diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/51317.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/51317.txt | 1332 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1332 deletions
diff --git a/old/51317.txt b/old/51317.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b201d4f..0000000 --- a/old/51317.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1332 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Fight Against Lynching, by Anonymous - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Fight Against Lynching - Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen - - -Author: Anonymous - - - -Release Date: February 28, 2016 [eBook #51317] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING*** - - -E-text prepared by David Edwards, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Villanova University Digital Library -(http://digital.library.villanova.edu) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Villanova University Digital Library. See - http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:354895 - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - The spelling of the U.S. state name as "Louisana" has - not been corrected as it is consistently used for all 5 - references to the state. - - - - - -THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING - -Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement -of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen - - - - - - - -Reprinted from the Ninth Annual Report -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -70 Fifth Avenue, New York - -April, 1919 - -Price Ten Cents - - - * * * * * * - - -LYNCHING PAMPHLETS* - - - PRESIDENT WILSON'S LYNCHING AND MOB VIOLENCE PRONOUNCEMENT (of July 26, - 1918). - - LYNCHINGS OF MAY, 1918, IN BROOKS AND LOWNDES COUNTIES, GEORGIA; an - investigation by the N. A. A. C. P.; 8 pages. - - THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS; an account of an Investigation by W. E. - BURGHARDT DU BOIS and MARTHA GRUENING, for the N. A. A. C. P., - illustrated, 20 pages, reprinted from _The Crisis_ for September, 1917. - - THE BURNING OF ELL PERSON AT MEMPHIS, TENN.; an account taken from the - Memphis daily papers of May 22, 23, 24 and June 3, 1917; 4 pages. - - THE BURNING OF ELL PERSON AT MEMPHIS, TENN.; an investigation by James - Weldon Johnson for the N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from _The Crisis_ for - July, 1917; 8 pages. - - THE LYNCHING OF ANTHONY CRAWFORD (at Abbeville, S. C., October 21, 1916). - Article by ROY NASH (then) Secretary, N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from the - _Independent_ for December, 1916; 4 pages, large size. - - NOTES ON LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES, compiled from _The Crisis_, 1912; - 16 pages. - - THIRTY YEARS OF LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES, 1889-1918, April, 1919; - circa 100 pages, fifteen cents. - - * Copies of the pamphlets listed may be obtained from the Secretary - of the Association. - - * * * * * * - - - -ANTI-LYNCHING COMMITTEE - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT -OF COLORED PEOPLE - - - WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING, _Chairman_ - JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - PHILIP G. PEABODY - MOORFIELD STOREY - ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE - W. E. B. DU BOIS - MARY WHITE OVINGTON - -FOREWORD - - -The anti-lynching work of the National Association for the Advancement of -Colored People is carried on as a part of the activities of the Association -under the direction of the Association's Anti-Lynching Committee, whose -names appear elsewhere. - -This work was made possible in the beginning through an initial -contribution of $1,000 made by Mr. Philip G. Peabody, of Boston, Mass., in -the fall of 1916, toward a fund of $10,000 to be used in a vigorous -campaign against the lynching evil. The Association's president, Mr. -Moorfield Storey, contributed a second $1,000 and as the result of a -wide-spread appeal an amount slightly in excess of $10,000 over and above -the cost of the appeal was subscribed. The Association is endeavoring to -raise approximately $10,000 annually to carry on this work. - -The principal activities of the anti-lynching campaign include: - - Investigation of as many of the lynchings as possible. - - Publication and distribution of the investigator's findings and of other - data concerning lynching. - - Inquiries and protests whenever lynchings occur, to governors, sheriffs - and other state and local authorities by telegraph and letter, and, in - selected cases, amounting in the aggregate to a considerable number, - appeals to leading chambers of commerce urging them to demand that their - governors and other officials take legal action against lynchers. - - Press publicity of such inquiries and protests and of the results of the - Association's investigations and other matter of current "news" interest - in order thus to create public sentiment against lynching. - - Research into the facts regarding past lynchings. - - Collection of press and editorial comment on lynching in general and on - particular lynchings. - - Study of causes and remedies for lynching. - - Efforts to secure specific legislation to prevent lynching. - - Continuous agitation of the subject through the columns of the - Association's organ, _The Crisis_ and through meetings and addresses upon - every appropriate occasion. - - Generally to keep the evil of lynching before the American people as a - live issue and to offer a constructive program for its abolition. - -The Association, through its president and secretary, acting for the -Anti-Lynching Committee, took the initiative in promoting a National -Conference on Lynching which will be held in New York City on the fifth and -sixth of May, 1919, for the purpose of focusing the attention of the nation -on this blot upon America's fair name and of working out an effective, -constructive program for its abolition. This conference has been called by -one hundred and twenty leaders of American opinion, it being judged best -that the conference be called by distinguished Americans rather than by the -Association itself, or the Anti-Lynching Committee, in order that the -appeal might not be hampered in the minds of anyone by its association with -the work of an organization devoted to the interests of the Negro, and to -which there might be opposition on that account. - -Among the signers of this call are the attorney general of the United -States, five governors, one of them, Governor Hugh M. Dorsey of Georgia, a -southern governor, four ex-governors, one of these, Hon. Emmet O'Neal of -Alabama, from the South, two ex-attorney generals of the United States, -nine university presidents, the president of the American Bar Association, -a number of leading lawyers of national reputation of the country, -including Elihu Root and Charles Evans Hughes, Cardinal Gibbons and leading -churchmen and representative colored leaders. Nineteen of the signers of -the call are representatives leaders of southern white liberal opinion. - -The Association urgently appeals for financial support in its constructive -efforts to stamp out lynching in the United States. - -JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT -OF COLORED PEOPLE - - - - -THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING - - "I therefore very earnestly and solemnly beg that the governors of all - the states, the law officers of every community, and above all, the men - and women of every community in the United States, all who revere America - and wish to keep her name without stain or reproach, will co-operate, not - passively merely, but actively and watchfully to make an end of this - disgraceful evil. It cannot live where the community does not countenance - it." - - July 26, 1918. WOODROW WILSON. - - -COMMENT BY THE WAY - -An increased executive and clerical staff has permitted the Association to -devote more time and thought to its Anti-Lynching work and to conduct a -more energetic campaign for legal trial of Negro alleged offenders, than in -any previous year of the Association's history. Lynching is rapidly -becoming a national issue. Under the stress of war time, mob violence has -menaced communities heretofore relatively immune. Four white men were -lynched in 1918. And yet, when all the facts are summed up, and we would be -the last to minimize the evil of mob violence or to excuse it in the least -degree, _the lynching of Negroes by whites_ is the outstanding fact in the -situation. - -Sixty-three Negroes are known to have died at the hands of white mobs -during 1918, as we point out in succeeding pages. These lynchings might -well be regarded as evidences of civil war were it not that _up to this -time_ the Negroes have not retaliated in kind. In the absence of combined -action by Negroes forcibly to protect members of their race, the lynching -of black men and women by white men for all causes and no cause, so far as -crimes are concerned, can only be compared, although in lesser degree, to -Russian pogroms against Jews under the Tzarist regime, or to Turkish -attacks upon the Armenians. - -We would deeply deplore the forcible defense of Negroes by other Negroes, -since it would perhaps lead to sanguinary conflicts between the lower -element of whites and the Negroes, but no sane observer can fail to reflect -that either white men, who make and enforce the laws, must stop mob attacks -upon black men, no matter what reason may be given for the attacks, or -confess themselves unable to maintain law and order and protect _all_ -citizens from unlawful attack. No class of citizens can be denied the -protection of the law with impunity. - -The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People fights this -evil, as others in its program, with spiritual and legal weapons. Its -appeal is to the heart, the mind, the conscience of America. It insists -upon "ordered law and humane justice," to quote a phrase used by President -Wilson in his appeal to the country against lynching. It has hoped that the -better South would rouse itself and wipe out this terrible blot upon its -honor. But the wait has been a long one. Can the Negro depend upon securing -_his day in court_ so long as he has no say as to who sits upon the bench, -in the jury box, or who becomes the sheriff or chief of police? Think it -over in the light of experience, ye voters and students of history and -politics! - - -EXTENT OF THE LYNCHING EVIL[1] - -_Previous to 1918_ - -The records show that from 1885 to 1917, both inclusive, approximately -3,740 lynchings have occurred in the United States. Two thousand seven -hundred and forty-three (2,743) of this number have had colored persons as -victims and nine hundred and ninety-seven (997) have been white. The -relative percentages of white and colored victims for the 33 years covered -is 26 per cent, white; 74 per cent, colored. - -Assuming that the record for the earlier years is less accurate than for -the later period, because of many factors (all lynching figures are -probably minimum), the figures for the 18 years, 1900 to 1917, both -inclusive, are given. Fourteen hundred and twenty-seven (1,427) lynchings -are recorded for the period named. Twelve hundred and forty-one (1,241) of -these (86.7 per cent) were Negroes; 186 (13.3 per cent) were white. The -relative decrease of white victims is marked. - -The victims of the East St. Louis mob riots of July, 1917, are excluded, as -are those of the mob riot at Chester, Pa. The number of victims at East St. -Louis has been estimated at as many as 175. In the report of the -Congressional Investigating Committee (House Document No. 1,231, 65th -Congress, 2nd Session) the Committee says that "at least 39 Negroes and 8 -white people were killed outright, and hundreds of Negroes were wounded and -maimed."[2] - - -_During 1918_ - -During 1918, 63 Negroes and 4 white persons were lynched, as established by -well authenticated evidence.[3] The Executive Office has been advised of a -probable increase of this figure by 12 cases of which it is said that -confirmation of lynching can be obtained, but, as the Executive Office has -been unable to investigate these cases, they have, of course, been excluded -from our figures. - -An Association staff member, while in the South studying special problems, -was informed by reliable colored people in Georgia that twelve unreported -cases (in the press or elsewhere) have occurred since the Association -investigated the Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Georgia, lynching orgy of -May, 1918, and that the only apparent effect in Georgia of the President's -lynching pronouncement of July 26th last, has been an apparently concerted -agreement on the part of press and authorities to keep all news regarding -lynchings out of the Georgia press. Lending some color to this charge, is -the fact that, so far as we are aware, no Georgia daily has at any time -since May, 1918, published any account of the investigation made by the -Association or of the fact that 17 names of mob leaders were put in the -hands of Governor Dorsey, despite the considerable press comment in the -press of other states. - -One of our Texas branches (Houston) reported the case of one alleged victim -of a mob who was buried secretly and no publicity given to the facts. The -branch's president had written to the acting-governor requesting an -investigation of the circumstances.[4] Finally, some lynchings which do not -get into the press, are not carried beyond the immediate neighborhood, -sometimes a very small one, unless there is some unusual feature to -distinguish the event. - - -DISTRIBUTION OF THE 1918 LYNCHINGS - -During 1918 lynchings have occurred in the following states:[5] - - Alabama 3 - Arkansas 3 - California 1 - Florida 2 - Georgia 19 - Kentucky 1 - Louisana 9 - Illinois 1 - Mississippi 7 - North Carolina 2 - Oklahoma 1 - South Carolina 1 - Tennessee 4 - Texas 11[6] - Virginia 1 - Wyoming 1 - --- - 67 - -OFFENSES CHARGED AGAINST THE 1918 VICTIMS[7] - - _Negroes_ - "Attacks on white women" 13 - "Attacks on colored women" 1 - "Living with white woman" 1 - "Too revolting to publish" 2 - "Shooting and killing officer of law" 10 - "Murder of civilian" 14 - "Shooting and wounding" 4 - "Conspiracy to avenge killing of relative" 6 - "Accomplice in murder" 3 - "Aiding mob victim in attempt to escape" 1 - "Intent to rob and kidnap" 1 - "Quarrel with employer" 1 - "Creating disturbance" 1 - "Stealing hogs" 3 - "Unknown" 2 - --- - 63 - - _Whites_ - "Disloyal utterances" 2 - "Murder" 2 - --- - 4 - - -SPECIAL FEATURES OF LYNCHINGS - -Five of the Negro victims have been women. Two colored men were burned at -the stake before death; four Negroes were burned after death; three -Negroes, aside from those burned at the stake, were tortured before death; -in one case the victim's dead body was carried into town on the running -board of an automobile and thrown into a public park where "it was viewed -by thousands;" one Negro victim was captured and handed to the officers of -the law by Negroes themselves. A mother and her five children were lynched -by a Texas mob, the mother having been shot as she was attempting to drag -the bodies of her four dead sons from their burning home at daybreak, the -house (only a cabin) having been fired by the mob. The crime in this case -was "alleged conspiracy to avenge" the killing of another son by officers -who had come to arrest him for "evading the draft law." This latter case -has not been classified as a lynching. - -Most atrocious of all, so far as the community was concerned, was the five -days' orgy in Brooks and Lowndes Counties, which has been made the occasion -for special publicity and special efforts by the Association, to which -reference is made on page 9 of this report. In that case the particularly -vicious brutality of the mob went beyond what one is prepared to expect -from Georgia mobs--and one expects a good deal in the way of "cruel and -unusual punishments" from them. The horrible cruelties visited upon Mary -Turner, an eight month's pregnant woman, are recited in the investigation -published of our investigator's findings.[8] - -In two cases the lynchings were carried out in the court house yard and in -one of these picture post card photos were sold on the streets at 25 cents -each. - - -TAKEN FROM PEACE OFFICERS AND JAILS - -Our records show the following number of cases of lynchings of Negroes in -which the victim was taken from officers or jails: - - Alabama 2 - Georgia 4 - Louisana 2 - Mississippi 1 - North Carolina 1 - Oklahoma 1 - South Carolina 1 - Tennessee 1 - --- - 13 - - -INNOCENCE ADMITTED PUBLICLY - -In three cases of which we have record the press has spoken of the -innocence of victims; one of these involved three persons, another the ten -victims of Brooks and Lowndes Counties mobs (aside from the one person who -shot the white farmer which was the incentive to the lynchings). In another -case it is the common belief in the community in which a Negro was lynched -for "killing a white woman" that the husband of the woman was himself the -murderer. No charge has been brought against him, however, by the -authorities. In such cases, Negroes are usually too fearful of danger and -too hopeless of anything being done, to initiate legal action. In an -additional case a bank cashier declared in an interview in an Alabama -paper, that a certain lynching victim had committed no offense, that there -had been a mistake made in the man the mob was after. - - -LEGAL ACTION TAKEN BY PUBLIC OFFICIALS - -Governor Thomas W. Bickett of North Carolina ordered the sheriff to -investigate one case, but the sheriff reported that the "guilty parties -could not be ascertained." The Governor in another case personally appealed -to a mob at midnight and prevented the lynching of a man who was later -hanged. The same Governor in November appealed to the Federal authorities -and secured the support of a tank corps of 250 Federal army men to assist -the authorities of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in holding the local jail -against a mob which was attempting to get a Negro prisoner to lynch him. - -The Mayor and "Home Guards" of Winston-Salem, aided by the Federal soldiers -alluded to, protected the aforementioned prisoner at the cost of the lives -of some of the "Home Guards," for which public service, so unusual where -Negro-hunting mobs are concerned, they should receive the tributes of all -good citizens. (The Association's appreciation was made known to all -concerned by a public commendation).[9] - -Governor Richard I. Manning of South Carolina ordered a sheriff to arrest -17 prominent farmers who had participated in a lynching. Bail was fixed at -a total of $97,500, in February. From the Judge who placed the men under -bail we learn that no indictments were found by the grand jury. "Lack of -evidence," is given as the reason. - -Governor Charles Henderson of Alabama, in November, actively supported the -attorney general of the state, who, at the instance of the Governor, -personally took charge of an investigation of two lynchings which occurred -in that state on the 10th and 12th of that month. - -When a regular grand jury then in session failed to indict, a prominent -detective agency was engaged and upon the evidence secured by them, a -special grand jury, headed by a local clergyman, brought in 24 indictments. -Seventeen men were lodged in jail without bail.[10] - - -SPECIFIC ACTION BY THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE - -The following tables summarize the action taken in specific cases by the -Association: - - ======================================================================= - Telegrams and Letters - of Protest, Inquiry and Acknowledgments Press - Commendation Stories - ------------------------- ------------------------------- - Chamb. Other - State Gov. of Official Gov. C. of C. Other - Com. Persons - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - Alabama 2 10 .. .. 2 .. 1 - Arkansas 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Georgia 5 2 .. 2 .. .. 8 - Kentucky 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Louisana 7 11 .. .. 2 .. 9 - Mississippi 2 .. .. .. .. 1 2 - North Carolina 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 - Oklahoma 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 2 - South Carolina 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Tennessee 5 9 7 2 3 2 9 - Texas 3 .. 1 1 .. .. 3 - Wyoming 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 - --------------------------------------------------------- - 32 33 9 9 8 4 40* - ======================================================================= - - * In listing by states there are duplications in cases where a single - press story includes matter affecting more than one state. The total 40 - is the actual number of press stories, eliminating the duplicate count - by states. - -Special investigations by a member of the staff have been made of lynchings -at Fayetteville, Ga., Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Ga., Estill Springs, -Tenn., Blackshear, Ga., and of race riots and disturbances at Camp Merritt, -N. J., Brooklyn, N. Y. and Philadelphia, Pa.[11] - -Memoranda were prepared and sent to the President of the United States, to -the Attorney General of the United States and to the executive committees -of the American Bar Association, on the general subject of lynching, but -with reference to immediate practical action desired by the Association. -Letters requesting editorial interest in the fight against lynching were -addressed to the leading papers of the country on several occasions and -matter has been prepared for specific use by individual papers. - -Publicity in the press was secured for the memorandum to the President and -to the Attorney General. Mr. Storey's address to the Wisconsin Bar -Association, June, 1918, on "The Negro Question," which contains much -reference to lynching, was sent to all the members of the Cabinet and of -the Congress, to Governors of all the states, mayors of cities, to -newspapers, periodicals, and to leading citizens and will be given wider -circulation during the early part of 1919.[12] - -The members of the executive staff have made reference to lynching in -addresses in many cities to both white and colored audiences. Certain of -Field Secretary Johnson's addresses before white audiences have met with -notable responses. - -The offer of the publishers of the _San Antonio Express_, San Antonio, -Texas, made in April, to pay rewards of $1,000, for each conviction and -punishment of the lynchers of a Negro (and $500, if white), has been given -wide publicity among the branches and the colored press. (No one has -claimed a reward from this fund as yet, however). - - -ILLUSTRATION OF RESULTS FOLLOWING THE ASSOCIATION'S PUBLICITY WORK - -The following examples of results following publicity sent out by the -Association and telegrams addressed to Governors and Chambers of Commerce -are reviewed: - -On November 9, telegrams of inquiry and appeal for legal action in the case -of the lynching of George Taylor at Rolesville, near Raleigh, N. C., were -sent to Governor Bickett of North Carolina, to the County Solicitor of Wake -County and to the Chamber of Commerce of Raleigh, of which that to the -Governor was acknowledged. The Governor said that he agreed with the points -made in the telegram and would back the County Solicitor in efforts to fix -the blame for the affair. The Solicitor carried on an investigation for two -weeks, examining 21 white and 9 colored witnesses. The coroner's jury ran -true to form, finding that the victim came to his death at the hands of -"parties unknown" to the jury. - -The two leading Raleigh newspapers, one of them owned by Secretary of the -Navy Daniels, carried strong editorial comment against the lynching and -criticized the dereliction of the officers in allowing their prisoner to be -taken from them. One of them commented directly and favorably on the -Association's telegrams to the Governor. - -Ten days later, as has been mentioned on a preceding page of this report, -the same Governor appealed successfully to an adjacent army camp for help -to support the mayor and "home guards" of Winston-Salem in holding the -local jail against a mob which was attempting to seize a Negro prisoner to -lynch him. - -The Chambers of Commerce of Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama, -acknowledged telegrams and letters of the Association sent during November, -saying that they supported our view (that the lynchers of Will Byrd and -Henry Whiteside should be ascertained and legal action against them taken) -and that the Governor had ordered the action referred to on a previous page -of this report, that of instructing the attorney general of the state to -push an investigation of the lynchings at Sheffield and Tuscumbia, Alabama. - -Space forbids the citation of further examples. In many cases, however, no -direct effect was produced by the Association's long distance efforts. It -would be a mistake, however, to assume that no beneficial results can be -credited to such of the Association's forty telegraphic inquiries -(accompanied by newspaper publicity) as had occasioned no immediate action. -Correspondents have written and callers at the National Headquarters have -assured the National Officers of the value of this publicity work. In some -cases local leaders among the white citizens have called upon colored -people to assure them of their concern for the well being and protection of -the _good_ Negro and incidentally, we are told, to advise them against -allying themselves with "northern agitators." - -That the pressure of national opinion is felt and feared, even in the -center of the lynching area, is evidenced by such editorials as that -following a protest against a Louisana lynching, in which a local editor -devoted a column of matter to "lambasting" the National Secretary under the -caption "No Outside Scolds Needed." It was asked why this "Association with -the long name" was endeavoring to hold Louisana up to the _scorn of the -country_, etc., _ad lib._ - - -OUTSTANDING EVENTS ASIDE FROM ASSOCIATION EFFORTS - -The most notable events affecting the anti-lynching campaign, aside from -the Association's efforts, have been the President's July 26 pronouncement -against lynching, the formation of the Tennessee Law and Order League to -suppress lynching in March, and its announced campaign to stimulate the -organization of similar movements in all the Southern states and the offer -of _The San Antonio Express_ heretofore mentioned.[13] The latter offer is, -of course, of scant promise for effective service in the campaign. - - -LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1918 - - January 17--Hazelhurst, Miss., Sam Edwards, burned to death; charged with - murder of Bera Willes, seventeen-year-old white girl. - - " 26--Benton, La., Jim Hudson, hanged; living with a white woman. - - February 7--Fayetteville, Ga., "Bud" Cosby, hanged; intent to rob and - kidnapping. - - " 12--Estill Springs, Tenn., Jim McIllheron, burned; accused of - shooting to death two white men. G. W. Lych, who hid McIllheron, was shot - to death. - - " 23--Fairfax, S. C., Walter Best, hanged; accused of murder. - - " 26--Rayville, La., Jim Lewis, Jim Jones and Will Powell, two - hanged and one shot to death; accused of stealing hogs. In the fray one - white man and one Negro were killed. - - " 26--Willacoochee, Ga., Ed. Dansy, shot; he had killed two white - officers and wounded three others. - - March 16--Monroe, La., George McNeel and John Richards, hanged; alleged - attack upon a white woman. - - " 22--Crawfordsville, Ga., Spencer Evans, hanged; convicted of - criminal assault upon a colored woman at the February term of court and - sentenced to be hanged, but a mob took him from jail and lynched him. - - " 26--Lewiston, N. C., Peter Bazemore; alleged attack upon a white - woman. - - April 4--Collinsville, Ill., Robert P. Praeger, hanged (white); accused - of making disloyal remarks. - - " 20--Poplarville, Miss., Claud Singleton, hanged; accused of - murdering a white man. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment. - - " 22--Lexington, Tenn., Berry Noyes, hanged; murder of Sheriff W. E. - McBride. - - " 22--Monroe, La., Clyde Williams, hanged; shooting C. L. Thomas, - Missouri-Pacific station agent at Fawndale. - - May 17--Valdosta, Ga., Will Head, Will Thompson, Hayes Turner, Mary - Turner, Sydney Johnson, Eugene Rice, Chime Riley, Simon Schuman and three - unidentified Negroes, hanged; alleged complicity in the murder of Hampton - Smith. - - " 20--Erwin, Tenn., Thomas Devert, shot and burned; alleged murder of a - white girl. - - " 22--Miami, Fla., Henry Jackson, hanged; throwing a white man - underneath a train. - - " 22--Red Level, Ala., John Womack, shot; alleged assault on a white - woman. - - " 23--Cordele, Ga., James Cobb, hanged; alleged murder of Mrs. Roy - Simmons. - - " 25--Barnesville, Ga., John Calhoun, shot; alleged murder of John A. - Willis. - - June 4--Huntsville, Tex., Sarah Cabiness and her five children; Peter, - Cute, Tenola, Thomas and Bessie, shot; alleged threat to avenge killing - of George Cabiness. - - " 4--Beaumont, Tex., Kirby Goolsie, hanged; alleged attack on a white - girl. - - " 4--Sanderson, Tex., Edward Valentine (white); murder. - - " 18--Mangham, La., George Clayton, hanged; murder of his employer, - Ben Brooks. In a battle with the posse he wounded six men, probably - fatally. - - " 18--Earle, Ark., Allen Mitchell, hanged; wounding Mrs. W. M. - Langston. - - " 29--Madill, Okla., L. McGill, hanged; alleged attack upon a white - woman. - - July 27--Ben Hur, Tex., Gene Brown, hanged; alleged assault on a white - woman. - - August 7--Bastrop, La., "Bubber" Hall, hanged; alleged attack on a white - woman. - - " 11--Colquit, Ga., Ike Radney; reason unknown. - - " 15--Natchez, Miss., Bill Dukes, shot to death. "He was guilty of a - crime too revolting for publication." - - " 15--Quincy, Fla., unidentified Negro; reason unknown. - - " 15--Macon, Ga., John Gilham, hanged; alleged attack on two white - women. - - " 28--Hot Springs, Ark., Frederick Wagner (white); disloyal - utterances. - - September 3--San Pedro, Cal., Warren Czerich (white); murder. - - " 18--Buff Lake, Tex., Abe O'Neal; shot and wounded white man. - - " 24--Waycross, Ga., Sandy Reeves, hanged; alleged assault on a - white girl. - - November 5--Rolesville, N. C., George Taylor, hanged; rape. - - " 11--Sheffield, Ala., William Bird, hanged; "for creating - disturbance." - - " 12--Sheffield, Ala., George Whiteside, hanged; charged with the - murder of a policeman. - - " 14--Fort Bend County, Tex., Charles Shipman; disagreement with - landowner. - - " 24--Culpepper, Va., Allie Thompson; charged with assaulting a - white woman. - - December 10--Green River, Wyo., Edward Woodson; charged with killing a - railroad switchman. - - " 16--Hickman, Ky., Charles Lewis, hanged; alleged to have beaten - Deputy Sheriff Thomas. - - " 18--Newport, Ark., Willis Robinson, hanged; murder of Patrolman - Charles Williams. - - " 21--Shubuta, Miss., Major and Andrew Clarke and Maggie and Alma - House, hanged; accused of murder of Dr. E. L. Johnston. - - - - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION - -FOR THE - -ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE - -Organized, February, 1909 -Incorporated, May, 1911 - - - 1. To abolish legal injustice against Negroes. - - 2. To stamp out race discriminations. - - 3. To prevent lynchings, burnings and torturings of black people. - - 4. To assure to every citizen of color the common rights of American - citizenship. - - _President Wilson declared for woman suffrage as a war measure. Black - men are not allowed to vote in many of the states of the Union, despite - the Fifteenth Amendment._ - - 5. To compel equal accommodations in railroad travel, irrespective of - color. - - 6. To secure for colored children an equal opportunity to public school - education through a fair apportionment of public education funds. - - _Unless the colored child can be educated he is at a fearful - disadvantage. An uneducated Negro population menaces national - well-being. This education should be of hand and brain and can be - adequately done_ for all Negro children, not the fortunate few, _only - by public schools_. - - 7. To emancipate in fact, as well as in name, a race of nearly 12,000,000 - American-born citizens. - -The only means we can employ are education, organization, agitation, -publicity--the force of an enlightened public opinion. - - -THE WORK IS SUPPORTED ENTIRELY BY VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS AND MEMBERSHIPS. - -Send contributions to -OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, _Treasurer_, -70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. - - - - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION - -FOR THE - -ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE - -70 Fifth Avenue, New York City - -Official Organ--THE CRISIS, published Monthly. - ----- - - -NATIONAL OFFICERS - - -_President_ - -MOORFIELD STOREY - - -_Vice-Presidents_ - - ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE - REV. JOHN HAYNES HOLMES - BISHOP JOHN HURST - CAPT. ARTHUR B. SPINGARN - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD - - -EXECUTIVE OFFICERS - - _Chairman of the Board_, MARY WHITE OVINGTON - JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, _Treasurer_ - DR. W. E. B. DU BOIS, _Director of Publications and Research_ - JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, _Field Secretary_ - WALTER F. WHITE, _Assistant Secretary_ - - -BOARD OF DIRECTORS - - _Baltimore_ - Bishop John Hurst - - _Boston_ - Joseph Prince Loud - Moorfield Storey - Butler R. Wilson - - _Buffalo_ - Mary B. Talbert - - _Chicago_ - Jane Addams - Dr. C. E. Bentley - - _Memphis_ - R. R. Church - - _New Haven_ - George W. Crawford - - _New York_ - Rev. Hutchens C. Bishop - Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois - Rev. John Haynes Holmes - Dr. V. Morton Jones - Florence Kelley - Paul Kennaday - John E. Milholland - Mary White Ovington - Capt. Arthur B. Spingarn - Major J. E. Spingarn - Charles H. Studin - Oswald Garrison Villard - Lillian D. Wald - William English Walling - - _Philadelphia_ - Dr. William A. Sinclair - - _Springfield_ - Rev. G. R. Waller - - _St. Louis_ - Hon. Charles Nagel - - _Wilberforce_ - Col. Chas. Young, U. S. A. - - _Washington_ - Prof. Geo. William Cook - Archibald H. Grimke - Charles Edward Russell - - - -NOTES. - - [1] The Association has in preparation a pamphlet, which will appear in - April, 1919, entitled, "Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, - 1889-1918," which can be secured from the secretary. - - [2] "The bodies of the dead Negroes," testified an eye-witness, "were - thrown into a morgue like so many dead hogs." Ibid., page 4. - - [3] See page 18 for chronological list of name, place, date and alleged - cause of lynchings for 1918. - - [4] Nothing came of this request in the way of legal action. - - [5] Four of the lynched victims were white men (one each in Arkansas, - California, Illinois and Texas), 63 were Negroes and 5 of the latter - women. - - [6] In _The Crisis_ for February, 1919, page 181, this total is given as - 12. The case of George Cabiness, whose mother and four brothers and - sister were lynched, for alleged threats to avenge the killing of - George, has been eliminated from the lynching record as the latter was - alleged to have been killed resisting arrest. - - [7] According to press accounts, except in a very few cases in which the - victim was actually tried before a court and later taken from the jail - and lynched. - - [8] Published in _The Crisis_ for September, 1918 _The Work of a Mob_, and - reprinted by the Association under the title, "_The Lynchings of May, - 1918, in Brooks and Lowndes Counties Georgia_," September, 1918, 6 p. - - [9] As we go to press, information has come that Judge B. F. Long has - sentenced 15 men involved in the attempt to storm the Winston-Salem - jail to prison terms ranging from fourteen months to six years. This - is indeed a rarity and an occasion for rejoicing. - -[10] _At the trial of the two alleged ringleaders of the mobs, which was - held at Tuscumbia, Alabama, on February 3 and 4, 1919, the jury, - assembled from the neighborhood, found a verdict of not guilty. The - secretary of the Association was in attendance at the trial and has - written a report of it which has been published as a special pamphlet - Dispensing With Justice in Alabama_--a Report of the Trial of Frank - Dillard, Alleged Lyncher, at Tuscumbia, Alabama, February 3 and 4, - 1919, by John R. Shillady, Secretary, National Association for the - Advancement of Colored People. - -[11] Of these investigations, the following have been published and may be - obtained upon application to the National Secretary: Brooks and - Lowndes Counties, Georgia (see foot-note, page 11); Estill Springs, - Tenn. (see _The Crisis_ for May, 1918, pages 16-20); Philadelphia Race - Riots of July 26 to July 31, 1918, 8 p. - -[12] Printed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored - People as "The Negro Question" (with resolutions adopted by the Bar - Association following the delivery of the address), 30 pages, ten - cents per copy. - -[13] Little, if any, progress was made in 1918, however, in the Law and - Order League endeavor, according to our best information, and no - rewards were claimed from the San Antonio Express. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING*** - - -******* This file should be named 51317.txt or 51317.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/3/1/51317 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |