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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aec71c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51317 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51317) diff --git a/old/51317-8.txt b/old/51317-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ad3765d..0000000 --- a/old/51317-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1332 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Fight Against Lynching, by Anonymous - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Fight Against Lynching - Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen - - -Author: Anonymous - - - -Release Date: February 28, 2016 [eBook #51317] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING*** - - -E-text prepared by David Edwards, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Villanova University Digital Library -(http://digital.library.villanova.edu) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Villanova University Digital Library. See - http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:354895 - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - The spelling of the U.S. state name as "Louisana" has - not been corrected as it is consistently used for all 5 - references to the state. - - - - - -THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING - -Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement -of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen - - - - - - - -Reprinted from the Ninth Annual Report -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -70 Fifth Avenue, New York - -April, 1919 - -Price Ten Cents - - - * * * * * * - - -LYNCHING PAMPHLETS* - - - PRESIDENT WILSON'S LYNCHING AND MOB VIOLENCE PRONOUNCEMENT (of July 26, - 1918). - - LYNCHINGS OF MAY, 1918, IN BROOKS AND LOWNDES COUNTIES, GEORGIA; an - investigation by the N. A. A. C. P.; 8 pages. - - THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS; an account of an Investigation by W. E. - BURGHARDT DU BOIS and MARTHA GRUENING, for the N. A. A. C. P., - illustrated, 20 pages, reprinted from _The Crisis_ for September, 1917. - - THE BURNING OF ELL PERSON AT MEMPHIS, TENN.; an account taken from the - Memphis daily papers of May 22, 23, 24 and June 3, 1917; 4 pages. - - THE BURNING OF ELL PERSON AT MEMPHIS, TENN.; an investigation by James - Weldon Johnson for the N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from _The Crisis_ for - July, 1917; 8 pages. - - THE LYNCHING OF ANTHONY CRAWFORD (at Abbeville, S. C., October 21, 1916). - Article by ROY NASH (then) Secretary, N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from the - _Independent_ for December, 1916; 4 pages, large size. - - NOTES ON LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES, compiled from _The Crisis_, 1912; - 16 pages. - - THIRTY YEARS OF LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES, 1889-1918, April, 1919; - circa 100 pages, fifteen cents. - - * Copies of the pamphlets listed may be obtained from the Secretary - of the Association. - - * * * * * * - - - -ANTI-LYNCHING COMMITTEE - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT -OF COLORED PEOPLE - - - WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING, _Chairman_ - JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - PHILIP G. PEABODY - MOORFIELD STOREY - ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKÉ - W. E. B. DU BOIS - MARY WHITE OVINGTON - -FOREWORD - - -The anti-lynching work of the National Association for the Advancement of -Colored People is carried on as a part of the activities of the Association -under the direction of the Association's Anti-Lynching Committee, whose -names appear elsewhere. - -This work was made possible in the beginning through an initial -contribution of $1,000 made by Mr. Philip G. Peabody, of Boston, Mass., in -the fall of 1916, toward a fund of $10,000 to be used in a vigorous -campaign against the lynching evil. The Association's president, Mr. -Moorfield Storey, contributed a second $1,000 and as the result of a -wide-spread appeal an amount slightly in excess of $10,000 over and above -the cost of the appeal was subscribed. The Association is endeavoring to -raise approximately $10,000 annually to carry on this work. - -The principal activities of the anti-lynching campaign include: - - Investigation of as many of the lynchings as possible. - - Publication and distribution of the investigator's findings and of other - data concerning lynching. - - Inquiries and protests whenever lynchings occur, to governors, sheriffs - and other state and local authorities by telegraph and letter, and, in - selected cases, amounting in the aggregate to a considerable number, - appeals to leading chambers of commerce urging them to demand that their - governors and other officials take legal action against lynchers. - - Press publicity of such inquiries and protests and of the results of the - Association's investigations and other matter of current "news" interest - in order thus to create public sentiment against lynching. - - Research into the facts regarding past lynchings. - - Collection of press and editorial comment on lynching in general and on - particular lynchings. - - Study of causes and remedies for lynching. - - Efforts to secure specific legislation to prevent lynching. - - Continuous agitation of the subject through the columns of the - Association's organ, _The Crisis_ and through meetings and addresses upon - every appropriate occasion. - - Generally to keep the evil of lynching before the American people as a - live issue and to offer a constructive program for its abolition. - -The Association, through its president and secretary, acting for the -Anti-Lynching Committee, took the initiative in promoting a National -Conference on Lynching which will be held in New York City on the fifth and -sixth of May, 1919, for the purpose of focusing the attention of the nation -on this blot upon America's fair name and of working out an effective, -constructive program for its abolition. This conference has been called by -one hundred and twenty leaders of American opinion, it being judged best -that the conference be called by distinguished Americans rather than by the -Association itself, or the Anti-Lynching Committee, in order that the -appeal might not be hampered in the minds of anyone by its association with -the work of an organization devoted to the interests of the Negro, and to -which there might be opposition on that account. - -Among the signers of this call are the attorney general of the United -States, five governors, one of them, Governor Hugh M. Dorsey of Georgia, a -southern governor, four ex-governors, one of these, Hon. Emmet O'Neal of -Alabama, from the South, two ex-attorney generals of the United States, -nine university presidents, the president of the American Bar Association, -a number of leading lawyers of national reputation of the country, -including Elihu Root and Charles Evans Hughes, Cardinal Gibbons and leading -churchmen and representative colored leaders. Nineteen of the signers of -the call are representatives leaders of southern white liberal opinion. - -The Association urgently appeals for financial support in its constructive -efforts to stamp out lynching in the United States. - -JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT -OF COLORED PEOPLE - - - - -THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING - - "I therefore very earnestly and solemnly beg that the governors of all - the states, the law officers of every community, and above all, the men - and women of every community in the United States, all who revere America - and wish to keep her name without stain or reproach, will co-operate, not - passively merely, but actively and watchfully to make an end of this - disgraceful evil. It cannot live where the community does not countenance - it." - - July 26, 1918. WOODROW WILSON. - - -COMMENT BY THE WAY - -An increased executive and clerical staff has permitted the Association to -devote more time and thought to its Anti-Lynching work and to conduct a -more energetic campaign for legal trial of Negro alleged offenders, than in -any previous year of the Association's history. Lynching is rapidly -becoming a national issue. Under the stress of war time, mob violence has -menaced communities heretofore relatively immune. Four white men were -lynched in 1918. And yet, when all the facts are summed up, and we would be -the last to minimize the evil of mob violence or to excuse it in the least -degree, _the lynching of Negroes by whites_ is the outstanding fact in the -situation. - -Sixty-three Negroes are known to have died at the hands of white mobs -during 1918, as we point out in succeeding pages. These lynchings might -well be regarded as evidences of civil war were it not that _up to this -time_ the Negroes have not retaliated in kind. In the absence of combined -action by Negroes forcibly to protect members of their race, the lynching -of black men and women by white men for all causes and no cause, so far as -crimes are concerned, can only be compared, although in lesser degree, to -Russian pogroms against Jews under the Tzarist regime, or to Turkish -attacks upon the Armenians. - -We would deeply deplore the forcible defense of Negroes by other Negroes, -since it would perhaps lead to sanguinary conflicts between the lower -element of whites and the Negroes, but no sane observer can fail to reflect -that either white men, who make and enforce the laws, must stop mob attacks -upon black men, no matter what reason may be given for the attacks, or -confess themselves unable to maintain law and order and protect _all_ -citizens from unlawful attack. No class of citizens can be denied the -protection of the law with impunity. - -The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People fights this -evil, as others in its program, with spiritual and legal weapons. Its -appeal is to the heart, the mind, the conscience of America. It insists -upon "ordered law and humane justice," to quote a phrase used by President -Wilson in his appeal to the country against lynching. It has hoped that the -better South would rouse itself and wipe out this terrible blot upon its -honor. But the wait has been a long one. Can the Negro depend upon securing -_his day in court_ so long as he has no say as to who sits upon the bench, -in the jury box, or who becomes the sheriff or chief of police? Think it -over in the light of experience, ye voters and students of history and -politics! - - -EXTENT OF THE LYNCHING EVIL[1] - -_Previous to 1918_ - -The records show that from 1885 to 1917, both inclusive, approximately -3,740 lynchings have occurred in the United States. Two thousand seven -hundred and forty-three (2,743) of this number have had colored persons as -victims and nine hundred and ninety-seven (997) have been white. The -relative percentages of white and colored victims for the 33 years covered -is 26 per cent, white; 74 per cent, colored. - -Assuming that the record for the earlier years is less accurate than for -the later period, because of many factors (all lynching figures are -probably minimum), the figures for the 18 years, 1900 to 1917, both -inclusive, are given. Fourteen hundred and twenty-seven (1,427) lynchings -are recorded for the period named. Twelve hundred and forty-one (1,241) of -these (86.7 per cent) were Negroes; 186 (13.3 per cent) were white. The -relative decrease of white victims is marked. - -The victims of the East St. Louis mob riots of July, 1917, are excluded, as -are those of the mob riot at Chester, Pa. The number of victims at East St. -Louis has been estimated at as many as 175. In the report of the -Congressional Investigating Committee (House Document No. 1,231, 65th -Congress, 2nd Session) the Committee says that "at least 39 Negroes and 8 -white people were killed outright, and hundreds of Negroes were wounded and -maimed."[2] - - -_During 1918_ - -During 1918, 63 Negroes and 4 white persons were lynched, as established by -well authenticated evidence.[3] The Executive Office has been advised of a -probable increase of this figure by 12 cases of which it is said that -confirmation of lynching can be obtained, but, as the Executive Office has -been unable to investigate these cases, they have, of course, been excluded -from our figures. - -An Association staff member, while in the South studying special problems, -was informed by reliable colored people in Georgia that twelve unreported -cases (in the press or elsewhere) have occurred since the Association -investigated the Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Georgia, lynching orgy of -May, 1918, and that the only apparent effect in Georgia of the President's -lynching pronouncement of July 26th last, has been an apparently concerted -agreement on the part of press and authorities to keep all news regarding -lynchings out of the Georgia press. Lending some color to this charge, is -the fact that, so far as we are aware, no Georgia daily has at any time -since May, 1918, published any account of the investigation made by the -Association or of the fact that 17 names of mob leaders were put in the -hands of Governor Dorsey, despite the considerable press comment in the -press of other states. - -One of our Texas branches (Houston) reported the case of one alleged victim -of a mob who was buried secretly and no publicity given to the facts. The -branch's president had written to the acting-governor requesting an -investigation of the circumstances.[4] Finally, some lynchings which do not -get into the press, are not carried beyond the immediate neighborhood, -sometimes a very small one, unless there is some unusual feature to -distinguish the event. - - -DISTRIBUTION OF THE 1918 LYNCHINGS - -During 1918 lynchings have occurred in the following states:[5] - - Alabama 3 - Arkansas 3 - California 1 - Florida 2 - Georgia 19 - Kentucky 1 - Louisana 9 - Illinois 1 - Mississippi 7 - North Carolina 2 - Oklahoma 1 - South Carolina 1 - Tennessee 4 - Texas 11[6] - Virginia 1 - Wyoming 1 - --- - 67 - -OFFENSES CHARGED AGAINST THE 1918 VICTIMS[7] - - _Negroes_ - "Attacks on white women" 13 - "Attacks on colored women" 1 - "Living with white woman" 1 - "Too revolting to publish" 2 - "Shooting and killing officer of law" 10 - "Murder of civilian" 14 - "Shooting and wounding" 4 - "Conspiracy to avenge killing of relative" 6 - "Accomplice in murder" 3 - "Aiding mob victim in attempt to escape" 1 - "Intent to rob and kidnap" 1 - "Quarrel with employer" 1 - "Creating disturbance" 1 - "Stealing hogs" 3 - "Unknown" 2 - --- - 63 - - _Whites_ - "Disloyal utterances" 2 - "Murder" 2 - --- - 4 - - -SPECIAL FEATURES OF LYNCHINGS - -Five of the Negro victims have been women. Two colored men were burned at -the stake before death; four Negroes were burned after death; three -Negroes, aside from those burned at the stake, were tortured before death; -in one case the victim's dead body was carried into town on the running -board of an automobile and thrown into a public park where "it was viewed -by thousands;" one Negro victim was captured and handed to the officers of -the law by Negroes themselves. A mother and her five children were lynched -by a Texas mob, the mother having been shot as she was attempting to drag -the bodies of her four dead sons from their burning home at daybreak, the -house (only a cabin) having been fired by the mob. The crime in this case -was "alleged conspiracy to avenge" the killing of another son by officers -who had come to arrest him for "evading the draft law." This latter case -has not been classified as a lynching. - -Most atrocious of all, so far as the community was concerned, was the five -days' orgy in Brooks and Lowndes Counties, which has been made the occasion -for special publicity and special efforts by the Association, to which -reference is made on page 9 of this report. In that case the particularly -vicious brutality of the mob went beyond what one is prepared to expect -from Georgia mobs--and one expects a good deal in the way of "cruel and -unusual punishments" from them. The horrible cruelties visited upon Mary -Turner, an eight month's pregnant woman, are recited in the investigation -published of our investigator's findings.[8] - -In two cases the lynchings were carried out in the court house yard and in -one of these picture post card photos were sold on the streets at 25 cents -each. - - -TAKEN FROM PEACE OFFICERS AND JAILS - -Our records show the following number of cases of lynchings of Negroes in -which the victim was taken from officers or jails: - - Alabama 2 - Georgia 4 - Louisana 2 - Mississippi 1 - North Carolina 1 - Oklahoma 1 - South Carolina 1 - Tennessee 1 - --- - 13 - - -INNOCENCE ADMITTED PUBLICLY - -In three cases of which we have record the press has spoken of the -innocence of victims; one of these involved three persons, another the ten -victims of Brooks and Lowndes Counties mobs (aside from the one person who -shot the white farmer which was the incentive to the lynchings). In another -case it is the common belief in the community in which a Negro was lynched -for "killing a white woman" that the husband of the woman was himself the -murderer. No charge has been brought against him, however, by the -authorities. In such cases, Negroes are usually too fearful of danger and -too hopeless of anything being done, to initiate legal action. In an -additional case a bank cashier declared in an interview in an Alabama -paper, that a certain lynching victim had committed no offense, that there -had been a mistake made in the man the mob was after. - - -LEGAL ACTION TAKEN BY PUBLIC OFFICIALS - -Governor Thomas W. Bickett of North Carolina ordered the sheriff to -investigate one case, but the sheriff reported that the "guilty parties -could not be ascertained." The Governor in another case personally appealed -to a mob at midnight and prevented the lynching of a man who was later -hanged. The same Governor in November appealed to the Federal authorities -and secured the support of a tank corps of 250 Federal army men to assist -the authorities of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in holding the local jail -against a mob which was attempting to get a Negro prisoner to lynch him. - -The Mayor and "Home Guards" of Winston-Salem, aided by the Federal soldiers -alluded to, protected the aforementioned prisoner at the cost of the lives -of some of the "Home Guards," for which public service, so unusual where -Negro-hunting mobs are concerned, they should receive the tributes of all -good citizens. (The Association's appreciation was made known to all -concerned by a public commendation).[9] - -Governor Richard I. Manning of South Carolina ordered a sheriff to arrest -17 prominent farmers who had participated in a lynching. Bail was fixed at -a total of $97,500, in February. From the Judge who placed the men under -bail we learn that no indictments were found by the grand jury. "Lack of -evidence," is given as the reason. - -Governor Charles Henderson of Alabama, in November, actively supported the -attorney general of the state, who, at the instance of the Governor, -personally took charge of an investigation of two lynchings which occurred -in that state on the 10th and 12th of that month. - -When a regular grand jury then in session failed to indict, a prominent -detective agency was engaged and upon the evidence secured by them, a -special grand jury, headed by a local clergyman, brought in 24 indictments. -Seventeen men were lodged in jail without bail.[10] - - -SPECIFIC ACTION BY THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE - -The following tables summarize the action taken in specific cases by the -Association: - - ======================================================================= - Telegrams and Letters - of Protest, Inquiry and Acknowledgments Press - Commendation Stories - ------------------------- ------------------------------- - Chamb. Other - State Gov. of Official Gov. C. of C. Other - Com. Persons - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - Alabama 2 10 .. .. 2 .. 1 - Arkansas 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Georgia 5 2 .. 2 .. .. 8 - Kentucky 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Louisana 7 11 .. .. 2 .. 9 - Mississippi 2 .. .. .. .. 1 2 - North Carolina 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 - Oklahoma 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 2 - South Carolina 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Tennessee 5 9 7 2 3 2 9 - Texas 3 .. 1 1 .. .. 3 - Wyoming 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 - --------------------------------------------------------- - 32 33 9 9 8 4 40* - ======================================================================= - - * In listing by states there are duplications in cases where a single - press story includes matter affecting more than one state. The total 40 - is the actual number of press stories, eliminating the duplicate count - by states. - -Special investigations by a member of the staff have been made of lynchings -at Fayetteville, Ga., Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Ga., Estill Springs, -Tenn., Blackshear, Ga., and of race riots and disturbances at Camp Merritt, -N. J., Brooklyn, N. Y. and Philadelphia, Pa.[11] - -Memoranda were prepared and sent to the President of the United States, to -the Attorney General of the United States and to the executive committees -of the American Bar Association, on the general subject of lynching, but -with reference to immediate practical action desired by the Association. -Letters requesting editorial interest in the fight against lynching were -addressed to the leading papers of the country on several occasions and -matter has been prepared for specific use by individual papers. - -Publicity in the press was secured for the memorandum to the President and -to the Attorney General. Mr. Storey's address to the Wisconsin Bar -Association, June, 1918, on "The Negro Question," which contains much -reference to lynching, was sent to all the members of the Cabinet and of -the Congress, to Governors of all the states, mayors of cities, to -newspapers, periodicals, and to leading citizens and will be given wider -circulation during the early part of 1919.[12] - -The members of the executive staff have made reference to lynching in -addresses in many cities to both white and colored audiences. Certain of -Field Secretary Johnson's addresses before white audiences have met with -notable responses. - -The offer of the publishers of the _San Antonio Express_, San Antonio, -Texas, made in April, to pay rewards of $1,000, for each conviction and -punishment of the lynchers of a Negro (and $500, if white), has been given -wide publicity among the branches and the colored press. (No one has -claimed a reward from this fund as yet, however). - - -ILLUSTRATION OF RESULTS FOLLOWING THE ASSOCIATION'S PUBLICITY WORK - -The following examples of results following publicity sent out by the -Association and telegrams addressed to Governors and Chambers of Commerce -are reviewed: - -On November 9, telegrams of inquiry and appeal for legal action in the case -of the lynching of George Taylor at Rolesville, near Raleigh, N. C., were -sent to Governor Bickett of North Carolina, to the County Solicitor of Wake -County and to the Chamber of Commerce of Raleigh, of which that to the -Governor was acknowledged. The Governor said that he agreed with the points -made in the telegram and would back the County Solicitor in efforts to fix -the blame for the affair. The Solicitor carried on an investigation for two -weeks, examining 21 white and 9 colored witnesses. The coroner's jury ran -true to form, finding that the victim came to his death at the hands of -"parties unknown" to the jury. - -The two leading Raleigh newspapers, one of them owned by Secretary of the -Navy Daniels, carried strong editorial comment against the lynching and -criticized the dereliction of the officers in allowing their prisoner to be -taken from them. One of them commented directly and favorably on the -Association's telegrams to the Governor. - -Ten days later, as has been mentioned on a preceding page of this report, -the same Governor appealed successfully to an adjacent army camp for help -to support the mayor and "home guards" of Winston-Salem in holding the -local jail against a mob which was attempting to seize a Negro prisoner to -lynch him. - -The Chambers of Commerce of Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama, -acknowledged telegrams and letters of the Association sent during November, -saying that they supported our view (that the lynchers of Will Byrd and -Henry Whiteside should be ascertained and legal action against them taken) -and that the Governor had ordered the action referred to on a previous page -of this report, that of instructing the attorney general of the state to -push an investigation of the lynchings at Sheffield and Tuscumbia, Alabama. - -Space forbids the citation of further examples. In many cases, however, no -direct effect was produced by the Association's long distance efforts. It -would be a mistake, however, to assume that no beneficial results can be -credited to such of the Association's forty telegraphic inquiries -(accompanied by newspaper publicity) as had occasioned no immediate action. -Correspondents have written and callers at the National Headquarters have -assured the National Officers of the value of this publicity work. In some -cases local leaders among the white citizens have called upon colored -people to assure them of their concern for the well being and protection of -the _good_ Negro and incidentally, we are told, to advise them against -allying themselves with "northern agitators." - -That the pressure of national opinion is felt and feared, even in the -center of the lynching area, is evidenced by such editorials as that -following a protest against a Louisana lynching, in which a local editor -devoted a column of matter to "lambasting" the National Secretary under the -caption "No Outside Scolds Needed." It was asked why this "Association with -the long name" was endeavoring to hold Louisana up to the _scorn of the -country_, etc., _ad lib._ - - -OUTSTANDING EVENTS ASIDE FROM ASSOCIATION EFFORTS - -The most notable events affecting the anti-lynching campaign, aside from -the Association's efforts, have been the President's July 26 pronouncement -against lynching, the formation of the Tennessee Law and Order League to -suppress lynching in March, and its announced campaign to stimulate the -organization of similar movements in all the Southern states and the offer -of _The San Antonio Express_ heretofore mentioned.[13] The latter offer is, -of course, of scant promise for effective service in the campaign. - - -LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1918 - - January 17--Hazelhurst, Miss., Sam Edwards, burned to death; charged with - murder of Bera Willes, seventeen-year-old white girl. - - " 26--Benton, La., Jim Hudson, hanged; living with a white woman. - - February 7--Fayetteville, Ga., "Bud" Cosby, hanged; intent to rob and - kidnapping. - - " 12--Estill Springs, Tenn., Jim McIllheron, burned; accused of - shooting to death two white men. G. W. Lych, who hid McIllheron, was shot - to death. - - " 23--Fairfax, S. C., Walter Best, hanged; accused of murder. - - " 26--Rayville, La., Jim Lewis, Jim Jones and Will Powell, two - hanged and one shot to death; accused of stealing hogs. In the fray one - white man and one Negro were killed. - - " 26--Willacoochee, Ga., Ed. Dansy, shot; he had killed two white - officers and wounded three others. - - March 16--Monroe, La., George McNeel and John Richards, hanged; alleged - attack upon a white woman. - - " 22--Crawfordsville, Ga., Spencer Evans, hanged; convicted of - criminal assault upon a colored woman at the February term of court and - sentenced to be hanged, but a mob took him from jail and lynched him. - - " 26--Lewiston, N. C., Peter Bazemore; alleged attack upon a white - woman. - - April 4--Collinsville, Ill., Robert P. Praeger, hanged (white); accused - of making disloyal remarks. - - " 20--Poplarville, Miss., Claud Singleton, hanged; accused of - murdering a white man. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment. - - " 22--Lexington, Tenn., Berry Noyes, hanged; murder of Sheriff W. E. - McBride. - - " 22--Monroe, La., Clyde Williams, hanged; shooting C. L. Thomas, - Missouri-Pacific station agent at Fawndale. - - May 17--Valdosta, Ga., Will Head, Will Thompson, Hayes Turner, Mary - Turner, Sydney Johnson, Eugene Rice, Chime Riley, Simon Schuman and three - unidentified Negroes, hanged; alleged complicity in the murder of Hampton - Smith. - - " 20--Erwin, Tenn., Thomas Devert, shot and burned; alleged murder of a - white girl. - - " 22--Miami, Fla., Henry Jackson, hanged; throwing a white man - underneath a train. - - " 22--Red Level, Ala., John Womack, shot; alleged assault on a white - woman. - - " 23--Cordele, Ga., James Cobb, hanged; alleged murder of Mrs. Roy - Simmons. - - " 25--Barnesville, Ga., John Calhoun, shot; alleged murder of John A. - Willis. - - June 4--Huntsville, Tex., Sarah Cabiness and her five children; Peter, - Cute, Tenola, Thomas and Bessie, shot; alleged threat to avenge killing - of George Cabiness. - - " 4--Beaumont, Tex., Kirby Goolsie, hanged; alleged attack on a white - girl. - - " 4--Sanderson, Tex., Edward Valentine (white); murder. - - " 18--Mangham, La., George Clayton, hanged; murder of his employer, - Ben Brooks. In a battle with the posse he wounded six men, probably - fatally. - - " 18--Earle, Ark., Allen Mitchell, hanged; wounding Mrs. W. M. - Langston. - - " 29--Madill, Okla., L. McGill, hanged; alleged attack upon a white - woman. - - July 27--Ben Hur, Tex., Gene Brown, hanged; alleged assault on a white - woman. - - August 7--Bastrop, La., "Bubber" Hall, hanged; alleged attack on a white - woman. - - " 11--Colquit, Ga., Ike Radney; reason unknown. - - " 15--Natchez, Miss., Bill Dukes, shot to death. "He was guilty of a - crime too revolting for publication." - - " 15--Quincy, Fla., unidentified Negro; reason unknown. - - " 15--Macon, Ga., John Gilham, hanged; alleged attack on two white - women. - - " 28--Hot Springs, Ark., Frederick Wagner (white); disloyal - utterances. - - September 3--San Pedro, Cal., Warren Czerich (white); murder. - - " 18--Buff Lake, Tex., Abe O'Neal; shot and wounded white man. - - " 24--Waycross, Ga., Sandy Reeves, hanged; alleged assault on a - white girl. - - November 5--Rolesville, N. C., George Taylor, hanged; rape. - - " 11--Sheffield, Ala., William Bird, hanged; "for creating - disturbance." - - " 12--Sheffield, Ala., George Whiteside, hanged; charged with the - murder of a policeman. - - " 14--Fort Bend County, Tex., Charles Shipman; disagreement with - landowner. - - " 24--Culpepper, Va., Allie Thompson; charged with assaulting a - white woman. - - December 10--Green River, Wyo., Edward Woodson; charged with killing a - railroad switchman. - - " 16--Hickman, Ky., Charles Lewis, hanged; alleged to have beaten - Deputy Sheriff Thomas. - - " 18--Newport, Ark., Willis Robinson, hanged; murder of Patrolman - Charles Williams. - - " 21--Shubuta, Miss., Major and Andrew Clarke and Maggie and Alma - House, hanged; accused of murder of Dr. E. L. Johnston. - - - - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION - -FOR THE - -ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE - -Organized, February, 1909 -Incorporated, May, 1911 - - - 1. To abolish legal injustice against Negroes. - - 2. To stamp out race discriminations. - - 3. To prevent lynchings, burnings and torturings of black people. - - 4. To assure to every citizen of color the common rights of American - citizenship. - - _President Wilson declared for woman suffrage as a war measure. Black - men are not allowed to vote in many of the states of the Union, despite - the Fifteenth Amendment._ - - 5. To compel equal accommodations in railroad travel, irrespective of - color. - - 6. To secure for colored children an equal opportunity to public school - education through a fair apportionment of public education funds. - - _Unless the colored child can be educated he is at a fearful - disadvantage. An uneducated Negro population menaces national - well-being. This education should be of hand and brain and can be - adequately done_ for all Negro children, not the fortunate few, _only - by public schools_. - - 7. To emancipate in fact, as well as in name, a race of nearly 12,000,000 - American-born citizens. - -The only means we can employ are education, organization, agitation, -publicity--the force of an enlightened public opinion. - - -THE WORK IS SUPPORTED ENTIRELY BY VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS AND MEMBERSHIPS. - -Send contributions to -OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, _Treasurer_, -70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. - - - - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION - -FOR THE - -ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE - -70 Fifth Avenue, New York City - -Official Organ--THE CRISIS, published Monthly. - ----- - - -NATIONAL OFFICERS - - -_President_ - -MOORFIELD STOREY - - -_Vice-Presidents_ - - ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKÉ - REV. JOHN HAYNES HOLMES - BISHOP JOHN HURST - CAPT. ARTHUR B. SPINGARN - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD - - -EXECUTIVE OFFICERS - - _Chairman of the Board_, MARY WHITE OVINGTON - JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, _Treasurer_ - DR. W. E. B. DU BOIS, _Director of Publications and Research_ - JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, _Field Secretary_ - WALTER F. WHITE, _Assistant Secretary_ - - -BOARD OF DIRECTORS - - _Baltimore_ - Bishop John Hurst - - _Boston_ - Joseph Prince Loud - Moorfield Storey - Butler R. Wilson - - _Buffalo_ - Mary B. Talbert - - _Chicago_ - Jane Addams - Dr. C. E. Bentley - - _Memphis_ - R. R. Church - - _New Haven_ - George W. Crawford - - _New York_ - Rev. Hutchens C. Bishop - Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois - Rev. John Haynes Holmes - Dr. V. Morton Jones - Florence Kelley - Paul Kennaday - John E. Milholland - Mary White Ovington - Capt. Arthur B. Spingarn - Major J. E. Spingarn - Charles H. Studin - Oswald Garrison Villard - Lillian D. Wald - William English Walling - - _Philadelphia_ - Dr. William A. Sinclair - - _Springfield_ - Rev. G. R. Waller - - _St. Louis_ - Hon. Charles Nagel - - _Wilberforce_ - Col. Chas. Young, U. S. A. - - _Washington_ - Prof. Geo. William Cook - Archibald H. Grimké - Charles Edward Russell - - - -NOTES. - - [1] The Association has in preparation a pamphlet, which will appear in - April, 1919, entitled, "Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, - 1889-1918," which can be secured from the secretary. - - [2] "The bodies of the dead Negroes," testified an eye-witness, "were - thrown into a morgue like so many dead hogs." Ibid., page 4. - - [3] See page 18 for chronological list of name, place, date and alleged - cause of lynchings for 1918. - - [4] Nothing came of this request in the way of legal action. - - [5] Four of the lynched victims were white men (one each in Arkansas, - California, Illinois and Texas), 63 were Negroes and 5 of the latter - women. - - [6] In _The Crisis_ for February, 1919, page 181, this total is given as - 12. The case of George Cabiness, whose mother and four brothers and - sister were lynched, for alleged threats to avenge the killing of - George, has been eliminated from the lynching record as the latter was - alleged to have been killed resisting arrest. - - [7] According to press accounts, except in a very few cases in which the - victim was actually tried before a court and later taken from the jail - and lynched. - - [8] Published in _The Crisis_ for September, 1918 _The Work of a Mob_, and - reprinted by the Association under the title, "_The Lynchings of May, - 1918, in Brooks and Lowndes Counties Georgia_," September, 1918, 6 p. - - [9] As we go to press, information has come that Judge B. F. Long has - sentenced 15 men involved in the attempt to storm the Winston-Salem - jail to prison terms ranging from fourteen months to six years. This - is indeed a rarity and an occasion for rejoicing. - -[10] _At the trial of the two alleged ringleaders of the mobs, which was - held at Tuscumbia, Alabama, on February 3 and 4, 1919, the jury, - assembled from the neighborhood, found a verdict of not guilty. The - secretary of the Association was in attendance at the trial and has - written a report of it which has been published as a special pamphlet - Dispensing With Justice in Alabama_--a Report of the Trial of Frank - Dillard, Alleged Lyncher, at Tuscumbia, Alabama, February 3 and 4, - 1919, by John R. Shillady, Secretary, National Association for the - Advancement of Colored People. - -[11] Of these investigations, the following have been published and may be - obtained upon application to the National Secretary: Brooks and - Lowndes Counties, Georgia (see foot-note, page 11); Estill Springs, - Tenn. (see _The Crisis_ for May, 1918, pages 16-20); Philadelphia Race - Riots of July 26 to July 31, 1918, 8 p. - -[12] Printed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored - People as "The Negro Question" (with resolutions adopted by the Bar - Association following the delivery of the address), 30 pages, ten - cents per copy. - -[13] Little, if any, progress was made in 1918, however, in the Law and - Order League endeavor, according to our best information, and no - rewards were claimed from the San Antonio Express. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING*** - - -******* This file should be named 51317-8.txt or 51317-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/3/1/51317 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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margin-right:auto; width:23em; } - div.poemc29 { width:95%; } - } - - h1.pg { font-size:190%; - font-weight: bold; - margin-bottom: 1ex; - margin-top:0ex; } - h2.pg { text-align:center; - font-size: 135%; - font-weight: bold; - margin-bottom: 1ex; - margin-top:1.5ex; } - h3.pg { font-size: 110%; - font-weight: bold; - margin-bottom: 1ex; - margin-top: 1ex; } - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - pre {font-size: 85%;} - </style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Fight Against Lynching, by Anonymous</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: The Fight Against Lynching</p> -<p> Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen</p> -<p>Author: Anonymous</p> -<p>Release Date: February 28, 2016 [eBook #51317]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4 class="ac">E-text prepared by David Edwards, Keith Edkins,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Villanova University Digital Library<br /> - (<a href="http://digital.library.villanova.edu">http://digital.library.villanova.edu</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Villanova University Digital Library. See - <a href="http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:354895"> - http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:354895</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> - <table class="sp5 transnote" title="Transcriber's note" summary="Transcriber's note"> - <tr> - <td class="w25">Transcriber's note:</td> - <td>The spelling of the U.S. state name as "Louisana" has not been corrected as it is - consistently used for all 5 references to the state.</td> - </tr> - </table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.1ex;"><span class="fine"><i>The</i></span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:7.6ex;"><span class="xxx-larger">Fight Against - Lynching</span></p> - -<hr style="width:10em"/> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.5ex;"><span class="larger">ANTI-LYNCHING WORK</span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.1ex;"><span class="larger"><i>of the</i></span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger">National Association for the - Advancement<br/> - of Colored People</span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:7.6ex;"><span class="x-smaller">FOR THE YEAR NINETEEN - EIGHTEEN</span></p> - -<hr style="width:10em"/> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.1ex;"><span class="smaller"><i>Reprinted from the Ninth - Annual Report</i></span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller"><span class="sc">National - Association for the Advancement of Colored People</span><br/> - 70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK</span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.7ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">April, 1919</span></p> - - <p class="sp5 ac" style="margin-bottom:5.9ex;"><span class="smaller"><i>Price Ten - Cents</i></span></p> - - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="fine"><b>LYNCHING - PAMPHLETS*</b></span></p> - - <div class="bq1 sp5"> - <p><b>President Wilson's Lynching and Mob Violence Pronouncement</b> (of July 26, 1918).</p> - <p><b>Lynchings of May, 1918, in Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Georgia</b>; an investigation by - the N. A. A. C. P.; 8 pages.</p> - <p><b>The Massacre of East St. Louis</b>; an account of an Investigation by <b>W. E. Burghardt - Du Bois</b> and <b>Martha Gruening</b>, for the N. A. A. C. P., illustrated, 20 pages, reprinted - from <i>The Crisis</i> for September, 1917.</p> - <p><b>The Burning of Ell Person at Memphis, Tenn.</b>; an account taken from the Memphis daily - papers of May 22, 23, 24 and June 3, 1917; 4 pages.</p> - <p><b>The Burning of Ell Person at Memphis, Tenn.</b>; an investigation by James Weldon Johnson - for the N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from <i>The Crisis</i> for July, 1917; 8 pages.</p> - <p><b>The Lynching of Anthony Crawford</b> (at Abbeville, S. C., October 21, 1916). Article by - <b>Roy Nash</b> (then) Secretary, N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from the <i>Independent</i> for - December, 1916; 4 pages, large size.</p> - <p><b>Notes on Lynching in the United States</b>, compiled from <i>The Crisis</i>, 1912; 16 - pages.</p> - <p><b>Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918</b>, April, 1919; circa 100 - pages, fifteen cents.</p> - <p class="sp0"><span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span>* Copies of the pamphlets listed - may be obtained from the Secretary of the Association.</p> - </div> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="larger">ANTI-LYNCHING COMMITTEE</span></p> - - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:2.4ex;"><span class="sc">National Association for the - Advancement<br/> - Of Colored People</span></p> - - <div class="poem poemc19"> - <p><span class="sc">William English Walling</span>, <i>Chairman</i></p> - <p><span class="sc">John R. Shillady</span>, <i>Secretary</i></p> - <p><span class="sc">Philip G. Peabody</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Moorfield Storey</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Archibald H. Grimké</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">W. E. B. Du Bois</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Mary White Ovington</span></p> - </div> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page3">{3}</span></div> - - <h1 class="sp3">FOREWORD</h1> - - <p>The anti-lynching work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is - carried on as a part of the activities of the Association under the direction of the Association's - Anti-Lynching Committee, whose names appear elsewhere.</p> - - <p>This work was made possible in the beginning through an initial contribution of $1,000 made by - Mr. Philip G. Peabody, of Boston, Mass., in the fall of 1916, toward a fund of $10,000 to be used - in a vigorous campaign against the lynching evil. The Association's president, Mr. Moorfield - Storey, contributed a second $1,000 and as the result of a wide-spread appeal an amount slightly - in excess of $10,000 over and above the cost of the appeal was subscribed. The Association is - endeavoring to raise approximately $10,000 annually to carry on this work.</p> - - <p>The principal activities of the anti-lynching campaign include:</p> - - <div class="bq1 sp2"> - <p>Investigation of as many of the lynchings as possible.</p> - <p>Publication and distribution of the investigator's findings and of other data concerning - lynching.</p> - <p>Inquiries and protests whenever lynchings occur, to governors, sheriffs and other state and - local authorities by telegraph and letter, and, in selected cases, amounting in the aggregate to - a considerable number, appeals to leading chambers of commerce urging them to demand that their - governors and other officials take legal action against lynchers.</p> - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page4">{4}</span></div> - <p>Press publicity of such inquiries and protests and of the results of the Association's - investigations and other matter of current "news" interest in order thus to create public - sentiment against lynching.</p> - <p>Research into the facts regarding past lynchings.</p> - <p>Collection of press and editorial comment on lynching in general and on particular - lynchings.</p> - <p>Study of causes and remedies for lynching.</p> - <p>Efforts to secure specific legislation to prevent lynching.</p> - <p>Continuous agitation of the subject through the columns of the Association's organ, <i>The - Crisis</i> and through meetings and addresses upon every appropriate occasion.</p> - <p class="sp0">Generally to keep the evil of lynching before the American people as a live issue - and to offer a constructive program for its abolition.</p> - </div> - - <p>The Association, through its president and secretary, acting for the Anti-Lynching Committee, - took the initiative in promoting a National Conference on Lynching which will be held in New York - City on the fifth and sixth of May, 1919, for the purpose of focusing the attention of the nation - on this blot upon America's fair name and of working out an effective, constructive program for - its abolition. This conference has been called by one hundred and twenty leaders of American - opinion, it being judged best that the conference be called by distinguished Americans rather than - by the Association itself, or the Anti-Lynching Committee, in order that the appeal might not be - hampered in the minds of anyone by its association with the work of an organization devoted to the - interests of the Negro, and to which there might be opposition on that account.</p> - - <p>Among the signers of this call are the attorney general of the United States, five governors, - one of them, Governor Hugh M. Dorsey of Georgia, a southern governor, four <span class="pagenum" - id="page5">{5}</span>ex-governors, one of these, Hon. Emmet O'Neal of Alabama, from the South, two - ex-attorney generals of the United States, nine university presidents, the president of the - American Bar Association, a number of leading lawyers of national reputation of the country, - including Elihu Root and Charles Evans Hughes, Cardinal Gibbons and leading churchmen and - representative colored leaders. Nineteen of the signers of the call are representatives leaders of - southern white liberal opinion.</p> - - <p>The Association urgently appeals for financial support in its constructive efforts to stamp out - lynching in the United States.</p> - - <p class="ar"><span class="sc">John R. Shillady</span>, <i>Secretary</i></p> - - <p class="sp5 ar"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">National Association for the - Advancement<br/> - of Colored People</span></span><span class="gap" style="width:5em"> </span></p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page6">{6}</span></div> - - <h1>THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING</h1> - - <div class="bq1 sp3"> - <p>"I therefore very earnestly and solemnly beg that the governors of all the states, the law - officers of every community, and above all, the men and women of every community in the United - States, all who revere America and wish to keep her name without stain or reproach, will - co-operate, not passively merely, but actively and watchfully to make an end of this disgraceful - evil. It cannot live where the community does not countenance it."</p> - <p class="sp0 ac">July 26, 1918.<span class="gap" style="width:10em"> </span>WOODROW - WILSON.</p> - </div> - - <h2><b>Comment by the Way</b></h2> - - <p>An increased executive and clerical staff has permitted the Association to devote more time and - thought to its Anti-Lynching work and to conduct a more energetic campaign for legal trial of - Negro alleged offenders, than in any previous year of the Association's history. Lynching is - rapidly becoming a national issue. Under the stress of war time, mob violence has menaced - communities heretofore relatively immune. Four white men were lynched in 1918. And yet, when all - the facts are summed up, and we would be the last to minimize the evil of mob violence or to - excuse it in the least degree, <i>the lynching of Negroes by whites</i> is the outstanding fact in - the situation.</p> - - <p>Sixty-three Negroes are known to have died at the hands of white mobs during 1918, as we point - out in succeeding pages. These lynchings might well be regarded as evidences of civil war were it - not that <i>up to this time</i> the Negroes have not retaliated in kind. In the absence of - combined action by Negroes forcibly to protect members of their race, the lynching of black men - and women by white men for all causes and no cause, so far as crimes are concerned, can only <span - class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span>be compared, although in lesser degree, to Russian pogroms - against Jews under the Tzarist regime, or to Turkish attacks upon the Armenians.</p> - - <p>We would deeply deplore the forcible defense of Negroes by other Negroes, since it would - perhaps lead to sanguinary conflicts between the lower element of whites and the Negroes, but no - sane observer can fail to reflect that either white men, who make and enforce the laws, must stop - mob attacks upon black men, no matter what reason may be given for the attacks, or confess - themselves unable to maintain law and order and protect <i>all</i> citizens from unlawful attack. - No class of citizens can be denied the protection of the law with impunity.</p> - - <p class="sp3">The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People fights this evil, as - others in its program, with spiritual and legal weapons. Its appeal is to the heart, the mind, the - conscience of America. It insists upon "ordered law and humane justice," to quote a phrase used by - President Wilson in his appeal to the country against lynching. It has hoped that the better South - would rouse itself and wipe out this terrible blot upon its honor. But the wait has been a long - one. Can the Negro depend upon securing <i>his day in court</i> so long as he has no say as to who - sits upon the bench, in the jury box, or who becomes the sheriff or chief of police? Think it over - in the light of experience, ye voters and students of history and politics!</p> - - <h2><b>Extent of the Lynching Evil<a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></b></h2> - - <h3><i>Previous to 1918</i></h3> - - <p>The records show that from 1885 to 1917, both inclusive, approximately 3,740 lynchings have - occurred in the United <span class="pagenum" id="page8">{8}</span>States. Two thousand seven - hundred and forty-three (2,743) of this number have had colored persons as victims and nine - hundred and ninety-seven (997) have been white. The relative percentages of white and colored - victims for the 33 years covered is 26 per cent, white; 74 per cent, colored.</p> - - <p>Assuming that the record for the earlier years is less accurate than for the later period, - because of many factors (all lynching figures are probably minimum), the figures for the 18 years, - 1900 to 1917, both inclusive, are given. Fourteen hundred and twenty-seven (1,427) lynchings are - recorded for the period named. Twelve hundred and forty-one (1,241) of these (86.7 per cent) were - Negroes; 186 (13.3 per cent) were white. The relative decrease of white victims is marked.</p> - - <p class="sp3">The victims of the East St. Louis mob riots of July, 1917, are excluded, as are - those of the mob riot at Chester, Pa. The number of victims at East St. Louis has been estimated - at as many as 175. In the report of the Congressional Investigating Committee (House Document No. - 1,231, 65th Congress, 2nd Session) the Committee says that "at least 39 Negroes and 8 white people - were killed outright, and hundreds of Negroes were wounded and maimed."<a id="NtA_2" - href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a></p> - - <h3><i>During 1918</i></h3> - - <p>During 1918, 63 Negroes and 4 white persons were lynched, as established by well authenticated - evidence.<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> The Executive Office has been advised of a - probable increase of this figure by 12 cases of which it is said that confirmation of lynching can - be obtained, but, as the Executive Office has <span class="pagenum" id="page9">{9}</span>been - unable to investigate these cases, they have, of course, been excluded from our figures.</p> - - <p>An Association staff member, while in the South studying special problems, was informed by - reliable colored people in Georgia that twelve unreported cases (in the press or elsewhere) have - occurred since the Association investigated the Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Georgia, lynching - orgy of May, 1918, and that the only apparent effect in Georgia of the President's lynching - pronouncement of July 26th last, has been an apparently concerted agreement on the part of press - and authorities to keep all news regarding lynchings out of the Georgia press. Lending some color - to this charge, is the fact that, so far as we are aware, no Georgia daily has at any time since - May, 1918, published any account of the investigation made by the Association or of the fact that - 17 names of mob leaders were put in the hands of Governor Dorsey, despite the considerable press - comment in the press of other states.</p> - - <p class="sp3">One of our Texas branches (Houston) reported the case of one alleged victim of a - mob who was buried secretly and no publicity given to the facts. The branch's president had - written to the acting-governor requesting an investigation of the circumstances.<a id="NtA_4" - href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> Finally, some lynchings which do not get into the press, are not - carried beyond the immediate neighborhood, sometimes a very small one, unless there is some - unusual feature to distinguish the event.</p> - - <h2><b>Distribution of the 1918 Lynchings</b></h2> - - <p class="sp3">During 1918 lynchings have occurred in the following states:<a id="NtA_5" - href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page10">{10}</span></div> - - <table class="sp2 mc" title="Lynchings in 1918" summary="Lynchings in 1918"> - <tr> - <td style="width:20em">Alabama</td> - <td class="ar pr0">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas</td> - <td class="ar pr0">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>California</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Florida</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Georgia</td> - <td class="ar pr0">19</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisana</td> - <td class="ar pr0">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Illinois</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mississippi</td> - <td class="ar pr0">7</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Carolina</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oklahoma</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South Carolina</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tennessee</td> - <td class="ar pr0">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Texas</td> - <td class="ar pr0">11</td> - <td class="pl0"><a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Virginia</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wyoming</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">67</td> - </tr> - </table> - - <h2><b>Offenses Charged Against the 1918 Victims<a id="NtA_7" - href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a></b></h2> - - <table class="sp3 mc" title="Offenses Charged Against the 1918 - Victims" summary="Offenses Charged Against the 1918 - Victims"> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="ac"><i>Negroes</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td style="width:20em">"Attacks on white women"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">13</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Attacks on colored women"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Living with white woman"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Too revolting to publish"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Shooting and killing officer of law"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">10</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Murder of civilian"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">14</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Shooting and wounding"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Conspiracy to avenge killing of relative"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">6</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Accomplice in murder"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Aiding mob victim in attempt to escape"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Intent to rob and kidnap"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Quarrel with employer"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Creating disturbance"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Stealing hogs"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Unknown"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">63</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="ac pt1"><i>Whites</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Disloyal utterances"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>"Murder"</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">4</td> - </tr> - </table> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page11">{11}</span></div> - - <h2><b>Special Features of Lynchings</b></h2> - - <p>Five of the Negro victims have been women. Two colored men were burned at the stake before - death; four Negroes were burned after death; three Negroes, aside from those burned at the stake, - were tortured before death; in one case the victim's dead body was carried into town on the - running board of an automobile and thrown into a public park where "it was viewed by thousands;" - one Negro victim was captured and handed to the officers of the law by Negroes themselves. A - mother and her five children were lynched by a Texas mob, the mother having been shot as she was - attempting to drag the bodies of her four dead sons from their burning home at daybreak, the house - (only a cabin) having been fired by the mob. The crime in this case was "alleged conspiracy to - avenge" the killing of another son by officers who had come to arrest him for "evading the draft - law." This latter case has not been classified as a lynching.</p> - - <p>Most atrocious of all, so far as the community was concerned, was the five days' orgy in Brooks - and Lowndes Counties, which has been made the occasion for special publicity and special efforts - by the Association, to which reference is made on page <a href="#page9">9</a> of this report. In - that case the particularly vicious brutality of the mob went beyond what one is prepared to expect - from Georgia mobs—and one expects a good deal in the way of "cruel and unusual punishments" - from them. The horrible cruelties visited upon Mary Turner, an eight month's pregnant woman, are - recited in the investigation published of our investigator's findings.<a id="NtA_8" - href="#Nt_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> - - <p class="sp3">In two cases the lynchings were carried out in the court house yard and in one of - these picture post card photos were sold on the streets at 25 cents each.</p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page12">{12}</span></div> - - <h2><b>Taken from Peace Officers and Jails</b></h2> - - <p class="sp3">Our records show the following number of cases of lynchings of Negroes in which the - victim was taken from officers or jails:</p> - - <table class="sp4 mc" title="Negroes taken from Peace Officers and - Jails" summary="Negroes taken from Peace Officers and - Jails"> - <tr> - <td style="width:20em">Alabama</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Georgia</td> - <td class="ar pr0">4</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisana</td> - <td class="ar pr0">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mississippi</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Carolina</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oklahoma</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South Carolina</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tennessee</td> - <td class="ar pr0">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar pr0">13</td> - </tr> - </table> - - <h2><b>Innocence Admitted Publicly</b></h2> - - <p class="sp3">In three cases of which we have record the press has spoken of the innocence of - victims; one of these involved three persons, another the ten victims of Brooks and Lowndes - Counties mobs (aside from the one person who shot the white farmer which was the incentive to the - lynchings). In another case it is the common belief in the community in which a Negro was lynched - for "killing a white woman" that the husband of the woman was himself the murderer. No charge has - been brought against him, however, by the authorities. In such cases, Negroes are usually too - fearful of danger and too hopeless of anything being done, to initiate legal action. In an - additional case a bank cashier declared in an interview in an Alabama paper, that a certain - lynching victim had committed no offense, that there had been a mistake made in the man the mob - was after.</p> - - <h2><b>Legal Action Taken by Public Officials</b></h2> - - <p>Governor Thomas W. Bickett of North Carolina ordered the sheriff to investigate one case, but - the sheriff reported that the "guilty parties could not be ascertained." The Governor in another - case personally appealed to a mob at midnight and prevented the lynching of a man who was later - hanged. The same Governor in November appealed to the Federal <span class="pagenum" - id="page13">{13}</span>authorities and secured the support of a tank corps of 250 Federal army men - to assist the authorities of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in holding the local jail against a - mob which was attempting to get a Negro prisoner to lynch him.</p> - - <p>The Mayor and "Home Guards" of Winston-Salem, aided by the Federal soldiers alluded to, - protected the aforementioned prisoner at the cost of the lives of some of the "Home Guards," for - which public service, so unusual where Negro-hunting mobs are concerned, they should receive the - tributes of all good citizens. (The Association's appreciation was made known to all concerned by - a public commendation).<a id="NtA_9" href="#Nt_9"><sup>[9]</sup></a></p> - - <p>Governor Richard I. Manning of South Carolina ordered a sheriff to arrest 17 prominent farmers - who had participated in a lynching. Bail was fixed at a total of $97,500, in February. From the - Judge who placed the men under bail we learn that no indictments were found by the grand jury. - "Lack of evidence," is given as the reason.</p> - - <p>Governor Charles Henderson of Alabama, in November, actively supported the attorney general of - the state, who, at the instance of the Governor, personally took charge of an investigation of two - lynchings which occurred in that state on the 10th and 12th of that month.</p> - - <p class="sp3">When a regular grand jury then in session failed to indict, a prominent detective - agency was engaged and upon the evidence secured by them, a special grand jury, headed by a local - clergyman, brought in 24 indictments. Seventeen men were lodged in jail without bail.<a - id="NtA_10" href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a></p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page14">{14}</span></div> - - <h2><b>Specific Action by the Executive Office</b></h2> - - <p class="sp3">The following tables summarize the action taken in specific cases by the - Association:</p> - - <table class="sp3 mc btd" title="Actions taken by the Association" - summary="Actions taken by the Association"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td colspan="3" class="ac vmi bb">Telegrams and Letters<br/> - of Protest, Inquiry and<br/> - Commendation</td> - <td colspan="3" class="ac vmi bb">Acknowledgments</td> - <td class="ac vmi bb">Press<br/> - Stories</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">State</td> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">Gov.</td> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">Chamb.<br/> - of<br/> - Com.</td> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">Other<br/> - Official<br/> - Persons</td> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">Gov.</td> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">C. of C.</td> - <td class="ac vmi pl0 pr0">Other</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td style="width:10em">Alabama</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">2</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">10</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">..</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">..</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">2</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">..</td> - <td style="width:3em" class="ar">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Arkansas</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Georgia</td> - <td class="ar">5</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">8</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Kentucky</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Louisana</td> - <td class="ar">7</td> - <td class="ar">11</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Mississippi</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>North Carolina</td> - <td class="ar">3</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Oklahoma</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>South Carolina</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tennessee</td> - <td class="ar">5</td> - <td class="ar">9</td> - <td class="ar">7</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">3</td> - <td class="ar">2</td> - <td class="ar">9</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Texas</td> - <td class="ar">3</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">3</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Wyoming</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">..</td> - <td class="ar">1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - <td class="ar">——</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="ar">32</td> - <td class="ar">33</td> - <td class="ar">9</td> - <td class="ar">9</td> - <td class="ar">8</td> - <td class="ar">4</td> - <td class="ar">40*</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="8" class="pl2 pr2 btd">* In listing by states there are duplications in cases - where a single press story includes matter affecting more than one state. The total 40 is the - actual number of press stories, eliminating the duplicate count by states.</td> - </tr> - </table> - - <p>Special investigations by a member of the staff have been made of lynchings at Fayetteville, - Ga., Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Ga., Estill Springs, Tenn., Blackshear, Ga., and of race riots - and disturbances at Camp Merritt, N. J., Brooklyn, N. Y. and Philadelphia, Pa.<a id="NtA_11" - href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> - - <p>Memoranda were prepared and sent to the President of the United States, to the Attorney General - of the United States and to the executive committees of the American Bar <span class="pagenum" - id="page15">{15}</span>Association, on the general subject of lynching, but with reference to - immediate practical action desired by the Association. Letters requesting editorial interest in - the fight against lynching were addressed to the leading papers of the country on several - occasions and matter has been prepared for specific use by individual papers.</p> - - <p>Publicity in the press was secured for the memorandum to the President and to the Attorney - General. Mr. Storey's address to the Wisconsin Bar Association, June, 1918, on "The Negro - Question," which contains much reference to lynching, was sent to all the members of the Cabinet - and of the Congress, to Governors of all the states, mayors of cities, to newspapers, periodicals, - and to leading citizens and will be given wider circulation during the early part of 1919.<a - id="NtA_12" href="#Nt_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a></p> - - <p>The members of the executive staff have made reference to lynching in addresses in many cities - to both white and colored audiences. Certain of Field Secretary Johnson's addresses before white - audiences have met with notable responses.</p> - - <p class="sp3">The offer of the publishers of the <i>San Antonio Express</i>, San Antonio, Texas, - made in April, to pay rewards of $1,000, for each conviction and punishment of the lynchers of a - Negro (and $500, if white), has been given wide publicity among the branches and the colored - press. (No one has claimed a reward from this fund as yet, however).</p> - - <h2><b>Illustration of Results Following the Association's Publicity Work</b></h2> - - <p>The following examples of results following publicity sent out by the Association and telegrams - addressed to Governors and Chambers of Commerce are reviewed:</p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span></div> - - <p>On November 9, telegrams of inquiry and appeal for legal action in the case of the lynching of - George Taylor at Rolesville, near Raleigh, N. C., were sent to Governor Bickett of North Carolina, - to the County Solicitor of Wake County and to the Chamber of Commerce of Raleigh, of which that to - the Governor was acknowledged. The Governor said that he agreed with the points made in the - telegram and would back the County Solicitor in efforts to fix the blame for the affair. The - Solicitor carried on an investigation for two weeks, examining 21 white and 9 colored witnesses. - The coroner's jury ran true to form, finding that the victim came to his death at the hands of - "parties unknown" to the jury.</p> - - <p>The two leading Raleigh newspapers, one of them owned by Secretary of the Navy Daniels, carried - strong editorial comment against the lynching and criticized the dereliction of the officers in - allowing their prisoner to be taken from them. One of them commented directly and favorably on the - Association's telegrams to the Governor.</p> - - <p>Ten days later, as has been mentioned on a preceding page of this report, the same Governor - appealed successfully to an adjacent army camp for help to support the mayor and "home guards" of - Winston-Salem in holding the local jail against a mob which was attempting to seize a Negro - prisoner to lynch him.</p> - - <p>The Chambers of Commerce of Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama, acknowledged telegrams and - letters of the Association sent during November, saying that they supported our view (that the - lynchers of Will Byrd and Henry Whiteside should be ascertained and legal action against them - taken) and that the Governor had ordered the action referred to on a previous page of this report, - that of instructing the attorney general of the state to push an investigation of the lynchings at - Sheffield and Tuscumbia, Alabama.</p> - - <p>Space forbids the citation of further examples. In many <span class="pagenum" - id="page17">{17}</span>cases, however, no direct effect was produced by the Association's long - distance efforts. It would be a mistake, however, to assume that no beneficial results can be - credited to such of the Association's forty telegraphic inquiries (accompanied by newspaper - publicity) as had occasioned no immediate action. Correspondents have written and callers at the - National Headquarters have assured the National Officers of the value of this publicity work. In - some cases local leaders among the white citizens have called upon colored people to assure them - of their concern for the well being and protection of the <i>good</i> Negro and incidentally, we - are told, to advise them against allying themselves with "northern agitators."</p> - - <p class="sp3">That the pressure of national opinion is felt and feared, even in the center of the - lynching area, is evidenced by such editorials as that following a protest against a Louisana - lynching, in which a local editor devoted a column of matter to "lambasting" the National - Secretary under the caption "No Outside Scolds Needed." It was asked why this "Association with - the long name" was endeavoring to hold Louisana up to the <i>scorn of the country</i>, etc., <i>ad - lib.</i></p> - - <h2><b>Outstanding Events Aside From Association Efforts</b></h2> - - <p class="sp3">The most notable events affecting the anti-lynching campaign, aside from the - Association's efforts, have been the President's July 26 pronouncement against lynching, the - formation of the Tennessee Law and Order League to suppress lynching in March, and its announced - campaign to stimulate the organization of similar movements in all the Southern states and the - offer of <i>The San Antonio Express</i> heretofore mentioned.<a id="NtA_13" - href="#Nt_13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> The latter offer is, of course, of scant promise for effective - service in the campaign.</p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page18">{18}</span></div> - - <h2 style="text-align:center"><b>LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1918</b></h2> - - <div class="it5 sp5"> - <p>January 17—Hazelhurst, Miss., Sam Edwards, burned to death; charged with murder of Bera - Willes, seventeen-year-old white girl.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Jan</span>"<span class="hid">ary</span> 26—Benton, La., Jim Hudson, - hanged; living with a white woman.</p> - <p>February 7—Fayetteville, Ga., "Bud" Cosby, hanged; intent to rob and kidnapping.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Febr</span>"<span class="hid">ary</span> 12—Estill Springs, Tenn., - Jim McIllheron, burned; accused of shooting to death two white men. G. W. Lych, who hid - McIllheron, was shot to death.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Febr</span>"<span class="hid">ary</span> 23—Fairfax, S. C., Walter - Best, hanged; accused of murder.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Febr</span>"<span class="hid">ary</span> 26—Rayville, La., Jim Lewis, - Jim Jones and Will Powell, two hanged and one shot to death; accused of stealing hogs. In the - fray one white man and one Negro were killed.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Febr</span>"<span class="hid">ary</span> 26—Willacoochee, Ga., Ed. - Dansy, shot; he had killed two white officers and wounded three others.</p> - <p>March 16—Monroe, La., George McNeel and John Richards, hanged; alleged attack upon a - white woman.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Ma</span>"<span class="hid">ch</span> 22—Crawfordsville, Ga., Spencer - Evans, hanged; convicted of criminal assault upon a colored woman at the February term of court - and sentenced to be hanged, but a mob took him from jail and lynched him.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Ma</span>"<span class="hid">ch</span> 26—Lewiston, N. C., Peter - Bazemore; alleged attack upon a white woman.</p> - <p>April 4—Collinsville, Ill., Robert P. Praeger, hanged (white); accused of making - disloyal remarks.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Ap</span>"<span class="hid">il</span> 20—Poplarville, Miss., Claud - Singleton, hanged; accused of murdering a white man. He had been sentenced to life - imprisonment.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Ap</span>"<span class="hid">il</span> 22—Lexington, Tenn., Berry - Noyes, hanged; murder of Sheriff W. E. McBride.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Ap</span>"<span class="hid">il</span> 22—Monroe, La., Clyde Williams, - hanged; shooting C. L. Thomas, Missouri-Pacific station agent at Fawndale.</p> - <p>May 17—Valdosta, Ga., Will Head, Will Thompson, Hayes Turner, Mary Turner, Sydney - Johnson, Eugene Rice, Chime Riley, Simon Schuman and three unidentified Negroes, hanged; alleged - complicity in the murder of Hampton Smith.</p> - <p><span class="hid">M</span>"<span class="hid">y</span> 20—Erwin, Tenn., Thomas Devert, - shot and burned; alleged murder of a white girl.</p> - <p><span class="hid">M</span>"<span class="hid">y</span> 22—Miami, Fla., Henry Jackson, - hanged; throwing a white man underneath a train.</p> - <p><span class="hid">M</span>"<span class="hid">y</span> 22—Red Level, Ala., John Womack, - shot; alleged assault on a white woman.</p> - <p><span class="hid">M</span>"<span class="hid">y</span> 23—Cordele, Ga., James Cobb, - hanged; alleged murder of Mrs. Roy Simmons.</p> - <p><span class="hid">M</span>"<span class="hid">y</span> 25—Barnesville, Ga., John - Calhoun, shot; alleged murder of John A. Willis.</p> - <p>June 4—Huntsville, Tex., Sarah Cabiness and her five children; Peter, Cute, Tenola, - Thomas and Bessie, shot; alleged threat to avenge killing of George Cabiness.</p> - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page19">{19}</span></div> - <p><span class="hid">J</span>"<span class="hid">ne</span> 4—Beaumont, Tex., Kirby Goolsie, - hanged; alleged attack on a white girl.</p> - <p><span class="hid">J</span>"<span class="hid">ne</span> 4—Sanderson, Tex., Edward - Valentine (white); murder.</p> - <p><span class="hid">J</span>"<span class="hid">ne</span> 18—Mangham, La., George Clayton, - hanged; murder of his employer, Ben Brooks. In a battle with the posse he wounded six men, - probably fatally.</p> - <p><span class="hid">J</span>"<span class="hid">ne</span> 18—Earle, Ark., Allen Mitchell, - hanged; wounding Mrs. W. M. Langston.</p> - <p><span class="hid">J</span>"<span class="hid">ne</span> 29—Madill, Okla., L. McGill, - hanged; alleged attack upon a white woman.</p> - <p>July 27—Ben Hur, Tex., Gene Brown, hanged; alleged assault on a white woman.</p> - <p>August 7—Bastrop, La., "Bubber" Hall, hanged; alleged attack on a white woman.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Aug</span>"<span class="hid">st</span> 11—Colquit, Ga., Ike Radney; - reason unknown.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Aug</span>"<span class="hid">st</span> 15—Natchez, Miss., Bill Dukes, - shot to death. "He was guilty of a crime too revolting for publication."</p> - <p><span class="hid">Aug</span>"<span class="hid">st</span> 15—Quincy, Fla., unidentified - Negro; reason unknown.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Aug</span>"<span class="hid">st</span> 15—Macon, Ga., John Gilham, - hanged; alleged attack on two white women.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Aug</span>"<span class="hid">st</span> 28—Hot Springs, Ark., - Frederick Wagner (white); disloyal utterances.</p> - <p>September 3—San Pedro, Cal., Warren Czerich (white); murder.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Sept</span>"<span class="hid">mber</span> 18—Buff Lake, Tex., Abe - O'Neal; shot and wounded white man.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Sept</span>"<span class="hid">mber</span> 24—Waycross, Ga., Sandy - Reeves, hanged; alleged assault on a white girl.</p> - <p>November 5—Rolesville, N. C., George Taylor, hanged; rape.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Nove</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 11—Sheffield, Ala., William - Bird, hanged; "for creating disturbance."</p> - <p><span class="hid">Nove</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 12—Sheffield, Ala., George - Whiteside, hanged; charged with the murder of a policeman.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Nove</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 14—Fort Bend County, Tex., - Charles Shipman; disagreement with landowner.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Nove</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 24—Culpepper, Va., Allie - Thompson; charged with assaulting a white woman.</p> - <p>December 10—Green River, Wyo., Edward Woodson; charged with killing a railroad - switchman.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Dece</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 16—Hickman, Ky., Charles - Lewis, hanged; alleged to have beaten Deputy Sheriff Thomas.</p> - <p><span class="hid">Dece</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 18—Newport, Ark., Willis - Robinson, hanged; murder of Patrolman Charles Williams.</p> - <p class="sp0"><span class="hid">Dece</span>"<span class="hid">ber</span> 21—Shubuta, - Miss., Major and Andrew Clarke and Maggie and Alma House, hanged; accused of murder of Dr. E. L. - Johnston.</p> - </div> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span></div> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.2ex;">NATIONAL ASSOCIATION</p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">FOR THE</span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;">ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE</p> - - <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="fine">Organized, February, 1909<br/> - Incorporated, May, 1911</span></p> - - <div class="bq1 sp2"> - <p>1. To abolish legal injustice against Negroes.</p> - <p>2. To stamp out race discriminations.</p> - <p>3. To prevent lynchings, burnings and torturings of black people.</p> - <p>4. To assure to every citizen of color the common rights of American citizenship.</p> - <div class="bq2 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>President Wilson declared for woman suffrage as a war measure. Black men are - not allowed to vote in many of the states of the Union, despite the Fifteenth - Amendment.</i></p> - </div> - <p>5. To compel equal accommodations in railroad travel, irrespective of color.</p> - <p>6. To secure for colored children an equal opportunity to public school education through a - fair apportionment of public education funds.</p> - <div class="bq2 sp2"> - <p class="sp0"><i>Unless the colored child can be educated he is at a fearful disadvantage. An - uneducated Negro population menaces national well-being. This education should be of hand and - brain and can be adequately done</i> for all Negro children, not the fortunate few, <i>only by - public schools</i>.</p> - </div> - <p class="sp0">7. To emancipate in fact, as well as in name, a race of nearly 12,000,000 - American-born citizens.</p> - </div> - - <p class="sp3">The only means we can employ are education, organization, agitation, - publicity—the force of an enlightened public opinion.</p> - - <p><span class="larger">THE WORK IS SUPPORTED ENTIRELY BY VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS AND - MEMBERSHIPS.</span></p> - - <p class="sp5 ar">Send contributions to<span class="gap" style="width:17em"> </span><br/> - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, <i>Treasurer</i>,<span class="gap" style="width:2em"> </span><br/> - <span class="sc">70 Fifth Avenue, New York</span>.</p> - - <div><span class="pagenum" id="page21">{21}</span></div> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.2ex;">NATIONAL ASSOCIATION</p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.2ex;"><span class="x-smaller">FOR THE</span></p> - - <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;">ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE</p> - - <p class="ac">70 Fifth Avenue, New York City</p> - - <p class="ac">Official Organ—THE CRISIS, published Monthly.</p> - -<hr style="width:6em"/> - - <p class="sp3 ac">NATIONAL OFFICERS</p> - - <p class="ac"><i>President</i></p> - - <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="sc">Moorfield Storey</span></p> - - <p class="ac"><i>Vice-Presidents</i></p> - - <div class="poem poemc16 sp3"> - <p><span class="sc">Archibald H. Grimké</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Rev. John Haynes Holmes</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Bishop John Hurst</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Capt. Arthur B. Spingarn</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">Oswald Garrison Villard</span></p> - </div> - - <p class="ac">EXECUTIVE OFFICERS</p> - - <div class="poem poemc29 sp3"> - <p style="margin-left:2.80em"><i>Chairman of the Board</i>, <span class="sc">Mary White - Ovington</span></p> - <p><span class="sc">John R. Shillady</span>, <i>Secretary</i></p> - <p><span class="sc">Oswald Garrison Villard</span>, <i>Treasurer</i></p> - <p><span class="sc">Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois</span>, <i>Director of Publications and - Research</i></p> - <p><span class="sc">James Weldon Johnson</span>, <i>Field Secretary</i></p> - <p><span class="sc">Walter F. White</span>, <i>Assistant Secretary</i></p> - </div> - - <p class="ac">BOARD OF DIRECTORS</p> - - <div class="poem poemc13 sp4"> - <p><i>Baltimore</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Bishop John Hurst</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Boston</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Joseph Prince Loud</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Moorfield Storey</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Butler R. Wilson</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Buffalo</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Mary B. Talbert</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Chicago</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Jane Addams</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Dr. C. E. Bentley</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Memphis</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">R. R. Church</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>New Haven</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">George W. Crawford</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>New York</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Rev. Hutchens C. Bishop</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Rev. John Haynes Holmes</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Dr. V. Morton Jones</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Florence Kelley</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Paul Kennaday</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">John E. Milholland</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Mary White Ovington</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Capt. Arthur B. Spingarn</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Major J. E. Spingarn</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Charles H. Studin</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Oswald Garrison Villard</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Lillian D. Wald</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">William English Walling</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Philadelphia</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Dr. William A. Sinclair</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Springfield</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Rev. G. R. Waller</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>St. Louis</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Hon. Charles Nagel</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Wilberforce</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Col. Chas. Young, U. S. A.</p> - <p class="stanza"><i>Washington</i></p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Prof. Geo. William Cook</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Archibald H. Grimké</p> - <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Charles Edward Russell</p> - </div> - - <h2><b>Notes.</b></h2> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a> - <p>The Association has in preparation a pamphlet, which will appear in April, 1919, entitled, - "Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918," which can be secured from the - secretary.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a> - <p>"The bodies of the dead Negroes," testified an eye-witness, "were thrown into a morgue like - so many dead hogs." Ibid., page 4.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a> - <p>See page <a href="#page18">18</a> for chronological list of name, place, date and alleged - cause of lynchings for 1918.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a> - <p>Nothing came of this request in the way of legal action.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a> - <p>Four of the lynched victims were white men (one each in Arkansas, California, Illinois and - Texas), 63 were Negroes and 5 of the latter women.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a> - <p>In <i>The Crisis</i> for February, 1919, page 181, this total is given as 12. The case of - George Cabiness, whose mother and four brothers and sister were lynched, for alleged threats to - avenge the killing of George, has been eliminated from the lynching record as the latter was - alleged to have been killed resisting arrest.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a> - <p>According to press accounts, except in a very few cases in which the victim was actually - tried before a court and later taken from the jail and lynched.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_8" href="#NtA_8">[8]</a> - <p>Published in <i>The Crisis</i> for September, 1918 <i>The Work of a Mob</i>, and reprinted by - the Association under the title, "<i>The Lynchings of May, 1918, in Brooks and Lowndes Counties - Georgia</i>," September, 1918, 6 p.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_9" href="#NtA_9">[9]</a> - <p>As we go to press, information has come that Judge B. F. Long has sentenced 15 men involved - in the attempt to storm the Winston-Salem jail to prison terms ranging from fourteen months to - six years. This is indeed a rarity and an occasion for rejoicing.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_10" href="#NtA_10">[10]</a> - <p><i>At the trial of the two alleged ringleaders of the mobs, which was held at Tuscumbia, - Alabama, on February 3 and 4, 1919, the jury, assembled from the neighborhood, found a verdict - of not guilty. The secretary of the Association was in attendance at the trial and has written a - report of it which has been published as a special pamphlet Dispensing With Justice in - Alabama</i>—a Report of the Trial of Frank Dillard, Alleged Lyncher, at Tuscumbia, - Alabama, February 3 and 4, 1919, by John R. Shillady, Secretary, National Association for the - Advancement of Colored People.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_11" href="#NtA_11">[11]</a> - <p>Of these investigations, the following have been published and may be obtained upon - application to the National Secretary: Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Georgia (see foot-note, page - <a href="#page11">11</a>); Estill Springs, Tenn. (see <i>The Crisis</i> for May, 1918, pages - 16-20); Philadelphia Race Riots of July 26 to July 31, 1918, 8 p.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_12" href="#NtA_12">[12]</a> - <p>Printed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People as "The Negro - Question" (with resolutions adopted by the Bar Association following the delivery of the - address), 30 pages, ten cents per copy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="foot"> - <a class="fnote" id="Nt_13" href="#NtA_13">[13]</a> - <p>Little, if any, progress was made in 1918, however, in the Law and Order League endeavor, - according to our best information, and no rewards were claimed from the San Antonio Express.</p> - </div> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 51317-h.htm or 51317-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/3/1/51317">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/3/1/51317</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition.</p> - -<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org</p> - -<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> - -</body> -</html> - diff --git a/old/51317-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/51317-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 32d4885..0000000 --- a/old/51317-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/51317.txt b/old/51317.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b201d4f..0000000 --- a/old/51317.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1332 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Fight Against Lynching, by Anonymous - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Fight Against Lynching - Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen - - -Author: Anonymous - - - -Release Date: February 28, 2016 [eBook #51317] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING*** - - -E-text prepared by David Edwards, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Villanova University Digital Library -(http://digital.library.villanova.edu) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - Villanova University Digital Library. See - http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:354895 - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - The spelling of the U.S. state name as "Louisana" has - not been corrected as it is consistently used for all 5 - references to the state. - - - - - -THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING - -Anti-Lynching Work of the National Association for the Advancement -of Colored People for the Year Nineteen Eighteen - - - - - - - -Reprinted from the Ninth Annual Report -National Association for the Advancement of Colored People -70 Fifth Avenue, New York - -April, 1919 - -Price Ten Cents - - - * * * * * * - - -LYNCHING PAMPHLETS* - - - PRESIDENT WILSON'S LYNCHING AND MOB VIOLENCE PRONOUNCEMENT (of July 26, - 1918). - - LYNCHINGS OF MAY, 1918, IN BROOKS AND LOWNDES COUNTIES, GEORGIA; an - investigation by the N. A. A. C. P.; 8 pages. - - THE MASSACRE OF EAST ST. LOUIS; an account of an Investigation by W. E. - BURGHARDT DU BOIS and MARTHA GRUENING, for the N. A. A. C. P., - illustrated, 20 pages, reprinted from _The Crisis_ for September, 1917. - - THE BURNING OF ELL PERSON AT MEMPHIS, TENN.; an account taken from the - Memphis daily papers of May 22, 23, 24 and June 3, 1917; 4 pages. - - THE BURNING OF ELL PERSON AT MEMPHIS, TENN.; an investigation by James - Weldon Johnson for the N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from _The Crisis_ for - July, 1917; 8 pages. - - THE LYNCHING OF ANTHONY CRAWFORD (at Abbeville, S. C., October 21, 1916). - Article by ROY NASH (then) Secretary, N. A. A. C. P.; reprinted from the - _Independent_ for December, 1916; 4 pages, large size. - - NOTES ON LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES, compiled from _The Crisis_, 1912; - 16 pages. - - THIRTY YEARS OF LYNCHING IN THE UNITED STATES, 1889-1918, April, 1919; - circa 100 pages, fifteen cents. - - * Copies of the pamphlets listed may be obtained from the Secretary - of the Association. - - * * * * * * - - - -ANTI-LYNCHING COMMITTEE - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT -OF COLORED PEOPLE - - - WILLIAM ENGLISH WALLING, _Chairman_ - JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - PHILIP G. PEABODY - MOORFIELD STOREY - ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE - W. E. B. DU BOIS - MARY WHITE OVINGTON - -FOREWORD - - -The anti-lynching work of the National Association for the Advancement of -Colored People is carried on as a part of the activities of the Association -under the direction of the Association's Anti-Lynching Committee, whose -names appear elsewhere. - -This work was made possible in the beginning through an initial -contribution of $1,000 made by Mr. Philip G. Peabody, of Boston, Mass., in -the fall of 1916, toward a fund of $10,000 to be used in a vigorous -campaign against the lynching evil. The Association's president, Mr. -Moorfield Storey, contributed a second $1,000 and as the result of a -wide-spread appeal an amount slightly in excess of $10,000 over and above -the cost of the appeal was subscribed. The Association is endeavoring to -raise approximately $10,000 annually to carry on this work. - -The principal activities of the anti-lynching campaign include: - - Investigation of as many of the lynchings as possible. - - Publication and distribution of the investigator's findings and of other - data concerning lynching. - - Inquiries and protests whenever lynchings occur, to governors, sheriffs - and other state and local authorities by telegraph and letter, and, in - selected cases, amounting in the aggregate to a considerable number, - appeals to leading chambers of commerce urging them to demand that their - governors and other officials take legal action against lynchers. - - Press publicity of such inquiries and protests and of the results of the - Association's investigations and other matter of current "news" interest - in order thus to create public sentiment against lynching. - - Research into the facts regarding past lynchings. - - Collection of press and editorial comment on lynching in general and on - particular lynchings. - - Study of causes and remedies for lynching. - - Efforts to secure specific legislation to prevent lynching. - - Continuous agitation of the subject through the columns of the - Association's organ, _The Crisis_ and through meetings and addresses upon - every appropriate occasion. - - Generally to keep the evil of lynching before the American people as a - live issue and to offer a constructive program for its abolition. - -The Association, through its president and secretary, acting for the -Anti-Lynching Committee, took the initiative in promoting a National -Conference on Lynching which will be held in New York City on the fifth and -sixth of May, 1919, for the purpose of focusing the attention of the nation -on this blot upon America's fair name and of working out an effective, -constructive program for its abolition. This conference has been called by -one hundred and twenty leaders of American opinion, it being judged best -that the conference be called by distinguished Americans rather than by the -Association itself, or the Anti-Lynching Committee, in order that the -appeal might not be hampered in the minds of anyone by its association with -the work of an organization devoted to the interests of the Negro, and to -which there might be opposition on that account. - -Among the signers of this call are the attorney general of the United -States, five governors, one of them, Governor Hugh M. Dorsey of Georgia, a -southern governor, four ex-governors, one of these, Hon. Emmet O'Neal of -Alabama, from the South, two ex-attorney generals of the United States, -nine university presidents, the president of the American Bar Association, -a number of leading lawyers of national reputation of the country, -including Elihu Root and Charles Evans Hughes, Cardinal Gibbons and leading -churchmen and representative colored leaders. Nineteen of the signers of -the call are representatives leaders of southern white liberal opinion. - -The Association urgently appeals for financial support in its constructive -efforts to stamp out lynching in the United States. - -JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT -OF COLORED PEOPLE - - - - -THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING - - "I therefore very earnestly and solemnly beg that the governors of all - the states, the law officers of every community, and above all, the men - and women of every community in the United States, all who revere America - and wish to keep her name without stain or reproach, will co-operate, not - passively merely, but actively and watchfully to make an end of this - disgraceful evil. It cannot live where the community does not countenance - it." - - July 26, 1918. WOODROW WILSON. - - -COMMENT BY THE WAY - -An increased executive and clerical staff has permitted the Association to -devote more time and thought to its Anti-Lynching work and to conduct a -more energetic campaign for legal trial of Negro alleged offenders, than in -any previous year of the Association's history. Lynching is rapidly -becoming a national issue. Under the stress of war time, mob violence has -menaced communities heretofore relatively immune. Four white men were -lynched in 1918. And yet, when all the facts are summed up, and we would be -the last to minimize the evil of mob violence or to excuse it in the least -degree, _the lynching of Negroes by whites_ is the outstanding fact in the -situation. - -Sixty-three Negroes are known to have died at the hands of white mobs -during 1918, as we point out in succeeding pages. These lynchings might -well be regarded as evidences of civil war were it not that _up to this -time_ the Negroes have not retaliated in kind. In the absence of combined -action by Negroes forcibly to protect members of their race, the lynching -of black men and women by white men for all causes and no cause, so far as -crimes are concerned, can only be compared, although in lesser degree, to -Russian pogroms against Jews under the Tzarist regime, or to Turkish -attacks upon the Armenians. - -We would deeply deplore the forcible defense of Negroes by other Negroes, -since it would perhaps lead to sanguinary conflicts between the lower -element of whites and the Negroes, but no sane observer can fail to reflect -that either white men, who make and enforce the laws, must stop mob attacks -upon black men, no matter what reason may be given for the attacks, or -confess themselves unable to maintain law and order and protect _all_ -citizens from unlawful attack. No class of citizens can be denied the -protection of the law with impunity. - -The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People fights this -evil, as others in its program, with spiritual and legal weapons. Its -appeal is to the heart, the mind, the conscience of America. It insists -upon "ordered law and humane justice," to quote a phrase used by President -Wilson in his appeal to the country against lynching. It has hoped that the -better South would rouse itself and wipe out this terrible blot upon its -honor. But the wait has been a long one. Can the Negro depend upon securing -_his day in court_ so long as he has no say as to who sits upon the bench, -in the jury box, or who becomes the sheriff or chief of police? Think it -over in the light of experience, ye voters and students of history and -politics! - - -EXTENT OF THE LYNCHING EVIL[1] - -_Previous to 1918_ - -The records show that from 1885 to 1917, both inclusive, approximately -3,740 lynchings have occurred in the United States. Two thousand seven -hundred and forty-three (2,743) of this number have had colored persons as -victims and nine hundred and ninety-seven (997) have been white. The -relative percentages of white and colored victims for the 33 years covered -is 26 per cent, white; 74 per cent, colored. - -Assuming that the record for the earlier years is less accurate than for -the later period, because of many factors (all lynching figures are -probably minimum), the figures for the 18 years, 1900 to 1917, both -inclusive, are given. Fourteen hundred and twenty-seven (1,427) lynchings -are recorded for the period named. Twelve hundred and forty-one (1,241) of -these (86.7 per cent) were Negroes; 186 (13.3 per cent) were white. The -relative decrease of white victims is marked. - -The victims of the East St. Louis mob riots of July, 1917, are excluded, as -are those of the mob riot at Chester, Pa. The number of victims at East St. -Louis has been estimated at as many as 175. In the report of the -Congressional Investigating Committee (House Document No. 1,231, 65th -Congress, 2nd Session) the Committee says that "at least 39 Negroes and 8 -white people were killed outright, and hundreds of Negroes were wounded and -maimed."[2] - - -_During 1918_ - -During 1918, 63 Negroes and 4 white persons were lynched, as established by -well authenticated evidence.[3] The Executive Office has been advised of a -probable increase of this figure by 12 cases of which it is said that -confirmation of lynching can be obtained, but, as the Executive Office has -been unable to investigate these cases, they have, of course, been excluded -from our figures. - -An Association staff member, while in the South studying special problems, -was informed by reliable colored people in Georgia that twelve unreported -cases (in the press or elsewhere) have occurred since the Association -investigated the Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Georgia, lynching orgy of -May, 1918, and that the only apparent effect in Georgia of the President's -lynching pronouncement of July 26th last, has been an apparently concerted -agreement on the part of press and authorities to keep all news regarding -lynchings out of the Georgia press. Lending some color to this charge, is -the fact that, so far as we are aware, no Georgia daily has at any time -since May, 1918, published any account of the investigation made by the -Association or of the fact that 17 names of mob leaders were put in the -hands of Governor Dorsey, despite the considerable press comment in the -press of other states. - -One of our Texas branches (Houston) reported the case of one alleged victim -of a mob who was buried secretly and no publicity given to the facts. The -branch's president had written to the acting-governor requesting an -investigation of the circumstances.[4] Finally, some lynchings which do not -get into the press, are not carried beyond the immediate neighborhood, -sometimes a very small one, unless there is some unusual feature to -distinguish the event. - - -DISTRIBUTION OF THE 1918 LYNCHINGS - -During 1918 lynchings have occurred in the following states:[5] - - Alabama 3 - Arkansas 3 - California 1 - Florida 2 - Georgia 19 - Kentucky 1 - Louisana 9 - Illinois 1 - Mississippi 7 - North Carolina 2 - Oklahoma 1 - South Carolina 1 - Tennessee 4 - Texas 11[6] - Virginia 1 - Wyoming 1 - --- - 67 - -OFFENSES CHARGED AGAINST THE 1918 VICTIMS[7] - - _Negroes_ - "Attacks on white women" 13 - "Attacks on colored women" 1 - "Living with white woman" 1 - "Too revolting to publish" 2 - "Shooting and killing officer of law" 10 - "Murder of civilian" 14 - "Shooting and wounding" 4 - "Conspiracy to avenge killing of relative" 6 - "Accomplice in murder" 3 - "Aiding mob victim in attempt to escape" 1 - "Intent to rob and kidnap" 1 - "Quarrel with employer" 1 - "Creating disturbance" 1 - "Stealing hogs" 3 - "Unknown" 2 - --- - 63 - - _Whites_ - "Disloyal utterances" 2 - "Murder" 2 - --- - 4 - - -SPECIAL FEATURES OF LYNCHINGS - -Five of the Negro victims have been women. Two colored men were burned at -the stake before death; four Negroes were burned after death; three -Negroes, aside from those burned at the stake, were tortured before death; -in one case the victim's dead body was carried into town on the running -board of an automobile and thrown into a public park where "it was viewed -by thousands;" one Negro victim was captured and handed to the officers of -the law by Negroes themselves. A mother and her five children were lynched -by a Texas mob, the mother having been shot as she was attempting to drag -the bodies of her four dead sons from their burning home at daybreak, the -house (only a cabin) having been fired by the mob. The crime in this case -was "alleged conspiracy to avenge" the killing of another son by officers -who had come to arrest him for "evading the draft law." This latter case -has not been classified as a lynching. - -Most atrocious of all, so far as the community was concerned, was the five -days' orgy in Brooks and Lowndes Counties, which has been made the occasion -for special publicity and special efforts by the Association, to which -reference is made on page 9 of this report. In that case the particularly -vicious brutality of the mob went beyond what one is prepared to expect -from Georgia mobs--and one expects a good deal in the way of "cruel and -unusual punishments" from them. The horrible cruelties visited upon Mary -Turner, an eight month's pregnant woman, are recited in the investigation -published of our investigator's findings.[8] - -In two cases the lynchings were carried out in the court house yard and in -one of these picture post card photos were sold on the streets at 25 cents -each. - - -TAKEN FROM PEACE OFFICERS AND JAILS - -Our records show the following number of cases of lynchings of Negroes in -which the victim was taken from officers or jails: - - Alabama 2 - Georgia 4 - Louisana 2 - Mississippi 1 - North Carolina 1 - Oklahoma 1 - South Carolina 1 - Tennessee 1 - --- - 13 - - -INNOCENCE ADMITTED PUBLICLY - -In three cases of which we have record the press has spoken of the -innocence of victims; one of these involved three persons, another the ten -victims of Brooks and Lowndes Counties mobs (aside from the one person who -shot the white farmer which was the incentive to the lynchings). In another -case it is the common belief in the community in which a Negro was lynched -for "killing a white woman" that the husband of the woman was himself the -murderer. No charge has been brought against him, however, by the -authorities. In such cases, Negroes are usually too fearful of danger and -too hopeless of anything being done, to initiate legal action. In an -additional case a bank cashier declared in an interview in an Alabama -paper, that a certain lynching victim had committed no offense, that there -had been a mistake made in the man the mob was after. - - -LEGAL ACTION TAKEN BY PUBLIC OFFICIALS - -Governor Thomas W. Bickett of North Carolina ordered the sheriff to -investigate one case, but the sheriff reported that the "guilty parties -could not be ascertained." The Governor in another case personally appealed -to a mob at midnight and prevented the lynching of a man who was later -hanged. The same Governor in November appealed to the Federal authorities -and secured the support of a tank corps of 250 Federal army men to assist -the authorities of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, in holding the local jail -against a mob which was attempting to get a Negro prisoner to lynch him. - -The Mayor and "Home Guards" of Winston-Salem, aided by the Federal soldiers -alluded to, protected the aforementioned prisoner at the cost of the lives -of some of the "Home Guards," for which public service, so unusual where -Negro-hunting mobs are concerned, they should receive the tributes of all -good citizens. (The Association's appreciation was made known to all -concerned by a public commendation).[9] - -Governor Richard I. Manning of South Carolina ordered a sheriff to arrest -17 prominent farmers who had participated in a lynching. Bail was fixed at -a total of $97,500, in February. From the Judge who placed the men under -bail we learn that no indictments were found by the grand jury. "Lack of -evidence," is given as the reason. - -Governor Charles Henderson of Alabama, in November, actively supported the -attorney general of the state, who, at the instance of the Governor, -personally took charge of an investigation of two lynchings which occurred -in that state on the 10th and 12th of that month. - -When a regular grand jury then in session failed to indict, a prominent -detective agency was engaged and upon the evidence secured by them, a -special grand jury, headed by a local clergyman, brought in 24 indictments. -Seventeen men were lodged in jail without bail.[10] - - -SPECIFIC ACTION BY THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE - -The following tables summarize the action taken in specific cases by the -Association: - - ======================================================================= - Telegrams and Letters - of Protest, Inquiry and Acknowledgments Press - Commendation Stories - ------------------------- ------------------------------- - Chamb. Other - State Gov. of Official Gov. C. of C. Other - Com. Persons - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - Alabama 2 10 .. .. 2 .. 1 - Arkansas 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Georgia 5 2 .. 2 .. .. 8 - Kentucky 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Louisana 7 11 .. .. 2 .. 9 - Mississippi 2 .. .. .. .. 1 2 - North Carolina 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 - Oklahoma 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 2 - South Carolina 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 - Tennessee 5 9 7 2 3 2 9 - Texas 3 .. 1 1 .. .. 3 - Wyoming 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 - --------------------------------------------------------- - 32 33 9 9 8 4 40* - ======================================================================= - - * In listing by states there are duplications in cases where a single - press story includes matter affecting more than one state. The total 40 - is the actual number of press stories, eliminating the duplicate count - by states. - -Special investigations by a member of the staff have been made of lynchings -at Fayetteville, Ga., Brooks and Lowndes Counties, Ga., Estill Springs, -Tenn., Blackshear, Ga., and of race riots and disturbances at Camp Merritt, -N. J., Brooklyn, N. Y. and Philadelphia, Pa.[11] - -Memoranda were prepared and sent to the President of the United States, to -the Attorney General of the United States and to the executive committees -of the American Bar Association, on the general subject of lynching, but -with reference to immediate practical action desired by the Association. -Letters requesting editorial interest in the fight against lynching were -addressed to the leading papers of the country on several occasions and -matter has been prepared for specific use by individual papers. - -Publicity in the press was secured for the memorandum to the President and -to the Attorney General. Mr. Storey's address to the Wisconsin Bar -Association, June, 1918, on "The Negro Question," which contains much -reference to lynching, was sent to all the members of the Cabinet and of -the Congress, to Governors of all the states, mayors of cities, to -newspapers, periodicals, and to leading citizens and will be given wider -circulation during the early part of 1919.[12] - -The members of the executive staff have made reference to lynching in -addresses in many cities to both white and colored audiences. Certain of -Field Secretary Johnson's addresses before white audiences have met with -notable responses. - -The offer of the publishers of the _San Antonio Express_, San Antonio, -Texas, made in April, to pay rewards of $1,000, for each conviction and -punishment of the lynchers of a Negro (and $500, if white), has been given -wide publicity among the branches and the colored press. (No one has -claimed a reward from this fund as yet, however). - - -ILLUSTRATION OF RESULTS FOLLOWING THE ASSOCIATION'S PUBLICITY WORK - -The following examples of results following publicity sent out by the -Association and telegrams addressed to Governors and Chambers of Commerce -are reviewed: - -On November 9, telegrams of inquiry and appeal for legal action in the case -of the lynching of George Taylor at Rolesville, near Raleigh, N. C., were -sent to Governor Bickett of North Carolina, to the County Solicitor of Wake -County and to the Chamber of Commerce of Raleigh, of which that to the -Governor was acknowledged. The Governor said that he agreed with the points -made in the telegram and would back the County Solicitor in efforts to fix -the blame for the affair. The Solicitor carried on an investigation for two -weeks, examining 21 white and 9 colored witnesses. The coroner's jury ran -true to form, finding that the victim came to his death at the hands of -"parties unknown" to the jury. - -The two leading Raleigh newspapers, one of them owned by Secretary of the -Navy Daniels, carried strong editorial comment against the lynching and -criticized the dereliction of the officers in allowing their prisoner to be -taken from them. One of them commented directly and favorably on the -Association's telegrams to the Governor. - -Ten days later, as has been mentioned on a preceding page of this report, -the same Governor appealed successfully to an adjacent army camp for help -to support the mayor and "home guards" of Winston-Salem in holding the -local jail against a mob which was attempting to seize a Negro prisoner to -lynch him. - -The Chambers of Commerce of Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama, -acknowledged telegrams and letters of the Association sent during November, -saying that they supported our view (that the lynchers of Will Byrd and -Henry Whiteside should be ascertained and legal action against them taken) -and that the Governor had ordered the action referred to on a previous page -of this report, that of instructing the attorney general of the state to -push an investigation of the lynchings at Sheffield and Tuscumbia, Alabama. - -Space forbids the citation of further examples. In many cases, however, no -direct effect was produced by the Association's long distance efforts. It -would be a mistake, however, to assume that no beneficial results can be -credited to such of the Association's forty telegraphic inquiries -(accompanied by newspaper publicity) as had occasioned no immediate action. -Correspondents have written and callers at the National Headquarters have -assured the National Officers of the value of this publicity work. In some -cases local leaders among the white citizens have called upon colored -people to assure them of their concern for the well being and protection of -the _good_ Negro and incidentally, we are told, to advise them against -allying themselves with "northern agitators." - -That the pressure of national opinion is felt and feared, even in the -center of the lynching area, is evidenced by such editorials as that -following a protest against a Louisana lynching, in which a local editor -devoted a column of matter to "lambasting" the National Secretary under the -caption "No Outside Scolds Needed." It was asked why this "Association with -the long name" was endeavoring to hold Louisana up to the _scorn of the -country_, etc., _ad lib._ - - -OUTSTANDING EVENTS ASIDE FROM ASSOCIATION EFFORTS - -The most notable events affecting the anti-lynching campaign, aside from -the Association's efforts, have been the President's July 26 pronouncement -against lynching, the formation of the Tennessee Law and Order League to -suppress lynching in March, and its announced campaign to stimulate the -organization of similar movements in all the Southern states and the offer -of _The San Antonio Express_ heretofore mentioned.[13] The latter offer is, -of course, of scant promise for effective service in the campaign. - - -LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1918 - - January 17--Hazelhurst, Miss., Sam Edwards, burned to death; charged with - murder of Bera Willes, seventeen-year-old white girl. - - " 26--Benton, La., Jim Hudson, hanged; living with a white woman. - - February 7--Fayetteville, Ga., "Bud" Cosby, hanged; intent to rob and - kidnapping. - - " 12--Estill Springs, Tenn., Jim McIllheron, burned; accused of - shooting to death two white men. G. W. Lych, who hid McIllheron, was shot - to death. - - " 23--Fairfax, S. C., Walter Best, hanged; accused of murder. - - " 26--Rayville, La., Jim Lewis, Jim Jones and Will Powell, two - hanged and one shot to death; accused of stealing hogs. In the fray one - white man and one Negro were killed. - - " 26--Willacoochee, Ga., Ed. Dansy, shot; he had killed two white - officers and wounded three others. - - March 16--Monroe, La., George McNeel and John Richards, hanged; alleged - attack upon a white woman. - - " 22--Crawfordsville, Ga., Spencer Evans, hanged; convicted of - criminal assault upon a colored woman at the February term of court and - sentenced to be hanged, but a mob took him from jail and lynched him. - - " 26--Lewiston, N. C., Peter Bazemore; alleged attack upon a white - woman. - - April 4--Collinsville, Ill., Robert P. Praeger, hanged (white); accused - of making disloyal remarks. - - " 20--Poplarville, Miss., Claud Singleton, hanged; accused of - murdering a white man. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment. - - " 22--Lexington, Tenn., Berry Noyes, hanged; murder of Sheriff W. E. - McBride. - - " 22--Monroe, La., Clyde Williams, hanged; shooting C. L. Thomas, - Missouri-Pacific station agent at Fawndale. - - May 17--Valdosta, Ga., Will Head, Will Thompson, Hayes Turner, Mary - Turner, Sydney Johnson, Eugene Rice, Chime Riley, Simon Schuman and three - unidentified Negroes, hanged; alleged complicity in the murder of Hampton - Smith. - - " 20--Erwin, Tenn., Thomas Devert, shot and burned; alleged murder of a - white girl. - - " 22--Miami, Fla., Henry Jackson, hanged; throwing a white man - underneath a train. - - " 22--Red Level, Ala., John Womack, shot; alleged assault on a white - woman. - - " 23--Cordele, Ga., James Cobb, hanged; alleged murder of Mrs. Roy - Simmons. - - " 25--Barnesville, Ga., John Calhoun, shot; alleged murder of John A. - Willis. - - June 4--Huntsville, Tex., Sarah Cabiness and her five children; Peter, - Cute, Tenola, Thomas and Bessie, shot; alleged threat to avenge killing - of George Cabiness. - - " 4--Beaumont, Tex., Kirby Goolsie, hanged; alleged attack on a white - girl. - - " 4--Sanderson, Tex., Edward Valentine (white); murder. - - " 18--Mangham, La., George Clayton, hanged; murder of his employer, - Ben Brooks. In a battle with the posse he wounded six men, probably - fatally. - - " 18--Earle, Ark., Allen Mitchell, hanged; wounding Mrs. W. M. - Langston. - - " 29--Madill, Okla., L. McGill, hanged; alleged attack upon a white - woman. - - July 27--Ben Hur, Tex., Gene Brown, hanged; alleged assault on a white - woman. - - August 7--Bastrop, La., "Bubber" Hall, hanged; alleged attack on a white - woman. - - " 11--Colquit, Ga., Ike Radney; reason unknown. - - " 15--Natchez, Miss., Bill Dukes, shot to death. "He was guilty of a - crime too revolting for publication." - - " 15--Quincy, Fla., unidentified Negro; reason unknown. - - " 15--Macon, Ga., John Gilham, hanged; alleged attack on two white - women. - - " 28--Hot Springs, Ark., Frederick Wagner (white); disloyal - utterances. - - September 3--San Pedro, Cal., Warren Czerich (white); murder. - - " 18--Buff Lake, Tex., Abe O'Neal; shot and wounded white man. - - " 24--Waycross, Ga., Sandy Reeves, hanged; alleged assault on a - white girl. - - November 5--Rolesville, N. C., George Taylor, hanged; rape. - - " 11--Sheffield, Ala., William Bird, hanged; "for creating - disturbance." - - " 12--Sheffield, Ala., George Whiteside, hanged; charged with the - murder of a policeman. - - " 14--Fort Bend County, Tex., Charles Shipman; disagreement with - landowner. - - " 24--Culpepper, Va., Allie Thompson; charged with assaulting a - white woman. - - December 10--Green River, Wyo., Edward Woodson; charged with killing a - railroad switchman. - - " 16--Hickman, Ky., Charles Lewis, hanged; alleged to have beaten - Deputy Sheriff Thomas. - - " 18--Newport, Ark., Willis Robinson, hanged; murder of Patrolman - Charles Williams. - - " 21--Shubuta, Miss., Major and Andrew Clarke and Maggie and Alma - House, hanged; accused of murder of Dr. E. L. Johnston. - - - - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION - -FOR THE - -ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE - -Organized, February, 1909 -Incorporated, May, 1911 - - - 1. To abolish legal injustice against Negroes. - - 2. To stamp out race discriminations. - - 3. To prevent lynchings, burnings and torturings of black people. - - 4. To assure to every citizen of color the common rights of American - citizenship. - - _President Wilson declared for woman suffrage as a war measure. Black - men are not allowed to vote in many of the states of the Union, despite - the Fifteenth Amendment._ - - 5. To compel equal accommodations in railroad travel, irrespective of - color. - - 6. To secure for colored children an equal opportunity to public school - education through a fair apportionment of public education funds. - - _Unless the colored child can be educated he is at a fearful - disadvantage. An uneducated Negro population menaces national - well-being. This education should be of hand and brain and can be - adequately done_ for all Negro children, not the fortunate few, _only - by public schools_. - - 7. To emancipate in fact, as well as in name, a race of nearly 12,000,000 - American-born citizens. - -The only means we can employ are education, organization, agitation, -publicity--the force of an enlightened public opinion. - - -THE WORK IS SUPPORTED ENTIRELY BY VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS AND MEMBERSHIPS. - -Send contributions to -OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, _Treasurer_, -70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. - - - - -NATIONAL ASSOCIATION - -FOR THE - -ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE - -70 Fifth Avenue, New York City - -Official Organ--THE CRISIS, published Monthly. - ----- - - -NATIONAL OFFICERS - - -_President_ - -MOORFIELD STOREY - - -_Vice-Presidents_ - - ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE - REV. JOHN HAYNES HOLMES - BISHOP JOHN HURST - CAPT. ARTHUR B. SPINGARN - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD - - -EXECUTIVE OFFICERS - - _Chairman of the Board_, MARY WHITE OVINGTON - JOHN R. SHILLADY, _Secretary_ - OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, _Treasurer_ - DR. W. E. B. DU BOIS, _Director of Publications and Research_ - JAMES WELDON JOHNSON, _Field Secretary_ - WALTER F. WHITE, _Assistant Secretary_ - - -BOARD OF DIRECTORS - - _Baltimore_ - Bishop John Hurst - - _Boston_ - Joseph Prince Loud - Moorfield Storey - Butler R. Wilson - - _Buffalo_ - Mary B. Talbert - - _Chicago_ - Jane Addams - Dr. C. E. Bentley - - _Memphis_ - R. R. Church - - _New Haven_ - George W. Crawford - - _New York_ - Rev. Hutchens C. Bishop - Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois - Rev. John Haynes Holmes - Dr. V. Morton Jones - Florence Kelley - Paul Kennaday - John E. Milholland - Mary White Ovington - Capt. Arthur B. Spingarn - Major J. E. Spingarn - Charles H. Studin - Oswald Garrison Villard - Lillian D. Wald - William English Walling - - _Philadelphia_ - Dr. William A. Sinclair - - _Springfield_ - Rev. G. R. Waller - - _St. Louis_ - Hon. Charles Nagel - - _Wilberforce_ - Col. Chas. Young, U. S. A. - - _Washington_ - Prof. Geo. William Cook - Archibald H. Grimke - Charles Edward Russell - - - -NOTES. - - [1] The Association has in preparation a pamphlet, which will appear in - April, 1919, entitled, "Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, - 1889-1918," which can be secured from the secretary. - - [2] "The bodies of the dead Negroes," testified an eye-witness, "were - thrown into a morgue like so many dead hogs." Ibid., page 4. - - [3] See page 18 for chronological list of name, place, date and alleged - cause of lynchings for 1918. - - [4] Nothing came of this request in the way of legal action. - - [5] Four of the lynched victims were white men (one each in Arkansas, - California, Illinois and Texas), 63 were Negroes and 5 of the latter - women. - - [6] In _The Crisis_ for February, 1919, page 181, this total is given as - 12. The case of George Cabiness, whose mother and four brothers and - sister were lynched, for alleged threats to avenge the killing of - George, has been eliminated from the lynching record as the latter was - alleged to have been killed resisting arrest. - - [7] According to press accounts, except in a very few cases in which the - victim was actually tried before a court and later taken from the jail - and lynched. - - [8] Published in _The Crisis_ for September, 1918 _The Work of a Mob_, and - reprinted by the Association under the title, "_The Lynchings of May, - 1918, in Brooks and Lowndes Counties Georgia_," September, 1918, 6 p. - - [9] As we go to press, information has come that Judge B. F. Long has - sentenced 15 men involved in the attempt to storm the Winston-Salem - jail to prison terms ranging from fourteen months to six years. This - is indeed a rarity and an occasion for rejoicing. - -[10] _At the trial of the two alleged ringleaders of the mobs, which was - held at Tuscumbia, Alabama, on February 3 and 4, 1919, the jury, - assembled from the neighborhood, found a verdict of not guilty. The - secretary of the Association was in attendance at the trial and has - written a report of it which has been published as a special pamphlet - Dispensing With Justice in Alabama_--a Report of the Trial of Frank - Dillard, Alleged Lyncher, at Tuscumbia, Alabama, February 3 and 4, - 1919, by John R. Shillady, Secretary, National Association for the - Advancement of Colored People. - -[11] Of these investigations, the following have been published and may be - obtained upon application to the National Secretary: Brooks and - Lowndes Counties, Georgia (see foot-note, page 11); Estill Springs, - Tenn. (see _The Crisis_ for May, 1918, pages 16-20); Philadelphia Race - Riots of July 26 to July 31, 1918, 8 p. - -[12] Printed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored - People as "The Negro Question" (with resolutions adopted by the Bar - Association following the delivery of the address), 30 pages, ten - cents per copy. - -[13] Little, if any, progress was made in 1918, however, in the Law and - Order League endeavor, according to our best information, and no - rewards were claimed from the San Antonio Express. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FIGHT AGAINST LYNCHING*** - - -******* This file should be named 51317.txt or 51317.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/3/1/51317 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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