international or patriotic controversy,
+and with great injustice to Hariot was treated by the English advocates
+as his masterpiece in science. Wallis in 1685 in his History of
+Algebra, after much correspondence with Collins and others on the
+subject between 1667 and 1676, became Hariot’s English champion. The
+controversy respecting the Methods of Hariot and of Descartes became as
+warm as that respecting the discoveries of Leibnitz and of Newton.
+
+Wallis ranked Oughtred’s _Clavis_ and Hariot’s _Praxis_ very high, and
+because both were first printed in 1631, treated them as productions or
+inventions of that year, whereas Hariot’s method, as we have seen, had
+been long practically before his disciples; and was, ten years after
+the author’s death, given to the world avowedly as an’ accessory’ only,
+or preliminary treatise, that it ‘might suitably serve as a necessary
+preparation or introduction to the study of Hariot’s remaining works,
+the publication of which is now under serious consideration.’
+Unfortunately this excellent scheme fell through, probably in
+consequence of the death of the Earl of Northumberland, and perhaps
+partly because of the death of Nathaniel Torporley who had long been
+engaged in ‘penning the doctrine’ of Hariot’s mathematical papers. They
+both died in 1632, shortly after the publication of the Praxis.
+Wallis’s charge had a basis of truth, but it was narrow and petty. As
+an Algebraist he seems to have lost sight of the main point, that
+Descartes’ great work was on Geometry and not on Algebra, and that
+Hariot’s method, though first printed in 1631, was almost as old as
+Descartes himself. Montucla the French mathematician, near the close of
+the last century, in his History of Mathematics, summed up the
+controversy raised by Wallis including the minor one raised by Dr Zach
+in 1785, clearing Descartes of Wallis’s charges and relegating Hariot
+to the respectability of a second-rate mathematician. If Montucla’s
+verdict be based on mathematical reasoning as loose and slipshod as is
+his statement of the historical points of the case, to say nothing of
+his utter ignorance of Hariot’s biography and true position as an
+English man of science, one feels justified in rejecting it as
+worthless : as one also is compelled to do the vapid conclusions drawn
+from Montucla which have since found their way into many recent
+biographical dictionaries and into many pretentious articles in learned
+encyclopædias respecting Hariot and his works. The truth seems to be
+that Hariot was unlucky and fell into oblivion accidentally. He was a
+man of immense industry and great mental power, but perhaps careless of
+his scientific and literary reputation. As has been seen, he always had
+many irons in the fire, and was overtaken by death in the prime of
+life, leaving, as his will shows, many things unfinished, and none of
+his papers in a state ready for publication. He was surrounded by the
+best of friends, but time and opportunity, as so often happens in the
+affairs of busy men, worked against him, and he was well nigh consigned
+to forgetfulness.
+
+However, after a half century’s slumber, when the great fire of London
+had destroyed his monument, and too late many scholars were minded to
+attempt the recovery and preservation of memorials of the past, John
+Collins the mathematician began soundings in the pool of oblivion for
+Hariot and his papers. He and his correspondents fished up a great deal
+of truth and history, but so mixed with error and conjecture that the
+results, though interesting, are misleading.
+
+In the ‘Correspondence of Scientific Men of the Seventeenth Century,
+Edited by Professor S.J. Rigaud, 2 volumes, Oxford 1841,’ 8°, are found
+the following instructive and amusing passages :
+
+
+As for Geysius, he published an Algebra and Stereometria divers years
+before the first edition of the Clavis [of Oughtred, 1631] was extant
+in Mr. Harriot’s method, out of which Alsted took what he published of
+algebra in his Encylopasdia printed in 1630, the year before the Clavis
+was first extant (see Christmannus and Raymarus). Mr. Harriot’s method
+is now more used than Oughtred’s, and himself in the esteem of Dr.
+Wallis not beneath Des Cartes. Dr. Hakewill, in his Apology, tells you
+Harriot was the first that squared the area of a spherical triangle;
+and I can tell you, by the perusal of some papers of Torporley’s it
+appears that Harriot could make the sign of any arch at demand, and the
+converse, and apply a table of sines to solve all equations, and
+treated largely of figurate arithmetic. His papers fell into the hands
+of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, father to the Lord Chancellor’s lady, where I
+hope they still are, unless they had the hard fate to be lent out,
+before the fire, and be burned, as some have said.
+
+_Collins to Wallis, no date, circa_ 1670, _vol. ii, page_ 478.
+
+As to Harriot, he was so learned, saith Dr. Pell, that had he published
+all he knew in algebra, he would have left little of the chief
+mysteries of that art unhandled. His papers fell into the hands of Sir
+Thomas Aylesbury, who was father to the late Lord Chancellor’s
+[Clarendon] Lady,by which means they fell into the Lord Chancellor’s
+hands, to whom application was made by the members of the Royal Society
+to obtain them: his lordship (then in the height of his dignity and
+employments) gave order for a search to be made, and in result the
+answer was, they could not be found. I am afraid the search was but
+perfunctory, and that, if his lordship (now at leisure) were solicited
+for them, he might write to his son the Lord Cornbury to make a
+diligent search for them. One Mr. Protheroe, in Wales, was executor to
+Mr. Harriot, and from him the Lord Vaughan, the Earl of Carbery’s son,
+received more than a quire of Mr. Harriot’s Analytics. The Lord
+Brounker has about two sheets of Harriot de Motu et Collisione
+Corporum, and more of his I know not of: there is nothing of Harriot’s
+extant but that piece which Mons. Garibal hath.
+
+_Collint to Vernon, not dated but circa_ 1671, _vol. i, page_ 153.
+
+
+Upon this passage Professor Rigaud makes the following note, written at
+Oxford in 1841:
+
+
+Harriot’s will is not to be found, but Camden says that he left his
+property to Viscount Lisle and Sir Thomas Aylesbury. Lord Lisle’s share
+of the papers appear to have been given up to his father-in-law, Henry
+earl of Northumberland, who had been Harriot’s munificent patron, and
+they descended with the family property to the E. of Egremont, by whom
+a large portion has been given to the British Museum, and the remainder
+are still preserved at Petworth. Sir Thomas Aylesbury’s share became
+the property of his son-in-law Lord Chancellor Clarendon, to whom the
+Royal Society applied, but, as it appears, without obtaining them. (See
+Birch, Hist. Royal Society, vol. ii, pp. 120, 116, 309.)—_Vol. i, page_
+153.
+
+
+Here seems to be the germ of Professor Wallis’s charge of plagiarism
+against Descartes, written to Collins twelve years before it appeared
+in thefirst editionof his History of Algebra in English in 1685. It
+subsequently took a wider range, and was strenuously defended by Wallis
+when opposed:
+
+
+That which I most valued in his [Des Cartes] method, and which pleased
+me best, was the way of bringing over the whole equations to one side,
+making it equal to nothing, and thereby forming his compound equations
+by the multiplication of simples, from thence also determining the
+number of roots, real or imaginary, in each. This artifice, on which
+all the rest of his doctrine is grounded, was that which most made me
+to set a value on him, presuming it had been properly his own; but
+afterwards I perceived that he had it from Hariot, whose Algebra was
+published after his death in the year 1631, six years before Des
+Cartes’ Geometry in French in the year 1637 : and yet Des Cartes makes
+no mention at all of Harriot, whom he follows in designing his species
+by small letters, and the power: of them by the number of dimensions,
+without the characters of _j, c, qq, &c._
+
+_Walla to Collins, Oxford,_ 12 _April_ 1673, _vol, ii, page_ 573.
+
+And had I but known of any precedent, (as since in Harriot I find one,
+and I think but one √_—dddddd,)_ I should not have scrupled to follow
+it; but I was then too young an algebraist to innovate without example.
+Since that time I have been more venturous, and I find now that others
+do not scruple to use it as well as I. [Just what Descartes did. He
+‘innovated’ prior to 1637, when he took Hariot’s well recognized
+notation in algebra to work out his problems in geometry for which
+Hariot himself would have thanked him.]
+
+_Wallis to Collins, May 6,_ 1673, _vol. ii, page_ 578.
+
+One Torporley, long since, left a manuscript treatise in Latin in Sion
+College, wherein is a much more copious table of figurate numbers,
+which I have caused to be transcribed, with what he says de
+combinationibus, to send to Mr. Strode.
+
+
+On this passage, extracted from a letter from Collins to Baker, dated
+the 19th of August, 1676, Professor Rigaud has the following note,
+written in 1841, vol. ii, page 5 :
+
+Nath. Torporley left his manuscripts to Sion College, where he spent
+the latter years of his life ; but the greater part of them was
+destroyed by the fire of London. Reading, in his catalogue of the
+library, mentions only one, “Corrector Analyticus,” which is an attack
+on Warner for the manner in which he had edited Harriot’s “Artis
+Analyticæ Praxis.” This is a short tract, and incomplete. There is,
+however, another volume, A. 37-39, entitled, “Algebraica, Tabulæ
+Sinuum,&c.” in which Torporley’s hand may be certainly recognized.
+Wood, in the list of his works, speaks of "Congestor opus
+Mathematicam,— imperfect." A perfect copy of this treatise is in Lord
+Maccles-field’s possession, and probably once belonged to Collins.
+
+Perhaps the best comment that one can make on the wild and
+extraordinary statements contained in the above extracts is to ask the
+reader to read over Hariot’s Will,given entire on pages 193-203, and
+especially this _Item_ respecting his Mathematical and other Writings,
+and the Rev. Nathaniel Torporley, from which it will appear that all
+his valued papers were bequeathed with great care to the Earl of
+Northumberland, to be deposited in his library in a trunk with lock and
+key, after they had been looked over and perused, by Mr Torporley, and
+(the waste papers having been weeded out) the whole arranged by him ‘to
+the end that _after hee doth vnderstand them_ he may make use in
+penning such doctrine that belongs unto them for publique use.’ This,
+of course, was to be done under the supervision of the four Executors,
+who were persons of no less distinction than Sir Robert Sidney Knight
+Viscount Lisle, John Protheroe Esquire, Thomas Aylesbury Esquire, and
+Thomas Buckner Mercer.
+
+
+ITEM I ordayne and Constitute the aforesaid Nathaniel Thorperley first
+to be Overseer of my Mathematical Writings to be received of my
+Executors to peruse and order and to separate the Chiefe of them from
+my waste papers, to the end that after hee doth vnderstand them hee may
+make use in penninge such doctrine that belongs vnto them for publique
+vses as it shall be thought Convenient by my Executors and him selfe.
+And if it happen that some manner of Notacions or writings of the said
+papers shall not be understood by him then my desire is that it will
+please him to confer with Mr Warner or Mr Hughes Attendants on the
+afore said Earle Concerning the aforesaid double. And if hee be not
+resolued by either of them That then hee Conferre with ihe aforesaid
+John Protheroe Esquier or the aforesaid Thomas Alesbury Esquior. (I
+hopeing that some or other of the aforesaid fower last nominated can
+resolve him). And when hee hath had the use of the said papers soe
+longe as my Executors and hee have agreed for the use afore said That
+then he deliver them againe unto my Executors to be putt into a
+Convenient Truncke with a locke and key and to be placed in my Lord of
+Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof to be delivered into his
+Lordshipps hands. And if at anie tyme after my Executors or the afore
+said Nathaniell Thorperley shall agayne desire the use of some or all
+of the said Mathematicall papers That then it will please the said
+Earle to lett anie of the aforesaid to have them for theire use soe
+long as shall be thought Convenient, and afterwards to be restored
+agayne unto the Truncke in the afore said Earles Library. Secondly my
+will and desire is that the said Nathaniell Thorperley be alsoe
+Overseere of other written bookes and papers as my Executors and hee
+shall thincke Convenient.
+
+
+This will, of extraordinary interest, has fallen to our lot to exhume,
+after many antiquaries and scholars had long sought it in vain. It was
+recently discovered in the Archdeaconry Court of London, just the place
+where one would least expect to find it. One has only to read the
+document to read the character of the man—good, learned,affectionate,
+charitable and just. He was carried off by a terrible disease, away
+from home, but among friends. He left his affairs and fame in loving
+hands. His will was proved on the 4th day after his death by two of the
+Executors, Sir Thomas Aylesbury and Mr Buckner, with the right reserved
+to the other two to act subsequently. It is found by papers in the
+British Museum that Sir John Protheroe did act, for there is a very
+long list of manuscripts, copied from Protheroe’s list of papers
+delivered to Mr Torporley, which served as a receipt for them, and
+which was returned with the papers.
+
+Mr Torporley then, it is manifest, had in hand the papers and returned
+them, but it is not apparent what amount of labor he bestowed upon
+them. They do not appear to be properly arranged, nor have the waste
+papers been weeded out. From Protheroe’s list and other circumstances
+it is likely that nothing has been destroyed, except perhaps the
+Raleigh accounts and the Irish papers in the ‘canvas baggs.’ The papers
+were at Sion, and were placed in a trunk and delivered to the Earl, who
+left the Tower only sixteen days after Hariot’s death. They
+subsequently found their way to Petworth, another seat of the Earl,
+where the trunk and half of the papers still remain, in the possession
+of the Earl of Leconsfield, a branch of the Northumberland family. They
+are briefly described in this manner by Mr Alfred J. Horwood in the
+Sixth Report of the Historical Manuscript Commission for 1877, page
+319, folio.
+
+
+A black leather box containing several hundred leaves of figures and
+calculations by Hariot.
+
+
+A large bundle of Hariot’s papers. They are arranged in packets by
+Professor Rigaud. Spots on the Sun. Comets of 1607 and 1618. The Moon.
+Jupiter’s Satellites. Projectiles, Centre of Gravity, Reflection of
+bodies. Triangles. Snell’s Eratosthenes Batavus. Geometry. Calendar.
+Conic Sections. De Stella Martis. Drawings of Constellations, papers on
+Chemistry and Miscellaneous Calculations. Collections from Observations
+of Hannelius, Warner, Copernicus, Tycho Brahe. On the vernal and
+autumnal equinoxes, the solstices, orbit of the Earth, length of the
+year, &c. Algebra.
+
+
+A similar collection, but not yet arranged, catalogued, numbered or
+bound, is carefully preserved in the Manuscript Department of the
+British Museum (Additional, 6782-6789), in eight thick Solander cases,
+probably as much in bulk as the Petworth papers. They were presented to
+the Museum by the Earl of Egremont in 1810. Why the two collections
+were separated does not appear. The Museum papers contain much that is
+waste, but much also that is of importance equal probably to those at
+Petworth. Mr Torporley was in effect appointed by Hariot his literary
+and scientific editor under the direction of the Executors. No papers
+were left ready for publication. It must have required great study and
+labor to master them sufficiently to pen for public use such doctrine
+or science as belonged to them. Torporley lived in Shropshire, but a
+few years after Hariot’s death he retired from his rectorship and
+removed to London,taking rooms in 1630 at Sion College in London Wall,
+when that institution was first founded. It contained then as now a
+library for the use of the Clergy, and a few suites of apartments for
+those who desired to reside on the premises. It never was a College or
+place of instruction, but a sort of guild or Clergyman’s Club. At this
+time Mr Torporley was about seventy years old. He died in his chambers
+at Sion College in April 1632, and was buried on the 17th of that month
+in the Church of St Alphage, close by. In a nuncupative will spoken the
+14th ofApril, a copy of which is before the writer, he left his books
+and manuscripts to the Sion Col ege Library. A complete list of about
+170 books and several manuscripts is preserved in the ‘Donors’ Book.’ A
+few of the books are said to have been destroyed by the fire of London,
+but probably none of the manuscripts were lost.
+
+Torporley’s manuscripts, as has been stated, have often been referred
+to, and sometimes copied, but their true history and character is
+explained by Hariot’sWill. There are really but two manuscripts
+relating to Hariot. The more important one comprises 116
+closely-written folio leaves, or 232 pages, all in Torporley’s
+handwriting. It bears no title or designation. Hence various writers
+who have seen it, from Collins, Wood, and Dr Zach, have given it
+different names, such as, _‘Ephemeris Chysometria,’ ‘Congestor opus
+Matbematicum,’_ etc. but it appears to be nothing more nor less than
+Torporley’s attempt to pen out such doctrine as he found in Hariot’s
+papers. The leaves are numbered, 1 to 16 containing a Treatise on
+Hariot’s Theory of Numbers. Leaves 17 to 25 are tables of the divisors
+of odd numbers up to 20,300. On the verso of leaf 25 the Theory of
+Numbers is resumed, extending to the recto of 27. On the verso of leaf
+27 begins the treatise on the properties of Triangles and ends on leaf
+34. Leaves 35 to 55 comprise examples of Algebraical processes, and
+leaves 56 to 116 contain Tables (probably tabulæ sinuum ?) up to 180°.
+On the second leaf the Author speaks of himself as working out, or
+working on Hariot’s principles, and also as making use of the writings
+of Vieta. He adds:
+
+
+‘And since it is our principal design to explain the improvement in
+this science[the Properties of Numbers and Triangles] discovered by our
+friend Thomas Hariot; but he neither completely reformed it (which
+indeed was not necessary) nor gave a full account of it, but only
+strengthened it where it was defective, and by treating in his own way
+the points of the science which were heretofore more difficult,
+rendered them clear and easy.’
+
+
+This manuscript was probably intended for another printed volume of
+Hariot’s mathematical works, but owing to the deaths about the same
+time, 1632, of the venerable editor and the noble patron this work
+never bore a definite name and never saw the light of the press.
+
+
+CORRECTOR ANALYTICUS
+Artis pofthumx THOMÆ HARIOTI
+Vt Mathematici eximij, perraro
+Vt Philofophi Audentes, frequentius errantis
+Vt Hominis evanidi, infigniter
+Ad
+Fidedigniorem refutationem Philopfeudofophiæ
+Atomifticæ;, per cum Reducis, et præ
+cæteris eius Portentis
+feriò
+corripiendæ, anathematyzandæq
+Compendiu Antimonitorfi, et Speciminale
+exanthorati ia Senioris
+Na: Torporley.
+Vt
+Noverit Arbiter Caveat Emptor.
+non bene Ripæ
+Creditur, ipfe Aries etiam nunc Vellera ficcat.
+_Virgil, Ecl._ iii. 94,95,]
+
+
+This Second Manuscript is a pretentious but small affair. It was
+manifestly written at Sion College after the _Praxis_ appeared in 1631.
+It is only the preface or the opening of a growl of envy or
+disappointment. It shows clearly that Torporley himself was not the
+editor of the Algebra or Praxis. The above is the pedantic title-page,
+given line for line and verbatim.
+
+The manuscript is in small quarto, and exclusive of the title (which,
+indeed, is the nub of the achievement) contains only nine pages,
+breaking off abruptly in the middle of a sentence. He criticises the
+editors of Hariot’s Algebra, the executors Aylesbury and Protheroe,
+aided by Warner, who were all eminent mathematicians. He speaks of the
+administrators or editors as if more than one, and does not mention
+Warner, or lead us to believe that he was sole editor. Only a small
+portion of this projected criticism seems ever to have been written. It
+appears to have been begun in senile peevishness, containing only a few
+prefatory remarks and discussing some algebraical questions with the
+fancied errors of the editors. No mention is made of the’Atomic
+Theory,’as promised on the title-page, which is here done into English,
+and is as follows:—
+
+THE ANALYTICAL CORRECTOR
+of the posthumous scientific writings
+of THOMAS HARRIOT.
+As an excellent Mathematician one who very seldom
+erred
+As a bold Philosopher one who occasionally erred,
+As a frail Man one who notably erred
+For
+the more trustworthy refutation of the pseudo-philosophic
+atomic theory, revived by him and, outside his
+other strange notions, deserving of
+reprehension and anathema.
+A Compendious Warning with specimens by the aged
+and retired-from-active-life
+Na: Torporley.
+So that
+The critic may know
+The buyer may beware.
+It is not safe to trust to the bank,
+The bell-wether himself is drying his fleece.
+
+
+The ‘Corrector Analyticus’ may be found printed in full (but without
+the quaint titles) in ‘The Historical Society of Science. A Collection
+of Letters illustrative of Science, edited by J. O. Halliwell,’ London,
+1841, 8°, Appendix, pages 109-116. ForTorporley’s curious paper
+entitled ‘A Synopsis of the Controversie of Atoms,’ see Brit. Mus. Mss,
+Birch 4458, 2.
+
+Mr Torporley informs us, and the papers appear to bear him out in the
+statement, that Hariot wrote memoranda, problems, etc. on loose pieces
+of paper, and then arranged them in sets fastened together according to
+the subjects treated of. He adds, ‘First then let me speak of Hariot’s
+method, of which frequent mention will have to be made in the following
+pages; so that the reader may understand why some things are stated and
+some passed over: here I cannot but complain, that I find it a serious
+defect that his Commentators have so completely transformed it [the
+Praxis] that they not only do not retain his orderbut not evenhis
+language.’ Again he writes, ‘But not even those well-thought-out and
+necessary to be known matters, which have been delivered to us, have
+been handed down to posterity by his administrators with the fidelity
+and accuracy promised.’ The suspicion is raised that Torporley’s age
+and dilatoriness compelled the accomplished executors to take the
+editorial matter in hand themselves and hinc iliae lacrymæ.
+
+On the back of the above title-page is another attempt of the same sort
+as follows, showing that this deed of pedantry was committed at Sion
+College:
+
+CORRECTOR
+sive
+Notæ in Analyticam
+Novam, Novatam, Posthuma
+quatenus
+Fallacem, Defectivam, Extrariam
+cum
+Apodictica refutatione Atomorum
+Somnij, præ cæteris Novatorum
+portentis corripiendi Ana-
+thematizandiq
+Ex Collegio Sion Londinenfi
+perfuncti Senis Artemq reponentis
+NT
+Extremu hoc munus morientis
+habetor :
+Σĸηρον προς κέντρονλ α κτρον λακτίζειν
+ [Greek Text]
+nee bene Ripæ
+Creditur ipse Aries etia nunc Vellera ficcat.
+
+
+There are one or two unimportant papers among the Torperley manuscripts
+that bear marks of having belonged to the Hariot papers, and there is a
+manuscript by Warner, entitled, ‘Certayne Definitions of the
+Planisphere.’ Any one curious in the history of Torperley may find in
+the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, 1636, page 364, how his
+property was purloined by Mr Spencer, the first Librarian of Sion
+College. He was sued by Mistress Payne the administratrix and was
+compelled to disgorge _£4.0_ in money, eleven diamond rings, eight gold
+rings, two bracelets, etc. Then Archbishop Laud took away Spencer’s
+librarianship, and let him drop.
+
+Mr William Spence of Greenock published in Nov. 1814, a work entitled,
+‘Outlines of a Theory of Algebraical Equations deduced from the
+Principles of Harriott, and extended to the Fluxional or differential
+Calculus. By William Spence. London, for the Author, by Davis and
+Dickson, 1814, 8°, _iv and 80 pages._ Privately printed, intended
+‘exclusively for the perusal of those gentlemen to whom it is
+addressed.’ He says in his prefatory note that—
+
+
+‘As the principles are drawn from that theory of equations, by which
+Harriott has so far advanced the science of algebra.’ The author says,
+page I,’ Until the publication of Harriot’s _Artis Analytica Praxis,_
+no extended theory of equations was given. Harriot considered
+algebraical equations merely as analytical expressions, detached wholly
+from the operations by which they might be individually produced ; and,
+carrying all the terms over to one side, he assumed the hypothesis,
+that, as in that state the equation was equal to nothing, it could
+always be reduced to as many simple factors as there were units in the
+index of its highest power.’
+
+
+Between 1606 and 1609 a very interesting and historically instructive
+correspondence took place between Kepler and Hariot upon several
+important scientific subjects. Five of the letters are given in full in
+‘Joannis Keppleri Alio-rumque Epistolæ Mutuæ. [Frankfort] 1718,’ folio,
+to which the reader is referred, but a brief abstract of them may not
+be out of place here. The letters are numbered from 222 to 226 and fill
+pages 373 to 382. The correspondence was begun by Kepler:
+
+
+_Letter_ 122, _dated Prague,_ 11 _October,_ 1606, _from John Kepler_
+
+
+_to Thomas Hariot,_
+
+
+Kepler had heard of Hariot’s acquirements in Natural Philosophy from
+his friend John Eriksen. Would be glad to know Hariot’s views as to the
+origin and essential differences of colours; also on the question of
+refraction of rays of light; and the causes of the Rainbow; and of
+haloes round the sun.
+
+_Letter_ 223, _dated London,_ 11 _December, 1606,from_
+
+
+_Thomas Hariot to John Kepler,_
+
+
+Had received with pleasure Kepler’s letter; but should not be able to
+answer it at length, being in indifferent health, so that it was not
+easy to write or even carefully to reflect. Sends a table of the
+results of experiments on equal bulks of various liquids and
+transparent solids (thirteen in number, including spring, rain, and
+salt water; Spanish and Rhenish wine; vinegar; spirits of wine; oils
+and glass). The angle of incidence is 30° in each case; also the
+specific gravity of each substance is given. Then he discusses the
+reason why refraction takes place. Promises to write on the Rainbow;
+but will merely say at present that it is to be explained by the
+reflection on the concave superficies and the refraction at the convex
+superficies of each separate drop.
+
+_Letter_ 224 _is from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, dated at Prague,_
+11 _August,_ 1607.
+
+
+Thanks Hariot for his table, which supplies matter for serious
+consideration. Asks questions as to how he defines the angles of
+incidence and refraction; and goes on to discuss the reasons of
+refraction. Agrees with Hariot as to his views about the Rainbow; but
+will be very glad to receive his treatises on Colours and the Rainbow.
+
+_Letter_ 225 _is from Thomas Hariot to John Kepler, dated at Syon,_
+
+
+_near London,_ 13 _July_ (o.s.), 1608.
+
+The departure of Eriksen and other matters do not allow leisure to
+write at length. The turpentine (oleum terebinth inum) was not the same
+as that experimented on by Kepler but a purer and lighter article (Sp.
+grav. ’87). The angle of incidence is understood as defined by Alhazen
+and Vitellio [first published 1572]. Points out some errors in
+Vitellio’s second table of refractions. As to the causes of refraction,
+Hariot believes in the theory of the vacuum; ‘where we still stick in
+the mud’. Hopes God (Deum optimum maximum) will soon put an end to
+this. Wishes for Kepler’s meteorological records for the last two
+years, and will send his own notes in return. Gilbert, author of a work
+on the magnet, had recently died, leaving in his brother’s hands a book
+entitled ‘De Globo et Mundo nostro sub lunari Philosophia nova contra
+Peripateticos, lib. 5." [A treatise, in five books, on Natural
+Philosophy, in answer to the Peripatetics.] The book is likely to be
+published before the end of the year. Hariot had read some chapters;
+and saw that Gilbert defends the doctrine of a vacuum. Not to leave a
+vacuum on this page (says Hariot), it is remarkable that though gold is
+both heavy and opaque, when beaten out into gold-leaf the light of a
+candle can be seen through it, though it appears of a green colour.
+
+_Letter 226, from John Kepler to Thomas Hariot, it dated from_
+
+
+_Prague, September,_ 1609.
+
+Excuses himself for not having replied sooner; having been very busy;
+but would not lose the present opportunity of writing. Discusses the
+questions of refraction and the vacuum. Commentaries on Mars entitled
+‘Astronomia Nova [Greek Text] or Physica Cælestis,’ have been published
+at Frankfort; has not a copy by him. Regrets to hear of the death of
+Gilbert. Hopes his work on Magnetism will also be published; and that
+Erikson will bring a copy with him. Promises to send a copy of his own
+meteorological observations; and hopes to receive Hariot’s.
+
+
+These studies in optics and this correspondence with the learned Kepler
+indicate Hariot’s great advancement in natural philosophy as early as
+1606 to 1609 and give an earnest of his inventive genius and scientific
+enterprise with his telescope in the astronomical discoveries which
+immediately followed in 1609 to 1613. Before awarding all the prizes
+for discoveries and inventions in mathematics, philosophy and natural
+science to claimants throughout the wide Republic of Letters, let
+modest Hariot be heard and examined. Let his papers and all his
+credentials be laid out before the high court of science, not in the
+light of today, but contemporaneously with those of Tycho, Kepler,
+Galileo, Snell, Vieta and Descartes. Hariot himself has claimed
+nothing, but Justice and Historical Truth are bound to assign him a
+niche appropriate to his merits.
+
+To show that Hariot, like his friends Hakluyt and Purchas, was alive to
+everything geographical as well as mathematical going on, the following
+is given from the original manuscript among the Hariot papers in the
+British Museum (Add. 6789):
+
+
+Three reasons to prove that there is a passage from the North’ west
+into the South-sea.
+
+
+
+1. The tydes in Port Nelson (where Sr. Tho : Button did winter, were
+constantly, 15, or, 18, foote ; wc is not found in any Bay Throughout
+the world but in such seas as lie open att both ends to the mayne
+Ocean.
+
+
+2. Every strong Westerne winde did bring into the Harbor where he
+wintered, soe much water, that the Neap-tydes were equall to the
+Spring-tydes, notwtstanding yt the harbor was open only to ye E.N.E.
+
+
+3. In comming out of the harbor, shaping his course directly North,
+about, 60, degrees, he found a stronge race of a tyde, set-ting dueEast
+and West, wc in probabilitie could be noe other thing, than the tyde
+comming from the West, and retourning from the East,
+
+
+Among the manuscripts in the handwriting of Hariot in the British
+Museum (Add. 6789) are these samples of ingenious trifling. No evidence
+is forthcoming that he was ever a married man, but that he occasionally
+let himself down from pure mathematics and high philosophy and amused
+himself with anagrams is plain enough. Here are a few specimens on his
+own name.
+
+ANAGRAMS ON THOMAS HARIOTUS
+
+
+     Tu homo artis has     traho hosti mufa
+     Homo has vt artis     O trahit hos mufa
+     Homo hasta vtris      oh, os trahit mufa
+     vitus                 oho trahit mifas
+     rutis                 oho, trahis mutis
+     Humo astra hosti      oho, fum Charitas.
+
+
+If the pertingent Reader still craves more evidence of the extent of
+Hariot’s friendships, and the universality of his acquirements, let him
+read the following pithy, quaint, and beautiful tribute paid to him by
+blind Old Homer’s Chapman in 1616. It is found in the Preface to the
+Reader in the first complete edition of Homer’sworks translated by
+George Chapman, London [1616], fo.
+
+
+No coference had with any one liuing in al the noueltiet I prefume I
+haue found. Only fome one or two places I haue fhewed to my worthy and
+moft learned friend, M. Harriots, for his cenfure how much mine owne
+weighed: whofe iudgement and knowledge in all kinds, I know to be
+incomparable, and bottomlefle ; yea, to be admired as much, as his moft
+blameles life, and the right facred expence of his time, is to be
+honoured and reuerenced. Which affirmation of his cleare vnmatchednefle
+in all manner of learning; I make in contempt of that naftie objection
+often thruft vpon me ; that he that will iudge, muft know more then he
+of whom he iudgeth ; for fo a man fhould know neither God nor himfelf.
+Another right learned, honeft, and entirely loued friend of mine, M.
+Robert Hews, I muft needs put into my confest conference touching
+Homer, though very little more than that I had with M. Harriots. Which
+two, I proteft, are all, and preferred to all.
+
+
+It remains to say two words more about Baron Zach’s’ discovery’ of the
+Hariot papers at Petworth in 1784. This remarkable story has been told
+many times, in many books, and in many languages. It has found its way
+into many modern dictionaries and grave encyclopædias, but it always
+appears with an unsatisfactory and suspicious flavor. Dr Zach’s
+‘discovery’ is found cropping up all over the continent, and everywhere
+is made paramount to Hariot’s papers, while Oxford is blamed for not
+giving the young German his dues!
+
+It seems that Dr Zach, a young man, was in England with Count Bruhl,
+who had married the dowager Lady Egremont. He thus had easy access to
+the old Percy Library at Petworth, in Sussex, where was stored, as we
+have seen by Hariot’s will, the black trunk containing his mathematical
+writings as bequeathed to the 9th Earl of Northumberland. In 1785 Dr
+Zach announced with a truly scholastic flourish in Bode’s Berlin
+Ephemeris for 1788 his remarkable ‘discovery’ of the papers of Thomas
+Hariot previously known as an eminent Algebraist or Mathematician, but
+now elevated to the rank also of a first-class English Astronomer. The
+next year, 1786, is celebrated in the annals of English science from
+the circumstance of Oxford’s having accepted a proposition from Dr Zach
+to publish his account of Hariot and his writings. The Royal Academy of
+Brussels in 1788 printed in its Memoirs Dr Zach’s paper on the planet
+Uranus, with a long note relative to the discovery at Petworth.
+
+The Berlin paper immediately upon publication was translated into
+English and extensively circulated in this country, conducing, it is
+suspected, more to the renown of Dr Zach than to that of Hariot. In
+1793 Bode’s Jahrbuch gave from the pen of Dr Zach an account of the
+Comets of 1607 and 1618, with Hariot’s Observations thereon. But these
+observations were given with so many errors and misreadings, as shown
+by Professor Rigaud, that they were soon pronounced worthless, to the
+discredit of Hariot rather than of his eminent editor. But matters came
+to a crisis in 1794, nine years after the grand flourish of the first
+announcement at Berlin. Dr Zach sent to Oxford for publication his
+abstract of certain of the scientific papers, and the Earl of Egremont
+intrusted to the University Dr Zach’s selection of the original papers.
+Zach’s abstracts were merely sufficient to identify himself with the
+works of Hariot, but he had performed no real editorial labours, and
+had not ‘pen’d the doctrine’ contained in them. Here were years of
+useful work to be done which the University dreamed not of, so the
+whole matter was referred to Professors Robertson and Powell, who both
+reported adversely in 1798, or before. In 1799 all the Hariot papers
+were returned to Petworth.
+
+In the mean time the full translation of Dr Zach’s account of his
+‘discovery,’ with some curious additions, found its way into Dr
+Hutton’s Dictionary of Mathematics, under Hariot, 1796, 2 volumes in
+quarto. This publication gave an air of solemn record and history to
+the transactions, insomuch that Oxford began to be blamed for
+withholding from the press Dr Zach’s great work. Oxford preserved a
+becoming silence. In 1803 Dr Zach published at Gotha in his Monatliche
+Correspondenz a fragment of that remarkable letter from the Earl of
+Northumberland to Hariot (which letter we have shown to be Lower’s, see
+p. 120). This publication, together with the reprint of the original
+Berlin paper by Zach in the second edition of Hutton’s Dictionary in
+1815 without alteration, seemed to bring the matter to a point. Oxford
+was obliged to rise and explain.
+
+The whole question was inquired into. Professor Robertson’s original
+report was brought out and sent to Dr David Brewster, who printed it in
+his Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for 1822, volume vi, page 314, in
+an article on the Hariot papers. In the meanwhile, in 1810, that
+portion of the Hariot papers that did not go to Oxford was presented to
+the British Museum by the Earl of Egremont. The division of the papers
+(on what principle it is difficult to guess) was unquestionably Dr
+Zach’s. The value is no doubt much depreciated by the separation. Under
+all these circumstances no one can wonder at the Oxford decision, or
+that the papers were deemed not worthy of publication. Yet under other
+circumstances it is almost certain that the two collections when worked
+together will yield valuable materials for the life of Hariot and the
+history and progress of English science, discovery, and invention. To
+Professor S. F. Rigaud is due the credit for the most part of working
+out the crooked and entangled history of the Zachean fiasco, which has
+apparently depreciated the real value of these papers. Professor
+Rigaud’s papers may be seen in the Royal Institution Journal, 1831,
+volume ii, pages 267-271, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, iii,
+125, and in the Appx to Bradley’s Works. Now to pick up a few dropped
+stitches. Notices of Hariot by Camden, Aubrey, Hakewill, and others are
+omitted from press of matter. Gabriel Harvey in 1593, in his’ Pierces
+Supererogation,’ page 190, exclaims ‘and what profounde Mathematician
+like Digges, Hariot, or Dee esteemeth not the pregnant Mechanician?’
+MrJ.O.Halliwell’s Collection of Letters referred to on page 174, though
+falling late under our eye, is most acceptable and thankfully used.
+Several letters of Sir William Lower are printed from the originals in
+the British Museum. And so is John Bulkley’s dedication to Hariot of
+his work on the Quadrature of the Circle, dated Kal. Martii, 1591, the
+original manuscript of which is in Sion College. There is also an
+interesting letter from Hariot to the Earl dated Sion June 13, 1619,
+respecting the doctrine of reflections as communicated to Warner and
+Hues for the use of the Earl. But the most important letter is the
+following on page 71 from Sir Thomas Aylesbury, one of Hariot’s
+executors, to the Earl of Northumberland, respecting some remuneration
+for the extra services of Warner in assisting him in passing Hariot’s
+‘Artis Analyticæ Praxis’ through the press :
+
+
+Rt. Ho. May it plese your löp. July 5, 1631.
+
+I presumed heretofore to moue your löp on the behalf of Mr. W. for some
+consideration to be had of his extraordinary expense in attending the
+publication of Mr. H. book after the copy was finished. The same humble
+request I am induced to renew by reson of his present wants occasioned
+by that attendance.
+
+For his literary labour and paines taken in forming the work and
+fitting it for the publik view, he looks for no other reward then your
+löps acceptance therof as an honest discharge of his duty. But his long
+attendance through vnexpected difficulties in seeking to get the book
+freely printed, and after that was vndertaken the friuolous delaies of
+the printers and slow preceding of the presse, wch no intreties of his
+or myne could remedy, drew him to a gretter expence then his meanes
+would here, including both your löps pencion and the arbitrary help of
+his frends. It is this extraordinary expense, wch he cannot recouer wch
+makes both him and me for him appele to your Löps goodnei and bounty
+for some tollerable mitigation thereof.
+
+I purpose God willing to set forth other peeces of Mr. H. wherein by
+reson of my owne incombrances I must of necessitie desire the help of
+Mr. W. rather then of any other, whereto I find him redy enough because
+it tends to your löps service, and may the more freely trouble him, yf
+he receive some little encouragement from your löp towards the
+repairing of the detrement that lies still vpon him by his last
+imploiment. But for the future my intention it to haue the impression
+at my owne charge, and not depend on the curtesy of those
+mechaniks,making account that wch may seeme to be saued by the other
+way will not countervaile the trouble and tedious prolongation of the
+busines. But the copies being made perfect and faire written for the
+presse they shall be sufficiently bound to deliuer the books perfectly
+clen out of theire hands, and by this meanes the trouble and charge of
+attending the presse will be saued. Therfore my Lo. what you do now
+will be but for this once, and in such proportion as shall best like
+you to favour the humble motion of him who is
+
+Allway most redy at your Löps commaund _ .
+
+_Endorsed in the handwriting of Warner,_
+
+Sr Th. A. letters about my busines.
+
+[B. M. Birch, 4396, 87.]
+
+
+Notwithstanding the plain initials T. A. Mr Halliwell erroneously
+attributes this letter to Torporley, who had been in his grave three
+months. The handwriting is not Torporley’s but Warner’s. The Earl died
+on the 5th of November following. T. A. unquestionably stands for Sir
+Thomas Aylesbury, who, as executor and good friend, had the matter in
+hand. Indeed Warner’s endorsement settles the question of authorship.
+
+Six shillings and eight pence were paid for Hariot’s knell, and £4 were
+paid as his legacy to the parish for the poor, according to memoranda
+supplied by Mr Edwin Freshfleld from the Records of St Christopher’s.
+See Will, page 200.
+
+Hariot had a lease from Raleigh of ‘Pinford grounds,’ at Sherburne, for
+fifty-eight years, but the King wanted it for Carr, so of course the
+title was found defective.
+
+In conclusion, before laying down the pen with which has been exhumed
+and set up on a new pedestal one of England’s worthiest of her many
+forgotten Worthies, let the holder crave the indulgence of the reader
+for the illogical, wordy and mixed style of this essay. He is perfectly
+aware of these shortcomings, but puts in the plea that while groping in
+the past as if blindfolded he has been decoyed on step by step by the
+unexpected recovery of new materials after the others were in type, so
+that as often as he had finished his labor of love new facts have
+turned up which he had not the heart to reject. So he has incorporated
+them one after another as best he could. The results are more
+inartistic and crude than he could have wished, but he hesitates not on
+that account to invite lovers of and believers in the Truth of History
+to the banquet he has prepared.
+
+A well-dined Reader is not likely, the writer thinks, to quarrel with
+his dessert because he has to pick out, with some little patience, the
+dainty meats of the nuts he has to arrange and crack for himself.
+Repetition, and perhaps some contradiction, are acknowledged. But
+meandering thoughts and ill-digested narratives, though tedious, are
+not criminal. When these new materials have dried in the noon-day sun
+for a year and a day, the writer then, or at the expiration of the
+Horatian period, may bring them back to his anvil to be re-hammered.
+May they then prove as true as they now seem new, is the wish of the
+admirer of Thomas Hariot, the first historian of Virginia, the friend
+of Sir Walter Raleigh, the companion of Henry Percy, and the Benefactor
+of Mankind.
+
+
+THE WILL of THOMAS HARIOT
+
+Recorded in the Archdeaconry Court of London
+
+IN THE NAME OF
+
+GOD Amen ye nine and twentieth daie of june, in the yeare of or Lord
+God 1621 And in ye yeares of the reigne of or Soueraigne Lord James by
+the Grace of God of England Scotland Fraunce & Ireland Kinge Defender
+of the Faythe & (that is to saie) of England Fraunce & Ireland the
+nineteenth And of Scotland the fower & fiftieth I THOMAS HARRIOT of
+Syon in the County of Midd Gentleman being troubled in my bodie wth
+infirmities. But of pfecte minde & memorie Laude & prayse be giuen to
+Almightie God for the same doe make & ordayne this my last will and
+testamt. In manner and forme following (viz) First & principally I
+Comitte my Soule in to the hands of Almighty God my maker and of his
+sonne Jesus Christe my Redeemer of whose merritts by his grace wrought
+in mee by the holy Ghoste I doubte not but that I am made ptaker, to
+thend that I may enioye the Kingdome of heaven ppared for the electe.
+Item my will is that if I die in Londn that my bodie bee interred in
+the same pishe Churche of the house where I lye the we" I comitte to
+the discrecon of my Executors hereafter named, Excepte taking the
+advise and direccon of the right honorable my very good Lord the EARLE
+OF NORTHUMBERLAND if it bee his pleasure to haue me buryed at Ilseworth
+in ye County of Midd And if it be the pleasure of God that I die at
+Syon I doe ordayne that my buriall bee at ye said Churche of Ilseworth
+w’out question Item I will & bequeath vnto the aforesaid Earle One
+wooden Boxe full or neere full of drawne Mappes standing nowe at the
+Northeast windowe of that Roome wch is Called the plor at my house in
+Syon, And if it pleaseth his Lorpp to haue anie other Mappes or Chartes
+drawne by hand or printed Or anie Bookes or other thinges that I haue I
+desire my Extors that hee may haue them according to his pleasure at
+reasonable rates excepte my Mathematicall papers in anie other sorte
+then is here after menconed Excepting alsoe some other thinges giuen
+away in Legacies hereafter alsoe specified Item I bequeath vnto the
+right honorable Sr ROBERT SYDNEY KNIGHT VICOUNT LISLE, One Boxe of
+papers being nowe vppon the table in my Library at Syon, conteyning
+fiue quires of paper, more or lesse wch were written by the last Lord
+Harrington, and Coppyed out of some of my Mathematicall papers for his
+instrucon Alsoe I doe acknowledge that I haue two newe greate globes
+wch haue Cous of Leather the wch I borrowed of the said LORD LISLE And
+my will is that they bee restored vnto him againe Item I giue vnto JOHN
+PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke in the Countie of Carmarthen Esquier One
+furnace wth his apputnnce out of the North Clossett of my Library at
+Syon. Item I giue vnto NATHANIELL THORPERLEYof Salwarpe in the Countie
+of Worcester Clarke One other furnace wth his apputnnce out of the same
+Clossett. Item I glue vnto my servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE one other
+furnace wth his apputennce out of the same Clossett Alsoe I glue to him
+an other furnace out of the South Clossett of my said Lybrarie Item I
+give and bequeath vnto Mris BUCKNER wife vnto THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer at
+whose house being in St Christophers pishe I nowe lye, and hereafter
+nominated one of my Executors the some of fiffteene poundes towards the
+repacons of some damages that I haue made, or for other vses as shee
+shall thincke Convenient’ Item I giue vnto Mr JOHN BUCKNER theire
+eldest sonne the some of fiue poundes Item I giue & bequeath vnto my
+Cozen THOMAS YATES my sisters sonne fifty poundes towardes the paiemt.
+of his debte and not otherwise, But if his debt doe fall out to be
+lesse then fifty poundes then the residue to remayne to himselfe Item
+to JOHN HARRIOTT Late servaunte to Mr Doleman of Shawe neere Newbury ín
+Barkeshire and being the sonne of my vnckle John Harriotte but nowe
+married and dwelling in Churche peene about a Myle westward from the
+said Shawe, I doe giue and bequeath fifty poundes Item I giue and
+bequeath vnto CHRISTOPHER TOOKE my foresaid servaunte one hundred
+poundes. Item I giue & bequeath vnto myservaunte JOHN SHELLER fiue
+poundes more then the forty shillinges wch I haue of his in
+Custodie,being money given vnto him at sevall tymes by my frends wch in
+all is seauen poundes to bee imployed for his vse according to the
+discrecon of my Executors for ye placing of him wth an other Master
+Item I giue and bequeath to JOANE my servaunte fiue poundes more then
+her wages. Item I giue and bequeath vnto my svaunte JANE wch serveth
+vnder the said JONE fortie shillinges more then her wages wch wages is
+twenty shillinges by yeare Item I giue and bequeath to my auncient
+svaunte CHRISTOPHER KELLETT a Lymning paynter dwelling neare
+PettyFraunce in Westminster fiue poundes Item to my aincient servaunte
+JOANE wife to Paule Chapman dwelling in Brayneford end I bequeath
+fortie shillinges. Item I giue vnto the aforesaid EARLE OF
+NORTHUMBERLAND my two pspectiue trunckes wherewth I vse espetially to
+see Venus horned like the Moone and the Spout in the Sonne The glasses
+of wch trunckes I desire to haue remooved into two other of the fayrest
+trunckes by my said servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE Item I bequeath vnto
+euyone of my Executors hereafterwards to be named, One pspectiue
+truncke a peece of the best glasses, and ye fayrest trunckes, as my
+said servaunte Can best fitt to theire liking Item I giue vnto my said
+servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE the residue of my Cases of pspectiue
+trunckes wth the other glasses of his owne making fitted for pspectiue
+trunckes (excepting two great longe trunckes Consisting of many ptes
+wch I giue vnto the said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND to remayne in his
+Library for such vses as they may be put vnto, Alsoe I bequeath the
+dishes of iron Called by the spectacle makers tooles to grinde
+spectacles, and other pspectiue glasses for trunckes vnto my foresaid
+servaunte CHRISTOPHER TOOKE, Item Concerninge my debts, I doe
+acknowledg that at this psente I doe owe moneyes to Monseir Mayornes a
+Potycarie More to Mr Wheately a Potticary dwelling neare the Stockes at
+the East end of Cheapeside Item to my Brewer dwelling at Braynford end
+Item to Mr John Bill Staconer for Bookes The some of the debte to all
+fower before meneoned I thincke and Judge not to bee much more or lesse
+then forty poundes. Item I doe acknowledge to owe vnto Mr Christopher
+Ingram keeper of the house of Syon for the aforesaid EARLE OF
+NORTHUMBERLAND Three thousand sixe hundred of Billett wch I desire to
+be repayed vnto him Item I doe acknowledge that I haue some written
+Coppies to the number of twelue or fowerteene (more or lesse) lent vnto
+me by Thomas Allen of Gloster Hall in Oxford M` of Artes vnto whome I
+desire my Executors hereafter named to restore them safely according to
+the noate that hee shall deliu of them (I doubting whether I haue anie
+true noate of them my selfe) Item I make Constitute and ordayne theise
+fowre following my Executors Namely the aforesaid Sr ROBERT SIDNEY
+KNIGHT VISCOUNT LYSLE (if his Lopp may take soe many paynes in my
+behalfe) Also JOHN PROTHEROE of Hawkesbrooke in the County of
+Carmarthen Esquio` Alsoe THOMAS ALESBURY of Westminster Esquior Lastly
+THOMAS BUCKNER Mercer dwelling in St Xpofers pishe in Lond not farre
+from ye Royall Exchainge vnto wch Executors I giue full power & aucty
+to vse theire owne discrecons in paying theire Charges in my behalfe
+out of the rest of my good And if my Bookes wth other goods doe in
+value Come to more then I haue afore supposed First I desire them to
+bestowe soe much vppon ye poore not exceeding twenty poundes as they
+shall thincke Convenient somee pte whereof I giue vnto the poore of the
+hospitall in Christes Churche in Lond, Some pte vnto the said pishe of
+St Xpofors where I nowe lye, and some pte wch I would haue the greater)
+vnto the poore of the píshe of Isleworth neere Syon in the Countie of
+Midd Secondly out of the said residue of my good, my will is, That the
+said Executors take some pte thereof for theire owne vses according to
+theire discretions Lastly my will and desire is that they bestowe the
+value of the rest vppon Sr Thomas Bodleyes Library in Oxford, or imploy
+it to such Charitable & pious vses as they shall thincke best Item my
+will and desire is that Robert Hughes gentleman and nowe attendant
+vppon th’afore said EARLE OF NORTHUMBERLAND for matters of Learning bee
+an ouseer at the prizing of my Bookes, and some other thinges as my
+Executors and hee shall agree vnto Item I ordayne and Constitute the
+aforesaid NATHANIELL THORPERLEY first to be Ouseer of my Mathematicall
+Writinges to be receiued of my Executors to pvse and order and to
+sepate the Cheife of them from my waste papers, to the end that after
+hee doth vnderstand them hee may make vse in penninge such doctrine
+that belonges vnto them for publique vses as it shall be thought
+Convenient by my Executors and him selfe And if it happen that some
+manner of Notacons or writinges of the said papers shall not be
+vnderstood by him then my desire is that it will please him to Conferre
+wth Mr Warner or Mr Hughes Attendants on the aforesaid Earle Concerning
+the aforesaid doubte. And if hee be not resolued by either of them That
+then hee Conferre wth the aforesaid JOHN PROTHEROE Esquior or the
+aforesaid THOMAS ALESBURY Esquior. (I hoping that some or other of the
+aforesaid fower last nominated can resolue him) And when hee hath had
+the vse of the said papers see longe as my Executors and hee have
+agreed for the vse afore said That then he deliu them againe vnto my
+Executors to be putt into a Convenient Truncke with a locke & key and
+to be placed in my Lord of Northumberlandes Library and the key thereof
+to be delifted into his Lordpps hands And if at anie tyme after my
+Executors or the afore said NATHANIELL THORPERLEY shall agayne desire
+the vse of some or all of the said Mathematicall paps That then it will
+please the said Earle to lett anie of the aforesaid to haue them for
+theire vse soe long as shall be thought Convenient, and afterwards to
+be restored agayne vnto the Truncke in the afore said Earle’s Library
+Secondly my will & desire is that the said NATHANIELL THORPERLEY be
+alsoe Ouseere of other written bookes & papers as my Executors and hee
+shall thincke Convenient. Item Whereas I haue diuers waste papers (of
+wch some are in a Canvas bagge) of my Accompte to Sr Walter Rawley for
+all wch I haue discharges or acquitances lying in some boxes or other
+my desire is that they may bee all burnte. Alsoe there is an other
+Canvas bagge of papers concerning Irishe Accompt (the psons whome they
+Concerne are dead many yeares since in the raigne of queene Elizabeth
+wch I desire alsoe may be burnte as likewise many Idle paps and
+Cancelled Deedes wch are good for noe vse Item I revoake all former
+wills by mee heretofore made saue onely this my pnte last will and
+Testament wch I will shalbe in all thinges effectually and truely
+pformed according to the tenor and true meaning of the same In witnes
+whereof I the afore said THOMAS HARRIOTT haue to this my psent last
+will & Testament put my hand & scale yeouen the daie and yeare first
+aboue written THO : HARRIOTTS.
+
+Sealed a published and deliued by ye wthin named THOMAS HARRIOTT for
+and as his last will & Testamt the daie & yeares wthin written in the
+pfice of vs IMMANUELL BOWRNE WILL: FUTTER, Scr: & THO : ALFORD Svte to
+the said scr
+
+Probatum fuit hfnoi Testum sexto die mensis Julij Anno Dni 1621. Coram
+venli viro RICHARDO CLARKE legum Dcore Surto Dni Offitis &c . jurio
+THOME AILESBURIE et THOME BUCKNER duorum Extorum &c quibus &c de bene
+&c saluo jure &c Resrvata tamen ptate similem Comissionem faciendi Dno
+ROBERTO SIDNEY militi et JOHANNI PROTHERO armigero alteris Extoribus &c
+Cum venerint eandem in debita Juris forma petituri. Pro Inveno ANDREE
+prox &c. Concordat cum Originali fca exaicoe pnos HEN: DURHAM Norium
+Pubcm RA: BYRDE
+
+[From the certified copy filed in the Probate Registry in Somerset
+House, which has been collated with the copy registered, Arch. Lond.
+1618-1626/7, Folio 71. The differences in spelling, punctuation etc.
+are numerous but unimportant.]
+
+        END
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOMAS HARIOT ***
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