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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..124b85c --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51522 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51522) diff --git a/old/51522-8.txt b/old/51522-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d14de14..0000000 --- a/old/51522-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2471 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Leather for Libraries, by -E. Wyndham Hulme and J. Gordon Parker and A. Seymour-Jones and Cyril Davenport and F. J. Williamson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Leather for Libraries - -Author: E. Wyndham Hulme - J. Gordon Parker - A. Seymour-Jones - Cyril Davenport - F. J. Williamson - -Release Date: March 21, 2016 [EBook #51522] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEATHER FOR LIBRARIES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Chris Jordan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -[Illustration: (1.) GOAT.] - -[Illustration: (2.) SEAL (BOLD GRAIN).] - -[Illustration: (3.) SEAL (FINE GRAIN).] - - - - - LEATHER FOR LIBRARIES. - - BY - - E. WYNDHAM HULME, J. GORDON PARKER, - A. SEYMOUR-JONES, CYRIL DAVENPORT, - AND - F. J. WILLIAMSON - - LONDON: - Published for the Sound Leather Committee of the - Library Association - by - THE LIBRARY SUPPLY Co., - Bridge House, 181, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. - - 1905. - - - - - LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. - - CONSTITUTION OF THE SOUND LEATHER - COMMITTEE. - - CYRIL DAVENPORT, _British Museum Library_. - - J. P. EDMOND, _Signet Library, Edinburgh_. - - DR. J. GORDON PARKER, _London Leather Industries Laboratory, - Bermondsey_. - - E. WYNDHAM HULME, _Patent Office Library_. (_Hon. Secretary._) - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - CHAPTER I. - Page - History of Sumach Tanning in England, Degradation of - the Manufacture of Leather, and History of the Reform - Movement. By E. WYNDHAM HULME 5 - - CHAPTER II. - The Causes of Decay in Bookbinding Leathers. By - J. GORDON PARKER 15 - - - CHAPTER III. - - Provenance, Characteristics, and Values of Modern - Bookbinding Leathers. By A. SEYMOUR-JONES 29 - - - CHAPTER IV. - The Repairing and Binding of Books for Public Libraries. - By CYRIL DAVENPORT 39 - - - CHAPTER V. - Specification for the Fittings of a Small Bindery. By - F. J. WILLIAMSON 51 - - - INDEX 55 - - - - - _The Bancroft Library_ - University of California · Berkeley - - THE ROGER LEVENSON - MEMORIAL FUND - - - - - CHAPTER I. - - History of Sumach Tanning - in England, Degradation of the - Manufacture of Leather, and History - of the Reform Movement. - - BY - - E. WYNDHAM HULME. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - - -The section of the leather trade to which this Handbook relates is -that concerned in the manufacture of light leathers tanned with a -pale tannage preparatory to being dyed. Bark and most other vegetable -tanning substances leave a colour on the skin which cannot be removed -without detriment to the durability of the leather; the retention of -the colour, however, detracts from the purity of the final colour -imparted by the dye. The reputation in the past of the sumach-tanned -Spanish leather was founded upon this peculiar property of sumach -of leaving the skin white, and on this point the wisdom of the -ancients has been justified by the results of an exhaustive series of -experiments conducted by the Society of Arts' Committee, which have -given to sumach the first place in the list of tannages for light -leathers. - -The date of the introduction of sumach tanning into England may, -with some show of probability, be assigned to the year 1565, when -a seven years' monopoly patent was granted to two strangers, Roger -Heuxtenbury and Bartholomew Verberick, for the manufacture of -"Spanish or beyond sea leather," on the condition that the patentees -should employ one native apprentice for every foreigner in their -service. This stipulation indicates that the industry was a new one. -Following the custom of the times, the supervision of the industry was -entrusted to the "Wardens of the Company of Leathersellers in London." -Additional evidence of the use of sumach at this period is afforded by -another patent to a Spanish Jew, Roderigo Lopez, one of Elizabeth's -physicians. By way of settling her doctor's bills the Queen granted -to Lopez, in 1584, an exclusive licence to import sumach and aniseed -for ten years. Besides attending the Queen in his professional -capacity, Lopez was called upon to act as interpreter to the Portuguese -pretender, Don Antonio, on his visit to this island. As the result -of some misunderstanding with Antonio, Lopez was induced to join a -conspiracy nominally aimed against the life of Antonio, but actually -directed against the Queen, and in 1594 Lopez expiated his crimes at -Tyburn. Those who are curious in such matters will be interested to -trace in the "Merchant of Venice" the re-appearance of our sumach -merchant as Shylock, while the name of Antonio is boldly retained by -Shakespeare for his hero (Cf. S. Lee, "The Original of Shylock," in -the _Gentleman's Magazine_, 1880). After the arrest of Lopez, his -grant was continued to R. Alexander and R. Mompesson (Patent Roll, 36 -Eliz., p. 11). In the Charter of the Leathersellers' Company, dated -1604, "Spanish leather and other leathers dressed or wrought in sumach -or bark" are mentioned. In 1660 the duty granted upon imported sumach -was fixed at 13s. 4d. per cwt. of 112 lbs., and on dried myrobalans -at 1s. 3d. per lb., thus disproving the statement of Prof. Thorold -Rogers in his "History of Prices" (Vol. 5, p. 414), that oak bark was -the only tanning material used in England at this period. The earliest -description known to the writer of the process of sumaching by sewing -up the skins into bottles and allowing the fluid extract to penetrate -the fibre by pressure, is to be found in 1754 in the "Dictionary of -Arts and Science" (Vol. 3, article "Morocco"). - -The first step in the degradation of the manufacture of light -leathers, though it at first affected the heavy leathers only, was -the introduction of the use of sulphuric acid in 1768 by Dr. McBride -of Dublin (_Phil. Trans._, 1778). By substituting a vitriolic liquor -for the vegetable acids obtained by fermenting bran, rye, or other -cereals, Dr. McBride claimed three advantages: (1) Absolute control -over the degree of acidity of the liquor, whereas organic souring was -troublesome and uncertain; (2) that the skins were "plumped" better -by the acid, and that the danger of injury to skins (by bacterial -action) was avoided; (3) that the process of tanning was materially -shortened. At all events, the Doctor succeeded in convincing first the -Dublin tanners, and shortly afterwards their Bermondsey rivals, of the -superiority of his methods, which, as already stated, were intended -for heavy leathers only (_Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1797, article -"Tanning"). - -Having once established its footing in the tanyard the use of sulphuric -acid was soon further extended. With the introduction of aniline -dyestuffs about 1870 sulphuric acid came into universal use as a means -of clearing the skin before entering the dyebath. The effect of the -introduction of the coal-tar colours was to revolutionise the dyeing -of leather. Under the old _régime_ of the vegetable dyestuffs the few -standard shades of red, blue, olive, yellow, and black were obtained -on moroccos mordanted with alum, while bark-tanned calf and sheep -skins were, as a rule, left in their natural browns and ornamented -by sprinkling or marbling. The wide range of colours offered by the -new dyestuffs fascinated the public, which accepted the new leathers -without question as to their durability. Librarians began to insist -upon accuracy and uniformity of shade, regardless of the methods by -which these results were obtained. Yet, apart from the question of -durability, it is clear that brilliancy of colour has been purchased -at too high a price. Under the old system of dyeing a thin superficial -layer of colour was laid over the natural white of the skin, thereby -obtaining a variety and depth of colour which is in striking contrast -to the dead uniformity of the colours of modern acid-bitten leathers. -Hence the reform of the manufacture of the light leathers is supported -by æsthetic as well as by practical considerations. - -Passing from the domain of chemistry to that of mechanics, the -Committee of the Society of Arts has emphasized the need of a return -to sounder and less ruinous methods of dealing with leather; but -their recommendations are so clearly set out in their Report that it -is proposed here to touch upon one point only, viz., the artificial -graining of leather. The Committee remark that, whereas many examples -of sound sheepskin, dating from the 15th century to the early part of -the 19th century, had been brought to their notice, "since about 1860 -sheepskin as sheepskin is hardly to be found." Now, the decoration of -leather by the impression of patterns by mechanical pressure had long -been known, the lozenge pattern of early russia leather having been -effected in the 18th century by means of engraved steel cylinders. -But in 1851 it occurred to an ingenious mechanic that, by means of -the electroplate process, an exact reproduction of the grain of the -higher-priced skins might be communicated to sheepskin or other -inferior leather whereby the selling value of the latter would be -considerably enhanced (Cf. Bernard's Patent Specification 13,808 of -1851, and a modification of the same process in No. 2,391 of 1855). -From this date, therefore, sheepskin disappears from view only to -reappear as imitation morocco, pigskin, or other higher-priced leather. -So perfectly does the counterfeit skin imitate the original on the -bound volume that the two can only be distinguished with certainty by -microscopic examination. Librarians, therefore, must bear in mind that -a familiarity with the natural characteristics of the ordinary binding -leathers is no safe guide to the character of the leather of a binding. -The utmost that can be said is that the leather is either genuine or -else a remarkably good counterfeit, a conclusion which, it is hardly -necessary to say, is not one of great value in practice. - -As might have been supposed, the rapid decay of leather bindings in the -19th century, resulting from a combination of the above malpractices, -with the attendant evils of heavy outlay upon rebinding, cropped -margins, and ill-matched sets upon the shelves, from time to time -attracted the attention of booklovers and bookbinders; but their -efforts to determine the causes of the deterioration and to find a -remedy have until recently met with very little success. In 1842 the -subject was investigated by Professors Faraday, Brande, and others on -behalf of the Athenæum Club. This committee is largely responsible for -the "sulphur in gas" theory--a theory which was never wholly true, even -at a period when the percentage of sulphur in coal gas was much higher -than at present (Cf. _Journal of the Society of Arts_, 1850-59, p. -215), and which now has ceased to have any practical bearing upon the -matter. It should be noted that, in 1851, Crace Calvert, the well-known -Manchester chemist, came to a different conclusion. After pointing -out that decay in leather was observable in libraries, such as the -Chetham Library, in which gas had never been used, he stated that the -presence of sulphuric acid in leather bindings was attributable to one -or more of three causes: (_a_) to the pollution of the atmosphere by -consumption of coal in the Manchester factories; (_b_) to the action -of gas fumes in unventilated rooms; (_c_) to the use of sulphuric acid -by the tanners; and he further expressed his opinion that the seat -of the disease would be found in irregularities in the processes of -tanning--in other words, that the disease was aggravated rather than -originated by these first two causes (Cf. _Trans. Society of Arts_, -Vol. 51, pp. 120-22). Calvert's views, however, met with very little -support. In 1877, at the Conference of Librarians in London, a proposal -was made that a committee of librarians and chemists should deal -with the matter, but no effect was given to the proposal. Ten years -later a series of experiments on the action of gas fumes and heat was -undertaken on behalf of the Birmingham Library by Mr. C. T. Woodward -(_Library Chronicle_, 1887, pp. 25-29). Strips of leather exposed -for 1,000 hours to the action of gas fumes, at temperatures of 130° -and 140° Fahrenheit, showed a mean absorption of sulphuric acid of -1·78 per cent., accompanied by a marked reduction in their stretching -capacity and breaking strain. The experiments on the action of heat -alone were regarded as inconclusive. Mr. Woodward suggested that the -Library Association should undertake the testing of leathers, and that -librarians should thereafter employ only leather of a given standard; -but once more nothing was done. In the meantime the reputation of -leather as a binding material continued to dwindle; one leather after -another was tried, found wanting, and excluded from library practice, -while various leather substitutes--buckram, art linen, and imitation -leathers, gradually took its place. It is due to the efforts of Dr. -Parker and Prof. Procter between 1898 and 1900 that the real facts of -the case have been brought to light. In the latter years an agitation -in favour of standard leather was set on foot by Lord Cobham, Mr. -Cockerell, Mr. Davenport, and others, which resulted in the appointment -by the Society of Arts of a Committee on Leathers for Bookbinding, the -cost of which was met by a grant from the Leathersellers' Company. - -Upon the publication of the first report of the above Committee in 1901 -the subject was taken up by the Council of the Library Association, -and after several papers had been read at the monthly meetings in -London and elsewhere, a Committee was appointed to ascertain how far -Members of the Association were prepared to accept a common standard -for binding leathers. For this purpose in March 1904, close upon -1,000 circulars were addressed to the libraries of the United Kingdom -asking for a statement of their views upon the following proposals, -amongst others, viz.: (_a_) that the Council should appoint an official -analyst; (_b_) that they should publish a handbook giving to members of -the Association such information as would enable them to secure sound -leather at a reasonable price. The circular meeting with a favourable -reception, the Council invited Dr. Parker to draw up a scale of fees -for the analysis of leathers, and the scale having been duly approved, -Dr. Parker was at once appointed analyst to the Association. - -Since the appointment of the Committee abundant evidence has been -forthcoming that at last the reform of light leathers for bookbinding -and upholstery is now in sight. The efforts of the Committee have been -warmly seconded by the Press. In the recently concluded Government -binding contracts a clause has been inserted enabling any department to -obtain standard leather and rendering the contractor liable to heavy -penalties for infringement of the conditions of this clause; yet the -price paid for bindings in this leather is only fractionally increased. -From the outset the Committee have been assured of the support of the -leading firms of leather manufacturers, who have recognised that, if -leather is to regain the ground which has been lost, it must be by the -adoption of a common standard of manufacture and by the introduction of -honest trade descriptions in the retail trade. - -Hence where the provenance of the leather is declared and the method -of its manufacture supported by a written guarantee from the leather -manufacturer, the need for periodical analysis of samples is less -urgent. But where the bookbinder is unwilling or unable to state the -provenance of his leathers recourse to chemical analysis is the only -safeguard. The librarian on his side will materially assist the binder -by limiting his demand to leathers of a few standard shades and by -abstaining from insisting upon accurate matching to pattern. If the -piecing, panelling and lettering of serials is kept uniform, a want of -uniformity in the shade of leather is not of much practical moment. -In the meantime the librarian should keep a vigilant watch for the -following symptoms of deterioration:-- - - (_a_) General shabbiness and tenderness of leather, especially at - parts where the leather is strained over the cords on the back or - edges of the boards. Probable cause: Sulphuric acid. - - (_b_) Red rot in morocco. On friction the leather turns to a - red powder. Probable cause: A Persian or East Indian half-bred - sheepskin has been supplied in place of goat. - - (_c_) Withering of pigskin accompanied by discoloration. Probable - cause: Over "pulling down" of the skin in the "puering" process. - If the pigskin has been dyed in a bright shade, acid also is - present. - - (_d_) Deterioration and discoloration of smooth and light-coloured - calfskins, especially law calf. Probable cause: Use of oxalic acid - by the bookbinder to remove grease marks, &c. - - - - - CHAPTER II. - - The Causes of Decay in Bookbinding - Leathers. - - BY - - J. GORDON PARKER. - - - - -CHAPTER II. - - -Why do modern leather bindings decay? Is it possible to obtain a -leather for bookbinding purposes as good and as durable as the leather -produced from the 16th to 18th century? These are the two problems -which the Committee on Bookbinding Leather appointed by the Society of -Arts set themselves to investigate. Fortunately we are able to solve -both problems. - -In the olden days all skins were tanned with a liquor made from -either oak bark or sumach, and in some cases a mixture of the two. -The skins used by the tanner were usually obtained direct from the -butchers. After soaking and cleansing they were then limed for a period -sufficiently long to loosen the hair. After the removal of the hair and -superfluous flesh and fat, the skins were washed in several changes -of fresh soft water to remove the excess of lime, the process being -assisted by working the skins over on a beam with a blunt knife. When -in suitable condition they were brought into sour, old tan liquors. -There was no hurry, the skins being slowly tanned in weak infusions, -and when the process was complete, the leather was simply washed -free from superfluous tan, dyed with wood or other vegetable dyes, -rinsed free from excess of dye-stuff, and dried out. The leather was -afterwards softened by stretching, and polished or glazed by brushing -the skin over with oil, soap, beeswax, or a solution of some moss. -Such leather lacked the high finish, the regular colour, the bright -shades of modern leather, but it lasted fifty or one hundred years -with hard wear, and, under favourable conditions, appears to be almost -imperishable. - -The finish, or general appearance, of leather continued to improve up -to about 1850, but after that date some of the bindings examined showed -signs of rapid deterioration in quality. This deterioration increased -on bindings subsequent to 1870, and probably 75 per cent. of the -leather used for bookbinding during the last twenty years either has -already decayed or will do so within a comparatively short time. - -Now to deal with the answer to the first question, Why do modern -leather bindings decay? The chief causes are as follows:-- - - 1. The introduction of tanning materials other than oak and - sumach, stronger in tanning, and more rapid in their action. Many - of these tanning materials are unstable, and the leather produced - disintegrates on exposure to light and air. - - 2. The use of dried and cured skins of variable soundness imported - from abroad. Goat, calf, and sheep skins are imported into this - country from all over the world; some are simply dried in the sun, - some salted, whilst others are cured with various ingredients. - - 3. The use of infusions of acids and other bleaching agents to - produce bright and even shades of colour. - - 4. The use of sulphuric or other mineral acids for the purpose of - developing the depth of colour during the process of dyeing. - - 5. The shaving and splitting of skin for producing an even - substance. - - 6. Printing and embossing grains upon leather, together with other - methods of finishing now in common use. - - 7. The stripping, scouring, souring, and re-tanning of East India - leathers (Persians). - - 8. The removal of the natural grease or nourishment of the skin. - -These eight causes, although by no means exhaustive, are, however, the -chief factors in the deterioration of modern leather; and in as few -words as possible I will explain the reason of their introduction and -effect. - -As the industry advanced there were found in different parts of the -world tanning materials other than oak and sumach, some of which -were two, three, or five times as rich in tannin as oak, thus making -infusions of greater strength, and consequently of quicker action, -with the result that leather which formerly required from three to six -months to tan was turned out in almost as many days, or, at the most, -in as many weeks. It was not realised, however, that these different -tanning materials contained tannins of different qualities, capable of -producing quite a different leather to that produced by means of oak -or sumach. The experts who spent months testing and investigating this -question came to the unanimous conclusion that the speed of tannage -or the strength of the tanning liquor had very little to do with the -wearing qualities of the leather produced, but found that some of -these new materials contained tannins of a different chemical nature -from that of sumach, and that they produced leather of an unstable -character, some of the leathers undergoing change in a few hours on -exposure to strong light and air. On the other hand, some of the new -tanning materials produced permanent leathers practically equal to -sumach. Those tanning materials, therefore, which contained tannins -of the catechol series, including the tannins of hemlock, larch, -quebracho, mangrove, gambier, and turwar, were condemned, as all these -materials produce a leather which on exposure to light and air turns -first a red shade of colour and afterwards develops what is now well -known by bookbinders and librarians as the red decay, where the leather -crumbles off on application of friction. On the other hand, tanning -materials of the pyrogallol class, such as sumach, galls, divi-divi, -myrobalans, oak, and chesnut, produce a leather which is practically -unaffected by light or air. Further, it was found in every case where -authentic bindings dating from the 13th century onwards were examined -the tanning material used was one of this pyrogallol series. On the -other hand, leathers which showed the red decay were in every case -found either to have been tanned with tanning materials of the catechol -series, or were rotted with acid. - -The second cause of trouble is the manufacture of leather from skins -from distant lands which have been improperly or insufficiently -preserved for export. It often happens that the fibres have partly -perished before the tanner receives the skins, the resulting leather is -therefore poor, spongy, and partially perished, making thin leather, -which sometimes, on account of its thinness, will cut up apparently -economically for the binder, but not economically for the librarian or -the owner of books, as the leather cannot possibly be as good or have -as long life as leather manufactured from a sound skin. - -Bright even shades and light fancy colours previous to the introduction -of acid bleaches were manufactured from sumach-tanned skins only, -sumach alone producing a leather of a light cream colour, and -therefore capable of taking practically any shade of dye. Most -other tanning materials produced dark foundations, on which it was -practically impossible to dye any but a dark shade. Gradually, however, -manufacturers found leather tanned with materials cheaper than sumach -could be scoured and bleached with acids, then re-tanned with sumach, -thus producing a light, even-coloured leather, which with the dye -produced light shades. The cheapest, and at the same time the most -effective, acid for this purpose was vitriol or sulphuric acid. This, -in common with other mineral acids, combines with the leather fibre, -upon which it exercises a most disastrous and disintegrating action, -and to the use of this acid, either as a bleaching or clearing agent in -the tanning process, or in subsequent use in developing the colour in -the dye-bath, may be ascribed the cause of decay of over 90 per cent. -of modern bookbinding and upholstering leather. It is impossible to -remove these acids from leather by any subsequent amount of washing, -or without the addition of some other chemical to expel them. Recently -the writer treated some leather with sulphuric acid, and after cutting -the leather up into small pieces, washed the same in running water for -three weeks; at the end of that period the sulphuric acid was still -tightly fixed in the fibres of the leather. - -The introduction of aniline dyes instead of the older process of wood -dyes made a great change in the production of bookbinding leather. -Hundreds of new shades of colour were produced, and the process of -leather dyeing was simplified and cheapened. But, unfortunately, in -the use of a certain class of these dye-stuffs the full depth of -shade could not at that date be produced upon the leather except -in the presence of an acid. Here, again, therefore, sulphuric acid -was introduced into the leather during the process of manufacture, -thus increasing the proportion of leather which contained this -disintegrating material. It has frequently been stated by leather dyers -and others that a certain quantity of sulphuric acid must be used with -acid dye-stuffs, otherwise the full depth of shade cannot be produced, -and they claim that without its use it is impossible to produce certain -brilliant shades of colour. These statements have been proved to be -devoid of foundation. There are several substitutes for sulphuric acid -which are harmless in their nature. Among these I may mention formic, -acetic and lactic acids. These are organic acids which have no harmful -action on the leather; they are easily washed out, and even if any -trace of these acids be left in the skin, they will evaporate. Formic -acid has even been proved to be cheaper than sulphuric, and, moreover, -is capable of developing equal shades in all cases, and deeper and more -brilliant shades of colour with some dyes. For the present, however, -bookbinders, and especially librarians, are advised not to insist upon -brilliant shades of colour. - -The introduction of the splitting machine and the introduction of a -machine for shaving leather has undoubtedly tended to produce a large -quantity of thin leather, but it is impossible either to shave or to -split a skin without cutting the network of fibres, and the strength -of the leather cannot but be materially decreased. Leather is made up -of a complex system of fibres interweaving and intertwining in every -possible direction, and even the small amount of paring carried out by -the bookbinder himself considerably impairs the strength and life of -the binding. How much more, therefore, does the splitting and shaving -that the tanner carries out in order to bring the skin to an even -substance destroy the strength of the product. - -Sufficient has been written on the printing of morocco, seal, and pig -grains upon skins of an inferior class, but it cannot be too strongly -pointed out to librarians that the strength of embossed leather must be -impaired when it is realised how the embossing and printing is carried -out. The skins to be embossed are coated over in the wet state with a -mixture of dye, size, and other materials, and are then passed between -two hot electrotype rollers. This embosses or prints upon the skin the -required grain; at the same time it glues the fibres of the leather -together, preventing the free run which good skins should possess, and -the heat dries up the leather, reducing its strength very considerably. - -I now come to the stripping, scouring, souring, and re-tanning of -leather. It is difficult to decide whether more damage is done in -this process or in the use of mineral acids in the dye-bath; but it -is certain that any leather which is stripped of its natural tanning -by use of alkalies or bleached by an acid has lost at least 90 per -cent. of its wearing and lasting properties. Thousands of dozens of -skins in the rough tanned condition reach the English market from -India, Australia, New Zealand, and other parts. These are tanned -with quebracho, mimosa, or some similar tanning material, whereas -the Indian skins are nearly all tanned with turwar bark and are of -a reddish-fawn shade of colour. These are purchased by the leather -finishers, and are manufactured in England. In order to get rid of the -reddish colour they are first soaked in water and afterwards drummed in -a weak solution of washing soda, borax, or some similar alkali. This -removes the uncombined tan from the skin, as well as taking out the -natural grease. The skins emerge from the drum a dark mahogany colour; -they are then washed in water and afterwards soured in a sulphuric acid -bath. This bleaches the skin to a light bright shade. The finisher -then, in order to put back tannin into the skin of a light colour, -re-tans them in sumach or a mixture of sumach and oak. They are now -known as re-tanned skins; and after drying, are dyed and finished in -the ordinary manner. The sheep and goat skins are sold as roans or -moroccos, as the case may be, and, as a rule, no indication is given -that these are re-tanned skins. The re-tanned Indian skins, however, -generally leave the factory as persian roans or persian morocco, but -as the skins pass from the manufacturer to the merchant, from the -merchant to the small dealer, the word "persian" is generally omitted, -and they reach the bookbinder as moroccos or roans, as the case may be. -Now this is the most important point for the binder. I would go so far -as to say that it should almost be a punishable offence to use either -persians or re-tanned skins for bookbinding purposes, as such leather -cannot possibly last ten years if exposed to light and air. Not only -has the scouring and alkali a perishing effect upon the leather, but it -is afterwards made worse by the treatment with acid, a bleach, and the -further addition of acid to the dye-bath; added to which the alkaline -treatment removes the natural grease or nourishment of the skin, and it -is well known to those engaged in the leather trade that the strength -and life of a leather is at least doubled by a proper nourishment of -the leather with a suitable fat. Therefore, if the whole of the natural -fat is removed, the leather rapidly dries, it loses its elasticity and -spring, the grain cracks, and after keeping in a dry library for some -time the backs break right off the books. - -I have dealt with the eight chief causes of premature decay, but -before passing to the other part of this paper I must also deal with -the weaknesses of the bookbinder as well as those of the leather -manufacturer, and, for reasons stated above, absolutely condemn the -undue paring of leather, the bleaching of leather by means of oxalic -acid, and the use of patent finishes and glares, the composition of -which is in most cases a mystery, many of them containing acids, others -containing drying agents which have almost as injurious an action upon -leather as the vitriol used by the tanner. - -To revert to my original thesis, it is not only possible to obtain -a leather as good as any leather manufactured from the 16th to 18th -century, but it is even possible to get a better leather. Librarians, -in drawing up their binding specifications have only to do what the -Controller of H.M.'s Stationery Office is doing for the libraries under -his charge, viz., to provide under suitable penalties that leathers -supplied by the contractor shall be equal to samples shown on pattern -cards prior to tendering for the contract, and in addition to insist -that such leathers shall conform to certain conditions laid down in the -Report of the Society of Arts' Committee on Bookbinding, which may be -summarised as follows:-- - - 1. The binder undertakes not to use stripped and re-tanned - leather, whether persians (East Indian skins) or from elsewhere, - or to use leather embossed or grained artificially to resemble - morocco, pigskin, &c. - - 2. He guarantees (or undertakes to produce the guarantee of the - firm supplying the leather) that all skins supplied (1) are - genuine as described; (2) are tanned with pure sumach or galls, - or in the case of calf or sheep with oak bark, or mixtures of oak - bark and sumach; (3) that no mineral acid has been used either in - the process of tanning, bleaching, or dyeing, and that the leather - is free from acid or other injurious ingredient; (4) that he will - use no acid to clear the leather in the process of binding. - -Before drafting his binding specification the librarian would do -well to consult the excellent "Note on Bookbinding" by Mr. Douglas -Cockerell, published by W. H. Smith and Son, at the price of 1d. -Special attention is drawn to the difference of the cost in binding -according to Specification I. and II. of the Society of Arts' Committee -reproduced on pp. 20-22 of this pamphlet, and to Mr. Cockerell's -remarks on pages 9, etc. - -The above stipulations should not make any substantial difference in -price per volume to those libraries which already have been using -high-class leather tanned in sumach, but librarians who have hitherto -been content with persians, re-tanned Australians, and other cheap -classes of leather must expect to pay a higher price for leather, -properly tanned and guaranteed to last. Several large firms of high -reputation, who are now catering for the bookbinding trade, have -already turned out thousands of skins of a satisfactory nature. These -firms are not only anxious to fall in with the requirements of the -Society of Arts' Report, but are desirous of removing the distrust -which at present exists with regard to leather, and to reinstate -this article as being the standard and natural covering for books. -For permanent wear, whether for books or other purposes, leather, -when properly prepared, is without a rival both for appearance and -durability. It is only for the cheaper class of work that leather -substitutes are formidable as rivals. - -With regard to strengths of various leathers, it is somewhat difficult -to lay down a hard-and-fast rule, but in general terms it may be -stated that the strongest leather made is pigskin. The fibres are -tough, somewhat coarse, but of great strength. The only danger is -in the paring down of the skin previous to use in the binding, and -therefore, by reason of its thickness, it is well to only use pigskin -for the binding of large, heavy volumes where a thick leather can be -used without detriment to the appearance of the book. Seal probably -comes next in strength. It is tougher than goat skin, and, by reason -of the quantity of natural grease which these skins contain, will in -most cases remain pliable and wear longer than the average morocco. -Seal is closely followed by goat skin. A special feature of goat is -the hard grain which it possesses. This is specially to be recommended -where much frictional wear is given to the book. Sheep and calf may -be put on about the same footing. Both are extremely pliable, but I -think one may safely state that books bound in sheepskin leather, if -that leather be from the cross breed, Welsh, or other mountain sheep, -will probably outlast calf skin. There is no doubt that calf has got -into disrepute largely on account of the destructive processes used in -the finishing and production of the soft, smooth-grained calf, which -has of late years become so popular. Binders must understand that the -velvety finish can only be obtained by an undue pulling down of the -skin previous to the tanning process or an undue paring on the part of -the binder. Both Russia leather and vellum, as binding materials, have -done good service in the past, but have lost their old reputation for -durability. For the present, librarians are recommended to use these -skins as little as possible. A few words suffice to deal with skiver -bindings. These are the thin grain of sheep and sometimes calf, and are -at their best about equal in strength to thin notepaper, their whole -texture and fibrous structure having been split off and their nature -destroyed. - -It must be understood that the deterioration of leather is not only -caused by faulty manufacture or improper treatment in the dye-house or -finishing shop. Good bindings of sound leather are frequently destroyed -by the neglect of certain elementary precautions on the part of the -librarian. The subject is too large to deal with fully in these pages, -but librarians would do well to study carefully the detailed report -of the Society of Arts' Committee. But the following elementary rules -should be observed:--Books should not be exposed to gas fumes, or to -the direct rays of the sun; the temperature of the library should -not exceed 70° F., the upper strata should be well ventilated, and a -thermometer should be hung on the same level as the top shelves in -order to advise the librarian whether the temperature is being kept -within reasonable limits. Freedom from damp is, of course, an essential -condition of library architecture. - -The question of leather preservative compositions is dealt with in -another chapter, but too much cannot be said against the use of -various decoctions which are sold to librarians for coating and -preserving leather bindings. Many of these contain turpentine, which -has a drying, detrimental effect. Various other emulsions are on the -market, but although these give the leather a soft, pleasant feel when -applied, this soon dries up, the leather becoming hard and liable to -crack. There may be some suitable ingredients for applying to leather -bindings, but I am of the opinion that if a library is not allowed to -get too hot, and a plentiful supply of pure, dry air is always present, -sound leather should require no further preservative. - - - - - CHAPTER III. - - Provenance, Characteristics, - and Values of Modern Bookbinding - Leathers. - - BY - - A. SEYMOUR-JONES. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - - -To correctly locate the sources of skin supply suitable for bookbinding -is not easy, in consequence of original breeds having been transplanted -to equally suitable climes over the seas. In many cases purity of breed -has been maintained, while in the majority, deterioration has set -in, due to desire for heavier beasts: therefore the purposes of this -chapter will be best met if original breeds are described and their -general _habitat_ located. The animals which furnish skins suitable -in quality and quantity to meet the increasing demands of to-day are: -sheep, goat, calf, seal, and pig or hog. Other animals may produce -skins good for bookbinding, but a description of the foregoing will -afford ample illustration. - -The sheepskin takes first place in regard to quantity. Probably more -than two-thirds of modern commercial bindings are represented by -this much-abused skin, which is frequently so skilfully manipulated -as to deceive even an expert, that it is not what it is represented -to be. After the pelt has been split or cut in twain--the grain part -after tanning being termed "a skiver," and the flesh after dressing -designated chamois--the former is so manipulated with dyes, finishes, -and embossing, that surface or grain detection is extremely difficult, -say, between a true morocco or embossed skiver. Much of this so-called -misrepresentation has been created by the public, who order their -books to be covered in "leather," which they are pleased to think is -morocco, or pig or seal, when reflection should tell them that it -cannot be genuine at the price they have paid, often for book and -binding complete. This "faking" is very largely accomplished upon -sheepskin, because it readily lends itself to such alterations both by -nature and price; but when such leathers are employed they should be -correctly described by the binder. Sheepskins have a large place in -the commercial bookbinderies and affections of the public at large, -and there is no reason why they should not only hold their ground, but -succeed in displacing the cloth imitations of leather; and, provided -the skins are selected from suitable breeds, they should find a place -in the binding of certain classes of books intended for permanent -reference in libraries. - -The sheep as a family are divided into two classes: the Upland and -Lowland breeds. The Upland class inhabit the mountain ranges, and -while possessing a short firm wool, have a mass of close thick hair -underneath. Their habits and life make the character of meat and skin -approach a goat nearer than any other animal. The parent stock are the -argali or wild sheep of the Himalaya, and the "Musmon" of the Andes and -Sierra Nevadas. Fuller particulars will be found in the "Royal Natural -History," by Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.R.S., Vol. 2, pp. 212 to 234. -The Upland sheep of to-day vary in purity or closeness to the parent -stock according to the source of supply. In certain Mongolian, Arabian -and Welsh sheep it is not easy to discriminate between them and a true -goat, after the wool has been removed. It is the skins of such sheep -that are suitable for binding books in libraries where price and hard -wear are a consideration. Sheep-grazing countries having high altitudes -would be probable sources of supply of such skins. Great Britain, -through Wales, Cumberland, Westmorland, and the Highlands of Scotland -provides many millions of skins a year to the cotton spinning trade, -for covering drawing rollers, an operation calling for a hard-wearing -grained skin. - -In practice it has been found that sheepskins yield the most lasting -results when tanned slowly in oak-bark liquors; the product is a -tighter and more solid skin than when tanned in sumach, though sumach -may be used in given cases, or a combination of both. Commercially -valued, the upland sheepskins sell at prices varying from 2-1/2d. to -9d. per square foot, when finished according to the Society of Arts' -Bookbinding Committee's Report. - -The Lowland breed, commonly known as domestic sheep (Ovis aries) are -found wherever there are grazing lands. In sheep grazing, the graziers' -"object" varies. It may be the "wool or the flesh." If the former, the -skin is usually unfavourable for binding purposes, while if the latter, -a large portion find their way to the sheepskin splitters, who by -machinery of considerable delicacy split the skins into what are known -in the trade as grains and fleshes. The grains alone interest us, being -subsequently tanned into skivers. This class of leather has its use in -low-price trade bindings of flexible character, and as such competes -and compares in price and durability successfully with any imitations. - -To make skivers suitable in wearing qualities it is advisable to take -the plain dyed class, reasonably stout, tanned in sumach, and dyed -without mineral acid, dried out with a little stretch left in, and -if they are required as tough as it is possible to obtain a grain, a -little nourishing material may be used to advantage. By following these -lines it will reduce the risk of imitations. Though "paste grain," -"long grain," and "glazed skivers" will still find a market among -binders, they must not be classed among the "Imitations." Skivers are -sold from about 1d. to 5d. per square foot. - -Before proceeding further it may be well to point out that the skins -from old or very young animals should be avoided, although old animals -are a rarity. Exceptionally large skins in their class should be viewed -with suspicion, likewise very small ones. The former may indicate -weakness, and the latter want of maturity. This must in practice have a -general application. - -The goat (Genus Capra) finds most favour as furnishing a suitable skin -among binders. This animal, in the proper sense of the word "goat" -exclusive, belongs to the Old World, being confined to the area north -of the southern flanks of the Himalaya, though one species is found -in Egypt and another in Abyssinia, but quite unknown in the remainder -of Africa. In America the term "goat" is applied to our ruminant. -While being essentially a mountain animal, goat breeding has become -a business to-day throughout the world, which has been laid under -contribution to supply the enormous demand which has been created -during the past twenty years by the chrome glacé kid manufacturers, one -maker alone requiring 5,000 dozen skins per diem to keep his factory -running full. The skins generally employed for book purposes are the -European and Northern African supplies, though many other sources are -equally suitable. Goat skins, on account of their firm nature are -best tanned in pure sumach (Sicilian). Time has conclusively proved -this point. In the Rylands Library in Manchester (Eng.) are two heavy -volumes bound in plain undyed sumach-tanned goat-skins which were -bound in Spain in the 16th century, and are to-day in a perfect state -of preservation. The Niger skins (mixed goat and sheep) which have -found favour among certain bookbinders are produced from a breed of -Egyptian goats, tanned and prepared by Nigerian natives with a species -of nut-galls which gives them that peculiar close, tight feel, and -when such firmness is required in European stock it may be equally -effectively produced with oak bark. The large proportion of so-called -moroccos offered to-day are made from skins tanned in East India with -a catechol tannin. It is unfortunate that this tannage has failed to -withstand the tests supplied by the Scientific Committee appointed by -the Society of Arts on Bookbinding Leathers, because it excludes from -the Binding Trade a very useful and cheap supply of pretty looking and -feeling skin ready to hand for finishing in moroccos. While condemned -for permanent library work--that is, guaranteed leathers--the writer -sees no reason why such leathers may not safely be used for Lending -Library work, where the life of a binding is not expected to run more -than ten years, provided the surplus tan is washed out and replaced by -some nourishing material (fat), and in all processes inorganic acids -and alkalis are avoided. Goat-skins differ from other animals mainly -in the pronounced grain formations, while the texture of the skin -is closer and firmer than a sheep, the grain is harder, more scale -like, the papillæ between which the hair-holes are situate are most -marked, and it is their formation which produces during the operation -of "boarding" the grained morocco with its beautiful nodules. If -these nodules or grains are bold and large it indicates a thick skin -originally. Such grains cannot be expected upon a thin skin--it implies -either over-reduction (shaving) in substance or embossing. Thin skins -will produce a small shortlike grain. If the grain is fine on a large -skin it may have been reduced too much in substance, and thereby loses -most of its muscular structure and strength. It is necessary when -buying moroccos, which are not only expensive but are expected to yield -longevity and be hard wearing, to obtain a manufacturer's guarantee -that the skins are genuine goat (Genus Capra) and not mountain sheep -(Argali) or bastards, and that they have been prepared in accordance -with the Society of Arts' Report on Bookbinding. In value the moroccos -vary considerably in price, according to substance, size, quality, and -character. The skins are generally bought in the dry pelt state with -hair on at per lb., the large, plump, well-flayed skins commanding -higher prices than less favoured ones. In this state it is difficult to -detect grain faults, consequently to the manufacturer it is somewhat of -a speculation, and unless he is well informed in his trade he stands to -lose heavily. Generally speaking the prime clear grains go into bright -colours at higher prices than defective grains, which can be hidden -by darker colour with the aid of a suitable finish. For example, the -colour of the Niger skins previously referred to is an excellent one -for hiding grain defects. The amount of absolutely perfect skins is -small, but the remainder are good skins in their class for half-bound -work. The perfect skins will realise up to 2s. 6d. per square foot, and -according to quality and colour the balance will range down to 8d. per -square foot. - -Calf skins have long been favoured for bookbinding, but through much -variety of tannages and faulty selection of skins have been brought -somewhat into disrepute for permanent work, but if prepared by slow -tanning in oak bark or sumach there is no reason why they should not be -reinstated. Undoubtedly the calf is favoured by Nature with the finest -and silkiest grains of all animals, and though too tender for rough -usage, is nevertheless, if suitably nourished, capable of standing -greater wear than it is credited with. Calf skins for bookbinding are -the product of the domestic ox (Bos taurus), and as this useful animal -is bred the world over, we are not wanting in supplies, nor is one land -more favoured than another. If the principle is accepted that small -books require small thin skins, as the books increase in size so should -the skins and substance, a great difficulty will be overcome, because -in buying calf one of the fatal mistakes made is the stipulation that -large skins must be thin. If this is insisted upon they must be split -or shaved of all their muscular tissue till merely the grain or skiver -is left. A reasonable amount of shaving is permissible, but splitting -is disastrous. Calf skins are invariably free from grain faults, so -that for delicate shades of colour they are particularly suitable. The -grain does not lend itself to any very definite formation in boarding -(graining), therefore calf by preference should be left smooth. In -the raw state they are purchased by the pound, and such cost being a -governing factor in selling, the price when finished may vary from 8d. -to 1s. 8d. per square foot. - -The skins of seal (family Phocidæ) are most useful for bookbinding, -possessing special features, viz.: evenness of quality throughout, -there being no flanky or abdominal parts, extremely durable and -producing pretty grains either coarse or fine, dependent upon the -substance and character of the skins. The sources of supply are -Russia, Norway, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland, -the largest supply coming from the latter place. Isolated supplies -have been shipped from the Falkland Islands and Antarctic. These are -the true or earless seals (family Phocidæ), commonly called hair seals -in contradistinction to the fur or eared seal (family Otaridæ) which -inhabit the Pacifics. As a leather for bookwork when tanned with a -pyrogallol tannage it is soft and kind to the touch, having few equals -and no superiors. It is essentially a hard-wearing leather and in -this respect only equalled by certain classes of goat-skins and pig -or hog skins. The "grained" skins exhibit a grain which sparkles in a -manner which is peculiarly characteristic and absent in other grained -leathers. The value of seal-skins, finished, ranges from 10d. to 2s. -per square foot. The former are useful for half-bound books. - -Finally, pig or hog skins have played an important part in ancient -bindings of all sizes, and proved their great value as a hard wearing -cover by coming down to us in a remarkable state of preservation, even -on very heavy tomes. But, regretfully, some discredit has been cast -upon this splendid skin, partly due to ignorance in manufacture, also -to the very clever imitations. It is, perhaps, one of the easiest skins -to reproduce in its grain features and solid character, though the -imitations are easily detected by immersing a piece of the suspected -leather in water until saturated, then pulling it out with the hands to -stretch when the grain, which is produced by embossing, will disappear, -while the true hog grain will remain showing clear hair holes through -from grain to flesh. A hog-skin may be said to be practically -fibreless, approaching nearer to a piece of tough gristle than -anything else. In the raw state the skins are shipped from southern -Europe, Danubian and Balkan States, China and the East generally, while -North America has an almost unlimited supply, but Scotland produces -the finest and most esteemed. In size they vary considerably, like all -skin supplies, but a most useful skin for binders' use will contain -about 11 to 12 square feet. Slow oak-bark tanning is most suitable -for this class of skin. Sumach may with advantage be employed after -tanning to prepare them for the "dressing" or "finishing" process, but -no mechanical or chemical means should be employed to overcome a too -gristly nature, otherwise its unique capacity to withstand the act of -attrition is proportionately decreased, or if some similar means are -adopted to attain evenness of shade in dyeing, the same result may be -expected: therefore, so far as it is practicable, this skin should be -used in its natural state, if full durability is required. - -Pigskins containing 11 to 12 square feet may be purchased, according to -their quality and degree of manufacture, from 8d. to 1s. 4d. per square -foot. - - - - - CHAPTER IV. - - The Repairing and Binding of Books - for Public Libraries. - - BY - - CYRIL DAVENPORT. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - - -What with bad paper and bad leather, the librarian of the present is -confronted with two serious problems. In spite of the Society of Arts' -adverse criticism in 1898, much paper is still made of mechanical -wood pulp, and more badly overloaded with clay, in both cases -causing much anxiety and expenditure to the librarian who attempts -to cope successfully with the defect. The soft, spongy leaves, like -blotting-paper, that are chiefly composed of wood pulp, can best -be dealt with in the very expensive way of inlaying each page in a -surround of sound, true paper. But there is another expedient, which I -have not tried, which may to some extent be useful; it is to enclose -each leaf within a network of fine open silk net, made on purpose. In -either case re-sewing and re-binding is necessary. - -With regard to the clay-laden paper on which many books are -printed, the case is equally serious and equally costly. Fine -monotone illustrations produced by the half-tone method, and colour -illustrations produced by the three-colour process, are now always made -on this sort of paper, which has a beautifully fine and even surface. -The paper, however, will not allow any stitching to keep it in place, -so it rapidly falls out. Then it has either to be inlaid in a sound -paper surround or else entirely mounted on a sound piece of paper or -jaconet; and if there are many plates this involves re-binding and an -ugly thickening of the book. There is, however, a new method, which may -prove of real value: the actual print is made on a very thin paper, -which is at once laid down on a sound sheet. - -All these operations are expensive as at present provided for in most -libraries. They require great care and skill, and take a long time; and -it may safely be said that any trustworthy binder entrusted with such -work, which is quite out of the ordinary schedule, is fully justified -in charging highly for it. The necessary materials are, however, quite -simple, so that if there should be a skilled binder on the staff, all -such work can practically be done and counted at the cost of time-work -only--an immense saving. - -There are numerous other small accidents which befall books in all -public libraries about which the same things may be said--accidental -ink-spots, leaves crushed from a fall, torn places, cut places, damp -or wet marks found out in time; all these are expensive to send out -and cheap to do on the premises. Besides this, in many cases such as -ink-stains or wet an immediate treatment is often quite successful, -whereas a delayed treatment can rarely be so. - -All this comes under the category of small repairs; but there are other -matters which rank a little higher in the bookbinding world which can -also be easily and effectively done by a resident binder with few -appliances. In all libraries there are a number of pamphlets and thin -books which come under the usual binder's schedule at a fair price, -but which, if dealt with by the "stabbed" method on the premises, will -be equally strong at about one-third the cost. An ordinary octavo -periodical, measuring 10 by 7 inches, and 1-1/4 inches thick, can, with -the help of a cheap stabbing machine, be strongly and effectively bound -for about 10d., with boards, cloth back, paper sides, and lettered -in hand type on a paper label. I showed a specimen to the Library -Association on Dec. 18, 1902, when I read a paper on the subject, and -it was much approved. I do not advise the stabbing for a book of value, -but it does admirably for unimportant books, and is quick and easy to -do. - -It might be worth pointing out that in binding in this way a collection -of pamphlets of the same size, the collection can easily be taken -to pieces for insertion of a new piece, if required, without further -injury to the pamphlets already stabbed. - -Next to this comes binding proper, books sewn with sewn-in bands or -flexible, then properly forwarded and finished. This is all skilled -work, and if any library is able to afford it there is no question but -that a large saving would be effected, both in money and in efficiency, -if it would set up a small bindery of its own. I think, however, that -it would not be wise to set up such a bindery unless some member of the -superior staff has gone through the binding shops and is able to bind a -book properly himself. [N.B.--In London the practical knowledge is very -difficult to obtain, as the Technical Education Board of the London -County Council does not admit amateurs.] Without this knowledge it is -impossible to know whether a book is truly or fraudulently bound. - -A very common fault is that binders will not draw the ends of the bands -of a book properly in to the boards. They cut off the ends of the bands -or scrape them so thin that they are of no strength--this is done so -that the joint should look quite flat. The result is that when the -cloth, buckram, or leather with which the back is covered, gives way, -off come the boards; the book is then sent to a binder, who sticks a -new strip of leather along the back, and letters it, and charges the -same as for re-binding, the operation is done by one's own binder with -own leather, costing about a few pence only. In a properly forwarded -book with the bands properly drawn in, the boards are very securely -fastened and may well remain so for hundreds of years, irrespective -of whatever substance is used to cover the back. If the sewing of an -old book is still sound, but the ends of the bands are broken off, -new bands can be added by means of tape glued over the old ones and -then fastened on to the boards and properly covered with a new bit -of leather. Sometimes when they are sound, the remaining ends of old -bands will bear a new bit sewn on to them. In all repairs care should -be taken to match any old leather that can be retained as nearly as -possible. The proper sewing and forwarding of the book is the integral -part of the binding, the outer covering is of little real use except -for the protection of the threads which in the case of a flexible sewn -book would soon wear through if not enclosed. The outer covering of -a book, however, has great decorative possibilities and has been for -centuries a much valued field for designers, jewellers, enamellers, -goldsmiths, and workers in blind and gold tooling. Much fine decorative -work done on modern calf and bright coloured leathers will probably -perish in a very few years. - -The question, therefore, of quality and soundness of the leather used -for covering the proper sewing of a book is of much importance. There -is strong need for sound leather, which is difficult to get, and -ordinary persons, even bookbinders and librarians themselves, cannot by -a simple inspection discriminate between new good leather and new bad -leather because there is no apparent difference. - -We are in the hands of our leather merchants, and although several -firms are now willing to sell leathers under guarantee of freedom -from sulphuric acid, all are not yet so inclined. I should advise -all librarians who do their own binding to accept no leather without -a written guarantee of freedom from sulphuric acid, and even then I -should send a cutting to Dr. Parker for examination. - -With regard to the trade aspect of employing a binder directly to work -on a time agreement, I am authoritatively informed that, provided the -workman is paid the full trade union wage, and properly located, there -is no objection to his employment in this manner. On the other hand, -as I have hinted before, I think that such a workman requires some -skilled supervision, so here, again, I would urge that in every library -one of the superior staff should be a competent binder himself. Given -such a skilled supervisor and a small body of skilled binders under his -authority, there is no doubt whatever that much money would be saved -in the administration of any library, and a multitude of invaluable -small repairs would be possible, which under ordinary conditions must -be left alone to accumulate and get worse and worse. - -I am pleased to say that there are already valuable corroborations of -this view in actual working, and I am permitted to cite the case of the -Hull Public Library, whose report on the binding for 1901 is before me. -During this year I find that the work done comprised-- - - 3,024 volumes bound (all sizes, average 1s. 6-1/5d. per volume). - - 247 volumes re-sewn (with new sides to 113 volumes). - - 306-1/2 dozen volumes lettered and 114-1/2 dozen volumes - alterations in numbers. - - 46 reading cases made. - - Repairs, maps and sundries. - - The cost of the above work was-- £ s. d. - WAGES 210 4 4 - MATERIALS-- £ s. d. - Millboards 25 8 4 - Cloth 11 2 4 - Tapes 3 3 0 - Paste and glue 3 16 6 - Calico 7 10 2 - Gold leaf 4 9 3 - Leathers 41 8 6 - Thread 5 2 1 - Gas, carriage, &c. 9 8 6 - End papers 7 8 6 - ---------- 118 17 2 - ------------ - £329 1 6 - ============ - -The mere enumeration of these materials shows the immense value of the -system, enabling the administration to accomplish numbers of small -repairs, each of which would have cost very much more if they had been -done by an outside bookbinder. - -The report for 1902 is similar, but the sum spent is £396 1s. 11d., and -the work done was-- - - 3,756 volumes bound (all sizes) average 1s. 7-1/3d. per volume. - - 6,901 volumes lettered and 1,098 volumes alterations in numbers. - - Maps mounted and repairs. - -In 1903 we find an expenditure of £397 7s. 4d., and work done-- - - 3,465 volumes bound, all sizes (1s. 8-1/7d. per vol.). - 633 " re-cased. - 1,697 " repaired and glued up. - 3,241 " numbered, and 224 volumes numbers altered. - 77 reading cases made. - 50 boxes for application forms made. - 589 sheets of ordnance maps mounted and repaired. - -The increased cost in binding "is principally owing to extra labour -incurred in preparing the books for sewing, necessary in consequence -of the poor quality of paper on which books are now printed, and the -method of sewing adopted by publishers." - -Here we begin to find the result of the bad paper of to-day, and -we must also note the warning to publishers contained in the last -paragraph. I can thoroughly endorse it, and I know that nine out of ten -new books are so badly put together that it takes a long time and much -trouble to pull them to pieces before they can be properly sewn. - -For 1904 there is an expenditure of £416 16s. 6d., and the work -done--4,352 volumes bound (average cost 1s. 8-1/2d. per vol.), and -various items of mounting ordnance maps, always a very expensive -operation, re-sewing, lettering, and miscellaneous repairs, all very -necessary and, if sent out, very costly. It will be noted that the cost -of binding per volume is steadily increasing, and this not because the -work is better done, but because of the bad quality of the paper and -sewing as sent out by publishers. Books are sent out fastened by little -wire clips, which rust, and have to be very carefully extracted before -a book can be properly sewn. These little clips are abominations, and -the process of removing them, however carefully done, is likely to -cause damage which must be repaired in its turn. Then machine sewing -has not yet reached its final stage; there is a difficulty about the -return of one of the threads, and it is clumsily brought back by -tearing through the upper and lower extremities of each section. This -damage is glued up and hidden by a head-band stuck on, but when the -book is pulled so that it may be properly sewn, the torn parts have to -be laboriously mended. - -My thanks are due to Mr. William F. Lawton, the librarian of the Hull -Public Libraries, who has most courteously given me the particulars -I asked him for; and he tells me further that his books are all -half-bound, mostly in sealskin--a very valuable leather; also that he -is getting a far better binding both as regards the quality of the -materials used and the highest average he mentions, 1s. 8-1/2d. per -volume for a satisfactory binding must be something of a revelation to -most librarians, whose average, even if they employ the cheapest binder -in their neighbourhood, must be very much higher than this, and in all -likelihood the work and materials not in any way near the same standard -of excellence. - -There is another point about an old library which is of much -importance, and for which the services of a regular working binder are -invaluable. This is the periodical cleaning and polishing of books. -It is no use to try to clean old books with water; it will do more -harm than good. But until some competent chemist chooses to suggest -a proper dressing, it will be found that a good furniture polish is -excellent for the purpose. Among the several skilled members employed -in my library, one of the best is always cleaning and polishing old -books; in fact, old leather really requires some sort of feeding to -keep it in sound condition, and the state of perfect repair in which -numbers of 15th century books and books of about that date still -are is a remarkable testimony to the excellence of old systems of -preparing leather and its permanence if carefully kept. Calf, vellum, -and goat-skin all last splendidly, but all do better if kept in the -dark and under glass; and it must never be forgotten that damp is one -of the worst enemies of both paper and leather. Bookcases should never -touch an outer wall, but a ventilation space should always be left -between the wall and the back of the bookcase. This should even be done -when the bookcase abuts on an inner wall. Bookshelves should never be -cleaned or washed with water--only use furniture polish; and vellum -books should be kept with their backs inwards, the title, if necessary, -being written on the fore-edge. Old vellum books were usually kept so -in olden times, as light makes vellum brittle like egg-shell. - -Books should be close enough on a shelf to support each other; they -should not be allowed to flop about; if they are there will be a -tendency to fall away from the upper bands, especially in the case of -large books. A simple angle iron, the lower wing being inserted under -the last few books on a shelf not full, will enable the books to be -kept always at the proper lateral pressure. - -Big books, such as newspapers, should have a strong handle loop of -leather bound in, coming out about the middle of the back. - - - - - CHAPTER V. - - Specification for the Fittings of a - Small Bindery. - - BY - - F. J. WILLIAMSON. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - - -The following practical hints may be found useful when repairs are -required to books in libraries. It is, however, necessary that the -librarian or his assistants should gain some technical knowledge of -bookbinding, as this will enable them to execute small repairs, which, -if promptly done, will probably prevent the expense of rebinding. - -The repairing room or small bindery should be not less than 12 feet -square, and should have a good natural light. The "plant" required will -be as follows:-- - - Approximate - Cost. - ------------ - £ _s._ _d._ - One cutting press, plough, pin and two knives 1 12 0 - One close tub and cover 1 15 0 - One stabbing machine 1 8 0 - One sewing press and keys 0 10 0 - One pair of millboard shears 0 18 6 - One pair of shears 0 2 6 - One paring knife 0 0 7 - One cutting-out knife 0 0 7 - One backing hammer 0 2 6 - One knocking-down iron 0 3 6 - Two bone folders (thin and thick) 0 0 10 - One paste tub 0 3 0 - One glue pot 0 3 0 - Two paste brushes (small and large) 0 5 0 - Two glue brushes (small and large) 0 5 0 - Two pairs of backing boards (octavo and folio) 0 2 0 -[A]Two pairs of pressing boards (quarto and folio) 0 7 0 - One iron nipping press, 18 by 12 5 5 0 - or - One wooden nipping press, 18 by 12 1 15 0 - One ragstone 0 0 5 - One sandstone 0 0 3 - One steel straight-edge 0 2 0 - One square 0 2 0 - One wooden trindle 0 0 6 - -[A] A few stout millboards of the same size as the wooden pressing -boards will be required for placing between the books when more than -one book is pressed at a time, the wooden pressing boards being used -for the top and bottom books. These can be made by pasting together two -tenpenny millboards; line each side with stout smooth paper, trim the -edges of the boards, so that they are square. - - -_To repair torn leaves._--Paste the edges of the parts torn very -neatly, using a little paste, place a piece of tissue paper under the -torn part, carefully join the parts, and place another piece of tissue -paper over the joint; then place a piece of paper each side of the -leaf, and put a weight upon it until the part is dry, then take away -the loose tissue paper. - - -_To insert a loose leaf._--Flatten the back edge of the leaf, then -place a strip of paper about 1/8 inch from the edge, and paste that -part very neatly, insert it in the book, placing it as close to the -back as possible, close the book, and place a weight upon it for about -three hours. - - -_To replace books in their covers._--If the cover of a book is sound, -the book can be inserted again in the following manner:--If it is -necessary, re-sew the book on tapes, put new end papers made with a -strip of wide linen in the fold, sew these on the book and trim them, -paste the tapes on the end papers, knock up the edges of the book as -evenly as possible (as they will not be cut) and glue the back, using -the glue sparingly, and place a thin piece of linen round the back -extending about 1 inch on each end paper; put the book under a weight -until the glue is almost dry, then "round" it and afterwards "back" it -slightly; place the book again under a weight until the glue is quite -dry, glue the back again, and place the book squarely in the old cover; -place a piece of paper round the back of the cover, and rub it down -with the bone folder until the back of the cover sticks well to the -book. After about three hours the glue will be dry, and the book can -then be pasted down; open the covers and paste the end paper facing the -board, using the brush from the centre to the edges; close the covers -and put the book in the nipping press--the pressing boards should be -placed carefully against the grooves and not upon them; leave the book -in the press for about twelve hours. When a book does not require -re-sewing, new end papers should be made as stated and sewn on the book -if it has been sewn on tapes; if the book has not been sewn on tapes, -the end papers should be edged on in the same manner as the loose leaf, -and in these instances the linen should be placed in the fold of the -end papers. - - * * * * * - -Old books which have been bound in leather generally require repairs to -the corners and the back, these being the parts which first show signs -of decay. Carefully cut away the ragged edges of the old leather along -the joints at the back and also the corners; strip the leather off the -back and soak it off if necessary, so that the back is quite clean; -also take away the old leather from the corners, lift up the edges of -the leather along the joints and also at the corners about 1 inch, turn -the leather back, and place a thin piece of wooden trindle under the -fold, and pare the edges of the leather neatly; if the millboard at the -corners is broken, open the edges and rub in some glue, press the edges -together, and, when nearly dry, hammer them flat on the "knocking-down -iron," obtain some leather to match the old binding, put a new back, -also corners where necessary, on the book, paring the edges of the -leather neatly; after these are quite dry, the edges of the old leather -should be pasted down to overlap the new leather; wash any smears of -paste away, and press the book lightly in the nipping press; new end -papers should be edged in as in the case of the loose leaf: trim them -to the size of the book and then paste them down, but with the boards -open until they are quite dry; place either a tin or a glazed cardboard -inside the covers, and keep the book pressed in the nipping press for -about six hours. - - - - -INDEX. - - - Acetic Acid. _See_ Acids, organic. - Acids, mineral, 20, 21 - ---- ---- _See also_ Sulphuric acid. - ---- organic; sulphuric acid substituted for, 8, 9 - ----, ---- Use of, advocated, 21 - Aniline dyes. _See_ Leather, dyeing. - Athenæum Club Committee on leather decay, 11 - - Binderies, private; fitting and administration, 41-54 - Binding contracts, 13, 24, 25 - Binding specifications, model, 25 - Bookbinding, education in, want of provision for, 43 - Bookbinding in Public Libraries. _See_ Binderies, private. - Bookbinding leathers. _See_ Leather; _and under names of skins_, - _e.g._, Goatskin, &c. - Book cleaning and polishing. _See_ Leather preservative compositions. - Books; replacing within covers, 43, 52, 53 - Book-sewing; stabbing process for pamphlets, 42, 43 - ---- ---- Modern methods, 43, 44 - - Calvert, C., on decay of leather, 11 - Catechol tannins condemned. _See_ Tannins. - Calfskin, 26, 36 - Cockerell, D.: Note on Bookbinding, 25 - - Damp, influence upon leather, 27, 48 - Davenport, C.: "Repairing and Binding of Books for Public Libraries." - Chap. IV., 41-48 - Decay of leather. _See_ Leather, decay. - Dyeing leather. _See_ Leather, dyeing. - - Formic acid. _See_ Acids, organic. - - Gas fumes; influence upon leather, 11, 12 - Goatskin, 26, 34-36 - Graining, artificial, of leather. _See_ Leather, artificial graining. - - Heat; action upon leather, 11, 12, 27 - Hogskin. _See_ Pigskin. - Hull Public Library; Reports on private bindery, 45-47 - Hulme, E. W.: "History of Sumach Tanning, &c." Chap. I., 7-14 - - Jones, A. S.: "Provenance, &c., of Bookbinding Leathers." - Chap. III., 31-38 - - Lactic acid. _See_ Acids, organic. - Lawton, W. F. _See_ Hull Public Library. - Leather, artificial graining of, 10, 22, 31 - ---- bindings; conditions for preserving, 27 - ----, decay of; history, 10-12 - ----, ---- symptoms, 13, 14 - ----, ---- reasons, 18-24 - ---- dyeing; old and new systems compared, 9, 20, 21 - ---- early manufacture, 17 - ---- finishes, 24 - ---- preservative compositions, 27, 47, 48 - Leathers, retanned; process described and condemned, 22-24 - ----, ---- conditionally recommended, 34, 35 - ---- split, 22, 26, 33 - Leathersellers' Company; supervision of sumach tanning in 1565, 7 - ---- ---- Grant to Society of Arts' Committee, 12 - Light, influence upon leather, 27, 48 - Lopez, R., original of "Shylock", 7, 8 - - McBride, Dr., introduces use of sulphuric acid in 1768, 8, 9 - Morocco grain, 35 - ---- ---- artificial. _See_ Leather, artificial graining of. - Moroccos. _See_ Goatskin; Niger skin; Leathers, retanned. - Myrobalans, duty on, in 1660, 8 - - Niger skin, 34 - - Oxalic acid, use of, by binders, 14, 24 - - Paper, clay-loaded, mounting, 41, 42 - Parker, J. G.: "Causes of Leather Decay." Chap. II., 17-27 - ----, ---- appointed Analyst to the L.A., 12, 13 - - "Persians." _See_ Leathers, retanned. - Pigskin, characteristics, &c., 26, 37, 38 - ---- decay, 14 - Pyrogallol tannins. _See_ Tannins. - - Russia leather, 26 - - Sealskin, 26, 37 - Sheepskin, 26, 31-33 - "Shylock," original of, 8 - Skivers. _See_ Leathers, split. - Society of Arts' Committee on Leathers, appointment, 12 - ---- ---- ---- Recommendations, _passim_. - Sound Leather Committee; appointment, 12 - Spanish leather, sumach-tanned, 7 - Stationery Office. _See_ Binding contracts. - Sulphuric acid, first used in 1768, 8, 9 - ---- ---- _See also_ Acids, mineral. - Sumach tanning, history, 7, 8 - - Tannins; pyrogallols distinguished from catechols, 19, 20 - - Vellum, 26, 48 - - Williamson, F. J.: "Specification for the Fittings of a Small - Bindery." Chap. V., 51-54 - Woodward, C. T.: Experiments on action of gas fumes and heat, 11 - - - - -ADVERTISEMENTS. - - -INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. - - - _Bookbinders_: - Banting, George F., x - Birdsall & Son, xi - Bookbinders' Co-operative Society, Ltd., xii - Chappell, R. D., & Co., xii - Eyre & Spottiswoode, xiii - Gray, John P., & Son, xiv - Mudie & Co., x - Riley, B., & Co., Ltd., ix - Smith, W. H., & Son, xii - - _Leather Analysis_, ii - - _Leather Importers_: - Gray, John P., & Son, xiv - - _Leather Manufacturers_: - Bevingtons & Sons, iii - Deed, John S., & Sons, Ltd., v - Garnar, James, & Sons, vii - Gibbs, Geo., & Son, vii - Gryffe Tannery Co., ix - Meredith-Jones, J., & Sons, Ltd., vi - Muir, John, & Son, iv - Richardson, Edward & James, v - - _Leather (Bookbinding) Merchants_: - Eyre & Spottiswoode, xiii - - _Leather Trades Review_, viii - - _Sumac Importers_: - "Tiger" Sumac Co., x - - -When corresponding with Advertisers, please mention -"LEATHER FOR LIBRARIES." - - - - -_Leather Analysis._ - - -_Under an arrangement entered into between the Council of the Library -Association and Dr. J. Gordon Parker, their Official Examiner of -Leather, the following Scale of Fees has been agreed upon:--_ - - Special Fee - Usual Fee. to Members. - -------- ----------- - £ _s._ _d._ £ _s._ _d._ - Test for Presence of Injurious Acids 0 10 6 0 5 0 - Quantitative Estimation of Acids 1 1 0 0 7 6 - Nature of Tannage, if Pure Sumach 0 10 6 0 5 0 - Full Microscopic Examination 1 1 0 0 5 0 - Full Examination and Report on - Sample of Leather 2 2 0 1 0 0 - - Samples of Leather, not less than six square inches, may now be - sent to - - Dr. J. GORDON PARKER, - Herold's Institute, - Drummond Road, - Bermondsey. - - _Correspondence on above may be addressed to the Hon. Sec., Sound - Leather Committee of the Library Association, Whitcomb House, - Whitcomb Street, W.C._ - - - BEVINGTONS & SONS, - NECKINGER MILLS, - Bermondsey, London, S.E. - -_Manufacturers of--_ - - [Illustration] - - _Seal Leather for Books,_ - _Calf leather for Books,_ - _Goat leather for Books,_ - _---- and ----_ - _Sheep Leather for Books._ - - Guaranteed Sumach-Tanned and - free from Mineral Acids. - - --> EVERY SKIN STAMPED. <-- - - _See Samples of our Goat, Seal, and Calf (1-4) - on End Covers._ - - * * * * * - - - PIGSKIN - - FOR - - BOOK BINDING. - - MUIR'S - - [Illustration: PIGSKIN] - - BEITH.N.B. - - -We first introduced this material to the notice of Bookbinders some 25 -years ago. Since then it has steadily increased in popularity, as its -durability and utility have been demonstrated by this test of a quarter -of a century. - -_WHEREVER HARD WEAR IS WANTED PIGSKIN IS THE RIGHT THING IN THE RIGHT -PLACE._ - -It is not a fibrous substance as other leather is, but naturally of a -compact, gristly character. When skilfully tanned and treated for the -purpose, it unquestionably is the best of bookbinding leather. - -See Sample of our Pigskin on End Cover. - -Available in all colours and substances. Please write for full -particulars. - - - JOHN MUIR & SON, - TANNERS AND CURRIERS, - BEITH, SCOTLAND. - (_Established a Century ago._) - - Offices: 3, ARUNDEL STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. - Telephone: - 4669 GERRARD. - - Pigskin Tyre Factory for Vehicles and Motors: - 183, BOW ROAD, LONDON, E. - - * * * * * - - - JOHN S. DEED & SONS, _Ltd._ - Manufacturers of - Best Quality Sumach-Tanned - MOROCCOS AND CALF - - And other Classes of Bookbinding Leathers. - Factories { Eagle Leather Works, Mitcham and Carshalton, Surrey. - { Middlesex - - Arthur Street, London, W.C. - - _All Communications to be addressed to Central Works and Offices_ - 91, NEW OXFORD ST., LONDON, W.C. - - * * * * * - - - FINE LEATHERS FOR BOOKBINDING. - -[Illustration] - - Speciality ... - SEALS. - CAPE GOATS. - COLOURED CALF. - -[Illustration] - - Makers also of Best Flexible Skin Glue and - .. Roller Compo. .. - - EDWARD & JAMES RICHARDSON - ELSWICK LEATHER WORKS, - NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. - - * * * * * - - - J. MEREDITH-JONES & SONS, Ltd., - CAMBRIAN - LEATHER WORKS, - WREXHAM. - - MANUFACTURERS OF - - Bookbinders' - Leathers. - - Guaranteed to be dressed on the lines recommended by the Society - of Arts Report, and free from Mineral Acids. - - SPECIALITY: WELSH SHEEP. - See Sample of our Sheepskin on End Cover. - - _Patterns and Prices on application._ - - - * * * * * - - AN EFFECTIVE BINDING! - - _SKIVERS._ - - Sumach-Tanned Split Sheep - and Lamb Skins. - - SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR POCKET EDITIONS - AND SMALL VOLUMES. - - ONLY ENGLISH AND SCOTCH SKINS USED. - - JAMES GARNAR & SONS, - The Grange, - BERMONDSEY, LONDON, S.E. - - * * * * * - - - GEO. GIBBS & SON, - 29, ST. BRIDE STREET, LONDON. - - FACTORIES:-- - MITCHAM COMMON, SURREY, - AND - LONG LANE, BERMONDSEY. - - MANUFACTURERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF - COLOURED HIDES, CALF, MOROCCO, ROAN, PIGSKIN, and - SKIVER LEATHERS. - - ALSO WHITE AND COLOURED VELLUMS, FORELS AND - PARCHMENTS FOR BOOKBINDERS. - - * * * * * - - - A JOURNAL IN EVERY SENSE OF THE TERM. - THE CHAMPION AND SUPPORTER OF THE TRUE INTERESTS OF - THE LEATHER TRADE. - - _"THE LEATHER - TRADES' REVIEW."_ - - THE ORGAN OF THE - _HIDE, TANNING, LEATHER - AND KINDRED TRADES._ - - A PRACTICAL AND THOROUGHLY UP-TO-DATE PAPER, - AND INDISPENSARLE TO ALL LEATHER MEN, - BOTH EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYÉS. - - _EVERY ISSUE WELL WORTH A WHOLE YEAR'S SUBSCRIPTION._ - - UNEQUALLED AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM. - - WORLD-WIDE CIRCULATION. - - TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES BY THE LEADING - EXPERTS IN ALL THE BRANCHES OF THE LEATHER INDUSTRY. - - LATEST AND MOST RELIABLE NEWS. - - ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: TEN SHILLINGS - (52 WEEKLY NUMBERS POST FREE). - - OFFICE: 24, MARK LANE, LONDON, E.C. - - * * * * * - - - PIG SKINS - IN THE CRUST - FOR - BOOKBINDING LEATHER MANUFACTURERS - - _Warranted Free of Mineral Acid._ - - GRYFFE TANNERY COMPANY, - BRIDGE OF WEIR, - Near GLASGOW, - _SCOTLAND_. - - Telegrams: "GRYFFE," Bridge of Weir. - National Telephone: No. 8, Bridge of Weir. - - * * * * * - - B. RILEY & Co., Ltd., - LIBRARY BOOKBINDERS - and SPECIALISTS. - - Best Work, Best Materials, and Promptness, with - Lowest Prices. - - PIGSKINS AND MOROCCOS - _Guaranteed free from Injurious Acid._ - - PATENT SEWING AND FLEXIBILITY. - - _Catalogues, Price Lists, and Quotations by return post._ - - NOTE ADDRESS:-- - Works: WESTGATE, HUDDERSFIELD. - London Office: 376, STRAND, W.C. - - * * * * * - - - Messrs. MUDIE & Co. - - _Undertake all Classes of Binding for either - PUBLIC or PRIVATE LIBRARIES.... - THE BEST WORK and BEST MATERIALS only. - No Imitation Leathers used...._ - - CHARGES FOR LARGE OR SMALL QUANTITIES ON APPLICATION. - - _Address MANAGER_, - BOOKBINDING DEPARTMENT, - MUDIE'S LIBRARY, - NEW OXFORD STREET, - LONDON. - - * * * * * - - - _IMPORTANT TO LIBRARIANS._ - - GEORGE F. BANTING, - Danemere Works, Danemere Street, Putney - (Hitherto trading as J. BANTING & SON, CHELSEA), - - _Specialist in Public Library Bookbinding_. - The only binder in London who has made a speciality of - Public Library Bookbinding. - - _Testimonials from Customers for Continuous Work for 18 years._ - BOOKS BOUND IN SOUND LEATHER AS PER SOCIETY OF ARTS RECOMMENDATION. - -A Trial Order will prove that Books Bound by me are "Bound once for All." - - * * * * * - - - Telegrams and Cables: "CLEANING, ECCLES." Code: A.B.C., 5th Ed. - Stores: LONDON. LIVERPOOL. - - THE "TIGER" SUMAC COMPANY. - "TIGER" REGISTERED BRAND. - THOMAS ATKIN, Proprietor. - ECCLES, ENGLAND. - - -Purity and 26 per cent. minimum Tannin guaranteed by I.A.L.T.C. Analysis. - Analyst, Dr. ANDREW TURNBULL, 3, Lord Street, Liverpool, whose - determination in every case must be final. - - Average Test of all our Shipments from September 1, 1904, - to July 31, 1905, =29·7=%, =or 14 per cent. beyond our guarantee=. - - _Free copy of Analysis given with orders for 10 Tons and upwards._ - - Shipments made c.i.f. from Palermo to any port in the world. - STOCKS KEPT IN LIVERPOOL AND LONDON FOR THE HOME TRADE. - - A SPECIAL SUMAC FOR THE FINEST LEATHERS. - - Agents--Messrs. POPPLETON, GIBBS & Co., 4-5, - Leather Market, London, S.E. -Sole Agents for Australia and New Zealand--Messrs. JAMES HARDIE & Co., - Melbourne. - - * * * * * - - - BIRDSALL & SON - _NORTHAMPTON_, - High-Class, General, and Miscellaneous - BOOKBINDERS. - - AN OLD-ESTABLISHED BUSINESS with a lengthened reputation, and in - the hands of the proprietors' family for the past 113 years. The - buildings now cover 20,000 square feet of ground. - - THE THOROUGHNESS of the old handicraftsman, with the skill of - modern expert workmanship. - - SOUND AND DURABLE ENGLISH LEATHER free from destructive acids. - - RELIURES DE LUXE and ART BINDINGS of the highest quality, either - to original designs, or as reproductions of early styles. - - PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIBRARY BINDINGS of every description. - Patentees of "Bibliofortis" Bindings for books subject to - exceptional wear. - - SPECIAL BINDINGS in general conformity with the specifications of - the Society of Arts. - - REPAIRING, REMOUNTING, and RESTORING of Old Bindings. Washing and - Repairing of Old Books. Imperfect Leaves made up in facsimile, - &c., &c. - - TWO FIREPROOF STRONG ROOMS for the better security of valuable - books. - - THE PERSONAL ATTENTION of the four Messrs. Birdsall is given to - the intricate and often difficult detail of this business. Their - efforts are seconded by a large and expert managing staff, so that - an exceptional amount of experienced supervision is available, and - a high standard of efficiency is thereby maintained. - - * * * * * - - - Messrs. W. H. SMITH & SON - EXECUTE ORDERS FOR ALL STYLES OF - BOOKBINDING - IN THEIR OWN WORKSHOPS - UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DOUGLAS COCKERELL - - THEY ARE MAKING A SPECIALITY OF CARRYING - OUT EXACTLY THE RECOMMENDATIONS - OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE SOCIETY - OF ARTS ON LEATHER FOR BOOKBINDING - - BOOKS FOR BINDING MAY BE HANDED IN AT ANY OF - W. H. SMITH & SON'S BOOKSTALLS OR BRANCHES OR SENT - DIRECT TO THEIR BINDING DEPARTMENT - - PAMPHLET & PRICE LIST SENT ON APPLICATION - - GOLDSMITH ST. DRURY LANE LONDON, W.C. - - * * * * * - - - _The Bookbinders' - Co-operative Society, Ltd._, - (With Co-partnership of the Workers.) - - 17, BURY STREET. - BLOOMSBURY, W.C. - Established 1885. - - The above Society is noted for sound, reliable work, and binds - for many public institutions, and also has an _extensive private - connection_. - - Special Terms quoted for School and College Libraries. - - NIGER MOROCCO BINDINGS A SPECIALITY. - - _Books Bound in accordance with Society of Arts recommendations._ - - All work entrusted to us is under the supervision of - Mr. J. WATSON, Manager. - - * * * * * - - - OUR "FLEXO" BOOKBINDING - - ensures STRENGTH, - DURABILITY, and - FLEXIBILITY: - Three important requisites. - - PORTFOLIOS of every description - made at the shortest notice. - - - MSS. carefully Bound. - - OLD AND RARE BOOKS Restored, - Washed, and Cleaned without use of - Acids. - - R. D. CHAPPELL & Co., - General Library Bookbinders, - 25, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, - LONDON, E.C. - - - * * * * * - - =Eyre & Spottiswoode's= - - _PURE SUMACH - TANNED LEATHER._ - - Supplied in a variety of colours. - - - Not only free from acid, but strengthened and enriched - by a process which fully satisfies the conditions prescribed - by the Committee of the Society of Arts. - - Analysed by Gordon Parker, and certified to be - pure Sumach tanned and free from acid. - - _Facsimile of [Illustration] _Stamped on every skin - Guarantee_ supplied._ - - Binding: undertaken in this Special Leather (as used for - the British Museum) at a nominal increase on - the rates charged for ordinary leather. - - EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, E.C. - - * * * * * - - -[Illustration] - - _Established 1847._ _Established 1847._ - Special Appointment. - -[Illustration] - - _Best Appointed Bindery in East Anglia_ - - SPECIAL ATTENTION TO LIBRARY BOOKS - - John P. Gray & Son, - _Artistic & General_ - _BOOKBINDERS_, - - Nat. Tel.: 0262. - _10, Green Street_, Cambridge. - - _NIGER MOROCCO_, _Being importers of this excellent Leather, - direct from Kano, Northern Nigeria, we are in a position to supply - the trade and public in general with good skins at reasonable - prices._ - - EARLY PARISH REGISTERS SKILFULLY RESTORED, &C. - -[Illustration] - - John P. Gray & Son's reputation is a guarantee for the best - Workmanship and Materials at Moderate Prices. - - -[Illustration: (4.) CALF.] - -[Illustration: (5.) SHEEP (ROLLER BASIL).] - -[Illustration: (6.) PIG.] - - -Transcriber's Notes - -In the text version, text in italics and underlined text has been -transcribed using the _underline symbol_. - -Text in bold has been transcribed with =equals symbols=. - -There is some inconsistent hyphenation. This has been left as printed. - -p.10. "since about 1860 skeepskin" changed to sheepskin. - -p.43. "books sewn with sawn-in bands" changed to sewn-in. - -Index. "Sulphuric acid 8,6" There is no marked p.6. It is most likely -that the reference is to p.9 and this has been corrected. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Leather for Libraries, by -E. Wyndham Hulme and J. Gordon Parker and A. Seymour-Jones and Cyril Davenport and F. J. 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WYNDHAM HULME, J. GORDON PARKER, A. SEYMOUR-JONES, - CYRIL DAVENPORT, AND F. J. 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Wyndham Hulme and J. Gordon Parker and A. Seymour-Jones and Cyril Davenport and F. J. Williamson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Leather for Libraries - -Author: E. Wyndham Hulme - J. Gordon Parker - A. Seymour-Jones - Cyril Davenport - F. J. Williamson - -Release Date: March 21, 2016 [EBook #51522] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEATHER FOR LIBRARIES *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Chris Jordan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/i_frontis1.jpg" width="500" height="242" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">(1.) GOAT.</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/i_frontis2.jpg" width="500" height="242" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">(2.) SEAL (BOLD GRAIN).</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/i_frontis3.jpg" width="500" height="242" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">(3.) SEAL (FINE GRAIN).</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1><span class="smcap">Leather for Libraries.</span></h1> - - -<p class="center p4">BY</p> - -<p class="center p2 ph2"> E. WYNDHAM HULME, J. GORDON PARKER,<br /> - A. SEYMOUR-JONES, CYRIL DAVENPORT,<br /> - <span class="f75"> AND</span><br /> - F. J. WILLIAMSON</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"> LONDON:<br /> - <span class="smcap">Published for the Sound Leather Committee of the<br /> - Library Association<br /> - by<br /> - THE LIBRARY SUPPLY Co.,<br /> - Bridge House, 181, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.</span></p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"> 1905.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="center ph2"> LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - -<p class="center"> CONSTITUTION OF THE SOUND LEATHER - COMMITTEE. -</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cyril Davenport</span>, <i>British Museum Library</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">J. P. Edmond</span>, <i>Signet Library, Edinburgh</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dr. J. Gordon Parker</span>, <i>London Leather Industries -Laboratory, Bermondsey</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">E. Wyndham Hulme</span>, <i>Patent Office Library</i>. (<i>Hon. -Secretary.</i>)</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2><a name="contents" id="contents"></a>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="TOC"> - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER I.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="2"><span class="f75">Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl vt spaceunder">History of Sumach Tanning in England, Degradation of - the Manufacture of Leather, and History of the Reform - Movement. By <span class="smcap">E. Wyndham Hulme</span></td> -<td class="tdr vb spaceunder"> <a href="#CHAPTER_I">5</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER II.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl vt spaceunder">The Causes of Decay in Bookbinding Leathers. By - <span class="smcap">J. Gordon Parker</span></td> -<td class="tdr vb spaceunder"> <a href="#CHAPTER_II">15</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER III.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl vt spaceunder"> Provenance, Characteristics, and Values of Modern - Bookbinding Leathers. By <span class="smcap">A. Seymour-Jones</span></td> -<td class="tdr vb spaceunder"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">29</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"> CHAPTER IV.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl vt spaceunder">The Repairing and Binding of Books for Public Libraries. - By <span class="smcap">Cyril Davenport</span></td> -<td class="tdr vb spaceunder"> <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">39</a> </td></tr> - - -<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER V.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl vt spaceunder">Specification for the Fittings of a Small Bindery. By - <span class="smcap">F. J. Williamson</span> </td> -<td class="tdr vb spaceunder"> <a href="#CHAPTER_V">51</a></td></tr> - - -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Index</span> </td> - <td class="tdr spaceunder"><a href="#INDEX">55</a></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="ph1"><i>The Bancroft Library</i></p> -<p class="ph2"> University of California · Berkeley</p> - -<p class="ph2 p4"><span class="smcap">The Roger Levenson<br /> - Memorial Fund</span> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span><br /> -<!-- <hr class="r15" /> --> -<span class="f90"> History of Sumach Tanning<br /> - in England, Degradation of the<br /> - Manufacture of Leather, and History<br /> - of the Reform Movement.</span><br /> - -<span class="p2 f75"> BY</span><br /> - -<span class="f90"> E. WYNDHAM HULME.</span> -</h2> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> - - - -<p class="ph2">CHAPTER I.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - -<p>The section of the leather trade to which this -Handbook relates is that concerned in the manufacture -of light leathers tanned with a pale tannage -preparatory to being dyed. Bark and most other -vegetable tanning substances leave a colour on the -skin which cannot be removed without detriment to -the durability of the leather; the retention of the -colour, however, detracts from the purity of the final -colour imparted by the dye. The reputation in the -past of the sumach-tanned Spanish leather was founded -upon this peculiar property of sumach of leaving the -skin white, and on this point the wisdom of the -ancients has been justified by the results of an exhaustive -series of experiments conducted by the Society of -Arts’ Committee, which have given to sumach the first -place in the list of tannages for light leathers.</p> - -<p>The date of the introduction of sumach tanning -into England may, with some show of probability, be -assigned to the year 1565, when a seven years’ monopoly -patent was granted to two strangers, Roger Heuxtenbury -and Bartholomew Verberick, for the manufacture of -“Spanish or beyond sea leather,” on the condition that -the patentees should employ one native apprentice for -every foreigner in their service. This stipulation indicates -that the industry was a new one. Following the -custom of the times, the supervision of the industry was -entrusted to the “Wardens of the Company of Leathersellers -in London.” Additional evidence of the use of -sumach at this period is afforded by another patent to -a Spanish Jew, Roderigo Lopez, one of Elizabeth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>’s -physicians. By way of settling her doctor’s bills the -Queen granted to Lopez, in 1584, an exclusive licence -to import sumach and aniseed for ten years. Besides -attending the Queen in his professional capacity, Lopez -was called upon to act as interpreter to the Portuguese -pretender, Don Antonio, on his visit to this island. As -the result of some misunderstanding with Antonio, Lopez -was induced to join a conspiracy nominally aimed against -the life of Antonio, but actually directed against the -Queen, and in 1594 Lopez expiated his crimes at Tyburn. -Those who are curious in such matters will be interested -to trace in the “Merchant of Venice” the re-appearance -of our sumach merchant as Shylock, while the name of -Antonio is boldly retained by Shakespeare for his hero -(Cf. S. Lee, “The Original of Shylock,” in the <i>Gentleman’s -Magazine</i>, 1880). After the arrest of Lopez, his grant -was continued to R. Alexander and R. Mompesson (Patent -Roll, 36 Eliz., p. 11). In the Charter of the Leathersellers’ -Company, dated 1604, “Spanish leather and other -leathers dressed or wrought in sumach or bark” are -mentioned. In 1660 the duty granted upon imported -sumach was fixed at 13s. 4d. per cwt. of 112 lbs., and on -dried myrobalans at 1s. 3d. per lb., thus disproving the -statement of Prof. Thorold Rogers in his “History of -Prices” (Vol. 5, p. 414), that oak bark was the only -tanning material used in England at this period. The -earliest description known to the writer of the process -of sumaching by sewing up the skins into bottles and -allowing the fluid extract to penetrate the fibre by -pressure, is to be found in 1754 in the “Dictionary of -Arts and Science” (Vol. 3, article “Morocco”).</p> - -<p>The first step in the degradation of the manufacture -of light leathers, though it at first affected the heavy -leathers only, was the introduction of the use of sulphuric -acid in 1768 by Dr. McBride of Dublin (<i>Phil. -Trans.</i>, 1778). By substituting a vitriolic liquor for -the vegetable acids obtained by fermenting bran, rye, or -other cereals, Dr. McBride claimed three advantages:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -(1) Absolute control over the degree of acidity of the -liquor, whereas organic souring was troublesome and -uncertain; (2) that the skins were “plumped” better -by the acid, and that the danger of injury to skins (by -bacterial action) was avoided; (3) that the process of -tanning was materially shortened. At all events, the -Doctor succeeded in convincing first the Dublin tanners, -and shortly afterwards their Bermondsey rivals, of the -superiority of his methods, which, as already stated, were -intended for heavy leathers only (<i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, -1797, article “Tanning”).</p> - -<p>Having once established its footing in the tanyard -the use of sulphuric acid was soon further extended. -With the introduction of aniline dyestuffs about 1870 -sulphuric acid came into universal use as a means of -clearing the skin before entering the dyebath. The -effect of the introduction of the coal-tar colours was to -revolutionise the dyeing of leather. Under the old -<i>régime</i> of the vegetable dyestuffs the few standard shades -of red, blue, olive, yellow, and black were obtained on -moroccos mordanted with alum, while bark-tanned calf -and sheep skins were, as a rule, left in their natural -browns and ornamented by sprinkling or marbling. The -wide range of colours offered by the new dyestuffs fascinated -the public, which accepted the new leathers -without question as to their durability. Librarians -began to insist upon accuracy and uniformity of shade, -regardless of the methods by which these results were -obtained. Yet, apart from the question of durability, it -is clear that brilliancy of colour has been purchased at -too high a price. Under the old system of dyeing a -thin superficial layer of colour was laid over the natural -white of the skin, thereby obtaining a variety and depth -of colour which is in striking contrast to the dead -uniformity of the colours of modern acid-bitten leathers. -Hence the reform of the manufacture of the light -leathers is supported by æsthetic as well as by practical -considerations.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> - -<p>Passing from the domain of chemistry to that of -mechanics, the Committee of the Society of Arts has -emphasized the need of a return to sounder and less -ruinous methods of dealing with leather; but their recommendations -are so clearly set out in their Report -that it is proposed here to touch upon one point only, -viz., the artificial graining of leather. The Committee -remark that, whereas many examples of sound sheepskin, -dating from the 15th century to the early part of the -19th century, had been brought to their notice, “since -about 1860 sheepskin as sheepskin is hardly to be found.” -Now, the decoration of leather by the impression of -patterns by mechanical pressure had long been known, -the lozenge pattern of early russia leather having been -effected in the 18th century by means of engraved steel -cylinders. But in 1851 it occurred to an ingenious -mechanic that, by means of the electroplate process, an -exact reproduction of the grain of the higher-priced skins -might be communicated to sheepskin or other inferior -leather whereby the selling value of the latter would be -considerably enhanced (Cf. Bernard’s Patent Specification -13,808 of 1851, and a modification of the same -process in No. 2,391 of 1855). From this date, therefore, -sheepskin disappears from view only to reappear as imitation -morocco, pigskin, or other higher-priced leather. -So perfectly does the counterfeit skin imitate the original -on the bound volume that the two can only be distinguished -with certainty by microscopic examination. -Librarians, therefore, must bear in mind that a familiarity -with the natural characteristics of the ordinary binding -leathers is no safe guide to the character of the leather -of a binding. The utmost that can be said is that the -leather is either genuine or else a remarkably good -counterfeit, a conclusion which, it is hardly necessary to -say, is not one of great value in practice.</p> - -<p>As might have been supposed, the rapid decay of -leather bindings in the 19th century, resulting from a -combination of the above malpractices, with the attendant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> -evils of heavy outlay upon rebinding, cropped margins, -and ill-matched sets upon the shelves, from time to -time attracted the attention of booklovers and bookbinders; -but their efforts to determine the causes of the -deterioration and to find a remedy have until recently -met with very little success. In 1842 the subject was -investigated by Professors Faraday, Brande, and others -on behalf of the Athenæum Club. This committee is -largely responsible for the “sulphur in gas” theory—a -theory which was never wholly true, even at a period -when the percentage of sulphur in coal gas was much -higher than at present (Cf. <i>Journal of the Society of Arts</i>, -1850-59, p. 215), and which now has ceased to have any -practical bearing upon the matter. It should be noted -that, in 1851, Crace Calvert, the well-known Manchester -chemist, came to a different conclusion. After pointing -out that decay in leather was observable in libraries, such -as the Chetham Library, in which gas had never been used, -he stated that the presence of sulphuric acid in leather -bindings was attributable to one or more of three causes: -(<i>a</i>) to the pollution of the atmosphere by consumption -of coal in the Manchester factories; (<i>b</i>) to the action -of gas fumes in unventilated rooms; (<i>c</i>) to the use of -sulphuric acid by the tanners; and he further expressed -his opinion that the seat of the disease would be found in -irregularities in the processes of tanning—in other words, -that the disease was aggravated rather than originated -by these first two causes (Cf. <i>Trans. Society of Arts</i>, -Vol. 51, pp. 120-22). Calvert’s views, however, met with -very little support. In 1877, at the Conference of -Librarians in London, a proposal was made that a -committee of librarians and chemists should deal with -the matter, but no effect was given to the proposal. Ten -years later a series of experiments on the action of gas -fumes and heat was undertaken on behalf of the Birmingham -Library by Mr. C. T. Woodward (<i>Library Chronicle</i>, -1887, pp. 25-29). Strips of leather exposed for 1,000 -hours to the action of gas fumes, at temperatures of 130°<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> -and 140° Fahrenheit, showed a mean absorption of sulphuric -acid of 1·78 per cent., accompanied by a marked -reduction in their stretching capacity and breaking strain. -The experiments on the action of heat alone were regarded -as inconclusive. Mr. Woodward suggested that -the Library Association should undertake the testing of -leathers, and that librarians should thereafter employ -only leather of a given standard; but once more nothing -was done. In the meantime the reputation of leather as -a binding material continued to dwindle; one leather after -another was tried, found wanting, and excluded from -library practice, while various leather substitutes—buckram, -art linen, and imitation leathers, gradually took its -place. It is due to the efforts of Dr. Parker and Prof. -Procter between 1898 and 1900 that the real facts of the -case have been brought to light. In the latter years an -agitation in favour of standard leather was set on foot by -Lord Cobham, Mr. Cockerell, Mr. Davenport, and others, -which resulted in the appointment by the Society of Arts -of a Committee on Leathers for Bookbinding, the cost -of which was met by a grant from the Leathersellers’ -Company.</p> - -<p>Upon the publication of the first report of the above -Committee in 1901 the subject was taken up by the Council -of the Library Association, and after several papers had -been read at the monthly meetings in London and elsewhere, -a Committee was appointed to ascertain how far -Members of the Association were prepared to accept a -common standard for binding leathers. For this purpose in -March 1904, close upon 1,000 circulars were addressed to -the libraries of the United Kingdom asking for a statement -of their views upon the following proposals, amongst -others, viz.: (<i>a</i>) that the Council should appoint an official -analyst; (<i>b</i>) that they should publish a handbook giving -to members of the Association such information as would -enable them to secure sound leather at a reasonable -price. The circular meeting with a favourable reception, -the Council invited Dr. Parker to draw up a scale of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> -fees for the analysis of leathers, and the scale having -been duly approved, Dr. Parker was at once appointed -analyst to the Association.</p> - -<p>Since the appointment of the Committee abundant -evidence has been forthcoming that at last the reform of -light leathers for bookbinding and upholstery is now in -sight. The efforts of the Committee have been warmly -seconded by the Press. In the recently concluded Government -binding contracts a clause has been inserted enabling -any department to obtain standard leather and rendering -the contractor liable to heavy penalties for infringement -of the conditions of this clause; yet the price paid for -bindings in this leather is only fractionally increased. -From the outset the Committee have been assured of -the support of the leading firms of leather manufacturers, -who have recognised that, if leather is to regain the -ground which has been lost, it must be by the adoption -of a common standard of manufacture and by the introduction -of honest trade descriptions in the retail trade.</p> - -<p>Hence where the provenance of the leather is declared -and the method of its manufacture supported by a written -guarantee from the leather manufacturer, the need for -periodical analysis of samples is less urgent. But where -the bookbinder is unwilling or unable to state the provenance -of his leathers recourse to chemical analysis is -the only safeguard. The librarian on his side will -materially assist the binder by limiting his demand to -leathers of a few standard shades and by abstaining from -insisting upon accurate matching to pattern. If the -piecing, panelling and lettering of serials is kept uniform, -a want of uniformity in the shade of leather is not of -much practical moment. In the meantime the librarian -should keep a vigilant watch for the following symptoms -of deterioration:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) General shabbiness and tenderness of leather, -especially at parts where the leather is strained -over the cords on the back or edges of the -boards. Probable cause: Sulphuric acid.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) Red rot in morocco. On friction the leather turns -to a red powder. Probable cause: A Persian -or East Indian half-bred sheepskin has been -supplied in place of goat.</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) Withering of pigskin accompanied by discoloration. -Probable cause: Over “pulling down” -of the skin in the “puering” process. If the -pigskin has been dyed in a bright shade, acid -also is present.</p> - -<p>(<i>d</i>) Deterioration and discoloration of smooth and -light-coloured calfskins, especially law calf. -Probable cause: Use of oxalic acid by the -bookbinder to remove grease marks, &c.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span><br /> -<!-- <hr class="r15" /> --> -<span class="f90"> The Causes of Decay in Bookbinding<br /> - Leathers.</span><br /> - -<span class="p2 f75"> BY</span><br /> - -<span class="f90"> J. GORDON PARKER.</span> -</h2> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="ph2">CHAPTER II.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - -<p>Why do modern leather bindings decay? Is it -possible to obtain a leather for bookbinding purposes -as good and as durable as the leather produced -from the 16th to 18th century? These are the two -problems which the Committee on Bookbinding Leather -appointed by the Society of Arts set themselves to investigate. -Fortunately we are able to solve both problems.</p> - -<p>In the olden days all skins were tanned with a liquor -made from either oak bark or sumach, and in some cases -a mixture of the two. The skins used by the tanner were -usually obtained direct from the butchers. After soaking -and cleansing they were then limed for a period sufficiently -long to loosen the hair. After the removal of the hair -and superfluous flesh and fat, the skins were washed in -several changes of fresh soft water to remove the excess of -lime, the process being assisted by working the skins over -on a beam with a blunt knife. When in suitable condition -they were brought into sour, old tan liquors. There was -no hurry, the skins being slowly tanned in weak infusions, -and when the process was complete, the leather was simply -washed free from superfluous tan, dyed with wood or -other vegetable dyes, rinsed free from excess of dye-stuff, -and dried out. The leather was afterwards softened -by stretching, and polished or glazed by brushing the -skin over with oil, soap, beeswax, or a solution of -some moss. Such leather lacked the high finish, the -regular colour, the bright shades of modern leather, but -it lasted fifty or one hundred years with hard wear, -and, under favourable conditions, appears to be almost -imperishable.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<p>The finish, or general appearance, of leather continued -to improve up to about 1850, but after that date some of -the bindings examined showed signs of rapid deterioration -in quality. This deterioration increased on bindings -subsequent to 1870, and probably 75 per cent. of the -leather used for bookbinding during the last twenty -years either has already decayed or will do so within a -comparatively short time.</p> - -<p>Now to deal with the answer to the first question, -Why do modern leather bindings decay? The chief -causes are as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>1. The introduction of tanning materials other than -oak and sumach, stronger in tanning, and more -rapid in their action. Many of these tanning -materials are unstable, and the leather produced -disintegrates on exposure to light and air.</p> - -<p>2. The use of dried and cured skins of variable soundness -imported from abroad. Goat, calf, and -sheep skins are imported into this country from -all over the world; some are simply dried in the -sun, some salted, whilst others are cured with -various ingredients.</p> - -<p>3. The use of infusions of acids and other bleaching -agents to produce bright and even shades of -colour.</p> - -<p>4. The use of sulphuric or other mineral acids for the -purpose of developing the depth of colour during -the process of dyeing.</p> - -<p>5. The shaving and splitting of skin for producing an -even substance.</p> - -<p>6. Printing and embossing grains upon leather, -together with other methods of finishing now in -common use.</p> - -<p>7. The stripping, scouring, souring, and re-tanning of -East India leathers (Persians).</p> - -<p>8. The removal of the natural grease or nourishment -of the skin.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<p>These eight causes, although by no means exhaustive, -are, however, the chief factors in the deterioration of -modern leather; and in as few words as possible I will -explain the reason of their introduction and effect.</p> - -<p>As the industry advanced there were found in different -parts of the world tanning materials other than oak and -sumach, some of which were two, three, or five times as -rich in tannin as oak, thus making infusions of greater -strength, and consequently of quicker action, with the -result that leather which formerly required from three to -six months to tan was turned out in almost as many days, -or, at the most, in as many weeks. It was not realised, -however, that these different tanning materials contained -tannins of different qualities, capable of producing quite -a different leather to that produced by means of oak or -sumach. The experts who spent months testing and -investigating this question came to the unanimous conclusion -that the speed of tannage or the strength of the -tanning liquor had very little to do with the wearing -qualities of the leather produced, but found that some -of these new materials contained tannins of a different -chemical nature from that of sumach, and that they -produced leather of an unstable character, some of the -leathers undergoing change in a few hours on exposure -to strong light and air. On the other hand, some of -the new tanning materials produced permanent leathers -practically equal to sumach. Those tanning materials, -therefore, which contained tannins of the catechol series, -including the tannins of hemlock, larch, quebracho, -mangrove, gambier, and turwar, were condemned, as all -these materials produce a leather which on exposure -to light and air turns first a red shade of colour and afterwards -develops what is now well known by bookbinders -and librarians as the red decay, where the leather crumbles -off on application of friction. On the other hand, tanning -materials of the pyrogallol class, such as sumach, galls, -divi-divi, myrobalans, oak, and chesnut, produce a leather -which is practically unaffected by light or air. Further,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> -it was found in every case where authentic bindings dating -from the 13th century onwards were examined the tanning -material used was one of this pyrogallol series. On the -other hand, leathers which showed the red decay were -in every case found either to have been tanned with -tanning materials of the catechol series, or were rotted -with acid.</p> - -<p>The second cause of trouble is the manufacture of -leather from skins from distant lands which have been -improperly or insufficiently preserved for export. It -often happens that the fibres have partly perished before -the tanner receives the skins, the resulting leather is -therefore poor, spongy, and partially perished, making -thin leather, which sometimes, on account of its thinness, -will cut up apparently economically for the binder, -but not economically for the librarian or the owner of -books, as the leather cannot possibly be as good or have -as long life as leather manufactured from a sound skin.</p> - -<p>Bright even shades and light fancy colours previous -to the introduction of acid bleaches were manufactured -from sumach-tanned skins only, sumach alone producing -a leather of a light cream colour, and therefore capable -of taking practically any shade of dye. Most other -tanning materials produced dark foundations, on which -it was practically impossible to dye any but a dark shade. -Gradually, however, manufacturers found leather tanned -with materials cheaper than sumach could be scoured -and bleached with acids, then re-tanned with sumach, -thus producing a light, even-coloured leather, which with -the dye produced light shades. The cheapest, and at the -same time the most effective, acid for this purpose was -vitriol or sulphuric acid. This, in common with other -mineral acids, combines with the leather fibre, upon -which it exercises a most disastrous and disintegrating -action, and to the use of this acid, either as a bleaching or -clearing agent in the tanning process, or in subsequent use -in developing the colour in the dye-bath, may be ascribed -the cause of decay of over 90 per cent. of modern bookbinding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> -and upholstering leather. It is impossible to -remove these acids from leather by any subsequent amount -of washing, or without the addition of some other chemical -to expel them. Recently the writer treated some -leather with sulphuric acid, and after cutting the leather -up into small pieces, washed the same in running water -for three weeks; at the end of that period the sulphuric -acid was still tightly fixed in the fibres of the leather.</p> - -<p>The introduction of aniline dyes instead of the older -process of wood dyes made a great change in the production -of bookbinding leather. Hundreds of new shades -of colour were produced, and the process of leather dyeing -was simplified and cheapened. But, unfortunately, -in the use of a certain class of these dye-stuffs the full -depth of shade could not at that date be produced upon -the leather except in the presence of an acid. Here, -again, therefore, sulphuric acid was introduced into the -leather during the process of manufacture, thus increasing -the proportion of leather which contained this -disintegrating material. It has frequently been stated -by leather dyers and others that a certain quantity of -sulphuric acid must be used with acid dye-stuffs, otherwise -the full depth of shade cannot be produced, and -they claim that without its use it is impossible to -produce certain brilliant shades of colour. These statements -have been proved to be devoid of foundation. -There are several substitutes for sulphuric acid which are -harmless in their nature. Among these I may mention -formic, acetic and lactic acids. These are organic acids -which have no harmful action on the leather; they are -easily washed out, and even if any trace of these acids -be left in the skin, they will evaporate. Formic acid -has even been proved to be cheaper than sulphuric, and, -moreover, is capable of developing equal shades in all -cases, and deeper and more brilliant shades of colour -with some dyes. For the present, however, bookbinders, -and especially librarians, are advised not to insist upon -brilliant shades of colour.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> - -<p>The introduction of the splitting machine and the -introduction of a machine for shaving leather has undoubtedly -tended to produce a large quantity of thin -leather, but it is impossible either to shave or to split -a skin without cutting the network of fibres, and the -strength of the leather cannot but be materially decreased. -Leather is made up of a complex system of fibres interweaving -and intertwining in every possible direction, and -even the small amount of paring carried out by the bookbinder -himself considerably impairs the strength and life -of the binding. How much more, therefore, does the -splitting and shaving that the tanner carries out in order -to bring the skin to an even substance destroy the strength -of the product.</p> - -<p>Sufficient has been written on the printing of morocco, -seal, and pig grains upon skins of an inferior class, but it -cannot be too strongly pointed out to librarians that -the strength of embossed leather must be impaired when -it is realised how the embossing and printing is carried -out. The skins to be embossed are coated over in the wet -state with a mixture of dye, size, and other materials, -and are then passed between two hot electrotype rollers. -This embosses or prints upon the skin the required grain; -at the same time it glues the fibres of the leather together, -preventing the free run which good skins should possess, -and the heat dries up the leather, reducing its strength -very considerably.</p> - -<p>I now come to the stripping, scouring, souring, and -re-tanning of leather. It is difficult to decide whether -more damage is done in this process or in the use of -mineral acids in the dye-bath; but it is certain that any -leather which is stripped of its natural tanning by use of -alkalies or bleached by an acid has lost at least 90 per -cent. of its wearing and lasting properties. Thousands of -dozens of skins in the rough tanned condition reach the -English market from India, Australia, New Zealand, and -other parts. These are tanned with quebracho, mimosa, -or some similar tanning material, whereas the Indian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> -skins are nearly all tanned with turwar bark and are -of a reddish-fawn shade of colour. These are purchased -by the leather finishers, and are manufactured in England. -In order to get rid of the reddish colour they are first -soaked in water and afterwards drummed in a weak -solution of washing soda, borax, or some similar alkali. -This removes the uncombined tan from the skin, as well -as taking out the natural grease. The skins emerge from -the drum a dark mahogany colour; they are then washed -in water and afterwards soured in a sulphuric acid bath. -This bleaches the skin to a light bright shade. The -finisher then, in order to put back tannin into the skin -of a light colour, re-tans them in sumach or a mixture of -sumach and oak. They are now known as re-tanned -skins; and after drying, are dyed and finished in the -ordinary manner. The sheep and goat skins are sold as -roans or moroccos, as the case may be, and, as a rule, no -indication is given that these are re-tanned skins. The -re-tanned Indian skins, however, generally leave the -factory as persian roans or persian morocco, but as the -skins pass from the manufacturer to the merchant, from -the merchant to the small dealer, the word “persian” -is generally omitted, and they reach the bookbinder as -moroccos or roans, as the case may be. Now this is the -most important point for the binder. I would go so -far as to say that it should almost be a punishable -offence to use either persians or re-tanned skins for -bookbinding purposes, as such leather cannot possibly -last ten years if exposed to light and air. Not only has -the scouring and alkali a perishing effect upon the -leather, but it is afterwards made worse by the treatment -with acid, a bleach, and the further addition of acid to -the dye-bath; added to which the alkaline treatment -removes the natural grease or nourishment of the skin, -and it is well known to those engaged in the leather -trade that the strength and life of a leather is at least -doubled by a proper nourishment of the leather with a -suitable fat. Therefore, if the whole of the natural fat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> -is removed, the leather rapidly dries, it loses its elasticity -and spring, the grain cracks, and after keeping in a dry -library for some time the backs break right off the books.</p> - -<p>I have dealt with the eight chief causes of premature -decay, but before passing to the other part of this paper -I must also deal with the weaknesses of the bookbinder -as well as those of the leather manufacturer, and, for -reasons stated above, absolutely condemn the undue -paring of leather, the bleaching of leather by means of -oxalic acid, and the use of patent finishes and glares, the -composition of which is in most cases a mystery, many -of them containing acids, others containing drying -agents which have almost as injurious an action upon -leather as the vitriol used by the tanner.</p> - -<p>To revert to my original thesis, it is not only possible -to obtain a leather as good as any leather manufactured -from the 16th to 18th century, but it is even possible to -get a better leather. Librarians, in drawing up their -binding specifications have only to do what the Controller -of H.M.’s Stationery Office is doing for the -libraries under his charge, viz., to provide under suitable -penalties that leathers supplied by the contractor shall -be equal to samples shown on pattern cards prior to -tendering for the contract, and in addition to insist -that such leathers shall conform to certain conditions laid -down in the Report of the Society of Arts’ Committee on -Bookbinding, which may be summarised as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>1. The binder undertakes not to use stripped and -re-tanned leather, whether persians (East Indian -skins) or from elsewhere, or to use leather -embossed or grained artificially to resemble -morocco, pigskin, &c.</p> - -<p>2. He guarantees (or undertakes to produce the -guarantee of the firm supplying the leather) -that all skins supplied (1) are genuine as -described; (2) are tanned with pure sumach or -galls, or in the case of calf or sheep with -oak bark, or mixtures of oak bark and sumach;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> -(3) that no mineral acid has been used either in -the process of tanning, bleaching, or dyeing, -and that the leather is free from acid or other -injurious ingredient; (4) that he will use no acid -to clear the leather in the process of binding.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Before drafting his binding specification the librarian -would do well to consult the excellent “Note on Bookbinding” -by Mr. Douglas Cockerell, published by W. H. -Smith and Son, at the price of 1d. Special attention is -drawn to the difference of the cost in binding according -to Specification I. and II. of the Society of Arts’ -Committee reproduced on pp. 20-22 of this pamphlet, -and to Mr. Cockerell’s remarks on pages 9, etc.</p> - -<p>The above stipulations should not make any substantial -difference in price per volume to those libraries -which already have been using high-class leather tanned -in sumach, but librarians who have hitherto been content -with persians, re-tanned Australians, and other cheap -classes of leather must expect to pay a higher price -for leather, properly tanned and guaranteed to last. -Several large firms of high reputation, who are now -catering for the bookbinding trade, have already turned -out thousands of skins of a satisfactory nature. These -firms are not only anxious to fall in with the requirements -of the Society of Arts’ Report, but are desirous of -removing the distrust which at present exists with regard -to leather, and to reinstate this article as being the -standard and natural covering for books. For permanent -wear, whether for books or other purposes, leather, -when properly prepared, is without a rival both for -appearance and durability. It is only for the cheaper -class of work that leather substitutes are formidable as -rivals.</p> - -<p>With regard to strengths of various leathers, it is -somewhat difficult to lay down a hard-and-fast rule, but -in general terms it may be stated that the strongest -leather made is pigskin. The fibres are tough, somewhat -coarse, but of great strength. The only danger is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -in the paring down of the skin previous to use in the -binding, and therefore, by reason of its thickness, it is -well to only use pigskin for the binding of large, heavy -volumes where a thick leather can be used without -detriment to the appearance of the book. Seal probably -comes next in strength. It is tougher than goat skin, -and, by reason of the quantity of natural grease which -these skins contain, will in most cases remain pliable and -wear longer than the average morocco. Seal is closely -followed by goat skin. A special feature of goat is the -hard grain which it possesses. This is specially to be -recommended where much frictional wear is given to the -book. Sheep and calf may be put on about the same -footing. Both are extremely pliable, but I think one -may safely state that books bound in sheepskin leather, -if that leather be from the cross breed, Welsh, or other -mountain sheep, will probably outlast calf skin. There -is no doubt that calf has got into disrepute largely on -account of the destructive processes used in the finishing -and production of the soft, smooth-grained calf, which -has of late years become so popular. Binders must -understand that the velvety finish can only be obtained -by an undue pulling down of the skin previous to the -tanning process or an undue paring on the part of the -binder. Both Russia leather and vellum, as binding -materials, have done good service in the past, but have -lost their old reputation for durability. For the present, -librarians are recommended to use these skins as little as -possible. A few words suffice to deal with skiver bindings. -These are the thin grain of sheep and sometimes calf, -and are at their best about equal in strength to thin notepaper, -their whole texture and fibrous structure having -been split off and their nature destroyed.</p> - -<p>It must be understood that the deterioration of -leather is not only caused by faulty manufacture or -improper treatment in the dye-house or finishing shop. -Good bindings of sound leather are frequently destroyed -by the neglect of certain elementary precautions on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> -part of the librarian. The subject is too large to deal -with fully in these pages, but librarians would do well -to study carefully the detailed report of the Society of -Arts’ Committee. But the following elementary rules -should be observed:—Books should not be exposed to gas -fumes, or to the direct rays of the sun; the temperature -of the library should not exceed 70° F., the upper strata -should be well ventilated, and a thermometer should be -hung on the same level as the top shelves in order to -advise the librarian whether the temperature is being -kept within reasonable limits. Freedom from damp is, -of course, an essential condition of library architecture.</p> - -<p>The question of leather preservative compositions is -dealt with in another chapter, but too much cannot be -said against the use of various decoctions which are sold -to librarians for coating and preserving leather bindings. -Many of these contain turpentine, which has a drying, -detrimental effect. Various other emulsions are on the -market, but although these give the leather a soft, -pleasant feel when applied, this soon dries up, the -leather becoming hard and liable to crack. There may -be some suitable ingredients for applying to leather -bindings, but I am of the opinion that if a library is -not allowed to get too hot, and a plentiful supply of pure, -dry air is always present, sound leather should require -no further preservative.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span><br /> -<!-- <hr class="r15" /> --> -<span class="f90"> Provenance, Characteristics,<br /> - and Values of Modern Bookbinding<br /> - Leathers.</span><br /> - -<span class="p2 f75"> BY</span><br /> - -<span class="f90">A. SEYMOUR-JONES.</span> -</h2> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> - - - -<p class="ph2">CHAPTER III.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - - -<p>To correctly locate the sources of skin supply suitable -for bookbinding is not easy, in consequence of -original breeds having been transplanted to equally -suitable climes over the seas. In many cases purity -of breed has been maintained, while in the majority, -deterioration has set in, due to desire for heavier beasts: -therefore the purposes of this chapter will be best met -if original breeds are described and their general <i>habitat</i> -located. The animals which furnish skins suitable in -quality and quantity to meet the increasing demands -of to-day are: sheep, goat, calf, seal, and pig or hog. -Other animals may produce skins good for bookbinding, -but a description of the foregoing will afford ample -illustration.</p> - -<p>The sheepskin takes first place in regard to quantity. -Probably more than two-thirds of modern commercial -bindings are represented by this much-abused skin, -which is frequently so skilfully manipulated as to -deceive even an expert, that it is not what it is represented -to be. After the pelt has been split or cut -in twain—the grain part after tanning being termed -“a skiver,” and the flesh after dressing designated -chamois—the former is so manipulated with dyes, -finishes, and embossing, that surface or grain detection -is extremely difficult, say, between a true morocco or -embossed skiver. Much of this so-called misrepresentation -has been created by the public, who order their -books to be covered in “leather,” which they are -pleased to think is morocco, or pig or seal, when reflection -should tell them that it cannot be genuine at -the price they have paid, often for book and binding<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> -complete. This “faking” is very largely accomplished -upon sheepskin, because it readily lends itself to such -alterations both by nature and price; but when such -leathers are employed they should be correctly described -by the binder. Sheepskins have a large place in the -commercial bookbinderies and affections of the public -at large, and there is no reason why they should not -only hold their ground, but succeed in displacing the -cloth imitations of leather; and, provided the skins are -selected from suitable breeds, they should find a place -in the binding of certain classes of books intended for -permanent reference in libraries.</p> - -<p>The sheep as a family are divided into two classes: -the Upland and Lowland breeds. The Upland class -inhabit the mountain ranges, and while possessing a short -firm wool, have a mass of close thick hair underneath. -Their habits and life make the character of meat and -skin approach a goat nearer than any other animal. -The parent stock are the argali or wild sheep of the -Himalaya, and the “Musmon” of the Andes and Sierra -Nevadas. Fuller particulars will be found in the -“Royal Natural History,” by Richard Lydekker, B.A., -F.R.S., Vol. 2, pp. 212 to 234. The Upland sheep of -to-day vary in purity or closeness to the parent stock -according to the source of supply. In certain Mongolian, -Arabian and Welsh sheep it is not easy to discriminate -between them and a true goat, after the wool has been -removed. It is the skins of such sheep that are suitable -for binding books in libraries where price and hard -wear are a consideration. Sheep-grazing countries -having high altitudes would be probable sources of supply -of such skins. Great Britain, through Wales, Cumberland, -Westmorland, and the Highlands of Scotland -provides many millions of skins a year to the cotton -spinning trade, for covering drawing rollers, an operation -calling for a hard-wearing grained skin.</p> - -<p>In practice it has been found that sheepskins yield -the most lasting results when tanned slowly in oak-bark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> -liquors; the product is a tighter and more solid skin -than when tanned in sumach, though sumach may -be used in given cases, or a combination of both. -Commercially valued, the upland sheepskins sell at -prices varying from 2-1/2d. to 9d. per square foot, when -finished according to the Society of Arts’ Bookbinding -Committee’s Report.</p> - -<p>The Lowland breed, commonly known as domestic -sheep (Ovis aries) are found wherever there are grazing -lands. In sheep grazing, the graziers’ “object” varies. -It may be the “wool or the flesh.” If the former, the -skin is usually unfavourable for binding purposes, while -if the latter, a large portion find their way to the -sheepskin splitters, who by machinery of considerable -delicacy split the skins into what are known in the -trade as grains and fleshes. The grains alone interest -us, being subsequently tanned into skivers. This class of -leather has its use in low-price trade bindings of flexible -character, and as such competes and compares in price -and durability successfully with any imitations.</p> - -<p>To make skivers suitable in wearing qualities it is -advisable to take the plain dyed class, reasonably stout, -tanned in sumach, and dyed without mineral acid, dried -out with a little stretch left in, and if they are required -as tough as it is possible to obtain a grain, a little -nourishing material may be used to advantage. By -following these lines it will reduce the risk of imitations. -Though “paste grain,” "long grain," and “glazed -skivers” will still find a market among binders, they -must not be classed among the “Imitations.” Skivers -are sold from about 1d. to 5d. per square foot.</p> - -<p>Before proceeding further it may be well to point -out that the skins from old or very young animals -should be avoided, although old animals are a rarity. -Exceptionally large skins in their class should be viewed -with suspicion, likewise very small ones. The former -may indicate weakness, and the latter want of maturity. -This must in practice have a general application.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> - -<p>The goat (Genus Capra) finds most favour as furnishing -a suitable skin among binders. This animal, in the -proper sense of the word “goat” exclusive, belongs to -the Old World, being confined to the area north of the -southern flanks of the Himalaya, though one species is -found in Egypt and another in Abyssinia, but quite unknown -in the remainder of Africa. In America the -term “goat” is applied to our ruminant. While being -essentially a mountain animal, goat breeding has become -a business to-day throughout the world, which has been -laid under contribution to supply the enormous demand -which has been created during the past twenty years by -the chrome glacé kid manufacturers, one maker alone -requiring 5,000 dozen skins per diem to keep his factory -running full. The skins generally employed for book -purposes are the European and Northern African supplies, -though many other sources are equally suitable. Goat -skins, on account of their firm nature are best tanned -in pure sumach (Sicilian). Time has conclusively proved -this point. In the Rylands Library in Manchester -(Eng.) are two heavy volumes bound in plain undyed -sumach-tanned goat-skins which were bound in Spain -in the 16th century, and are to-day in a perfect state of -preservation. The Niger skins (mixed goat and sheep) -which have found favour among certain bookbinders are -produced from a breed of Egyptian goats, tanned and -prepared by Nigerian natives with a species of nut-galls -which gives them that peculiar close, tight feel, and when -such firmness is required in European stock it may be -equally effectively produced with oak bark. The large -proportion of so-called moroccos offered to-day are made -from skins tanned in East India with a catechol tannin. -It is unfortunate that this tannage has failed to withstand -the tests supplied by the Scientific Committee -appointed by the Society of Arts on Bookbinding -Leathers, because it excludes from the Binding Trade -a very useful and cheap supply of pretty looking and -feeling skin ready to hand for finishing in moroccos.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> -While condemned for permanent library work—that is, -guaranteed leathers—the writer sees no reason why -such leathers may not safely be used for Lending Library -work, where the life of a binding is not expected to -run more than ten years, provided the surplus tan is -washed out and replaced by some nourishing material -(fat), and in all processes inorganic acids and alkalis are -avoided. Goat-skins differ from other animals mainly -in the pronounced grain formations, while the texture -of the skin is closer and firmer than a sheep, the grain -is harder, more scale like, the papillæ between which -the hair-holes are situate are most marked, and it is their -formation which produces during the operation of -“boarding” the grained morocco with its beautiful -nodules. If these nodules or grains are bold and large -it indicates a thick skin originally. Such grains cannot -be expected upon a thin skin—it implies either over-reduction -(shaving) in substance or embossing. Thin -skins will produce a small shortlike grain. If the grain -is fine on a large skin it may have been reduced too -much in substance, and thereby loses most of its -muscular structure and strength. It is necessary when -buying moroccos, which are not only expensive but are -expected to yield longevity and be hard wearing, to -obtain a manufacturer’s guarantee that the skins are -genuine goat (Genus Capra) and not mountain sheep -(Argali) or bastards, and that they have been prepared -in accordance with the Society of Arts’ Report on -Bookbinding. In value the moroccos vary considerably -in price, according to substance, size, quality, and -character. The skins are generally bought in the dry -pelt state with hair on at per lb., the large, plump, well-flayed -skins commanding higher prices than less favoured -ones. In this state it is difficult to detect grain faults, -consequently to the manufacturer it is somewhat of a -speculation, and unless he is well informed in his trade -he stands to lose heavily. Generally speaking the prime -clear grains go into bright colours at higher prices than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> -defective grains, which can be hidden by darker colour -with the aid of a suitable finish. For example, the colour -of the Niger skins previously referred to is an excellent -one for hiding grain defects. The amount of absolutely -perfect skins is small, but the remainder are good skins -in their class for half-bound work. The perfect skins -will realise up to 2s. 6d. per square foot, and according -to quality and colour the balance will range down to -8d. per square foot.</p> - -<p>Calf skins have long been favoured for bookbinding, -but through much variety of tannages and faulty selection -of skins have been brought somewhat into disrepute for -permanent work, but if prepared by slow tanning in oak -bark or sumach there is no reason why they should not be -reinstated. Undoubtedly the calf is favoured by Nature -with the finest and silkiest grains of all animals, and -though too tender for rough usage, is nevertheless, if suitably -nourished, capable of standing greater wear than -it is credited with. Calf skins for bookbinding are the -product of the domestic ox (Bos taurus), and as this -useful animal is bred the world over, we are not wanting -in supplies, nor is one land more favoured than another. -If the principle is accepted that small books require small -thin skins, as the books increase in size so should the skins -and substance, a great difficulty will be overcome, because -in buying calf one of the fatal mistakes made is the stipulation -that large skins must be thin. If this is insisted -upon they must be split or shaved of all their muscular -tissue till merely the grain or skiver is left. A reasonable -amount of shaving is permissible, but splitting is -disastrous. Calf skins are invariably free from grain -faults, so that for delicate shades of colour they are -particularly suitable. The grain does not lend itself to -any very definite formation in boarding (graining), therefore -calf by preference should be left smooth. In the -raw state they are purchased by the pound, and such -cost being a governing factor in selling, the price when -finished may vary from 8d. to 1s. 8d. per square foot.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> - -<p>The skins of seal (family Phocidæ) are most useful for -bookbinding, possessing special features, viz.: evenness -of quality throughout, there being no flanky or abdominal -parts, extremely durable and producing pretty grains -either coarse or fine, dependent upon the substance and -character of the skins. The sources of supply are Russia, -Norway, Spitzbergen, Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland, -the largest supply coming from the latter -place. Isolated supplies have been shipped from the -Falkland Islands and Antarctic. These are the true or -earless seals (family Phocidæ), commonly called hair -seals in contradistinction to the fur or eared seal (family -Otaridæ) which inhabit the Pacifics. As a leather for -bookwork when tanned with a pyrogallol tannage it is -soft and kind to the touch, having few equals and no -superiors. It is essentially a hard-wearing leather and -in this respect only equalled by certain classes of goat-skins -and pig or hog skins. The “grained” skins exhibit -a grain which sparkles in a manner which is peculiarly -characteristic and absent in other grained leathers. The -value of seal-skins, finished, ranges from 10d. to 2s. per -square foot. The former are useful for half-bound books.</p> - -<p>Finally, pig or hog skins have played an important -part in ancient bindings of all sizes, and proved their -great value as a hard wearing cover by coming down to -us in a remarkable state of preservation, even on very -heavy tomes. But, regretfully, some discredit has been -cast upon this splendid skin, partly due to ignorance in -manufacture, also to the very clever imitations. It is, -perhaps, one of the easiest skins to reproduce in its grain -features and solid character, though the imitations are -easily detected by immersing a piece of the suspected -leather in water until saturated, then pulling it out with -the hands to stretch when the grain, which is produced by -embossing, will disappear, while the true hog grain will -remain showing clear hair holes through from grain to -flesh. A hog-skin may be said to be practically fibreless, -approaching nearer to a piece of tough gristle than anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> -else. In the raw state the skins are shipped from -southern Europe, Danubian and Balkan States, China -and the East generally, while North America has an -almost unlimited supply, but Scotland produces the finest -and most esteemed. In size they vary considerably, like -all skin supplies, but a most useful skin for binders’ use -will contain about 11 to 12 square feet. Slow oak-bark -tanning is most suitable for this class of skin. Sumach -may with advantage be employed after tanning to prepare -them for the “dressing” or “finishing” process, but -no mechanical or chemical means should be employed to -overcome a too gristly nature, otherwise its unique capacity -to withstand the act of attrition is proportionately -decreased, or if some similar means are adopted to attain -evenness of shade in dyeing, the same result may be -expected: therefore, so far as it is practicable, this skin -should be used in its natural state, if full durability is -required.</p> - -<p>Pigskins containing 11 to 12 square feet may be -purchased, according to their quality and degree of -manufacture, from 8d. to 1s. 4d. per square foot.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span><br /> -<!-- <hr class="r15" /> --> -<span class="f90">The Repairing and Binding of Books<br /> - for Public Libraries.</span><br /> - -<span class="p2 f75"> BY</span><br /> - -<span class="f90"> CYRIL DAVENPORT.</span> -</h2> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> - - - -<p class="ph2">CHAPTER IV.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - - -<p>What with bad paper and bad leather, the librarian -of the present is confronted with two serious -problems. In spite of the Society of Arts’ adverse criticism -in 1898, much paper is still made of mechanical -wood pulp, and more badly overloaded with clay, in -both cases causing much anxiety and expenditure to the -librarian who attempts to cope successfully with the -defect. The soft, spongy leaves, like blotting-paper, that -are chiefly composed of wood pulp, can best be dealt -with in the very expensive way of inlaying each page in -a surround of sound, true paper. But there is another -expedient, which I have not tried, which may to some -extent be useful; it is to enclose each leaf within a network -of fine open silk net, made on purpose. In either -case re-sewing and re-binding is necessary.</p> - -<p>With regard to the clay-laden paper on which many -books are printed, the case is equally serious and equally -costly. Fine monotone illustrations produced by the -half-tone method, and colour illustrations produced by -the three-colour process, are now always made on this -sort of paper, which has a beautifully fine and even -surface. The paper, however, will not allow any stitching -to keep it in place, so it rapidly falls out. Then it has -either to be inlaid in a sound paper surround or else -entirely mounted on a sound piece of paper or jaconet; -and if there are many plates this involves re-binding and -an ugly thickening of the book. There is, however, a -new method, which may prove of real value: the actual -print is made on a very thin paper, which is at once laid -down on a sound sheet.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> - -<p>All these operations are expensive as at present -provided for in most libraries. They require great care -and skill, and take a long time; and it may safely be said -that any trustworthy binder entrusted with such work, -which is quite out of the ordinary schedule, is fully justified -in charging highly for it. The necessary materials are, -however, quite simple, so that if there should be a skilled -binder on the staff, all such work can practically be done -and counted at the cost of time-work only—an immense -saving.</p> - -<p>There are numerous other small accidents which befall -books in all public libraries about which the same things -may be said—accidental ink-spots, leaves crushed from a -fall, torn places, cut places, damp or wet marks found -out in time; all these are expensive to send out and cheap -to do on the premises. Besides this, in many cases such -as ink-stains or wet an immediate treatment is often quite -successful, whereas a delayed treatment can rarely be so.</p> - -<p>All this comes under the category of small repairs; -but there are other matters which rank a little higher -in the bookbinding world which can also be easily and -effectively done by a resident binder with few appliances. -In all libraries there are a number of pamphlets and thin -books which come under the usual binder’s schedule at -a fair price, but which, if dealt with by the “stabbed” -method on the premises, will be equally strong at -about one-third the cost. An ordinary octavo periodical, -measuring 10 by 7 inches, and 1-1/4 inches thick, can, with -the help of a cheap stabbing machine, be strongly and -effectively bound for about 10d., with boards, cloth -back, paper sides, and lettered in hand type on a paper -label. I showed a specimen to the Library Association -on Dec. 18, 1902, when I read a paper on the subject, and -it was much approved. I do not advise the stabbing for -a book of value, but it does admirably for unimportant -books, and is quick and easy to do.</p> - -<p>It might be worth pointing out that in binding in -this way a collection of pamphlets of the same size, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> -collection can easily be taken to pieces for insertion of -a new piece, if required, without further injury to the -pamphlets already stabbed.</p> - -<p>Next to this comes binding proper, books sewn with -sewn-in bands or flexible, then properly forwarded and -finished. This is all skilled work, and if any library is -able to afford it there is no question but that a large -saving would be effected, both in money and in efficiency, -if it would set up a small bindery of its own. I think, -however, that it would not be wise to set up such a -bindery unless some member of the superior staff has -gone through the binding shops and is able to bind a -book properly himself. [N.B.—In London the practical -knowledge is very difficult to obtain, as the Technical -Education Board of the London County Council does not -admit amateurs.] Without this knowledge it is impossible -to know whether a book is truly or fraudulently bound.</p> - -<p>A very common fault is that binders will not draw the -ends of the bands of a book properly in to the boards. -They cut off the ends of the bands or scrape them so -thin that they are of no strength—this is done so that the -joint should look quite flat. The result is that when the -cloth, buckram, or leather with which the back is covered, -gives way, off come the boards; the book is then sent to -a binder, who sticks a new strip of leather along the back, -and letters it, and charges the same as for re-binding, the -operation is done by one’s own binder with own leather, -costing about a few pence only. In a properly forwarded -book with the bands properly drawn in, the boards are -very securely fastened and may well remain so for hundreds -of years, irrespective of whatever substance is used -to cover the back. If the sewing of an old book is still -sound, but the ends of the bands are broken off, new bands -can be added by means of tape glued over the old ones -and then fastened on to the boards and properly covered -with a new bit of leather. Sometimes when they are sound, -the remaining ends of old bands will bear a new bit sewn -on to them. In all repairs care should be taken to match<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> -any old leather that can be retained as nearly as possible. -The proper sewing and forwarding of the book is the -integral part of the binding, the outer covering is of little -real use except for the protection of the threads which in -the case of a flexible sewn book would soon wear through -if not enclosed. The outer covering of a book, however, -has great decorative possibilities and has been for centuries -a much valued field for designers, jewellers, -enamellers, goldsmiths, and workers in blind and gold -tooling. Much fine decorative work done on modern calf -and bright coloured leathers will probably perish in a -very few years.</p> - -<p>The question, therefore, of quality and soundness of -the leather used for covering the proper sewing of a book -is of much importance. There is strong need for sound -leather, which is difficult to get, and ordinary persons, -even bookbinders and librarians themselves, cannot by a -simple inspection discriminate between new good leather -and new bad leather because there is no apparent -difference.</p> - -<p>We are in the hands of our leather merchants, and -although several firms are now willing to sell leathers -under guarantee of freedom from sulphuric acid, all are -not yet so inclined. I should advise all librarians who do -their own binding to accept no leather without a written -guarantee of freedom from sulphuric acid, and even then -I should send a cutting to Dr. Parker for examination.</p> - -<p>With regard to the trade aspect of employing a -binder directly to work on a time agreement, I am -authoritatively informed that, provided the workman is -paid the full trade union wage, and properly located, -there is no objection to his employment in this manner. -On the other hand, as I have hinted before, I think -that such a workman requires some skilled supervision, -so here, again, I would urge that in every library one -of the superior staff should be a competent binder himself. -Given such a skilled supervisor and a small -body of skilled binders under his authority, there is no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> -doubt whatever that much money would be saved in -the administration of any library, and a multitude of -invaluable small repairs would be possible, which under -ordinary conditions must be left alone to accumulate -and get worse and worse.</p> - -<p>I am pleased to say that there are already valuable -corroborations of this view in actual working, and -I am permitted to cite the case of the Hull Public -Library, whose report on the binding for 1901 is before -me. During this year I find that the work done comprised—</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li>3,024 volumes bound (all sizes, average 1s. 6-1/5d. -per volume).</li> - -<li>247 volumes re-sewn (with new sides to 113 -volumes).</li> - -<li>306-1/2 dozen volumes lettered and 114-1/2 dozen -volumes alterations in numbers.</li> - -<li>46 reading cases made.</li> - -<li>Repairs, maps and sundries.</li> -</ul> - -<p>The cost of the above work was—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="cost of work"> -<tr><td colspan="4"> </td><td class="tdr">£</td><td class="tdr">s.</td><td class="tdr">d.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Wages</span></td> - <td class="tdr">210</td><td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdr">4</td></tr> - -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Materials—</span></td> - <td class="tdr">£</td><td class="tdr">s.</td><td class="tdr">d.</td> - <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Millboards</td><td class="tdr">25</td><td class="tdr">8</td><td class="tdr">4</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Cloth</td><td class="tdr">11</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">4</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Tapes</td><td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Paste and glue</td><td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdr">16</td><td class="tdr">6</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Calico</td><td class="tdr">7</td><td class="tdr">10</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Gold leaf</td><td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdr">9</td><td class="tdr">3</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Leathers</td><td class="tdr">41</td><td class="tdr">8</td><td class="tdr">6</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Thread</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">1</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">Gas, carriage, &c.</td><td class="tdr">9</td><td class="tdr">8</td><td class="tdr">6</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl2">End papers</td><td class="tdr">7</td><td class="tdr">8</td><td class="tdr">6</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> - -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr" colspan="3">——————</td> - <td class="tdr">118</td><td class="tdr">17</td><td class="tdr">2</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr" colspan="3">——————</td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr"> £329</td><td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdr" colspan="4"> </td><td class="tdr" colspan="3">============</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The mere enumeration of these materials shows the -immense value of the system, enabling the administration -to accomplish numbers of small repairs, each of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> -which would have cost very much more if they had -been done by an outside bookbinder.</p> - -<p>The report for 1902 is similar, but the sum spent is -£396 1s. 11d., and the work done was—</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li>3,756 volumes bound (all sizes) average 1s. 7-1/3d. -per volume.</li> - -<li>6,901 volumes lettered and 1,098 volumes alterations -in numbers.</li> - -<li>Maps mounted and repairs.</li> -</ul> - -<p>In 1903 we find an expenditure of £397 7s. 4d., and -work done—</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li>3,465 volumes bound, all sizes (1s. 8-1/7d. per vol.).</li> -<li> 633<span class="spaced"> "</span>re-cased.</li> -<li>1,697<span class="spaced"> "</span>repaired and glued up.</li> -<li>3,241<span class="spaced"> "</span>numbered, and 224 volumes numbers altered.</li> -<li class="in1">77 reading cases made.</li> -<li class="in1">50 boxes for application forms made.</li> -<li> 589 sheets of ordnance maps mounted and repaired.</li> -</ul> - -<p>The increased cost in binding “is principally owing -to extra labour incurred in preparing the books for sewing, -necessary in consequence of the poor quality of paper on -which books are now printed, and the method of sewing -adopted by publishers.”</p> - -<p>Here we begin to find the result of the bad paper of -to-day, and we must also note the warning to publishers -contained in the last paragraph. I can thoroughly endorse -it, and I know that nine out of ten new books are so badly -put together that it takes a long time and much trouble -to pull them to pieces before they can be properly sewn.</p> - -<p>For 1904 there is an expenditure of £416 16s. 6d., -and the work done—4,352 volumes bound (average cost -1s. 8-1/2d. per vol.), and various items of mounting ordnance -maps, always a very expensive operation, re-sewing, -lettering, and miscellaneous repairs, all very necessary -and, if sent out, very costly. It will be noted that the -cost of binding per volume is steadily increasing, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> -this not because the work is better done, but because -of the bad quality of the paper and sewing as sent out by -publishers. Books are sent out fastened by little wire -clips, which rust, and have to be very carefully extracted -before a book can be properly sewn. These little clips -are abominations, and the process of removing them, -however carefully done, is likely to cause damage which -must be repaired in its turn. Then machine sewing has -not yet reached its final stage; there is a difficulty about -the return of one of the threads, and it is clumsily brought -back by tearing through the upper and lower extremities -of each section. This damage is glued up and hidden by -a head-band stuck on, but when the book is pulled so -that it may be properly sewn, the torn parts have to be -laboriously mended.</p> - -<p>My thanks are due to Mr. William F. Lawton, the -librarian of the Hull Public Libraries, who has most -courteously given me the particulars I asked him for; -and he tells me further that his books are all half-bound, -mostly in sealskin—a very valuable leather; -also that he is getting a far better binding both as -regards the quality of the materials used and the -highest average he mentions, 1s. 8-1/2d. per volume for a -satisfactory binding must be something of a revelation to -most librarians, whose average, even if they employ the -cheapest binder in their neighbourhood, must be very -much higher than this, and in all likelihood the work -and materials not in any way near the same standard -of excellence.</p> - -<p>There is another point about an old library which is -of much importance, and for which the services of a -regular working binder are invaluable. This is the -periodical cleaning and polishing of books. It is no use -to try to clean old books with water; it will do more -harm than good. But until some competent chemist -chooses to suggest a proper dressing, it will be found -that a good furniture polish is excellent for the purpose. -Among the several skilled members employed in my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> -library, one of the best is always cleaning and polishing -old books; in fact, old leather really requires some sort -of feeding to keep it in sound condition, and the state of -perfect repair in which numbers of 15th century books -and books of about that date still are is a remarkable -testimony to the excellence of old systems of preparing -leather and its permanence if carefully kept. Calf, vellum, -and goat-skin all last splendidly, but all do better if kept -in the dark and under glass; and it must never be forgotten -that damp is one of the worst enemies of both -paper and leather. Bookcases should never touch an -outer wall, but a ventilation space should always be left -between the wall and the back of the bookcase. This -should even be done when the bookcase abuts on an -inner wall. Bookshelves should never be cleaned or -washed with water—only use furniture polish; and vellum -books should be kept with their backs inwards, the title, -if necessary, being written on the fore-edge. Old vellum -books were usually kept so in olden times, as light makes -vellum brittle like egg-shell.</p> - -<p>Books should be close enough on a shelf to support -each other; they should not be allowed to flop about; -if they are there will be a tendency to fall away from the -upper bands, especially in the case of large books. A -simple angle iron, the lower wing being inserted under -the last few books on a shelf not full, will enable the -books to be kept always at the proper lateral pressure.</p> - -<p>Big books, such as newspapers, should have a strong -handle loop of leather bound in, coming out about the -middle of the back.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a><span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span><br /> -<!-- <hr class="r15" /> --> -<span class="f90"> Specification for the Fittings of a<br /> - Small Bindery.</span><br /> - -<span class="p2 f75"> BY</span><br /> - -<span class="f90"> F. J. WILLIAMSON.</span> -</h2> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> - - - -<p class="ph2">CHAPTER V.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - - -<p>The following practical hints may be found useful -when repairs are required to books in libraries. It -is, however, necessary that the librarian or his assistants -should gain some technical knowledge of bookbinding, -as this will enable them to execute small repairs, which, -if promptly done, will probably prevent the expense of -rebinding.</p> - -<p>The repairing room or small bindery should be not -less than 12 feet square, and should have a good natural -light. The “plant” required will be as follows:—</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="repairing room requirements"> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc" colspan="3">Approximate<br />Cost.</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdc" colspan="3">———</td></tr> -<tr><td> </td><td class="tdr">£</td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td><td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One cutting press, plough, pin and two knives</td> - <td class="tdr"> 1</td><td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One close tub and cover</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">15</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One stabbing machine</td> - <td class="tdr"> 1</td><td class="tdr">8</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One sewing press and keys</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">10</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One pair of millboard shears</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">18</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One pair of shears</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One paring knife</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One cutting-out knife</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">7</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One backing hammer</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One knocking-down iron</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Two bone folders (thin and thick)</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">10</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One paste tub</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One glue pot</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr"> 3</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Two paste brushes (small and large)</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Two glue brushes (small and large)</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Two pairs of backing boards (octavo and folio)</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> -<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> -Two pairs of pressing boards (quarto and folio)</td> -<td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">7</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One iron nipping press, 18 by 12</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdc">or</td><td colspan="3"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One wooden nipping press, 18 by 12</td> - <td class="tdr"> 1</td><td class="tdr">15</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One ragstone</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">5</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One sandstone</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">3</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One steel straight-edge</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One square</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr"> 2</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">One wooden trindle</td> - <td class="tdr"> 0</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -</table></div> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> A few stout millboards of the same size as the wooden pressing boards will be -required for placing between the books when more than one book is pressed at a time, -the wooden pressing boards being used for the top and bottom books. These can be made -by pasting together two tenpenny millboards; line each side with stout smooth paper, -trim the edges of the boards, so that they are square.</p></div> - - -<p><i>To repair torn leaves.</i>—Paste the edges of the parts -torn very neatly, using a little paste, place a piece of -tissue paper under the torn part, carefully join the parts, -and place another piece of tissue paper over the joint; -then place a piece of paper each side of the leaf, and put -a weight upon it until the part is dry, then take away the -loose tissue paper.</p> - - -<p><i>To insert a loose leaf.</i>—Flatten the back edge of the -leaf, then place a strip of paper about 1/8 inch from -the edge, and paste that part very neatly, insert it in -the book, placing it as close to the back as possible, -close the book, and place a weight upon it for about -three hours.</p> - - -<p><i>To replace books in their covers.</i>—If the cover of a -book is sound, the book can be inserted again in the -following manner:—If it is necessary, re-sew the book -on tapes, put new end papers made with a strip of wide -linen in the fold, sew these on the book and trim them, -paste the tapes on the end papers, knock up the edges of -the book as evenly as possible (as they will not be cut) -and glue the back, using the glue sparingly, and place a -thin piece of linen round the back extending about 1 inch -on each end paper; put the book under a weight until -the glue is almost dry, then “round” it and afterwards -“back” it slightly; place the book again under a weight -until the glue is quite dry, glue the back again, and place -the book squarely in the old cover; place a piece of paper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> -round the back of the cover, and rub it down with the -bone folder until the back of the cover sticks well to -the book. After about three hours the glue will be dry, -and the book can then be pasted down; open the covers -and paste the end paper facing the board, using the -brush from the centre to the edges; close the covers and -put the book in the nipping press—the pressing boards -should be placed carefully against the grooves and not -upon them; leave the book in the press for about twelve -hours. When a book does not require re-sewing, new -end papers should be made as stated and sewn on the -book if it has been sewn on tapes; if the book has not -been sewn on tapes, the end papers should be edged -on in the same manner as the loose leaf, and in these -instances the linen should be placed in the fold of the -end papers.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Old books which have been bound in leather generally -require repairs to the corners and the back, these being -the parts which first show signs of decay. Carefully cut -away the ragged edges of the old leather along the joints -at the back and also the corners; strip the leather off the -back and soak it off if necessary, so that the back is quite -clean; also take away the old leather from the corners, -lift up the edges of the leather along the joints and also -at the corners about 1 inch, turn the leather back, and -place a thin piece of wooden trindle under the fold, and -pare the edges of the leather neatly; if the millboard at -the corners is broken, open the edges and rub in some -glue, press the edges together, and, when nearly dry, -hammer them flat on the “knocking-down iron,” obtain -some leather to match the old binding, put a new back, -also corners where necessary, on the book, paring the -edges of the leather neatly; after these are quite dry, -the edges of the old leather should be pasted down to -overlap the new leather; wash any smears of paste away, -and press the book lightly in the nipping press; new end -papers should be edged in as in the case of the loose leaf:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> -trim them to the size of the book and then paste them -down, but with the boards open until they are quite -dry; place either a tin or a glazed cardboard inside -the covers, and keep the book pressed in the nipping -press for about six hours.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX.</h2> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 100px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_1.jpg" width="100" height="11" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - - -<ul class="index"><li class="ifrst">Acetic Acid. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_AO">Acids, organic</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_AM" id="I_AM" />Acids, mineral, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- ---- <i>See also</i> <a href="#I_SA">Sulphuric acid</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_AO" id="I_AO" />---- organic; sulphuric acid substituted for, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">----, ---- Use of, advocated, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Aniline dyes. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_LD">Leather, dyeing</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Athenæum Club Committee on leather decay, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Binderies, private; fitting and administration, <a href="#Page_41">41-54</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_BC" id="I_BC" />Binding contracts, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Binding specifications, model, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookbinding, education in, want of provision for, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Bookbinding in Public Libraries. <i>See</i> <a href="#Page_41">Binderies, private</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Bookbinding leathers. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_L">Leather</a>; <i>and under names of skins</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, Goatskin, &c.</li> - -<li class="indx">Book cleaning and polishing. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_LP">Leather preservative compositions</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Books; replacing within covers, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Book-sewing; stabbing process for pamphlets, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- ---- Modern methods, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Calvert, C., on decay of leather, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Catechol tannins condemned. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_T">Tannins</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Calfskin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Cockerell, D.: Note on Bookbinding, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Damp, influence upon leather, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Davenport, C.: “Repairing and Binding of Books for Public Libraries.” Chap. IV., <a href="#Page_41">41-48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Decay of leather. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_LDY">Leather, decay</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Dyeing leather. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_LD">Leather, dyeing</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Formic acid. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_AO">Acids, organic</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Gas fumes; influence upon leather, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_GS" id="I_GS" />Goatskin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34-36</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Graining, artificial, of leather. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_L">Leather, artificial graining</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Heat; action upon leather, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hogskin. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_PG">Pigskin</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_H" id="I_H" />Hull Public Library; Reports on private bindery, <a href="#Page_45">45-47</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Hulme, E. W.: “History of Sumach Tanning, &c.” Chap. I., <a href="#Page_7">7-14</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Jones, A. S.: “Provenance, &c., of Bookbinding Leathers.” Chap. III., <a href="#Page_31">31-38</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Lactic acid. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_AO">Acids, organic</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Lawton, W. F. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_H">Hull Public Library</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_L" id="I_L" />Leather, artificial graining of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- bindings; conditions for preserving, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_LDY" id="I_LDY" />----, decay of; history, <a href="#Page_10">10-12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">----, ---- symptoms, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">----, ---- reasons, <a href="#Page_18">18-24</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_LD" id="I_LD" />---- dyeing; old and new systems compared, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- early manufacture, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- finishes, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_LP" id="I_LP" />---- preservative compositions, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_LR" id="I_LR" />Leathers, retanned; process described and condemned, <a href="#Page_22">22-24</a></li> - -<li class="indx">----, ---- conditionally recommended, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_LS" id="I_LS" />---- split, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Leathersellers’ Company; supervision of sumach tanning in 1565, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- ---- Grant to Society of Arts’ Committee, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Light, influence upon leather, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Lopez, R., original of “Shylock”, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">McBride, Dr., introduces use of sulphuric acid in 1768, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Morocco grain, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- ---- artificial. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_L">Leather, artificial graining of</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Moroccos. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_GS">Goatskin</a>; -<a href="#I_NS">Niger skin</a>; <a href="#I_LR">Leathers, retanned</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Myrobalans, duty on, in 1660, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"><a name="I_NS" id="I_NS" />Niger skin, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Oxalic acid, use of, by binders, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Paper, clay-loaded, mounting, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Parker, J. G.: “Causes of Leather Decay.” Chap. II., <a href="#Page_17">17-27</a></li> - -<li class="indx">----, ---- appointed Analyst to the L.A., <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Persians.” <i>See</i> <a href="#I_LR">Leathers, retanned</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_PG" id="I_PG" />Pigskin, characteristics, &c., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- decay, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Pyrogallol tannins. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_T">Tannins</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Russia leather, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Sealskin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Sheepskin, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31-33</a></li> - -<li class="indx">“Shylock,” original of, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Skivers. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_LS">Leathers, split</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Society of Arts’ Committee on Leathers, appointment, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- ---- ---- Recommendations, <i>passim</i>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sound Leather Committee; appointment, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Spanish leather, sumach-tanned, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Stationery Office. <i>See</i> <a href="#I_BC">Binding contracts</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx"><a name="I_SA" id="I_SA" />Sulphuric acid, first used in 1768, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - -<li class="indx">---- ---- <i>See also</i> <a href="#I_AM">Acids, mineral</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Sumach tanning, history, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"><a name="I_T" id="I_T" />Tannins; pyrogallols distinguished from catechols, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Vellum, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Williamson, F. J.: “Specification for the Fittings of a Small Bindery.” Chap. V., <a href="#Page_51">51-54</a></li> - -<li class="indx">Woodward, C. T.: Experiments on action of gas fumes and heat, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -</ul> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_2.jpg" width="250" height="14" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> - - -<h2 class="p4"><a name="ADVERTISEMENTS" id="ADVERTISEMENTS"></a>ADVERTISEMENTS.</h2> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> - -<h3 class="p4">INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.</h3> - - - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"> <i>Bookbinders</i>:</li> -<li class="isub2">Banting, George F., <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Birdsall & Son, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Bookbinders’ Co-operative Society, Ltd., <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Chappell, R. D., & Co., <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Eyre & Spottiswoode, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Gray, John P., & Son, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Mudie & Co., <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Riley, B., & Co., Ltd., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Smith, W. H., & Son, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"> <i>Leather Analysis</i>, <a href="#Page_ii">ii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"> <i>Leather Importers</i>:</li> -<li class="isub2">Gray, John P., & Son, <a href="#Page_xiv">xiv</a></li> - -<li class="indx"> <i>Leather Manufacturers</i>:</li> -<li class="isub2">Bevingtons & Sons, <a href="#Page_iii">iii</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Deed, John S., & Sons, Ltd., <a href="#Page_v">v</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Garnar, James, & Sons, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Gibbs, Geo., & Son, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Gryffe Tannery Co., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Meredith-Jones, J., & Sons, Ltd., <a href="#Page_vi">vi</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Muir, John, & Son, <a href="#Page_iv">iv</a></li> -<li class="isub2">Richardson, Edward & James, <a href="#Page_v">v</a></li> - -<li class="indx"> <i>Leather (Bookbinding) Merchants</i>:</li> -<li class="isub2">Eyre & Spottiswoode, <a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"> <i>Leather Trades Review</i>, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a></li> - -<li class="indx"> <i>Sumac Importers</i>:</li> -<li class="isub2">“Tiger” Sumac Co., <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> -</ul> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/i_h_rule_2.jpg" width="250" height="14" alt="Fancy rule" /> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p class="center p2"> -When corresponding with Advertisers, please mention<br /> -“<span class="smcap">Leather for Libraries</span>.”<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[ii]</a></span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 364px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_002.jpg" width="364" height="600" alt="Leather Analysis" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<div class="bboxd"> -<p class="ph1"><a name="Leather_Analysis" id="Leather_Analysis"><i>Leather Analysis.</i></a></p> - - -<p class="f120"><i><b>Under an arrangement entered into between -the Council of the Library Association and -Dr. J. Gordon Parker, their Official Examiner -of Leather, the following Scale of Fees has -been agreed upon:—</b></i></p> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="Leather Analysis price list"> -<tr><td class="tdl"> </td><td class="tdc" colspan="3">Usual Fee.</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Special Fee <br />to Members.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"> </td><td class="tdc" colspan="3">————</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">—————</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"> </td><td class="tdr">£ </td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i> </td> - <td class="tdr"><i>d.</i></td><td class="tdr">£ </td><td class="tdr"><i>s.</i></td><td class="tdr"> <i>d.</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Test for Presence of Injurious Acids</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">10</td><td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Quantitative Estimation of Acids</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">7</td><td class="tdr">6</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Nature of Tannage, if Pure Sumach</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">10</td><td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Full Microscopic Examination</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">5</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl">Full Examination and Report on<br /> Sample of Leather</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdr">0</td><td class="tdr">0</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p>Samples of Leather, not less than six square inches, may -now be sent to</p> - -<p class="in4"> -<span class="smcap">Dr. J. GORDON PARKER,<br /> -Herold’s Institute,<br /> -Drummond Road,<br /> -Bermondsey</span>.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="f75 p2"><i>Correspondence on above may be addressed to the Hon. Sec., Sound Leather -Committee of the Library Association, Whitcomb House, Whitcomb -Street, W.C.</i></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> - - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[iii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_003.jpg" width="362" height="600" alt="Bevingtons" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<hr class="r60 p2" /> -<p class="ph1"> BEVINGTONS & SONS,</p> -<hr class="r60" /> - -<p class="ph2"> - NECKINGER MILLS,<br /> - Bermondsey, London, S.E.<br /> -</p> -<hr class="r60" /> - - -<p class="in6"><i>Manufacturers of—</i></p> -<div class="center"> -<ul class="index f120"> -<li><i>Seal Leather for Books,</i></li> -<li><i>Calf leather for Books,</i></li> -<li><i>Goat leather for Books,</i></li> -<li><i>—— and ——</i></li> -<li><i>Sheep Leather for Books.</i></li> -</ul></div> - -<hr class="r60t" /> - -<p class="ph2"> Guaranteed Sumach-Tanned and - free from Mineral Acids.</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> -<p class="center"> <b>--> EVERY SKIN STAMPED. <--</b></p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"> <i><b>See Samples of our Goat, Seal, and Calf (1-4)<br /> - on End Covers.</b></i> -</p> -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[iv]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_004.jpg" width="362" height="600" alt="Pigskin" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="ph1">PIGSKIN</p> -<p class="center"><b>FOR</b></p> -<p class="ph2">BOOK BINDING.</p> - -<p class="ph2 p2"> MUIR’S</p> - -<p class="center"> PIGSKIN</p> - -<p class="ph2"> BEITH.N.B.</p> - - -<p>We first introduced this material to the notice of Bookbinders -some 25 years ago. Since then it has steadily increased in -popularity, as its durability and utility have been demonstrated -by this test of a quarter of a century.</p> - -<p class="ph3"><span class="u"><i>WHEREVER HARD WEAR IS WANTED PIGSKIN<br /> -IS THE RIGHT THING IN THE RIGHT PLACE.</i></span></p> - -<p>It is not a fibrous substance as other leather is, but naturally -of a compact, gristly character. When skilfully tanned and treated -for the purpose, it unquestionably is the best of bookbinding leather.</p> - -<p>See Sample of our Pigskin on End Cover.</p> - -<p>Available in all colours and substances. Please write for -full particulars.</p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="ph2"> JOHN MUIR & SON,<br /> - <span class="f75">TANNERS AND CURRIERS,</span><br /> - BEITH, SCOTLAND.</p> -<p class="f75 center"> (<i>Established a Century ago.</i>)</p> - -<p class="center"> -Offices: 3, ARUNDEL STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.<br /> -Telephone: 4669 GERRARD.<br /> -</p> -<hr class="r15" /> -<p class="center"> Pigskin Tyre Factory for Vehicles and Motors:<br /> - 183, BOW ROAD, LONDON, E. -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[v]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_005.jpg" width="362" height="296" alt="John S. Deed" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - - -<div class="bboxd p2 spaceunder"> -<p class="ph1"> JOHN S. DEED & SONS, <span class="smcap u"><sup>Ltd.</sup></span></p> - -<p class="center f90"> Manufacturers of</p> - -<p class="center f120"> Best Quality Sumach-Tanned</p> - -<p class="center f200"> MOROCCOS AND CALF</p> - -<p class="center f120"> And other Classes of Bookbinding Leathers.</p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="Factories"> -<tr><td class="tdl">Factories </td><td class="tdl">{ Eagle Leather Works, Mitcham and Carshalton, Surrey.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="tdl"> </td><td class="tdl"> -{ Middlesex <span class="spaced"> ""</span>Arthur Street, London, W.C.</td></tr> -</table></div> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f90"><i>All Communications to be addressed to Central Works and Offices</i></p> - -<p class="center f120"><b> 91, NEW OXFORD ST., LONDON, W.C.</b> -</p> -</div> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 362px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_005a.jpg" width="362" height="296" alt="Fine Leathers for Bookbinding" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<div class="bboxd p2"> -<p class="ph1">FINE LEATHERS FOR BOOKBINDING.</p> - -<p>Speciality ...</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">SEALS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">CAPE GOATS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">COLOURED CALF.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p class="center"> Makers also of Best Flexible Skin Glue and - .. Roller Compo. .. -</p> - -<p class="center"> EDWARD & JAMES RICHARDSON - ELSWICK LEATHER WORKS, - NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. -</p> -</div> -</div></div> - - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[vi]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 367px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_006.jpg" width="367" height="600" alt="Meredith-Jones" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<div class="bbox p2 spaceunder"> - - -<p class="ph1"> J. MEREDITH-JONES & SONS, Ltd.,<br /> - <span class="f75"> CAMBRIAN<br /> - LEATHER WORKS,</span><br /> - <span class="f90"> WREXHAM.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="fullthick" /> - -<p class="center">MANUFACTURERS OF </p> - -<p class="f150 center"><b>Bookbinders’<br /> -<span class="in2">Leathers.</span></b></p> - -<hr class="fullthick" /> - -<p class="center"> Guaranteed to be dressed on the lines<br /> - recommended by the Society of Arts<br /> - Report, and free from Mineral Acids.</p> -<hr class="r15" /> -<p class="center"><span class="f150"><b> SPECIALITY: WELSH SHEEP.</b></span><br /> - <b>See Sample of our Sheepskin on End Cover.</b></p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f120"> <i>Patterns and Prices on application.</i></p> -</div> -</div></div> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_007.jpg" width="368" height="285" alt="James Garner" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p class="center"> <b>AN EFFECTIVE BINDING!<br /> -<span class="f150 u">SKIVERS.</span></b></p> -<p class="center"> <b> Sumach-Tanned Split Sheep<br /> - and Lamb Skins.</b></p> - -<p class="center"> SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR POCKET EDITIONS<br /> - AND SMALL VOLUMES.</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> -<p class="center"> ONLY ENGLISH AND SCOTCH SKINS USED.</p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"><b><span class="f120"> JAMES GARNAR & SONS,</span><br /> - The Grange,<br /> - BERMONDSEY, LONDON, S.E.</b> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 368px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_007a.jpg" width="368" height="297" alt="Geo. Gibbs" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center"><b><span class="f150">GEO. GIBBS & SON,</span></b><br /> -<span class="f120">29, <span class="smcap">St.</span> BRIDE STREET,<br /> -LONDON.</span></p> - -<hr class="r25" /> - -<div class="center in8"> -<p class="in4 f75">FACTORIES:—</p> -<p><b>MITCHAM COMMON, SURREY,<br /> -<span class="f75 in8">AND</span><br /> -<span class="in8">LONG LANE, BERMONDSEY.</span> -</b></p> -</div> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"> MANUFACTURERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF<br /> - COLOURED HIDES, CALF, MOROCCO, ROAN, PIGSKIN, and<br /> - SKIVER LEATHERS.</p> - -<p class="center"> ALSO WHITE AND COLOURED VELLUMS, FORELS AND<br /> - PARCHMENTS FOR BOOKBINDERS. -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span></p> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_008.jpg" width="360" height="600" alt="The Leather Trades Review" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<div class="bbox p2"> - -<p class="center"> A JOURNAL IN EVERY SENSE OF THE TERM.<br /> - THE CHAMPION AND SUPPORTER OF THE TRUE INTERESTS OF<br /> - THE LEATHER TRADE. -</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="f200"><b><span class="u">“THE LEATHER</span><br /> -<span class="in4"><span class="u">TRADES’ REVIEW.”</span></span></b></p> - -<p class="center">THE ORGAN OF THE</p> - -<p class="f150 in4"><b><span class="u">HIDE, TANNING, LEATHER<br /> -<span class="in4">AND KINDRED TRADES.</span></span></b> -</p> - -<p class="center"> A PRACTICAL AND THOROUGHLY UP-TO-DATE PAPER,<br /> - AND INDISPENSARLE TO ALL LEATHER MEN,<br /> - BOTH EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYÉS. -</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="adverts"> -<tr><td class="tdl"><span class="u">EVERY ISSUE WELL</span><br /> - <span class="u">WORTH A WHOLE</span><br /> - <span class="u">YEAR’S SUBSCRIPTION.</span> - </td><td class="tdl in4"> UNEQUALLED AS<br /> - AN ADVERTISING<br /> - MEDIUM. -</td></tr> -</table></div> -<p class="center"> WORLD-WIDE CIRCULATION.</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"> TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES BY THE LEADING<br /> - EXPERTS IN ALL THE BRANCHES OF THE LEATHER INDUSTRY.</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"> LATEST AND MOST RELIABLE NEWS.</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="f120"><b> ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: TEN SHILLINGS</b></span><br /> - (52 WEEKLY NUMBERS POST FREE).</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Office</span>: 24, MARK LANE, LONDON, E.C. -</p> -</div> -</div></div> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_009.jpg" width="371" height="292" alt="Gryffe Tannery" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<p class="center p2 f200"><b> PIG SKINS</b></p> -<p class="center"> <b> IN THE CRUST</b><br /> - <span class="f75"> FOR</span><br /> - <span class="f150"><b>BOOKBINDING LEATHER MANUFACTURERS</b></span></p> - -<p class="center"> <i>Warranted Free of Mineral Acid.</i></p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="center"> <b><span class="f150"> GRYFFE TANNERY COMPANY,</span><br /> - BRIDGE OF WEIR,<br /> - <span class="f120"> Near GLASGOW,</span><br /> - <i>SCOTLAND</i>.</b> -</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="Contact details"> -<tr><td class="tdl">Telegrams: “GRYFFE,”<br /> -Bridge of Weir.</td> -<td class="tdr">National Telephone:<br /> -No. 8, Bridge of Weir.</td></tr> -</table></div> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 371px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_009a.jpg" width="371" height="301" alt="B. Riley" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - - -<p class="center p2"><b><span class="f200">B. RILEY & Co.,</span><span class="f90"> Ltd.,</span><br /> - <span class="f150"> LIBRARY BOOKBINDERS</span><br /> - <span class="f120"> and SPECIALISTS.</span></b></p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"> Best Work, Best Materials, and Promptness, with<br /> - Lowest Prices.</p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"> <b> <span class="f120"> PIGSKINS AND MOROCCOS</span></b> - <i>Guaranteed free from Injurious Acid.</i></p> -<hr class="r15" /> -<p class="center"><b> PATENT SEWING AND FLEXIBILITY.</b></p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"> <i>Catalogues, Price Lists, and Quotations by return post.</i> -</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Note Address</span>:—</p> - -<p class="center f120"><b>Works: WESTGATE, HUDDERSFIELD.<br /> -London Office: 376, STRAND, W.C.</b> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_010.jpg" width="369" height="154" alt="Mudie and Co." /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<p class="f150"><b> <span class="smcap">Messrs. MUDIE & Co.</span></b></p> - -<p class="in8"><span class="u"><b> -Undertake all Classes of Binding for either<br /> -PUBLIC or PRIVATE LIBRARIES....<br /> -THE BEST WORK and BEST MATERIALS only.<br /> -No Imitation Leathers used....</b></span> -</p> - -<p class="in4 f75"> CHARGES FOR LARGE OR SMALL QUANTITIES ON APPLICATION. -</p> - -<p> -<i>Address MANAGER</i>,<br /> -<b><span class="in4">BOOKBINDING DEPARTMENT,</span><br /> -<span class="in8">MUDIE’S LIBRARY,</span><br /> -<span class="in12">NEW OXFORD STREET,</span><br /> -<span class="in16">LONDON.</span></b> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_010a.jpg" width="369" height="150" alt="George F Banting" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><i><span class="u"><b>IMPORTANT TO LIBRARIANS.</b></span></i></p> -<p class="center f150"><b> <span class="smcap">George F. Banting</span>,</b><br /> -<span class="f90"> Danemere Works, Danemere Street, Putney</span></p> -<p class="center f75">(Hitherto trading as <span class="smcap">J. Banting & Son, Chelsea</span>),</p> - -<p class="center f120"> <i>Specialist in Public Library Bookbinding</i>.</p> -<p class="center f75">The only binder in London who has made a speciality of Public Library Bookbinding.</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f75"> <i>Testimonials from Customers for Continuous Work for 18 years.</i></p> -<p class="center"> BOOKS BOUND IN SOUND LEATHER AS PER SOCIETY OF ARTS RECOMMENDATION.</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center"><b>A Trial Order will prove that Books Bound by me are “Bound once for All.”</b> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 369px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_010b.jpg" width="369" height="293" alt="Tiger Sumac" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="advert"> -<tr><td class="tdl">Telegrams and Cables:<br /> -“CLEANING, ECCLES.”<br /> -Code: A.B.C., 5th Ed.</td> -<td class="tdc"> </td> -<td class="tdr">Stores:<br /> -LONDON.<br /> -LIVERPOOL.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p class="center f150"><b> THE “TIGER” SUMAC COMPANY.</b></p> -<p class="center f90"> “TIGER” REGISTERED BRAND.</p> -<p class="center"><b> THOMAS ATKIN, Proprietor.<br /> -<span class="f120"> ECCLES, ENGLAND.</span></b></p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f90"> Purity and 26 per cent. minimum Tannin guaranteed by I.A.L.T.C. Analysis.</p> -<p class="f75"> Analyst, Dr. <span class="smcap">Andrew Turnbull</span>, 3, Lord Street, Liverpool, whose determination in every - case must be final.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center f90"> Average Test of all our Shipments from September 1, 1904, to July 31, 1905,<br /> -<span class="f120"> <b>29·7</b>%, <b>or 14 per cent. beyond our guarantee</b>.</span></p> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center f75"> <i>Free copy of Analysis given with orders for 10 Tons and upwards.</i></p> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center"> Shipments made c.i.f. from Palermo to any port in the world.<br /> - STOCKS KEPT IN LIVERPOOL AND LONDON FOR THE HOME TRADE.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center f120"><b>A SPECIAL SUMAC FOR THE FINEST LEATHERS.</b></p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f90"><b> Agents—Messrs. POPPLETON, GIBBS & Co., 4-5, Leather Market, London, S.E.<br /> -<span class="f90"> Sole Agents for Australia and New Zealand—Messrs. JAMES HARDIE & Co., Melbourne.</span></b> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 366px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_011.jpg" width="366" height="600" alt="Birdsall" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<div class="bboxd p2"> - -<p class="center f200"><b> BIRDSALL & SON<br /> -<span class="f75"> <i>NORTHAMPTON</i>,</span><br /> -<span class="f60"> High-Class, General, and Miscellaneous</span><br /> -<span class="f75"> BOOKBINDERS.</span></b> -</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="hang">AN OLD-ESTABLISHED BUSINESS with a lengthened reputation, -and in the hands of the proprietors’ family for the past 113 -years. The buildings now cover 20,000 square feet of ground.</p> - -<p class="hang">THE THOROUGHNESS of the old handicraftsman, with the skill of -modern expert workmanship.</p> - -<p class="hang">SOUND AND DURABLE ENGLISH LEATHER free from destructive -acids.</p> - -<p class="hang">RELIURES DE LUXE and ART BINDINGS of the highest quality, -either to original designs, or as reproductions of early styles.</p> - -<p class="hang">PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LIBRARY BINDINGS of every description. -Patentees of “Bibliofortis” Bindings for books subject to -exceptional wear.</p> - -<p class="hang">SPECIAL BINDINGS in general conformity with the specifications -of the Society of Arts.</p> - -<p class="hang">REPAIRING, REMOUNTING, and RESTORING of Old Bindings. -Washing and Repairing of Old Books. Imperfect Leaves -made up in facsimile, &c., &c.</p> - -<p class="hang">TWO FIREPROOF STRONG ROOMS for the better security of -valuable books.</p> - -<p class="hang">THE PERSONAL ATTENTION of the four Messrs. Birdsall is given -to the intricate and often difficult detail of this business. -Their efforts are seconded by a large and expert managing -staff, so that an exceptional amount of experienced supervision -is available, and a high standard of efficiency is -thereby maintained.</p></blockquote> -</div> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 366px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_012.jpg" width="366" height="307" alt="W. H. Smith" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<div class="bbox p2"> - -<p class="center f150"> Messrs. W. H. SMITH & SON<br /> -<span class="f75"> EXECUTE ORDERS FOR ALL STYLES OF</span><br /> - BOOKBINDING<br /> -<span class="f75"> IN THEIR OWN WORKSHOPS</span><br /> -<span class="f60"> UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DOUGLAS COCKERELL</span></p> - -<p class="center"> THEY ARE MAKING A SPECIALITY OF CARRYING<br /> - OUT EXACTLY THE RECOMMENDATIONS<br /> - OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE SOCIETY<br /> - OF ARTS ON LEATHER FOR BOOKBINDING</p> - -<p class="center f90"> BOOKS FOR BINDING MAY BE HANDED IN AT ANY OF<br /> - W. H. SMITH & SON’S BOOKSTALLS OR BRANCHES OR SENT<br /> - DIRECT TO THEIR BINDING DEPARTMENT -</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="Contact details"> -<tr><td class="tdl">PAMPHLET & PRICE LIST<br /> -SENT ON APPLICATION</td> -<td class="tdr">GOLDSMITH ST.<br />DRURY LANE<br />LONDON, W.C.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -</div> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 177px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_012a.jpg" width="177" height="289" alt="The Bookbinders' Coop." /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - -<hr class="chap p2" /> - -<p class="f150"><b><span class="u">The Bookbinders’<br /> -Co-operative Society, Ltd.</span>,</b></p> - -<p class="center f75">(With Co-partnership of the Workers.)</p> - -<p class="center"><b> -17, BURY STREET.<br /> - BLOOMSBURY, W.C.<br /> -<span class="f75">Established 1885.</span></b> -</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> -<p>The above Society is noted for -sound, reliable work, and binds -for many public institutions, and -also has an <i>extensive private -connection</i>.</p> - -<p class="center">Special Terms quoted for School<br /> -and College Libraries.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center"> -<b><span class="smcap">Niger Morocco Bindings<br /> -a Speciality.</span></b> -</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center"><b><i>Books Bound in accordance with<br /> -Society of Arts recommendations.</i></b></p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="f75"> -All work entrusted to us is under the supervision of<br /> -<span class="in8">Mr. J. WATSON, Manager.</span> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 182px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_012b.jpg" width="182" height="289" alt="Flexo Bookbinding" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<hr class="chap p2" /> - -<p class="center f150"><b>OUR “FLEXO”<br /> -BOOKBINDING</b></p> - -<p> -ensures STRENGTH,<br /> -<span class="in3">DURABILITY, and</span><br /> -<span class="in3">FLEXIBILITY:</span><br /> -Three important requisites. -</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center"> -PORTFOLIOS of every description<br /> -made at the shortest notice.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center">MSS. carefully Bound.<br /> -OLD AND RARE BOOKS Restored,<br /> -Washed, and Cleaned without use of<br /> -Acids.</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f150"><b>R. D. CHAPPELL & Co.,</b><br /> -<span class="f75">General Library Bookbinders,</span><br /> -<span class="f90"><b>25, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE,<br /> -LONDON, E.C.</b></span><br /> -</p> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_013.jpg" width="360" height="600" alt="Eyre and Spottiswoode" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<div class="bboxd p2"> -<p class="center f200"><b>Eyre & Spottiswoode’s</b></p> - -<p class="in8 f150"> -<b><span class="u">PURE SUMACH<br /> -TANNED LEATHER.</span></b> -</p> - -<p class="center"><b>Supplied in a variety of colours.</b></p> - - -<p class="center"> Not only free from acid, but strengthened and enriched - by a process which fully satisfies the conditions prescribed - by the Committee of the Society of Arts.</p> - -<p class="center"> Analysed by Gordon Parker, and certified to be - pure Sumach tanned and free from acid. -</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="Advert"> -<tr><td class="tdc"><hr class="r15" /> -<i>Facsimile<br /> -of<br /> -Guarantee</i><br /> -<hr class="r15" /></td> - -<td class="tdc"> </td> - -<td class="tdc"><hr class="r15" /> -<i>Stamped on<br /> -every skin<br /> -supplied.</i><br /> -<hr class="r15" /></td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p class="center"> Binding: undertaken in this Special Leather (as used for - the British Museum) at a nominal increase on - the rates charged for ordinary leather.</p> -<hr class="r15" /> -<p class="center f120"><b>EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, E.C.</b> -</p> -</div> -</div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 360px;"> -<img src="images/i_a_014.jpg" width="360" height="600" alt="John P. Gray" /> -<div class="caption_ad"> - - -<div class="bboxd p2"> - - -<div class="center"> -<table summary="advert"> -<tr><td class="tdl vm"><span class="u">Established 1847.</span></td> -<td class="tdc">Special Appointment.</td> -<td class="tdl vm"><span class="u">Established 1847.</span></td></tr> -</table></div> - - -<p class="right"> -<span class="u">Best</span><br /> -<span class="u">Appointed</span><br /> -<span class="u">Bindery</span><br /> -<span class="u">in</span><br /> -<span class="u">East</span><br /> -<span class="u">Anglia</span><br /> -<br /> -SPECIAL ATTENTION TO<br /> -LIBRARY BOOKS<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f200"><b>John P. Gray & Son,</b><br /> - <span class="u"><span class="smcap f75">Artistic & General</span></span><br /> - <span class="f75"> <span class="u">BOOKBINDERS</span>,</span> -</p> -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="f75">Nat. Tel.: 0262.</p> - -<p class="center"><b> <i>10, Green Street</i>,<span class="f120"> Cambridge.</span></b> -</p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p><span class="f120"><span class="u">NIGER MOROCCO,</span></span><i>Being importers of this excellent -Leather, direct from Kano, Northern -Nigeria, we are in a position to supply the trade and public -in general with good skins at reasonable prices.</i></p> - -<hr class="r15" /> - -<p class="center f120"><b> EARLY PARISH REGISTERS SKILFULLY RESTORED, &C.</b></p> - -<p class="center f75"> John P. Gray & Son’s reputation is a guarantee for the best - Workmanship and Materials at Moderate Prices. -</p> -</div> -</div></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/i_end_piece4.jpg" width="500" height="238" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">(4.) CALF.</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/i_end_piece5.jpg" width="500" height="238" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">(5.) SHEEP (ROLLER BASIL).</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/i_end_piece6.jpg" width="500" height="238" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">(6.) PIG.</div> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2> -<ul class="index"> -<li>In the text version, text in italics and underlined text has been transcribed using -the _underline symbol_.</li> -<li>Text in bold has been transcribed with =equals symbols=.</li> -<li>There is some inconsistent hyphenation. This has been left as printed.</li> -<li>p.10. "since about 1860 skeepskin" changed to sheepskin.</li> -<li>p.43. "books sewn with sawn-in bands" changed to sewn-in.</li> -<li>Index. "Sulphuric acid 8,6" There is no marked p.6. It is most likely that the reference is to p.9 and -this has been corrected.</li> -</ul> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Leather for Libraries, by -E. Wyndham Hulme and J. Gordon Parker and A. Seymour-Jones and Cyril Davenport and F. J. 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