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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson
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+Title: A Zola Dictionary
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+Author: J. G. Patterson
+
+Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5103]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 29, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY ***
+
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+Etext prepared by Dagny, dagnypg@yahoo.com
+              and John Bickers, jbickers@ihug.co.nz
+
+
+
+
+A ZOLA DICTIONARY
+By J. G. Patterson
+
+
+                          A ZOLA DICTIONARY
+
+                          THE CHARACTERS OF
+                      THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS
+                            OF EMILE ZOLA
+
+            With a Biographical and Critical Introduction,
+                Synopses of the Plots, Bibliographical
+                      Note, Map, Genealogy, etc.
+
+                                  BY
+
+                           J. G. PATTERSON
+
+
+
+                            PREFATORY NOTE
+
+  In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, relied
+  for information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely
+  /Notes d'un Ami/, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier); /Emile
+  Zola, A biographical and Critical Study/, by R. H. Sherrard
+  (London, Chatto & Windus, 1893); /Emile Zola, Novelist and
+  Reformer/: An account of his Life and Work, by Ernest Alfred
+  Vizetelly (London, John Lane, 1904). Reference has also been made
+  to Mr. Arthur Symons' /Studies in Prose and Verse/, and to
+  articles in the /Fortnightly Review/ by Mr. Andrew Lang, in the
+  /Atlantic Monthly/ by Mr. Henry James, and in the /Contemporary
+  Review/ by M. Edouard Rod, as well as to articles in the
+  /Encyclopaedia Britannica/ and in the /Dictionnaire Universel des
+  Contemporains/.
+
+  By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been possible
+  to include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree,
+  which appears in the Preface to their edition of /Doctor Pascal/,
+  and to make use of their translations in the preparation of the
+  Dictionary. In compiling the latter, Zola's own words have been
+  adopted so far as possible, though usually they have required such
+  condensation as to make direct quotation difficult. This
+  difficulty was increased by the fact that occasional use was made
+  of different translations of the same book, and that frequent
+  references to the original were found necessary.
+
+  The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the order
+  in which the books should be read, as indicated by their Author in
+  /Le Docteur Pascal/, and confirmed by his biographer, Mr. E. A.
+  Vizetelly.
+
+  EDINBURGH, May, 1912.                                     J. G. P.
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION
+
+Emile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father, Francois
+Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not been a success,
+though this was not due to any lack of energy or ability. Zola /pere/
+was of mixed nationality, his father being an Italian and his mother a
+Greek, and it is not unlikely that his unrest and want of
+concentration were due to the accident of his parentage. When quite a
+young man, Francois fought under the great Napoleon, after whose fall
+he became a civil engineer. He spent some time in Germany, where he
+was engaged in the construction of the first tramway line in Europe,
+afterwards visiting Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to
+have accompanied him, for in 1831 he applied for and obtained an
+appointment, as lieutenant in the Foreign Legion in Algeria. His
+career in Africa was, however, of short duration; some irregularities
+were discovered, and he disappeared for a time, though ultimately he
+came forward and made up his accounts, paying the balance that was
+due. No prosecution took place, and resignation of his commission was
+accepted. Nothing more was heard of the matter till 1898, when his son
+Emile identified himself with the cause of Dreyfus, and in the
+campaign of calumny that followed had to submit to the vilest charges
+against the memory of his father. The old dossier was produced by the
+French Ministry of War, the officials of which did not hesitate to
+strengthen their case by the forgery of some documents and the
+suppression of others. In view of these proved facts, and of the
+circumstance that Francois Zola, immediately after his resignation
+from the Foreign Legion, established himself as a civil engineer at
+Marseilles and prepared a scheme for new maritime docks there, and
+that in connection with this scheme he visited Paris repeatedly,
+obtaining private audiences with the King and interviewing statesmen,
+it must be held that the charges against him were of a venial nature,
+in no way warranting the accusations brought forward by the War Office
+nearly seventy years later to cast discredit on his son. Nothing came
+of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same fate attended
+subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola /pere/, who by
+this time had married, then turned his attention to a proposal to
+supply water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of a reservoir
+and canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and after many
+delays and disappointments ultimately signed an agreement for the
+construction of the works. Even then further delays took place, and it
+was not till three years later that the work could be commenced. But
+the engineer's ill fortune still attended him, for one morning while
+he was superintending his workmen the treacherous mistral began to
+blow, and he took a chill, from the effects of which he died a few
+days afterwards.
+
+The young widow, with her son Emile, then a child of seven, was left
+in poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim against the
+municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had some means, and came
+to her assistance during the years of fruitless struggle to establish
+the rights of her dead husband. Emile had up to this time been allowed
+to run wild, and he had spent most of his time out of doors, where he
+acquired a love of the country which he retained in later years. Even
+when he was sent to school he was backward, only learning his letters
+with difficulty and showing little inclination for study. It was not
+till 1852, when he was twelve years sold, that his education really
+began. By this time he was able to realize his mother's financial
+position, and to see the sacrifices which were being made to send him
+as a boarder to the /lycee/ at Aix. His progress then became rapid,
+and during the next five years he gained many prizes. Throughout all
+these years the struggle between Madame Zola and the municipality had
+gone on, each year diminishing her chance of success. In the end her
+position became desperate, and finding it impossible to continue to
+reside at Aix, the little family removed to Paris in 1858. Fortunately
+Emile was enabled by the intervention of certain friends of his late
+father to continue his studies, and became a day pupil at the Lycee
+St. Louis, on the Boulevard St. Michael. For some reason he made
+little progress there, and when he presented himself for his
+/baccalaureat/ degree he failed to pass the examination. A later
+attempt at the University of Marseilles had the same result. As this
+examination is in France the passport to all the learned professions,
+Zola's failure to pass it placed him in a serious position. His
+mother's resources were by this time entirely exhausted, and some
+means of support had to be sought without delay. After many attempts,
+he got a place as clerk in a business house at a salary of twenty-six
+pounds a year, but the work proved so distasteful that after two
+months of drudgery he threw it up. Then followed a period of deep
+misery, but a period which must have greatly influenced the work of
+the future novelist. Wandering the streets by day and, when he could
+find money to buy a candle, writing poems and short stories by night,
+he was gaining that experience in the school of life of which he was
+later to make such splendid use. Meantime his wretchedness was deep. A
+miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient food, inadequate clothing,
+and complete absence of fire may be an incentive to high endeavour,
+but do not render easy the pathway of fame. The position had become
+all but untenable when Zola received an appointment in the publishing
+house of M. Hachette, of Paris, at a salary beginning at a pound a
+week, but soon afterwards increased. During the next two years he
+wrote a number of short stories which were published later under the
+title /Contes a Ninon/. The book did not prove a great success, though
+its undoubted ability attracted attention to the writer and opened the
+way to some journalistic work. About this time he appears to have been
+studying Balzac, and the recently published /Madame Bovary/ of
+Flaubert, which was opening up a new world not only in French fiction,
+but in the literature of Europe. He had also read the /Germinie
+Lacerteux/ of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on which he wrote an
+appreciative article, and this remarkable book cannot have been
+without its influence on his work. The effect was indeed immediate,
+for in 1865 he published his next book, /La Confession de Claud/,
+which showed strong traces of that departure from conventional fiction
+which he was afterwards to make more pronounced. The book was not a
+financial success, though it attracted attention, and produced many
+reviews, some favourable, others merciless. Influenced by the latter,
+the Public Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding the author to be made
+at Hachette's, but nothing more was done, and it is indeed doubtful if
+any successful prosecution could have been raised, even at a period
+when it was thought necessary to indict the author of /Madame Bovary/.
+
+Zola's employers had, however, begun to look askance at his literary
+work; they may have considered that it was occupying too much of the
+time for which they paid, or, more probably, they were becoming
+alarmed at their clerk's advanced views both on politics and literary
+art. As Zola afterwards explained the matter, one of the partners said
+to him, "You are earning two hundred francs a month here, which is
+ridiculous. You have plenty of talent, and would do better to take up
+literature altogether. You would find glory and profit there." The
+hint was a direct one, and it was taken. The young author was again
+thrown upon his own resources, but was no longer entirely unknown, for
+the not unfavourable reception of his first book and the violent
+attacks on his second had given him a certain position, even though it
+may to some extent have partaken of the nature of a /succes de
+scandale/. As he wrote at the time, he did not mean to pander to the
+likes or the dislikes of the crowd; he intended to force the public to
+caress or insult him.
+
+Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open, and Zola got
+an appointment on the staff of a newspaper called /L'Evenement/, in
+which he wrote articles on literary and artistic subjects. His views
+were not tempered by moderation, and when he depreciated the members
+of the /Salon/ in order to exalt Manet, afterwards an artist of
+distinction, but then regarded as a dangerous revolutionary, the
+public outcry was such that he was forced to discontinue publication
+of the articles. He then began a second story called /Le Vaeu d'une
+Morte/ in the same newspaper. It was intended to please the readers of
+/L'Evenement/, but from the first failed to do so, and its publication
+was stopped before it was half completed. Soon afterwards
+/L'Evenement/ was incorporated with the /Figaro/, and Zola's
+connection with it terminated. A time of hardship again began, and
+during the year 1867 the wolf was only kept from the door by
+unremitting toil of the least agreeable kind. In the midst of his
+difficulties Zola wrote two books simultaneously, one supremely good
+and the other unquestionably bad. The one was /Therese Raquin/, and
+the other /Les Mysteres de Marseille/. The latter, which was pure
+hack-work, was written to the order of the publisher of a Marseillaise
+newspaper, who supplied historical material from researches made by
+himself at the Marseilles and Aix law courts, about the various
+/causes celebres/ which during the previous fifty years had attracted
+the most public attention. These were to be strung together, and by an
+effort of legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a
+novel. Zola, desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that
+might have been anticipated.
+
+/Therese Raquin/ is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put the
+best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest care.
+It is a tale of Divine Justice, wherein a husband is murdered by his
+wife and her lover, who, though safe from earthly consequence, are yet
+separated by the horror of their deed, and come to hate each other for
+the thing they have done. The book is one of remarkable power, and it
+is interesting to note that in the preface to it Zola first made use
+of the word /naturalisme/ as describing that form of fiction which he
+was afterwards to uphold in and out of season. A violent attack in the
+/Figaro/ gave opportunity for a vigorous reply, and the advertisement
+so obtained assisted the sales of the book, which from the first was a
+success. It was followed by /Madeleine Ferat/, which, however, was
+less fortunate. The subject is unpleasant, and its treatment lacks the
+force which made /Therese Raquin/ convincing.
+
+Up to this time Zola's life had been a steady struggle against
+poverty. He was terribly in earnest, and was determined to create for
+himself a place in literature; to accomplish this end he counted no
+labour too arduous, no sacrifice too great. His habits were Spartan in
+their simplicity; he was a slave to work and method, good equipment
+for the vast task he was next to undertake. He had long been an
+earnest student of Balzac, and there is no doubt that it was the
+example of the great /Comedie Humaine/ which inspired his scheme for a
+series of novels dealing with the life history of a family during a
+particular period; as he described it himself, "the history natural
+and social of a family under the Second Empire." It is possible that
+he was also influenced by the financial success of the series of
+historical novels written by Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the /Romans
+Nationaux/. It was not, however, the past about which he proposed to
+write; no period was more suitable for his purpose than that in which
+he lived, that Second Empire whose regime began in blood and continued
+in corruption. He had there, under his own eyes and within his
+personal knowledge, a suitable /mise-en-scene/ wherein to further
+develop those theories of hereditary influence which had already
+attracted his attention while he was writing /Madeleine Ferat/. The
+scheme was further attractive in as much as it lent itself readily to
+the system of treatment to which he had applied the term
+/naturalisme/, to distinguish it from the crudities of the realistic
+school. The scientific tendency of the period was to rely not on
+previously accepted propositions, but on observation and experience,
+or on facts and documents. To Zola the voice of science conveyed the
+word of ultimate truth, and with desperate earnestness he set out to
+apply its methods to literary production. His position was that the
+novelist is, like the scientist, an observer and an experimentalist
+combined. The observer, he says, gives the facts as he has observed
+them, fixes the starting-point, lays the solid ground on which his
+characters are to walk and his phenomena to develop. Then the
+experimentalist appears and starts the experiment, that is to say, he
+makes the personages in a particular story move, in order to show that
+the succession of events will be just what the determinism of
+phenomena together with study demand that they should be. The author
+must abstain from comment, never show his own personality, and never
+turn to the reader for sympathy; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has
+observed, be as cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought
+the application of this method would raise the position of the novel
+to the level of a science, and that it would become a medium for the
+expression of established truths. The fallacy of the argument has been
+exposed by more than one critic. It is self-evident that the
+"experiments" by the novelist cannot be made on subjects apart from
+himself, but are made by him and in him; so that they prove more
+regarding his own temperament than about what he professes to regard
+as the inevitable actions of his characters. The conclusion drawn by a
+writer from such actions must always be open to the retort that he
+invented the whole himself and that fiction is only fiction. But to
+Zola in the late sixties the theory seemed unassailable and it was
+upon it that he founded the whole edifice of /Les Rougon-Macquart/.
+The considerations then that influenced Zola in beginning a series of
+novels connected by subject into one gigantic whole were somewhat
+various. There was the example of Balzac's great /Comedie Humaine/;
+there was the desire of working out the theories of heredity in which
+he had become interested; there was the opportunity of putting into
+operation the system which he had termed /naturalisme/; and there was
+also the consideration that if he could get a publisher to agree to
+his proposals he would secure a certain income for a number of years.
+His original scheme was a series of twelve novels to be written at the
+rate of two a year, and he entered into a contract with a publisher
+named Lacroix, who was to pay him five hundred francs a month as an
+advance. M. Lacroix would, however, only bind himself to publish four
+out of the twelve novels. The arrangement could not be carried out,
+and at the end of three years only two volumes of the Rougon-Macquart
+series had been published, while Zola found that he had become
+indebted to the publisher for a very considerable sum.
+
+The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not published
+till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account of the war
+with Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and seems to have
+regulated his literary production with machinelike uniformity. As his
+friend and biographer Paul Alexis writes: "Only four pages, but four
+pages every day, every day without exception, the action of the drop
+of water always falling on the same place, and in the end wearing out
+the hardest stone. It seems nothing, but in course of time chapters
+follow chapters, volumes follow upon volumes, and a whole life's work
+sprouts, multiplies its branches, extends its foliage like a lofty
+oak, destined to rise high into the air and to remain standing in the
+forest of human productions."
+
+His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart series may
+be conveniently summed up in a few words from an article which he had
+only a month before written in the /Gaulois/: "If I kept a school of
+morals," he says, "I would hasten to place in the hands of my pupils
+/Madame Bovary/ or /Germinie Lacerteux/, persuaded that truth alone
+can instruct and fortify generous souls."
+
+In /La Fortune des Rougon/, then, Zola set out to plant the roots of
+the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during the
+next twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the origin
+of the family which he had selected for dissection in his series, and
+to outline the various principal characters, members of that family.
+Mr. Andrew Lang, writing on this subject in the /Fortnightly Review/,
+points out that certain Arab tribes trace their descent from a female
+Dog, and suggests that the Rougon-Macquart family might have claimed
+the same ancestry. Adelaide Fouque came of a race of peasants who had
+long lived at Plassans, a name invented by Zola to conceal the
+identity of Aix, the town in Provence where his youth had been spent.
+She was highly neurotic, with a tendency to epilepsy, but from the
+point of view of the naturalistic novelist she offered many
+advantages. When a mere girl she married a man named Rougon, who died
+soon afterwards, leaving her with a son named Pierre, from whom
+descended the legitimate branch of the family. Then followed a liaison
+with a drunken smuggler named Macquart, as a result of which two
+children were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide's original neurosis had by
+this time become more pronounced, and she ultimately became insane.
+Pierre married and had five children, but his financial affairs had
+not prospered, though by underhand methods he had contrived to get
+possession of his mother's property, to the exclusion of her other
+children. Then came the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, and Pierre, quick to
+seize his opportunity, rendered such services to the Bonapartist party
+as to lay the foundation of the family fortune, a foundation which
+was, however, cemented with treachery and blood. It was with these two
+families, then, both descended from a common ancestress, and sometimes
+subsequently united by intermarriage, that the whole series of novels
+was to deal. They do not form an edifying group, these Rougon-
+Macquarts, but Zola, who had based his whole theory of the
+experimental novel upon the analogy of medical research, was not on
+the outlook for healthy subjects; he wanted social sores to probe.
+This is a fact much too often overlooked by readers of detached parts
+of the series, for it should always be kept in mind that the whole was
+written with the express purpose of laying bare all the social evils
+of one of the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the belief
+that through publicity might come regeneration. Zola was all along a
+reformer as well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in many a
+bitter newspaper controversy. It has been urged against him that there
+were plenty of virtuous people about whom he could have written, but
+these critics appear to forget that he was in a sense a propagandist,
+and that it was not his /metier/ to convert persons already in the
+odour of sanctity.
+
+/La Fortune des Rougon/ was not particularly successful on its
+publication, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany was
+barely concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola's financial
+position was, however, by the arrangement with his publisher now more
+secure, and he felt justified in marrying. This he did, and settled
+down into the quiet bourgeois existence in which his life was spent.
+
+The next book was /La Curee/, a study of the mushroom society of the
+Second Empire. The subject--the story of Phaedra adapted to modern
+environment--is unpleasant and the treatment is daring; but despite a
+slight /succes de scandale/, its reception by the public was no more
+favorable than that of /La Fortune des Rougon/.
+
+/La Curee/ was followed by /Le Ventre de Paris/, which reached a
+second edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing, but
+was severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as the
+apotheosis of gluttony, while they resented the transference of a pork
+butcher's shop to literature and took particular exceptions to a
+certain "symphony of cheeses."
+
+Next came /La Conquete de Plassans/, an excellent story, to be
+followed by /La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret/, one of Zola's most romantic
+books, and the first to attain any considerable success. He next wrote
+/Son Excellence Eugene Rougon/, in which he dealt with the political
+side of the Second Empire and sketched the life of the Imperial Court
+at Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly well equipped, and
+the book was only moderately successful. Then came /L'Assommoir/, and
+with it fame and fortune for the writer. It is a terrible story of
+working-class life in Paris, a study of the ravages wrought by drink.
+Again to quote Mr. Andrew Lang, "It is a dreadful but not an immoral
+book. It is the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written.
+As M. Zola saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he
+once lived, when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he
+describes, one may fear that /L'Assommoir/ is a not untruthful picture
+of the lives of many men and women in Paris."
+
+In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole of
+/L'Assommoir/ in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its
+coarseness and nothing of its force. For this alone he was attacked by
+many critics, and from its publication onwards an unexampled
+controversy arose regarding the author and his methods. Looking
+backwards it is difficult to see why such an outcry should have arisen
+about such a masterpiece of literature, but water has flowed beneath
+many bridges since 1877, and, largely by the influence of Zola's own
+work, the limits of convention have been widely extended. At the time,
+however, the work was savagely attacked, and to the author the basest
+motives were assigned, while libels on his own personal character were
+freely circulated. Zola replied to these attacks in a manner so calm
+and so convincing that quotation may be permitted. "It would be well,"
+he said, "to read my novels, to understand them, to see them clearly
+in their entirety, before bringing forward the ready-made opinions,
+ridiculous and odious, which are circulated concerning myself and my
+works. Ah! if people only knew how my friends laugh at the appalling
+legend which amuses the crowd! If they only knew how the blood-thirsty
+wretch, the formidable novelist, is simply a respectable bourgeois, a
+man devoted to study and to art, living quietly in his corner, whose
+sole ambition is to leave as large and living a work as he can. I
+contradict no reports, I work on, and I rely on time, and on the good
+faith of the public, to discover me at last under the accumulation of
+nonsense that has been heaped upon me." This statement is absolutely
+in accordance with fact, and when it is realized that the writer of
+the Rougon-Macquart novels was merely a hard-working, earnest man,
+filled with a determination to complete the vast task which he had
+planned, and not to be turned from his ideas by praise or blame, it
+will go far to promote a better understanding of his aims and methods.
+It is necessary too, as has already been said, that the various novels
+forming the Rougon-Macquart series be considered not as separate
+entities, but as chapters of one vast whole.
+
+/L'Assommoir/ was an immediate success with the public, and the sales
+were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they amount to one
+hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the original French alone.
+
+In 1878 Zola published /Une Page d'Amour/, the next volume of the
+series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and
+romantic descriptions of Paris. Then followed /Nana/, to which
+/L'Assommoir/ was the prelude. /Nana/ dealt with the vast demimonde of
+Paris, and while it was his greatest popular success, was in every
+sense his worst book. Of no subject on which he wrote was Zola more
+ignorant than of this, and the result is a laboured collection of
+scandals acquired at second-hand. Mr. Arthur Symons, in his /Studies
+in Prose and Verse/, recounts how an English paper once reported an
+interview in which the author of /Nana/, indiscreetly questioned as to
+the amount of personal observation he had put into the book, replied
+that he had once lunched with an actress of the Varietes. "The reply
+was generally taken for a joke," says Mr. Symons, "but the lunch was a
+reality, and it was assuredly a rare experience in the life of a
+solitary diligence to which we owe so many impersonal studies in
+life." The sales of the book were, however, enormous, and Zola's
+financial position was now assured.
+
+Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on. /Pot-
+Bouille/ a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel /Au
+Bonheur des Dames/, a study of life in one of the great emporiums
+which were beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers of Paris. /La
+Joie de Vivre/, that drab story of hypochondria and self-sacrifice,
+was succeeded by /Germinal/, the greatest, if not the only really
+great, novel of labour that has ever been written in any language.
+After /Germinal/ came /L'Oeuvre/, which deals with art life in Paris,
+and is in part an autobiography of the author. We now come to /La
+Terre/ around which the greatest controversy has raged. In parts the
+book is Shakespearian in its strength and insight, but it has to be
+admitted at once that the artistic quality of the work has been
+destroyed in large measure by the gratuitous coarseness which the
+author has thought necessary to put into it. Even allowing for the
+fact that the subject is the brutishness and animality of French
+peasant life, and admitting that the picture drawn may be a true one,
+the effect had been lessened by the fact that nothing has been left to
+the imagination. On the other hand there has, since Shakespeare, been
+nothing so fine as the treatment of Pere Fouan, that peasant King
+Lear, by his ungrateful family. It has been urged that Zola overdid
+the horrors of the situation and that no parent would have been so
+treated by his children. By a singular chance a complete answer to
+this objection may be found in a paragraph which appeared in the
+/Daily Mail/ of 18th April, 1911. A few days before, a peasant woman
+in France had entered her father's bedroom and struck him nine times
+on the head with an axe, afterwards going home to bed. The reason for
+the crime was that the old man two years previously had divided his
+property between his two daughters on condition that they paid him a
+monthly allowance. His elder daughter was always in arrear with her
+share of the pension, and, after constant altercations between father
+and daughter, the latter extinguished her liability in the manner
+indicated. Now this tragedy in real life is the actual plot of /La
+Terre/, which was written twenty-four years before it occurred.
+
+In accordance with the author's usual plan, whereby a heavy book was
+followed by a light one, /La Terre/ was succeeded by /Le Reve/, a work
+at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As /La Terre/ is of the
+earth, earthy, so is /Le Reve/ spiritual and idyllic, the work of a
+man enamoured of the refined and the beautiful. It has indeed been
+described as the most beautiful work written in France during the
+whole of the nineteenth century.
+
+/La Bete Humaine/, the next of the series, is a work of a different
+class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola's
+novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms, with a
+background of constant interest in the railway life of Western France.
+The motives are always obvious and strong, a criticism which can by no
+means be invariably applied to French fiction.
+
+Next appeared /L'Argent/, which is the sequel to /La Curee/ and deals
+with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the Union
+Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indictment of the
+law affecting joint-stock companies. To /L'Argent/ there succeeded /La
+Debacle/, that prose epic of modern war, more complete and coherent
+than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end all came /Le Docteur
+Pascal/, winding up the series on a note of pure romance.
+
+Regarded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable to
+the /Comedie Humaine/. It occupied nearly twenty-five years in
+writing, consists of twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred
+characters, and a number of words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly at
+two million five hundred thousand.
+
+There can be little doubt that Zola's best work was expended on the
+Rougon-Macquart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a reformer
+began to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later books partake
+more of the nature of active propaganda than of works of fiction. They
+comprise two series: /Les Trois Villes/ (Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and
+/Les Quatre Evangiles/, of which only three (Fecondite, Travail, and
+Verite) were written before the author's death. Politics had begun to
+occupy his attention, and from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested
+himself in the Jewish question which culminated in the Dreyfus case.
+His sense of justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the
+authorities and on 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter,
+beginning with the words /J'accuse/, a letter which altered the whole
+course of events in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect
+of Zola's action in this matter; he was attacked with a virulence
+almost unexampled, a virulence which followed him beyond the grave.
+Four years later, on the day after his death, the Paris correspondent
+of /The Times/ wrote: "It is evident the passions of two or three
+years ago are still alive. Many persons expressed their joy with such
+boisterous gestures as men indulge in on learning of a victory, and
+some exclaimed savagely, 'It is none too soon.' The unseemliness of
+this extraordinary spectacle evoked no retort from the passers-by."
+The feeling of resentment is still alive in France, and it is
+necessary to take it into account in the consideration of any
+estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a mistake
+to attribute Zola's campaign for the rehabilitation of Dreyfus to mere
+lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly was ambitious, but
+had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd he would not have
+adopted a cause which was opposed by the majority of the nation. As a
+result of the agitation, he was obliged to leave France and take
+refuge in England, till such time as a change of circumstances enabled
+him to return.
+
+On 29th September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that Emile
+Zola had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the fumes of a
+stove, and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying with him. A life
+of incessant literary labour had been quenched.
+
+The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small
+degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was
+introduced to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry Vizetelly,
+who between 1884 and 1889 published a number of translations of his
+novels. The last of these was /The Soil/, a translation of /La Terre/,
+which aroused such an outcry that a prosecution followed, and Mr.
+Vizetelly was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Without raising
+any question as to the propriety of this prosecution, it is difficult
+to avoid pointing out that Mr. Vizetelly was singularly ill advised
+not to have taken into account the essential differences between
+English and French literature, and not have seen that the publication
+of this particular book in its entirety was an impossibility under
+existing conditions. It is regrettable also that Mr. Vizetelly, who
+though a gentleman of the highest character, was no doubt anxious to
+make the most possible out of his venture, did not duly appreciate
+that the word "Realistic," which was blazoned on the covers of the
+various books issued by him, was in the early eighties invariably
+interpreted as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was further
+from Mr. Vizetelly's wish--his defence at the trial was that the books
+were literature of the highest kind--but it is unquestionable that the
+format was such as to give the impression indicated, an impression
+deepened by the extremely Gallic freedom of the illustrations. There
+can be little doubt that had the works been issued in an unobtrusive
+form, without illustrations, they would have attracted less attention
+of the undesirable kind which they afterwards received. The use of the
+term "Realistic" was the more remarkable as Zola had previously
+invented the word /Naturalisme/ to distinguish his work from that of
+the Realistic school. But if Zola's reputation in England suffered in
+this way, it is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E.
+A. Vizetelly under which the English public now lies. Some time after
+the prosecution of his father, Mr. Vizetelly began to publish, through
+Messrs. Chatto & Windus, a series of versions of Zola's works. The
+translations were admirably done, and while it was found necessary to
+make certain omissions, the task was so skilfully accomplished that in
+many cases actual improvement has resulted. These versions are at
+present the chief translations of Zola's works in circulation in this
+country; but while their number has been added to from time to time,
+it has not been found possible to include the whole of the Rougon-
+Macquart series. In 1894-5, however, the Lutetian Society issued to
+its members a literal and unabridged translation of six of the novels,
+made by writers of such eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and
+Ernest Dowson. These are the only translations of these works which
+are of any value to the student, but they are unfortunately almost
+unobtainable, as the entire edition was restricted to three hundred
+copies on hand-made paper and ten on Japanese vellum.
+
+A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was a
+somewhat ignorant person, who required to get up from textbooks every
+subject upon which he wrote. Now there seems to be little doubt that
+it was in the first instance due to the indiscretion of his
+biographer, M. Paul Alexis, that this charge has arisen. Impressed by
+the vast industry of his friend, M. Alexis said so much about
+"research" and "documents" that less friendly critics seized the
+opportunity of exaggerating the importance of these. Every novelist of
+any consequence has found it necessary to "cram" his subjects, but
+says little about the fact. James Payn, for instance, could not have
+written his admirable descriptions of China in /By Proxy/ without much
+reading of many books, and Mr. Rudyard Kipling has not been blamed for
+studying the technicalities of engineering before he wrote /The Ship
+that found Herself/. It is open to question even whether Mr. Robert
+Hichens acquired his intimate knowledge of the conditions of life in
+Southern Europe and Northern Africa entirely without the assistance of
+Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly studied his subjects, but far too much
+has been made of the necessity for his doing so. His equipment for the
+task he undertook was not less complete than that of many another
+novelist, and, like Dickens, he studied life in that school of a
+"stony-hearted stepmother," the streets of a great city.
+
+Zola's literary method may be described as a piling up of detail upon
+detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelming. He
+lacked, however, a sense of proportion; he became so carried away by
+his visions of human depravity, that his characters developed powers
+of wickedness beyond mortal strength; he lay under an obsession
+regarding the iniquities of mankind. In dealing with this it was
+unfortunately his method to leave nothing to the imagination, and
+herein lies the most serious blemish on his work. There is undoubtedly
+much coarseness in some of his books, and the regrettable feature is
+that it is not only unnecessary, but in some cases actually lessens
+the effect at which he aimed. It is doubtful whether he was possessed
+of any sense of humour. Mr. Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was
+absolute, a darkness that can be felt; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the
+other hand, indicates that his work "teems with quiet fun." On the
+whole, truth seems to lie with Mr. Lang. M. and Madame Charles
+Badeuil, in /La Terre/ may seem Dickensian to an English reader, but
+there is always the Gallic point of view to be reckoned with, and it
+is doubtful if Zola did not regard these persons merely as types of a
+virtuous bourgeoisie.
+
+It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly
+excelled; there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the
+strikers in /Germinal/ or the charges of the troops in /La Debacle/.
+Contrast him with such a master of prose as George Meredith, and we
+see how immensely strong the battle scenes in /La Debacle/ are when
+compared with those in /Vittoria/; it is here that his method of
+piling detail on detail and horror on horror is most effectual. "To
+make his characters swarm," said Mr. Henry James in a critical article
+in the /Atlantic Monthly/ (August, 1903), "was the task he set himself
+very nearly from the first, that was the secret he triumphantly
+mastered."
+
+"Naturalism" as a school had a comparatively brief existence--Zola
+himself departed largely from its principles after the conclusion of
+the Rougon-Macquart series--but its effects have been far-reaching on
+the literature of many countries. In England the limits of literary
+convention have been extended, and pathways have been opened up along
+which later writers have not hesitated to travel, even while denying
+the influence of the craftsman who had cleared the way. It is safe to
+say that had /L'Assommoir/ never been written there would have been no
+/Jude the Obscure/, and the same remark applies to much of the best
+modern fiction. In America, Frank Norris, an able writer who
+unfortunately died before the full fruition of his genius had
+obviously accepted Zola as his master, and the same influence is also
+apparent in the work of George Douglas, a brilliant young Scotsman
+whose premature death left only one book, /The House with the Green
+Shutters/, as an indication of what might have sprung from the methods
+of modified naturalism. M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, writing in the
+/Contemporary Review/ (1902), pointed out that the influence of Zola
+has transformed novel writing in Italy, and that its effect in Germany
+has been not less pronounced. The virtue of this influence on German
+letters was undoubtedly great. It made an end of sentimentality, it
+shook literature out of the sleepy rut into which it had fallen and
+forced it to face universal problems.
+
+One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid
+offending those prejudices which were so powerful in his time. The
+novelist who adopts the method of the surgeon finds it necessary to
+expose many painful sores, and is open to the taunt that he finds
+pleasure in the task. On no one did this personal obloquy fall more
+hardly than on Zola, and never with less reason. It may be that he
+accumulated unseemly details and risky situations too readily; but he
+was an earnest man with a definite aim in view, and had formulated for
+himself a system which he allowed to work itself out with relentless
+fatality. The unredeemed baseness and profligacy of the period with
+which he had to deal must also be borne in mind. As to his personal
+character, it has been fitly described by M. Anatole France, himself a
+distinguished novelist. Zola, said he, "had the candour and sincerity
+of great souls. He was profoundly moral. He has depicted vice with a
+rough and vigorous hand. His apparent pessimism ill conceals a real
+optimism, a persistent faith in the progress of intelligence and
+justice. In his romances, which are social studies, he attacks with
+vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous society, a base and noxious
+aristocracy. He combated social evil wherever he encountered it. His
+work is comparable only in greatness with that of Tolstoi. At the two
+extremities of European thought the lyre has raised two vast cities.
+Both are generous and pacific; but whereas Tolstoi's is the city of
+resignation, Zola's is the city of work."
+
+It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value of
+Zola's writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered
+judgments; but their influence has been, and will continue to be, far
+reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and have made
+possible to others much that was formerly unattainable.
+
+
+
+                THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE.
+
+
+First Generation:
+
+1. ADELAIDE FOUQUE, called AUNT DIDE, born in 1768, married in 1786 to
+Rougon, a placid, lubberly gardener; bears him a son in 1787; loses
+her husband in 1788; takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smuggler,
+addicted to drink and half crazed; bears him a son in 1789, and a
+daughter in 1791; goes mad, and is sent to the Asylum of Les Tulettes
+in 1851; dies there of cerebral congestion in 1873 at 105 years of
+age. Supplies the original neurosis.
+
+
+Second Generation:
+
+2. PIERRE ROUGON, born in 1787, married in 1810 to Felicite Puech, an
+intelligent, active and healthy woman; has five children by her; dies
+in 1870, on the morrow of Sedan, from cerebral congestion due to
+overfeeding. An equilibrious blending of characteristics, the moral
+average of his father and mother, resembles them physically. An oil
+merchant, afterwards receiver of taxes.
+
+3. ANTOINE MACQUART, born in 1789; a soldier in 1809; married in 1829
+to a market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a vigorous, industrious, but
+intemperate woman; has three children by her; loses her in 1851; dies
+himself in 1873 from spontaneous combustion, brought about by
+alcoholism. A fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and
+physical likeness to his father. A soldier, then a basket-maker,
+afterwards lives idle on his income.
+
+4. URSULE MACQUART, born in 1791; married in 1810 to a journeyman-
+hatter, Mouret, a healthy man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him
+three children, dies of consumption in 1840. An adjunction of
+characteristics, her mother predominating morally and physically.
+
+
+Third Generation:
+
+5. EUGENE ROUGON, born in 1811, married in 1857 to Veronique Beulin
+d'Orcheres, by whom he has no children. A fusion of characteristics.
+Prepotency and ambition of his mother. Physical likeness to his
+father. A politician, at one time Cabinet Minister. Still alive in
+Paris, a deputy.
+
+6. PASCAL ROUGON, born in 1813, never marries, has a posthumous child
+by Clotilde Rougon in 1874; dies of heart disease on November 7, 1873.
+Innateness, a combination in which the physical and moral
+characteristics of the parents are so blended that nothing of them
+appears manifest in the offspring. A doctor.
+
+7. ARISTIDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1815, married in 1836 to
+Angele Sicardot, the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an officer; has
+by her a son in 1840, a daughter in 1847; loses his wife in 1854; has
+a natural son in 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie Chavaille, counting
+consumptives and epileptics among her forerunners; remarried in 1855
+to Renee Beraud Du Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An adjunction
+of characteristics, moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness
+to his mother. Her ambition, modified by his father's appetites. A
+clerk, then a speculator. Still alive in Paris, directing a newspaper.
+
+8. SIDONIE ROUGON, born in 1818, married at Plassans in 1838 to a
+solicitor's clerk, who dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger, in
+1851, a daughter Angelique, whom she places in the foundling asylum.
+Prepotency of her father, physical likeness to her mother. A
+commission agent and procuress, dabbling in every shady calling; but
+eventually becomes very austere. Still alive in Paris, treasurer to
+the OEuvre du Sacrement.
+
+9. MARTHE ROUGON, born in 1820, married in 1840 to her cousin Francois
+Mouret, bears him three children, dies in 1864 from a nervous disease.
+Reverting heredity, skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral and
+physical likeness to Adelaide Fouque. Resembles her husband.
+
+10. FRANCOIS MOURET, born in 1817, married in 1840 to Marthe Rougon,
+who bears him three children; dies mad in 1864 in a conflagration
+kindled by himself. Prepotency of his father. Physical likeness to his
+mother. Resembles his wife. At first a wine-merchant, then lives on
+his income.
+
+11. HELENE MOURET, born in 1824, married in 1841 to Grandjean, a puny
+man, inclined to phthisis, who dies in 1853; has a daughter by him in
+1842; remarried in 1857 to M. Rambaud, by whom she has no children.
+Innateness as in Pascal Rougon's case. Still living, at Marseilles, in
+retirement with her second husband.
+
+12. SILVERE MOURET, born in 1834; shot dead by a gendarme in 1851.
+Prepotency of his mother. Innateness with regard to physical
+resemblance.
+
+13. LISA MACQUART, born in 1827, married in 1852 to Quenu, a healthy
+man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him a daughter, dies in 1863 from
+decomposition of the blood. Prepotency of and physical likeness to her
+mother. Keeps a large pork-butcher's shop at the Paris markets.
+
+14. GERVAISE MACQUART, born in 1828, has three sons by her lover
+Lantier, who counts paralytics among his ancestors; is taken to Paris,
+and there deserted by him; is married in 1852 to a workman, Coupeau,
+who comes of an alcoholic stock; has a daughter by him; dies of misery
+and drink in 1869. Prepotency of her father. Conceived in drunkenness.
+Is lame. A washerwoman.
+
+15. JEAN MACQUART, born in 1831, married in 1867 to Francoise Mouche,
+who dies childless in 1870; remarried in 1871 to Melanie Vial, a
+sturdy, healthy peasant-girl, by whom he has a son, and who is again
+/enceinte/. Innateness, as with Pascal and Helene. First a peasant,
+then a soldier, then peasant again. Still alive at Valqueyras.
+
+
+Fourth Generation:
+
+16. MAXIME ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1840, has a son in 1857 by a
+servant, Justine Megot, the chlorotic daughter of drunken parents;
+married in 1863 to Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the same
+year; succumbs to ataxia in 1873. A dissemination of characteristics.
+Moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness to his mother. Idle,
+inclined to spending unearned money.
+
+17. CLOTILDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1847, has a son by Pascal
+Rougon in 1874. Prepotency of her mother. Reverting heredity, the
+moral and physical characteristics of her maternal grandfather
+preponderant. Still alive at Plassans.
+
+18. VICTOR ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1853. Adjunction of
+characteristics. Physical resemblance to his father. Has disappeared.
+
+19. ANGELIQUE ROUGON, born in 1851, married in 1869 to Felicien de
+Hautecoeur, and dies the same day of a complaint never determined.
+Innateness: no resemblance to her mother or forerunners on the
+maternal side. No information as to her father.
+
+20. OCTAVE MOURET, born in 1840, married in 1865 to Madame Hedouin,
+who dies the same year; remarried in 1869 to Denise Baudu, a healthy
+girl with a well-balanced mind, by whom he has a boy and a girl, still
+too young to be classified. Prepotency of his father. Physical
+resemblance to his uncle, Eugene Rougon. Indirect heredity.
+Establishes and directs "The Ladies' Paradise." Still alive in Paris.
+
+21. SERGE MOURET, born in 1841. A dissemination of characteristics;
+moral and physical resemblance to his mother. Has his father's brain,
+influenced by the diseased condition of his mother. Heredity of a form
+of neurosis developing into mysticism. A priest, still alive at St.
+Eutrope.
+
+22. DESIREE MOURET, born in 1844. Prepotency of and physical likeness
+to her mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into idiocy.
+Still alive at St. Eutrope with her brother Serge.
+
+23. JEANNE GRANDJEAN, born in 1842, dies of a nervous complaint in
+1855. Reverting heredity, skipping two generations. Physical and moral
+resemblance to Adelaide Fouque.
+
+24. Pauline Quenu, born in 1852, never marries. An equilibrious
+blending of characteristics. Moral and physical resemblance to her
+father and mother. An example of honesty. Still alive at Bonneville.
+
+25. CLAUDE LANTIER, born in 1842, married in 1865 to Caroline
+Hallegrain, whose father succumbed to paraplegia; has by her, prior to
+marriage, a son, Jacques, who dies in 1869; hangs himself in 1870. A
+fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical
+resemblance to his mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing
+into genius. A painter.
+
+26. JACQUES LANTIER, born in 1844, killed in an accident in 1870.
+Prepotency of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. Heredity of
+alcoholism, developing into homicidal mania. An example of crime. An
+engine-driver.
+
+27. ETIENNE LANTIER, born in 1846. A dissemination of characteristics.
+Physical resemblance, first to his mother, afterwards to his father. A
+miner. Still alive, transported to Noumea, there married, with
+children, it is said, who cannot, however, be classified.
+
+28. ANNA COUPEAU, alias NANA, born in 1852, gives birth to a child,
+Louis, in 1867, loses him in 1870, dies herself of small-pox a few
+days later. A blending of characteristics. Moral prepotency of her
+father. Physical resemblance to her mother's first lover, Lantier.
+Heredity of alcoholism developing into mental and physical perversion.
+An example of vice.
+
+
+Fifth Generation:
+
+29. CHARLES ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1857, dies of hemorrhage in
+1873. Reverting heredity skipping three generations. Physical and
+moral resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. The last outcome of an exhausted
+stock.
+
+30. JACQUES LOUIS LANTIER, born in 1860, a case of hydrocephalus, dies
+in 1869. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles.
+
+31. LOUIS COUPEAU, called LOUISET, born in 1867, dies of small-pox in
+1870. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles.
+
+32. THE UNKNOWN CHILD will be born in 1874. What will it be?
+
+
+
+         SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS
+
+
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity,
+and the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great
+series which deals with the life history of a family and its
+descendants during the second empire.
+
+The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was Adelaide
+Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to nervous seizures.
+From her father she inherited a small farm, and at the age of eighteen
+married one of her own labourers, a man named Rougon, who died fifteen
+months afterwards, leaving her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly
+after her husband's death she fell completely under the influence of
+Macquart, a drunken smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time
+she had a son named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became
+more and more subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind
+was completely unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was a man
+of strong will inherited from his father, and he early saw that his
+mother's property was being squandered by the Macquarts. By means
+approximating to fraud he induced his mother, who was then facile, to
+sell her property and hand over the proceeds to him. Soon after he
+married Felicite Peuch, a woman of great shrewdness and keen
+intelligence, by whom he had three sons (Eugene, Aristide, and Pascal)
+and two daughters (Marthe and Sidonie). Pierre Rougon was not
+particularly prosperous, but his eldest son, Eugene, went to Paris and
+became mixed up in the Bonapartist plots which led to the /Coup
+d'Etat/ of 1851. He was consequently able to give his parents early
+information as to the probable course of events, and the result of
+their action was to lay the foundations of the family fortune.
+
+The scene of the book is the Provencal town of Plassans, and the
+tragic events attending the rising of the populace against the /Coup
+d'Etat/ are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a charming love
+idyll between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Macquart, and a young
+girl named Miette, both of whom fall as victims in the rising which
+followed the /Coup d'Etat/.
+
+Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his introduction to the English translation of
+/The Conquest of Plassans/ (London: Chatto & Windus), points out that
+almost every incident in /The Fortune of the Rougons/ is based upon
+historical fact. "For instance," he says, "Miette had a counterpart in
+Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of the young woman who,
+carrying the insurgents' blood-red banner, was hailed by them as the
+Goddess of Liberty on their dramatic march. And in like way the tragic
+death of Silvere, linked to another hapless prisoner, was founded by
+M. Zola on an incident that followed the rising, as recorded by an
+eye-witness."
+
+
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of Pierre
+Rougon (/La Fortune des Rougon/), who went to Paris from Plassans,
+becoming involved in the plots which resulted in the /Coup d'Etat/ of
+1851 and the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial power. The future
+career of Rougon was assured; his services had been too important to
+be overlooked, and he ultimately became Minister of State and
+practically Vice-Emperor. He fell for a time under the influence of
+Clorinde Balbi, the daughter of an Italian adventuress, but realizing
+the risk of compromising himself, he shook himself free, and married a
+lady whose position in society tended to make his own still more
+secure. The novel gives an excellent account of the political and
+social life of the Second Empire, and of the cynical corruption which
+characterized the period.
+
+In a preface to the English translation (/His Excellency/. London:
+Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion,
+"with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject,
+/Son Excellence Eugene Rougon/ is the one existing French novel which
+gives the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in political
+spheres at an important period of the Empire. But His Excellency
+Eugene Rougon is not, as many critics and others have supposed, a mere
+portrait or caricature of His Excellency Eugene Rouher, the famous
+Vice-Emperor of history. Symbolism is to be found in every one of
+Zola's novels, and Rougon, in his main lines, is but the symbol of a
+principle, or, to be accurate, the symbol of a certain form of the
+principle of authority. His face is Rouher's, like his build and his
+favorite gesture; but with Rouher's words, actions, opinions, and
+experiences are blended those of half a dozen other personages. He is
+the incarnation of that craving, that lust for power which impelled so
+many men of ability to throw all principle to the winds and become the
+instruments of an abominable system of government. And his
+transformation at the close of the story is in strict accordance with
+historical facts."
+
+
+La Curee.
+
+In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene to
+Paris in the hope of sharing the spoils of the Second Empire (/La
+Fortune des Rougon/), was successful in amassing a vast fortune by
+speculation in building-sites. His first wife having died, he married
+Renee Beraud du Chatel, a lady of good family, whose dowry first
+enabled him to throw himself into the struggle of financial life. In a
+magnificent mansion which he built in the Parc Monceau a life of
+inconceivable extravagance began. The mushroom society of Paris was at
+this period the most corrupt in Europe, and the Saccards soon came to
+be regarded as leaders in every form of pleasure. Vast though their
+fortune was, their expenses were greater, and a catastrophe was
+frequently imminent. Renee, satisfied with prodigality of every kind,
+entered on an infamous liaison with her husband's son, a liaison which
+Aristide condoned in order to extract money from his wife. Rene
+ultimately died, leaving her husband immersed in his feverish
+speculations.
+
+The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of Parisian
+society in the period which followed the restoration of the Empire in
+1851.
+
+
+L'Argent.
+
+After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard (/La Fortune des
+Rougon/ and /La Curee/) was forced to sell his mansion in the Parc
+Monceau and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune.
+Chance made him acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose residence
+in the East had suggested to him financial schemes which at once
+attracted the attention of Saccard. With a view to financing these
+schemes the Universal Bank was formed, and by force of advertising
+became immediately successful. Emboldened by success, Saccard launched
+into wild speculation, involving the bank, which ultimately became
+insolvent, and so caused the ruin of thousands of depositors. The
+scandal was so serious that Saccard was forced to disappear from
+France and to take refuge in Belgium.
+
+The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation and
+fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of directors,
+and the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with the shady
+underwoods of the financial world.
+
+Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation
+(/Money/. London: Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in sketching
+Saccard, that daring and unscrupulous financier, "must have bethought
+himself of Mires, whose name is so closely linked to the history of
+Second Empire finance. Mires, however, was a Jew, whereas Saccard was
+a Jew-hater, and outwardly, at all events, a zealous Roman Catholic.
+In this respect he reminds one of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety,
+just as Hamelin the engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux's
+associate. Indeed, the history of M. Zola's Universal Bank is much the
+history of the Union General. The latter was solemnly blessed by the
+Pope, and in a like way Zola shows us the Universal receiving the
+Papal benediction. Moreover, the second object of the Union General
+was to undermine the financial power of the Jews, and in the novel we
+find a similar purpose ascribed to Saccard's Bank. The union, we know,
+was eventually crushed by the great Israelite financiers, and this
+again is the fate which overtakes the institution whose meteor-like
+career is traced in the pages of /L'Argent/."
+
+
+La Reve.
+
+Written as a "passport to the Academy," this novel stands alone among
+the Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic grace. Angelique, a
+daughter of Sidonie Rougon (/Le Curee/), had been deserted by her
+mother, and was adopted by a maker of ecclesiastical embroideries, who
+with his wife lived and worked under the shadow of an ancient
+cathedral. In this atmosphere the child grew to womanhood, and as she
+fashioned the rich embroideries of the sacred vestments she had a
+vision of love and happiness which was ultimately realized, though the
+realization proved too much for her frail strength, and she died in
+its supreme moment. The vast cathedral with its solemn ritual
+dominates the book and colours the lives of its characters.
+
+
+La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter of
+Pierre and Felicite Rougon (/La Fortune des Rougon/), who had
+inherited much of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother Adelaide
+Fouque. She married her cousin, Francois Mouret. Plassans, where the
+Mourets lived, was becoming a stronghold of the clerical party, when
+Abbe Faujas, a wily and arrogant priest, was sent to win it back for
+the Government. This powerful and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly
+set aside every obstacle to his purpose, and in the course of his
+operations wrecked the home of the Mourets. Marthe having become
+infatuated with the priest, ruined her family for him and died
+neglected. Francois Mouret, her husband, who by the machinations of
+Faujas was confined in an asylum as a lunatic, became insane in fact,
+and having escaped, brought about a conflagration in which he perished
+along with the disturber of his domestic peace.
+
+The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and
+intrigues of a country town, and of the political movements which
+followed the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851.
+
+
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of
+Francois Mouret, has come to the city, where he has got a situation in
+"The Ladies' Paradise," a draper's shop carried on by Madame Hedouin,
+a lady whom he ultimately marries. The interest of the book centres in
+a house in Rue de Choiseul which is let in flats to various tenants,
+the Vabres, Duvreyiers, and Josserands among others. The inner lives
+of these people, their struggles, their jealousies and their sins, are
+shown with an unsparing hand. Under the thin skin of an intense
+respectability there is a seething mass of depravity, and with
+ruthless art Zola has laid his subjects upon the dissecting-table. Of
+plot there is little, but as a terrible study in realism the book is a
+masterpiece.
+
+
+An Bonheur des Dames.
+
+Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin, greatly
+increased the business of "The Ladies' Paradise," which he hoped would
+ultimately rival the /Bon Marche/ and other great drapery
+establishments in Paris. While an addition to the shop was in progress
+Madame Mouret met with an accident which resulted in her death, and
+her husband remained a widower for a number of years. During this time
+his business grew to such an extent that his employees numbered many
+hundreds, among whom was Denise Baudu, a young girl who had come from
+the provinces. Mouret fell in love with her, and she, after resisting
+his advances for some time, ultimately married him. The book deals
+chiefly with life among the assistants in a great drapery
+establishment, their petty rivalries and their struggles; it contains
+some pathetic studies of the small shopkeepers of the district,
+crushed out of existence under the wheels of Mouret's moneymaking
+machine.
+
+
+La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+Serge Mouret, the younger son of Francois Mouret (see /La Conquete de
+Plassans/), was ordained to the priesthood and appointed cure of Les
+Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants
+he ministered with small encouragement. He had inherited the family
+taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the same form as in
+the case of his mother--a morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on
+hysteria. Brain fever followed, and bodily recovery left the priest
+without a mental past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save
+his reason, removed him from his accustomed surroundings and left him
+at the Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house near
+Les Artaud, where he was nursed by Albine, niece of the caretaker. The
+Abbe fell in love with Albine, and, oblivious of his vows, broke them.
+A meeting with Archangias, a Christian Brother with whom he had been
+associated, and a chance glimpse of the world beyond the Paradou,
+served to restore his memory, and, filled with horror at himself, he
+fled from that enchanted garden. A long mental struggle followed, but
+in the end the Church was victorious, and the Abbe returned to her
+service with even more feverish devotion than before. Albine, broken-
+hearted, died among her loved flowers in the Paradou.
+
+The tale is to some extend an indictment of the celibacy of the
+priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put
+quite fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse, in
+entire forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book
+contains some of Zola's best work, and is both poetical and
+convincing.
+
+
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene
+Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret
+(/La Fortune des Rougon/) and Francois Mouret (/La Conquete de
+Plassans/). Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar-
+refiner of Marseilles, whose family opposed the marriage on the ground
+of her poverty. The marriage was a secret one, and some years of
+hardship had followed, when an uncle of M. Grandjean died, leaving his
+nephew a substantial income. The couple then moved to Paris with their
+young daughter Jeanne, but the day after their arrival Grandjean was
+seized with illness from which he died. Helene remained in Paris,
+though she had at first no friends there except Abbe Jouve and his
+half-brother M. Rambaud. Jeanne had inherited much of the family
+neurosis, along with a consumptive tendency derived from her father,
+and one of her sudden illnesses caused her mother to make the
+acquaintance of Doctor Deberle. An intimacy between the two families
+followed, which ripened into love between the doctor and Helene.
+Events were precipitated by an attempt on the part of Helene to save
+Madame Deberle from the consequences of an indiscretion in arranging
+an assignation with M. Malignon, with the result that she was herself
+seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor Deberle and for the first
+and only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose jealous affection for
+her mother amounted to mania, was so affected by the belief that she
+was not longer the sole object of her mother's love that she became
+dangerously ill and died soon afterwards. This bitter punishment for
+her brief lapse killed Helene's love for Doctor Deberle, and two years
+later she married M. Rambaud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, Helene
+was a good and pure woman, upon whom the fate of her family fell.
+
+In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to make all
+Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study in realism, it
+contains much that is truly pathetic. The descriptions of Paris under
+varying atmospheric aspects, with which each section of the book
+closes, are wholly admirable.
+
+
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central markets
+of Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine Macquart
+(/La Fortune des Rougon/). She has become prosperous, and with
+prosperity her selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-law Florent
+had escaped from penal servitude in Cayenne and lived for a short time
+in her house, but she became tired of his presence and ultimately
+denounced him to the police. The book contains vivid pictures of the
+markets, bursting with the food of a great city, and of the vast
+population which lives by handling and distributing it. "But it also
+embraces a powerful allegory," writes Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his
+preface to the English translation (/The Fat and the Thin/. London:
+Chatto & Windus), "the prose song of the eternal battle between the
+lean of this world and the fat--a battle in which, as the author
+shows, the latter always come off successful. M. Zola had a distinct
+social aim in writing this book."
+
+
+La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Pauline Quenu (/Le Ventre de Paris/), having been left an orphan, was
+sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast. It was
+a bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their drab,
+hopeless lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death. The
+Chanteaus, Pauline's guardians, took advantage of her in every way,
+and Lazare Chanteau, her cousin, with whom she fell in love, got from
+her large sums of money to carry out wild schemes which he devised.
+The character of Pauline is a fine conception; basely wronged and
+treated with heartless ingratitude, her hopes blighted and her heart
+broken, she found consolation in the complete renunciation of herself
+for the sake of those who had so greatly injured her.
+
+"The title selected by M. Zola for this book," says Mr. E. A.
+Vizetelly in his preface to the English translation (/The Joy of
+Life/. London: Chatto & Windus), "is to be taken in an ironical or
+sarcastic sense. There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters
+whom he portrays in it. The story of the hero is one of mental
+weakness, poisoned by a constantly recurring fear of death; whilst
+that of his father is one of intense physical suffering, blended with
+an eager desire to continue living, even at the cost of yet greater
+torture. Again, the story of the heroine is one of blighted
+affections, the wrecking of all which might have made her life worth
+living."
+
+
+L'Assommoir.
+
+A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social
+condition of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no other
+work of fiction in which the effects of intemperance are shown with
+such grimness of realism and uncompromising force.
+
+Gervaise Macquart, daughter of Antoine Macquart (/La Fortune des
+Rougon/), having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris, taking with
+her their two children, was deserted by him a few weeks after their
+arrival in the city. She got employment in the laundry of Madame
+Fauconnier, and a few months later married Coupeau, a zinc-worker,
+who, though the son of drunken parents, was himself steady and
+industrious. For a while everything prospered with the Coupeaus; by
+hard work they were able to save a little money, and in time a
+daughter (Nana) was born to them. Then an accident to Coupeau, who
+fell from the roof of a house, brought about a change. His recovery
+was slow, and left him with an unwillingness to work and an
+inclination to pass his time in neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime
+Gervaise, with money borrowed from Goujet, a man who loved her with
+almost idyllic affection, had started a laundry of her own. She was
+successful for a time, in spite of her husband's growing intemperance
+and an increasing desire in herself for ease and good living; but
+deterioration had begun, and with the reappearance of Lantier, her old
+lover, it became rapid. Coupeau was by this time a confirmed loafer
+and drunkard, while Gervaise was growing careless and ease-loving.
+Lantier, having become a lodger with the Coupeaus, ceased doing any
+work, and as he never paid anything for his board, his presence not
+unnaturally hastened the downfall of his hosts. Circumstances
+conspired to renew the old relations between Gervaise and Lantier, and
+by easy stages she descended that somewhat slippery stair which leads
+to ruin. The shop was given up, and she again got employment in the
+laundry of Madame Fauconnier, though she was no longer the capable
+workwoman of former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious from childhood,
+had taken to evil courses; her husband had at least one attack of
+delirium tremens; and she herself was fast giving way to intemperance.
+The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of Sainte-Anne after an
+illness the description of which is for pure horror unparalleled in
+fiction; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest depths of
+degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret. The tragedy of it
+all is that Gervaise, despite her early lapse with Lantier, was a good
+and naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin was wrought by circumstances
+and by the operation of the relentless laws of heredity.
+
+It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in /L'Assommoir/
+that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842, and
+Etienne, born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844), not
+elsewhere mentioned, the hero of /La Bete Humaine/, a subsequent work
+in the Rougon-Macquart series.
+
+
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of the
+Second Empire.
+
+Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise
+Macquart (/La Fortune des Rougon/ and /L'Assommoir/), had been
+educated at Plassans by an old gentleman who was interested in his
+childish skill in drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a sum
+which yielded an annual income of a thousand francs, and he came to
+Paris to follow an artistic career. There he met Dubuche, Pierre
+Sandoz, and others of his former schoolboy friends, and the little
+band formed a coterie of revolutionary spirits, whose aim was to
+introduce new ideas and drastic changes into the accepted canons of
+art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a picture which he
+called /Plein Air/ ("Open Air") in which he went direct to nature for
+inspiration, and threw aside all recognized conventions. The picture
+was refused by the committee of the /Salon/, and when subsequently
+shown at a minor exhibition was greeted with derision by the public.
+The artist was in despair, and left Paris with Christine Hallegrain, a
+young girl between whom and himself a chance acquaintanceship had
+ripened into love. They lived happily in a little cottage in the
+country for several years, a son being born to them, but Claude became
+restless, and they returned to Paris. Here he gradually became
+obsessed by an idea for a great picture, which would show the truth of
+his theories and cover his detractors with confusion. By this time
+there is no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated
+disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to manifest
+itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this picture; his
+little fortune was gradually encroached on, and his wife and child (he
+had married Christine some time after their return to Paris) were
+frequently without the necessaries of life. Christine was, however,
+devoted to her husband, and did all she could to induce him to leave
+the picture, which she saw was increasing his mental disturbance. This
+was becoming more serious, and in the death of his child he saw only
+the subject of a picture, /L'Enfant Mort/, which was exhibited at the
+/Salon/ and was received with even more contempt than /Plein Air/.
+Despite all the efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended
+masterpiece, and one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged
+himself in front of the fatal picture.
+
+As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is
+little doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by
+that of Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist school,
+with whom Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also certain that
+Pierre Sandoz, the journalist with an idea for a vast series of novels
+dealing with the life history of a family, was the prototype of Zola
+himself.
+
+
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close of the
+Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second son of Gervaise
+Macquart and August Lantier (/La Fortune des Rougon/ and
+/L'Assommoir/). When his parents went to Paris with his two brothers,
+he remained at Plassans with his godmother, "Aunt Phasie," who
+afterwards married Misard, a railway signalman, by whom she was slowly
+poisoned to secure a small legacy which she had concealed. After
+Jacques had passed through the School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans
+he became a railway engine-driver, and entered the service of the
+Western Railway Company, regularly driving the express train between
+Paris and Havre. He was a steady man and a competent engineer, but
+from his early youth he had been affected by a curious form of
+insanity, the desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond. "It
+seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring thirst
+to avenge some very ancient offences, the exact recollection of which
+escaped him." There was also in the employment of the railway company,
+as assistant station-master at Havre, a compatriot of Lantier named
+Roubaud, who had married Severine Aubry, the godchild of President
+Grandmorin, a director of the company. A chance word of Severine's
+roused the suspicions of Roubaud regarding her former relations with
+the President, and, driven to frenzy by jealousy, he compelled her to
+become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in an express train
+between Paris and Havre.
+
+Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able to
+prove an alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired that
+Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, the inquiry into
+the murder was dropped. By a singular chance, however, Jacques Lantier
+had been a momentary witness of the crime, and the Roubauds became
+aware of his suspicions. To secure his silence they invited him
+constantly to their house, and a liaison with Severine followed. For
+the first time Lantier's blood lust was not aroused; the knowledge
+that this woman had killed seemed to constitute her a being apart and
+sacred. After the murder of Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of
+Roubaud's character set in, and he became in time a confirmed gambler.
+His relations with his wife were ultimately so strained that she
+induced Lantier to promise to murder him, in order that they might fly
+together to America with the proceeds of a small legacy she had
+received from Grandmorin. The arrangements were made, but at the last
+moment Lantier's frenzy overtook him, and it was Severine who was
+struck down by the knife destined for her husband. Lantier escaped
+without suspicion; but Roubaud, who was found on the scene of the
+crime under circumstances considered compromising, was tried, and
+along with a companion equally innocent, was sentenced to penal
+servitude for life. But Nemesis was not distant; Jacques had aroused
+the jealous fury of his fireman, Pecqueux, who, one night in 1870,
+attacked him as they were driving a train loaded with soldiers bound
+for the war. A fierce struggle followed, and in the end the two men
+fell from the engine and were cut in pieces beneath the wheels of the
+train, which, no longer under control, rushed on into the darkness
+with its living freight.
+
+
+Germinal.
+
+A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation to
+coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France at a
+time preceding and during a great strike; the hero is Etienne Lantier
+(/La Fortune des Rougon/ and /L'Assommoir/). In a moment of passion
+Lantier had struck one of his superiors, and having been dismissed
+from his employment as an engineer, found it difficult to get work,
+till, after drifting from place to place, he eventually became a coal-
+miner. The hardships of the life and its miserable remuneration
+impressed him deeply, and he began to indoctrinate his comrades with a
+spirit of revolt. His influence grew, and he became the acknowledged
+leader of the strike which followed. The result was disastrous. After
+weeks of misery from cold and hunger the infuriated workmen attempted
+to destroy one of the pits, and were fired upon by soldiers sent to
+guard it. Many were killed, and the survivors, with their spirits
+crushed, returned to work. But worse was yet to come. Souvarine, an
+Anarchist, disgusted with the ineffectual struggle, brought about an
+inundation of the pit, whereby many of his comrades were entombed.
+Among them was Lantier, who was, however, eventually rescued.
+
+As a study of the ever-lasting struggle between capital and labour the
+work has no rival in fiction; the miseries and degradation of the
+mining class, their tardy revolt against their employers, and their
+sufferings from hunger during its futile course, these are the theme,
+and the result is a picture of gloom, horrible and without relief.
+
+
+Nana.
+
+A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the
+daughter of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife (/L'Assommoir/),
+has been given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des Varietes,
+and though she can neither sing nor act, achieves by the sheer force
+of her beauty an overwhelming success. All Paris is at her feet, and
+she selects her lovers from among the wealthiest and best born. But
+her extravagance knows no bounds, and ruin invariably overtakes those
+who yield to her fascination. After squandering vast sums she goes to
+the East, and stories spread that she had captivated a viceroy and
+gained a great fortune in Russia. Her return to Paris is speedily
+followed by her death from small-pox. In this novel the life of the
+courtesan class is dealt with by Zola with unhesitating frankness;
+there are many vivid studies of theatrical manners; and the racecourse
+also comes within its scope. The work was intended to lay bare the
+canker which was eating into the social life of the Second Empire and
+ultimately led to the /debacle/ of 1870.
+
+
+La Terre.
+
+This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural life in
+France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent downfall of the
+Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most powerful of all
+Zola's novels, but in dealing with the subject he unfortunately
+thought it necessary to introduce incidents and expressions which,
+from their nature, must always render it impossible to submit the book
+in its entirety to the general English reader.
+
+Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat slight.
+Jean Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (/La
+Fortune des Rougon/), having served his time in the Army, came to the
+plain of La Beauce, and became an agricultural labourer on the farm of
+La Borderie, which belonged to Alexandre Hourdequin. He fell in love
+with Lise Mouche, who, however, married Buteau, and Macquart
+subsequently married her sister Francoise. Constant quarrels now arose
+between the two sisters as to the division of their father's property,
+and in the end Francoise was murdered by her sister. Macquart, tired
+of the struggle, decided to rejoin the army, which he did immediately
+after the outbreak of war.
+
+The interest of the book is, however, largely connected with the
+history of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member of
+which, having grown old, divided his land among his three children.
+The intense and brutish rapacity of these peasants, their utter lack
+of any feeling of morality or duty, their perfect selfishness, not
+stopping short of parricide, form a picture of horror unequalled in
+fiction. It is only to be regretted that the author, in leaving
+nothing to the imagination, has produced a work suitable only for the
+serious student of sociology.
+
+
+La Debacle.
+
+In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had dealt
+with every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in this novel he
+tells the story of that terrific land-slide which overwhelmed the
+regime. It is a story of war, grim and terrible; of a struggle to the
+death between two great nations. In it the author has put much of his
+finest work, and the result is one of the masterpieces of literature.
+The hero is Jean Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of
+Gervaise (/La Fortune des Rougon/). After the terrible death of his
+wife, as told in /La Terre/, Jean enlisted for the second time in the
+army, and went through the campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After
+the capitulation he was made prisoner, and in escaping was wounded.
+When he returned to active service he took part in crushing the
+excesses of the Commune in Paris, and by a strange chance it was his
+hand that killed his dearest friend, Maurice Levasseur, who had joined
+the Communist ranks. /La Debacle/ has been described as "a prose epic
+of modern war," and vast though the subject be, it is treated in a
+manner that is powerful, painful, and pathetic.
+
+In the preface to the English translation (/The Downfall/. London:
+Chatto & Windus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview with
+Zola regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says,
+"contains, or may be made to contain, everything; and it is because
+that is my creed that I am a novelist. I have, to my thinking, certain
+contributions to make to the thought of the world on certain subjects,
+and I have chosen the novel as the best way of communicating these
+contributions to the world. Thus /La Debacle/, in the form of a very
+precise and accurate relation of a series of historical facts--in
+other words, in the form of a realistic historical novel--is a
+document on the psychology of France in 1870. This will explain the
+enormous number of characters which figure in the book. Each character
+represents one /etat d'ame psychologique/ of the France of the day. If
+my work be well done, the reader will be able to understand what was
+in men's minds and what was the bent of men's minds--what they thought
+and how they thought at that period."
+
+
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon-Macquart series, Zola
+gathers together the threads of the preceding volumes and makes a
+vigorous defence of his theories of heredity. The story in the book is
+both simple and sad. Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical man at Plassans
+and a distinguished student of heredity, had brought up his niece
+Clotilde (daughter of Aristide Rougon alias Saccard) from childhood.
+Years afterwards they found that they passionately loved one another,
+but they did not marry, as Pascal, who had lost money, thought that by
+doing so she would sacrifice her interests. (In this connection it is
+right to mention that marriage between an uncle and a niece is legal
+in France, and is not uncommon.) With fine self-sacrifice Pascal
+persuaded Clotilde to go to Paris to live with her brother who was
+wealthy and wanted her to nurse him. Soon after her departure Pascal
+showed symptoms of a fatal affection of the heart, and after some
+weeks of great suffering telegraphed for Clotilde to come back. One
+hour before her return he died. His mother, Madame Felicite Rougon,
+who feared that his researches on heredity might bring scandal on the
+family, burned all his papers, and in one hour destroyed the work of a
+lifetime. A child was born to Clotilde seven months after the death of
+Doctor Pascal; a child which he intensely desired, in the hope that
+through it might come the regeneration and rejuvenation of his race.
+
+Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface to
+his translation of /Le Docteur Pascal/ (London: Chatto & Windus),
+states that in this book he has been able to defend himself against
+all the accusations which have been brought against him. "Pascal's
+works on the members of his family," says Zola, "is, in small, what I
+have attempted to do on humanity, /to show all so that all may be
+cured/. It is not a book which, like /La Debacle/, will stir the
+passions of the mob. It is a scientific work, the logical deduction
+and conclusion of all my preceding novels, and at the same time it is
+my speech in defence of all that I have done before the court of
+public opinion."
+
+
+
+
+
+                         THE ZOLA DICTIONARY
+
+
+
+                                  A
+
+ADELE, the girl for whom Auguste Lantier deserted Gervaise Macquart.
+They lived together for seven years, a life of constant bickerings and
+quarrels, accompanied, not infrequently, by blows, until the
+connection was ended by Adele running away. Her sister was Virginie,
+with whom Gervaise fought in the public washing-house on the day of
+her desertion by Lantier. L'Assommoir.
+
+ADELE, maid-servant to the Josserands, and one of Hector Trublot's
+friends. Pot-Bouille.
+
+ADELE, an assistant in the shop of Quenu, the pork-butcher. It was she
+who took charge of the shop on the sudden death of her master. And
+subsequently sent Pauline Quenu to Madame Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+ADOLPHE, an artillery driver in the same battery as Honore Fouchard.
+In accordance with a rule of the French artillery, under which a
+driver and a gunner are coupled, he messed with Louis, the gunner,
+whom, however, he was inclined to treat as a servant. At the battle of
+Sedan, before the Calvary d'Illy, where the French were almost
+exterminated by the Prussian artillery, Adolphe fell, killed by a
+wound in the chest; in a last convulsion he clasped in his arms Louis,
+who had fallen at the same moment, killed by the same shot. La
+Debacle.
+
+ALBINE, niece of Jeanbernat, keeper of the Paradou, a neglected
+demesne in Provence. Her father had ruined himself and committed
+suicide when she was nine years old, and she then came to live with
+her uncle. She grew up in that vast garden of flowers, herself its
+fairest, almost in ignorance of the world outside, and when Abbe
+Mouret came to the Paradou forgetful of his past, she loved him
+unconsciously from the first. As she nursed him towards health, and
+his mind began again to grow from that fresh starting-point to which
+it had been thrown back, there developed an idyll as beautiful and as
+innocent as that which had its place in another and an earlier garden.
+The awakening of Abbe Mouret to the recollections of his priesthood
+ended the romance, for the call of his training was too strong for his
+love. One effort Albine made to bring him back, and it was successful
+in so much that one day he returned to the Paradou. Again there
+followed the struggle between the flesh and the Church, and again the
+Church prevailed. Broken-hearted, Albine passed for the last time
+through her loved garden, gathering as she went vast heaps of flowers.
+More and more she gathered, till her room was nearly full; then,
+closing the door and windows, she lay down amongst the flowers, and
+allowed herself to be suffocated by their overpowering perfume. La
+Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+ALEXANDRE, a porter at the Halles Centrales, where he became a friend
+of Claude Lantier. He was involved along with Florent and Gavard in
+the revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine-shop, and was sentenced
+to two years' imprisonment. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ALEXANDRE, one of the warders at the asylum of Les Tulettes. He was a
+friend of Antoine Macquart, and at his request allowed Francois Mouret
+to escape from the asylum, with disastrous results to Abbe Faujas and
+his relations. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+ALEXANDRE, a boy employed in the shop known as /Au Bonheur des Dames/.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+AMADIEU, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who made a fortune by a rash
+purchase of mining stock. He went into the affair without calculation
+or knowledge, but his success made him revered by the entire Bourse.
+He placed no more orders, however, but seemed to be satisfied with his
+single victory. L'Argent.
+
+AMANDA, one of the singers at a cafe concert in Boulevard
+Rochechouart. L'Assommoir.
+
+AMELIE, a /demi-mondaine/ who lodged at the Hotel Vanneau, which was
+kept by Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+AMELIE, wife of a journeyman carpenter who occupied a little room at
+the top of Vabre's tenement-house in Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille.
+
+ANDRE (LE PERE), an old countryman at Chavanoz, the village where
+Miette spent her childhood. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+ANGELE (SISTER), a nun attached to the infirmary of the college of
+Plassans. Her Madonna-like face turned the heads of all the older
+pupils, and one morning she disappeared with Hermeline, a student of
+rhetoric. L'Oeuvre.
+
+ANGELIQUE MARIE, born 1851, was the daughter of Sidonie Rougon, by an
+unknown father. Soon after her birth she was taken to the Foundling
+Hospital by a nurse, Madame Foucart, and no further inquiries were
+ever made about her. She was at first boarded with Francoise Hamelin,
+by whom she was not unkindly treated, and subsequently went to Paris
+with Louis Franchomme and his wife, who wished to teach her the trade
+of artificial-flower making. Franchomme having died three months
+later, his widow went to reside at Beaumont with her brother, Rabier,
+taking Angelique with her. Unfortunately, Madame Franchomme died a few
+months afterwards, leaving Angelique to the care of the Rabiers, who
+used her badly, not even giving her enough to eat. In consequence of
+their treatment, she ran away on Christmas Day, 1860, and the
+following morning was found in a fainting condition by Hubert, the
+chasuble-maker, who noticed her lying in the snow within the porch of
+the cathedral of Beaumont. Hubert and his wife took the child into
+their home, and, becoming attached to her, ultimately adopted her as
+their daughter, teaching her the art of embroidering vestments, in
+which she became very skilful. Angelique, though an amiable girl, was
+at first liable to violent attacks of temper, and it was only by the
+exercise of much patience and tact on the part of Madame Hubert that
+this tendency was overcome. The girl was always a dreamer, and her
+cloistered life with the Huberts, along with constant reading of the
+lives of the saints, brought out all that was mystic in her nature. A
+chance meeting between Angelique and a young man named Felicien led to
+their falling in love, she being in entire ignorance of the fact that
+he was the son of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur, and a member of one of the
+oldest and proudest families in France. Felicien's father having
+refused his consent to a marriage, and a personal appeal to him by
+Angelique having failed, the lovers were separated for a time. The
+girl gradually fell into ill-health, and seemed at the point of death
+when Monseigneur himself came to administer the last rites of the
+Church. Having been miraculously restored to a measure of health,
+Angelique was married to Felicien d'Hautecoeur in the great cathedral
+of Beaumont. She was very feeble, and as she was leaving the church on
+the arm of her husband she sank to the ground. In the midst of her
+happiness she died; quietly and gently as she had lived. Le Reve.
+
+ANGLARS (IRMA D'), a /demi-mondaine/ of former times who had been
+celebrated under the First Empire. In her later years she retired to a
+house which she owned at Chamont, where she lived a simple yet stately
+life, treated with the greatest respect by all the neighbourhood.
+Nana.
+
+ANNOUCHKA, mistress of Souvarine, and implicated with him in a
+political plot. Disguised as a countryman, she assisted in the
+undermining of a railway over which an imperial train was to pass, and
+it was she who eventually lit the fuse. She was captured along with
+others, and Souvarine, who had escaped, was present at her trial
+during six long days. When she came to be executed, she looked in vain
+among the crowd for her lover, till Souvarine mounted on a stone, and,
+their eyes having met, remained fixed in one long gaze till the end.
+Germinal.
+
+ANTONIA, waiting-maid to Clorinde Balbi, with whom she was on familiar
+terms. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ARCHANGLAS (BROTHER), a Christian Brother, who lived at Les Artaud,
+and taught children there. He was a coarse-minded man of violent
+temper, whose hatred of women led him to make the gravest charges
+against them. He constituted himself a spy on the actions of Abbe
+Mouret, and was partly the means of calling back the priest's memory
+of his sacred calling. He insulted Jeanbernat and Albine so grossly,
+that after the girl's death the old man attacked him and cut off his
+right ear with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+AUBERTOT (MADAME ELIZABETH), sister of M. Beraud du Chatel, and aunt
+of Renee and Christine. She gave a large sum of money to Saccard on
+his marriage to Renee. La Curee.
+
+AUBRY (SEVERINE), youngest daughter of a gardener in the employment of
+Grandmorin. Her mother died when she was in infancy, and she was only
+thirteen when she lost her father also. President Grandmorin, who was
+her godfather, took charge of her, and brought her up with his
+daughter Berthe. The two girls were sent to the same school at Rouen,
+and spent their holidays together at Doinville. Ignorant and facile,
+Severine yielded to the designs of the old President, who subsequently
+arranged a marriage for her with Roubaud, an employee of the Western
+Railway Company. For three years the couple lived happily, but a
+moment of forgetfulness, a trifling lie which she neglected to
+sustain, revealed everything to Roubaud. In an accession of jealous
+fury he forced his wife to become his accomplice in the murder of
+Grandmorin, and it was she who threw herself across the limbs of the
+President while her husband struck the fatal blow. Suspicions fell
+upon the Roubauds, and indeed the truth was known to M. Camy-Lamotte,
+but political considerations made it desirable that the character of
+President Grandmorin should not be publicly discussed, and the inquiry
+into the murder was dropped. The domestic relations between the
+Roubauds were becoming more and more strained, and Severine became
+entirely enamoured of Jacques Lantier. In order to free herself from
+her husband, she persuaded Lantier to murder Roubaud and fly with her
+to America. The arrangements were completed when Lantier was seized
+with one of the homicidal frenzies to which he was subject, and it was
+Severine herself who fell under his knife instead of their intended
+victim. La Bete Humaine.
+
+AUGUSTE, keeper of an eating-house known as /Le Moulin d'Argent on
+Boulevard de la Chapelle. The wedding party of Coupeau and Gervaise
+was given there. L'Assommoir.
+
+AUGUSTE, a waiter at the Cafe des Varietes. Nana.
+
+AUGUSTE, a young swine-herd at La Borderie. He assisted Soulas, the
+old shepherd, to look after the sheep. La Terre.
+
+AUGUSTINE, a young girl who assisted Gervaise Coupeau in her laundry.
+She was squint-eyed and mischievous, and was always making trouble
+with the other employees. As she was the least qualified and therefore
+the worst-paid assistant in the laundry, she was kept on after
+decreasing business caused the others to leave. L'Assommoir.
+
+AUGUSTINE, an artificial-flower maker who was employed by Madame
+Titreville. L'Assommoir.
+
+AURELIE (MADEMOISELLE), an elderly friend of Madame Deberle, at whose
+house she was a frequent visitor. She was in straitened circumstances.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+AURELIE (MADAME). See Madame Aurelie Lhomme. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+AURIGNY (LAURE D'), a celebrated /demi-mondaine/ of the Second Empire.
+At a sale of her effects, Aristide Saccard bought a diamond necklace
+and aigrette for his second wife. La Curee.
+
+
+
+                                  B
+
+BABET, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud, who came to decorate
+the church for the festival of the Virgin. She was a hunchback. La
+Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BACHELARD (PERE), brother of Narcisse Bachelard and uncle of Madame
+Josserand. He conducted for forty years a boarding-school known as the
+Institution-Bachelard. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BACHELARD (ELEONORE). See Madame Josserand. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BACHELARD (NARCISSE), a commission agent, whose keen business
+instincts were not blunted by his intemperate habits. He was a brother
+of Madame Josserand, and had at one time promised to give a dowry to
+her daughter Berthe; this promise he was unwilling to implement, and
+when spoken to on the subject usually feigned intoxication; eventually
+he suggested the somewhat dishonest plan by which Berthe's intended
+husband was hoodwinked into the belief that the dowry would be duly
+forthcoming. His protegee, Fifi, having compromised herself with
+Gueulin, his nephew, he insisted on their marriage, and presented the
+girl with a dowry. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BADEUIL (CHARLES), married Laure Fouan, and went to live at Chartres.
+He tried commerce without much success, and, haunted by a desire for
+rapid fortune, acquired a /maison publique/ which had fallen into bad
+repute through mismanagement. Thanks to the firm control of Badeuil,
+and the extraordinary activity of his wife, the establishment
+prospered, and in less than twenty-five years the couple had saved
+three hundred thousand francs. They were then able to realize the
+dream of their life, and to retire to the country, where they
+purchased a property named Roseblanche, near Madame Badeuil's native
+place. M. Badeuil was a handsome man, sixty-five years of age, with a
+solemn face, and the air of a retired magistrate. He was respected by
+his neighbours, and held the strictest views on morality. The old
+couple lived in complete happiness, their only worry being that
+Vaucogne, who had married their daughter Estelle and taken over the
+property in Chartres, was not managing it properly. La Terre.
+
+BADEUIL (MADAME LAURE), wife of the preceding, was the youngest
+daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan. She was the sister of La Grande, of
+Pere Fouan, and of Michel Fouan, known as Mouche. When her father's
+estate was divided, she got no land, but received an indemnity in
+money instead. After she and her husband acquired the establishment in
+Chartres, she assisted ably in its management. At the time of their
+retirement to the country, she was a woman of sixty-two years of age,
+of respectable appearance and an air of religious seclusion. She set a
+good example by going regularly to Mass, and paid great attention to
+the education of her granddaughter, Elodie, whom she endeavoured to
+bring up in entire ignorance of life. She had, however, still a
+passion for active life, and in busy seasons frequently returned to
+Chartres to assist her daughter, who had taken over the establishment
+there. Madame Badeuil received the greatest surprise of her life when
+she found that her granddaughter whom she had brought up in the
+innocence of ignorance, was quite aware of the source of the family
+fortune, and was ready to take up the work begun by her grandparents.
+La Terre.
+
+BADEUIL (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding, was educated by the
+Sisters of the Visitation at Chateaudun, and at eighteen was married
+to Hector Vaucogne, by whom she had one daughter, Elodie. She was
+thirty years of age before she had any suspicion of the calling of her
+parents, and at that time she took over the management of their
+establishment. She proved a capable manager, and in spite of the
+laziness of her husband, was able to keep up the reputation of the
+house, though in a few years she killed herself with hard work. La
+Terre.
+
+BADINGUET, a popular nickname for Napoleon III. It was the name of the
+workman whose clothes he wore when he escaped from the fortress of
+Ham. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BAILLEHACHE, a notary at Cloyes, was born in 1805, and succeeded to
+several generations of lawyers. He had a large business amongst the
+peasantry, in whose quarrels he mediated with professional calmness.
+He arranged the division of Fouan's property between the various
+members of the old man's family. La Terre.
+
+BAILLEHACHE (MADEMOISELLE), eldest sister of the preceding, was born
+in 1799. She was plain-looking, but good-natured, and at thirty-two
+married Alexandre Hourdequin, to whom she brought a considerable
+dowry. She had two children, a son and a daughter, and died in 1855.
+La Terre.
+
+BALBI (CLORINDE), daughter of Comtesse Balbi, was a lady of great
+beauty, but of eccentric habits. Her position in society being
+precarious, she determined to establish it by a good marriage, and
+used every endeavour to induce Eugene Rougon to make her his wife.
+Having become fascinated by her beauty and charm, he made overtures
+which she resisted in the belief that he would be the more certain to
+marry her. He practically decided to do so, but reflection convinced
+him that marriage with Clorinde Balbi would only injure his prospects
+of political success. He suggested to her that she should marry his
+friend Delestang, who was a man of wealth and position, and had
+expressed admiration for her. Though naturally piqued at such a
+suggestion coming from Rougon, she consented, and soon after was
+married. She remained on outwardly friendly terms with Rougon, who was
+still infatuated by her, but was determined to make him regret the
+slight he had put upon her. After Rougon's return to office,
+Delestang, her husband, was, at her request, appointed Minister of
+Commerce and Agriculture. She had not, however, forgiven Rougon, and
+privately took a leading part in the agitation against his
+administration. Having become on somewhat equivocal terms with the
+Emperor, she was able to secure the acceptance of Rougon's second
+resignation, and the office of Minister of the Interior for her
+husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BALBI (COMTESSE LENORA), an Italian lady who lived in Paris with her
+daughter Clorinde. Little was known of her past, and it was generally
+believed that she was in the employment of the Sardinian Government.
+After her daughter's marriage to Delestang, she left Paris for some
+time, the eccentricity of her habits having begun to excite remark. M.
+De Plouguern, who had originally met her in Italy, remained her lover
+for thirty years. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BALTHAZER, the old horse driven by Madame Francois between Nanterre
+and Paris. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+BAMBOUSSE, mayor of the commune of Les Artaud, was more prosperous
+than the others of his class, as he owned several fields of corn,
+olives, and vines. His daughter Rosalie having become compromised with
+Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly urged him to consent to a
+marriage between them, but this he at first refused, as he would lose
+the services of his daughter, and Fortune was too poor to make him any
+return. He ultimately consented, and the marriage was solemnized by
+Abbe Mouret. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BAMBOUSSE (CATHERINE), younger daughter of the preceding, was always
+in disgrace with Brother Archangias on account of her idle habits and
+her friendship for Vincent Brichet. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BAMBOUSSE (ROSALIE), elder daughter of the preceding. As she had
+become compromised by Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret urged her father to
+consent to their marriage, but this he refused to do, though he
+ultimately consented and the wedding took place. Her child died, and
+was buried on the same day as Albine. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BAPTISTE, Aristide Saccard's footman. La Curee.
+
+BAPTISTIN, a clerk in the employment of Larsonneau, who made him play
+the part of principal in a scheme whereby he intended to blackmail
+Aristide Saccard. La Curee.
+
+BAQUET (LA MERE), a wine dealer who sold the wines of Orleans at a
+cheap rate. L'Assommoir.
+
+BARILLOT, "call-boy" at the Theatre des Varietes, where he had been
+for thirty years. He was a little, sallow man, with a shrill voice.
+Nana.
+
+BASTIAN, a drummer in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. During the retreat on Sedan, after the battle was
+over, he had the misfortune to be struck by a stray bullet. He was
+removed to an ambulance at the house of M. Delaherche, where he died
+during the division of treasure of the Seventh Army Corps. The gold
+coins which the sergeant put into his dying hands rolled on to the
+ground, and were picked up by a wounded companion. La Debacle.
+
+BATAILLE, an old white horse, which had been for six years in the
+coal-pit at Voreux. It was killed by the flooding of the mine.
+Germinal.
+
+BAUDEQUIN, a draughtsman who lived on the first floor of the house in
+which lived the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was a confirmed sponger
+who was in debt all round, but spent his time in smoking and talking
+with his friends. L'Assommoir.
+
+BAUDEQUIN, the proprietor of a cafe in the Boulevard des Batignolles,
+which was the resort on Sunday evenings during many years of Claude
+Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Dubuche, Mahoudeau, and their friends, a band
+of youths devoted to art and determined to conquer Paris. Gradually,
+however, the little company became submerged by a flood of newcomers,
+and in time the meetings ceased. The cafe changed hands three times,
+and when, after some years, Claude and Sandoz chanced to return, they
+found everything completely altered. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BAUDU (M.), proprietor of a drapery shop opposite "The Ladies'
+Paradise." The business had been in existence for many years and M.
+Baudu conducted it on such old-fashioned lines that in competition
+with Mouret's great establishment it was rapidly disappearing. He had
+acquired it from his father-in-law, and in turn he proposed to hand it
+to Colomban, his shopman, who was engaged to be married to Genevieve,
+his only daughter. Baudu postponed the marriage, however, from time to
+time, as he did not wish to hand over the business in a worse state
+than that in which he himself got it. Meanwhile Colomban had become
+infatuated with Clara Prunaire, who ultimately induced him to run off.
+Genevieve, who was in bad health, died soon afterwards, and before
+long her mother died also. The business had gone from bad to worse,
+and, in the end, Baudu lost everything, only avoiding bankruptcy by a
+complete surrender. Like many of his neighbours, he was crushed out of
+existence by Octave Mouret's triumphant success. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (MADAME ELIZABETH), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a
+draper whose business she brought to her husband. Her health was
+broken down by worry, and by anxiety regarding her daughter Genevieve,
+whose death she did not long survive. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (CAPTAIN), son of Baudu, the draper. He went to Mexico. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (DENISE) was the daughter of a dyer at Valognes. The death of
+her father left her with two young brothers dependent on her, and, the
+elder having got a situation in Paris, she determined to accompany
+him. M. Baudu, her uncle, had formerly promised assistance, but when
+Denise arrived she found that his business was rapidly being ruined by
+the steady extension of "The Ladies' Paradise," an enormous drapery
+establishment belonging to Octave Mouret. In these circumstances she
+could not be dependent on her uncle, and, to his annoyance, she
+applied for and got a situation in this rival business. On account of
+petty jealousies, her life there was not happy, and, having incurred
+the enmity of Jouve, one of the inspectors, she was dismissed on a
+false accusation. A time of great hardship followed, only lightened by
+the kindness of old Bourras, in whose house she had rented a room for
+herself and her young brother Pepe. She next got a situation with
+Robineau, who had bought a silk merchant's business and she remained
+there for some time. While Denise was at "The Ladies' Paradise" she
+had attracted the attention of Octave Mouret, and, chancing to meet
+her one day, he asked her to return. As she found that Robineau's
+business was not prospering, she consented, and from that time her
+position in "The Ladies' Paradise" was assured. Mouret had fallen in
+love with her, and she with him, but she had sufficient strength of
+mind to refuse his proposals. Ultimately he asked her to marry him,
+and to this she agreed. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+Madame Denise Mouret had two children, the elder being a girl and the
+younger a boy. These resembled their mother, and grew magnificently.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+BAUDU (GENEVIEVE), daughter of Baudu, the draper. She was engaged for
+a number of years to Colomban, her father's shopman, but in
+consequence of the state of trade the marriage was put off from time
+to time. Genevieve ultimately learned that her fiance had become
+infatuated with Clara Prunaire, one of the shop-girls in "The Ladies'
+Paradise." Her health, never good, suffered greatly, and soon after
+Colomban's disappearance she died. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (JACQUELINE). See Blanche de Sivry.
+
+BAUDU (JEAN), the elder brother of Denise. He worked for a time with a
+cabinet-maker in Valognes, but earned nothing, though he learned to
+carve so well that a gentleman promised to find a place for him with
+an ivory-carver in Paris. He accepted the offer, and came to the city
+with his sister and young brother. At first he earned only his board
+and lodging, and, as he was good-looking and a favourite with women,
+he made heavy inroads on his sister's small purse. Ultimately, when he
+did get a wage, he took the earliest opportunity of getting married,
+inducing his sister, as usual, to give him what little money she had
+been able to save. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (PEPE), the youngest brother of Denise. He was a mere child when
+the family came to Paris, and it was only by the greatest self-
+sacrifice that Denise was able to support him. When she went to "The
+Ladies' Paradise" he was boarded with Madame Gras, and after his
+sister's dismissal he went with her to Bourras, who showed great
+kindness to both of them. After Denise returned to "The Ladies'
+Paradise," Pepe again went to live with Madame Gras for a time. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (THERESE), wife of Jean Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUGE, who was the younger son of a grocer at Dunkerque, came to Paris
+and got a situation in the linen department of the "Bon Marche," where
+he was able to make a fairly good income. He became the lover of
+Pauline Cugnot, whom he afterwards married, and, in order to be near
+her, left the "Bon Marche" and took an appointment in "The Ladies'
+Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUGE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Pauline Cugnot. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+BAVOUX, a salesman in Octave Mouret's shop. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAZOUGE, an undertaker's assistant who lived in an attic of the same
+tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was generally
+drunk and made ribald jests about his dismal calling. It was he who
+buried Gervaise Coupeau after she was found dead in an attic adjoining
+his own. L'Assommoir.
+
+BEAUCHAMP (FLORE), an artist's model, who lived in Rue de Laval. She
+was fresh in colouring, but too thin. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BEAUDOIN, a friend of the Hamelins whom they had known at Beyrout,
+where he lived. He promised to marry Caroline Hamelin after the death
+of her husband, but instead of waiting for that event he obtained the
+hand of a young and rich girl, the daughter of an English Consul.
+L'Argent.
+
+BEAUDOIN, Captain of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and having a fine
+tenor voice and good manners, along with Bonapartist principles, he
+was early marked for advancement. With his men he was unpopular, and,
+not caring for his profession, he did not readily adapt himself to the
+necessities of war. In the march to the Meuse he lost his baggage, and
+arrived at Sedan in a pitiable condition, his uniform soiled, his face
+and hands dirty. In former days at Charleville he had been on intimate
+terms with Gilberte Maginot, whom he now found at Sedan, married to
+Jules Delaherche. Their former relations were renewed for the moment,
+and next day Beaudoin rejoined his company, astonishing every one by
+the neatness of his attire. At the attack on the Calvary d'Illy he was
+severely wounded, and having been removed to the ambulance at
+Delaherche's house, his arm was amputated; but the hemorrhage had been
+too great, and he did not survive. La Debacle.
+
+BEAU-FRANCOIS (LE), chief of a band of brigands, whose terrible
+exploits were still recounted at La Beauce. La Terre.
+
+BEAURIVAGE (DUC DE), a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a piece
+staged by Fauchery at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by
+Bosc. Nana.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (COMTE CHARLES DE), a man of dissipated habits, who
+succeeded to the immense fortune of the Beauvilliers, which he
+completely squandered in a few years. He was killed in an accident of
+the chase, some said by the vengeance of a keeper. They found later a
+document signed by him in 1854 undertaking to pay ten thousand francs
+to a girl named Leonie Cron. L'Argent.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (COMTESSE DE), an old lady who lived with her daughter
+Alice in a house in the Rue Saint-Lazare, adjoining the Orviedo
+mansion. The family had at one time possessed large estates, but these
+had all gone, and the Comtesse and her daughter had barely sufficient
+to live upon, though they endeavoured to keep up before their
+neighbours as much as possible of their ancient state. Having made the
+acquaintance of Saccard, the Comtesse invested a small sum in the
+Universal Bank, increasing it from time to time until her whole means
+were involved. By the failure of the bank she was entirely ruined,
+and, to complete the catastrophe, Busch, who had become possessor of
+some papers compromising the honour of her dead husband, took the
+opportunity of blackmailing her. When she had handed over her jewels
+to him, she was left penniless. L'Argent.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (ALICE), daughter of Comtesse de Beauvilliers. The
+extravagance of her father had dissipated the family estates, and she
+and her mother were left with barely sufficient to keep up
+appearances. She was plain-looking, and had reached the age of twenty-
+five years without any offers of marriage. It was, however, in the
+hope of providing a suitable dowry for her, that the Comtesse invested
+her money in the Universal Bank, with disastrous results. Alice, who
+had few amusements, interested herself in charities, and frequently
+visited the institutions founded by Princess d'Orviedo. On a visit to
+/L'Oeuvre du Travail/ she was attacked and robbed of a small sum by
+Victor Saccard, who was at that time an inmate. Her injuries were
+severe, and a serious illness followed. The failure of the Universal
+Bank left her and her mother in poverty. L'Argent.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (FERDINANDE DE), son of Comte Beauvilliers. He was for a
+time the cause of anxiety to his mother on account of some youthful
+extravagances, but early settled down, and having received a
+commission in the Papal troops, served with distinction. He was
+delicate, however, and died of fever in Rome. L'Argent.
+
+BECKER, a jeweller in Paris. He supplied a set of sapphires for the
+mistress of Comte de Muffat. Nana.
+
+BECOT, a grocer in Rue Montorgueil. Having become a widower, he took
+to dissolute courses, and his shop was gradually swallowed up, with
+its dried vegetables, jars, and drawers of sweetstuff. Eventually the
+place was sold up and Becot died of apoplexy soon afterwards.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+BECOT (IRMA), daughter of the preceding. After her father's death she
+went to live with an aunt, but soon afterwards ran off with a young
+fellow who lived across the street. She did not remain long with him,
+but, having a passion for artists, experienced in turn a caprice for
+Fagerolles, Gagniere, and many others. A young and foolish Marquis
+furnished a flat for her, and later she occupied a house in Rue de
+Moscou, the rent of which was twenty thousand francs. In the end she
+realized her dream of a princely house in the Avenue de Villiers; the
+site was bought by one lover, the house built by another, and the
+furniture provided by a third. But fortune did not alter her tastes;
+behind the backs of her serious lovers she still retained her fancy
+for Art, in the person of Henri Fagerolles, one of her early admirers.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+BEC-SALE, alias BOIT-SANS-SOIF, a rivet-maker employed in the same
+factory as Goujet. He drank enormous quantities of brandy, and was a
+boon companion of Coupeau. On the occasion of Gervaise Coupeau's first
+visit to the factory to see her son Etienne, Bec-Sale entered into a
+contest of strength with Goujet in which he was beaten. L'Assommoir.
+
+BECU, gamekeeper and bell-ringer at Rognes, was a man of fifty years
+of age who had at one time been in the army. He was an intense
+Bonapartist, and pretended that he had met the Emperor. Himself a
+confirmed drunkard, he was on friendly terms with Hyacinthe Fouan,
+whose poaching expeditions he overlooked. La Terre.
+
+BECU (LA), wife of the preceding, was on intimate terms with Hyacinthe
+Fouan. Her chief amusement was to throw Celine Macqueron and Flore
+Lengaigne against one another under the pretext of reconciling them.
+Though she was not devout, she made ardent intercessions to Heaven to
+reserve for her son a lucky number in the drawing for the
+conscription, but, after the event, turned her anger against the Deity
+because her prayers had not been answered. La Terre.
+
+BECU (DELPHIN), son of the preceding, was a strong lad who, on leaving
+school, went to work as a farm labourer. He was much averse to leaving
+home, and, having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he
+chopped off with a cleaver the first finger of his right hand, in
+order that he might be unfit for service. La Terre.
+
+BECU (MICHEL), uncle of Delphin. He died at Orleans. La Terre.
+
+BEDORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon, whose business was ruined by the
+extension of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BEJUIN (LEON), a Member of the Corps Legislatif, and a supporter of
+Eugene Rougon. He was proprietor of the Saint-Florent Cut-Glass Works.
+"A very worthy fellow, votes straight, never speaks, is very patient
+and waits contentedly till you think of him, but he is always on the
+spot to take care that you don't forget him." He received the Cross of
+the Legion of Honour after Rougon's return to office, and an
+appointment as Inspector. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BEJUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BELLOMBRE, a neighbour of Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade. He was a
+retired Professor, sixty-six years of age, who lived in his little
+house with no other company than his gardener, a man as old and
+crabbed as himself. His interests were solely centred in himself, and
+his egotism was a constant subject of irritation with Doctor Pascal.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+BELLOQUE (LE PERE), the first art-master of Claude Lantier. A retired
+infantry captain, with one arm, he had for a quarter of a century
+taught drawing to the youths of Plassans, in one of the galleries of
+the museum. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BENARD, one of the tenants of the house in which Madame Coupeau
+carried on her laundry business. Benard and his wife were of
+intemperate habits, and few days passed without their fighting with
+one another. L'Assommoir.
+
+BERAUD DU CHATEL (M.) was the last representative of an old middle-
+class family. A staunch Republican, he had grown old in the
+Magistracy, which he resigned at the time of the /Coup d'Etat/. Since
+then he lived in retirement in his house on the Ile Saint-Louis with
+his sister Madame Aubertot and his young daughter Christine. His elder
+daughter Renee, who was educated at a convent, was married to Aristide
+Saccard, and the circumstances which led to her marriage came as a
+severe blow to the stern old man. Though on nominally friendly terms
+with his daughter after her marriage, he never visited her, but when
+she died he paid her debts. La Curee.
+
+BERAUD DU CHATEL (CHRISTINE), the second daughter of M. Beraud du
+Chatel, and sister of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+BERAUD DU CHATEL (RENEE). See Madame Renee Rougon, alias Saccard.
+
+BERGASSE, a second-hand dealer in Plassans. He supplied the old
+furniture bought by Madame Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+BERGERET (MADAME), concierge of the house at Plassy occupied by Helene
+Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+BERLINGOT, a horse which belonged to M. Mechain and gained the Prix
+d'Ispahan. Nana.
+
+BERLOQUE, alias CHICOT, a miner who was killed by a landslip in the
+pit at Voreux. Germinal.
+
+BERNHEIM (LES FRERES), proprietors of the glass-works of Saint-Joseph
+where Josserand was employed as cashier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BERTHIER (MADAME), was a friend of Madame Deberle, and took part in
+the amateur theatricals arranged by that lady. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+BERTHIER, authorized clerk to Mazaud, the stockbroker. L'Argent.
+
+BERTHOU, the celebrated painter of /Nero in the Arena/. Claude Lantier
+took lessons from him for six months, but their ideas were not in
+sympathy, and repeatedly the master told Claude that he would never do
+anything good. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BERTRAND, a large dog which belonged to Sandoz. It barked furiously at
+visitors, until it recognized a friend of its master, whom it would
+greet with joyous welcome. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BESNUS (CLARISSE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes, where she
+played the part of Iris in the /Blonde Venus/, and Geraldine in the
+/Petite Duchesse/. She was mistress of Hector de la Faloise for a
+time. Nana.
+
+BESSIERE, station-master at Barentin. He saw the Roubauds in the Havre
+express on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin, and his
+evidence confirmed their alibi. La Bete Humaine.
+
+BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (M.) was a member of a legal family. After being
+public prosecutor at Orleans and advocate-general at Rouen, he came to
+Paris as counsellor at the Appeal Court, of which he afterwards became
+president. His sister Veronique married Eugene Rougon. He was
+appointed first president of the Court of Paris after Rougon's return
+to office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (VERONIQUE), a quiet, subdued woman about thirty-six
+years of age, who lived with her brother and seldom went out except to
+attend Low Mass at Saint-Sulpice. She married Eugene Rougon, to whom
+she brought a considerable fortune. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BIBI-LA-GRILLADE, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's fellow-workmen,
+with whom he was on intimate terms. He was one of the party at
+Coupeau's wedding with Gervaise Macquart. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD, a drunken locksmith, who killed his wife by systematic ill-
+usage. On the rare occasions when he worked, he always had a bottle of
+alcohol beside him, from which he took large draughts every half-hour.
+After the death of his wife, he transferred his cruelty to his little
+daughter Lalie, who did not long survive. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (MADAME) lived with her husband and their children in the same
+tenement as the Coupeaus and Lorilleux. She was a hard-working woman
+who did washing for Gervaise Coupeau's laundry, but her husband, a
+drunken brute, abused her to such an extent that she ultimately died
+of injuries received at his hands, or, more accurately, feet. The poor
+woman, in order to save her husband from the scaffold, said before she
+died that she had hurt herself by falling on the edge of a tub.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (LALIE), daughter of the preceding, a child of eight when her
+mother died, had acted as the little mother of the family. "Without a
+word said, quite of her own accord, she took the dead woman's place,
+to such an extent that her foolish brute of a father, to make the
+likeness complete, battered about the daughter now as he had battered
+the mother before. When he came in drunk, he felt the need of a woman
+to attack. He did not even notice what a tiny little thing Lalie was;
+he hit her as he would have hit a grown woman. He beat her
+shamelessly, he kicked her for a yes or no; and she took it all with a
+resigned look in her beautiful eyes, without a murmur. Then when her
+father was tired of kicking her from corner to corner of the room, she
+waited until she had the strength to pick herself up, and then went
+back to her work. It was part of her daily task to be beaten." As the
+result of this infamous treatment the child died, but again the man
+unfortunately escaped punishment. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (HENRIETTE), second daughter of Bijard. She was five years old
+at the time of her mother's death. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (JULES), third child of Bijard. When his mother died he was
+three years old. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJOU, the pet dog of Nana. He excited the jealousy of Comte de
+Muffat. Nana.
+
+BILLECOQ (HERMINIE), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene
+Rougon to provide a dowry, in order that she might marry an officer
+who had compromised her. The officer did not, however, fulfill his
+promise, but went off with the dowry, of which he had obtained
+possession. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BLACHET, a deputy. He desired leave of absence. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+BLAISOT, a banker at Paris. L'Argent.
+
+BLANCHETTE, a cow which belonged to Lise and Francoise Fouan. La
+Terre.
+
+BLERIOT (M. DE), prefect of the department in which Plassans is
+situated. He accompanied Colonel Masson and the troops which crushed
+the Republican rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+BLEUZE, a rope-walk at Montsou which was ruined by the miners' strike.
+Germinal.
+
+BLOND (MARIA), a young girl of fifteen who had grown up on the
+pavements of Paris. She frequented the restaurant kept by Laure
+Piedefer. Nana.
+
+BOCHE (M.) the concierge of the large tenement-house in which resided
+the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others. He and his wife were friendly
+with the various tenants in turn, sometimes siding with one and
+sometimes with another in the quarrels which so frequently arose. In
+the presence of the landlord, of whom they were afraid, they assumed
+an air of great importance, and affected not to know the tenants. They
+were present at Gervaise Coupeau's birthday party. L'Assommoir.
+
+BOCHE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. L'Assommoir.
+
+Nana informed Satin that Madame Boche is dead. Nana.
+
+BOCHE (PAULINE), daughter of the preceding, was a girl of about the
+same age as Nana Coupeau, whose companion she was in all kinds of
+mischief. L'Assommoir.
+
+BOCQUET (MADAME), mother of Clarisse. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BOCQUET (CLARISSE), a woman on whom Duveyrier squandered large sums of
+money. She ultimately gained such complete influence over him, and
+made him so unhappy, that he attempted to commit suicide. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BODIN (DOCTOR) was the regular medical attendant of Madame Helene
+Grandjean and her daughter Jeanne. A sudden illness of Jeanne made it
+necessary to call in Doctor Deberle, who subsequently met the older
+man in consultation from time to time. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+BOHAIN (MARQUIS DE), an elderly nobleman whose presence and manners
+were of a kind to adorn a board of directors, and whose illustrious
+name was of value on a prospectus. He was in consequence always in
+demand by new companies. Since he began living by speculation, he and
+his wife had been legally separated, so far as estate went, and he
+lived with her only as a lodger, with nothing of his own except his
+clothes. "On two occasions already he had refused to pay up what he
+owed; he pocketed as long as he won, but as soon as he lost he did not
+pay." At the request of Saccard, the Marquis became a director of the
+Universal Bank. When the great gamble in the shares of the bank began,
+the Marquis followed his usual plan; having played through Mazaud for
+a rise, he refused to pay his losses, though he had gained two million
+francs through Jacoby, through whom he had played for a fall.
+L'Argent.
+
+BONGRAND, a great artist, painter of the /Village Wedding/. He was a
+stout man, forty-five years old, with an expressive face and long grey
+hair; recently he had become a member of the Institute and an officer
+of the Legion of Honour. The grandson of a farmer in the Beauce
+country, the son of a man risen to the middle classes, with peasant
+blood in his veins, owing his culture to a mother of very artistic
+tastes, he was rich, had no need to sell his pictures, and retained
+many tastes and opinions of Bohemian life. His masterpiece, the
+/Village Wedding/, had brought about a revolution in art only parallel
+with Courbet, and he was acknowledged as Master by all the artists of
+the young school. The picture remained, however, his greatest work,
+though he objected to have it so designated, in the fear that it might
+be thought his powers were failing. A later picture called the
+/Village Funeral/ was intended to surpass it, but failed to arrest
+attention, and was indeed only an echo of the earlier work. He was one
+of the few mourners at the funeral of Claude Lantier. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BONHOMME, the horse which for a quarter of a century had carried
+Doctor Pascal on his visits to his patients. Latterly the old Bonhomme
+became blind, and was no longer being driven, but being much loved by
+his master, was tenderly cared for until his death. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+BONNAUD, formerly head of the counting-house of a railway company.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+BONNEHON (MADAME), sister of President Grandmorin. She was married to
+a wealthy manufacturer, who left her a widow at the age of thirty. In
+the mansion-house of Doinville, which belonged to her, she led a
+pleasant life, not without occasional affairs of the heart, but so
+correct in every way that she remained a leader of society in Rouen.
+She was a handsome woman, and in spite of her fifty years still
+retained much of her former charm. Among her friends she included
+Chaumette and Desbazeilles, both officials of the court at Rouen.
+Madame Bonnehon had a good opinion of the Roubauds, and did not
+approve of the position taken up by her niece Berthe regarding the
+legacy left to them by President Grandmorin. For the honour of her
+family she desired that the inquiry as to the murder of the President
+should not be continued. La Bete Humaine.
+
+BONNEMORT, the sobriquet of Vincent Maheu. His family had been miners
+for generations, and he himself had worked in the pit since he was
+eight years old. After forty-five years of work underground he was
+given a post as fireman, and for five years worked each night at the
+Voreux pit for a wage of forty sous. He suffered greatly from
+rheumatism, which eventually turned into a form of dropsy, while his
+mind became affected to some extent by the sufferings occasioned by
+the great strike which took place at Voreux and other neighbouring
+pits. After the terrible scenes at Montsou, he could only sit in his
+chair before the fireless grate, with fixed and unseeing eyes, but in
+a sudden accession of madness he found strength to strangle Cecile
+Gregoire, who chanced to be left alone with him for a few moments.
+Germinal.
+
+BONNET. See De Mareuil.
+
+BORDENAVE, manager of the Theatre des Varietes. He was a coarse man,
+with cynical views as to the stage, and cared nothing as to the means
+by which a popular success might be secured. Though he was well aware
+that Nana could neither sing nor act, he saw that her beauty was of a
+type likely to attract the Parisian public, and accordingly gave her
+the chief part in the /Blonde Venus/. It was he who showed H.R.H. The
+Prince of Scots the honours of "behind the scenes." Nana.
+
+BORGNE-DE-JOUY, one of the band of brigands which was led by Beau-
+Francois. He betrayed his companions. La Terre.
+
+BOSC, an old actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played the
+part of Jupiter in the /Blonde Venus/, and the Duc de Beaurivage in
+the /Petite Duchesse/. He had a good-natured but somewhat drunken
+appearance. He treated women with disdain, and the idea that any man
+should trouble himself about them raised in him the only indignation
+of which he was capable. Nana.
+
+BOUCHARD (M.), head-clerk in the office of the Minister of Interior.
+His house was the first thrown open to Eugene Rougon on his arrival in
+Paris. Later on, Bouchard inherited his father's property, and at
+fifty-four years of age married Adele Desvignes. He was appointed head
+of a department after Rougon's return to office. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+BOUCHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a
+respectable family at Rambouillet. M. Bouchard "had been anxious to
+marry a young lady from the provinces, because he made a point of
+having a steady wife. However, the fair and adorable little Adele,
+with her innocent blue eyes, had in less than four years proved to be
+a great deal more than a mere flirt." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BOULAND(MADAME), the nurse who attended Madame Lazare Chanteau. La
+Joie de Vivre.
+
+BOUM, a horse which belonged to M. Gasc and ran in the Grand Prix de
+Paris. Nana.
+
+BOURDELAIS, an upper clerk in the office of the Minister of Finance.
+Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURDELAIS (MADAME) was a short, fair woman of thirty, with a delicate
+nose and sparkling eyes, who had married a chief clerk in the
+Treasury. She was an old schoolfellow of Madame Desforges. Belonging
+to a good middle-class family, she managed her household and three
+children with an excellent knowledge of practical life. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+BOURDEU (M.), formerly Prefect of the Drome, but turned out of office
+by the Revolution of 1848. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was
+a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house his party was in the habit of
+meeting. At one time he was suggested as a likely candidate for the
+representation of Plassans, but he retired after Delangre had been
+brought forward through the machinations of Abbe Faujas. Madame de
+Condamin promised him, however, that through her influence he would be
+rewarded with a prefecture. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+BOURDONCLE, the son of a poor farmer near Limoges, started at "The
+Ladies' Paradise" at the same time as Octave Mouret. He was very
+active and intelligent, but he lacked that touch of genius possessed
+by his companion, before whom he had bowed from the first. Acting on
+Mouret's advice, he put all his savings into the business, and, after
+passing through the various grades, he became in time one of the six
+persons who assisted Mouret to govern "The Ladies' Paradise,"
+exercising a general control of the whole staff. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURGAIN-DESFEUILLES (GENERAL). During the war of 1870 he was at the
+head of a brigade of infantry, of which the 106th regiment of the
+line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil, formed part. Like so many other
+officers he proved himself incompetent, and after the capitulation he,
+alone among the generals, took advantage of the pretext of illness to
+sign an undertaking to the Germans not to take any further part in the
+war. La Debacle.
+
+BOURGUIGNON, a master zinc-worker from whom Coupeau got employment.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BOUROCHE (SURGEON-MAJOR), of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded
+by Colonel Vineuil. During the battle of Sedan he installed an
+ambulance in a factory belonging to Jules Delaherche, where he was
+soon overwhelmed with work. With untiring energy he performed one
+operation after another until the place became like a slaughter-house.
+Behind a clump of trees were thrown the bodies of the dead, and the
+limbs amputated from the living. Depressed for a moment by the
+vastness of his task, Bouroche nearly lost heart, exclaiming, "What is
+the use?" but his instincts of discipline recalled him to work, and he
+continued to operate even after the supply of chloroform was
+exhausted. During the insurrection at Paris he served with the army of
+Versailles, but consented to treat one of his old soldiers, Maurice
+Levasseur, who had been mortally wounded in the ranks of the Commune.
+La Debacle.
+
+BOURRAS, an old man who sold umbrellas and walking-sticks in a tumble-
+down house which adjoined "The Ladies' Paradise." His business was
+ruined by the growth of that concern, and he expressed bitter hatred
+towards Octave Mouret, its proprietor. Denise Baudu rented a room from
+him after her dismissal from "The Ladies' Paradise," and he showed
+much kindness to her and Pepe, her young brother. He refused several
+offers by Mouret, who wished to purchase his lease in order to extend
+his own shop, and ultimately, having become bankrupt, was forced to
+leave without a penny. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURRETTE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the church of Saint-Saturnin at
+Plassans. He did duty as vicar during the illness of Abbe Compan, and
+had been led to expect the reversion of the appointment. Pressure
+brought to bear on Bishop Rousselot led to the selection of Abbe
+Faujas, and Bourrette was put off with vague promises for the future.
+He was a simple-minded, amiable man, who accepted his disappointment
+without murmuring, and continued on friendly terms with Faujas. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+BOUTAREL, a doctor who attended Nana. He was a handsome man, still
+young, who had a large practice in the demi-monde. Always gay and
+laughing, he was popular with his patients, but took care not to
+compromise himself with any of them. Nana.
+
+BOUTAREL (MADAME), a lady who lived in the country and economized for
+months at a time, only coming to Paris occasionally. When she came,
+she made straight for "The Ladies' Paradise" and spent all her savings
+in an afternoon. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOUTELOUP (LOUIS), a workman at the Voreux pit. He lodged with Madame
+Levaque, whose lover he became. Germinal.
+
+BOUTEROUE (HILARION), second child of Vincent Bouteroue, and grandson
+of Marianne Fouan (La Grande). The latter had never forgiven the
+marriage of her daughter, and would do nothing to assist the two
+children after the death of their parents. Hilarion, who was of weak
+intellect, was looked after from childhood by his sister Palmyre, who
+wore herself out in his service. After Palmyre's death his grandmother
+gave him shelter, but took advantage of his great strength by
+employing him at work of the hardest kind. Ultimately Hilarion
+committed a serious assault on the old woman, and in defending herself
+she struck him on the head with a bill-hook, inflicting a wound from
+which he died. La Terre.
+
+BOUTEROUE (PALMYRE), sister of the preceding, worked like a slave to
+support her brother, and died completely worn out by toil and hardship
+at the age of thirty-five. La Terre.
+
+BOUTEROUE (VINCENT), a poor peasant, whom the daughter of the Pechards
+insisted on marrying despite the opposition of her mother. They both
+died of want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion. La Terre.
+
+BOUTEROUE (MADAME VINCENT), see Mademoiselle Pechard.
+
+BOUTHEMENT PERE, a shopkeeper at Montpellier, who sent his son to
+Paris to learn business. He was disgusted to find that the simple
+salesman in Paris could earn three times as much as he himself could
+make, and he was stupefied on seeing the vast emporium in which his
+son served. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOUTHEMONT, manager of the silk department at "The Ladies' Paradise."
+Noisy and too fond of company, he was not much good for sales, but for
+buying he had not his equal. Nearly every month he went to Lyons,
+living at the best hotels, with authority to treat the manufacturers
+with open purse. He had, moreover, liberty to buy what he liked,
+provided he increased the sales of his department in a certain
+proportion settled beforehand; and it was on this proportion that his
+commission was based. Eventually, however, his position was
+undermined, and Madame Desforges, having become jealous of Mouret, and
+wishing to injure him, introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who
+lent him money to start an opposition establishment called "The Four
+Seasons." This was burned down three weeks after its opening, but the
+enormous loss was covered by insurance. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOUTIGNY, Lazare Chanteau's partner in the chemical business, into
+which he put thirty thousand francs. After the failure of the venture,
+he took over the whole concern, and began to manufacture potash from
+seaweed by the old methods. He was very successful in this, and by
+degrees began to employ on a small scale the scientific systems which
+had before proved disastrous. In a few years he amassed a considerable
+fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+BOUTIN, a retired artist's-model who kept a studio in Rue de la
+Huchette, which was frequented by Claude Lantier, who went there for
+purposes of study. A subscription of twenty francs enabled young
+artists to have the free use of models. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BOUTIN, an old epileptic attended by Doctor Pascal at Plassans. He
+died in one of his fits. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+BOVES (COMTE DE), Inspector-General of the Imperial Stud, a tall,
+handsome man who had married his wife for her great beauty.
+Notwithstanding this, he carried on a liaison with Madame Guibal,
+whose demands upon his purse were so heavy that he was obliged to
+economize in his own establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOVES (COMTESSE DE), wife of the preceding, was a beautiful woman of
+about forty years of age. She was a constant customer at "The Ladies'
+Paradise," but as her husband kept her very short of money, was seldom
+able to buy anything. Eventually temptation proved too strong for her,
+and she was caught in the act of stealing some valuable lace. The
+matter was, however, kept quiet, and a scandal avoided. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+BOVES (BLANCHE DE), daughter of the preceding. She usually accompanied
+her mother on her shopping expeditions to "The Ladies' Paradise," and,
+it is to be feared, was not unaware of the theft of lace by her. She
+married Paul de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BRAMAH, an English horse which won the Grand Prix de Paris. It
+belonged to Lord Reading. Nana.
+
+BRAMBILLA (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BRETIGNY (COMTESSE DE). Auguste Lantier, reading the news from a
+journal to his friends Coupeau and Mes-Bottes, announced that the
+eldest daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny was to be married to Baron
+de Valencay, aide-de-camp to His Majesty the Emperor. L'Assommoir.
+
+BRETON-LE-CUL-SEC, one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois.
+La Terre.
+
+BRICHET, the father of Fortune, Rosalie Bambousse's lover. He was a
+little man, withered by age, and with a cringing manner. He tilled a
+small piece of stony land near Les Artaud, and was very poor. La Faute
+de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRICHET (MADAME), wife of the preceding, a tall, lachrymose woman, was
+the one solitary devotee of the village of Les Artaud. Whenever she
+had been to communion, she hung about the parsonage, knowing that the
+priest's servant always kept a couple of loaves for her from the last
+baking. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRICHET (FORTUNE), son of the preceding, was a largely built, bold-
+looking young fellow of about twenty-five years of age, who had been
+the lover of Rosalie Bambousse for some time before Abbe Mouret was
+able to induce the girl's parents to consent to her marriage. La Faute
+de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRICHET (VINCENT), brother of Fortune, was the boy who assisted Abbe
+Mouret in serving Mass. He was an idle young scamp, and constantly
+incurred the chastisement of Brother Archangias, who predicted a bad
+end for him on account of his friendship for Catherine Bambousse. La
+Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRIQUET, a peasant of Rognes. His son drew the number 13 for the
+conscription. La Terre.
+
+BRON (MADAME), concierge at the Theatre des Varietes. She sold liquor
+to the employees at the theatre. Nana.
+
+BRU, an old house-painter who lived in a garret in the same tenement-
+house as the Coupeaus, where he starved with cold and hunger. He had
+lost three sons in the Crimea, and he lived on what he could pick up,
+now that for two years past he could hold a brush no longer. Gervaise
+Coupeau showed him some kindness and asked him to her famous birthday
+party. Things having gone from bad to worse with him, he was found one
+morning lying dead in his garret. L'Assommoir.
+
+BRULE (LA), mother of La Pierronne. She was the widow of a miner who
+had been killed in the pit, and lived with her daughter at the
+settlement known as the Deux-Cent-Quarante. A terrible old woman,
+frantic to revenge on the masters the death of her husband, she was
+the leader in the outrages perpetrated by the strikers in the Montsou
+district. It was she who gave the signal for the attack on the troops,
+but at the first volley fired by the soldiers she fell back stiff and
+crackling like a bundle of dry faggots, stammering one last oath in
+the gurgling of blood. Germinal.
+
+BRUNET (LES), a bourgeois family in the new quarter of Plassans, of
+whom Madame Felicite Rougon was jealous. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+BUDIN (LES), peasants of Rognes, whose daughter was said to have been
+cured of a fever by Sourdeau, who cut a live pigeon in two, and
+applied the halves to her head. La Terre.
+
+BUQUIN-LECOMTE, a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He desired leave of
+absence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BURGAT, a blacksmith, one of the band of insurgents which entered
+Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+BURNE, an English jockey who rode a horse called Spirit in the Grand
+Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+BUSCH, a man of German origin who came to Paris, and engaged in
+business of a shady character on the fringe of the Bourse. "In
+addition to usury and a secret traffic in jewels and precious stones,
+he particularly occupied himself with the purchase of 'bad debts.'" In
+pursuit of creditors he was unsparing, and his methods were not
+infrequently of the nature of blackmail. Jordon, Madame de
+Beauvilliers, and Saccard himself fell into his power, though Saccard
+refused to submit to extortion. Another of Busch's lines of business
+was the purchase of depreciated shares and debentures, thousands of
+which he collected together, selling them to bankrupts who found
+difficulty in accounting for real or imaginary losses. His one
+redeeming feature was his extraordinary love for his brother
+Sigismond, whom he nursed with the greatest care until his death.
+L'Argent.
+
+BUSCH (SIGISMOND), brother of Busch, the money-lender, was an able
+man, educated at a German University, and speaking several languages.
+He had met Carl Marx at Cologne in 1849, and became a contributor to
+the /New Rhenish Gazette/. "From that time he professed Socialism with
+an ardent faith, giving his entire being to the idea of an approaching
+social renovation, which would assure the happiness of the poor and
+humble." After his master was banished from Germany, Sigismond,
+engrossed in his dreams, was so careless of his material affairs that
+he would have perished of hunger had his brother not taken him to live
+with him. From this time the elder Busch, ferocious as a wolf towards
+a debtor, looked after his brother with almost maternal care, and was
+heart-broken when Sigismond died of consumption a few years later.
+L'Argent.
+
+BUTEAU, second son of Pere Fouan; brother of Hyacinthe and of Fanny
+Delhomme; cousin and husband of Lise Mouche; father of Jules and
+Laure. From early youth he was of violent temper, and having drawn a
+lucky number in the conscription, he went away from home, and got
+work, first at the farm of La Borderie and later at La Chamade. He was
+a true son of the soil, knowing nothing of the world beyond the narrow
+district in which he was born, and possessing that fierce passion for
+the land which is the characteristic of so many peasants. When Pere
+Fouan made a division of his property among his family, Buteau was
+dissatisfied with the lot which he drew, and refused to take
+possession of it. In this attitude he persisted for two years, until
+the formation of a new road gave a greatly increased value to his
+share. In the same way he refused to marry his cousin Lise Mouche, by
+whom he already had a son, until, after her father's death, she had
+inherited a share of his property. Buteau's chief anxiety then became
+to prevent a division of this land between his wife and her sister
+Francoise, and when, after the girl's marriage to Jean Macquart, this
+became imminent, he and his wife eventually murdered her. His father
+had been a witness of the crime, and as his silence was essential, he
+too was cruelly done to death. After these terrible events Buteau was
+able to sleep calmly, for the land, his overwhelming passion in life,
+was his beyond possibility of dispute. La Terre.
+
+BUTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Lise Mouche. La Terre.
+
+BUTEAU (JULES), the eldest child of the preceding, who were not
+married till three years after his birth. At nine years old he was the
+sole friend of old Fouan, but he soon came to neglect the old man. La
+Terre.
+
+BUTEAU (LAURE), the second child of the Buteaus. At four years old she
+had already the hard eyes of her family, and was hostile to her
+grandfather, old Fouan. By jealousy she detached from him her brother
+Jules. La Terre.
+
+
+
+                                  C
+
+CABASSE, a franc-tireur of the woods of Dieulet. He was the favourite
+companion of Ducat, and along with Guillaume Sambuc formed part of the
+band which so greatly embarrassed the Prussians in the neighbourhood
+of Sedan. He took part in the execution of Goliath Steinberg, the
+German spy. La Debacle.
+
+CABIN (MADAME), the woman who looked after the bedrooms occupied by
+the saleswomen in "The Ladies' Paradise." In consideration of small
+bribes, she allowed numerous breaches of the strict rules of the
+establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CABIROCHE (SIMONNE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She was
+the daughter of a furniture dealer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and
+had been educated at a boarding-school in order that she might become
+a governess. She played the part of Isabelle in the /Petite Duchesse/.
+Nana.
+
+CABUCHE, a quarryman at Becourt, who lived alone in a hut in the
+middle of the forest. He was condemned to five years' imprisonment for
+having killed a man in a tavern brawl, but on account of his good
+conduct was liberated at the end of four years. From that time he was
+avoided by every one, and lived like a savage in the woods. Louisette,
+the younger daughter of Madame Misard, who was then fourteen years
+old, met him one day in the forest, and a strange friendship was
+formed between them, the rough man almost adoring this child, who
+alone was not afraid to speak to him. The girl afterwards went as a
+servant to Madame Bonnehon, but one evening Cabuche found her at his
+door, half mad with fright and on the verge of brain fever. He nursed
+her tenderly, but she died a few days later. The conduct of President
+Grandmorin was believed to be the cause of Louisette's flight from
+Doinville, and Cabuche was overheard to say in ungovernable rage that
+he would "bleed the pig." This remark led Denizet, the examining
+magistrate, to attribute to him the murder of the President, which was
+committed soon afterwards by the Roubauds, and still later he had the
+misfortune to be found beside the body of Severine Roubaud, who had
+been murdered by Jacques Lantier. He was found guilty of the two
+crimes, neither of which he committed, and was sentenced to
+imprisonment for life. It was Cabuche's wagon, loaded with huge blocks
+of stone, that Flore stopped in front of an express train in order to
+cause an accident. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CADET-CASSIS, the sobriquet of Coupeau. L'Assommoir.
+
+CADINE, a young girl who when only two years old was found by Madame
+Chantemesse and adopted by her. She was brought up along with
+Marjolin, and the two became inseparable companions and lovers. When
+she was eleven years old she set up as a dealer in birds' food, but in
+a year or two became a flower-seller. After the accident to Marjolin
+by which his intellect was affected, Cadine looked after him, and the
+two were seldom found apart. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+CAFFIN (ABBE), the predecessor of Abbe Mouret as cure at Les Artaud.
+He was originally from Normandy, and had a large face which always
+seemed laughing. His history was bad, and he had been sent in disgrace
+to this hot and dusty corner of Provence. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+CAMPARDON (ACHILLE), an architect, in whose house Octave Mouret
+boarded when he first came to Paris. His views on religion were
+somewhat free, but having been appointed diocesan architect he
+gradually became orthodox, though this did not prevent him from
+carrying on an intrigue with Gasparine, his wife's cousin, who
+ultimately came to live with the family. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CAMPARDON (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Rose Domergue. Born at
+Plassans, she was an old friend of Madame Mouret, and when Octave
+Mouret came to Paris he boarded with the Campardons. After the birth
+of her child, Madame Campardon was an invalid, and was obliged to
+spend much of her time in bed, amusing herself by reading the works of
+Dickens. She tacitly accepted the liaison between her husband and
+Gasparine, her cousin, whom she ultimately asked to live with the
+family and manage the household affairs. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CAMPARDON (ANGELE), daughter of the preceding. She was brought up at
+home by her parents, in order that she might remain ignorant of the
+realities of life, but intercourse with the servants in a large
+tenement-house early developed her unnatural precocity. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CAMPENON, an incapable person to whom M. de Marsy gave a post as
+prefect, which Eugene Rougon had promised to Du Poizat. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+CAMY-LAMOTTE, secretary to the Minister of Justice, an office of great
+influence. It was his duty to prepare the list of promotions, and he
+was in constant communication with the Tuileries. He was a handsome
+man, who started his career as a substitute; but through his
+connections and his wife he had been elected deputy and made grand
+officer of the Legion of Honour. In examining the papers of President
+Grandmorin, he discovered the identity of the murderers, but knowing
+the probability of serious scandal arising in the event of public
+inquiry, he said nothing, and later, struck by the courage and charm
+of Severine Roubaud, who threw herself on his protection, he gave
+instructions that all proceedings were to be stopped. He rewarded
+Denizet, the examining magistrate, with a decoration and the promise
+of early promotion. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CANIVET, an old peasant, of whom Zephyrin Lacour announced the death
+to Rosalie Pichon. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+CARNAVANT (MARQUIS DE), a nobleman of Plassans. Said to have been
+intimate with the mother of Felicite Puech during the early period of
+her married life. He visited Pierre Rougon and his wife occasionally,
+and after their retirement from business he interested them in
+politics. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CAROLINE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville.
+She was very unhappy at home. L'Assommoir.
+
+CAROLINE (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin.
+
+CAROUBLE, a baker at Montsou. His business was threatened by the
+competition of Maigrat. Germinal.
+
+CASIMIR, a liquor-dealer on the road to Montsou. Germinal.
+
+CASSOUTE, an inhabitant of Plassans, who formed one of the group of
+insurgents which accompanied Antoine Macquart to the Rougons' house.
+He was left there to signal the return of Pierre Rougon, but not being
+very intelligent, allowed himself to be sent by Rougon to the Town
+Hall, where he was arrested. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CATHERINE, servant to Granoux. She talked for a long time before
+letting in Pierre Rougon and Roudier, who came to seek her master to
+save Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CAUCHE, the commissary of police attached to the railway station at
+Havre. He was a former officer who considered his present occupation
+as practically a sinecure, spending much of his time at the cafe. He
+was a confirmed gambler, who could lose or win without change of
+expression. A room on the first floor of the Cafe du Commerce was his
+usual haunt, and there Roubaud frequently spent half the night playing
+cards with him. Later, it fell to him to arrest Roubaud on the charge
+of murdering President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CAZENOVE (DOCTOR), a man of fifty-four years of age, of a vigorous and
+lean habit, who after thirty years' service in the navy settled down
+at Arromanches, where an uncle of his had left him a house. He
+affected scepticism of the power of medicine, but was unremitting in
+the care of his patients. Among the earliest of these was Madame
+Chanteau, and he became on intimate terms with the family, for some
+time acting as trustee to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CECILE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of a butcher in the neighbourhood of
+the /Halles Centrales/. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+CELESTE, lady's maid and confidante of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+CELESTINE, a friend of Clemence. She was neurotic, and had a horror of
+the hair of cats, seeing it everywhere, and even turning her tongue in
+the belief that some of it had got into her mouth. L'Assommoir.
+
+CESAR, a bull at the farm of La Borderie. La Terre.
+
+CHADEUIL (MADAME), a milliner in the Rue Sainte-Anne. Octave Mouret's
+shop, "The Ladies' Paradise," ruined her within two years. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+CHAINE, the companion of Mahoudeau, the sculptor. He was born at
+Saint-Firmin, a village about six miles from Plassans, where he served
+as a cowboy until he was drawn in the conscription. Unfortunately for
+him, a gentleman of the district who admired the walking-stick handles
+which he carved out of roots with his knife, persuaded Chaine that he
+was a rustic genius, and with extreme foolishness persuaded him to go
+in for painting. Having forty pounds, he went to Paris, where his
+small fortune lasted him for a year. Then, as he had only twenty
+francs left, he took up his quarters with his friend Mahoudeau. He had
+no talent, but had a certain skill in copying pictures with extreme
+exactness. The relations of Chaine and Mahoudeau with Mathilde
+Jabouille led to a coldness between the two friends, and ultimately
+they ceased to be on speaking terms, though they continued to live
+together, and even to sleep in the same bed. Some time afterwards
+Chaine gave up art, and started a booth at country fairs, in which he
+ran a wheel-of-fortune for trifling prizes. The booth was decorated
+with some of his alleged masterpieces. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CHAMBOUVARD, a celebrated sculptor. He was said to be the son of a
+veterinary surgeon of Amiens, and at forty-five had already produced
+twenty masterpieces. He had, however, a complete lack of critical
+acumen, and was unable to distinguish between the most glorious
+offspring of his hands and the detestably grotesque figures which he
+happened to put together now and then. At one /Salon/ he exhibited a
+/Sower/, admirable in every way, while at another he showed an
+execrable /Reaping Woman/, so bad that it seemed like a hoax; but he
+was no less pleased with the later work, feeling sure that he had
+turned out yet another masterpiece. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CHAMPION, a master hatter at Montrouge. Auguste Lantier pretended to
+have left his employment because they had not the same political
+views. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHAMPION, a retired sergeant, who was afterwards delivery manager at
+"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CHANTEAU PERE, came originally from the south of France, beginning his
+life as a journeyman carpenter. He created a considerable timber
+business at Caen, but being somewhat daring in his speculation, he
+left it rather embarrassed at the time of his death. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTEAU (M.), a cousin of M. Quenu, by whom he was nominated guardian
+of his daughter Pauline Quenu. On the death of his father, he
+succeeded to the timber business at Caen. Being an inactive man,
+unaspiring and careful, he contented himself with putting his affairs
+on a safe basis, and living on a moderate but sure profit. He married
+Eugenie de la Vigniere, who was an ambitious woman and hoped to rouse
+his indolent nature. Her schemes were, however, frustrated by the ill-
+health of her husband, who suffered from gout to such a degree that he
+ultimately sold his business to Devoine, and retired to Bonneville,
+where he had a house. His sufferings from gout gradually became more
+and more severe until he was a complete invalid. His ward Pauline
+Quenu showed him much kindness, and the Abbe Horteur played draughts
+with him regularly. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Until the end of his life he was taken care of by Pauline. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+CHANTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Eugenie de la Vigniere,
+was the orphan of one of the ruined squireens of the Cotentin. An
+ambitious woman, she hoped to induce her husband to overcome his
+indolent nature, but her plans were upset by the ill-health into which
+he fell, and she transferred to her son her hopes for the family's
+rise in life. From this source she had nothing but disappointment, as
+one after another of Lazare's schemes failed. To enable him to get
+money to start his chemical works, she encouraged the idea of marriage
+between him and Pauline Quenu, her husband's ward, who thereupon lent
+him thirty thousand francs. Little by little, Madame Chanteau got
+possession for the family use of nearly all Pauline's fortunes, but
+with each fresh loan her feelings towards the girl became more
+embittered until her affection for her had turned to hate. From this
+time, she discouraged her son's marriage with Pauline, and endeavoured
+to turn his thoughts towards Louise Thibaudier, who had a considerable
+fortune. She died of dropsy after a short illness. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTEAU (LAZARE), born 1844, son of M. Chanteau, was educated at the
+college of Caen, where he took his bachelor's degree. He was undecided
+as to what profession he would adopt, and for some time his
+inclination turned towards music. Under the influence of Pauline Quenu
+he decided on medicine, and went to Paris, where at first he made good
+progress in his studies. Unfortunately he tired of this, and led a
+life of extravagance and dissipation, failing to pass his
+examinations. Having chanced to make the acquaintance of Herbelin, a
+celebrated chemist, Lazare entered his laboratory as an assistant.
+From him he got the idea of turning seaweed to profitable account by
+the extraction of chemicals by a new method. With a view to the
+commercial employment of this process he borrowed thirty thousand
+francs from Pauline Quenu, and entered into partnership with an old
+college friend named Boutigny who invested a similar sum in the
+business. Lazare was quite carried away by his enthusiasm, and the
+works were built on much too large a scale, the cost greatly exceeding
+the original estimates. More money was required, and a marriage having
+already been arranged between Lazare and Pauline Quenu, she at once
+lent him another ten thousand francs. Some slight success was at first
+attained, but this only led to fresh extravagances in the way of
+apparatus, and before long a hundred thousand francs of Pauline's
+money had been expended. By this time it was evident that the process
+could not be worked on a commercial scale, and Lazare, utterly
+discouraged, handed over his share to Boutigny for a trifling sum. A
+scheme for the protection of Bonneville against the inroads of the sea
+was the next subject to attract him, and he entered into it with his
+usual enthusiasm. More money was, of course, required, and, as before,
+this was found by Pauline. Failure again met his efforts; the
+barricade was washed away by the first high sea. All along Lazare had
+been subject to fits of morbid depression, accompanied by a frenzied
+fear of death, and after the death of his mother this mental
+disturbance became even more acute. The marriage with Pauline had been
+put off on one excuse or another, and ultimately she saw that his
+affections had been transferred to Louise Thibaudier. With noble self-
+sacrifice, she released him from his engagement, and his marriage to
+Louise followed. He went to Paris as manager of an insurance company,
+but soon tiring of business, he returned to Bonneville, where he lived
+so tormented by the fear of death that life itself had little charm
+for him. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Having become a widower, he left his son with Pauline Quenu, and went
+to America to seek his fortune. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+CHANTEAU (MADAME LAZARE), wife of the preceding. See Louise
+Thibaudier. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTEAU (PAUL), the infant son of Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTECAILLE (i.e. SINGSMALL), an usher at the college of Plassans. He
+was so good-natured that he allowed the pupils to smoke when out
+walking. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CHANTEGREIL, a poacher, who was sent to the galleys for shooting a
+gendarme. He was the father of Miette. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CHANTEGREIL (MARIE), known as Miette, born 1838, daughter of
+Chantegreil, the poacher, who was sentenced to the galleys for murder.
+She went to live with her aunt, the wife of Rebufat, farmer at
+Plassans. Here she met Silvere Mouret, and an idyllic love affair
+followed. When Silvere joined the Republican Insurrection in 1861,
+Miette, fired by his enthusiasm, accompanied him, and carried the
+banner of revolt. In the attack by the regular troops, which soon
+followed, she fell mortally wounded. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CHANTEGREIL (EULALIE). See Madame Eulalie Rebufat.
+
+CHANTEMESSE (MADAME), a customer of Madame Francois, the market-
+gardener. It was she who brought up the two foundling children,
+Marjolin and Cadine. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+CHANTEREAU (MADAME), wife of an ironmaster. She was a cousin of the
+Fougerays, and a friend of the Muffats. With Madame du Joncquoy and
+Madame Hugon she gave an air of severe respectability to the drawing-
+room of Comtesse Sabine de Muffat. Her husband owned a foundry in
+Alsace, where war with Germany was feared, and she caused much
+amusement to her friends by expressing the opinion that Bismarck would
+make war with France and would conquer. Nana.
+
+CHARBONNEL (M.), a retired oil-merchant of Plassans. His cousin
+Chevassu, a lawyer, died leaving his fortune of five hundred thousand
+francs to the Sisters of the Holy Family. Charbonnel, being next heir,
+contested the will on the ground of undue influence; and the
+Sisterhood having petitioned the Council of State to authorize the
+payment of the bequest to them, he went to Paris, accompanied by his
+wife, in order to secure the influence of Eugene Rougon. The matter
+dragged on for some months, and was then indefinitely delayed by
+Rougon's resignation of the Presidency of the Council of State. After
+Rougon's appointment as Minister of the Interior, he induced the
+Council of State to refuse the petition of the Sisterhood, and M.
+Charbonnel accordingly succeeded to the estate. Subsequently the
+Charbonnels accused the Sisters of having removed some of Chevassu's
+silver plate, and Rougon ordered the police to make a search in the
+convent. This caused a scandal in the town, and brought the
+Charbonnels, as well as Rougon, into popular disfavour. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+CHARBONNEL (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She accompanied her
+husband to Paris to assist him in looking after their interests in the
+estate of his cousin Chevassu. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+CHARDON (ABBE), the candidate favoured by Abbe Fenil for the vacancy
+in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CHARDON (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Melanie Correur. The State
+having refused to accept some furnishings supplied by her, Eugene
+Rougon, the Minister, arranged the matter. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+CHARLES, a waiter at the Cafe Riche. It was he who served supper to
+Maxime Saccard and Renee in the White Salon. La Curee.
+
+CHARLES, the attendant at the public washing-house where Gervaise
+Macquart had her great fight with Virginie. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHARLES, a butcher whose shop was in Rue Polonceau. The Coupeaus dealt
+with him. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHARLES, coachman in the service of Nana. He left her after a violent
+scene, in the course of which he called her a slut. Nana.
+
+CHARLES, a cousin of the little soldier Jules from Plogof. Germinal.
+
+CHARLES, coachman to Aristide Saccard. He was discovered stealing
+oats, and was dismissed. In revenge, he disclosed to Madame Caroline
+the relations between his master and the Baroness Sandorff. L'Argent.
+
+CHARLES, (MONSIEUR AND MADAME), see Badeuil.
+
+CHARPIER, a grain merchant at Vendome. He became bankrupt, and his
+papers having been purchased by Fayeux on behalf of Busch, the latter
+found among them a document signed by Comte de Beauvilliers,
+undertaking payment of a large sum to Leonie Cron. L'Argent.
+
+CHARRIER, a bricklayer who amassed a fortune by speculations in
+building-sites during the early days of the Second Empire. Along with
+Mignon, his partner, he had many business dealings with Aristide
+Saccard. La Curee.
+
+CHARVET, one of the party which met at Lebigre's wine-shop to discuss
+revolutionary subjects. He was the best educated of the coterie, and
+his flood of bitter words generally crushed his adversaries. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+CHASSAGNE (DOCTEUR), director of the asylum at Moulineaux, where
+Saturnin Josserand was confined for a time. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CHAUMETTE, counsellor at the court of Rouen. At the trial of Roubaud
+he acted as assessor to the assizes. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CHAUMETTE FILS, son of the preceding, was a substitute at Rouen. He
+was the latest fancy of Madame Bonnehon, who did all she could to
+secure his advancement. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CHAVAILLE (ROSALIE), cousin of La Mechain, and mother of Victor
+Saccard. She fell into a life of vice and poverty, and died at the age
+of twenty-six. L'Argent.
+
+CHAVAL, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. From the first he had an
+instinctive hatred towards Etienne Lantier, caused partly by jealousy
+regarding Catherine Maheu, whose lover he became. He treated the girl
+very badly, and she ultimately left him. During the strike he took up
+a position antagonistic to Lantier, who was one of the leaders, and
+even undertook the direction of a party of Belgians brought in by the
+mine-owners to work the pits. By a strange chance, Chaval met Lantier
+and Catherine in a gallery of the pit after a terrible accident, which
+resulted in its being flooded; a struggle followed, and Chaval was
+killed, his body being thrown into the water. But the rise of the
+flood brought him back time after time to the feet of the others, as
+if his jealousy continued even after death. Germinal.
+
+CHAVE (CAPTAIN), brother of Madame Maugendre, and uncle of Madame
+Jordan. He was a petty gambler of a class who frequent the Bourse
+daily, in order to make an almost certain profit of fifteen or twenty
+francs, which must be realized before the day's operations are over.
+He said he was forced to speculate, as the pension which he received
+from the Government was not sufficient to keep him from starvation.
+L'Argent.
+
+CHAVIGNAT, an employee at the Ministry of Public Education. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+CHEDEVILLE (DE), deputy for Eure-et-Loire under the Empire. He was an
+old beau who had flourished in the reign of Louis Philippe, and was
+still supposed to have Orleanist sympathies, though his reputed
+friendship with the Emperor was sufficient to secure his success at
+the polls. He had gone through all his money, and had now only the
+farm of La Chamade left. His political career was cut short by a
+scandal which gave offence at the Tuileries, and he was defeated by
+Rochefontaine, who was nominated by Government as the official
+candidate. La Terre.
+
+CHERMETTE (MADAME DE), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+CHEVASSU, a lawyer at Faverolles, who died leaving his fortune to the
+Sisters of the Holy Family. His cousin, M. Charbonnel, got the will
+reduced on the ground of undue influence. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+CHEZELLES (MADAME LEONIDE DE), a school friend of Comtesse Muffat, who
+was five years her senior. She was the wife of a magistrate. "It was
+rumoured that she deceived him quite openly, but people pardoned her
+offence, and received her just the same, because, said they, 'She's
+not answerable for her actions.'" Nana.
+
+CHIBRAY (COMTE DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He was for a time the
+lover of Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+CHOUARD (MARQUIS DE), father of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de Beuville. He
+was a Councillor of State and Chamberlain to the Empress, but,
+notwithstanding this, had kept up his relations with the Legitimist
+party; he was known for his piety, and expressed the belief that his
+class should show an example in morals to the lower orders. In secret,
+however, his life was vicious, and many damaging stories were known of
+him. He was one of Nana's admirers, and after a visit to her he was
+struck by sudden imbecility and semi-paralysis, the result of sixty
+years of debauchery. Nana.
+
+CHOUARD (SABINE DE), daughter of the preceding and wife of Comte
+Muffat de Beuville. She was married at seventeen, and ever since had
+led a cloistered existence with a pious husband and a dictatorial
+stepmother. The death of her stepmother made little difference, and
+the family continued to live in an atmosphere of frigid
+respectability. At thirty-four Sabine looked little older than her own
+daughter, and would not have been taken for more than twenty-eight.
+About this time Comte Muffat fell entirely under the influence of
+Nana, and a change came over the household. Sabine accepted the
+attentions of Fauchery, whose mistress she became, and soon after
+launched into a course of extravagance which in the end went far to
+complete the ruin to which her husband was himself contributing. Other
+lovers followed Fauchery, and in the end she ran off with the manager
+of a large drapery store. Ultimately she returned, and was pardoned by
+her husband, who had lost his own self-respect as a result of his
+intrigue with Nana. Nana.
+
+CHOUTEAU, an old man of over ninety years of age, who with his wife
+lived in a little hut in Beaumont, furnished for them by Angelique
+with articles taken from the attic of her adopted parents. She, as
+well as Felicien d'Hautecoeur, showed them much kindness. Le Reve.
+
+CHOUTEAU, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. He belonged to the squad of Corporal Jean
+Macquart. Originally a housepainter of Montmartre, his time was almost
+expired when the outbreak of war prevented his leaving the army. A
+revolutionary in his ideas, he was the leader in every breach of
+discipline among his companions, suggesting to them that they should
+throw away their knapsacks and guns; on the plateau of Floing, in
+front of the enemy, he declared that as he had not eaten he would not
+fight. Sergeant Sapin having been severely wounded, Chouteau offered,
+along with Loubet, to remove him to the ambulance, and the two men
+disappeared from the battlefield. After the defeat of the French Army
+he was made prisoner at Iges, where he continued to advise his
+companions in committing all kinds of excesses, going the length of
+handing a knife to Lapoulle in order that he might kill Pache, who had
+hidden some provisions from him. Along with Loubet he made an attempt
+to escape from the Germans, and in this he attained success by
+treacherously sacrificing his comrade. During the Commune he took an
+active part in the excesses which were then committed; but during the
+sanguinary repression which followed he was seen in the blouse of an
+honest workman applauding the massacre which ensued. La Debacle.
+
+CHRISTINE. See Christine Hallegrain.
+
+CHUCHU (MADEMOISELLE), an actress at the Varietes. A liaison between
+her and Flory led to the ruin of the latter on the Stock Exchange.
+L'Argent.
+
+CLARISSE, waiting-maid in the service of Baroness Sandorff. She
+betrayed to Delcambre the confidences of her mistress. L'Argent.
+
+CLEMENCE, a clerk at the fish auction. She attended the meetings in
+Lebigre's wine-shop along with Charvet, with whom she lived. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+CLEMENCE (MADEMOISELLE), occupied a room in the same tenement-house as
+the Coupeaus and Lorilleux, where she took in ironing, as well as
+added to her income by less reputable means. When Gervaise Coupeau's
+laundry was at the height of its success Clemence got regular
+employment there, but when business began to go she had to leave.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+CLEMENCE, lady's maid to Madame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CLORINDE. See Clorinde Balbi.
+
+CLOU, Municipal Councillor at Rognes. He played the trombone at choral
+services in church. La Terre.
+
+COEUR (GERMAINE), a /demi-mondaine/ who was on intimate terms with
+many members of the Paris Bourse. L'Argent.
+
+COGNET, a roadman at Rognes. He was an old drunkard, who beat his
+daughter unmercifully. La Terre.
+
+COGNET (JACQUELINE), alias LA COGNETTE, daughter of the preceding. She
+went to La Borderie at the age of twelve years, and before long had
+several lovers. She made her fortune, however, by resisting her
+master, Alexandre Hourdequin, for six months, and when she ultimately
+became his mistress she had made her position so secure that he was
+afterwards unable to part with her. Notwithstanding her relations with
+Hourdequin, she had other lovers, and the old shepherd Soulas, from
+motives of revenge, informed Hourdequin of her intimacy with one of
+them, a man named Tron. The latter, having been dismissed, killed
+Hourdequin and burned down the farm, so that Jacqueline was compelled
+to leave La Borderie no richer than she had come. La Terre.
+
+COLICHE (LA), a fine cow which belonged to the Mouche family and was a
+great favourite with them. La Terre.
+
+COLIN, a notary at Havre. It was in his presence that the Roubauds
+made a mutual will, leaving everything to the last survivor. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+COLOMBAN PERE, a veterinary surgeon known to all in the district of
+Seine-et-Oise. He was of dissolute habits. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+COLOMBAN, a shopman who had been for many years in the employment of
+M. Baudu. He was engaged to his master's daughter Genevieve, but the
+marriage was put off from time to time as Baudu's business was not
+prosperous. Meantime, Colomban had become infatuated by Clara
+Prunaire, a girl employed in "The Ladies' Paradise," and his affection
+for Genevieve rapidly cooled. Ultimately he went off with Clara,
+thereby hastening the death of Genevieve, who had been in bad health
+for some time. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+COLOMBE. See Pere Colombe.
+
+COMBELOT (M. DE), an Imperial Chamberlain whom the Department of the
+Landes had chosen as deputy upon the formally expressed desire of the
+Emperor. He was a tall, handsome man, with a very white skin, and an
+inky black beard, which had been the means of winning him great favour
+among the ladies. He was married to a sister of Delestang. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+COMBELOT (MADAME DE), see Henriette Delestang.
+
+COMBETTE, a chemist at Chene-Populeux. He was assessor to the mayor,
+and the information which he received on the night of 27th August,
+1870, satisfied him of the unhappy state of the Army of Chalons, which
+was then on its way to the front. La Debacle.
+
+COMBETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. It was she who on the
+evening of 27th August, 1870, offered hospitality to the soldier
+Maurice Levasseur, who was worn out with fatigue and with the pain of
+his foot, which had been injured by the long march. La Debacle.
+
+COMBEVILLE (DUCHESSE DE), mother of Princess d'Orviedo. L'Argent.
+
+COMBOREL ET CIE, a firm of ship-owners who entered into the great
+transport syndicate founded by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+COMPAN (ABBE), vicar of the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He
+was on bad terms with Abbe Fenil, and consequently the other priests
+were afraid to have any intercourse with him, Abbe Bourrette alone
+visiting him during his last illness. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CONDAMIN (M. DE), commissioner of woods and rivers for the district of
+Plassans. He was an elderly man, whose morality was looked upon with
+some suspicion by the respectable inhabitants of Plassans. He married
+a young wife, whom he brought from no one knew where, but who had
+evidently influential friends at Paris, as it was she who got her
+husband and Dr. Porquier decorated. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CONDAMIN (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was at first received
+with some suspicion at Plassans, nothing being known of her past
+history, but by the charm of her manner she soon overcame prejudice.
+Madame Mouret having asked her assistance in connection with the Home
+for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she entered heartily into the
+scheme and used her influence on its behalf. Acting on advice from her
+influential friends at Paris, she assisted Faujas in the schemes which
+resulted in the election of M. Delangre as deputy for Plassans. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CONIN, a stationer at the corner of Rue Feydeau, who supplied note-
+books to most members of the Bourse. He was assisted in the business
+by his wife, and seldom came out of the back shop. L'Argent.
+
+CONIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was on too friendly terms
+with many of her customers, but was so discreet that no scandal arose.
+L'Argent.
+
+COQUART (LES), proprietors of the farm of Saint-Juste, which, however,
+they were forced by bad times to sell. The family consisted of the
+father, mother, three sons and two daughters. La Terre.
+
+COQUETS, neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d'Or. They
+took a fancy to light their cooking-stove on the stair-landing, and,
+as they also owed their term's rent, they were given notice to quit.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+CORBIERE (COMTE DE), proprietor of the Paradou, an estate near Artaud.
+When he died, the care of the property was confided to Jeanbernat, a
+foster-brother of the Comte. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+CORBREUSE (DUC DE), proprietor of a racing-stable. Nana.
+
+CORNAILLE, the principal draper in Valognes. Denise Baudu served her
+apprenticeship to him. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CORNEMUSE, a racehorse which was the prize of the City of Paris. Nana.
+
+CORNILLE, a member of the firm of Cornille and Jenard, who held in the
+eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle, which was
+joined in 1760 to two neighbouring concessions, those of Comte de
+Cougny and of Baron Desrumaux, in order to form the Company of the
+Mines of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+CORNILLE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the cathedral of Beaumont. He
+accompanied Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur when the latter came to
+administer the last rites of the Church to Angelique. Le Reve.
+
+CORREUR (MADAME MELANIE), was the daughter of a notary of Coulonges, a
+town in the district of Niort. When she was twenty-four years old she
+eloped with a journeyman butcher, and thereafter lived in Paris,
+ignored by her family. For some time she kept a boarding-house at the
+Hotel Vanneau in the Rue Vanneau, where among her lodgers were Eugene
+Rougon, Du Poizet, and Theodore Gilquin. She established a claim on
+Rougon's gratitude, and he assisted a number of her friends in
+obtaining pensions and appointments. Having ascertained that her
+brother, M. Martineau, had made a will by which she would benefit,
+she, knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him to Rougon as a
+dangerous Republican. His arrest and sudden death followed. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+COSINUS, a racehorse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+COSSARD (LE PERE), prompter at the Theatre des Varietes. He was a
+little hunchback.
+
+COUDELOUP (MADAME), a baker in Rue des Poissonniers. She supplied the
+Coupeaus until Lantier decided that they must have finer bread from a
+Viennese bakery. L'Assommoir.
+
+COUGNY (COMTE DE), owner in the eighteenth century of the mining
+concession of Cougny, which in 1760 was joined to two neighbouring
+concessions to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+COUILLOT (LES), peasants at Rognes. Their son got the number 206 in
+the drawing for the conscription. La Terre.
+
+COUPEAU, a zinc-worker, who married Gervaise Macquart after her
+desertion by Lantier. He was the son of a drunken father, but was
+himself steady and industrious until a serious accident caused by a
+fall from a roof brought about a change. After that he became
+unwilling to work and began to spend his time in public-houses; his
+days of work became fewer and fewer, until, a confirmed drunkard, he
+lived entirely on his wife's earnings. Attacks of delirium tremens
+followed, and in the end he died in the Asylum of Sainte-Anne after an
+attack of more than usual violence. L'Assommoir.
+
+COUPEAU (MADAME GERVAISE), wife of the preceding. See Gervaise
+Macquart. L'Assommoir.
+
+COUPEAU (ANNA, known as NANA), born 1852, was the only child of
+Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. Almost from infancy she was
+allowed to run wild in the gutters of Paris, and even in childhood her
+instincts were vicious. At thirteen years of age she was sent to learn
+artificial-flower making in the establishment of Madame Titreville,
+whose forewoman was Madame Lerat, Nana's aunt. She had been there some
+time when she began to receive attentions from an elderly gentleman
+who had noticed her going to work. Meantime her father and mother had
+taken to drink so seriously that home life had become intolerable,
+and, after one of innumerable quarrels, Nana ran away to her venerable
+admirer. After a few months she tired of him and left, to spend her
+time amongst the low-class dancing-halls, in one of which she was
+found by her father, who brought her home, where she remained for a
+fortnight, and then ran off again. From time to time she returned, but
+her visits gradually became less frequent till they ceased.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+At sixteen years of age she had a child by an unknown father, and two
+years later was installed in a flat in Boulevard Haussmann by a rich
+merchant of Moscow, who had come to pass the winter in Paris.
+Bordenave, the director of the Theatre des Varietes, gave her a part
+in a play called /La Blonde Venus/, and though her voice was poor and
+she was ignorant of acting, she was by the sheer force of her beauty
+an immediate and overwhelming success. All Paris was at her feet;
+Comte Muffat, Steiner, the Prince of Scots himself, came in turn to
+offer homage. It seemed as if this girl, born of four or five
+generations of drunkards and brought up on the pavements of Paris, was
+to revenge her race upon the idle rich by the wild extravagances into
+which she dragged them. Muffat and Steiner were her lovers, and ruined
+themselves by the vast sums which she squandered; Georges Hugon killed
+himself from jealousy of his brother Philippe, who embezzled for her
+sake, and brought himself to imprisonment and disgrace; Vandeuvres
+too, after courting dishonour, met death at his own hand; and
+Foucarmont, stripped bare and cast off, went to perish in the China
+seas. The procession was unending; more money was always required.
+After a successful appearance in a play called /Melusine/, Nana
+suddenly left Paris and went to the East. Strange stories were told of
+her--the conquest of a viceroy, a colossal fortune acquired in Russia
+--but nothing definite was known. When she returned to Paris in 1870
+she found that her son Louiset had been attacked by small-pox, and she
+herself contracted the disease from him. A few days later she died in
+a room in the Grand Hotel, nursed only by Rose Mignon, who had come to
+her in her trouble. The war with Germany had just broken out, and as
+she lay dying the passing crowds were shouting ceaselessly, "A Berlin,
+A Berlin." Nana.
+
+COUPEAU (LOUIS). See Louiset.
+
+COUPEAU (MADAME), mother of Coupeau the zinc-worker. She was an old
+woman, and, her sight having given way, was unable to support herself.
+Her daughter, Madame Lorilleux, refused anything but the most trifling
+assistance, and ultimately Gervaise Coupeau took the old woman into
+her own home and supported her till her death, which occurred some
+years later. L'Assommoir.
+
+COURAJOD, a great landscape painter, whose masterpiece, the /Pool at
+Gagny/, is in the Luxembourg. Long before his death he disappeared
+from the world of art, and lived in a little house at Montmartre
+surrounded by his hens, ducks, rabbits, and dogs. He refused to speak
+of his former fame, and when Claude Lantier called on him the old man
+seemed to be entering into a second childhood, forgetful of his past.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+COUTARD, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the Second Division of
+the First Army Corps, which was defeated at Wissembourg on 4th August,
+1870. He and his companion Picot were slightly wounded, and were left
+behind, not being able to rejoin their regiments for three weeks, most
+of which they spent tramping the country through wet and mud,
+endeavouring to overtake the vanquished army of France. La Debacle.
+
+CRASSE (LA), i.e. "The Dirty." Sobriquet of a professor at the college
+of Plassans, so called by the pupils as he marked by the constant
+rubbing of his head the back of every chair he occupied. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CREVECOEUR, a lace merchant in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche left his
+employment, and entered Octave Mouret's shop on the same day as Denise
+Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CRON, a carter at Vendome. He was the father of Leonie Cron. L'Argent.
+
+CRON (LEONIE), the girl to whom the Comte de Beauvilliers gave the
+document which afterwards came into the hands of Busch, and was used
+by him as a means of blackmailing the widow of the Comte. L'Argent.
+
+CUCHE, a family of fisher people who resided at Bonneville. They were
+ruined by their house being washed away by the sea. The father and
+mother lived extremely dissolute lives, and their son grew up little
+better than a savage. Pauline Quenu made great efforts to reform him,
+but he refused all attempts to make him settle down. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CUDORGE (MADAME), a seller of umbrellas in the Rue Neuve de la Goutte
+d'Or, where she was a neighbour of Gervaise Lantier. L'Assommoir.
+
+CUGNOT (PAULINE), daughter of a miller at Chartres who was ruined by a
+lawsuit. She came to Paris, and eventually got a situation at "The
+Ladies' Paradise," where she showed much kindness to Denise Baudu, who
+was at first badly treated by the other employees there. Later on she
+married Bauge, her lover, but was allowed to retain her situation. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+
+
+                                  D
+
+DABADIE, chief station-master at Havre. He was a handsome man, with
+the bearing of a commercial magnate engrossed in business. Indeed, he
+willingly left the passenger department of the station to his
+assistants, in order that he might give particular attention to the
+enormous transit of merchandise at the docks. It is said that he was
+on friendly terms with Mademoiselle Guichon, the office-keeper at the
+station. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DAGUENET (PAUL), the favoured lover of Nana. His father who was highly
+esteemed by Louis Philippe, occupied a prefecture up to the time of
+his death. As for himself, he had gone through three hundred thousand
+francs in eighteen months in the pursuit of pleasure, and was only
+able to keep going by small speculations on the Stock Exchange.
+Attracted by the fortune of Estelle Muffat, he decided to marry her,
+and with the assistance of Nana obtained the consent of Count Muffat.
+Become serious after marriage, Daguenet came under the influence of
+Theophile Venot, and was ruled with a rod of iron by his wife, who now
+exhibited a character entirely unsuspected before. He now went to
+Mass, and was furious with his father-in-law, who was ruining the
+family on account of Nana. Nana.
+
+DAGUENET (MADAME). See Estelle Muffat de Beuville.
+
+DAIGREMONT, a Paris financier who was possessed of an enormous
+fortune. It was said that his fidelity was not quite reliable, and
+that on one occasion at least he played his allies false and swept
+away the profits. He was approached by Saccard before the foundation
+of the Universal Bank, and being assured that Eugene Rougon was to
+back up his brother, he agreed to become one of the directors. He
+supported Saccard during the great gamble in the shares of the bank,
+and even on the day of the collapse had promised to come on the market
+and buy so heavily as to put up the price of the shares. Having
+received information through Jacoby that Gundermann was determined at
+any cost to break the market, Daigremont deserted Saccard, and instead
+of buying, sold all the shares he had, thereby bringing about the
+final collapse. L'Argent.
+
+DAIGREMONT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was celebrated for her
+beauty and for her fine singing. L'Argent.
+
+DALICHAMP, a doctor at Raucourt, six kilometres from Remilly. He was a
+man of brusque manner, but of excellent heart, who showed much
+kindness to his patients. In the middle of August, 1870, he
+established an ambulance at Raucourt, and after Jean Macquart,
+severely wounded, had arrived at the house of Pere Fouchard, Dalichamp
+attended him secretly till his recovery. It was through him that
+Henriette Weiss and Jean gained their knowledge of the disasters which
+were everywhere overtaking the French army. La Debacle.
+
+DAMBREVILLE, a Government official who married in order to secure
+promotion through the influence of his wife. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DAMBREVILLE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. An elderly woman with a
+passion for Leon Josserand, whose appointment as Maitre des Requetes
+she procured by her influence. She promised to secure a wealthy wife
+for him, but delayed to do so until he insisted on a match being
+arranged between him and her niece Raymonde. Her friendly relations
+with him continued to subsist even after his marriage. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DAMBREVILLE (RAYMONDE), niece of Dambreville. See Madame Leon
+Josserand.
+
+DANSAERT, a head captain in the Voreux pit. He was brutal and
+overbearing with the workmen, but humble in the presence of his
+superiors. Though it was well known that he was the lover of La
+Pierronne, he was friendly with her husband, and got information from
+him regarding the progress of the strike. On the day of the accident
+in the pit he became mad with fear, and leaped into one of the cages,
+leaving his men at the bottom. This action, together with the scandals
+regarding him, caused the company to decide on his dismissal.
+Germinal.
+
+DASTE (MADAME), a friend of the Saccards and of Madame de Lauwerens.
+La Curee.
+
+DAUVERGNE, deputy station-master for the main lines at the Gare Saint-
+Lazare. He occupied with his family, Claire, Henri, and Sophie, a
+house belonging to the railway company in the Impasse d'Amsterdam. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+DAUVERGNE (CLAIRE), daughter of the preceding and sister of Sophie.
+The two sisters were both charming blondes, one eighteen and the other
+twenty, who, amidst a constant stream of gaiety, looked after the
+housekeeping with the six thousand francs earned by the two men. The
+elder one would be heard laughing, while the younger sang, and a cage
+full of exotic birds rivalled one another in roulades. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+DAUVERGNE (HENRI), a chief guard in the service of the Western Railway
+Company. He was in love with Severine Roubaud, but was aware of her
+liaison with Jacques Lantier. He was injured in the railway accident
+at Croix-de-Maufras, and having been removed to a house which belonged
+to Severine, he was nursed by her there. In a hallucination of
+illness, he believed that he heard, outside his window, Roubaud
+arranging with Cabuche for the murder of Severine: his mistaken
+evidence was greatly instrumental in leading to the conviction of the
+two men. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DAUVERGNE (SOPHIE), the elder of the two sisters. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DAVOINE, the purchaser of Chanteau's timber business at Caen. When
+Chanteau became incapacitated by gout, he sold his business to Davoine
+for a hundred thousand francs, of which one-half was to be paid in
+cash and the balance to remain in the business. Davoine was, however,
+constantly launching into speculations, and the consequence was that
+the profits were drained away, and the balance sheet generally showed
+a loss. He ultimately became bankrupt, and Chanteau lost all the money
+he had left in the business. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+DEBERLE (DOCTOR HENRI), a medical man of Passy who inherited from his
+father a large fortune and an excellent practice. A chance call to
+attend Jeanne Grandjean led to an intimacy with her mother, which
+resulted in the fleeting love episode which forms the subject of the
+novel. Deberle, deceived by the circumstances under which Helene
+Grandjean prevented an assignation between his wife and M. Malignon,
+believed that Helene had arranged an assignation with himself, and she
+found it impossible to enlighten him without compromising his wife.
+The brief liaison was terminated by the illness and death of Jeanne.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+DEBERLE (MADAME JULIETTE), wife of the preceding, was the elder
+daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk merchant of Paris. Empty-
+headed and fond of gaiety, she was carried away by the attentions of
+M. Malignon, an idle young man who went everywhere in Paris society,
+and to whom she was foolish enough on one occasion to grant an
+assignation. Madame Helene Grandjean, who was on intimate terms with
+the family, warned Madame Deberle that her husband's suspicions had
+been aroused, and that lady, seeing in time the folly of her action,
+broke off the intrigue. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+DEBERLE (LUCIEN), the young son of Doctor Deberle. He was a playmate
+of Jeanne Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+DECKER (BARONNE), a friend of the Marquis de Chouard, who occasionally
+visited her at Viroflay. Nana.
+
+DEJOIE, a man who was appointed by Saccard to be attendant at the
+offices of the newspaper purchased in the interest of the Universal
+Bank. He had a small sum of money, intended for the dowry of his
+daughter, and to increase this he invested it in shares of the bank.
+On the rise of the shares he gained a large sum, but, refusing to
+sell, he lost everything in the final catastrophe. L'Argent.
+
+DEJOIE (JOSEPHINE), wife of Dejoie, who first knew her when she was
+cook with Madame Leveque, sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. She was
+afterwards with Dr. Renaudin, and then in a shop in Rue Rambuteau. The
+husband and wife were never fortunate enough to get employment in one
+place. Josephine died when her daughter was fourteen years old.
+L'Argent.
+
+DEJOIE (NATHALIE), daughter of the preceding. In order to provide a
+dowry for her, her father invested all his savings in shares of the
+Universal Bank, losing everything after its failure. She was a pretty
+girl, but absolutely heartless, and after the downfall of the bank she
+ran away from home, leaving her old father in his poverty. L'Argent.
+
+DELAHERCHE (MADAME), mother of Jules Delaherche. Her husband's gay
+life rendered her unhappy, and after she became a widow she trembled
+lest her son should take to the same courses as his father; so, after
+marrying him to a woman who was devout and of simple tastes, she
+sought to keep him in a dependent state as though he were a mere
+youth. At fifty years of age, his wife having died, Delaherche
+determined to marry a young widow about whom there had been much
+gossip, and did so in spite of all the remonstrances of his mother.
+After that she only lived on in silent remonstrance, spending most of
+her time shut up in her own room. The miseries of war told severely on
+the old woman, and to these were added domestic troubles, for she
+became aware of her daughter-in-law's relations with Captain Baudoin
+and Edmond Lagarde. After the occupation of Sedan by the Prussians she
+devoted herself to nursing her old friend Colonel Vineuil, who had
+been brought to the house severely wounded. She remained with him till
+his death, shut up from the world, and refusing to hear of the defeats
+daily accumulating against their unhappy country. La Debacle.
+
+DELAHERCHE (JULES), one of the principal cloth manufacturers of Sedan.
+He owned a large factory in Rue Maqua, which had been the property of
+the family for a hundred and sixty years; in the rear of the building
+was a palatial courtyard shaded with old trees, gigantic elms dating
+from the foundation of the establishment. Jules, married to a woman
+dull and plain-looking, had been kept by his mother in the dependent
+position of a mere boy, but at fifty years of age, his wife being
+dead, he became enamoured of Gilberte Maginot, a pretty young widow of
+Charleville, and married her in spite of the determined opposition of
+his mother. An ardent Bonapartist, he was much excited by a chance
+meeting with Napoleon III, but after the repeated defeats of the army
+in the war with Prussia his loyalty cooled, and he ultimately charged
+the Emperor with all the miseries which ensued. After the battle of
+Sedan an ambulance was established in the courtyard of his factory,
+and the wounded Colonel Vineuil was removed to his house. La Debacle.
+
+DELAHERCHE (MADAME JULES). See Gilberte Vineuil. La Debacle.
+
+DELANGRE (M.), mayor of Plassans. He was the son of a bricklayer, and
+when he passed as a lawyer had to be content with petty suits that no
+one else would take up. It was said that he became the lover of Madame
+Rastoil, and it was certainly through her influence that he won his
+first cases. He was shrewd enough to show no particular political
+proclivities; so after the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, when they were
+looking out for a mayor, his name was at once thought of. He was
+elected, and from that time everything prospered with him. As a result
+of much scheming by Abbe Faujas, Delangre was adopted as candidate for
+the representation of Plassans, and was elected by a triumphant
+majority over Maurin, the Republican candidate. After his election, he
+voted steadily with the Government, thus accomplishing the object for
+which Faujas was sent to the town. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+DELANGRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "She was a tame little woman
+of a servant-like meekness, whose dissoluteness had remained a matter
+of legend in Plassans." She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding
+the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and agreed to act on the
+Committee. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+DELANGRE (LUCIEN), son of M. Delangre, mayor of Plassans. He was a
+young barrister of four-and-twenty, short and sharp-eyed, with a
+crafty brain, and pleaded with all the coolness of an old
+practitioner. On the suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a leading part
+in starting the Club for Young Men at Plassans. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+DELAROCQUE, a stockbroker who was married to the sister of Jacoby.
+L'Argent.
+
+DELCAMBRE, Public Prosecutor, afterwards Minister of Justice. Having
+been for some time the lover of Baroness Sandorff, he was much annoyed
+at her subsequent intimacy with Saccard, and after the failure of the
+Universal Bank he instigated the proceedings which led to the
+conviction of its officials. L'Argent.
+
+DELESTANG (M.), son of a wine merchant at Bercy, was himself a retired
+attorney and owner of a model farm. He was a man of great wealth, but
+of foolish and shallow character. Having got into political trouble at
+the time of the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, he was helped out of an awkward
+position by Eugene Rougon. Acting on the suggestion of Rougon, he
+married Clorinde Balbi, and soon after was appointed Minister of
+Commerce and Agriculture. After Rougon's second retirement from office
+Delestang was appointed to succeed him as Minister of the Interior.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+DELESTANG (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Clorinde Balbi.
+
+DELESTANG (HENRIETTE), sister of Delestang, the Minister, and wife of
+M. de Combelot, Chamberlain to Napoleon III. She had a passion for the
+Emperor, who, however, would not look at her. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+DELEUZE founded, along with his brother, in 1822, the drapers' shop in
+Paris known as /Au Bonheur des Dames/. When he died, his daughter
+Caroline, who was married to Hedouin, succeeded to his share in the
+business. Pot-Bouille.
+
+The beginning of the business was exceedingly modest; there was only
+one window in the shop, and the stock was a small one. At that time
+the principal shop in the neighbourhood was the /Vieil Elbeuf/, of
+which Baudu afterwards became proprietor. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DELEUZE (UNCLE), one of the founders of the shop known as /Au Bonheur
+des Dames/. After the death of his elder brother he continued the
+business along with his niece Madame Hedouin. He became much affected
+by rheumatism, and left the management in the hands of Hedouin. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+DELEUZE (CAROLINE). See Caroline Hedouin.
+
+DELHOMME was the son-in-law of Pere Fouan, whose daughter Fanny he
+married. He was the owner of a small farm, which he managed so well
+that he became one of the richest of the peasant proprietors at
+Rognes. He was a man of calm, upright nature, and was frequently
+selected as arbiter in petty disputes. In his own affairs, however, he
+allowed himself to be much influenced by his wife. He was a municipal
+councillor, and ultimately became mayor. La Terre.
+
+DELHOMME (MADAME), nee Fanny Fouan, wife of the preceding. At first a
+not unamiable woman, she became hardened, and eventually the
+cleanliness of her house became a mania with her. She was unkind to
+her father, with whose little weaknesses she had no patience, and her
+persecution of him was carried to such an extent that he ceased to
+live with her and her husband. She was so annoyed at this that she
+refused to speak to him again, and her ill-will was not even
+terminated by his death. When her husband became mayor her conceit
+knew no bounds. La Terre.
+
+DELHOMME (ERNEST), known as Nenesse, son of the preceding. From
+childhood he had a fancy for dressing himself up and aping the city
+lads, and as he had always a horror of the land he went to Chartres to
+assist in a restaurant, with which was connected a public dancing-
+hall. His parents effected an insurance against him being drawn in the
+conscription; but he drew a lucky number, and the loss of the money
+caused his mother considerable annoyance. He proposed to take over the
+/maison de tolerance/ at Chartres which belonged to his grand-aunt
+Madame Badeuil and her husband, and he eventually did so by marrying
+their granddaughter Elodie Vaucogne. La Terre.
+
+DELOCHE, a bailiff in needy circumstances who resided at Briquebec. He
+treated his son Henri very badly. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DELOCHE (HENRI), a young man who got employment at "The Ladies'
+Paradise" at the same time as Denise Baudu. He fell in love with
+Denise, but though she refused to marry him, they remained on friendly
+terms, and on one occasion he threw a glass of wine at Favier, a
+fellow-shopman, who repeated a slander about her. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+DELORME, a relation of the Quenus. On the suggestion of Madame
+Chanteau he was nominated a member of the family council of Pauline
+Quenu. He consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+DENEULIN, a cousin of the Gregoires. Like his cousin, he inherited a
+denier in the Montsou mines, but being an enterprising engineer,
+tormented by the desire for a royal fortune, he had hastened to sell
+out when the value of the denier reached a million francs. His wife
+possessed through an uncle the little concession of Vandame, on which
+were two abandoned pits--Jean-Bart and Gaston-Marie--and he invested
+all his money in the reopening of these pits. He was a bad manager,
+however, and after his wife's death he was pillaged by every one. The
+great strike at Montsou completed his ruin, and he was ultimately
+compelled to sell his pits to the great company which had already
+acquired all the neighbouring mines, himself receiving a situation as
+divisional engineer. Germinal.
+
+DENEULIN (JEANNE), second daughter of the preceding. Having lost their
+mother when very young, she and her sister were brought up alone,
+somewhat badly, being spoiled by their father. Jeanne was fond of
+painting, and had already had three landscapes refused by the /Salon/.
+Her sister and she remained cheerful in the midst of their father's
+loss of fortune, and proved themselves excellent managers. Germinal.
+
+DENEULIN (LUCIE), elder daughter of Deneulin. She was fond of music,
+and at one time talked of going on the stage. Like her sister, she
+showed an admirable spirit at the time of her father's downfall.
+Germinal.
+
+DENIZET, examining magistrate (/juge d'instruction/) at Rouen. The son
+of a cattle-breeder, he studied law at Caen, but had entered the
+judicial department of the Government late in life; and his peasant
+origin, aggravated by his father's bankruptcy, made his promotion
+slow. After being substitute in various places he was sent to Rouen,
+where he acted as examining magistrate. He was fond of his profession,
+and at the beginning of the inquiry into the murder of President
+Grandmorin allowed himself to be carried away by his desire to elicit
+the facts of the case. He received, however, a hint from Camy-Lamotte,
+the secretary to the Minister of Justice, that caution must be
+exercised, and his desire to be decorated and removed to Paris was so
+great that he sacrificed the interests of justice, and caused the case
+to be hushed up. Later, the murder of Severine Roubaud reopened the
+Grandmorin inquiry, and Denizet was allowed a free hand in dealing
+with the affair. By a masterpiece of logical deduction he set out to
+prove the complicity of Cabuche and Roubaud, a complicity, however,
+which had no existence in fact, and the demonstration of which by
+Denizet produced a gross error of justice. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DEQUERSONNIERE, an architect with whom Louis Dubuche served his
+apprenticeship. He was a former winner of the Grand Prize, and was
+architect of the Civil Branch of Public Works, an officer of the
+Legion of Honour, and a member of the Institute. His principal
+production was the church of Saint-Mathieu, a building which shared
+the characteristics of a pastry-cook's mould and a clock in the style
+of the First Empire. L'Oeuvre.
+
+DESBAZEILLES, President of the Assize Court at Rouen on the occasion
+of the trial of Roubaud. He was a bachelor, and an old friend of
+Madame Bonnehon; a friendship which still continued, notwithstanding
+his sixty years. He was the literary glory of the Court, and his
+cleverly turned sonnets were well known. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DESFORGES, a stock-broker. The friendship of his wife with Hartmann,
+the great financier, had been very useful to him. He died leaving a
+fortune, the amount of which was minimized by some and exaggerated by
+others. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DESFORGES (MADAME HENRIETTE), daughter of a Councillor of State and
+widow of a stock-broker, who left her a small fortune. "Even during
+her husband's lifetime, people said she had shown herself grateful
+towards Baron Hartmann, whose financial tips had proved very useful to
+them; and later on, after her husband's death, the acquaintance had
+probably continued, but always discreetly." Octave Mouret, having met
+her at the house of a mutual friend, made love to her, chiefly with a
+view to gaining Baron Hartmann's assistance through her influence.
+Madame Desforges was extremely jealous when she learned of Mouret's
+affection for Denise Baudu and the probability of his marrying her. In
+order to injure him, she introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who
+lent him money to start an opposition establishment called "The Four
+Seasons." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DESIR (VEUVE), an elderly woman who kept a ball-room known as Bon-
+Joyeux. She called all the miners her children, and grew tender at the
+thought of the flood of beer which she had poured out for them during
+the last thirty years. She gave her ball-room to the miners to hold a
+meeting during the strike, and when the police arrived to break it up
+she held the door long enough to allow those present to escape.
+Germinal.
+
+DESLIGNIERES, a toy-seller in Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DESMARQUAY, a money-changer in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot was employed
+in his office. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DESROCHES, a notary at Chene-Populeux. His house there was
+requisitioned for the Emperor on 27th August, 1870, during the march
+of the army of MacMahon. La Debacle.
+
+DESROCHES (MADAME), mother of the preceding. Their house adjoined the
+early home of Maurice Levasseur, and she had been good to him when he
+was a child. When the house was requisitioned for the Emperor, she had
+to give up her room to him and take refuge in the garret. La Debacle.
+
+DESRUMAUX (BARON), one of the founders of the coal industry in the
+north of France. For forty years he struggled without yielding, in the
+midst of continual obstacles, and when at last his pits began to yield
+a small profit, two neighbouring concessions, that of Cougny,
+belonging to the Comte de Cougny, and that of Joiselle, belonging to
+the Cornille and Jenard Company, nearly overwhelmed him with their
+competition. Happily, on 25th August, 1760, a treaty was made between
+the three concessions, uniting them into a single one known as the
+Montsou Mining Company. Germinal.
+
+DESVIGNES (ADELE), see Madame Bouchard.
+
+DIDE (AUNT). See Adelaide Fouque.
+
+DIEUDONNE (MADAME), wife of a small farmer at Seguiranne. She brought
+up her niece Sophie, who was cured of phthisis by Doctor Pascal. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+DOMERGUE was formerly Director of Roads and Bridges at Plassans. He
+was the father of Madame Campardon. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DOMERGUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived a retired life at
+Plassans with her husband. She introduced Octave Mouret to her
+daughter, Madame Campardon, when he came to Paris. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DOMERGUE (ROSE). See Madame Achille Campardon.
+
+DROUARD (MADAME), an old actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She
+played the part of Juno in the /Blonde Venus/. Nana.
+
+DUBREUIL, a cousin of the Levasseurs. He was sub-manager of the sugar
+refinery at Chene-Populeux at the time Weiss was employed there; then,
+in 1868, he retired to a little property near Sedan which had come to
+his wife as a legacy. On the evening before the battle, foreseeing the
+disaster, he removed his wife and children to Bouillon, and next day
+the house was completely destroyed during the struggle. La Debacle.
+
+DUBRUEL, a pork-butcher at Plassans who took part in the attack on the
+Town Hall. Three days later he was killed in the ambush arranged by
+Pierre Rougon against the Republicans. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+DUBUCHE (ALICE), daughter of Louis Dubuche and of Regine Margaillan,
+his wife. She was so delicate that at six years old she was still
+unable to walk. Her father endeavoured to strengthen her muscles by
+occasionally making her hold on to the bar of a trapeze for a few
+moments, but the exercise only seemed to produce extreme terror in the
+unfortunate child. L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUBUCHE (GASTON), the elder child of Louis Dubuche and of Regine
+Margaillan, his wife. At the age of ten he had the feeble limbs of a
+little child, and though he regularly exercised on a trapeze, he was
+unable to raise himself on his wrists, the least exertion producing
+profuse perspiration. L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUBUCHE (LOUIS), eldest son of a baker of Plassans, and companion from
+childhood of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz. His mother, who was
+very ambitious, sent him to Paris, where he studied architecture at
+the School of Art. His reverence for established formulas caused him
+to be out of sympathy with the advanced school of painting advocated
+by Claude Lantier and his friends, though he expressed large ideals
+regarding his own profession. In time he became a first-class pupil at
+the school, and with infinite trouble gained the regulation
+"honourable mention." But his parents no longer sent him any money; it
+became necessary for him to gain his living, and he was already tired
+of earning a few francs by assisting an architect incapable of drawing
+his own plans. By the aid of his master, Dequersonniere, he gained a
+medal for a plan of a villa, and this brought him prominently under
+the notice of Margaillan, a wealthy building contractor, whose
+daughter Regine he married soon afterwards. The marriage was not a
+success; his wife was always ailing, and the two children which were
+born to them were so delicate as to cause constant anxiety. His
+business relations with his father-in-law were a failure, some of his
+ventures resulting in heavy loss, and Margaillan soon thrust him
+aside. His only satisfaction was that he had been able to repay to his
+parents the money they advanced for his education in Paris. L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUBUCHE (MADAME LOUIS), wife of the preceding. See Regine Margaillan.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUCAT, a franc-tireur of the woods at Dieulet. He was formerly a
+bailiff at Blainville, but had to leave on account of a criminal
+charge against him. He was a friend of Cabasse and of Guillaume
+Sambuc, and took part in the murder of Goliath Steinberg. La Debacle.
+
+DUCHESNE (GEORGES), a lover of Madame Bouchard, for whom she asked the
+patronage of Eugene Rougon, which he refused on the ground of his
+respect for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+DUCLOUX (LA), an old woman who lived in the neighbourhood of Croix de
+Maufras, having formerly been servant in an inn. Misard was authorized
+to employ her as gatekeeper on the railway after the death of Flore.
+She was anxious to marry Misard, and seeing him constantly searching
+for the little hoard of money which had been hidden by his deceased
+wife, La Ducloux cleverly led him to believe that she knew where the
+money was hidden. After she became the second Madame Misard she became
+infected with the feverish anxiety of her husband, and joined with him
+in his untiring search. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DUMONTEIL, a rich silk manufacturer at Lyons. He supplied to Octave
+Mouret a special make of silk with which he achieved great success. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DU POIZAT PERE, an old bailiff at Coulonges. He was an old miser who
+refused any money to his son Leopold, and even threatened him with a
+pistol when he tried to borrow from him. He lived alone in an old
+ruinous house with a loaded gun behind the door. His son, having
+become a prefect, and wishing to dazzle the old man with his fine
+position, attempted to force the door; then followed a drama
+mysterious and without witness, at the end of which the old man was
+found lying at the foot of his staircase, with his head split open.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+DU POIZAT (LEOPOLD), son of a process-server at Coulonges, a little
+town in the district of Niort. His father, who had amassed a
+considerable fortune by usury, sent him to study law in Paris, giving
+him an allowance of only a hundred francs a month. Some months before
+the revolution of February, 1848, he became acquainted with Eugene
+Rougon, who, like himself, was boarding at that time with Madame
+Correur at the Hotel Vanneau. During the Bonapartist intrigues he
+assisted Rougon in some risky undertakings, and later on worked
+energetically to secure his election to the Legislative Assembly as
+member for Deux-Sevres. After the /Coup d'Etat/ Rougon used his
+influence on behalf of Du Poizat, and got him appointed sub-prefect at
+Bressuire. He resigned this appointment on the advice of Rougon after
+the resignation of the latter as President of the State Council. After
+Rougon's return to office he was appointed prefect at Niort. His
+extreme harshness and overbearing conduct produced a public scandal,
+and the sudden death of his father, under peculiar circumstances,
+still further increased his unpopularity. He was at his own request
+transferred to another prefecture by Delestang, who succeeded Rougon
+as Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+DURIEU, a wealthy brewer who, carried away by the charm of Caroline
+Hamelin, married her. He became an alcoholic maniac, and on one
+occasion pursued his wife with a knife. A separation was arranged, and
+Durieu ultimately died in an asylum. L'Argent.
+
+DURIEU (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin.
+
+DURIEU (LE PERE), a messenger at Plassans. He was a taciturn old
+Provencal. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+DUTILLEUL. A flour-miller at Montsou whose mills were stopped by the
+strike. Germinal.
+
+DUVEYRIER (ALPHONSE), a counsellor at the Court of Appeal; married
+Clotilde, daughter of M. Vabre. He was a man of dissolute habits, to
+whom his wife's cold nature and love of music were repugnant, and he
+spent much of his time away from home. He squandered large sums of
+money on a woman named Clarisse Bocquet, who afterwards left him.
+Having found her again, he fell under her influence so completely as
+to allow her to treat him abominably. So unhappy did he become, that
+he attempted to commit suicide by shooting himself; the wound was,
+however, not a serious one, and he recovered. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DUVEYRIER (MADAME CLOTILDE), wife of the preceding, was the only
+daughter of M. Vabre, a notary of Versailles. She did not get on well
+with her husband, who found her cold nature irksome, and, perhaps even
+more so, her love of piano-playing. Her musical evenings were attended
+by Octave Mouret, the Josserands, and others of the same circle. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+DUVEYRIER (GUSTAVE), son of the preceding, a thin, precocious boy of
+sixteen, who was being educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DUVILLARD, the owner of a large house bought by Octave Mouret for the
+enlargement of his shop. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+
+
+                                  E
+
+ECOSSE (S.A.R. LE PRINCE D'), the son of a queen and heir to a throne.
+He was tall and strong, with a fair beard and a fresh complexion. He
+was an habitue of the Theatre des Varietes, and an admirer of Nana,
+whom he wished to bring to London as a singer. Later, Nana spoke of
+him with little respect. Nana.
+
+ECREVISSE (L'), a celebrated /demi-mondaine/ of the Second Empire. La
+Curee.
+
+EMPEREUR, one of the dogs of the shepherd Soulas. He was a fierce
+animal, and, like his master, hated Jacqueline Cognet. La Terre.
+
+ERNESTINE, a woman who once occupied a room in Bourras's house, and
+had written her name in candle-smoke on the ceiling. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+ESCORAILLES (MARQUIS D'), father of Jules d'Escorailles. "The
+Escorailles family was one of the oldest in Plassans, where it was
+treated with the utmost respect; and Rougon, who in former days had
+often dragged his worn-down boots past the old Marquis's house, took a
+pride in protecting and assisting the young man. The family retained
+an enthusiastic devotion for Henri V, though it allowed its heir to
+serve the Empire." The Marquis and his wife visited Paris specially to
+ask the assistance of Rougon in furthering the interests of their son.
+After Rougon's proceedings against the Sisters of the Holy Family, in
+the interest of the Charbonnels, they again visited Paris to insist on
+their son retiring from the administration, as they said they could
+not allow him to be mixed up in any persecution of the Church. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ESCORAILLES (MARQUISE D'), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+ESCORAILLES (JULES D'), son of the Marquis d'Escorailles, a nobleman
+of Plassans, at whose request Rougon got Jules an appointment as
+auditor at the Council of State. After Rougon's return to office he
+appointed M. Escorailles his private secretary. He carried on an
+intrigue with Madame Bouchard. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ESPANET (MARQUIS D'), husband of the Marquise Adeline. He was made
+aide-de-camp to the Emperor, but by his riotous conduct scandalized
+the older nobility. He never appeared in society with his wife. La
+Curee.
+
+ESPANET (MARQUISE D'), one of the most prominent leaders of society of
+the Second Empire, was the inseparable companion of Madame Haffner,
+whose name was always associated with hers by the public. They were
+both schoolfellows and friends of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+EUGENIE, cook for a short time to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+EUGENIE, a child buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen,
+where Bongard and Sandoz read the inscription on a poor cross, without
+railing, set up slantingly across a path, "Eugenie, three days."
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+EUGENIE (EMPRESS), referred to in Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, and La
+Debacle.
+
+EULALIE, a laundress who lived in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin, when
+visiting her, chanced to overhear in an adjoining room a conversation
+between some Italians who had come to Paris to assassinate the
+Emperor. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+EULALIE, a fish-seller, mistress of Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-soif.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+EULALIE (LA MERE), a vegetable seller at Montmartre. She lodged with
+Madame Mechain. L'Argent.
+
+EUSEBE, a choir-boy in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He
+accompanied Abbe Bourrette to the deathbed of Abbe Compan. La Conquete
+de Plassans.
+
+
+
+                                  F
+
+FAGEROLLES PERE, a manufacturer of zinc objects of art who lived in a
+gloomy old house in Rue Vieille-du-Temple. His workshop was on the
+ground floor, above it was a warehouse, and still higher, facing a
+courtyard, were the rooms in which he lived with his son Henri. He
+intended to bring up Henri as a designer of ornaments for his own
+trade, and when the boy showed higher ambitions, taking to painting
+proper and talking about the School of Art, there were quarrels,
+blows, a series of falling-outs and reconciliations. Even when the
+young man had achieved some success, the manufacturer of artistic
+zincwork, while resigned to letting him have his will, treated him
+harshly, like a lad who was spoiling his career. Later, in the desire
+of a decoration for himself, the merchant forgot his former
+opposition; he held out his son, who had now arrived at notoriety, as
+an additional claim for his own distinction. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FAGEROLLES (HENRI), son of the preceding. In the gloomy house of his
+father he grew up like a true child of the Paris pavements. Though his
+father desired him to become a designer of ornaments for use in his
+trade, the lad had higher ambitions, and desiring to study painting,
+became a student at the School of Art. Notwithstanding this orthodox
+training, he was a disciple of Claude Lantier and his somewhat
+revolutionary band, whom he delighted by sly attacks upon his
+professors and praise of themselves. He paid particular court to
+Claude, under whose artistic influence he had come, and though he
+continued to paint with tricky skill, he no longer talked in anything
+but the jargon of the new open-air school. This did not prevent him,
+however, from elsewhere making fun of the adepts of that school, whom
+he accused of doing their work with a kitchen ladle. He made a success
+with a picture of an actress before her glass, which caught the
+popular taste, and afterwards appeared as an engraving. Taken up by
+Naudet, the picture-dealer, he began to receive large prices for his
+work, and by doing everything in his power to make his way in society
+his position soon became secure. He was elected a member of the
+Hanging Committee of the /Salon/, and secured the admission of Claude
+Lantier's picture /L'Enfant Mort/. He made large sums of money, in the
+spending of which he was assisted by Irma Becot. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FANNY (MADEMOISELLE), a work-girl in the neighbourhood of Octave
+Mouret's shop, who was sent there by her employer to match some
+merinos. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FAUCHERY (LEON), a journalist and dramatic author, who wrote a piece
+for the Theatre des Varietes called /La Petite Duchesse/. After
+numerous liaisons he became for a time the lover of Comtesse Sabine
+Muffat, and under the pressure of Comte Muffat was forced to give to
+Nana a leading part in /La Petite Duchesse/. Fauchery's liaison with
+the Comtesse Muffat merely interrupted for a time one of older
+standing with Rose Mignon, whose husband appeared to be content with
+the position of major-domo in a /menage a trois/. Nana.
+
+FAUCHEUR (LE PERE) kept at Bennecourt a small country inn much
+frequented by artists. In connection with the tavern he carried on a
+small business in groceries. After the death of the Faucheurs the inn
+was carried on by their niece Melie. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FAUCHEUR (LA MERE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of old
+Poirette. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FAUCONNIER (MADAME), carried on a laundry business in Paris, and gave
+employment to Gervaise Macquart after her desertion by Lantier. She
+continued on friendly terms with Gervaise after the latter's marriage
+to Coupeau, at which she was present. When drink had brought about the
+Coupeaus' ruin, Madame Fauconnier again took Gervaise into her
+employment, giving her work until her increasing carelessness and
+intemperance made her dismissal necessary. L'Assommoir.
+
+FAUCONNIER (VICTOR), the young son of Madame Fauconnier. He was an
+idle scamp about four years older than Nana Coupeau, and was her
+constant playfellow and companion in all kinds of mischief.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+Nana, in talking over with Satin the events of her childhood, referred
+to Victor as a youth who had always shown vicious tendencies. Nana.
+
+FAUJAS (ABBE), a priest of Besancon who, having got into some trouble
+there, was sent to Plassans by the Government with the view of
+undermining the political influence of the clergy, who were strongly
+Legitimist in their views. At Plassans he took up his residence, along
+with his mother, in the house of Francois Mouret. At first he kept
+entirely in the background, but assisted by Madame Mouret, who had
+fallen in love with him, and by Madame Felicite Rougon, acting under
+instructions from her son Eugene, the Minister of State, Faujas soon
+began to make himself felt in Plassans. He appeared to take no
+interest in politics, but little by little he gained power, until "the
+conquest of Plassans" was accomplished and a supporter of the
+Government was elected as deputy. Meantime his influence over Madame
+Mouret had become complete, and he had practically taken possession of
+the Mourets' house, his sister and her husband, as well as his mother,
+living there with him. Thrust aside and neglected, Francois Mouret was
+wrongfully removed to the asylum at Les Tulettes, where confinement
+soon unhinged his not over-strong intellect. The Abbe now became even
+more arrogant, and Madame Mouret was barely tolerated in her own
+house. Ultimately Francois Mouret escaped from the asylum, and
+returning by night to his home, set fire to it; along with him, the
+Abbe Faujas and all his relations perished in the flames. La Conquete
+de Plassans.
+
+FAUJAS (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She accompanied the Abbe to
+Plassans and took up house with him there. Absolutely devoted to her
+son, she made herself his slave, and sacrificed everything and every
+one to his interests. It was largely through her that the gradual
+ousting of the Mourets from their own home became possible; and to
+accomplish her ends she stopped short at nothing; seldom speaking, but
+always watching, she was ready to grasp each opportunity as it arose.
+Retribution came with the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum,
+and Madame Faujas perished along with the other members of her family
+in the conflagration raised by him. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+FAUJAS (OLYMPE). See Madame Olympe Trouche.
+
+FAUQUENOIX, an associate of Baron Desrumaux in the department of the
+mines of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+FAUVELLE, a sugar-refinery at Montsou, which suffered on account of
+the strike of miners. Germinal.
+
+FAVIER, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise."
+He had for some reason an ill-will towards Denise Baudu and spread
+scandalous stories about her. Henri Deloche, her friend, hearing him
+do so on one occasion, threw a glass of wine in his face. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+FAYEUX, a collector of rents at Vendome. He did business in connection
+with Busch, and also with La Mechain, whose cousin he was said to be.
+He speculated on the bourse through Mazaud, and after the downfall of
+the Universal Bank it was found that he had embezzled large sums from
+persons employing him. L'Argent.
+
+FENIL (ABBE), head of the theological seminary at Plassans. He was a
+keen ecclesiastic, with strong Legitimist principles, and from the
+first took up a position antagonistic to Abbe Faujas. Having great
+influence with the Bishop of Plassans, he was for some time able to
+prevent Faujas from receiving preferment; a hint from Government,
+however, caused the Bishop to change his views, and Abbe Fenil was for
+the time routed. It was suspected that he ultimately induced Antoine
+Macquart to plan the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les
+Tulettes; an escape which led to the death of Abbe Faujas. La Conquete
+de Plassans.
+
+FERAUD-GIRAUD FRERES, a firm of ship-owners who joined the great
+transport syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+FERNAND, a student of chemistry with Combette at Chene Populeux. He
+was a cowardly lad, whom fear of the Prussians drove into a fever. La
+Debacle.
+
+FERNANDE, a chorus-girl at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+FETU (MERE), an old woman whom Helene Grandjean visited at the request
+of Abbe Jouve. At her house Helen frequently met Dr. Deberle, who was
+attending her professionally at the same time. Below this house was
+the flat taken by M. Malignon, who had appointed Mere Fetu caretaker,
+and it was through her that Helene came to know of the assignation
+between Malignon and Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+FIFI, the sobriquet of Fanny Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille.
+
+FINE, the sobriquet of Josephine Gavaudan. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+FINET (ARISTIDE), the founder of the drapery business known as the
+/Vieil Elbeuf/, in Paris. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of
+Hauchecorne. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FINET (DESIREE), daughter of the preceding. She married Hauchecorne,
+her father's principal salesman, who carried on the business. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FINET, a doctor of medicine who resided at Cloyes. He was disgusted by
+the brutality of his patients, whom he accused of always sending for
+him when it was too late. His indifference became such that he did not
+make any inquiries about the death of Rose Fouan, whose end was
+hastened by her son Buteau, or that of Pere Fouan, who was burned
+alive. La Terre.
+
+FIRMIN, chief huntsman to Napoleon III at Compiegne. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+FLAMINIO, the Comtesse Balbi's man-servant, "with a face like a
+brigand's, and a long black beard." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+FLEUR D'EPINE, a celebrated chief of brigands who preceded Beau-
+Francois. La Terre.
+
+FLEURANCE, a putter in the Voreux pit who worked along with the
+Maheus. She was found dead in her bed, and the vacancy created in the
+pit was filled by Etienne Lantier. Germinal.
+
+FLORE, the elder daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). After
+illness rendered her mother unfit for work, Flore replaced her as
+gatekeeper at the railway crossing at Croix-de-Maufras. She was a tall
+and strong girl of eighteen, with a magnificent head of fair hair;
+disdainful of the male, she had thrashed at least one would-be lover.
+When she was quite little she had loved Jacques Lantier, and now it
+was to him alone she would have given herself. Jacques did not care
+for her, however, and she came to know that he had a mistress,
+Severine Roubaud. Convinced of her own right to be loved, for she was
+stronger and handsomer than the other, the girl was tortured by
+jealousy; and each Friday, as she saw the express rush past, bearing
+the two lovers to Paris, was seized with an imperious desire to end
+everything, and by causing their death prevent them from passing any
+more. She accordingly brought about a terrible railway accident, in
+which a large number of persons were killed; but the crime was
+useless, for Severine and Jacques escaped with trifling injuries. The
+thought that Jacques knew her guilt, and must in future regard her as
+a monster, rendered life hateful to Flore, and to meet death she set
+out on a walk of heroic determination through the tunnel of Malaunay,
+allowing herself to be cut in pieces by an express train. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+FLORENCE, an actress at the variety theatres. Marsy offered her a
+valuable house. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+Pauline Letellier met her one day on the boulevards accompanied by
+Malignon. Juliette Deberle, who was a little jealous, assured her that
+Florence was at least forty and very plain-looking. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+FLORENT, elder son of a widow who took as her second husband M. Quenu,
+who, however, died three years later, leaving a son. Florent was a
+gentle, studious youth, and his mother lavished all her affection on
+him, dying in the end from hardships endured in her struggle to keep
+him at college in Paris. After her death Florent took young Quenu, his
+half-brother, to live with him in Paris, giving up all thought of
+continuing to attend the Law School, and taking pupils in order to
+find means of sustenance. Years of hardship followed, and Florent
+became imbued with Republican ideas. Two days after the /Coup d'Etat/
+of 1851, while the military were firing on the mob in the Boulevard
+Montmartre, he was knocked down and stunned. When he recovered, he
+found that he was lying beside the body of a young woman, whose blood
+had oozed from her wounds on to his hands. He was horrified at the
+sight, and rushed away to join a party of men who were throwing up
+barricades in an adjoining street. Worn out with fatigue, he fell
+asleep, and on awakening found himself in the hands of the police. His
+hands were still stained with the blood of the young woman, and the
+authorities assumed that he was a dangerous character. The semblance
+of a trial followed; he was condemned and transported to Cayenne.
+After incredible hardships and sufferings, he escaped and returned to
+France. Famished and exhausted, he tramped towards Paris, and had
+fallen in a faint on the road when he was overtaken by Madame
+Francois, who took him the rest of the journey on her cart. During his
+long absence his brother Quenu had at first been taken in by Gradelle,
+a brother of his mother, to whose business of pork-butcher he
+ultimately succeeded. Florent on his return from exile was warmly
+received by his brother and Madame Quenu, who told him that Gradelle,
+his uncle, had died, leaving a considerable sum, and that as there was
+no will he was entitled to a half-share. He refused to accept this,
+but agreed to live with the Quenus. This arrangement answered well at
+first, but Madame Quenu got tired of seeing him always about the
+house, and let him see that he must secure employment. After some time
+he got an appointment as deputy inspector at the Fish Market. He was
+introduced by Gavard to a small revolutionary circle which met nightly
+in a cafe kept by M. Lebigre, and of which he soon became the leader.
+Meantime, Mlle. Saget, who from a chance word of Pauline, the little
+daughter of Quenu, had learned Florent's past history, spread the
+story in the markets, and a strong feeling was awakened against him.
+His sister-in-law, Lisa, alarmed lest her husband should be
+compromised by the revolutionary conspiracy, thought it her duty to
+inform the police. She learned, however, that Florent's history had
+all along been known, Lebigre being a police spy, and that only a
+favourable opportunity was being awaited to arrest the whole gang of
+conspirators. The blow fell soon afterwards, and Florent was again
+sentenced to transportation to Cayenne. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+FLORY was born at Saintes, his father being employed in the local
+registry office. He came to Paris and entered the office of Mazaud,
+the stockbroker. At first he did his duties well, but was soon led
+astray and got into debt. Having started speculation on his own
+account, he became deeply involved in the Universal bank, and on the
+failure of that concern was left with a liability of a hundred
+thousand francs, to meet which he had not a single sou. Subsequently
+he was arrested and imprisoned for embezzling a large sum from Mazaud,
+his employer. L'Argent.
+
+FONTAN (ACHILLE), an actor at the Theatre des Varietes who played
+parts in /La Blonde Venus/ and /La Petite Duchesse/. He became for a
+time the lover of Nana, but treated her so abominably that she left
+him. Nana.
+
+FONTENAILLES (MLLE. DE), was descended from an aristocratic family,
+but was in great poverty when a situation was found for her in "The
+Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of Madame Desforges. She
+proved incapable of anything but the most menial work, and ultimately
+married Joseph, one of the porters in the establishment. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+FOUAN, alias BUTEAU. See Buteau.
+
+FOUAN (FANNY). See Madame Delhomme.
+
+FOUAN (HYACINTHE), the elder son of Pere Fouan and Rose Maliverne, his
+wife. He was an idler and drunkard, who, when he had left the army,
+after having seen service in Africa, had taken to tramp the fields,
+refusing to do any regular work, but living by theft and poaching, as
+though he were still looting a trembling nation of Bedouins. Withal
+there looked out of his fine, sunken eyes a merriment that was not
+altogether evil, the open heart of good-humoured drunkenness. He lived
+with his daughter in a ruined hut amongst some rocks near Rognes.
+After the division of land by his father, Hyacinthe soon mortgaged his
+share and drank the proceeds, never paying to his parents any part of
+the rent which had been agreed upon. For a time he sheltered his
+father, but frightened the old man by searching for some bonds which
+he had concealed. He had, however, neither the cold rapacity of his
+sister Fanny nor the murderous instincts of his brother Buteau. La
+Terre.
+
+FOUAN (JOSEPH CASIMIR), the father of Marianne, Louis, Michel, and
+Laure. Born in 1766, he belonged to a family of peasant proprietors
+which for centuries had owned land, in varying quantities, in the
+neighbourhood of Rognes. They were originally serfs of the Roques-
+Bouqueval family. Bit by bit they acquired their land, until, when the
+Revolution of 1789 arrived, the Fouan of that day, Joseph Casimir, was
+the owner of twenty-one acres--the conquest of four centuries from the
+seigneurial territory. When, in 1793, the rest of the estate was
+declared national property and sold in lots by auction, he was too
+timid to purchase any, and had the mortification to see La Borderie
+sold to Isidore Hourdequin, a citizen of Chateaudun, for a fifth of
+its value. When he became old he divided his twenty-one acres between
+three of his family, Marianne, Louis, and Michel, and gave a
+corresponding sum of money to his younger daughter Laure, who had been
+brought up as a sempstress and was in service at Chateaudun. La Terre.
+
+FOUAN (LAURE), younger daughter of the preceding. See Madame Charles
+Badeuil.
+
+FOUAN (LOUIS), known as Pere Fouan. He was the son of Joseph Casimir
+Fouan, and married Rose Maliverne, by whom he had three children,
+Hyacinthe, Buteau, and Fanny. He received seven acres of land from his
+father, and his wife brought him twelve acres more. This land he
+cultivated well, and with a passion for the soil, as such, which
+amounted to frenzy. It alone had his love, and his wife and children
+trembled before him under a rude despotism. At seventy years of age he
+was still healthy, but his limbs were failing, and he reluctantly
+decided to divide his land between his children. He retained his house
+and garden, which had come to him with his wife, and his family
+undertook to pay him a rent for the land handed over to them. Upon
+this, along with a nest-egg of three hundred francs per annum, known
+to no one, the old people would be able to live comfortably. The
+division made, the family soon became rapacious; Hyacinthe never paid
+anything, Buteau only a part, and Delhomme, Fanny's husband, alone
+fulfilled his obligation. Mere Fouan died, and the old man lived alone
+for a year; after that he went to his daughter Fanny Delhomme, but her
+unkindness made his life miserable, and he accepted in turn the
+hospitality of his two sons, Buteau and Hyacinthe, both of whom had
+come to suspect the existence of his nest-egg and were anxious to
+secure it. In this sordid aim Buteau was eventually successful, and
+his subsequent treatment of the old man was even more infamous than it
+had been before. From this time Pere Fouan lived in isolation; he
+spoke to none and looked at none; as far as appearances went, he might
+have been blind and dumb. But even worse was to follow. He had seen
+the assault on Francoise Mouche which resulted in her death, and to
+ensure his silence he was murdered by Buteau and Lise, his son and
+daughter-in-law, who attempted to suffocate him, and subsequently
+burned him alive in his bed. La Terre.
+
+FOUAN (MADAME ROSE), wife of the preceding, nee Maliverne. She worked
+on the farm like a man, rising first and going to bed last, her only
+reward being that she had lived. Stupid, and reduced by labour to the
+level of an animal, she had always trembled before the despotic
+authority of her husband. She brought up her family without love, and
+as if she resented their requiring even the simple necessaries of
+life. She did not long survive the division of land by her husband.
+Her favouritism for Hyacinthe, her elder son, excited the jealousy of
+Buteau, who in the course of a quarrel threw her to the ground, when
+she received such injuries that she died a few hours afterwards. La
+Terre.
+
+FOUAN (MARIANNE). See La Grande.
+
+FOUAN (MICHEL). See Pere Mouche.
+
+FOUAN (OLYMPE), daughter of Hyacinthe. Her mother, who was a tramp,
+ran off when the child was three years old, leaving her to grow up as
+best she could. She was passionately fond of geese, of which she had a
+large flock. When little more than a child, she had as her lovers
+Delphin Becu and Nenesse Delhomme. La Terre.
+
+FOUCARMONT, a naval officer who in ten years saved some money which he
+proposed to invest in the United States. He fell into the hands of
+Nana, however, and was soon completely ruined. When she turned him out
+of doors penniless, she merely advised him to go back to his ship. He
+was drowned later in the China seas. Nana.
+
+FOUCART, the owner of a cheap restaurant frequented by Jory,
+Mahoudeau, and their band. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FOUCART (MADAME), the nurse who attended Sidonie Rougon at the birth
+of Angelique and left the child at the foundling hospital. She
+assisted Sidonie both by taking her into her house and lending her
+money, but when Madame Foucart herself fell into difficulties Sidonie
+did nothing for her, not even paying back what she owed. It was from
+Madame Foucart that Hubert subsequently got information regarding the
+parentage of Angelique. Le Reve.
+
+FOUCHARD, father of Honore Fouchard, and uncle, on the mother's side,
+of Henriette and Maurice Levasseur. He was a small farmer at Remilly,
+who to make money more quickly took up the trade of butcher also.
+Avaricious to the last degree, and with a nature of unpitying
+hardness, he opposed the marriage of Honore with his servant Silvine
+Morange. At the end of two years of waiting Honore went off, after a
+terrible scene with his father, though the old man still kept the
+girl, with whom he was well pleased. When the French troops were
+marching to Sedan, Fouchard concealed all the animals on his farm,
+burying even his supply of bread and wine, in the hope of being able
+to sell to better advantage later on. The death of his son, who was
+killed in the battle, cost him a few tears, but he was quickly
+consoled by some good purchases of horses stolen from the battlefield.
+He took Prosper Sambuc as farm-worker, because the soldier, being
+liable to imprisonment by the Prussians, could not ask him for any
+wages. He began to do a considerable trade in butcher-meat with the
+conquering army, selling them all the diseased animals that he could
+secure. A suspicion of being concerned in the death of Goliath
+Steinberg led to his arrest, but he was released soon afterwards,
+thanks to the intervention of Captain von Gartlauben, a friend of the
+Delaherches. La Debacle.
+
+FOUCHARD (HONORE), only son of the preceding. At twenty years of age,
+in 1867, he drew a good number for the conscription, but on account of
+the opposition of his father to his marriage with Silvine Morange, he
+enlisted, and was sent to Africa, in the artillery. When he heard that
+Silvine had become the mistress of Goliath Steinberg he became so ill
+that he had to remain in hospital for three months. He afterwards
+received a letter from Silvine saying that she had never loved any one
+but him, and when passing through Remilly on his way to the front, he
+saw her and forgave everything. His battery was among those which on
+1st September, 1870, defended the Calvary d'Illy, but was cut to
+pieces by the terrible fire of the Prussians. Honore was killed, and
+fell across his gun, firmly grasping the letter from Silvine, which in
+his death-struggle he had drawn from his bosom. La Debacle.
+
+FOUGERAY (MADEMOISELLE DE), eldest daughter of the Baronne de
+Fougeray. She entered a convent, because it was said, a young man with
+whom she was in love had died. The event created much talk in all
+classes of society in Paris. Nana.
+
+FOUQUE (ADELAIDE), generally known as Aunt Dide, the common ancestress
+of the Rougon-Macquarts, born at Plassans in 1768, was the last
+representative of a family who had owned a market-garden there for
+several generations. "This girl, whose father died insane, was a long,
+lank, pale creature, with a scared look and strange gait." In 1786,
+six months after the death of her father, she married one of her own
+workmen, named Rougon, "a rough-hewn peasant from the Basses Alpes."
+Rougon died fifteen months after his marriage, leaving a son named
+Pierre. Scarcely a year had elapsed before the widow took as her lover
+a man named Macquart, who lived in a hovel adjoining her own property,
+and two children were born. The legitimate son, Pierre Rougon, was
+brought up along with his half brother and sister, Antoine and Ursule,
+with whom, however, he was not on good terms. From her eighteenth year
+Adelaide was subject to nervous fits, which brought on convulsions,
+and though she was not yet insane, these repeated shocks produced
+cerebral disorders. "She lived from day to day like a child; like a
+fawning animal yielding to its instincts." These conditions continued
+for about twenty years, till the death of Macquart, and the children
+grew up as best they could. By this time Pierre realized the
+situation, and playing upon his mother's mental weakness, he brought
+her completely under his sway. On the death of Macquart, Adelaide went
+to live in the hovel bequeathed to her by him, and Pierre sold the
+family property, appropriating the price. Living at first entirely
+alone, her intellect became more and more affected by the recurring
+convulsive fits. Subsequently her grandson Silvere Mouret lived with
+her, but after his execution, of which she was a witness, she became
+quite insane. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+She was always under restraint, and remained a living sore to the
+family. The little property which belonged to her son Antoine Macquart
+was close to the asylum where she was confined, and Pierre Rougon
+seemed to have placed him there to look after her. Adelaide seldom
+spoke, and for twelve years had never moved from her chair. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+At 104 years old she was still living in the asylum at Les Tulettes.
+She was little better than a skeleton, and in her long, thin face it
+was only in the eyes that there was any sign of life. Immovable in her
+chair, she remained from year to year like a spectre, calling up the
+horrors of her family history. A sudden accident, the death of little
+Charles Saccard from nasal hemorrhage, wakened in her sleeping brain
+recollections of years before; she saw again the murder of Silvere,
+killed by a pistol-shot, and she saw also her lover Macquart, the
+smuggler, killed like a dog by the gendarmes. The shock proved too
+much for her feeble strength, and she died the following day (in
+1873), aged 105 years, three months, and seven days. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+FOUSSET (LE PERE), tenant of the farm of Millouard, in the Canton of
+Orgeres. He was a victim of the band of brigands commanded by Beau-
+Francois. La Terre.
+
+FRANCHOMME (LOUIS), a cousin of Francoise Hamelin and her brother,
+with whom he went to reside for a time when recovering from a fever.
+His wife having become fond of Angelique Marie, who lived at that time
+with Francoise Hamelin, he obtained permission to take her to Paris,
+where she could be taught the trade of making flowers. Unfortunately,
+however, he died three months later. Le Reve.
+
+FRANCHOMME (THERESE), wife of the preceding. After the death of her
+husband, she, being in delicate health, was obliged to leave the city
+and go to live with her brother Rabier, a tanner, who was settled at
+Beaumont. She died a few months afterwards, leaving to the care of the
+Rabiers the child Angelique, whom she had brought with her from Paris.
+Le Reve.
+
+FRANCIS, the hairdresser of Nana. He was in the habit of lending money
+to his customers, and on one occasion he found, with the assistance of
+Labordette, a hundred thousand francs for Comte Muffat, who required
+the money for Nana. Nana.
+
+FRANCIS, coachman to the Gregoires. He also did the heavy work of the
+household. Germinal.
+
+FRANCOIS, a wine-merchant whose shop was situated at the corner of Rue
+des Poissonniers and of Rue de la Goutte d'Or. Coupeau frequently
+spent whole days there. L'Assommoir.
+
+FRANCOIS, concierge and footman in Nana's establishment. He was the
+husband of Victorine, the cook. He received visitors in the hall,
+wearing a gorgeous livery. Nana.
+
+FRANCOIS (MADAME), a market-gardener of Nanterre. She drove regularly
+to Paris in the early morning with her vegetables, and on one occasion
+found Florent lying on the road from want and exhaustion. She took him
+to town in her cart, and subsequently showed kindness to him and
+Claude Lantier. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+FRANCOISE, housemaid to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+FRANCOISE, the servant of M. and Madame Sandoz in their little house
+in Rue Nollet. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FRANGIPANE, a horse which belonged to Baron Verdier and ran in the
+Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+FREDERICK (MADAME), a widow who held the position of "second hand" in
+the dress department of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FIRMAT, an old peasant of Rognes who was a neighbour of Mouche. He
+became paralysed. La Terre.
+
+FIRMAT (LA), wife of the preceding. She was well known in the village
+for her knowledge of animals, and was frequently consulted when it
+would otherwise have been necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon.
+She worked hard to support her invalid husband, to whom she was
+devoted, and wept at the thought that he was soon to die. La Terre.
+
+
+
+                                  G
+
+GABET (MERE), an old woman who assisted the Huberts with their
+washing. She became ill, and being in great poverty, was assisted by
+Angelique, and later by Felicien. Le Reve.
+
+GAGA, an elderly /demi-mondaine/ who had flourished in the reign of
+Louis Philippe, and was still notorious in the Second Empire. She had
+a daughter named Lili, who became the mistress of the Marquis Chouard.
+Nana.
+
+GAGEBOIS, glass-works at Montsou. The strike of miners led to the
+fires being extinguished. Germinal.
+
+GAGNIERE, an artist, one of the band of Claude Lantier. He belonged to
+Melun, where his well-to-do parents, who were both dead, had left him
+two houses; and he had learned painting, unassisted, in the forest of
+Fontainebleau. His landscapes were conscientious and excellent in
+intent, but his real passion was music. Becoming more and more
+engrossed in this, he took lessons in playing the piano from a middle-
+aged lady whom he married soon afterwards. He established himself at
+Melun in one of his two houses, going to Paris two or three times a
+month to attend a concert, and he continued to exhibit each year at
+the /Salon/ one of his little studies of the banks of the Seine.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+GALISSARD, a haberdasher of Plassans, whose daughter married Professor
+Lalubie. She was a pretty girl to whom Claude Lantier and Sandoz used
+to sing serenades.
+
+GARCONNET, a Legitimist who was Mayor of Plassans at the time of the
+/Coup d'Etat/. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+GARTLAUBEN (VON), captain in the Prussian Army. During the occupation
+of Sedan he was billeted on Delaherche. He was a person of some
+importance, as his uncle had been made Governor-General at Rheims, and
+exercised sovereign power over the district. Fascinated by Gilberte
+Delaherche, his chief wish was to be taken for a man of refinement,
+and not for a barbarous soldier. He was able to render some services
+to the Delaherches, and to make the Prussian occupation easier for
+them. La Debacle.
+
+GASC, proprietor of a racing-stable. One of his horses, named Boum,
+ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+GASPARINE, a tall, handsome girl of Plassans, with whom Achille
+Campardon fell in love. She had no money, however, and he married her
+cousin Rose Domergue, who had a dowry of thirty thousand francs. Tears
+and recriminations followed, and Gasparine went to Paris, where for
+some time she had a situation in the shop of Madame Hedouin. Madame
+Campardon having fallen into ill-health, her husband returned to his
+first love, and a liaison existed between him and Gasparine for a
+considerable time. Ultimately she went to live with the Campardons,
+and managed their household affairs. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GASTON was the son of a general, and was the same age as the Prince
+Imperial, though much stronger than he. The Emperor frequently made
+inquiries regarding the child. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+GAUDE, bugler in the 106th regiment of the line. "He was a big,
+skinny, sorrowful, taciturn man, without a hair on his chin, and blew
+his instrument with the lungs of a whirlwind." On the 1st September,
+during the defence of the Hermitage, he became seized with the madness
+of heroism, and continued to blow after his comrades had been slain
+and until he himself was shot down. La Debacle.
+
+GAUDIBERT (ISIDORE), Mayor of Barbeville since 1850, wrote some poetry
+on political subjects, and was decorated by the Minister of State,
+Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+GAUDRON, husband of Madame Gaudron. He was described as having the
+sluggishness of a beast. L'Assommoir.
+
+GAUDRON (MADAME), a wool-carder who lived with her husband and their
+large family in the same tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the
+Lorilleux. She was one of the guests at the Coupeaus' wedding.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+GAUDRON FILS, the eldest child of the Gaudrons, was a journeyman
+carpenter. L'Assommoir.
+
+GAUJEAN (M.), a silk manufacturer of Lyons who was dissatisfied with
+the monopoly created by the large establishments, such as that of
+Octave Mouret, and thought it could be broken by the creation of
+special shops in the neighbourhood, where the public could find a
+large and varied choice of articles. With this object he assisted
+Robineau to purchase Vincard's business by giving him credit to a
+large amount; the scheme was not successful, and he lost heavily. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GAUTIER, a wine-grower at Saint-Eutrope, with whom Francois Mouret had
+dealings at one time. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+GAVARD, originally kept a rotisserie or poultry-roasting establishment
+in the Rue Saint-Jacques, at which time he became acquainted with
+Florent and Quenu. In 1856 he retired from this business, and to amuse
+himself took a stall in the poultry-market. "Thenceforth he lived
+amidst ceaseless tittle-tattle, acquainted with every little scandal
+in the neighbourhood." Gavard was a leading spirit in the
+revolutionary circle which met in Lebigre's wine-shop, and was the
+means of bringing Florent to attend the meetings there. He was
+arrested at the same time as Florent and was transported. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+GAVAUDAN (JOSEPHINE), a market-woman of Plassans who married Antoine
+Macquart in 1826. She was much addicted to drink, but worked in order
+to keep her husband in idleness. She died in 1850. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+GEDEON, an ass which belonged to Mouche. It was very mischievous, and
+on one occasion got access to a vat of new wine, with the result that
+it became extremely drunk. La Terre.
+
+GEORGES, a young man whose acquaintance Renee Saccard made by chance
+while walking one day on the Quai Saint-Paul. Her fancy for him passed
+without her ever having asked his family name. La Curee.
+
+GERALDINE, a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, played by Clarisse
+Besnus at the Theatre des Varietes. It was originally intended that
+the part should be played by Nana. Nana.
+
+GILQUIN (THEODORE), a lodger at Madame Correur's hotel at the same
+time as Eugene Rougon and Du Poizat. A man of shady character, he was
+frequently employed by Rougon, and by a fortunate accident was able to
+give him warning of the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor.
+He was rewarded with the appointment of Commissary of Police at Niort.
+On the order of Rougon, he arrested Martineau, Madame Correur's
+brother. He was removed from his position on account of having
+compromised himself by taking a bribe to procure a conscript exemption
+from service. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+GIRAUD (TATA) kept at Plassans a boarding-school for children, where
+the sculptor Mahoudeau had known Pierre Sandoz and other comrades who
+met later in Paris. L'Oeuvre.
+
+GODARD (ABBE), cure of Bazoches-le-Doyen. The authorities of Rognes,
+which was in his parish, refused to provide for a priest of their own,
+and Abbe Godard, in order to perform Mass, had to walk each Sunday the
+three kilometres which separated the two communes. He was a short,
+stout man of hasty temper, who was disgusted with the indifference and
+irreligion of his parishioners, and his services were the shortest and
+baldest possible. In spite of his temper, he had, however, a passion
+for the miserable, and to these he gave everything--his money, his
+linen, almost the clothes off his back. La Terre.
+
+GODEBOEUF, a seller of herbs who occupied the shop in Rue Pirouette
+which formerly belonged to Gradelle, the pork-butcher. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+GODEMARD, a pupil of Dequersonniere, the architect. See Gorju.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+GOMARD, the keeper of a working-man's cafe in Rue de la Femme-sans-
+Tete, under the sign /Au Chien de Montargis/. Claude Lantier
+occasionally took his meals there. L'Oeuvre.
+
+GONIN, a family of fisher-folks who lived at Bonneville. It consisted
+of Gonin, his wife, and one little girl. A cousin of the wife, named
+Cuche, came to live with them after his house had been washed away by
+the sea. Gonin soon after fell into bad health, and his wife and Cuche
+treated him so badly that the police talked of an inquiry. Pauline
+Quenu tried to reform the little girl, who had been allowed to grow up
+wild. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+GORJU, a pupil of Dequersonniere, and himself a future architect. On
+one of the walls of the studio one could read this brief statement:
+"The 7th June, Gorju has said that he cared nothing for Rome. Signed,
+Godemard." L'Oeuvre.
+
+GOUJET, a blacksmith from the Departement du Nord, who came to Paris
+and got employment in a manufactory of bolts. "Behind the silent
+quietude of his life lay buried a great sorrow: his father in a moment
+of drunken madness had killed a fellow-workman with a crowbar, and
+after arrest had hanged himself in his cell with a pocket-
+handkerchief." Goujet and his mother, who lived with him, always
+seemed to feel this horror weighing upon them, and did their best to
+redeem it by strict uprightness. "He was a giant of twenty-three, with
+rosy cheeks and blue eyes, and the strength of a Hercules. In the
+workshop he was known as Gueule d'Or, on account of his yellow beard.
+With his square head, his heavy frame, torpid after the hard work at
+the anvil, he was like a great animal, dull of intellect and good of
+heart." For a time the Coupeaus were his neighbours, and he came to
+love Gervaise with a perfectly innocent affection, which survived all
+disillusionments, and subsisted up to the time of her death. It was he
+who lent her money to start a laundry, and afterwards repeatedly
+assisted her when in difficulties. L'Assommoir.
+
+GOUJET (MADAME), mother of the preceding, was a lace-mender, and lived
+with her son in part of the house first occupied by the Coupeaus. She
+showed much kindness to them, though she was distressed by her son's
+infatuation for Gervaise, and did not altogether approve of his
+lending her money to start a laundry. Notwithstanding this, she
+continued to assist Gervaise until neglect of work entrusted made it
+impossible to do so longer. She died in October, 1868, of acute
+rheumatism. L'Assommoir.
+
+GOURAUD (BARON), was made a Baron by Napoleon I, and was a Senator
+under Napoleon III. "With his vast bulk, his bovine face, his
+elephantine movements, he boasted a delightful rascality; he sold
+himself majestically, and committed the greatest infamies in the name
+of duty and conscience." La Curee.
+
+GOURD (M.), at one time valet to the Duc de Vaugelade, and afterwards
+doorkeeper in the tenement-house in Rue de Choiseul which belonged to
+M. Vabre, and was occupied by the Campardons, the Josserands, and
+others. He spent much of his time spying on the tenants, and posed as
+guardian of the morals of the establishment. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GOURD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was the widow of a bailiff
+at Mort-la-Ville, and she and her present husband owned a house there.
+She was exceedingly stout, and suffered from an affection of the legs
+which prevented her from walking. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GRADELLE, brother of Madame Quenu, senr., and uncle of Florent and
+Quenu. He was a prosperous pork-butcher in Paris, and after Florent's
+arrest he took young Quenu into his business. He died suddenly,
+without leaving a will, and Quenu succeeded to the business, and to a
+considerable sum of money which was found hidden at the bottom of a
+salting-tub. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+GRAND-DRAGON (LE), one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois.
+La Terre.
+
+GRANDE (LA), elder daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan, and sister of
+Pere Fouan, Michel Mouche, and Laure Badeuil. Married to a neighbour,
+Antoine Pechard, she brought to him seven acres of land against
+eighteen which he had of his own. Early left a widow, she turned out
+her only daughter, who, against her mother's will, wished to marry a
+poor lad named Vincent Bouteroue. The girl and her husband died of
+want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion, whom their
+grandmother refused to assist. At eighty years of age, respected and
+feared by the Fouan family, not for her age but for her fortune, she
+exacted the obedience of all, and still directed the management of her
+land. She bitterly reproached her brother Louis for dividing his
+property between his children, and warned him that he need not come to
+her when they had turned him into the street, a threat which she
+carried into effect. She took delight in the squabbles of the Fouan
+family, exciting their cupidity by promising them a share of her
+property at her death. Meantime she made a will which was so
+complicated that she hoped it would lead to endless lawsuits amongst
+her heirs. La Terre.
+
+GRANDGUILLOT, a notary at Plassans. He embezzled large sums belonging
+to his clients, among whom was Dr. Pascal Rougon, and thereafter fled
+to Switzerland. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+GRANDJEAN (M.), son of a sugar-refiner of Marseilles. He fell in love
+with Helene Mouret, a young girl of great beauty, but without fortune;
+his friends bitterly opposed the match, and a secret marriage
+followed, the young couple finding it difficult to make ends meet,
+till the death of an uncle brought them ten thousand francs a year. By
+this time Grandjean had taken an intense dislike for Marseilles, and
+decided to remove to Paris. The day after his arrival there he was
+seized with illness, and eight days later he died, leaving his wife
+with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GRANDJEAN (MADAME HELENE), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret.
+
+GRANDJEAN (JEANNE), born 1842, was the daughter of M. Grandjean and
+Helene Mouret, his wife. She inherited much of the neurosis of her
+mother's family along with a consumptive tendency derived from her
+father, and from an early age had been subject to fits and other
+nervous attacks. One of these illnesses, more sudden and severe than
+usual, caused her mother to summon Doctor Deberle, and thus led to an
+intimacy which had disastrous results. Jeanne's jealous affection for
+her mother amounted almost to a mania, and when she came to suspect
+that Dr. Deberle had become in a sense her rival, she worked herself
+into such a nervous state that she exposed herself to a chill, and
+having become seriously ill, died in a few days, at the age of
+thirteen. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GRANDMORIN (LE PRESIDENT), one of the directors of the Western Railway
+Company. "Born in 1804, substitute at Digne on the morrow of the
+events in 1830, then at Fontainebleau, then at Paris, he had
+afterwards filled the posts of procurator at Troyes, advocate-general
+at Rennes, and finally first president at Rouen. A multi-millionaire,
+he had been member of the County Council since 1855, and on the day he
+retired he had been made Commander of the Legion of Honour." He owned
+a mansion at Paris in Rue du Rocher, and often resided with his
+sister, Madame Bonnehon, at Doinville. His private life was not
+unattended by scandal, and his relations with Louisette, the younger
+daughter of Madame Misard, led to her death. A somewhat similar
+connection with Severine Aubry, a ward of his own, had less
+immediately serious consequences, as he arranged for her marriage to
+Roubaud, an employee of the railway company, whom he took under his
+protection. Three years later Roubaud learned the truth by chance, and
+murdered Grandmorin in the Havre express between Malaunay and
+Barentin. The President left a fortune of over three and a half
+million francs, among other legacies being one to Severine Roubaud of
+the mansion-house of Croix-de-Maufras. La Bete Humaine.
+
+GRANDMORIN (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was the wife of a
+magistrate, M. de Lachesnaye. She was a narrow-minded and avaricious
+woman, who affected ignorance of her father's real character, and the
+influence of her husband tended to increase her meanness. After the
+murder of President Grandmorin, when vague suspicions fell on Roubaud,
+Berthe took up a position antagonistic to her old play-fellow Severine
+Roubaud, in the hope that a legacy left by Grandmorin to her would be
+cut down. La Bete Humaine.
+
+GRANDSIRE (M.), the justice of peace who assisted the Huberts in
+making the necessary arrangements for their adoption of Angelique. Le
+Reve.
+
+GRANOUX (ISIDORE), one of the group of conservatives who met in Pierre
+Rougon's yellow room to declaim against the Republic. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+GRAS (MADAME), an old lady living in the Rue des Orties, who boarded
+and lodged young children for a small sum. When Denise Baudu got a
+situation in "The Ladies' Paradise," she put her young brother Pepe
+under the charge of Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GREGOIRE (CECILE), daughter of Leon Gregoire. Her parents were devoted
+to her, and brought her up in happy ignorance, allowing her to do much
+as she liked. They taught her to be charitable, and made her dispense
+their little gifts to the poor; these were always in kind, as they
+held that money was likely to be misused. When the great strike broke
+out at Montsou, Cecile could comprehend nothing of the revolt of the
+poor, or the fury with which they regarded those better off than
+themselves, and when she fell into the hands of a fierce crowd was
+almost paralysed under the attack of La Brule and of Pere Bonnemort,
+from which she escaped with difficulty. A little later she chanced to
+call on a charitable errand at Maheu's house, and unfortunately was
+left alone for a few moments with Bonnemort, who was now supposed to
+be helpless. The sight of her seemed, however, to waken memories in
+the old man, for in an accession of madness he found strength to throw
+himself upon the poor girl and strangle her. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (EUGENE), grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He inherited the
+share in the Montsou mine bought by his father, but the dividends at
+that time were small, and as he had foolishly invested the remainder
+of the paternal fortune in a company that came to grief, he lived
+meanly enough. The share passed to his son Felicien. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (FELICIEN), son of the preceding and father of Leon Gregoire.
+The family fortune began with him, for the value of the share in the
+Montsou mine had greatly increased, and he was able to buy the
+dismembered estate of Piolaine, which he acquired as national property
+for a ludicrous sum. However, bad years followed; it was necessary to
+await the conclusion of the revolutionary catastrophes, and afterwards
+Napoleon's bloody fall. The little fortune of Felicien Gregoire passed
+to his son Leon. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (HONORE), great-grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He was in 1760
+steward on the estate of Piolaine, a property which belonged to Baron
+Desrumaux. When the Montsou treaty was made, Honore, who had laid up
+savings to the amount of some fifty thousand francs, yielded
+tremblingly to his master's unshakable faith. He gave up ten thousand
+francs, and took a share in the Montsou Company, though with the fear
+of robbing his children of that sum. When he died his share passed to
+his son Eugene. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (LEON), great-grandson of Honore Gregoire. It was he who
+profited at a stupefying rate of progress by the timid investment of
+his ancestor. Those poor ten thousand francs grew and multiplied with
+the company's prosperity. Since 1820 they had brought in cent for cent
+ten thousand francs. In 1844 they had produced twenty thousand; in
+1850, forty. During two years the dividend had reached the prodigious
+figure of fifty thousand francs; the value of the share, quoted at the
+Lille Bourse at a million, had centrupled in a century. Six months
+later an industrial crisis broke out; the share fell to six hundred
+thousand francs. But Leon refused to be alarmed, for he maintained an
+obstinate faith in the mine. When the great strike broke out he would
+not be persuaded of its seriousness, and refused to admit any danger,
+until he saw his daughter struck by a stone and savagely assaulted by
+the crowd. Afterwards he desired to show the largeness of his views,
+and spoke of forgetting and forgiving everything. With his wife and
+daughter Cecile he went to carry assistance to the Maheus, a family
+who had suffered sadly in the strike. Cecile was unfortunately left
+alone with old Bonnemort, Maheu's father, who in a sudden frenzy
+attacked the girl and strangled her. This terrible blow entirely
+shadowed the lives of Gregoire and his wife. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a
+druggist at Marchiennes. She was a plain, penniless girl, whom he
+adored, and who repaid him with happiness. She shut herself up in her
+household, having no other will but her husband's. No difference of
+tastes separated them, their desires were mingled in one idea of
+comfort; and they had thus lived for forty years, in affection and
+little mutual services. Germinal.
+
+GRESHAM, a jockey who, it was said, had always bad luck. He rode
+Lusignan in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+GROGNET, a perfumer in Rue de Grammont, whose business was ruined by
+the growth of Octave Mouret's great establishment. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+GROSBOIS, a Government surveyor who had also a small farm at
+Magnolles, a little village near Rognes. Liable to be summoned from
+Orgeres to Beaugency for purposes of survey, he left the management of
+his own land to his wife, and in the course of these constant
+excursions he acquired such a habit of drinking that he was never seen
+sober. That mattered little, however; the more drunk he was the better
+he seemed to see; he never made a wrong measurement or an error in
+calculation. People listened to him with respect, for he had the
+reputation of being a sly, acute man. La Terre.
+
+GUENDE (MADAME DE), a friend of the Saccards. She was a woman well
+known in the society of the Second Empire. La Curee.
+
+GUEULE-D'OR, the sobriquet of Goujet. L'Assommoir.
+
+GUEULIN, nephew of Narcisse Bachelard, was a clerk in an insurance
+office. Directly after office hours he used to meet his uncle, and
+never left him, going the round of all the cafes in his wake. "Behind
+the huge, ungainly figure of the one you were sure to see the pale,
+wizened features of the other." He said that he avoided all love
+affairs, as they invariably led to trouble and complications, but he
+was ultimately caught by his uncle in compromising circumstances with
+Mademoiselle Fifi, who was a protegee of the old man. Bachelard
+insisted on their marriage, and gave the girl a handsome dowry. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+GUIBAL (MADAME), wife of a barrister well known at the Palais de
+Justice, who led, it was said, a somewhat free life. The husband and
+wife were never seen together, and Madame Guibal consoled herself with
+M. De Boves, from whom she derived such large sums of money that he
+found difficulty in carrying on his own establishment. She was a tall,
+thin woman, with red hair, and a somewhat cold, selfish expression. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GUICHON (MADEMOISELLE), the office-keeper at the railway station at
+Havre. She was a slim, fair woman about thirty years of age, who owed
+her post to M. Dabadie, the chief station-master, with whom it was
+generally believed she was on intimate terms. Nevertheless Madame
+Lebleu, who lived on the same corridor and kept perpetual watch, had
+never been able to discover anything. La Bete Humaine.
+
+GUIGNARD, a peasant who belonged to the same village as Zephyrin
+Lacour. He desired to sell his house, and Zephyrin and Rosalie, his
+sweetheart, looked forward to buying it. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GUILLAUME, a peasant of Rognes. He owned a piece of land beside the
+hovel of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+GUILLAUME, a young swineherd at La Borderie. He afterwards became a
+soldier. La Terre.
+
+GUIRAUD (M. DE), a magistrate of Paris, who was a friend of Doctor
+Deberle and visited at his house. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GUIRAUD (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was on intimate terms
+with Madame Deberle, and took part in the amateur theatricals arranged
+by that lady. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GUIRAUDE (MADAME), mother of Sophie and Valentin, patients of Dr.
+Pascal. Her husband died of phthisis, and she herself suffered from a
+slow decomposition of the blood. She died soon after her son Valentin.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+GUNDERMANN, the great Jew banker, master of the Bourse and of the
+financial world. He was a man of over sixty years of age, who had long
+suffered from ill-health. Constantly engaged in business of the
+greatest magnitude, he never went to the Bourse himself; indeed, he
+even pretended that he sent no official representatives there. He was
+not on friendly terms with Saccard, and when the Universal Bank was
+started he placed himself in antagonism towards it. The wild
+speculation in the shares of the bank gave him his chance; his
+principle was that when a share rose above its true value a reaction
+was bound to follow. Accordingly, when the bank shares rose to two
+thousand francs he began to sell, and though Saccard by steady buying
+forced them to over three thousand francs, he continued to sell. His
+losses meantime were, of course, enormous, but having got information
+through Baroness Sandorff that Saccard's resources were at an end, he
+made a final effort, with the result that a panic ensued, the price of
+the shares broke, and Saccard, along with the bank, was ruined.
+L'Argent.
+
+GUNTHER (OTTO), captain in the Prussian Guard. He was a cousin of
+Weiss on the mother's side. His feelings were strongly anti-French,
+and he refused to give any assistance to Henriette Weiss after the
+death of her husband, when she was searching for his body. La Debacle.
+
+GUSTAVE, Maxime Saccard's hairdresser. La Curee.
+
+GUTMANN, a soldier in the Prussian Army, who took part in the attack
+on Bazeilles. It was he who tore Henriette Weiss from the arms of her
+husband, who, being a civilian, was about to be executed for firing
+upon the Prussian troops. Henriette found him later in the ambulance
+at Remilly. He was unable to speak, a ball having carried away half
+his tongue, and they could only guess from the sounds he made that his
+name was Gutmann. Henriette, moved by pity, remained with him to the
+end, and she alone followed him to the place of burial. La Debacle.
+
+GUYOT (ABBE), a priest of Saint-Eutrope. He took duty temporarily at
+Artaud while Abbe Mouret was ill. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+GUYOT-LAPLANCHE, a man of considerable importance in the Second
+Empire, whom Clorinde Balbi gained to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+
+
+                                  H
+
+HAFFNER, a well-known manufacturer, at Colmar. He was a multi-
+millionaire, and became a politician during the time of the Second
+Empire. He was the husband of Suzanne Haffner. La Curee.
+
+HAFFNER (MADAME SUZANNE), wife of a celebrated manufacturer of Colmar,
+a millionaire twenty times over, whom the Empire was transforming into
+a politician. She was the inseparable companion of the Marquise
+d'Espanet, and had been a schoolfellow of Madame Renee Saccard. La
+Curee.
+
+HALLEGRAIN (CAPTAIN JACQUES), the father of Christine. He was a Gascon
+from Montauban. A stroke of paralysis in the legs caused his
+retirement from the army, and he settled at Clermont with his wife and
+daughter. One day, when they were at church, he died of a second
+attack of paralysis. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HALLEGRAIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She survived him for five
+years, remaining at Clermont, managing as well as she could on her
+scanty pension, which she eked out by painting fans, in order to bring
+up her daughter as a lady. During these five years Madame Hallegrain
+became each day paler and thinner, until she was only a shadow; one
+morning she could not rise, and she died, looking sadly at Christine,
+with her eyes full of great tears. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HALLEGRAIN (CHRISTINE), daughter of the preceding, was born at
+Strasburg. Her father died when she was twelve years old, and her
+mother, who had a severe struggle to make a living for herself and her
+child, only survived him five years. Christine was left penniless and
+unprotected, without a friend, save La Mere des Saints-Anges, the
+Superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, who kept her in the convent
+until she got a situation as reader and companion to Madame Vanzade,
+an old lady who lived in Paris. Chance led to a meeting between
+Christine and Claude Lantier on the evening of her arrival in the
+city, and the acquaintanceship ripened into love. Ultimately she ran
+off with him, and they took up house at Bennecourt, where they lived
+happily for several years, a son being born to them in 1860. She was
+devoted to Claude, who was engrossed in his art, and when she saw that
+he was becoming discontented in the country she urged his return to
+Paris. There he became obsessed by the idea of a masterpiece, by means
+of which he was to revolutionize the world of art, and Christine
+allowed him to sacrifice their child and herself to his hopes of fame.
+They began to encroach on the principal of their small fortune, and
+while this lasted were not unhappy, though Claude's increasing mental
+disturbance already gave cause for anxiety. Their marriage had taken
+place some time previously, and this had tended to make her position
+more comfortable. The exhaustion of their means was followed by great
+hardships, but Christine continued to sacrifice everything to her
+husband. The death of their child drew him away from his task for a
+time, but he again took it up, his mind becoming more and more
+unhinged. Christine made a last effort to detach him, but the call of
+his masterpiece was too strong, and one morning she found him hanging
+in front of the picture, dead. She fell on the floor in a faint, and
+lay there to all appearance as dead as her husband, both of them
+crushed by the sovereignty of art. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HAMELIN (CAROLINE), sister of Georges Hamelin, accompanied him to
+Paris after the death of their father. She took a situation as
+governess, and soon after married a millionaire brewer in whose house
+she was employed. After a few years of married life, she was obliged
+to apply for a separation in order to avoid being killed by her
+husband, a drunkard who pursued her with a knife in fits of insane
+jealousy. Living with her brother, in the flat of the Orviedo mansion
+above that occupied by Saccard, she made the acquaintance of the
+latter, becoming after a time his housekeeper and subsequently his
+mistress. During the absence of her brother in the East, after the
+foundation of the Universal Bank, she did everything she could to
+protect his interests, and tried to persuade Saccard to discontinue
+the gambling in the shares of the bank which ultimately led to its
+ruin. Like her brother, she sold all her shares in the bank, and after
+the final crash divested herself of all her means in the assistance of
+ruined shareholders. She followed her brother in his flight to Rome.
+L'Argent.
+
+HAMELIN (GEORGES), son of a Montpellier physician, a remarkable
+savant, an enthusiastic Catholic, who had died poor. After his
+father's death he came to Paris, along with his sister Caroline, and
+entered the Polytechnic school. He became an engineer, and having
+received an appointment in connection with the Suez Canal, went to
+Egypt. Subsequently he went to Syria, where he remained some years,
+laying out a carriage road from Beyrout to Damascus. He was an
+enthusiast, and his portfolio was full of schemes of far-reaching
+magnitude. Having met Saccard in Paris, he joined with him in the
+formation of the Universal Bank, which was intended to furnish the
+means of carrying out some at least of his schemes. Against his wish,
+Hamelin was made chairman of the bank, and he thus became liable for
+the actions of the other directors, though he was himself absent in
+the East forming the companies in which the bank was interested. He
+was a man of high honour, and when the gamble in the shares of the
+bank reached an excessive point, he did all he could to restrain it,
+even selling his own shares. The money received for these was
+subsequently used in relieving other shareholders who lost their all.
+When the crash came, Hamelin was arrested along with Saccard, and,
+after trial, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and a fine of
+three thousand francs. By a technicality of law they were allowed a
+month to appeal, during which they were at liberty. With the
+connivance of Eugene Rougon, they fled the country, Hamelin going to
+Rome, where he secured a situation as an engineer. L'Argent.
+
+HAMELIN (FRANCOISE), sister of M. Hamelin, a farmer, who lived at
+Soulanges. She brought up Angelique Marie, who was handed over to her
+by the Foundling Hospital when only a few days old. Angelique remained
+with her until she went to Paris with Madame Franchomme, some years
+later. Le Reve.
+
+HARDY, tax-collector at Cloyes. La Terre.
+
+HARTMANN (BARON), Director of the Credit Immobilier, a concern which
+had large interests in property immediately adjoining "The Ladies'
+Paradise." The Baron had been a lover of Madame Desforges, and through
+her influence he agreed to give financial support to Octave Mouret,
+thereby enabling him to carry out the large schemes of extension to
+which he had long looked forward. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HAUCHECORNE, principal assistant in the draper's shop known as /Vieil
+Elbeuf/. He married Desiree, the daughter of his employer, and
+succeeded to the business, which he ultimately handed over to Baudu,
+his own son-in-law. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HAUCHECORNE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Desiree Finet.
+
+HAUCHECORNE (ELIZABETH), daughter of the preceding. See Madame Baudu.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (MONSEIGNEUR JEAN D') was a member of one of the oldest and
+proudest families in France. He was for some time in the army, and
+until he was forty years of age he led an adventurous life, travelling
+everywhere and having many strange experiences. At last he chanced to
+meet Mademoiselle Pauline, daughter of the Comte de Valencay, very
+wealthy, marvellously beautiful, and scarcely nineteen years of age.
+They were married, but at the end of a year Pauline had a son and
+died. A fortnight later M. d'Hautecoeur entered into Holy Orders, and
+soon became a priest; twenty years afterwards he was made a bishop.
+During all that time he refused to see Felicien, his son, who had been
+brought up by an old abbot, a relation of his wife. He intended to
+have his son brought up as a priest, but the lad having no vocation,
+he gave up the idea and brought him to live at Beaumont. There
+Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, but the Bishop sternly
+forbade any thought of marriage between them, and even went the length
+of arranging a marriage between his son and Claire de Voincourt. A
+touching personal appeal by Angelique had no effect in gaining the
+Bishop's consent, but he was secretly much moved, and when she fell
+into ill-health he himself came to administer the last rites of the
+Church. Her semi-miraculous recovery led to the Bishop consenting to
+his son's marriage, which was celebrated a few months later in the
+cathedral of Beaumont. Le Reve.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (MARQUISE JEAN XII DE). See Paule de Valencay.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (ANGELIQUE DE). See Angelique Marie.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (FELICIEN D'), only child of Jean d'Hautecoeur, who was
+afterwards Bishop of Beaumont. Felicien's mother having died at his
+birth, his father took Holy Orders, and refused to see him for over
+twenty years. Having ultimately come to live with his father at
+Beaumont, Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, the adopted
+daughter of Hubert, the chasuble-maker. The Bishop having absolutely
+refused to consent to the marriage, the Huberts endeavoured to
+separate the lovers by persuading Angelique that Felicien no longer
+cared for her. They were aided in this by a rumour that Felicien was
+to marry Claire de Voincourt. A meeting between Angelique and Felicien
+cleared away the mists, but by this time the girl had fallen into ill-
+health and appeared to be dying. The Bishop, who had formerly been
+secretly moved by an appeal made to him by Angelique, came to
+administer to her the last rites of the Church. A semi-miraculous
+recovery followed, and, the Bishop having consented, Felicien was
+married to Angelique in the cathedral of Beaumont. The recovery had,
+however, been a mere spark of an expiring fire, for as Felicien led
+his new-made wife to the cathedral porch, she slipped from his arm,
+and in a few moments was dead. Le Reve.
+
+HAZARD, a horse in the Mechain stable. It ran in the Grand Prix de
+Paris. Nana.
+
+HEDOUIN (CHARLES), originally a salesman in the draper's shop known as
+/Au Bonheur des Dames/, he became a partner by marrying Caroline
+Deleuze, a daughter of one of the proprietors. He fell into ill-
+health, but when he died the business was left in a flourishing
+condition. Pot-Bouille.
+
+HEDOUIN (MADAME CAROLINE), wife of M. Hedouin, the proprietor of a
+draper's shop in Paris known as "The Ladies' Paradise." She was a
+handsome woman with strong commercial capabilities, and during the
+frequent absences of her husband she undertook the management of the
+business. When Octave Mouret came to Paris, he first got employment at
+"The Ladies' Paradise," and with a view to establishing his position
+he conceived the idea of becoming Madame Hedouin's lover. She
+discouraged his advances, however, and he gave up his situation. M.
+Hedouin died soon afterwards, and his widow, finding the
+responsibilities of business too heavy, invited Octave Mouret to
+return; a few months afterwards they were married. Pot-Bouille.
+
+After her marriage with Octave Mouret the business extended rapidly,
+and an enlargement of the shop soon became necessary. While the work
+was in progress she met with an accident which resulted in her death
+three days later. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HELENE (DUCHESSE), the principal character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a
+piece by Fauchery played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was
+originally given to Rose Mignon, but was played by Nana, who was a
+complete failure in it. Nana.
+
+HELOISE, an actress at the Folies. She was plain-looking, but very
+amusing. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HENNEBEAU, general manager of the Montsou Mining Company, was born in
+the Ardennes. In his early life he had undergone the hardships of a
+poor boy thrown as an orphan on the Paris streets. After having
+followed the courses of the Ecole des Mines, at the age of twenty-four
+he became engineer to the Sainte-Barbe mine, and three years later he
+became divisional engineer in the Pas-de-Calais, at the Marles mines.
+When there he married the daughter of the rich owner of a spinning
+factory at Arras. For fifteen years they lived in the same small
+provincial town, and no event broke the monotony of existence, not
+even the birth of a child. An increasing irritation detached Madame
+Hennebeau, who was disdainful of this husband who gained a small
+salary with such difficulty. The misunderstandings between them became
+more pronounced, but with the view of pleasing his wife Hennebeau
+accepted a situation in an office in Paris. But Paris only completed
+their separation, for she immediately threw herself into all the
+luxurious follies of the period. During the ten years spent there she
+carried on an open intrigue with a man whose desertion nearly killed
+her. It was then that her husband accepted the management of the
+Montsou mines, still hoping that his wife might be changed down there
+in that desolate black country. When the great strike of miners broke
+out he at first minimized its seriousness, thinking that it would not
+last a week. By his lack of decided action he forfeited to some extent
+the confidence of his directors, but he regained this by the
+subsequent measures taken by him for bringing the strike to an end,
+and ultimately received the decoration of an officer of the Legion of
+Honour. His domestic life was, however, once more embittered by the
+discovery of a liaison between his wife and his nephew, Paul Negrel.
+Germinal.
+
+HENNEBEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a rich
+spinner at Arras. She did not get on well with her husband, whom she
+despised for his small success, and after she accompanied him to Paris
+she entered into a notorious liaison with a man whose subsequent
+desertion nearly killed her. For a time after their removal to Montsou
+she seemed more contented, but this did not last long, and she
+ultimately consoled herself with her husband's nephew, Paul Negrel.
+She was angry at the strikers, as they interfered with the arrival of
+provisions for a dinner-party which she was giving; but she was
+incapable of understanding the sufferings of the miners and their
+families in the hardships they were forced to undergo. Germinal.
+
+HEQUET (CAROLINE), a well-known /demi-mondaine/ in Paris. Her father,
+who was a clerk in Bordeaux, was long since dead, and her mother,
+accepting the situation, looked after Caroline's financial affairs
+with the strictest regularity. She bought the estate known as /La
+Mignotte/ after Nana tired of it. Nana.
+
+HEQUET (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She was a model of
+orderliness, who kept her daughter's accounts with severe precision.
+She managed the whole household from some small lodgings two stories
+above her daughter's, where, moreover, she had established a work-room
+for dressmaking and plain sewing. Nana.
+
+HERBELIN, a great chemist whose discoveries revolutionized that
+science. Lazare Chanteau, who was for some time in his laboratory as
+an assistant, got from him the idea of extracting chemicals from
+seaweed by a new process. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+HERMELINE, a student of rhetoric at the college of Plassans. He was in
+love with Sister Angele, and once went the length of cutting his hands
+with his penknife to get an opportunity of seeing and speaking to her
+while she dressed his self-inflicted hurts. In the end the student and
+the Sister ran off together. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HIPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+HIPPOLYTE, valet to Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou Mining
+Company. Germinal.
+
+HOMME NOIR (L'), an apparition said to haunt the Voreux pit. It was
+said to take the form of an old miner who twisted the necks of bad
+girls. Germinal.
+
+HONORINE, a maid-servant with the Gregoires. She was a girl of some
+twenty years, who had been taken in as a child and brought up in the
+house. Germinal.
+
+HONORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils. When dismissed
+for misconduct she became insolent.
+
+HORN (LEA DE), a Parisian /demi-mondaine/ whose drawing-room was
+frequented by some of the old ministers of Louis Philippe. Nana.
+
+HORTEUR (ABBE), parish priest of Bonneville, was a thick-set man of
+peasant-like build whose red hair was still unsilvered by his fifty
+years. Much of his time was spent in cultivating a small plot of
+ground in the churchyard, which he had enclosed as a vegetable garden.
+With regard to religion, he had come to be contented with the
+observance of outward ceremonies, and his tolerance had degenerated
+into a state of indifference as to the spiritual condition of his
+flock. He was on good terms with Chanteau, with whom it was his custom
+to play draughts every Saturday. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+HOTON, a sugar-refinery at Montsou. Its prosperity was greatly
+affected by the strike of miners. Germinal.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (ALEXANDRE), born 1804, was the only son of Isidore
+Hourdequin. He studied at the college of Chateaudun, but made little
+progress, as his only interest was in farming, for which he had an
+absolute passion. On the death of his father he became master of La
+Borderie, which he cultivated on the latest principles of agriculture,
+spending large sums upon it. He married a sister of Baillehache, the
+notary, who brought him a considerable sum, which also went into the
+land. His wife died in a few years, leaving him with two children, a
+son named Leon, who to his great disappointment became a soldier, and
+a daughter who died young. In spite of these misfortunes he retained
+all his passion for the land, and in it he gradually sunk all his
+fortune, getting little from it in return. A liaison with Jacqueline
+Cognet, followed, and she gradually acquired complete influence over
+him. He died as the result of an accident brought about by Tron, one
+of his own servants, who was also a lover of Jacqueline. La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle
+Baillehache. La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (ISIDORE), born 1767, was the descendant of an old peasant
+family of Cloyes, which had educated and elevated itself into a
+middle-class position in the sixteenth century. They had all been
+employed in the administration of the salt monopoly, and Isidore, who
+had been left an orphan, was worth sixty thousand francs, when at
+twenty-six, the Revolution cost him his post. As a speculation he
+bought the farm of La Borderie for a fifth of its value, but the
+depreciation of real estate continued, and he was unable to resell it
+at the profit of which he had dreamed. He therefore determined to farm
+it himself, and about this time he married the daughter of a
+neighbour, who brought him an additional hundred and twenty acres of
+land. He had one son, Alexandre, and died in 1831. La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (LEON), son of Alexandre Hourdequin. He had an intense
+hatred of the soil and became a soldier, being promoted Captain after
+Solferino. He did not visit his home more than once a year, and was
+much annoyed to discover the liaison between his father and Jacqueline
+Cognet. He endeavoured to get the latter into disgrace, but the only
+effect was to make a complete breach between his father and himself.
+La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (MADEMOISELLE), the second child of Alexandre Hourdequin.
+She was a delicate and charming girl, tenderly loved by her father.
+She died young, a short time after her mother. La Terre.
+
+HOUTELARD, a fisherman of Bonneville, whose house was washed away
+after the destruction by the sea of the barricade erected by Lazare
+Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+HUBERT, a chasuble-maker who lived in a house immediately adjoining
+the cathedral of Beaumont. "For four hundred years the line of
+Huberts, embroiderers from father to son, had lived in this house." At
+twenty years of age he fell in love with a young girl of sixteen,
+Hubertine, and as her mother refused to give her consent to their
+union they ran away and were married. On the morning after Christmas,
+1860, he found the child Angelique lying in a fainting condition in
+the snow outside the cathedral door. Having taken her into his house,
+he and his wife soon became attached to her, and as they had no
+children, ultimately adopted her as their daughter. Le Reve.
+
+HUBERTINE, wife of the preceding. At the age of sixteen she fell in
+love with Hubert, the chasuble-maker, and as her mother, widow of a
+magistrate, would not give her consent, they ran away and were
+married. A year later she went to the deathbed of her mother, who,
+however, disinherited her and gave her her curse. "So affected was she
+by the terrible scene that her infant, born soon after, died." The
+Huberts had no other children, and after twenty-four years they still
+mourned the little one they had lost. She warmly approved of the
+adoption by her husband and herself of the foundling child Angelique,
+whom she treated with the greatest kindness. From the bitterness of
+her own experience she had a horror of disobedience to parents, and
+when she found that the consent of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur could not
+be obtained to a marriage between his son Felicien and Angelique, she
+did all she could to sever the lovers. In this she was successful for
+a time, until the illness of Angelique, and her miraculous recovery,
+induced the Bishop to give his consent. Le Reve.
+
+HUE (M.) a retired Government official, who was a sincere lover of
+art. He was unfortunately not rich enough to be always buying
+pictures, and could only bewail the blindness of the public which
+allowed a genius to die of starvation; for he himself, convinced, had
+selected Claude Lantier's crudest works, which he hung by the side of
+his Delacroix, predicting an equal fortune for them. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HUGON (MADAME), mother of Philippe and Georges Hugon. She was the
+widow of a notary, and lived quietly at Fondettes, an old family
+property near Orleans, but had retained a house in Paris in Rue de
+Richelieu. She had been an old friend of the Marquise de Chouard, and
+was on intimate terms with her daughter, the Comtesse Sabine. A woman
+of high principles, she believed that one should overlook much in
+others in order that something might be pardoned in oneself. In this
+she contrasted strongly with her old friend the Marquis de Chouard,
+who professed the most rigorous virtue while he secretly lived a
+shameful life. She was, however, unable to bear with equanimity the
+eccentricities of Nana, her neighbour in the country, who led Philippe
+Hugon into dishonour, and his brother Georges to suicide. Nana.
+
+HUGON (GEORGES), the younger son of Madame Hugon. At seventeen years
+of age he became infatuated with Nana, and a liaison with her
+followed. His mother, having discovered the state of affairs,
+interfered, and kept him at Fondettes for some months after Nana had
+returned to Paris, but he ultimately followed her there. Though he was
+not affected by the knowledge that Nana had other lovers, he was
+driven to frenzy when he learned that his brother Philippe had become
+one of the number. He implored Nana to marry him, and when she refused
+to take his offer seriously he plunged a pair of her scissors into his
+breast. The injury was not immediately fatal, but he died a few months
+afterwards; some said as the result of the wound reopening, while
+others spoke of a second and successful attempt at suicide. Nana.
+
+HUGON (PHILIPPE), the elder son of Madame Hugon. A tall, handsome
+youth, he quickly attained the rank of lieutenant in the army, and was
+stationed first in the garrison at Bourges, and afterwards at
+Vincennes. His mother imprudently sent him to endeavour to release
+Georges from the toils of Nana, with the result that he was himself
+ensnared. He had little money of his own, and, as the demands of Nana
+were unceasing, he began to take small sums from the regimental funds,
+of which he was treasurer. The thefts went on for a considerable time,
+and when discovery was made they amounted to twelve thousand francs.
+Philippe was arrested, and when he was released from prison some
+months afterwards, dishonoured for ever, he was only in time to join
+his mother at the death-bed of her other son, who was also a victim to
+Nana's unhappy influence. Nana.
+
+HUGUENIN, held a sinecure worth six thousand francs at the Ministry of
+the Interior. When he died Eugene Rougon, the Minister, gave the post
+to Leon Bejuin. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+HUPEL DE LA NOUE (M.), /prefet/ of the district for which M. Mareuil
+was member. He arranged the /tableaux vivants/ at the great party
+given by Aristide Saccard. La Curee.
+
+HURET, a member of the Chamber of Deputies who obtained his election
+through the influence of Eugene Rougon. His very existence depended on
+the favour of the Minister of State, towards whom he conducted himself
+as a sort of general servant. "By following this calling for a couple
+of years he had, thanks to bribes and pickings, prudently realized,
+been able to increase his estates." Having ascertained that Rougon
+would not oppose the foundation of the Universal Bank, Huret became a
+director; later on, when the shares had risen to their highest point,
+he sold out in the knowledge that Rougon had decided to abandon his
+brother and that a catastrophe would be inevitable. L'Argent.
+
+HUTIN, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise."
+"He had managed after eighteen months' service to become one of the
+principal salesmen, thanks to a natural flexibility of character, a
+continual flow of caressing flattery under which was concealed a
+furious rage for business." Having conspired against Robineau, the
+"second hand" in his department, he succeeded him, only to be
+conspired against in turn by his own subordinates. When Denise Baudu
+first came to "The Ladies' Paradise" Hutin showed her some kindness,
+for which she was grateful, but ultimately he made statements about
+her which were entirely without foundation. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HUTIN (MADAME), a woman who lived in the vicinity of the /Halles
+Centrales/, and was spied on by Mademoiselle Saget, whose penetrating
+eyes allowed none of her neighbours to escape notice. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+
+
+                                  I
+
+ISABELLE, a character in /La Petite Duchesse/ a piece by Fauchery,
+played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Simonne
+Cabiroche. Nana.
+
+
+
+                                  J
+
+JABOUILLE, an herbalist, whose shop was situated in Rue de Cherche-
+Midi. He was a widower, and married for the second time a woman named
+Mathilde. His shop was at one time prosperous, but business fell away
+until what was left was only that of an equivocal character. He died
+of syncope induced by phthisis. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JABOUILLE (MADAME MATHILDE), wife of the preceding. She was a woman of
+about thirty, plain-looking, and exceedingly thin. From the time of
+her marriage to Jabouille, his business began to decrease, and this,
+it would appear, was due to her reputation, which alarmed the more
+respectable customers. Her liaisons were numerous, and included
+Mahoudeau, Chaine, and Jory, but after the death of her husband she
+married the last named, settling down into respectability and ruling
+him with a rod of iron. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JACOBY, a Jew from Bordeaux, between whom and Mazaud there was keen
+rivalry. "Though of great experience and shrewdness, he was sorely
+handicapped by his passion for speculation, and in spite of
+considerable profits always seemed on the eve of a catastrophe. His
+money melted away on settling days." He acted as broker for
+Daigremont, and also for Gundermann. The great gamble in the shares of
+the Universal Bank resolved itself into a duel between Jacoby and
+Mazaud, the one selling on behalf of Gundermann, and the other buying
+on behalf of Saccard; and the final catastrophe was hastened by Jacoby
+warning Daigremont of Gundermann's determination to crush out the
+bank. L'Argent.
+
+JALAGUIER (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene
+Rougon, the Minister, to increase the old lady's pension considerably.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JALAGUIER FILS, son of the preceding. Madame Correur took an interest
+in him, and asked Eugene Rougon to secure a scholarship for him. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JANTROU, an ex-professor of the University of Bordeaux, who in
+consequence of some misconduct was obliged to leave for Paris, without
+caste or position. At the age of twenty-eight, he landed at the
+Bourse, where for ten years he dragged out existence as a /remisier/
+or broker's tout. At the time of the foundation of the Universal Bank
+he suggested to Saccard the purchase of a newspaper to be employed in
+the interest of the company. The purchase was carried out, and Jantrou
+was appointed editor. Subsequently other papers were acquired, which
+he manipulated so as to keep the bank continually before the public.
+He gave information to Baroness Sandorff which she repeated to
+Gundermann, who was induced thereby to continue his attack on the
+bank. L'Argent.
+
+JEANBERNAT, the caretaker of the deserted estate of Paradou in
+Provence. He lived by himself with his niece Albine in an old house on
+the border of the demesne. In an attic he had found a large number of
+books which had been saved from a fire in the old mansion, and these
+he studied for twenty years, imbibing from them the rationalistic
+theories of the eighteenth century. He had no respect for religion,
+and particularly disliked Brother Archangias, who insulted both him
+and his niece. After the death of Albine he attacked Archangias, and
+cut off his right ear with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+JENARD, a partner in the firm of Cornille and Jenard, which developed
+in the eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle.
+Germinal.
+
+JESUS CHRIST, the sobriquet of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+JEUMONT (M. AND MADAME), were well known in society during the Second
+Empire. The Emperor admired Madame Jeumont, and her husband was
+decorated by him. L'Argent.
+
+JOBELIN (AUGUSTE), son of Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to regulations,
+Eugene Rougon took him into the office of the Minister of the Interior
+without the necessary bachelor's degree. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JOBELIN (COLONEL), a friend of Eugene Rougon, through whose aid he
+hoped to secure a nomination as commander of the Legion of Honour, and
+an appointment for his son. He was a cousin of M. Bouchard. After
+Rougon's return to office he received the appointment as commander.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JOIRE (ABBE), Cure of Montsou. He pretended not to interest himself in
+anything, so as not to vex either the workers or the masters. During
+the strike he took his walks at night, to prevent himself from being
+compromised by the miners. He obtained promotion, and was replaced by
+Abbe Ranvier. Germinal.
+
+JONCQUIER, a lover of Rose Mignon, who deserted her for a time in
+favour of Laure. Nana.
+
+JONCQUOY (MADAME DU), an old friend of the Muffats. Years ago she had
+met Bismarck, who struck her as stupid; she was unable to understand
+his later success. Nana.
+
+JORDAN (PAUL), a journalist, whose father, a Marseilles banker, had
+committed suicide in consequence of some disastrous speculations. He
+married a daughter of M. Maugendre, to whom he had been betrothed in
+more prosperous days. His wife brought him no dowry, as her parents
+were against the marriage on the ground of Jordan's occupation and
+want of means. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, he received an
+appointment on the staff of the newspaper purchased to support the
+policy of the Universal Bank. He did not speculate, however, and
+remained in comparative poverty, until the success of a novel which he
+had written put him in more comfortable circumstances, and even
+enabled him to give assistance to his wife's parents after they were
+ruined by the failure of the bank. L'Argent.
+
+JORDAN (MADAME MARCELLE), wife of the preceding. She was the only
+child of M. Maugendre, who was ruined by the failure of the Universal
+Bank. L'Argent.
+
+JORY (EDOUARD), was the son of a magistrate of Plassans, whom he drove
+crazy by his profligate conduct. In the end he ran off with a music-
+hall singer under the pretext of going to Paris to follow the literary
+profession. Notwithstanding the fact that his profligacy went to even
+greater lengths in the city, he was successful in journalism, and soon
+earned between seven and eight thousand francs a year as a leader-
+writer and art critic. His first success was gained in a series of
+articles in a little newspaper called /Le Tambour/, in which he fell
+foul of the accepted canons of art, and hailed Claude Lantier and his
+companions as the founders of a new school. Later he claimed to have
+made Fagerolles by his articles, in the same manner as he formerly
+took credit for making Lantier. He gradually dropped his old friends,
+however, finding that the public only laughed at their productions,
+and in excuse pleaded that he had not a journal in which he could
+support their cause; but when, still later, he became director of a
+great Art review, he preserved the same silence. After innumerable
+love affairs, he ended by marrying Mathilde Jabouille. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JORY (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mathilde Jabouille.
+
+JOSEPH, a butler in the employment of Nana at La Mignotte. Nana.
+
+JOSEPH, an old soldier who secured a situation in "The Ladies'
+Paradise" through the influence of Lhomme, whose foster brother he
+was. He married Mlle. de Fontenailles, a shop-girl in the
+establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+JOSEPH (MADAME), the concierge of the house on Quay Bourbon where
+Claude Lantier lived. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JOSSE (MADEMOISELLE) kept a little school for young children in Rue
+Polonceau. Anna Coupeau was her pupil, and made herself such a
+nuisance that twice Mademoiselle Josse sent her away, taking her back
+each time in order not to lose the small fees. L'Assommoir.
+
+Nana in later years exchanged reminiscences with Satin, who, like
+herself, had been a pupil at Mademoiselle Josse's school. Nana.
+
+JOSSERAND PERE, the father of Josserand, the cashier at the Saint-
+Joseph glass-works. He was originally a solicitor at Clermont. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND, cashier at the St. Joseph glass-works. His salary was not a
+large one, and in consequence of the determination of his wife to keep
+up a greater style than they could afford, he was engaged in a
+continual struggle to make ends meet; to gain a few extra francs he
+frequently spent much of the night addressing circulars for a firm of
+publishers. Worn out by hard work and by the continual bickerings of
+his wife and daughters, he was not in a condition to stand the
+disgrace of his daughter Berthe's liaison with Octave Mouret, and he
+was struck down by paralysis, which soon after resulted in his death.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (MADAME ELEANORE), wife of the preceding. Her two objects in
+life were to appear better off than she really was, and to secure
+husbands for her daughters. In the latter quest she had many
+disappointments, and her temper, never good, correspondingly suffered,
+her unfortunate husband bearing the brunt. A marriage having
+ultimately been arranged between Berthe Josserand and Auguste Vabre,
+Madame Josserand made a strong effort to induce her brother, Narcisse
+Bachelard, to pay the dowry which he had long ago promised to his
+niece. As he refused to do so, Madame Josserand overcame the
+difficulty by a subterfuge of doubtful honesty. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (BERTHE), second daughter of M. Josserand. After several
+ineffectual efforts to secure a husband she became engaged to Auguste
+Vabre, the elder son of her father's landlord. Difficulties as to a
+dowry followed, but these were surmounted by somewhat shady means, and
+the marriage took place. Vabre's health was not good, and Berthe soon
+became discontented, a state of mind largely induced by the bad advice
+of her mother. About this time Octave Mouret came to be assistant in
+Vabre's shop, and Berthe, carried away by his attentions, entered upon
+an unfortunate liaison with him. Discovery by Vabre led to Berthe's
+return to her parents' home, and it was only after a considerable time
+that a reconciliation was brought about by the efforts of Abbe
+Mauduit. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (HORTENSE), elder daughter of M. Josserand. Her mother
+endeavoured to secure a husband for her, but she made her own choice,
+selecting one Verdier, a lawyer. The marriage was put off from time to
+time as Verdier had got entangled with a woman from whom he found
+separation difficult. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (LEON), elder son of M. Josserand. He was a young man of
+ambition, who hoped to rise through the influence of Madame
+Dambreville, whose lover he became. Ultimately she arranged a marriage
+between him and her niece Raymonde, who brought him a large dowry.
+Soon afterwards by the same means he was appointed /Maitre des
+Requetes/. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding. See Raymonde. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (SATURNIN), younger son of M. Josserand. He was a powerful
+young man of twenty-five, whose mind had been seriously affected by an
+attack of brain fever; though not actually insane, he was subject to
+fits of blind fury whenever anybody annoyed him. When his sister
+Berthe was a little girl, he nursed her through a long illness, and
+since he saved her life he adored her with a deep, passionate
+devotion. The preparations for her marriage to Auguste Vabre affected
+him so seriously that his removal to an asylum became necessary, and
+he remained there for some time. On his release he went to live with
+his sister and her husband, but domestic trouble having arisen, his
+mind again became so unhinged that he made an attempt on the life of
+his brother-in-law and had again to be taken to an asylum. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+JOUVE (ABBE), an officiating priest at Notre Dame de Grace, the parish
+church of Passy. He had known M. Grandjean at Marseilles, and showed
+much kindness to Helene after the death of her husband, assisting her
+in settling up her affairs. Along with M. Rambaud, his half-brother,
+he was a regular visitor at Helene's house, and later endeavoured to
+arrange a marriage between her and his brother. He was devoted to
+Jeanne Grandjean, and helped to nurse her during her fatal illness. An
+amiable, kind-hearted man, he was greatly beloved by his parishioners.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+JOUVE, a retired captain in the army, and afterwards one of the four
+inspectors at "The Ladies' Paradise." In addition to acting as spy on
+the staff he watched the customers, and it was he who detected Madame
+de Boves in the act of stealing some fine lace. He made certain
+advances to Denis Baudu which she resented, and in consequence he
+afterwards showed considerable ill-will towards her. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+JUILLERAT (DOCTOR), an old physician who attended most of the
+inhabitants of the Rue de Choiseul. He was a man of only average
+abilities who had built up a large practice by hard work. His views
+were somewhat advanced, and he had many arguments with Abbe Mauduit,
+with whom he frequently came in contact at the bedsides of his
+patients. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JULES, the lover of La Sarriette. He lived on her earnings as a fruit-
+dealer. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+JULES, one of the soldiers sent to Montsou during the strike. He was
+born at Plogof, where his mother and sister still resided. One night
+while he was on guard at the Voreux mine he was murdered by Jeanlin
+Maheu, who with the assistance of Etienne Lantier carried the body to
+a gallery of the mine, where they buried it under a fall of rock.
+Germinal.
+
+JULES (MADAME), Nana's dresser at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+JULIE, cook in the employment of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JULIEN, butler in the employment of Nana in the Avenue de Villiers. He
+left the house with a large sum, as Comte Muffat, being jealous,
+wished to be freed from his presence. Nana.
+
+JUSSELIN (PIERRE-FRANCOIS), a protege of M. de Marsy. Eugene Rougon
+refused to nominate him as an officer of the Legion of Honour, and
+gave the decoration which had been intended for him to Bejuin. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JEZEUR (MADAME), a neighbour of the Josserands in the Rue de Choiseul.
+Her husband had left her after ten days of married life, and
+thenceforth she lived alone in quiet lodgings. Very little was known
+of her circumstances or mode of life. Pot-Bouille.
+
+
+
+                                  K
+
+KAHN (M.), son of a Jewish banker at Bordeaux; a deputy who was
+engaged in a scheme for the construction of a railway from Niort to
+Angers. He was chiefly anxious for this, as the proposed line would
+pass through Bressure, where he had some blast-furnaces, the value of
+which it would considerably increase. Rougon supported him
+energetically, and had almost secured the grant when his retirement
+from office delayed the scheme for some years. Soon after Rougon's
+appointment as Minister of the Interior the grant was obtained, and he
+accompanied Kahn to Niort to attend the inauguration of the scheme.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+KAHN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She lived a very retired life at
+Paris. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+KELLER (LES), well-known leaders of society in Paris. It was at their
+house that Baroness Sandorff first met Gundermann. L'Argent.
+
+KOLB (M.), a banker whose business consisted to a large extent in gold
+arbitrage, buying foreign coins, and melting them into gold bars. He
+was a man of Jewish origin, and having heard that Daigremont was to be
+connected with the Universal Bank, he readily agreed to become a
+director. Being a cautious man, however, he sold all his shares before
+the final collapse. L'Argent.
+
+
+
+                                  L
+
+LABORDETTE, a young man who was well known in racing circles, and was
+specially popular with women, as he was always ready to render them
+little services. Through his relations with the world of trainers and
+jockeys he had always the latest information as to races. He made
+himself very useful to Nana when she was setting up a stable of her
+own, and assisted her in the selection of servants. Nana.
+
+LACAILLE, a customer of Madame Francois, the market gardener. He
+attended the Revolutionary meetings in Lebrigre's cafe. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+LACAMP. See Puech and Lacamp.
+
+LACASSAGNE, a dealer in feathers and artificial flowers, whose
+business was ruined by the competition of Octave Mouret's
+establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LACHESNAYE (DE), judge at the Rouen Court of appeal, was the husband
+of Berthe Grandmorin, whom he somewhat resembled in character. He was
+a little man, dry and yellow, who had been a judge at the Court of
+Appeal from the age of thirty-six; he had been decorated, thanks to
+the influence of his father-in-law, and to the services which his
+father had rendered on the High Commissions at the time of the /Coup
+d'Etat/. He was disliked by Denizet, the examining magistrate, in
+whose eyes he represented the class of judicial functionary who
+attained position by wealth and influence. Lachesnaye was incensed at
+the will of his father-in-law, Grandmorin, who left fully half of his
+fortune to women of all classes, most of them unknown to his family.
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+LACHESNAYE (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Grandmorin.
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+LACOUR (ZEPHYRIN), a young lad from the same village as Rosalie, whose
+sweetheart he was. He was drawn in the conscription and sent to Paris,
+where, by permission of Madame Grandjean, he came to see Rosalie, her
+maid, every Sunday. He was a good-hearted lad, whose ambition was to
+get out of the army, marry Rosalie, and return to his native village.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LADICOURT (BARONNE DE), a lady who lived at Vouziers. Captain Beaudoin
+lunched at her house on 26th August, 1870, at the hour when the
+Seventh Army Corps was taking up its position for battle. La Debacle.
+
+LADRICOURT (COMTE DE), father of the Baroness Sandorff. He was a
+confirmed gambler, and a man of brutal manners. He died of apoplexy,
+completely ruined, after a series of disgraceful failures. L'Argent.
+
+LA FALOISE (HECTOR DE), a youth who came from the country to Paris in
+order to complete his education. Thanks to the death of an uncle, he
+was very rich, and his chief ambition was to be in everything ultra
+Parisian. He posed as a man who had experienced everything, and who no
+longer thought anything worthy of being taken seriously. Introduced
+behind the scenes of the Theatre des Varietes by his cousin Fauchery,
+he met Nana, who did him the honour of ruining him without much loss
+of time. When his money was done, he returned to the country in the
+hope of marrying a distant relation who was both ugly and pious. Nana.
+
+LAFOUASSE, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Plassans, between
+the old demesne of Paradou and the village of Artaud. He was treated
+by Dr. Pascal Rougon for ataxy, but died after a hypodermic injection
+of a serum with which the doctor was experimenting. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LAGARDE (EDMOND), a sergeant in the 6th Regiment of the line. At the
+most his age was twenty-three, but he did not appear more than
+eighteen. He took part in the battle of Sedan, and was wounded in the
+left arm, which was broken by a bullet. His father, who was a
+shopkeeper in Paris, was a customer of Delaherche, and he was removed
+to the house of the manufacturer, where he was treated as one of the
+family. A handsome lad, he aroused the pity of Gilberte Delaherche,
+whose lover he became. La Debacle.
+
+LAGRIFOUL (MARQUIS DE), the Legitimist Deputy for Plassans. His
+election came as a severe blow to the Government, and to M. Pequeur
+des Saulaies, the sub-prefect of Plassans, who was held responsible
+for it. In reality, the election had been largely influenced by the
+clergy, combined with the old nobility. It was to counteract this
+influence that the Government sent Abbe Faujas to Plassans. The
+Marquis being a man of poor abilities, whose public appearances were
+disappointing, his overthrow was rendered easier and more complete. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+LA JOLIE DAME, a customer at Octave Mouret's shop, /Au Bonheur des
+Dames/. She was a favourite with all the salesmen, and as no one knew
+her name she was always referred to as "The Pretty Lady." Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+LALUBIE, teacher of the sixth form at the college of Plassans. He
+found one day his room transformed into a /chapelle ardente/, thanks
+to his pupils led by Pouillard. After he recovered from his fright he
+set a heavy punishment for the whole class. He married the daughter of
+Galissard, the haberdasher at Plassans. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LAMBERTHIER, an assistant at the /Halles Centrales/. Josephine Dejoie
+was at one time cook in his house. L'Argent.
+
+LAMBERTHON (M. DE), a Deputy who discussed with M. La Rouquette the
+wisdom of the Emperor conceding the privilege of presenting an address
+to the Crown. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LAMBOURDIEU, a shopkeeper at Cloyes, who sold Parisian novelties in
+all the villages within a radius of five or six miles. La Terre.
+
+LANDOIS (AUGUSTE), assistant in Quenu's business. He came to Paris
+from Troyes to perfect himself in his trade, and having little money,
+intended to set up for himself as a pork-butcher. He was engaged to
+his cousin Augustine Landois, who was also employed by Quenu. He took
+a dislike to Florent, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing him to
+the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LANDOIS (AUGUSTINE) came to Quenu's establishment to learn shop
+management. She was engaged to her cousin Auguste Landois. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+LANGLADE (DE), Prefect of Deux-Sevres. He was accused of dissolute
+conduct, and was superseded in his office by Du Poizat. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+LANTIER (AUGUSTE), the lover of Gervaise Macquart; he accompanied her
+to Paris, when she left home with their two children. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+Soon after their arrival in Paris, he deserted Gervaise for a girl
+named Adele, with whom he lived for several years, during which he
+appears to have done little work. After Adele left him he renewed
+friendship with Gervaise and Coupeau, her husband, and induced them to
+take him into their home as a lodger. Once established there, he paid
+nothing for his support, and soon Gervaise was supporting him as well
+as her husband, who by this time was doing nothing. Gervaise, having
+become disgusted with her husband's intemperance, resumed her old
+relations with Lantier, and these continued till she was financially
+ruined, and her shop was taken over by Virginie Poisson. Lantier,
+having transferred his affections to Virginie, was allowed to retain
+his old position as lodger, and soon resumed his former tactics of
+paying no rent and living off his landlord. In course of time he
+succeeded in eating the Poissons' stock of sweetmeats and bringing
+them to ruin, and then began to look out for some one else to support
+him. L'Assommoir.
+
+LANTIER (CLAUDE), son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier, was
+born at Plassans in 1842. He was brought up by his paternal
+grandmother, but when she died, in 1850, he was taken to Paris by his
+parents. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+After Lantier's desertion of Gervaise, and her subsequent marriage to
+Coupeau, Claude continued to reside with his mother, but a few years
+later an old gentleman of Plassans, a lover of pictures, who had been
+greatly struck by some daubs done by the child, offered to pay for his
+education. The offer was accepted, and Claude returned to Plassans.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+Some years later his benefactor died, leaving him an income of a
+thousand francs a year, enough to prevent him dying of hunger in the
+artistic career which he had decided to follow. Having come to Paris
+with an intense hatred of romanticism, he was struck by the artistic
+possibilities of the /Halles Centrales/, the great provision markets
+of Paris, which he haunted in search of subjects for his brush. He was
+induced by Florent to attend one of the republican meetings in
+Lebigre's cafe, but was not in sympathy with the movement, and
+declined to take part in it. He occasionally visited his aunt, Madame
+Lisa Quenu, but revolted against her complete indifference to art, and
+her middle-class selfishness. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had
+charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+He established himself in a studio near the roof of an old house close
+to the river, and there lived the life of a Bohemian, with an absolute
+disdain for everything not related to art. He revolted against the
+canons of the schools, and tried to achieve truth in painting by
+adopting an exaggerated realism. His hopes became centred in a large
+painting, which he called /Plein Air/, intended for exhibition in the
+/Salon/. The picture was rejected, and when shown at a minor
+exhibition was greeted with derision by the public. About this period
+began his connection with Christine Hallegrain, with whom he lived for
+several years, and ultimately married. They took up house at
+Bennecourt in an old cottage, and there some years passed happily
+enough, a son named Jacques Louis being born in 1860. But Claude
+gradually became discontented, and the family returned to Paris, where
+there began a long struggle against poverty, a struggle beginning in
+high anticipation and ending in despair. After a long search for a
+subject for a picture which was to be his masterpiece, Claude selected
+a stretch of the river near Notre Dame, and into this he intended to
+put all those new theories of art with which he hoped to revolutionize
+the world. Everything was sacrificed to this picture; the small
+fortune left him by his early benefactor was gradually realized to
+provide food, and when it was exhausted there was little but
+starvation for the artist and his dependants. The work was begun in a
+frenzy of genius, but was constantly interrupted by doubts and
+indecision; it became a monomania, and under its influence Claude's
+mind gradually became unhinged; the family virus was at last showing
+itself. Christine was wholly taken up with her husband, and their
+child died of an illness due greatly to neglect. By this time Claude
+was incapable of any real feeling save for art, and the death of his
+child only served to give him a subject for a picture. Having torn
+himself away from his intended masterpiece for a time, he painted
+/L'Enfant Mort/, which was exhibited in the /Salon/, and met with an
+even more contemptuous reception from the public than his /Plein Air/.
+Christine used all her influence to prevent her husband from returning
+to his task, but his brain had become obsessed by the great idea,
+which his hand proved powerless to execute as his mind became
+increasingly deranged. At length, in a moment of delirium, he hanged
+himself in front of the picture which had proved the means of his
+undoing. His genius was incomplete, and he was unable to carry out his
+own theories, but they were adopted by other and less able successors
+with better results. He was buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at
+Saint-Ouen. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LANTIER (MADAME CHRISTINE), wife of the preceding. See Christine
+Hallegrain. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LANTIER (ETIENNE), the youngest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise
+Macquart, was born in 1846, and accompanied his parents to Paris in
+1850. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+After his mother had been married to Coupeau for some time, and had
+started her laundry, Etienne was found somewhat in the way, and on the
+suggestion of Goujet was sent to work in the rivet-making factory
+where he himself was employed. Later the boy was sent to Lille, where
+he was apprenticed to an old master of Goujet, an engineer in that
+town. When Gervaise had fallen into poverty, Etienne, who was by that
+time a stoker on an engine, was able to send his mother a five-franc
+piece occasionally. L'Assommoir.
+
+In a moment of passion Etienne struck his chief, and was at once
+dismissed from his employment. An industrial crisis existed at the
+time, and, finding it impossible to get work, he tramped from place to
+place till eventually he arrived at Montsou, worn out with fatigue and
+want. At the Voreux pit he chanced to get work in a gang led by Maheu,
+and went underground for the first time. The work was hard and
+distasteful to him, but he was unwilling to give it up, and was
+perhaps influenced by the bright eyes of Catherine Maheu, who toiled
+alongside him. He became more and more impressed with the sense of the
+hardships of the miners' lives, and his mind was also influenced by
+Souvarine, a confessed anarchist, beside whom he lodged. Gradually
+Etienne began to indoctrinate his companions with a spirit of revolt,
+and when the great strike broke out he became the leader. He did not,
+however, accept the extreme doctrines of Souvarine, and endeavoured to
+dissuade the strikers from doing damage to property. In this he was
+not altogether successful, and his influence became considerably
+lessened, until he was blamed by his comrades for the hardships they
+had to endure during the strike, and for its ultimate collapse. He
+returned to work, and in the terrible catastrophe brought about by
+Souvarine he was cut off at the bottom of the pit with Chaval and
+Catherine Maheu. He had always loved Catherine, and notwithstanding
+their peril, an old jealousy revived, and in a struggle with Chaval,
+Etienne killed him. Days elapsed before rescue came, and by that time
+Catherine was dead. After six weeks in hospital, Etienne left for
+Paris. Germinal.
+
+At Paris, later on, he took part in the Communist rising, and was
+condemned to death. He was respited, and transported to Noumea, where
+he married, and became father of a little girl. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LANTIER (JACQUES), the second son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste
+Lantier, was born at Plassans in 1844. He was six years old when his
+parents went to Paris with his brothers, Claude and Etienne, leaving
+him with his godmother, Aunt Phasie, who sent him to the School of
+Arts and Crafts. After two years passed on the Orleans Railway, he
+became an engineer of the first-class on the Western Railway. At
+twenty-six he was a tall, handsome man, with dark hair and a clear
+complexion. From childhood he had suffered from a complaint which the
+doctors did not understand, a pain in the head, behind the ears,
+accompanied by fever and an intense melancholy, which tempted him to
+hide like a suffering animal. When about sixteen years of age he
+became affected by a curious form of insanity, the desire to murder
+any woman of whom he became fond. "On each occasion it seemed like a
+sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring thirst to avenge some
+very ancient offence, the exact recollection of which escaped him. Did
+it date from so far back, from the harm women had done to his race,
+from the rancour laid up from male to male since the first deceptions
+in the depths of the caverns?" Even with his cousin Flore, who loved
+him from childhood, the same terrible instinct arose, and could only
+be stilled by flight.
+
+By chance, Jacques was a momentary witness of the murder of President
+Grandmorin, and when suspicion fell upon the Roubauds he came to be of
+opinion that it was well-founded, a belief which was confirmed by a
+subsequent confession to him by Severine. This avowal by Severine
+placed her in his mind in a different category from all other woman;
+she had killed, and was a person sacred and apart, a woman he could
+love without his lust for blood being evoked. At the request of
+Severine, Jacques promised to kill Roubaud, her husband, whom she had
+come to hate; but, though all the preparations were made, it was
+Severine herself whom he killed, in an accession of that homicidal
+rage which he imagined he had conquered. He escaped all suspicion, and
+calmly allowed Roubaud and Cabuche to be punished for the crime. In
+order to see whether the murder of Severine had cured him of his blood
+lust, he made love to Philomene Sauvagnat, thereby arousing the
+jealousy of her lover, Pecqueux, who was stoker on the engine driven
+by Lantier. A quarrel between the two men on the footplate of the
+engine resulted in both of them falling off, and being cut in pieces
+beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LANTIER (JACQUES LOUIS), born 1860, was the son of Claude Lantier and
+Christine Hallegrain. He was allowed to grow up wild at Bennecourt
+until he was two and a half years old, when his parents removed to
+Paris, taking him with them. Life in the city did not agree with the
+child, who to make matters worse was much neglected, his mother being
+wholly taken up with her lover, and his father with art. He grew up
+puny, serious like a little man; at five years his head had grown
+quite out of proportion to his height, but as his skull increased in
+size his intelligence diminished. His head alone continued to grow,
+verging on cretinism, until, in 1869, the unfortunate child died of
+some obscure form of malnutrition. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LAPOULLE, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line, in the squad of
+Corporal Jean Macquart. He came from the Marshes of Sologne, and was
+so ignorant that when he joined the regiment he asked to be shown the
+King. He had great strength, and consequently all the heavy work of
+his company was assigned to him. After the battle of Sedan, he was one
+of the prisoners on the Isle d'Iges, where driven frantic by famine,
+and instigated by Chouteau, he killed Pache, who had hidden some bread
+from his companions. The following night he attempted to escape by
+swimming the Meuse, but was killed by a bullet fired by a Prussian
+sentinel. La Debacle.
+
+LAQUERRIERE (FLORENT), an unfortunate man who died of yellow fever in
+Dutch Guiana in the arms of Florent. It was by the aid of his papers
+that Florent, who had escaped from Cayenne, was able to return to
+France, and to evade the notice of the police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LA ROUQUETTE (M.), a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His sister,
+Madame de Llorentz, was one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress
+Eugenie. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LA ROUQUETTE (MADEMOISELLE DE). See Madame de Llorentz.
+
+LARSONNEAU, formerly a clerk at the Hotel de Ville along with Aristide
+Saccard; he was dismissed for prying into the prefet's private
+drawers. He acted for Saccard in many of the shady transactions in
+which he could not himself appear, and being entirely unscrupulous
+ultimately amassed such a sum of money that he was able to start a
+small banking establishment. La Curee.
+
+He became immensely rich. It was through him that Busch came to know
+the past life of Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+LAURE, an actress for whom Joncquier had an infatuation. Nana.
+
+LAURE, a performer in a singing-hall at Montmartre. Hutin, one of
+Octave Mouret's salesmen, and his friend Lienard applauded her
+performance so noisily that the police threatened to intervene. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LAURENT, a peasant in easy circumstances who lived near Artaud. Pere
+Bambousse was anxious to have him as son-in-law. La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+LAURENT, the recorder at the court of Rouen who assisted Denizet at
+the inquiry into the murder of Grandmorin. He was skilful in selecting
+the essential parts of evidence, so as not to put down anything
+useless. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LAURENT, a gardener at Bazeilles. He was a man of thirty years of age
+who had recently lost his mother and his wife, who had both died of
+the same fever. During the battle of 1st September, 1870, he took part
+in the defence of Weiss's house, and having only his own body to care
+for, he determined to sell it dearly, and at each shot to bring down
+one of the enemy. He continued firing till his ammunition was
+exhausted, when he was taken prisoner by the Prussians, who finding
+that he was a civilian removed him, along with Weiss, for instant
+execution. In the face of the firing party he retained all his
+calmness, standing with his hands in his pockets till the fatal shots
+were fired. La Debacle.
+
+LAUWERENS (DE), a well-known financier who was both wealthy and
+avaricious. He went the length of refusing to pay his wife's
+milliner's bill. La Curee.
+
+LAUWERENS (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. Notwithstanding certain
+well-authenticated scandals, she managed to keep her high position in
+society. She was a friend of Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+LAVIGNIERE, was one of the auditors at the Universal Bank, Rousseau
+being the other. Their duties were delicate, and in the circumstances
+useless. Lavigniere was disposed to approve of everything, being
+consumed with a desire to become a member of the board later on.
+L'Argent.
+
+LA VIGNIERE (CHEVALIER DE), grandfather of Madame Chanteau. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+LA VIGNIERE (EUGENIE DE). See Madame Chanteau.
+
+LA VILLARDIERE (DE), deputy for the department of the Cote d'Or. He
+was a friend of La Rouquette. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEA, a customer at the Cafe Anglais. Nana.
+
+LEBEAU, a man of considerable influence in the Second Empire, whom
+Clorinde Balbi was able to gain over to the cause of Eugene Rougon.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEBLEU, the cashier at Havre railway station. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LEBLEU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of forty-five, so
+stout that she was in constant danger of choking. Between her and
+Severine Roubaud there was ill-feeling of long standing, arising from
+a question of their houses in the Station, the Lebleus occupying that
+which should by rights have belonged to the Roubauds, who on account
+of the generosity of their predecessor were relegated to rooms little
+more cheerful than a prison. She had a mania for spying upon her
+neighbours, and in the end caused so much irritation, that she was
+ordered to exchange houses with the Roubauds, thus letting them have
+the one to which they were entitled. The annoyance, and the change to
+a dismal house, proved fatal to Madame Lebleu, and she died four
+months afterwards. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LEBIGRE, proprietor of the wine shop where Florent and his friends
+held their meetings. He was a police spy. Ultimately he married Louise
+Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LEBIGRE (MADAME). See Louise Mehudin.
+
+LEBOUCQ, Counsellor at the Court of Rouen. He was assessor at the
+trial of Roubaud and Cabuche. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LEBOUCQ (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a handsome woman, for
+whose receptions the barristers of Rouen were beginning to desert
+those of Madame Bonnehon, her rival. It was said that to the influence
+of Madame Leboucq was largely due the result of the trial of Roubaud,
+a result not favourable to the family of President Grandmorin. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+LECOEUR (MADAME), a butter and cheese merchant at the /Halles
+Centrales/. She was sister-in-law to Gavard, and had an idea of
+marrying him after the death of his wife. He made no advances,
+however, and she subsequently regarded him with bitter ill-will. Along
+with Mlle. Saget, she took an active share in the gossip which partly
+led to the arrest of Florent and Gavard, and wrote an anonymous letter
+denouncing them to the police. Accompanied by La Sarriette, her niece,
+she went to Gavard's house after his arrest, and took possession of
+his money, which they divided between them. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LECOMTE (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LEFEVRE (MADAME), wife of a manufacturer at Raucourt, whose house was
+pillaged by the Prussians after the battle of Beaumont. La Debacle.
+
+LEGOUGEUX, a miner at Joiselle. He was an associate of Pluchart.
+Germinal.
+
+LEGRAIN (GENERAL), a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He was devoted to
+the Emperor, and notwithstanding a severe attack of gout, attended at
+the Chamber in order to vote the funds for the baptism of the Prince
+Imperial. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEHONGRE (LES), grocers in Rue Neuve de la Goutte-d'Or. L'Assommoir.
+
+LEHUDIER, a child to whom Charvet gave lessons. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LELORRAIN, a notary in Rue Sainte Anne. In his office was executed the
+deed which established the joint-stock company of the Universal Bank.
+L'Argent.
+
+LEMBALLEUSE, a family who lived in a ruined mill near the cathedral of
+Beaumont. It consisted of a grandmother, her daughter, and three
+granddaughters, all of whom lived by begging. Angelique did all she
+could for them, giving them food and even clothes. Le Reve.
+
+LENFANT, the keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal.
+
+LENGAIGNE, a dealer in tobacco and tavern-keeper at Rogues. He
+cultivated a small piece of land, while his wife weighed tobacco and
+looked after the cellar. He also shaved and cut the hair of the
+village, a trade learned by him when he was in the army. He professed
+strong Republican principles, though he was afraid to express his
+opinions too strongly, in case of losing his licence. An old rivalry
+subsisted between him and Macqueron, a neighbouring tavern-keeper with
+whom he was always on the point of blows. La Terre.
+
+LENGAIGNE (MADAME FLORE), wife of the preceding. She was always
+quarrelling with Coelina Macqueron. La Terre.
+
+LENGAIGNE (SUZANNE), daughter of the two preceding. She was
+apprenticed to a dressmaker at Chateaudun, but after six months ran
+off to Paris where she led a gay life. Her return to her native
+village clad in silks caused quite a sensation, of which her parents
+were very proud. La Terre.
+
+LENGAIGNE (VICTOR), brother of Suzanne. Before he was drawn in the
+conscription he was an awkward youth, but he returned a swaggering
+braggart, who could hardly be recognized with his moustache and beard.
+La Terre.
+
+LENORE, a racehorse; mother of Frangipane. Nana.
+
+LEON, a lad of about fifteen years of age, apprentice to Quenu. He was
+a gentle-looking lad, given to stealing stray bits of ham and sausage,
+which he concealed under his pillow and ate during the night. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+LEONCE (MADAME), the door-keeper of the house where Gavard lived in
+the Rue de la Cossonnerie. She acted also as Gavard's housekeeper. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+LEONIE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She
+left her trade in order to be married. L'Assommoir.
+
+LEONIE, aunt of Louise Thibaudier. Louise went to her house after
+leaving Bonneville, driven away by Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+LEPALMEC, a peasant at Plogof, in Brittany. Germinal.
+
+LEQUEU, the schoolmaster at Rogues. His parents were peasants, and he
+had an intense hatred of the class from which he had sprung, looking
+upon them as little better than barbarians. In politics he had
+advanced views, but in consequence of his position he concealed them
+to a great extent. Disappointed in the hope which he had long
+nourished of marrying Berthe Macqueron, he ended by preaching the
+doctrines of anarchy. La Terre.
+
+LERAT (MADAME), nee Coupeau, was a sister of Coupeau and Madame
+Lorilleux. She was a widow of thirty-six years of age, and was
+forewoman in the manufactory of artificial flowers carried on by
+Madame Titreville. The eldest of the Coupeau family, she was "a tall,
+skinny, mannish-looking woman, who talked through her nose"; she lived
+a hard-working, cloisteral existence, but she had a perfect mania for
+making improper allusions, so very obscure that only she herself could
+understand them. L'Assommoir.
+
+For a long time she lost sight of her niece Nana, but later she found
+her in a position of apparent wealth. Madame Lerat had abandoned her
+trade of artificial-flower-maker and lived upon her savings, scraped
+together sou by sou. Nana rented a small house for her aunt, and gave
+her an allowance of a hundred francs per month to look after her
+little son Louiset. Nana.
+
+LERENARD, the keeper of a cafe in the neighbourhood of Montsou.
+Germinal.
+
+LEROI, alias CANON, a journeyman carpenter, who deserted Paris on
+account of some trouble, and preferred to live in the country,
+tramping from village to village, doing a week here and a week there,
+and offering his services from one farm to another when his employer
+did not want him. When there was a scarcity of work he begged on the
+high-roads, living partly on the vegetables he stole. He professed
+strong revolutionary principles, which he was fond of airing in
+village ale-shops. He was a friend of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+LETELLIER, father of Madame Deberle and her sister Pauline. He owned
+an extensive silk warehouse on the Boulevard des Capucines. "Since his
+wife's death he had been taking his younger daughter about everywhere,
+in search of a rich husband for her." Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LETELLIER (JULIETTE). See Madame Deberle.
+
+LETELLIER (PAULINE), the younger daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy
+silk merchant, and sister of Madame Deberle. She was a giddy young
+girl who went about everywhere with her father in the hope of securing
+a rich husband, and was a constant visitor at the house of her sister.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LETURC (MADAME), widow of a captain, was a protegee of Madame Correur,
+who obtained a tobacco licence for her. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEVAQUE, a neighbour of the Maheus. He was of intemperate habits, and
+beat his wife on little provocation. During the strike he was among
+the most reckless, and at the assault on the Voreux pit he was taken
+prisoner by the troops. His arrest made him a sort of hero, and by the
+Paris newspapers he was credited with a reply of antique sublimity to
+the examining magistrate. Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (ACHILLE), the eldest child of Zacharie Maheu and of Philomene
+Levaque. He was three years old when his parents were married.
+Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (BEBERT), son of the Levaques, was a little boy of twelve, who
+already worked in the pit. Along with Lydie Pierron, he was a
+companion of Jeanlin Maheu in many escapades. As Jeanlin became more
+daring and unscrupulous, Bebert and Lydie were drawn together in an
+affection born of their common fear of him. The three children were
+present at the attack on the Voreux pit, and Bebert and Lydie, killed
+by the volley fired by the troops, fell dead in one another's arms.
+Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (DESIREE), the youngest child of Philomene, aged nine months.
+Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (PHILOMENE), daughter of the Levaques, had two children to
+Zacharie Maheu before her marriage to him. She had a delicacy of the
+chest and was unable to work underground. After the death of her
+husband she left Montsou with her two children, in the company of a
+miner from the Pas-de-Calais. Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (LA), wife of Levaque the miner, and mother of Philomene and
+Bebert. She was a bad housekeeper, and was roughly treated by her
+husband, who, however, did not take exception to her relations with
+Bouteloup, their lodger. Germinal.
+
+LEVASSEUR (MADAME), an acquaintance of Madame Deberle. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+LEVASSEUR, chief clerk at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+LEVASSEUR, a tax-collector at Chene Populeux. His father was one of
+the heroes of the army of the first Napoleon. He married a peasant
+woman named Fouchard, who died in bringing Maurice and his twin sister
+Henriette into the world. He sacrificed everything to make his son a
+gentleman, and the bad conduct of the lad hastened his end. La
+Debacle.
+
+LEVASSEUR (HENRIETTE), daughter of the preceding, and twin sister of
+Maurice. After the death of her father she gave up the whole of her
+share of his property in order to retrieve to some extent the foolish
+conduct of her brother. Fortunately she had the chance soon after to
+marry Weiss, with whom she lived happily. On the morning of the battle
+of Sedan, Henriette, fearing that her husband was in danger at
+Bazeilles, where he had gone to look after a house he had recently
+bought, decided to follow him there. By this time the fighting was
+going on fiercely, and when, after the greatest difficulties and
+dangers, she arrived at Bazeilles, she was only in time to see her
+husband shot before her eyes. She took refuge at Remilly, at the house
+of her uncle Fouchard, and devoted herself to the care of the wounded
+in the battle. Among these was Jean Macquart, who along with Maurice
+had escaped from captivity. After the war with Prussia was over,
+Maurice unfortunately threw in his lot with the Communists, and when
+Henriette followed him to Paris it was to find that he had been
+fatally wounded in the fighting there. By an extraordinary chance, the
+wound was inflicted by his former comrade, Jean Macquart, who had
+remained in the regular army when Maurice joined the Communist ranks.
+The death of Maurice in this way put an end to the possibility of a
+dawning love idyll between Henriette and Jean Macquart. La Debacle.
+
+LEVASSEUR (MAURICE), twin brother of the preceding. Everything was
+sacrificed by his father and sister in order that he might become an
+advocate, but when he went to Paris to complete his education he took
+part in every kind of foolishness and dissipation. In July, 1870, he
+had just been admitted to the Bar, when the outbreak of war found him
+full of enthusiasm, and he at once enlisted in the 106th Regiment of
+the line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil. He was put into the squad
+of Jean Macquart, against whom he had at first an aversion. Later, the
+kindness of Jean when he was worn out with fatigue practically saved
+his life, and they became close comrades, Maurice in turn saving Jean
+by carrying him, severely wounded, from the battlefield of Sedan.
+Maurice was of a highly strung, nervous temperament, and the repeated
+disasters of the campaign drove him to madness. He threw himself into
+the Communist struggle, and sought for death when defeat became
+certain. It was Jean Macquart, his old comrade, who, by an
+extraordinary chance, was fated to deliver the fatal blow. La Debacle.
+
+LEVEQUE (MADAME), sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. L'Argent.
+
+LEVEQUE, a solicitor at Plassans. He interested himself in the affairs
+of Dr. Pascal Rougon after Grandguillot absconded and was able to
+recover a considerable sum which Pascal had believed to be entirely
+lost. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LEVEQUE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of the preceding, was an old friend
+of Clotilde Rougon, who was three years older than her. She married
+Dr. Ramond. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LHOMME (M.), chief cashier at "The Ladies' Paradise." "Son of a tax-
+collector at Chablis, he came to Paris as a clerk in the office of a
+merchant of the Port-aux-Vins. Then, while lodging in Rue Cuvier, he
+married the daughter of his concierge, and from that day he bowed
+submissively before his wife, whose commercial ability filled him with
+respect. She earned more than twenty thousand francs a year in the
+dress department of 'The Ladies' Paradise,' whilst he only drew a
+fixed salary of five thousand francs." The loss of his right arm in an
+omnibus accident did not interfere with his work, and did not prevent
+him from playing upon a specially constructed French horn, an
+instrument of which he was passionately fond. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LHOMME (MADAME AURELIE), wife of the preceding. The daughter of a
+small tailor, she had keen business instincts, and, as head of the
+dress department at "The Ladies' Paradise," was able to make a large
+income. She was far from friendly to Denise Baudu, but seeing
+ultimately that Mouret was in love with the girl, she changed her
+methods in the hope of rendering her own position more secure. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LHOMME (ALBERT), son of the preceding. He was an idle and vicious
+youth, who could keep no position, and only got a post in the pay-desk
+of "The Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of his mother. He was
+careless in his work, and was repeatedly reprimanded, causing his
+parents much anxiety; ultimately it was discovered that he had
+conspired with some of the salesmen in a long series of frauds, and
+his dismissal followed. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LIARDIN, a relation of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family
+council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+LIENARD, son of a rich Angers draper, came to Paris and got a
+situation in "The Ladies' Paradise." His spare time was spent in
+idleness and debauchery, and when his father recalled him to Angers he
+refused to leave Paris. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LIEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan architect at Plassans. He was consulted by
+Madame Mouret and Abbe Faujas regarding the Home for Girls which they
+founded, and he subsequently prepared the plans for the building. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+LIEVIN, a townsman of Plassans, who was amongst those enrolled and
+armed by Pierre Rougon to rescue the Town Hall, which had been
+occupied by the Republicans. He was so excited that he fired in the
+air without intending to do so. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+LILI, pet name of Amelie, the daughter of Gaga. Nana.
+
+LINGUERLOT (LES), neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-
+d'Or. L'Assommoir.
+
+LIOTARD (VEUVE HENRI), a firm of shipowners who joined the transport
+syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+LISA, a peasant girl of Les Artaud. Like the others of her class, she
+was void of any religious feeling, and when she came to decorate the
+church for the festival of the Virgin, she engaged in all sorts of
+irreverent pranks. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+LISA, a workwoman employed by Madame Titreville, the artificial-flower
+maker. L'Assommoir.
+
+LISA, Madame Campardon's housemaid. She was active and intelligent,
+and her conduct was regarded as irreproachable. This was, however, a
+somewhat too favourable estimate, and her companionship was by no
+means beneficial to the Campardons' young daughter, Angele. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+LISON (LA), the name of the express engine driven by Jacques Lantier
+up to the time of the terrible railway accident caused by Flore. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+LLORENTZ (MADAME DE), one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress
+Eugenie and sister of M. La Rouquette, was the widow of General de
+Llorentz. She carried on an intrigue with De Massy, and was said to
+hold three compromising letters from him regarding certain august
+personages. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LOGRE, a fish auctioneer at the /Halles Centrales/. He attended the
+revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine shop, and made violent
+speeches there, but was really an agent of the Police. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+LOISEAU, a municipal councillor of Rognes. He was devoted to the
+Mayor, Alexandre Hourdequin, on whose farm his son worked. He was an
+uncle of Macqueron. La Terre.
+
+LONJUMEAU, a member of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La
+Terre.
+
+LORET (MADAME), a woman who lived in the neighbourhood of the /Halles
+Centrales/. Mademoiselle Saget made ill-natured remarks regarding her.
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LORILLEUX, a maker of gold chains, who was married to Coupeau's
+sister. He was a little man who looked much older than his age, and
+suffered from a constant cough. Miserly and spiteful, he was jealous
+of the Coupeaus in their success, and rejoiced at their downfall.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+LORILLEUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a sister of Coupeau,
+who married Gervaise Macquart. Along with her husband, she worked at
+the trade of gold chain-making; like him, she was so avaricious that
+her custom was to examine the soles of her visitors' boots lest they
+should depart with any adhering gold dust. From the first she resented
+her brother's marriage, and took every opportunity of being
+disagreeable to Gervaise. Though she was willing to accept the
+Coupeaus' hospitality in their prosperous days, she refused to do
+anything to assist them after their downfall. L'Assommoir.
+
+LORILLON (LES), peasants at Rognes, who were said to have been cured
+of illness by the bone-setter Sourdeau. La Terre.
+
+LOUBET, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line; in the squad of
+Corporal Jean Macquart. He was unwilling to fight, and during the
+battle of 1st September, 1870, he assisted his comrade Chouteau to
+carry Sapin to the ambulance, spending the rest of the day in a
+tavern. After the capitulation of the French army, Loubet was made a
+prisoner. Along with Chouteau he made a determined effort to escape,
+and would have done so had not his companion treacherously tripped him
+up in order to increase his own chance. La Debacle.
+
+LOUHETTE, an elderly draper in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. He was the
+father of Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LOUHETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, and mother of Madame
+Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LOUHETTE (VALERIE). See Theophile Vabre.
+
+LOUIS, Irma Becot's butler at her house in the Avenue de Villiers.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+LOUIS, cousin of Cabuche, and, like him, a quarryman. He drove
+Cabuche's wagon on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin.
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+LOUIS, an artillery gunner, in the same battery as Honore Fouchard and
+Adolphe. He was mated with Adolphe, who was inclined to treat him as
+an inferior. In the attack by the Prussians on the Calvary d'Illy
+Louis fell, killed by the same shot as his comrade, and the two died
+entwined in one another's arms. La Debacle.
+
+LOUIS (LA MERE), a wine-seller, who was famous for her "hen feet."
+L'Assommoir.
+
+LOUISE, an actress at the Palais-Royal. Nana.
+
+LOUISE, a young girl who was brought up in an Orphanage. At fifteen
+she went as maid-servant to Madame Jazeur, but not proving
+satisfactory, was sent back to the Orphanage. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LOUISET, the pet name of Louis Coupeau, son of Nana, born 1867. Left
+at first with a nurse in the country, he was afterwards taken charge
+of by his aunt, Madame Lerat, who removed him to Batignolles. He was a
+delicate child, pale and scrofulous, bearing a legacy of ill-health
+derived from an unknown father. He died in July, 1870, of small-pox,
+which he communicated to his mother, who had just returned from
+Russia. Nana.
+
+LOUISETTE, the younger daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). She
+was a fair and sweet child who had a strong affection for Cabuche, a
+man who was regarded by nearly everyone as an outcast. As a maid-
+servant in the house of Madame Bonnehon, she attracted the notice of
+President Grandmorin, and fleeing from him, half-mad with fear, she
+came to the hut of Cabuche, who tenderly nursed her till she died of
+brain fever a few days later. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LOULOU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana.
+
+LULU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana.
+
+LUSIGNAN, a racehorse in the stable of Vandeuvres. Mounted by Gresham,
+it was the favourite in the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+
+
+                                  M
+
+MACQUART, a poacher and smuggler who lived at Plassans in a hovel
+adjoining the Fouque property. His reputation was of the worst, and
+"although no crimes had actually been brought home to him, the first
+suspicions always fell upon him whenever a theft or murder had been
+perpetrated in the country." He frequently disappeared for long
+periods, but during his short sojourns in the town he drank to great
+excess. He became the lover of Adelaide Fouque in 1789, less than a
+year after the death of her husband, and had two children by her,
+Antoine and Ursule Macquart. A man of violent and unrestrained
+passions, and of incorrigibly lazy habits, he retained complete
+influence over Adelaide, and they lived in the same relationship for
+over twenty years. About 1810, Macquart was killed on the frontier by
+a custom-house officer while he was endeavouring to smuggle a cargo of
+Geneva watches into France. Adelaide was sole legatee, the estate
+consisting of the hovel at Plassans and the carbine of the deceased,
+which a smuggler loyally brought back to her. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MACQUART (ANTOINE), born 1789, son of Macquart the smuggler and
+Adelaide Fouque; was drawn in the conscription in 1809. On his return
+to Plassans, he found that his half-brother Pierre had sold the family
+property and had appropriated the proceeds. Being a confirmed
+drunkard, he was averse from work of any kind, but in order to support
+himself he learned the trade of basket-making. In 1826 he married
+Josephine Gavaudan, a market-woman, whom he afterwards allowed to
+support him. They had three children, Lisa, Gervaise, and Jean. His
+wife died in 1850, and soon after his daughter Gervaise and his son
+Jean, who had assisted to keep him in idleness, ran off. He had a
+bitter ill-will towards his brother Pierre Rougon, and, chiefly with a
+view to his annoyance, expressed strong Republican principles. For the
+same reason he took every opportunity of teaching these principles to
+his young nephew Silvere Mouret. After the /Coup d'Etat/ he took an
+active share in the agitation which resulted in a Republican rising.
+When the Insurgents left Plassans, he remained with a few men to
+overawe the inhabitants. He and his whole band were, however, taken
+prisoners by the citizens under the leadership of Pierre Rougon. He
+was assisted to escape by Madame Felicite Rougon, who promised him a
+sum of money on condition that he would bring about an attack on the
+Town Hall by the Republicans. He did so the same night, and an ambush
+having been prepared by the Rougons, a number of lives were
+sacrificed. He thereafter left the country. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+Some time afterwards he returned to France, and bought a small house
+at Les Tulettes, about three leagues from Plassans. He fitted up his
+establishment by degrees, and even became possessed of a horse and
+trap. Where the money came from no one knew, but it was believed that
+his brother Pierre Rougon was keeping him. Notwithstanding this, he
+had great ill-will towards the Rougons, and lost no opportunity of
+annoying them. Partly with this object, and partly at the instigation
+of Abbe Fenil, who wished to be revenged on Abbe Faujas, he contrived
+the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; as
+result, Mouret returned to Plassans, and setting fire to his house,
+caused the death of Abbe Faujas, himself perishing in the flames. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+Macquart lived to an old age at Les Tulettes, though he increasingly
+gave way to drunkenness. His relations with the Rougons were friendly,
+but he was hated by Felicite on account of his knowledge of the origin
+of the family fortune. At eighty-four years of age he was still
+healthy, but his flesh was so saturated with alcohol that it seemed to
+be preserved by it. One day, as he was sitting helpless with drink and
+smoking his pipe, he set fire to his clothes, and his body, soaked as
+it was with ardent spirits, was burned to the last bone. Felicite
+Rougon chanced to enter the house just as the conflagration began, but
+she did nothing to stop it, and went silently away. The combustion was
+so complete that there was nothing left to bury, and the family had to
+content itself with having masses said for the repose of the dead.
+When Macquart's will was opened, it was found that he had left all his
+money for the erection of a magnificent tomb for himself, with weeping
+angels at the head and foot. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MACQUART (MADAME ANTOINE), wife of the preceding. See Josephine
+Gavaudan.
+
+MACQUART (GERVAISE), born 1828, was a daughter of Antoine Macquart,
+and was slightly lame from birth. She was apprenticed to a laundress,
+but at an early age had two children to a journeyman tanner named
+Lantier.[*]
+
+Soon after the death of her mother, in 1850, she ran off to Paris with
+Lantier and her children, Claude, a boy of eight, and Etienne, aged
+four. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+The party had only been in the city a few weeks when Lantier ran off
+with a girl named Adele, leaving Gervaise and the children unprovided
+for. She got work in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and not long
+after received an offer of marriage from Coupeau, a respectable zinc-
+worker, which after some hesitation she accepted. The marriage took
+place, and for a considerable time things prospered, one child, a
+daughter named Nana being born. An accident to Coupeau, who fell from
+a roof and was seriously injured, led to a gradual change; formerly
+temperate and industrious, he became unwilling to work, and began to
+spend his time in public-houses. Gervaise had meantime taken a shop
+with money borrowed from the Goujets, and had started a laundry in it.
+She was at first successful, but in time grew lazy and fond of good
+living, while Coupeau continued idle and became increasingly
+intemperate. Business began to go, and Gervaise became more careless,
+even taking more drink occasionally than she had been wont to do.
+About this time Lantier, her former lover, appeared again, and made
+friends with Coupeau, who agreed to take him into the house as a
+lodger. After that, the descent of Gervaise was rapid. Lantier never
+paid anything for his support, Coupeau drank more heavily than ever,
+and Gervaise, who was gradually drifting into intemperance, resumed
+her old connection with her lover. All the time work was being
+neglected, and debts were accumulating with alarming rapidity.
+Eventually Madame Virginie Poisson took over the shop, and with it
+Lantier, who transferred his affections along with the lease, and the
+Coupeaus removed into a small house high up in the same building.
+Coupeau suffered from repeated attacks of delirium tremens, and
+eventually died in an asylum. Gervaise continued to sink still lower,
+until no work was too menial or too repulsive for her to undertake for
+the price of drink, and one day in the winter of 1869 she was found
+dead in a garret of that great tenement house where she had passed so
+much of her life. L'Assommoir.
+
+Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the pork-butcher, did not come to her
+assistance. Lisa did not like people who were unfortunate, and she was
+ashamed that Gervaise should have married a workman. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+Her son Etienne sent her small sums of money from time to time while
+he was in a situation at Lille. Germinal.
+
+[*] These two are the only children of Gervaise and Lantier mentioned
+    by M. Zola in /La Fortune des Rougon/, /L'Assommoir/, L'Oeuvre/,
+    and /Germinal/. In /La Bete Humaine/, however, the hero, Jacques
+    Lantier, is stated to have been a child of these parents.
+
+MACQUART (JEAN), born 1811, son of Antoine Macquart, was apprenticed
+to a carpenter. A quiet, industrious lad, Jean's father took advantage
+of his simple nature and made him give up his whole earnings to assist
+in keeping him in idleness. Like his sister Gervaise, he ran off soon
+after the death of his mother. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+He entered the army, and, after seven years of soldiering was
+discharged in 1859. When he had left the ranks he turned up at
+Bazoches-le-Doyen with a comrade, a joiner like himself; and he
+resumed his occupation with the latter's father, a master carpenter in
+the village. But his heart was no longer in his work, and having been
+sent to La Borderie to make some repairs, he stayed on to assist at
+the harvest, and eventually became a regular farm servant. He was not
+popular, however, with the peasants, who resented his having had a
+trade before he came back to the soil. He became acquainted at Rognes
+with Mouche and his daughters, Lise and Francoise, and eventually
+married the latter, in spite of the determined opposition of her
+brother-in-law, Buteau. Notwithstanding his marriage, he remained a
+stranger, and, after the death of his wife, went away, leaving
+everything in the hands of her relatives. The war with Germany had
+just broken out, and Jean, disgusted with his life, again enlisted in
+the service of his country. La Terre.
+
+He was made corporal in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel Vineuil. An excellent soldier, and invaluable by reason of his
+former experience, his want of education prevented him being promoted
+to higher rank. Maurice Levasseur was in his company, and between the
+two men there was at first deep antagonism, caused by difference of
+class and education, but little by little Jean was able to gain over
+the other, till the two men became close friends. In the fierce
+fighting at Sedan, each in turn saved the other's life. After the
+battle, they were made prisoners, but escaped, Jean receiving a severe
+wound during their flight. They took refuge at Remilly in the house of
+Fouchard, and Jean was nursed by Henriette Weiss, Levasseur's sister.
+Under her care, the wounded man came to dream of the possibility of a
+life of happiness with this woman, so tender, so sweet, and so active,
+whose fate had been so sad. But the chances of war were too hard;
+Maxime returned to Paris, and after the conclusion of the war took
+part in the Communist rising, which Jean assisted to quell. By an
+extraordinary chance, the two men, loving one another as brothers,
+came to be fighting on opposite sides, and it was the hand of Jean
+that was fated to inflict the fatal wound upon his friend. He had
+killed the brother of the woman he loved, and henceforth there could
+be nothing between them, so he passed from her life, returning to
+assist in that cultivation of the soil which was needed to rejuvenate
+his country. La Debacle.
+
+He settled at Valqueyras, near Plassans, where he married Melanie
+Vial, the only daughter of a peasant farmer in easy circumstances,
+whose land he cultivated. Calm and sensible, always at his plough, his
+wife simple and strong, he raised a large and healthy family to assist
+in replenishing the soil exhausted by the horrors of war. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), first wife of the preceding. See Francoise
+Mouche. La Terre.
+
+MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), second wife of Jean Macquart. See Melanie
+Vial. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MACQUART (LISA), born 1827, daughter of Antoine Macquart. When a child
+of seven she was taken as maid-servant by the wife of the postmaster
+at Plassans, whom she accompanied to Paris on her removal there in
+1839. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+The old lady became very much attached to the girl, and when she died
+left her all her savings, amounting to ten thousand francs. Gradelle,
+a pork-butcher, who had become acquainted with Lisa by seeing her in
+the shop with her mistress, offered her a situation. She accepted, and
+soon the whole place seemed to belong to her; she enslaved Gradelle,
+his nephew Quenu, and even the smallest kitchen-boy. She became a
+beautiful woman, with a love of ease and the determination to secure
+it by steady application to duty. After the sudden death of Gradelle,
+she married Quenu, who had succeeded to the business, and they had one
+daughter, Pauline. Soon their affairs became so prosperous that Lisa
+induced her husband to remove to a larger shop. On Florent's return
+from exile, she received him kindly, and at once proposed to hand over
+to him his share of the money and property left by Gradelle, his
+uncle, which, however, he refused to accept. After a time she became
+tired of always seeing her brother-in-law about the house doing
+nothing, and was the means of making him accept the situation as
+Inspector at the Fish Market. When she heard of the Revolutionary
+meetings in Lebigre's wine-shop and of the leading part taken by
+Florent, she became greatly alarmed, more especially as Quenu had
+begun to accompany his brother occasionally. She succeeded in
+frightening her husband into giving up the meetings, and made it clear
+to Florent that he was no longer welcome in her house. Alarmed by the
+gossip of Mlle. Saget and others as to the progress of the conspiracy,
+she determined, after consultation with Abbe Roustan, to secure the
+safety of her husband and herself by informing the police of the plot.
+On going to the prefect, however, she learned that he had all along
+known of Florent's presence in Paris, and of the meetings, and was
+only waiting a favourable opportunity of arresting the plotters. She
+concealed the impending arrest from her husband and from Florent.
+Notwithstanding her action in this matter, Lisa was not an ill-natured
+or callous woman. She was only determined that nothing should come
+between her and a life of ease. In her there was much of her father's
+nature, though she did not know it. She was merely a steady, sensible
+Macquart with a logical desire for comfort, and to procuring this she
+gave all her time and thought. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+She died in 1863 from decomposition of the blood. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MACQUART (URSULE), born 1791, daughter of Macquart and Adelaide
+Fouque; married in 1810 a hatter named Mouret and went to live at
+Marseilles. She died of consumption in 1840, leaving three children.
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MACQUERON, a grocer and tavern-keeper at Rognes. He was a municipal
+councillor, and deputy Mayor. He made some money by speculating in
+wines, and had since become incorrigibly lazy, spending his time in
+fishing and shooting. Had his wife listened to him, they would have
+shut up the shop, but she was so fiercely set on money-making that she
+would not do so. There was a rivalry of long standing between the
+Macquerons and the Lengaignes, which frequently broke out in open
+quarrels. Having succeeded in undermining Hourdequin's position as
+Mayor, Macqueron succeeded him, but his triumph was of short duration,
+for some official scandal having arisen, he was obliged to resign. La
+Terre.
+
+MACQUERON (MADAME COELINA), wife of the preceding, had a true passion
+for money-making. She was continually quarrelling with her neighbour,
+Madame Lengaigne. La Terre.
+
+MACQUERON (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was educated at a
+boarding-school at Cloyes, and had learned to play the piano. She
+tolerated the attentions of Lequeu, the schoolmaster, whom she
+heartily disliked, as she felt flattered by the notice of the only man
+of education whom she knew. She had a fancy for the son of a
+neighbouring wheelwright, whom her parents would not allow her to see,
+and she ultimately compromised herself so seriously with him that they
+had to consent to her marriage. La Terre.
+
+MADELEINE, a little girl of ten years of age who was an inmate of the
+institute founded by Princess d'Orviedo. Her mother was unable to look
+after her properly, and placed her there in the hope that she would be
+well cared for. L'Argent.
+
+MADELINE (ABBE), was sent to Rognes, when that commune decided to have
+a cure to itself. He came from a mountainous district, and
+disheartened by the flatness of the vast plain of La Beauce, and
+especially by the religious indifference of his parishioners, he soon
+fell into ill-health, on one occasion fainting while he was saying
+Mass. At the end of two years and a half he left Rognes in a dying
+state, and returned to his native mountains. La Terre.
+
+MADINIER (M.) carried on business as a cardboard manufacturer in part
+of the tenement occupied by the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. The
+business was not prosperous, as he spent all his earnings on drink. He
+was one of Coupeau's witnesses on the occasion of his marriage to
+Gervaise Macquart, and was present at the wedding dinner. L'Assommoir.
+
+MAFFRE (M.), a magistrate of Plassans and honorary Canon of Saint-
+Saturnin's church. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was a
+friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house the party was in the habit of
+meeting. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAFFRE (ALPHONSE), second son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged
+eighteen years. Restrained too much by their father, the two brothers
+Maffre were especially intimate with Guillaume Porquier, who
+frequently led them into mischief. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAFFRE (AMBROISE), elder son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged
+twenty. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAGINOT, inspector of woods at Mezieres. He married Gilberte de
+Vineuil, but died a few years afterwards. La Debacle.
+
+MAGINOT (MADAME), see Gilberte de Vineuil.
+
+MAHEU (ALZIRE), the fourth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged nine years.
+She was deformed and delicate, but of precocious intelligence, and was
+able to assist her mother in many ways, sacrificing herself always for
+others. She died of cold and hunger during the strike at Montsou.
+Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (CATHERINE), second child of Toussaint Maheu, worked as a putter
+in the Voreux pit along with the other members of her family. She
+liked Etienne Lantier, but became the mistress of Chaval, who treated
+her so abominably that she eventually returned home. As a result of
+the terrible catastrophe brought about by Souvarine, she was
+imprisoned at the bottom of the pit along with Chaval and Etienne. A
+struggle between the two men ensued, and Chaval was killed. Days
+elapsed before rescue arrived, but before then Catherine had died in
+the arms of Etienne, whom she had really loved all along. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (ESTELLE), seventh child of Toussaint Maheu, aged three months.
+Her constant crying disturbed the household. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (GUILLAUME), great-grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. When a boy of
+fifteen, he found rich coal at Requillart, the Montsou Company's first
+pit, and the seam he discovered was named after him. He died of old
+age at sixty. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (HENRI), sixth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged four years.
+Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (JEANLIN), third child of Toussaint Maheu, aged eleven years. He
+was employed at the Voreux pit, and earned twenty sous a day. His
+nature was vicious, and he forced his companions Bebert Levaque and
+Lydie Pierron to commit petty thefts, with the proceeds of which he
+concealed himself in a disused mine. His criminal tendencies increased
+until he was unable to resist the inclination to kill one of the
+soldiers who guarded the Voreux pit during the strike. He accordingly
+waited till night, and leaping on the shoulders of Jules, a little
+soldier from Brittany, thrust a knife into his throat and killed him.
+Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (LENORE), fifth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged six years. She
+was always fighting with her brother Henri, who was very like her in
+appearance, both having large heads with light yellow hair. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (NICOLAS), grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. He was killed by a
+landslip in the pit, when he was barely forty years old. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (TOUSSAINT), son of old Bonnemort, and husband of La Maheude. He
+was considered one of the best workmen in the Voreux pit, did not
+drink, and was liked and respected by all his companions. He had been
+for a considerable time under the influence of the doctrines taught by
+Etienne Lantier when he was selected by his comrades to place their
+views before the officials of the company. In the great strike which
+followed he took part, and in the attack on the troops sent to guard
+the pit he was driven on by his wife to join the aggressors. He fell,
+shot through the heart, after the fatal volley fired by the soldiers.
+Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (VINCENT). See Bonnemort.
+
+MAHEU (ZACHARIE), eldest child of Toussaint Maheu. He worked in the
+Voreux pit along with his father, but was lazy and seized any
+opportunity of pleasure. He was married to Philomene Levaque, by whom
+he already had two children. The strike interested him very little,
+and he spent most of his time playing /crosse/ with Mouquet. But when
+his sister Catherine was entombed in the pit he was one of the first
+to come forward to the rescue, and he worked day and night with
+frantic energy. The ninth day, in his haste, he was imprudent enough
+to open his lamp, and a sudden explosion of gas reduced him to a
+calcined, unrecognizable mass. Germinal.
+
+MAHEUDE (LA), wife of Toussaint Maheu. She was at first against the
+miners' strike, but moved by the hardship of her lot and the poverty
+in which she was forced to bring up her family, she ultimately urged
+her husband to take an active part. Even after she had seen him killed
+by the bullets of the soldiers, she was furious with those who talked
+of submitting. But further tragedies broke her spirit; her son
+Zacharie was killed in an attempt to rescue his sister, entombed at
+the bottom of the Voreux pit. Out of charity the company allowed the
+afflicted woman to go underground again, though she was past the usual
+age, and found employment for her in the manipulation of a small
+ventilator. Germinal.
+
+MAHOUDEAU, a sculptor. The son of a stonemason at Plassans, he
+attained great success at the local art competitions, and came to
+Paris as the /laureat/ of his town, with an allowance of eight hundred
+francs per annum for four years. In the capital, however, he found his
+level, failing in his competitions at the School of Arts, and merely
+spending his allowance to no purpose; so that in order to live he was
+obliged at the end of his term to enter the employment of a
+manufacturer of church statues. Later, however, he met with Claude
+Lantier and other companions from Plassans, and under their influence
+his ambitions revived. He installed himself in a studio in Rue du
+Cherche-Midi, and there set about the production of a colossal work
+entitled /La Vendangeuse/ (the Vintage Girl), for which Madame
+Mathilde Jabouille served as model. For a time Chaine, who also came
+from Plassans, lived with Mahoudeau, but they quarrelled over
+Mathilde, and ultimately separated. After this Mahoudeau lived alone,
+in considerable poverty, until he got employment from a manufacturer
+of artistic bronzes. He then began to produce work which suited the
+popular taste, and his productions began to be seen on middle-class
+chimney-pieces. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MAIGRAT, the principal shop-keeper in Montsou. He was originally an
+overseer at the Voreux pit, but, assisted by the company, started a
+business which grew to such proportions that he ultimately crushed out
+most of the other retail traders. He was a greedy, rapacious man, and
+during the strike made the women furious by refusing credit. For other
+reasons also they hated him, and his shop was one of the first places
+attacked by the maddened strikers. In terror Maigrat took refuge on
+the roof, but his foot slipped, and he was dashed to the ground, being
+killed on the spot. Even this did not satisfy his assailants, for the
+frenzied women, led by La Brule, rushed forward and mutilated the
+still quivering body. Germinal.
+
+MAIGRAT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a pitiful creature
+who passed all her days over a ledger without even daring to lift her
+head. On the day of the attack by the strikers she was a witness of
+the death of her husband and of the terrible events which followed. Up
+at the window she stood motionless; but beneath the last gleams of the
+setting sun the confused faults of the window-panes deformed her white
+face, which looked as though it were laughing. Germinal.
+
+MALGRAS (LE PERE), a picture-dealer with whom Claude Lantier had
+frequent dealings. He was a thick-set old man, with close-cropped
+white hair, and wore a dirty old coat that made him look like an
+untidy cabman. Beneath this disguise was concealed a keen knowledge of
+art, combined with a ferocious skill in bargaining. As a superb liar,
+moreover, he was without an equal. He was satisfied with a small
+profit, but never purchased in the morning without knowing where to
+dispose of his purchase at night. He viewed with disdain the modern
+methods of picture-dealing introduced by Naudet, and like a cautious
+man he retired with a modest fortune to a little house at Bois-
+Colombes. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MALIGNON (M.), a young stockbroker who was supposed to have a large
+fortune and accordingly was received everywhere in society. He posed
+as a critic of art, literature, and the drama, and pretended to be
+bored with everything. Madame Deberle, being carried away by his
+attentions, was foolish enough to promise to meet him at a flat which
+he had taken, but Madame Helene Grandjean having warned her that Dr.
+Deberle had got wind of the affair, the intended liaison came to
+nothing. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+MALIVERNE (ROSE). See Madame Rose Fouan.
+
+MALIVOIRE, a coach-hirer at Arromanches. He was the owner of the
+omnibus which ran between Arromanches and Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MALOIR (MADAME), a respectable-looking elderly woman, was Nana's
+friend, chaperone, and companion, writing for her such letters as she
+required. She was always ready to receive the secrets of others, but
+never told anything about herself. It was said that she lived upon a
+mysterious pension, but she never appeared to carry any money with
+her. She had a mania for doing up all her hats afresh. Nana.
+
+MAMAN NINI, the pet name given by Angelique to Francois Hamelin. Le
+Reve.
+
+MANGUELIN (MADAME), a young, retiring woman, who was to some extent
+dependent on the bounty of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+MANOURY, a salesman at the Central Markets in Paris. He was the
+employer of Logre and Clemence. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MARCEL, a vegetable-dealer at the Paris /Halles Centrales/. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+MARDIENNE FRERES, manufacturers of church ornaments in Rue Saint-
+Sulpice. Mademoiselle Menu worked in their establishment. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MARECHAL, a bookmaker who had formerly been coachman to Comte de
+Vandeuvres. As the result of a racing swindle by Vandeuvres, Marechal
+lost a large sum over a filly named Nana, and, his suspicions having
+been aroused, he caused such a scandal that the Comte was disqualified
+by the racing committee. Nana.
+
+MARESCOT (M.), a cutler in the Rue de la Paix, who had once turned a
+grindstone in the streets and was now said to be worth several
+millions. He was a man of fifty-five, large, bony, with the huge hands
+of an old workman; one of his delights was to carry off the knives and
+scissors of his tenants, which he sharpened himself for his own
+amusement. He owned the large tenement-house on the Rue Goutte d'Or,
+in which resided the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others, and though a
+fair landlord, would brook no delay in payment of rent, turning out
+defaulters without mercy. L'Assommoir.
+
+MAREUIL (M. DE), a retired sugar-refiner of Havre whose real name was
+Bonnet. After amassing a large fortune, he married a young girl of
+good birth, whose name he assumed. He was ambitious and hoped to
+become a member of the Corps Legislatif through the influence of his
+friend Saccard, whose brother Eugene Rougon was a Minister of State.
+To secure this he agreed to a marriage between his daughter and Maxime
+Saccard. He was a man of solemn and imposing appearance, but was
+absolutely without brains. La Curee.
+
+MAREUIL (MADAME HELENE DE), wife of the preceding. She came of a noble
+and wealthy family, but lived such a fast life that she died young,
+worn out by pleasure. La Curee.
+
+MAREUIL (LOUISE DE), daughter of a retired sugar-refiner of Havre.
+Slightly deformed and plain-looking, but with fascinating manners, she
+married Maxime Saccard, to whom she brought a large dowry. Six months
+afterwards she died of consumption in Italy. La Curee.
+
+MAREUIL (COMTESSE), employed Clara Prunaire in her house to attend to
+the mending of linen. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MARGAILLAN, a great building contractor, many times a millionaire, who
+made his fortune out of the great public works of Paris, running up
+whole boulevards on his own account. He was a man of remarkable
+activity, with a great gift of administration, and an instinctive
+knowledge of the streets to construct and the buildings to buy. Moved
+by the success of Dubuche at the School of Art, and by the
+recommendations of his masters there, Margaillan took the young
+architect into partnership, and agreed to his marriage with his
+daughter Regine. Unfortunately, Dubuche showed deplorable incapacity
+in carrying into practice the theories which he had learned at the
+School of Art, and Margaillan, after losing considerable sums,
+returned to his original methods of construction, thrusting his son-
+in-law to one side. He possessed a magnificent estate named /La
+Richaudiere/, near Bennecourt. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MARGAILLAN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a girl of the
+middle-classes, whose family history was a bad one, and after
+suffering for years from anemia, she ultimately died of phthisis.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+MARGAILLAN (REGINE), daughter of the preceding, and wife of Louis
+Dubuche. She was very delicate, and suffered from a phthisical
+tendency derived from her mother, which in turn she handed to her two
+children, Gaston and Alice. It was frequently necessary for her to
+leave home for the benefit of her health, and during her absences the
+children were left at /La Richaudiere/ in charge of their father.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+MARIA, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+MARJOLIN, a boy who was found in a heap of cabbages at the Paris
+market. It was never known who his parents were, and he became the
+adopted child of the place, always finding a lodging with one or other
+of the market-women. Later on he lived with Madame Chantemesse, who
+had adopted Cadine, another foundling, and the two children grew up
+together, becoming inseparable. Marjolin was always of slow intellect,
+and as the result of an injury to his head he became practically an
+idiot. Gavard gave him employment in the poultry market. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+MARSOULLIER, proprietor of the Hotel Boncoeur, where Gervaise Macquart
+and Lantier put up when they came to Paris. L'Assommoir.
+
+MARTIN, coachman to Dr. Cazenove. He was an old man who formerly
+served in the navy, and had his leg amputated by Cazenove. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+MARTINE, the old servant of Dr. Pascal, with whom she had been for
+thirty years. She brought up Clotilde Rougon, whose affection for the
+doctor excited her jealousy later on. Martine, who was devoted to her
+master, desired to force him to be reconciled with the Church, but
+Clotilde, at first her accomplice, escaped from religious influences
+and gave herself entirely to Pascal, leaving Martine with no other
+resource but prayer. She was extremely avaricious, but when the doctor
+was ruined, her devotion was such that she used some of her own money
+to purchase the necessaries of life for him. Distracted at the sudden
+death of her master, and in the hope of saving him from damnation, she
+assisted Madame Felicite Rougon to destroy his great work on heredity,
+which in her narrow-minded bigotry she believed was intended to
+subvert true religion. The work of destruction completed, she went
+away to live by herself at Sainte-Marthe, as she refused to serve any
+other master than the one she had been with so many years. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+MARTINEAU (M.), a notary of Coulonges, and brother of Madame Correur.
+He ignored his sister for many years, but his principles would not
+allow him to disinherit her, and he made a will under which his
+property would be divided between her and his wife. Soon thereafter,
+Madame Correur, knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him as a
+dangerous Republican to Rougon, then Minister of the Interior, and his
+arrest followed. The shock, together with the unnecessary harshnesses
+displayed by Gilquin, the commissary of police, caused Martineau's
+death, and the subsequent popular outcry had much to do with Rougon's
+second resignation of office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+MARTINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+MARSY (COMTE DE), Minister of the Interior before Eugene Rougon, who
+succeeded him on his appointment as President of the Corps Legislatif.
+Marsy, who was said to be the son of a queen, was brilliant, immoral,
+and unscrupulous. He was the chief political opponent of Eugene Rougon
+and had great influence at the Court of Napoleon III. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+MARTY (M.), a master at the Lycee Bonaparte, who was being ruined by
+the extravagance of his wife, and was obliged to double his salary by
+giving private lessons, in order to meet the constantly growing
+household expenses. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MARTY (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of about thirty-
+five years of age, whose face, never beautiful, was now much marked by
+small-pox. She had a perfect mania for spending money on clothes, and
+never visited "The Ladies' Paradise" without buying innumerable
+articles for which she had no need. As a result of her extravagance,
+her husband was nearly ruined, and was forced to increase his earnings
+by giving private lessons. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MARTY (VALENTINE), daughter of the preceding, a young girl of fourteen
+years of age, who was used by her mother as an excuse for some of her
+extravagance, as she dressed her like herself, with all the
+fashionable novelties of which she submitted to the irresistible
+seduction. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MASCART (PERE), a blind paralytic to whom Angelique showed much
+kindness. Le Reve.
+
+MASSACRE, one of the dogs of old Soulas, the shepherd. It shared the
+hatred of its master of La Cognette. La Terre.
+
+MASSIAS, a frequenter of the Paris Bourse, where he gained a living by
+bringing business to stockbrokers, from whom he received a commission
+on each transaction. He was employed by Saccard after the foundation
+of the Universal Bank, and by speculating in the shares he made a
+considerable fortune. With the downfall of the institution, he lost
+everything, and found himself in debt for a large sum. By borrowing
+from friends, and pledging his entire life, he paid his debts and
+started afresh. L'Argent.
+
+MASSICOT, a tradesman of Plassans who was enrolled and armed by Pierre
+Rougon to deliver the Town Hall from the Republicans who had occupied
+it. He was so excited that when he got into the building he fired in
+the air without knowing he had done so. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MASSON (COLONEL), commander of the troops which crushed the Republican
+rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MATHIAS, an old hunchback who worked on the farm of La Borderie. La
+Terre.
+
+MATHIEU, a large dog which belonged to the Chanteaus at Bonneville and
+was a great favourite of the family. The death of this animal greatly
+accelerated the unreasoning fear of inevitable mortality with which
+the mind of Lazare Chanteau was becoming obsessed. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MATHILDE, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+MATIGNON, a draper in Paris, whose shop was near that of Baudu. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MAUDIT (ABBE), Vicar of Saint-Roch, Paris, he counted among his
+parishioners the Josserands and the Duveyriers. Though well aware of
+the immorality that went on in his parish, he recognized the
+impossibility of stopping it, and did what he could to hide it under
+the cloak of religion. When the scandal arose about Madame Auguste
+Vabre, he was approached by her relations, and at their request acted
+as intermediary between the husband and wife. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MAUGENDRE (M.), father of Madame Jordan; was a retired awning
+manufacturer who had made a considerable fortune from his business. He
+disapproved of his daughter's marriage, and refused to give her any
+dowry, on the pretext that she would have his fortune intact when he
+was dead and gone. He was a careful man, averse from speculation, but
+having on one occasion made a small venture, he gradually became
+imbued with the craze. The phenomenal success of the Universal Bank
+induced him to purchase its shares more and more wildly, until, when
+the crash came, he was so deeply committed as to be ruined. Jordan,
+who by this time had met with some success in literature, came to his
+assistance. L'Argent.
+
+MAUGENDRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was at first bitterly
+opposed to the small speculations entered into by her husband. She
+soon got infected with the craze, and became even more reckless than
+he, urging him to involve himself more and more deeply in the fortunes
+of the Universal Bank. L'Argent.
+
+MAUGENDRE (MARCELLE). See Madame Marcelle Jordan.
+
+MAURIAC (BARON DE), starter at the racecourse of Longchamp. Nana.
+
+MAURIN, a hatter of Plassans, who was selected by the Republicans of
+that town as their candidate. At the election he only received about
+fifteen hundred votes against the rival candidate. M. Delangre. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAURIN, a notary at Tulettes, who was also Mayor of the Commune. It
+was he who drew up the certificate of death of Antoine Macquart from
+spontaneous combustion.
+
+MAZAUD, a broker on the Paris Bourse, who succeeded on the death of
+his uncle to one of the largest businesses in the city. He was young
+and pleasant-looking, with such remarkable activity and intuition that
+he soon came into the first rank. He was also assisted by the fact
+that he did business with all the great bankers, and was reputed to
+have a second cousin employed at the Havas News Agency. After the
+foundation of the Universal Bank, he became the official broker of
+that institution, and the great gamble in its shares resolved itself
+into a duel between him and Jacoby, the one buying for Saccard and the
+other selling for Gundermann. Mazaud did not speculate on his own
+account, but the failure of the bank led to so many of his clients
+being unable to meet their differences that he was ruined. After
+putting his affairs in order so far as possible, he committed suicide.
+L'Argent.
+
+MAZAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She married for love, and
+brought to her husband a considerable fortune. She had two children, a
+girl and a boy. The suicide of her husband completely overwhelmed her
+with grief. L'Argent.
+
+MAZEL, a famous master at the School of Arts, and the last rampart of
+elegant conventionality. The first year that the Hanging Committee of
+the /Salon/ was elected by the artists themselves, Mazel was chosen
+president. In the selection of pictures he was susceptible to
+influence, and was guided more by the name of the artist than by the
+quality of the work. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MECHAIN, proprietor of a racing-stable. Hazard, one of his horses, ran
+in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+MECHAIN (MADAME), a woman in the employment of Busch, the money-lender
+and debt collector. She assisted him in tracing debtors, and in the
+purchase of securities of bankrupt companies. She was a cousin of
+Rosalie Chavaille, mother of Victor Saccard, on whose death she was
+left with the boy to bring up. On discovering the paternity of Victor
+some years later, she and Busch attempted to blackmail Saccard, but
+without success, though they had previously got a considerable sum
+from Caroline Hamelin, who wished to save Saccard from annoyance.
+L'Argent.
+
+MEGOT (JUSTINE), a young maid-servant of Renee Saccard. She had a son
+to Maxime Rougon in 1857, and was sent to live in the country with the
+child on a small annuity. La Curee.
+
+Three years later she married Anselme Thomas, a harness-maker at
+Plassans. They had two children, and would have lived happily but for
+the husband's dislike to her eldest child, Charles Rougon. Her conduct
+after marriage was exemplary in every way. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MEHUDIN (MADAME), originally came from Rouen to Paris, where she ever
+afterwards remained in the fish trade. As her two daughters, Louise
+and Claire, got on badly together, she ultimately divided her business
+between them, Louise going to the general fish-market, while Claire
+installed herself among the fresh-water fish. "From that time the old
+mother, although she pretended to have retired from business
+altogether, would flit from one stall to the other, still interfering
+in the selling of the fish, and causing her daughters continual
+annoyance by the foul insolence with which she at times spoke to
+customers." Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MEHUDIN (CLAIRE), the second daughter of Madame Mehudin, was an idle,
+fair-complexioned girl, with a gentle manner. She had, however, a
+strong will, and was invariably at loggerheads with others. When
+Florent became Inspector at the Fish Market, Claire took his part
+against her mother and sister, but afterwards went to the opposite
+extreme when his relations with Louise had become friendly. It
+appeared that she had a real affection for him, however, as after his
+arrest she assaulted her sister in the belief that she had given
+information to the police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MEHUDIN (LOUISE), commonly called La Normande. She was a beautiful
+woman who had at one time been engaged to be married to a clerk in the
+corn-market. He was, however, accidentally killed, leaving Louise with
+a son, who was known in the market by the nickname of /Muche/. When
+Florent was first appointed Inspector in the Fish Market, Louise, who
+had quarrelled with his sister-in-law, Lisa, did everything she could
+to annoy him. Afterwards, partly gratified by his kindness to her son,
+and partly to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu, she became reconciled to him.
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MEINHOLD (MADAME DE), a lady well-known in the Society of the Second
+Empire. She was a friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards.
+La Curee.
+
+MELANIE, cook in the employment of the Gregoires, with whom she had
+been for thirty years. Germinal.
+
+MELANIE, the servant of Denizet, the examining magistrate at Rouen.
+The latter was anxious for promotion, in order that his old servant
+might be better fed and consequently better tempered. La Bete Humane.
+
+MELIE, niece of the Fancheurs. She was a girl from the village of
+Bennecourt, who waited on Claude Lantier and Christine in their
+cottage there, and greatly amused them by her stupidity. After the
+death of the Fancheurs, the inn came into the possession of Melie, but
+soon lost favour on account of its dirt and disorder. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MENU (MADEMOISELLE), aunt of Fanny Menu, who lived with her. She had
+been an embroideress for thirty years, but her sight failed and she
+was obliged to give up work. Fortunately she received a small legacy
+from a relative, and on this, added to the earnings of her niece, she
+was able to live. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MENU (FANNY), a young girl who was protected by Narcisse Bachelard. As
+he on one occasion found her with Gueulin, his nephew, under
+compromising circumstances, he insisted on their marriage, and gave
+her a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MERLE, usher at the Council of State. He was appointed by Eugene
+Rougon, through the influence of Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+MES BOTTES, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's companions. He was a
+heavy drinker and an enormous eater, and on account of the latter gift
+he was occasionally asked by his friends to join such parties of
+pleasure as paid by contract for their entertainment, in order that
+they might watch the landlord's face lengthen at the rapid
+disappearance of food. Chiefly for this reason, he was asked to the
+Coupeaus' wedding party. L'Assommoir.
+
+MEYER, owner of a Viennese bakery in Faubourg Poissonniere. The
+Coupeaus bought their bread from him in order to please Lantier.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+MICHELIN (M.), a surveyor of the Municipal Council. "His wife, a
+pretty woman, occasionally called to apologize to her husband's chiefs
+for his absence, when he stayed away through ill-health. He was often
+ill, but he obtained promotion at each illness." In order to secure
+Saccard's influence, Michelin assisted him in getting exorbitant
+prices for land sold to the city. La Curee.
+
+MICHELIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. By means of her good looks
+and a determination to get on at any cost, she secured the influence
+of her husband's superiors, and got rapid promotion for him in the
+office of the Municipal Council. La Curee.
+
+MIETTE, the pet name of Marie Chantegreil. (q.v.).
+
+MIETTE, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud who assisted to
+decorate the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+MIGNON, a man who, beginning life as a bricklayer, had amassed a
+fortune by speculations in building land during the early days of the
+Second Empire. Along with Charrier, his partner, he had many business
+dealings with Aristide Saccard. La Curee.
+
+MIGNON, husband of an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. When Rose
+married him he was leader of the orchestra at a cafe concert where she
+sang. They were the best of friends, and lived together on the
+earnings of the wife, who exploited her beauty not less than her
+talents. Mignon was always on the best of terms with his wife's
+lovers, even assisting them occasionally to deceive her, with the view
+of bringing them back in penitence later on. Nana.
+
+MIGNON (CHARLES), younger son of the preceding. Nana.
+
+MIGNON (HENRI), elder son of Mignon. Along with his brother Charles he
+was educated at a boarding-school. Nana.
+
+MIGNON (ROSE), wife of Mignon, was a star actress at the Theatre des
+Varietes, being a fine comedienne and an admirable singer. She was
+dark and thin with that charming ugliness which is peculiar to the
+gamins of Paris. It was she who, annoyed by the rivalry of Nana, one
+day made Comte de Muffat aware of the liaison between his wife and
+Fauchery. She was, however, a good-hearted woman, and when she learned
+that Nana had contracted small-pox she arranged for her removal to the
+Grand Hotel, and nursed her there till she died. Nana.
+
+MIGNOT, one of the salesmen in the glove department at "The Ladies'
+Paradise." He entered into a conspiracy with Albert Lhomme to defraud
+his employer, and this was successful to a considerable extent before
+its discovery; his dismissal followed, but there was no prosecution,
+as the firm preferred not to bring its internal affairs before the
+public eye. He afterwards got a situation as a traveller, and had even
+the boldness to call at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MIMI-LA-MORT, a pupil at the College of Plassans, who was also
+nicknamed /Le Squelette-Externe/ (The Skeleton Day-Boarder) on account
+of his extreme thinness. Against the regulations of the College, he
+used to bring in snuff to the other scholars. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MINOUCHE, a white cat which belonged to the Chanteaus. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+MISARD, signalman on the railway at Croix-de-Maufras, between Malaunay
+and Barentin. He was a little puny man, with thin, discoloured hair
+and beard, and a lean, hollow-cheeked face. His work was mechanical,
+and he seemed to carry it through without thought or intelligence. His
+wife, a cousin of Jacques Lantier, looked after the level-crossing
+which adjoined their house until failing health prevented her from
+leaving the house. For this little man, silently and without anger,
+was slowly poisoning his wife with a powder which he placed in the
+salt which she ate. This crime, patient and cunning, had for its cause
+a legacy of a thousand francs left to Aunt Phasie by her father, a
+legacy which she had hidden, and refused to hand over to Misard. But
+the old woman triumphed in the end, for though Misard searched day and
+night for the treasure, he was never able to find it; she died taking
+her secret with her. An old woman of the neighbourhood, La Ducloux,
+whom he had employed to attend to the level-crossing after the death
+of his wife, induced him to marry her by pretending that she had
+discovered the secret hoard. La Bete Humaine.
+
+MISARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Phasie (Aunt).
+
+MORANGE (CHARLOT), son of Silvine Morange and of Goliath Steinberg.
+Physically he resembled his father's race, whom, however, he was
+brought up to hate. Hidden behind his mother, he was at three years
+old a witness of the murder of his father by the francs-tireurs. La
+Debacle.
+
+MORANGE (SILVINE), servant with Fouchard at Remilly. Her mother, who
+was a worker in a factory at Raucourt, died when she was quite young,
+and her godfather, Dr. Dalichamp, got her a situation with Fouchard.
+Honore Fouchard fell in love with her, and they became engaged, but
+the opposition of the old man was so great that Honore went away from
+home and enlisted in the army. During his absence Silvine fell a
+victim to the wiles of Goliath Steinberg, and a child, Charlot, was
+born, Steinberg having previously disappeared. She had all along loved
+Honore, and when he passed through Remilly on his way to fight the
+Prussians he forgave her, and promised to marry her on his return.
+When she heard that he had been killed in the battle of Sedan, she
+became nearly mad, and with Prosper Sambuc made a wild search of the
+battlefield for her lover's body. They found it eventually, and
+brought it back in a cart for burial. Goliath Steinberg, who was a
+German spy, again made advances to her, and, to save herself and her
+friends, she betrayed him to the francs-tireurs, who killed him in her
+presence. La Debacle.
+
+MORIZOT, a friend of Malignon, who took him to the children's party at
+Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+MOSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was a short, yellow-
+skinned man, who suffered from liver complaint and was continually
+lamenting, in constant dread of some imminent catastrophe. In
+consequence of his views, he was known on the Bourse as "bear" Moser.
+Speculating heavily against the rise in the shares of the Universal
+Bank, he was at one time on the verge of ruin, but the collapse of
+that institution left him with an enormous fortune. L'Argent.
+
+MOUCHE (LE PERE), the sobriquet of Michel Fouan, the third son of
+Joseph Casimir Fouan, and brother of La Grande, Pere Fouan, and Laure
+Badeuil. When his father's estate was divided, he received the family
+dwelling-house and some land, but was dissatisfied with his share and
+continued to accuse his brother and sister, though forty years had
+elapsed, of having robbed him when the lots were drawn. He had been
+long a widower, and, a soured unlucky man, he lived alone with his two
+daughters, Lise and Francoise. At sixty years of age he died of an
+attack of apoplexy. La Terre.
+
+MOUCHE (FRANCOISE), younger daughter of Michel Fouan, alias Mouche.
+Her mother died early, and she was brought up by her sister Lise, to
+whom she was devotedly attached. She had a passion for justice, and
+when she had said "that is mine and that is yours," she would have
+been prepared to go to the stake in support of her rights. This
+execration of injustice gradually led to a change of feeling between
+the two sisters, for after the marriage of Lise to Buteau a division
+of the land should have been made. Buteau and his wife on various
+pretexts put off this division, and it was only on the marriage of
+Francoise to Jean Macquart that it was carried out. An entire
+estrangement between the two families followed, and constant quarrels
+took place. After a shameful assault by Buteau upon Francoise, his
+wife threw her upon a scythe which lay upon the ground near by, and
+the unfortunate girl received injuries from which she died a few hours
+later. A sense of loyalty to her family induced her to conceal the
+cause of these injuries, which were attributed to accident. La Terre.
+
+MOUCHE (LISE), elder daughter of Pere Mouche, and sister of the
+preceding. She had a son to her cousin Buteau, who, however, did not
+marry her for three years afterwards, when the death of her father
+made her heiress to some land. She was at first an amiable woman, but
+grew hardened under the influence of her husband, and ultimately her
+whole desire was to avoid the necessity of a division of her father's
+estate between her sister and herself. Moved by these feelings, her
+love for Francoise became transformed into a hatred so intense that
+she did not hesitate to assist her husband in attempting to bring
+about the girl's ruin. In the end, having assisted Buteau in a
+shameful assault on Francoise, she afterwards threw her upon a scythe
+which was lying on the ground near by, inflicting injuries which
+proved fatal. Pere Fouan, having been a witness of the assault, was
+subsequently murdered by Lise and her husband, to ensure his silence
+and their own safety. La Terre.
+
+MOULIN, an assistant station-master at Havre along with Roubaud. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+MOULIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman, timid
+and weak, who was seldom seen. She had a large family of young
+children. La Bete Humaine.
+
+MOUNIER, a tenor singer at the Opera, who gave the cue to Madame
+Daigremont at a performance in her house. L'Argent.
+
+MOUQUE, father of Mouquet and of Mouquette. He had charge of the
+horses in the Voreux pit, and also acted as caretaker at a ruined mine
+known as the Requillart, where the company had given him two rooms to
+live in. Almost every evening he received a visit from his old comrade
+Bonnemort. Germinal.
+
+MOUQUET, son of the preceding, was an inseparable companion of
+Zacharie Maheu, along with whom he worked at the Voreux pit. During
+the strike he went out of curiosity to see the attack by the strikers
+on the soldiers who were guarding the mines, and was killed by a stray
+ball which struck him in the mouth.
+
+MOUQUETTE, daughter of Mouque. She was a putter in the Voreux pit, and
+lived with her father at the ruined mine of Requillart, where he was
+caretaker. She was present at the attack by the strikers on the
+soldiers guarding the Voreux, and when the fatal volley was fired she
+was killed, in an instinctive attempt to save Catherine Maheu, before
+whom she placed herself. Germinal.
+
+MOURET, a hatter of Plassans who married Ursule Macquart in 1810 and
+went to live at Marseilles. He was devoted to his wife, and a year
+after her death in 1839, he hanged himself in a cupboard where her
+dresses were still suspended. He left three children, Helene,
+Francois, and Silvere. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOURET (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Ursule Macquart. La
+Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOURET (DESIREE), born 1844, daughter of Francois Mouret, and sister
+of Octave and Serge. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+She was of feeble intellect, and when a girl of sixteen was still
+mentally like a child of eight. When her mother fell under the
+influence of Abbe Faujas, and began entirely to neglect her family,
+Francois Mouret removed Desiree to the home of her old nurse, in whose
+custody she remained. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+When her brother Serge was appointed priest of Les Artaud, she
+accompanied him there. By that time she had grown to be a tall,
+handsome girl, but her mind had never developed, and she was still
+like a young child. Her love of animals had become a passion, and at
+her brother's home she was able to indulge it to the fullest extent,
+and to her complete happiness. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+She accompanied her brother to Saint Eutrope, where he became cure,
+and she continued innocent and healthy, like a happy young animal. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+MOURET (FRANCOIS), born in 1817, son of Mouret and Ursule Macquart,
+his wife. He got a situation in the business of his uncle, Pierre
+Rougon, whose daughter Marthe he married in 1840. They had three
+children, Octave, Serge, and Desiree. On the retirement of his uncle,
+Mouret returned to Marseilles and established himself in business
+there. La Fortune de Rougon.
+
+During fifteen years of close application on the part of Mouret and
+his wife, he made a fortune out of wines, oil, and almonds, and then
+retired to Plassans, where he lived on his means, making an occasional
+deal in wine or oil when a chance occurred. He was not on good terms
+with his wife's relations, and placed himself politically in
+opposition to them by supporting the Legitimist candidate, the Marquis
+de Lagrifoul. In 1858, having two vacant rooms in his house, he was
+induced by the Abbe Bourrette to let them to Abbe Faujas, a priest who
+had been sent to Plassans by the Government to undermine the existing
+clerical influence there, which had been exercised in support of the
+Marquis de Lagrifoul. Mouret was a man of narrow and restricted
+intellect, and his peculiarities became more and more marked as the
+Abbe Faujas gradually came to dominate the household and induce Madame
+Mouret to neglect her husband and family for the service of the
+Church. By degrees Mouret came to be regarded as insane, and his wife
+having had several epileptic attacks, he was accused of having caused
+the injuries she had really inflicted on herself. His wrongful removal
+to the asylum at Les Tulettes followed, and confinement soon confirmed
+the insanity which before had only threatened. In 1864, his uncle,
+Antoine Macquart, in order to annoy the Rougons contrived his escape
+from the asylum, and he returned by night to his home at Plassans.
+Finding it in the occupancy of Abbe Faujas and his relatives, he was
+overcome by the fury of madness, and set fire to the house in several
+places. So thoroughly did he do his work that all the inmates,
+including himself, perished in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MOURET (MADAME MARTHE), wife of the preceding. See Marthe Rougon.
+
+MOURET (HELENE), born 1824, daughter of Mouret and Ursule Macquart,
+his wife. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+When seventeen years old she married M. Grandjean, the son of a sugar-
+refiner of Marseilles, whose family were bitterly opposed to the match
+on account of her poverty. The wedding was a secret one, and the young
+couple had difficulty making ends meet until an uncle died, leaving
+them ten thousand francs a year. "It was then that Grandjean, within
+whom an intense hatred of Marseilles was growing, had decided on
+coming to Paris, to live there for good." The day after their arrival
+Grandjean was seized with illness, and after eight days he died,
+leaving his wife with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Helene, who
+was a woman of singular beauty, had no friends in Paris except Abbe
+Jouve and his half-brother M. Rambaud, but from them she received much
+kindness. Her daughter Jeanne was far from strong, having inherited
+much of the hereditary neurosis of her mother's family, along with a
+consumptive tendency from that of her father. A sudden illness of the
+girl led to an acquaintance with Doctor Deberle, and this ripened into
+love between him and Helene, though considerations of duty kept them
+apart. Meantime, Helene had discovered the beginnings of an intrigue
+between Madame Deberle and M. Malignon, and in order to break it off
+was herself placed in such a compromising position towards Doctor
+Deberle that he became her lover. The discovery of the fact by Jeanne,
+whose jealous love of her mother amounted to a mania, led to the
+child's illness and death, and to her mother's bitter repentance. Two
+years later Helene married M. Rambaud, and went to live at Marseilles.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+She lived for many years, very happy, and idolized by her husband, in
+a house which he owned near Marseilles, close to the seashore. She had
+no children by her second marriage. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MOURET (OCTAVE), born 1840, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+A young man of high spirits and somewhat idle habits, he made little
+progress at college, and failed to pass the examinations for a degree.
+His father was much annoyed at this, and sent him off to Marseilles to
+enter a commercial business. The reports regarding him were, however,
+unsatisfactory, as it appeared that he showed no inclination to settle
+to hard work and was living a dissolute life.[*] La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+After the death of his parents, Serge Mouret, who was about to take
+Holy Orders, renounced his share of his father's fortune in favour of
+his brother Octave. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had
+charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+After three years at Marseilles he came to Paris, where he secured an
+appointment as assistant at "The Ladies' Paradise" through the
+influence of the Campardons, who were old friends of his mother. He
+formed the project of advancing his prospects by making love to Madame
+Hedouin, wife of his employer, but she gave him no encouragement. He
+resigned his situation, and went as salesman to Auguste Vabre, a
+neighbouring silk merchant. Vabre's wife (nee Berthe Josserand) was
+not on good terms with her husband, and a liaison was formed between
+her and Octave Mouret, which subsisted for some time before it was
+discovered by Vabre, who received information from Rachael, his maid-
+servant. Mouret returned to his former employment at "The Ladies'
+Paradise," and M. Hedouin having died in the interval, he married the
+widow a few months afterwards. He had developed keen business ability,
+with large ideas, and under his management the shop became one of the
+most important in the district. Pot-Bouille.
+
+In Mouret's hands the business of "The Ladies' Paradise" continued to
+grow, and repeated extensions of the building became necessary. While
+one of these was in progress, Madame Mouret, who was inspecting the
+work, fell into a hole, and as a result of her injuries died three
+days afterwards. Mouret remained a widower, and devoted himself to the
+extension of his business, though it was believed that a liaison with
+Madame Desforges was not the only entanglement of its kind. On the
+introduction of Madame Desforges he came to know Baron Hartmann,
+director of the Credit Immobilier, who became interested in him, and
+eventually found the money necessary to carry out the vast schemes of
+extension which he had long had in mind. By this time Denise Baudu had
+come to "The Ladies' Paradise" as a saleswoman, and from the first
+Mouret had taken an interest in her. This was probably increased by
+the fact that she resisted all his advances, and refused all his
+offers. Ultimately he became so infatuated by her that he asked her to
+marry him, which she agreed to do. By this time the success of "The
+Ladies' Paradise" had become triumphant, and the smaller traders of
+the district were being crushed out of existence, and driven one by
+one into bankruptcy. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+He assisted at the burial of his cousin, Claude Lantier the artist. By
+this time he had become very rich, was decorated with the Legion of
+Honour, and was desirous of giving the impression of an enlightened
+taste for art. L'Oeuvre.
+
+Octave Mouret, whose immense fortune continued to increase, had
+towards the end of 1872 a second child by his wife Denise Baudu, whom
+he adored, though he again began to lead a somewhat irregular life.
+Their little girl was puny, but the younger child, a boy, took after
+his mother, and grew magnificently. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+[*] It is interesting to note that by a curious oversight M. Zola in
+    /Pot-Bouille/ refers to Octave Mouret as having passed the
+    examination for his bachelor's degree before leaving Plassans, and
+    states that at Marseilles the lad showed a passion for business
+    life, being able during his three years' stay there to make a sum
+    of five thousand francs (two hundred pounds), which he took with
+    him to Paris.
+
+MOURET (MADAME CAROLINE), first wife of the preceding. See Madame
+Caroline Hedouin.
+
+MOURET (MADAME DENISE), second wife of Octave Mouret. See Denise
+Baudu.
+
+MOURET (SERGE), born 1841, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+He was a young man of nervous temperament and of somewhat delicate
+health. Educated at Plassans, he took his degree at the college there,
+and it was intended that he should go to Paris to study for the bar.
+The state of his health caused his departure to be delayed, and
+meantime he, like his mother, fell under the influence of Abbe Faujas.
+Ultimately he decided to abandon the study of the law in order to
+become a priest, and against the wishes of his father he entered the
+Seminary at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+After being ordained to the priesthood he was appointed cure of Les
+Artaud, a small village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants
+he ministered with small success. From his parents he had inherited
+the family taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the form
+of morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever
+resulted, and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental past.
+Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, in the hope of saving his reason,
+removed him to Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion,
+where he left him in the care of Albine, the keeper's niece. Here
+Serge slowly recovered his health, though the memory of his past was
+gone, and his mental development was that of a boy. In that enchanted
+garden, lush with foliage and with the scent of flowers, the drama of
+life unfolded, and Serge, loving Albine, and oblivious of his vows
+unwittingly broke them. A chance meeting with Brother Archangais, and
+a glimpse of the world outside the Paradou, recalled to Serge the
+recollection of his priesthood, and, filled with horror, he tore
+himself from Albine and returned to his cure of souls. A fierce
+struggle between love and duty followed, but in the end the Church
+conquered, and Albine was left to die, while Serge threw himself even
+more feverishly than before into the observances of his faith. La
+Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+Sent later to Saint-Eutrope, at the bottom of a marshy gorge, he was
+cloistered there with his sister Desiree. He showed a fine humility,
+refusing all preferment from his bishop, waiting for death like a holy
+man, averse to remedies, although he was already in the early stage of
+phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MOURET (SILVERE), born 1834, son of Mouret, the hatter, and Ursule
+Macquart, his wife. After the death of his father, Silvere went to
+live with his grandmother Adelaide Fouque. Though poorly educated, he
+was fond of reading, and his lonely life with this old half-imbecile
+woman increased his own tendency to visionary dreamings. "He was
+predisposed to Utopian ideas by certain hereditary influences; his
+grandmother's nervous disorders became in him a chronic enthusiasm,
+striving after everything that was grandiose and impossible." His
+Uncle Antoine Macquart, who hoped through him to annoy the Rougons,
+encouraged him in his Republican views, and after the /Coup d'Etat/ he
+joined the insurrection which then arose. Miette Chantegreil, a young
+girl to whom he was tenderly devoted, accompanied him, but was shot in
+the attack by regular troops. He was taken prisoner, and having been
+brought back to Plassans, was executed there. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOUSSEAU (ABBE), a priest at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MOURGUE, a peasant of Poujols, who, armed with a fork, had taken part
+in the insurrectionary rising against the /Coup d'Etat/. He was made
+prisoner, and was led to Plassans, tied by the arm to Silvere Mouret,
+who had also been arrested. He was shot at the same time as Silvere by
+Rengade, the gendarme. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOUTON, a cat which belonged to the Quenus, and was a favourite of
+little Pauline. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MUCHE, the name by which Louise Mehudin's son was known in the market.
+He was befriended by Florent, who taught him to read and write. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+MUFFAT (MAMAN), wife of General Muffat de Beuville, who was created
+Comte by Napoleon I. She was an insufferable old woman, who was always
+hand-in-glove with the priests, and had an authoritative manner, which
+bent every one to her will. Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse Sabine, was
+entirely under her dominion, and was forced by her to lead an almost
+cloistered existence. Nana.
+
+MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTE), son of the preceding and of General Muffat
+de Beuville. Brought up in the strictest manner by his mother, his
+life was one of cold and severe propriety, and being regarded with
+favour at the Court, he was appointed Chamberlain to the Empress. He
+married Sabine de Chouard, by whom he had one daughter, Estelle. For
+seventeen years of married life his career was a pattern of all the
+virtues, until a chance meeting with Nana led to an infatuation
+amounting to mania. Everything was sacrificed to her, and no
+degradation to his self-respect seemed too high a price to pay for her
+favour. Disgusted for a time by her liaison with Fontan, he left her,
+and turned for amusement to Rose Mignon, but the infatuation for Nana
+reasserted itself, and he recovered her good graces by inducing
+Bordenave to give her a part which she greatly desired in /La Petite
+Duchesse/, a play by Fauchery. He spent vast sums upon Nana, giving
+her a magnificent house in the Avenue de Villiers. Her influence over
+him became complete, and he even accepted Daguenet, her former lover,
+as his son-in-law. He overlooked too his wife's numerous liaisons, as
+he required her signature to enable him to raise still more money for
+Nana. Muffat's means were coming to an end, however, and the scandal
+reached such a height that he was forced to resign his position at the
+Tuileries. It was only when he learned that Nana was carrying on a
+liaison with his own father-in-law, the aged Marquis de Chouard, that
+he finally broke with her, and coming once more under the influence of
+Venot, he sought forgetfulness of the past in an exaggerated devotion
+to the service of the Church. Nana.
+
+MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTESSE), wife of the preceding. See Sabine de
+Chouard. Nana.
+
+MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding. At sixteen
+she was thin and insignificant, seldom speaking, but after her
+marriage to Daguenet, she exhibited a will of iron, and completely
+dominated her husband. Nana.
+
+MULLER (BLANCHE), a favourite actress at the Theatre des Varietes. La
+Curee.
+
+MUSSY (M. DE) was an admirer of Renee Saccard, and aspired to be her
+lover. He received an appointment on the staff of the London embassy.
+La Curee.
+
+
+
+                                  N
+
+NANA. See Anna Coupeau.
+
+NANA, name of a filly in the racing stable of Vandeuvres. She had been
+beaten in several races, and when run for the Grand Prix de Paris was
+looked on as an outsider. The success of the filly by fraudulent means
+led to the disqualification of the owner. Nana.
+
+NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French. Referred to in /Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon/ and in /La Debacle/.
+
+NATHANSOHN, a stockbroker. He came from Besancon, where his father was
+a watchmaker. He was very fortunate in his speculations, and soon
+became a man of consequence. His Jewish caution prevented him from
+becoming involved with Saccard in the affairs of the Universal Bank,
+and when that institution collapsed he was in a position to snatch a
+fortune from its ruin. L'Argent.
+
+NAUD, a shoemaker in Rue d'Antin who felt severely the competition of
+Octave Mouret's great shop. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+NAUDET, a cousin of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family
+council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+NAUDET, a picture-dealer who for some years had been revolutionizing
+the trade. He put aside the old cautious methods, the watching for
+pictures by beginners, bought for ten francs and sold for fifteen. To
+judge by his appearance he might have been a nobleman, and his habits
+were in keeping; he was, in fact, a pure speculator in pictures,
+caring nothing for art. But he unfailingly scented success; he guessed
+what artists ought to be taken up, not the ones likely to develop the
+genius of a great painter, but the one whose deceptive talent, set off
+by a pretended display of audacity, would command a premium in the
+market. He speculated, in fact, on the ignorance and vanity of
+amateurs. It was he who invented Fagerolles as a fashion, and made
+large sums out of his works. His success in forcing up the prices of
+pictures turned his head to some extent, and he even talked of
+crushing out all the other dealers. The exaggerated rise in the price
+of pictures came, as was inevitable, to an end, and in the fall which
+followed Naudet was practically ruined. L'Oeuvre.
+
+NEGREL (MADAME), sister of M. Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou
+mines. She was married to a captain, and after she became a widow
+lived at Avignon on a small income, contenting herself with little in
+order that she might properly educate her son Paul. Germinal.
+
+NEGREL (PAUL), son of the preceding. He was an engineer at the Voreux
+pit, an appointment which he received from his uncle, M. Hennebeau,
+with whom he lived, being treated as one of the family. Madame
+Hennebeau, notwithstanding a liaison which subsisted between her and
+Negrel, planned for him a marriage with Cecile Gregoire, an
+arrangement which was only prevented by the murder of the girl by old
+Bonnemort. Negrel posed as taking no interest in the affairs of
+practical life, but in the terrible disaster at the Voreux pit he
+threw himself into the work of rescue with an ardour beyond praise.
+Germinal.
+
+NOEMI, an actress at the Vaudeville. Madame Deberle admired the
+realistic manner in which she died in a piece she played. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+NORINE, a vendor of salted provisions, who went around the
+neighbourhood of Cloyes. La Terre.
+
+NORMANDE (LA), the sobriquet of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+NOUGAREDE, an old senator who was on the point of asking the hand of
+Clorinde Balbi after having seen her at a ball in the character of
+Diana the huntress. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+
+
+                                  O
+
+OCTAVE, the favourite lover of Blanche de Sivry. Nana.
+
+ORVIEDO (PRINCE D'), came to Paris from Spain with an immense fortune
+made on the Stock Exchange. There were strange stories told regarding
+the sources of his wealth; stories not more creditable than those told
+of the armed bandits of former days, for his robberies, though less
+open, were more dangerous. For twenty years he took his share of booty
+in all the great financial swindles. He ultimately died of apoplexy.
+L'Argent.
+
+ORVIEDO (PRINCESS D'), was for a time one of the most curious
+notabilities of the Second Empire. At the command of her mother, the
+Duchesse de Combeville, she married the Prince in ignorance of the
+source of his regal fortune, estimated at three hundred millions of
+francs (twelve millions sterling). It was said that for twenty years
+the Prince had appropriated the lion's share of every great piece of
+financial rascality on the Bourses of France and Spain. After his
+sudden death from a stroke of apoplexy, the Princess shut up the great
+house in the Rue Saint-Lazare and retired with a maid to three rooms
+on the second floor, where she lived the life of a recluse. From
+thenceforth she lived solely for deeds of charity on a colossal scale.
+During five years she founded the St. Mary's Infant Asylum, the St.
+Joseph's Orphan Asylum, an Asylum for the aged at Chatillon, a
+hospital in the suburbs of Paris, and an institution known as
+/L'Oeuvre du Travail/, in which were boarded three hundred waifs and
+strays from the streets of Paris. On these foundations, and on other
+charities, she spent in five years over a hundred millions of francs.
+For some time Saccard assisted her in a disinterested way in carrying
+out her schemes, and later he rented from her the premises in which he
+started the Universal Bank. As time went on, the Princess seemed to be
+swayed more and more by the desire of restitution to the poor of the
+uttermost remnants of her husband's fortune. In the end, when she had
+divided it all, she retired to a convent of Carmelites, walled off
+from the world. L'Argent.
+
+OZIL, a pointsman at the junction for Dieppe, between the tunnel and
+the station of Malaunay. He was in love with Flore, who for a time
+seemed to encourage him. He was dismissed from his post on account of
+grave negligence caused by Flore, who distracted his attention in
+order that he might allow the Havre express to dash into a train
+loaded with ballast. The accident was only averted by a new automatic
+signalling apparatus. La Bete Humaine.
+
+
+
+                                  P
+
+PACHE, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, in the squad of
+Corporal Jean Macquart. He brought from his native village strong
+religious principles, and was in the regular habit of saying his
+prayers outside his tent. The example of his companions, however, made
+him a bad soldier, and during the battle of 1st September, 1870, he
+left the ranks, and took refuge in a tavern. After the capitulation of
+Sedan, he was imprisoned along with his regiment on the promontory of
+Iges. Moved by famine, he concealed some bread from his companions;
+but having been denounced by Chouteau, he refused to share the spoil,
+and was murdered by Lapoulle, who stabbed him with a knife. La
+Debacle.
+
+PAILLOT, a farmer in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+PALETTE (LA MERE), a poultry-seller at the Central Markets in Paris.
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+PALOQUE, a judge. He and his wife were said to be the ugliest couple
+in Plassans, and in addition were far from popular. Madame Mouret
+having asked the assistance of Madame Paloque in connection with the
+Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she agreed to act on the
+Committee, and became Treasurer. At the opening ceremony, however, the
+Bishop omitted to make reference to her services, and she took great
+offence, becoming afterwards very irregular in her work, and declining
+to perform any duties that she did not fancy. This ultimately led to
+the appointment of a paid Secretary for the institution, Honore
+Trouche, the brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas being selected. The
+Paloques were antagonistic to Faujas, but on getting a hint from
+Madame de Condamin that he had the backing of the Government and would
+see that they were rewarded, they came over to his side, and assisted
+him in "the conquest of Plassans" by the Bonapartist candidate. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+PARABOULOMENOS, a name given by the pupils of the college of Plassans
+to the youth who served in the kitchen. L'Oeuvre.
+
+PARALLELUCA, the sobriquet given by the pupils of the College of
+Plassans to a scullery-maid employed there. It was alleged that there
+was a love-idyll between her and Paraboulomenos, both of whom were
+extremely ugly. L'Oeuvre.
+
+PASCAL (LE DOCTEUR). See Pascal Rougon.
+
+PATOIR, a veterinary surgeon at Cloyes. La Terre.
+
+PAUVRE ENFANT, a young trooper of the 5th regiment of the line, who
+was fatally wounded at the battle of Sedan, and died in the ambulance
+at Remilly. He received the name because he continually repeated the
+words regarding himself, saying that his mother had always called him
+so. He died in the arms of Henriette Weiss, whom in his delirium he
+named "Mother." La Debacle.
+
+PAYAN, a stone-cutter from the South, whose friends had views of
+making him an artist. He was a lover of Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered
+from her a large quantity of furniture given her by Duveyrier.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+PECHARD (ANTOINE), a neighbour of the Fouans. He owned eighteen acres
+of land when he married La Grande, who brought him seven acres more.
+He died young, leaving one daughter. La Terre.
+
+PECHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See La Grand. La Terre.
+
+PECHARD (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of Antoine Pechard and Marianne
+Fouan, his wife. As she insisted on marrying a poor youth named
+Vincent Bouteroue, her mother cast her out. Misfortunes pursued the
+young couple, both of whom died within a few years, leaving two
+children in profound misery. La Terre.
+
+PECQUEUX, a stoker in the employment of the Western Railway Company.
+He was married to Mere Victoire, the old nurse of Severine Aubry. His
+original intention was to qualify as an engine-driver, but time passed
+without advancement, and later there was an insuperable barrier in his
+own conduct, for he was given to drinking bouts which converted him
+for the time into a savage animal, capable of any violence. His wife
+lived at Paris, while Philomene Sauvagnat helped him to pass the hours
+he was compelled to spend at Havre, an arrangement which had the
+concurrence of Victoire. Pecqueux had the devotion of a dog for his
+comrade Jacques Lantier, who concealed his vices and shared with him a
+love for their engine, "La Lison." Philomene, however, excited his
+jealousy by her attentions to Lantier, and the former friendship of
+the two comrades became changed to fierce enmity. At length it
+happened that one night, as their engine was drawing eighteen trucks
+of soldiers towards the seat of war in Prussia, Pecqueux in a sudden
+access of madness attacked Lantier, and, after a fierce struggle on
+the narrow foot-plate, the two fell off, and were cut in pieces
+beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine.
+
+PEIROTTE, receiver of taxes at Plassans. He was taken as a hostage by
+the Republican insurgents and was inadvertently shot by the troops
+which crushed the rising. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PEQUEUR DES SAULAIES (M.), sub-prefect of Plassans. He fell into
+disfavour with the Government on account of the election of a
+Legitimist Deputy. For some time he was afraid to compromise himself
+with Abbe Faujas, but having received a hint from Madame de Condamin,
+who had influential friends in Paris, he allied himself with the Abbe.
+The result was the election of Delangre, who though nominally
+independent, was actually the Government candidate. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+PEQUIGNOT, a friend of the Lorilleux. He was a furniture dealer.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+PERDIGUET, a singer known to Malignon, who promised to take him to the
+children's party at Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+PERE COLOMBE, owner of the /Assommoir/, a public-house which was
+largely the scene of the downfall of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart,
+his wife. L'Assommoir.
+
+PEROU (LA MERE), an old woman employed by Gourd, the concierge, to do
+cleaning work. Terrorized by his brutality she agreed to accept less
+wages. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PHASIE (AUNT), was the wife of Misard, and the mother of Flore and
+Louisette. She was a cousin of the Lantiers and was godmother to
+Jacques, who was left in her charge when his parents went to Paris.
+Her first husband died, leaving her with two daughters, and she
+married for a second time Misard, a little man, cunning and
+avaricious, who was five years her senior. Jacques found them later,
+living in Normandy at Croix-de-Maufras on the line to Havre, where
+Misard was signalman, and his wife had charge of the level crossing.
+It was a miserable existence, without neighbours or any one to speak
+to, without even anything to look at, except the trains constantly
+rushing past. Aunt Phasie, as she had always been called by Jacques
+Lantier, was a tall, handsome woman, but since her second marriage she
+had aged so rapidly that at forty-five she looked over sixty. The
+truth was that between her and Misard there was going on a duel to the
+death; Aunt Phasie had received a legacy of a thousand francs from her
+father, and this she obstinately refused to allow her husband to
+share, having indeed hidden the money to prevent him from taking it.
+Misard, overcome by avarice, slowly killed his wife with poison placed
+in the salt, but, though she had the strongest suspicions, she would
+nether take action against him nor tell him the hiding-place of her
+little hoard. And so she died, carrying the secret with her; but in
+the end she triumphed, for search as he might, Misard never discovered
+the hidden treasure. La Bete Humaine.
+
+PICHINETTE, a horse entered for the Grand Prix de Paris. It was
+withdrawn before the race. Nana.
+
+PICHON (JULES), a clerk who lived in the house in Rue de Choiseul
+occupied also by Octave Mouret. His means were small, and he was
+obliged to work hard, frequently till late at night, his wife being
+necessarily left much alone. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PICHON (MARIE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of M. and
+Madame Vuillaume, by whom she was strictly brought up. A dreamy
+unpractical woman, she fell under the influence of Octave Mouret, her
+next-door neighbour, and a liaison existed between them for a
+considerable time, with results which caused much annoyance to her
+parents. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PICHON (LILITTE), infant daughter of the preceding. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PICHON (ROSALIE), Madame Helene Grandjean's maid-servant. She was an
+honest country girl who had been brought to Paris by Abbe Jouve on the
+recommendation of a village priest, in whose house she had been
+brought up. She served her mistress faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin
+Lacour, her sweetheart, with a hand of iron. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+PICOT, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the first division of the
+seventh Army Corps. After the defeats of Wissenbourg and
+Froeschwiller, Picot, half dead with fatigue and slightly wounded, was
+left behind in a ditch with his comrade Coutard of the first corps.
+They were only able to rejoin the army at Rheims on 22nd August, 1870,
+arriving with their clothes worn out and covered with mud, and having
+more the appearance of bandits than of soldiers. La Debacle.
+
+PICOU (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the
+success of the /Coup d'Etat/. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PIED-DE-CELERI, a friend of Coupeau. He had a wooden leg, from which
+he received his nickname. L'Assommoir.
+
+PIEDEFER (LAURE), kept a cheap restaurant in Rue des Martyrs, which
+was much frequented by a certain class of demi-mondaines. Laure
+appeared to be on intimate terms with her customers, as they usually
+kissed her when they entered. Nana.
+
+PIEDEFER (ZOE), an artist's model who lived in Rue Campagne-Premiere.
+She was a tall brunette. L'Oeuvre.
+
+PIERRE, Dr. Deberle's butler. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+PIERRE, an employee at /Au Bonheur des Dames/. He was waiter in the
+dining-room of the shop assistants. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PIERRON, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. He was a widower with a
+little girl aged eight, Lydie, when he married for the second time,
+the daughter of La Brule. Though he took part in the strike he
+betrayed his companions, giving information to the company through
+Dansaert, his wife's lover. After the attack on the pit Pierron was
+arrested by mistake, and was taken off with handcuffs at his wrists as
+far as Marchiennes, to the great amusement of his mates. He was
+subsequently promoted to be captain of a gang, but his excessive zeal
+made him disliked by his men. Germinal.
+
+PIERRON (LYDIE), daughter of the preceding, was a fragile child, who
+when ten years old was already working in the pit. Her constant
+companions were Jeanlin Maheu and Bebert Levaque, with whom she made
+many raids in search of food during the strike. She was killed by the
+volley fired by the troops at the strikers attacking the Voreux pit.
+Germinal.
+
+PIERRONNE (LA), the second wife of Pierron, was a daughter of La
+Brule. She was allowed by the Company to sell sweetmeats and biscuits,
+which were a considerable source of revenue. Dansaert, the head
+captain of the Voreux pit, was her lover, and through him she obtained
+various favours, giving him in exchange information as to the
+intentions of the strikers. After the strike she was enabled to
+acquire the little /Estaminet du Progres/. Germinal.
+
+PIFARD, an usher at the college of Plassans, whose wonderful nose kept
+betraying his presence behind doors when its owner went eavesdropping.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+PILLERAULT, a speculator on the Bourse, whose guiding principle was
+recklessness; he declared that he plunged into catastrophes whenever
+he paused to reflect. He was ruined by the failure of the Universal
+Bank. L'Argent.
+
+PIOT AND RIVOIRE, a firm of furniture-dealers, whose business was
+seriously affected when Octave Mouret added a furniture department to
+"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PIQUETTE kept an /estaminet/ at Montsou, where Chaval lodged.
+Germinal.
+
+PLOUGUERN (M. DE) was a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the
+reign of Louis Philippe. After the Revolution of February, 1848, he
+manifested a sudden affection for the Republic, and later, when the
+Emperor granted him the refuge of the Senate, he was a Bonapartist. He
+was a man of high birth and breeding, and though a sceptic, defended
+religion and family life. During a journey in Italy he met Comtesse
+Balbi, whose lover he remained for thirty years. According to some,
+Clorinde Balbi was his daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+PLUCHART, a former workman who was now secretary of a branch of the
+International Association of workers. He had been Etienne Lantier's
+foreman at Lille, and at his request came to Montsou to address the
+miners there. As a result of his visit ten thousand miners joined the
+International Association. Germinal.
+
+POIRETTE (LE PERE), a countryman of Bennecourt, with small eyes and
+the face of a wolf. He was the owner of an old cottage, which Claude
+Lantier and Christine rented from him for two hundred and fifty francs
+a year. L'Oeuvre.
+
+POISSON (M.), who was originally a cabinet-maker, served his time as a
+soldier, and ultimately got a place as a policeman, which he
+considered more certain and respectable. He married Virginie, who
+afterwards went into business as a dealer in groceries and sweetmeats
+in the shop previously occupied by Gervaise Coupeau. Auguste Lantier,
+who had for some time lodged with the Coupeaus, remained with the
+Poissons, and lived at their expense. M. Poisson affected not to
+observe the resulting liaison between his wife and Lantier.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+POISSON (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Virginie. L'Assommoir.
+
+POLAND, a pet rabbit which belonged to Rasseneur, and was a favourite
+of Souvarine. Germinal.
+
+POMARE (LA REINE), a rag-picker, who had formerly been one of the
+handsomest women in Paris. Now, for the sake of a laugh, the women of
+the district made her drink absinthe, after which the street boys
+would chase her and throw stones. Nana.
+
+PORQUIER (DR.) the fashionable medical man of Plassans. He had
+considerable influence, and this was secured by Abbe Faujas on behalf
+of the Government's candidate for the representation of Plassans by
+the promise of an appointment for his son, Guillaume, a young man who
+had hitherto given him much trouble. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+PORQUIER (GUILLAUME), son of Dr. Porquier, had been sent to Paris to
+study, but did nothing there but get into debt. He caused his father
+much distress, and was supposed to afford the worst possible example
+to the youth of Plassans, whom he was believed to lead into all kinds
+of mischief. Ultimately, as a reward to his father, who had supported
+Delangre as representative of Plassans, Porquier was appointed chief
+clerk at the post office. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+POUILLAUD, a fellow-pupil of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz at the
+college of Plassans. While there he was an inveterate practical joker,
+one of his escapades being the transformation of Professor Lalubie's
+room into a /chapelle ardente/. L'Oeuvre.
+
+POWELL (MISS), second assistant in the corset department at /Au
+Bonheur des Dames/. She was able to play the piano, a talent of which
+the other assistants were jealous. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+POZZO (LUIGI), Secretary to the Sardinian Minister at Paris.
+"Diplomatist, painter, musician, and lover." A friend of Clorinde
+Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+PRICE, an English jockey who mounted the filly Nana in the Grand Prix
+de Paris. Nana.
+
+PRINCE IMPERIAL. Referred to in /Son Excellence Eugene Rougon/.
+
+PROUANE, a retired non-commissioned officer in the navy, who acted as
+beadle to Abbe Harteur, as well as fulfilling the duties of Mayor's
+clerk. He eked out a livelihood by gathering shell-fish, but when he
+had any money he was usually in a state of intoxication. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+PRULLIERE, an actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played in
+/La Blonde Venus/ and /La Petite Duchesse/. Nana.
+
+PRUNAIRE (LE PERE), a maker of sabots, who lived at Vivet. Furious at
+the conduct of his daughter Clara, he threatened to go to Paris and
+break her bones with kicks of his sabots. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PRUNAIRE (CLARA), daughter of a clog-maker in the forest of Vilet,
+came to Paris and got a situation in "The Ladies' Paradise." She lived
+a fast life, and, after alluring Colomban away from Genevieve Baudu,
+his intended wife, she ultimately disappeared. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PUECH, senior partner of the firm of Puech and Lacamp, oil-dealers in
+Plassans; was father of Felicite Puech. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PUECH AND LACAMP, a firm of oil-dealers in Plassans, who were in
+financial difficulties when Pierre Rougon married Felicite, the
+daughter of the senior partner. The money put into the business by
+Rougon retrieved the position of the firm, and, the two partners
+having retired soon afterwards, he acquired the sole interest in it.
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PUECH (FELICITE). See Madame Felicite Rougon.
+
+PUTOIS (MADAME), one of the workwomen employed by Gervaise Coupeau in
+her laundry. She was a little, lean woman of forty-five, "who worked
+at her ironing table without even taking off her bonnet, a black
+bonnet trimmed with green ribbons turning yellow." In character she
+was severely respectable. L'Assommoir.
+
+
+
+                                  Q
+
+QUANDIEU, the oldest captain of the Montsou mines. During the strike,
+the energetic position taken up by him saved the Mirou pit from
+destruction by the infuriated strikers. Germinal.
+
+QUENU (MADAME) was a widow with one son when she married her second
+husband, M. Quenu, a clerk in the sub-prefecture at Le Vigan. Three
+years after, M. Quenu died, leaving a son. Madame Quenu lavished all
+her affection on Florent, her elder son, and stinted herself to the
+verge of starvation in order that he might continue his legal studies.
+Before these were completed she succumbed to the hardship of her life.
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+QUENU, the half-brother of Florent. After the death of his mother, he
+was taken to Paris by Florent, who supported him by teaching. He was
+at first idle and unsettled, but after Florent's arrest he was taken
+in by his uncle Gradelle, to whose business of pork-butcher, as well
+as to a considerable sum of money, he ultimately succeeded. After his
+uncle's death he married Lisa Macquart, who had previously assisted in
+the shop, and they had a daughter, Pauline. Business prospered, and
+the Quenus were soon in a position to remove to larger premises.
+Florent on his return from exile was kindly received by Quenu, who
+later on took no part in the efforts made by his wife to induce his
+brother to leave voluntarily. He was ignorant of his wife's action
+with reference to the subsequent arrest of Florent. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+He died of apoplexy in 1863, six months after the death of his wife,
+leaving a will under which M. Chanteau, his cousin became the guardian
+of his daughter Pauline. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+QUENU (MADAME LISA), wife of the preceding. See Lisa Macquart.
+
+QUENU (PAULINE), born 1852, daughter of Quenu, the pork-butcher, and
+Lisa Macquart, his wife. A quiet, amiable child, she unwittingly gave
+Mlle. Saget, who bullied her, information regarding her uncle
+Florent's history, which led to the clamour against him in the Market,
+and ultimately to his arrest. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+After the death of her father, who left her a fortune of a hundred and
+fifty thousand francs, Pauline went in 1863 to live at Bonneville with
+M. Chanteau, her guardian. She soon endeared herself to her relatives,
+and became much attached to her cousin Lazare. As she grew up and her
+nature developed, it became more and more her pleasure to sacrifice
+herself to her friends. She allowed her fortune to be squandered by
+the Chanteaus, and though engaged to be married to Lazare, she
+released him in order that he might marry another girl with whom he
+had become infatuated. After his mania became acute, it was she who
+endeavoured to comfort him, and to dispel his unreasoning fear of
+death. She never married. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+After the death of Chanteau, she remained at Bonneville, resolved
+never to marry, in order that she might devote herself entirely to
+Lazare's little son, Paul. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+QUINETTE, a glover in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustine, whose business was
+seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+QUITTARD (AUGUSTE), son of Francoise Quittard. He was a child of six
+years of age, who was so ill of typhoid fever that he could not be
+removed from Bazeilles when the place was attacked by the Prussians.
+Early in the day, his mother was killed by a cannon ball, and the poor
+child lay for hours tossing with fever and calling for her. He was
+burned to death in his bed, as the Prussians, infuriated by the length
+of the struggle, wantonly set fire to the village. La debacle.
+
+QUITTARD (FRANCOISE), widow of a mason, and now caretaker of the dye-
+works at Bazeilles, which belonged to Delaherche. Before the battle
+all the workers made their escape into Belgium, but Francoise was
+unable to leave on account of the illness of her little son. Early in
+the attack by the Prussians, the unfortunate woman was killed by a
+cannon ball. La Debacle.
+
+
+
+                                  R
+
+RABIER, a tanner of Beaumont. He was a brother of Madame Franchomme,
+and after her death she left the child Angelique in the care of him
+and his wife. They treated the girl with such cruelty that she
+ultimately ran away, finding shelter with the Huberts. Le Reve.
+
+RACHAEL, the maid-servant in Auguste Vabre's household. As Octave
+Mouret and Madame Vabre did not bribe her sufficiently, she revealed
+their intrigue to Vabre. She acted as his housekeeper for some time,
+but had to leave after the reconciliation between him and his wife.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+RAMBAUD (M.), half-brother of Abbe Jouve, had a large business in the
+Rue de Rambuteau, where he sold oil and other southern produce. Along
+with Abbe Jouve he showed much kindness to Helene Grandjean after the
+death of her husband, and was a constant visitor at her house. Later
+on, the Abbe tried to arrange a marriage between Rambaud and Helene,
+but at her request the decision was delayed. Meantime the love episode
+with Doctor Deberle intervened, followed by the death of Jeanne. Two
+years afterwards the marriage took place, Rambaud having previously
+sold his Paris business and removed to Marseilles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+He retired from business and went to live at Marseilles. Having by his
+marriage become a cousin of Madame Lisa Quenu, he was appointed a
+member of the family council which nominally had charge of her
+daughter's fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Rambaud led a happy life with his wife, whom he adored. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+RAMBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret.
+
+RAMOND (DR.), a pupil and fellow-practitioner of Dr. Pascal. He wished
+to marry Clotilde Rougon, but she refused him, and he subsequently
+married Mademoiselle Leveque. When Doctor Pascal was seized with an
+affection of the heart, Ramond diagnosed the nature of the illness,
+and subsequently attended him with unremitting care until his death.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+RAMOND (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Leveque. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+RANVIER (ABBE), succeeded Abbe Jouve as cure at Montsou. He was of
+socialistic tendencies, and blamed the middle classes, who he said
+robbed the Church, for all the horrors produced by the strike at
+Montsou. Upon the troops who had been called on to fire upon the
+strikers, he called down the anger of God, predicting an hour of
+justice in which fire would descend from heaven to exterminate the
+bourgeoisie. He was finally removed by the Bishop as too compromising.
+Germinal.
+
+RASSENEUR kept a tavern with the sign /A l'Avantage/ between the
+settlement of the Deux-Cent-Quarante and the Voreux pit. He was
+formerly a good workman, but as he was an excellent speaker, and
+placed himself at the head of every strike, he was dismissed by the
+Mining Company. His wife already held a licence, and when he was
+thrown out of work he became an innkeeper himself. It was in his house
+that Etienne Lantier found lodgings when he first came to Montsou, and
+Souvarine also lodged there. Rasseneur's readiness of speech gave him
+great influence with the miners, but a rivalry arose between him and
+Lantier, whose new theories caught the popular ear. This jealousy
+caused him to take a side against the strike, solely because it had
+been proposed by Lantier, and this attitude made him very unpopular.
+But after the failure of the strike, which he had all along predicted,
+the inconstancy of the crowd turned in his favour and he soon regained
+his old popularity. Germinal.
+
+RASSENEUR (MADAME), wife of the preceding. At the time her husband was
+dismissed from the pit, she already held a licence, and they
+subsequently worked together to extend the business, in which they had
+considerable success. She was much more radical in politics than her
+husband, but during the strike trouble was careful to show extreme
+politeness to everyone. Germinal.
+
+RASTOIL, a neighbour of Francois Mouret. He was a rich man about sixty
+years of age, who had been president of the civil tribunal of Plassans
+for over twenty years. He was a Legitimist, and his house was used as
+a convenient meeting-place for the party. For some time he refused to
+compromise his political position with Abbe Faujas, who had all along
+concealed his opinions. Ultimately, however, he supported the
+candidate for the representation of Plassans proposed by Faujas, for
+which he was rewarded by an appointment for his son. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a listless and somewhat
+prudish woman whose old entanglement with M. Delangre was still
+remembered with amusement in the cafes. She was consulted by Madame
+Mouret regarding the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and
+ultimately agreed to act on the committee. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (ANGELINE), elder daughter of M. Rastoil, the president of the
+civil tribunal of Plassans. Though twenty-six years old, and now very
+yellow and shrewish-looking, she still adopted the role of a young
+girl, and had hopes of securing a husband. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (AURELIE), second daughter of M. Rastoil. Like her sister
+Angeline, she was plain-looking, and posed as a girl fresh from
+school, in the uncertain hope of gaining a husband. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (SEVERIN), son of M. Rastoil, the president of the civil
+tribunal of Plassans. "He was a tall young man of five and twenty,
+with a badly shaped skull and a dull brain, who had been just called
+to the Bar, thanks to the position which his father held. The latter
+was anxiously dreaming of making him a substitute, despairing of his
+ever succeeding in winning any practice for himself." On the
+suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a share in starting the Club for
+Young Men at Plassans. After the election of M. Delangre as
+representative of Plassans, Rastoil received the appointment of
+assistant public procurator at Faverolles. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RAVAUD, a captain of the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. A young soldier in his company was the first of
+the wounded to be taken to the ambulance in Delaherche's house on 1st
+September, 1870. In March, 1871, captain Ravaud was at Paris, in a
+regiment of recent formation, the 124th of the line. Jean Macquart was
+corporal in his company in this regiment. La Debacle.
+
+READING (LORD), proprietor of a racing stable. Bramah, one of his
+horses, once gained the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+REBUFAT, a farmer whose land adjoined that inherited by Adelaide
+Fouque. He purchased the Fouque property when it was sold by Pierre
+Rougon. After the death of his wife Rebufat and his son Justin treated
+her niece Miette Chantegreil very harshly. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REBUFAT (MADAME EULALIE), wife of the preceding; "a big, dark,
+stubborn shrew." She was a sister of Chantegreil, and was therefore
+the aunt of Miette, who lived with her after her father's conviction.
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REBUFAT (JUSTIN), son of Rebufat. "A youth about twenty years old, a
+sickly, squint-eyed creature, who cherished an implacable hatred
+against his cousin Miette." La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REMANJOU (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who lived in the same tenement
+house in Rue de la Goutte d'Or as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux,
+where she made a scanty livelihood by dressing dolls. She was one of
+the guests at the Coupeaus' wedding party. L'Assommoir.
+
+RENAUDIN, a notary at Paris, who adjusted the Contract of Marriage
+between Auguste Vabre and Berthe Josserand. He acted in concert with
+Duveyrier in selling some heritable property to the loss of other
+members of the family. Pot-Bouille.
+
+RENAUDIN, a medical man at Grenelle. Josephine Dejoie was at one time
+cook in his house. L'Argent.
+
+RENGADE, a gendarme whose eye was accidentally destroyed by Silvere
+Mouret during a struggle for possession of a carbine after the entry
+of the insurgents into Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REUTHLINGUER (BARON DE), a banker, and possessor of one of the largest
+fortunes in Europe. He was a friend of Clorinde Balbi, and from her
+received valuable information on political subjects. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+RHADAMANTE, the sobriquet of a professor at the college of Plassans.
+He was supposed never to have laughed. L'Oeuvre.
+
+RICHOMME, one of the captains of the Voreux pit. He tried in vain to
+prevent a collision between the strikers and the troops, and even when
+bricks were being thrown he went between two parties, imploring one
+and advising the other, careless of danger. He was one of the first to
+fall when the troops ultimately fired. Germinal.
+
+RIVOIRE, a member of the firm of Piot and Rivoire. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+ROBERT (MADAME), a regular customer at the restaurant Laure Piedefer.
+She was jealous of Nana's relations with Satin, and revenged herself
+by writing anonymous letters to Muffat and to other lovers of her
+enemy. Nana.
+
+ROBIN-CHAGOT (VISCOUNT DE), vice-chairman of the board of directors of
+the Universal Bank. He was selected for the position in the belief
+that he would sign anything put before him without making too many
+inquiries. L'Argent.
+
+ROBINEAU, "second hand" in the silk department at "The Ladies'
+Paradise." As the result of a conspiracy among his subordinates, he
+was dismissed, and soon afterwards bought the business of M. Vincard,
+a silk merchant, with money belonging to his wife. His capital was
+inadequate, but M. Gaujean, a silk manufacturer who had quarrelled
+with Octave Mouret, promised to give him unlimited credit. Robineau's
+intention was to break up the monopoly of the cheaper class of silks
+which Mouret had secured, but he soon found that each reduction in
+price which he made was met by a still larger one. As he had no other
+departments out of which to average his profits, ruin inevitably
+followed, and he attempted to commit suicide by throwing himself under
+an omnibus; his injuries were not serious, however, and he ultimately
+recovered. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+ROBINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "Daughter of an overseer in
+the Department of Highways, entirely ignorant of business matters, she
+still retained the charming awkwardness of a girl educated in a Blois
+convent." Her small fortune enabled her husband to buy the silk
+business of M. Vincard, and she assisted him in carrying it on. Their
+subsequent ruin affected her less than the attempted suicide of her
+husband, to whom she was devoted. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+ROBINE, a regular attender at the revolutionary meetings in Lebigre's
+wine-shop. He sat for hours listening to arguments but never made any
+remarks. He escaped arrest. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROBINE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived with her husband in Rue
+Saint-Denis. No one ever entered their house, and even her personal
+appearance was unknown to her husband's friends. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROBINOT (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+ROBIQUET, farmer of La Chamade. Being near the end of his lease, he
+ceased to manure the land, allowing it to go to ruin. He was
+eventually turned out as he did not pay his rent. La Terre.
+
+ROCHART (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Faverolles. He upheld the Sisters of
+the Holy Family in the matter of the succession to Chevassu's estate,
+but was beaten by Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, who supported
+the claim of the Charbonnels. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ROCHAS, lieutenant in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. The son of a journeyman mason from Limousin, he
+was born in Paris, and not caring for his father's calling, enlisted
+when he was only eighteen. He gained a corporal's stripes in Algeria,
+rose to the rank of sergeant at Sebastopol, and was promoted to a
+lieutenancy after Solferino. Fifteen years of hardship and heroic
+bravery was the price he had paid to be an officer, but his education
+was so defective that he could never be made a captain. He held the
+old traditions that a defeat of the French army was impossible, and
+all through the campaign against Germany in 1870 he refused to believe
+in the repeated catastrophes. In the fierce attack by the Prussians on
+the Hermitage, he fought desperately against an overwhelming force,
+and up to the end encouraged his men by shouting that the victory was
+theirs. In the end he fell, mowed down by a hail of bullets. La
+Debacle.
+
+ROCHEFONTAINE, proprietor of a large factory at Chateaudun. He was
+desirous of serving as a Deputy, but did not secure the support of the
+Government, and, standing as an independent candidate, was defeated.
+Later, in consequence of the disgrace of M. de Chedeville, he became
+the official candidate, and in spite of a brusqueness of manner which
+made him unpopular, he was elected. La Terre.
+
+RODRIGUEZ, a distant relative of the Empress, who made a claim upon
+the State for a large sum, which he said had been due since 1808.
+Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, gave great offence to the
+Empress by opposing the claim. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ROGNES-BOUQUEVAL (LES), an ancient and noble family whose estate,
+already much reduced by enforced sales, was declared national property
+in 1793, and was purchased piece by piece by Isidore Hourdequin. La
+Terre.
+
+ROIVILLE (LES), members of Parisian society at whose house Baroness
+Sandorff occasionally met Gundermann. L'Argent.
+
+ROSALIE, an old chair-mender at Rognes. The poor woman lived all
+alone, sick and without a copper. Abbe Godard came to her assistance.
+La Terre.
+
+ROSE, a waitress in Lebigre's wine-shop. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROSE, servant in the household of Francois Mouret, was an old woman of
+crabbed nature and uncertain temper. She fell under the influence of
+Abbe Faujas, and encouraged her mistress in the religious observances
+which led to the neglect of her family. Later, when Madame Mouret's
+health became impaired, and she became subject to fits, it was chiefly
+Rose who threw suspicion on her master, encouraging the belief that he
+was insane and had inflicted injuries on his wife. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+ROSE, a peasant girl at Artaud; sister of Lisa. La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+ROSE, maid-servant to Madame Hennebeau. She was not alarmed by the
+violence of the strikers, as, belonging to that district, she knew the
+miners, and believed them not to be wicked. Germinal.
+
+ROSE, daughter of the concierge at the sub-prefecture at Sedan. She
+was a worker in Delaherche's factory, and he applied to her for
+information regarding the course of the battle, as she was in a
+position to hear the gossip of the officers and officials. When
+Napoleon III decided to request an armistice from the Prussians, it
+was Rose who furnished a tablecloth to be used as a white flag. La
+Debacle.
+
+ROSE, niece of Aristide Saccard's hairdresser. She was a pretty girl
+of about eighteen, whom Saccard sent to his son Maxime under the
+pretext of nursing him, but in reality with a view to hastening the
+course of a nervous disease from which the young man suffered.
+Aristide agreed to pay her a percentage on the fortune which he hoped
+to acquire at his son's death. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUBAUD, assistant station-master at Havre. Born in the south of
+France, at Plassans, he had a carter for father. He had quitted the
+army with the stripes of a sergeant-major, and for a long time had
+been general porter at the station at Nantes. He had been promoted
+head porter at Barentin, and it was there that he first saw Severine
+Aubry, the god-daughter of President Grandmorin, whom he married. This
+was the sole romance of his existence, and it was coupled with
+fortune, for apart from Severine and her marriage portion of ten
+thousand francs, the President, now a director of the Western Railway
+Company, got him appointed assistant station-master at Havre. He
+proved an excellent official, and the only thing against him was a
+suspicion that he was affected by republican principles. For three
+years Roubaud's married life was a happy one, until a chance lie of
+his wife's gave him a clue to her former relations with Grandmorin.
+Driven frantic by jealousy, he forced her to reveal the truth,
+afterwards compelling her to become his accomplice in the murder of
+the President in the Havre express. The Roubauds established an alibi,
+though slight suspicion attached to them, and Denizet, the examining
+magistrate, endeavoured to fasten the crime on Cabuche. For political
+reasons it was not considered desirable that Grandmorin's character
+should be publicly discussed, and the inquiry regarding the murder was
+dropped. Roubaud was aware, however, that Jacques Lantier had strong
+suspicions, and tried to secure his silence by making him a friend; a
+friendship which soon developed into a liaison between Lantier and
+Severine. With the murder of Grandmorin, the disintegration of
+Roubaud's character began; he gradually became a confirmed gambler,
+and having lost all his own money began to use that which he had taken
+from the body of his victim in order to establish a false motive for
+the crime. The relations between him and his wife became more and more
+strained, until they reached such a pitch that Lantier and she planned
+his murder. The homicidal frenzy of Lantier, to which Severine fell a
+victim, ended the plot, but Roubaud and Cabuche, who arrived on the
+scene immediately after the murder, were arrested under what appeared
+to be suspicious circumstances, and, after trial, were sentenced to
+penal servitude for a crime which they did not commit. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+ROUBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Severine Aubry. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+ROUDIER, a regular attender at the political meetings held in the
+Rougons' yellow drawing-room. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+ROUGE D'AUNEAU (LE), lieutenant of Beau-Francois, leader of the band
+of brigands. He wrote a complaint while in prison. La Terre.
+
+ROUGETTE, a cow bought by the sisters Mouche at the market of Cloyes.
+La Terre.
+
+ROUGON, a young gardener who worked for the Fouque family, and
+afterwards married Adelaide. Fifteen months afterwards he died from
+sunstroke, leaving a son named Pierre. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+ROUGON, alias SACCARD (ARISTIDE), born 1815, youngest son of Pierre
+Rougon, was educated, like his brothers, at Plassans and Paris, but
+failed to pass his examinations. His character was a combination of
+covetousness and slyness: his greatest desire was the acquisition of
+rapid fortune, gained without work. In 1836 he married Angele
+Sicardot, who brought him a dowry of ten thousand francs. As Aristide
+did no work, and lived extravagantly, the money was soon consumed, and
+he and his wife were in such poverty that he was at last compelled to
+seek a situation. He procured a place at the Sub-Prefecture, where he
+remained nearly ten years, and only reached a salary of eighteen
+hundred francs. During that time "he longed, with ever-increasing
+malevolence and rancour, for those enjoyments of which he was
+deprived" by his lowly position. In 1848, when his brother Eugene left
+for Paris, he had a faint idea of following him, but remained in the
+hope of something turning up. In opposition to his father, he
+expressed Republican principles, and edited a newspaper called the
+/Independant/. At the time of the /Coup d'Etat/, he became alarmed at
+the course of events, and pretended that an accident to his hand
+prevented him from writing. His mother having given him private
+information as to the success of the Bonapartist cause, he changed the
+politics of his paper, and became reconciled to his parents. La
+Fortune des Rougon.
+
+Early in 1852 he went to Paris, taking with him his wife and daughter
+Clotilde, then a child of four; his son Maxime he left at Plassans.
+Through the influence of his brother Eugene, he got an appointment as
+assistant surveying clerk at the /Hotel de Ville/, with a salary of
+two thousand four hundred francs. Before entering on his duties,
+however, he changed his name to Saccard on the suggestion of his
+brother, who feared that he might be compromised by him. In 1853,
+Aristide was appointed a surveying commissioner of roads, with an
+increased salary. At this period great schemes of city improvement
+were under discussion, and Aristide by spying and other shady means
+got early information as to the position of the proposed new streets.
+Great chances of fortune were arising, but he had no capital. The
+death of his wife enabled him to enter into a plan proposed by his
+sister Sidonie, who had heard of a family willing to make a
+considerable sacrifice to find a not too inquisitive husband for their
+daughter. He accordingly married Renee Beraud du Chatel, and gained
+control of a considerable sum of ready money, in addition to the
+fortune settled on his wife. By means of a cleverly contrived swindle,
+in which he was assisted by his friend Larsonneau, he got a fabulous
+price for some property acquired by him, and the foundation of his
+fortune was laid. From this time, he lived a life of the wildest
+extravagance, and, though his gains were frequently enormous, his
+expenses were so great that it was only with difficulty that he was
+able to prevent a catastrophe. La Curee.
+
+He as appointed by Pauline Quenu's family council to be her "surrogate
+guardian." La Joie de Vivre.
+
+After a last and disastrous land speculation, Saccard was obliged to
+leave his great house in the Parc Monceau, which he abandoned to his
+creditors. At first undecided as to his movements, he took a flat in
+the mansion in Rue Saint-Lazare, which belonged to Princess d'Orviedo.
+There he met Hamelin, the engineer, and his sister Caroline, with whom
+he soon became on intimate terms. Hamelin having spent much time in
+the East, had formed many schemes for great financial ventures, and
+Saccard was so impressed with these that he formed a syndicate for the
+purpose of carrying some of them out. With this view the Universal
+Bank was formed, and was at first very successful. By persistent
+advertising, and other means, the shares of the Bank were forced to an
+undue price, and then Saccard began to speculate in them on behalf of
+the Bank itself. The great financier Gundermann, with whom Saccard had
+quarrelled, then began a persistent attack on the Bank, selling its
+shares steadily day after day. Saccard continued to buy as long as he
+was able; but the end came, the price broke, and he, as well as the
+Bank, which was now one of its own largest shareholders, was ruined.
+Since his previous failure, Saccard had not been on friendly terms
+with his brother Eugene Rougon, and, some time before the collapse of
+the Bank, had made violent attacks upon him in his newspaper.
+Consequently Rougon did nothing to assist him in the criminal
+proceedings which followed the final catastrophe; he did not, however,
+wish to have a brother in jail, and arranged matters so that an appeal
+was allowed. Next day Saccard escaped to Belgium. L'Argent.
+
+After the fall of the Second Empire, he returned to Paris, despite the
+sentence he had incurred. Some complicated intrigue must have been at
+work, for not only did he obtain a pardon, but once more took part in
+promoting large undertakings, with a finger in every pie and a share
+of every bribe. In 1872 he was actively engaged in journalism, having
+been appointed Director of the /Epoque/, a Republican journal which
+made a great success by publishing the papers found in the Tuileries.
+Covetous of his son's fortune, he hastened a disease from which Maxime
+suffered, by encouraging him in vicious courses, and in the end got
+possession of the whole estate. By a singular irony, Aristide, now
+returned to his original Republicanism, was in a position to protect
+his brother Eugene, whom in earlier days he had so often compromised.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME ANGELE), first wife of the preceding, was a daughter of
+commander Sicardot. She brought her husband a dowry of ten thousand
+francs. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+Along with her daughter Clotilde, she accompanied her husband to Paris
+in 1852, and being an amiable woman without ambition she was quite
+satisfied with the modest position he at first secured. She died in
+1854 of inflammation of the lungs. La Curee.
+
+ROUGON, alias SACCARD (MADAME RENEE), the second wife of Aristide
+Rougon, alias Saccard, was the elder daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel,
+the last representative of an old middle-class family. Having become
+seriously compromised, she was hurriedly married to Saccard through
+the agency of his sister Madame Sidonie, and a considerable sum of
+money as well as land was settled upon her. Wholly given over to
+pleasure and extravagance, she soon got deeply into debt, and her
+husband took advantage of this from time to time by inducing her to
+make over to him her property, in order that he might speculate with
+it. She engaged in a shameful liaison with her husband's son Maxime,
+which ultimately brought her great unhappiness, and she died of acute
+meningitis at an early age. La Curee.
+
+ROUGON (CHARLES), born 1857, son of Maxime Rougon, alias Saccard, and
+of Justine Megot, a maid-servant of Madame Renee Saccard. The child
+and his mother were sent to the country with a little annuity of
+twelve hundred francs. La Curee.
+
+At fifteen years of age he lived at Plassans with his mother, who had
+married a saddler named Anselme Thomas. Charles was a degenerate who
+reproduced at a distance of three generations his great-great-
+grandmother, Adelaide Fouque. He did not look more than twelve years
+old, and his intelligence was that of a child of five. There was in
+him a relaxation of tissues, due to degeneracy, and the slightest
+exertion produced hemorrhage. Charles was not kindly treated by his
+stepfather, and generally lived with his great-grandmother Felicite
+Rougon. He was frequently taken to visit the aged Adelaide Fouque in
+the asylum at Les Tulettes, and on one occasion, in 1873, when he
+chanced to be left alone with her he was seized with bleeding at the
+nose, and, under the fixed eyes of his ancestress, he slowly bled to
+death. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (CLOTILDE), born 1847, daughter of Aristide Rougon, accompanied
+her father and mother to Paris in 1852. After the death of her mother
+in 1854, she was sent to live with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her uncle, who
+had frequently offered to take her to enliven his silent scientific
+home. La Curee.
+
+At Plassans Clotilde lived a quiet healthy life, much of it spent in
+the open air. She was not highly educated, but having considerable
+artistic talent was able to assist Doctor Pascal by making
+illustrations for his great work on heredity. At one period she
+developed strong religious tendencies under the influence of Martine,
+the doctor's old servant, who took her to church, and imbued the girl
+with her own bigoted ideas regarding the salvation of Pascal. Her
+grandmother, Felicite Rougon, who wished, for family reasons, to
+destroy Pascal's manuscripts on the subject of heredity, played on
+Clotilde's feelings, and induced her to assist in a search for the
+hated work. Rougon surprised them in the act, and subsequently laid
+bare to Clotilde the whole facts of the terrible family history. In
+time the mysticism of the Church gave place to passionate love between
+Clotilde and Pascal. The doctor felt, however, that she was
+sacrificing her youth for him, and sent her to Paris to live with her
+brother Maxime. Soon afterwards, Pascal became ill, and died before
+she was able to return. A child was born some months later. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (EUGENE), born 1811, eldest son of Pierre Rougon, was educated
+at Plassans and Paris, and was called to the Bar. He practised in the
+local Court for a number of years, but with little success. Though of
+lethargic appearance, he was a man of ability, who "cherished lofty
+ambitions, possessed domineering instincts, and showed a singular
+contempt for trifling expedients and small fortunes." With the
+Revolution of February, 1848, Eugene felt that his opportunity had
+come, and he left for Paris with scarcely five hundred francs in his
+pocket. He was able to give his parents early information of the
+designs of the Bonapartes, and so prepared the way for the events of
+the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, when the family fortunes were made. La
+Fortune des Rougon.
+
+During his early days in Paris Rougon resided at the Hotel Vanneau,
+kept by Madame Correur, and while there he made the acquaintance of
+Gilquin and Du Poizet, both of whom assisted him in spreading the
+Bonapartist propaganda. By his exertions in this cause he established
+a claim for reward, and he was appointed a member of the State
+Council, ultimately becoming its President. He fell into disfavour,
+however, with the Court on account of his opposition to a claim for
+two million francs by a distant relative of the Empress Eugenie.
+Finding that his position was insecure, he tendered his resignation to
+the Emperor, who accepted it. About this time he met Clorinde Balbi,
+an Italian adventuress, who endeavoured to induce him to marry her.
+Carried away for the time being, Rougon made overtures to her which
+she resented, and he was on the point of offering her marriage.
+Reflection on her somewhat equivocal position in society induced him
+to think better of this, and he offered to arrange a marriage between
+her and his friend Delestang. The offer was accepted, and the marriage
+took place. Soon after, Rougon married Veronique Beulin-d'Orchere.
+During his retirement Rougon was surrounded by a band of followers,
+the Charbonnels, Du Poizet, Kahn, and others, who in the hope of
+profiting by his return to office lost no chance of establishing a
+claim upon him. After the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor,
+of which Rougon had prior information through Gilquin, the need for a
+strong man arose, and he was again called to office, being appointed
+Minister of the Interior. His harshness in carrying out reprisals
+against the Republican party, and even more, his recklessness in
+finding appointments for his friends, led to a public outcry, and his
+position again became undermined. Clorinde, who had never forgiven him
+for not marrying her, did much to foment the disaffection, and even
+his own band of followers turned against him. Always quick to act,
+Rougon again placed his resignation in the hands of the Emperor, who
+to his surprise accepted it. Three years later he was once more a
+member of the Corps Legislatif, and having brought his principles into
+accordance with the more liberal views then professed by the Emperor,
+he gave his strong support to the measures giving effect to them. In
+consequence, he was appointed by the Emperor as a Minister without
+department, and commissioned to defend the new Policy. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+When his brother Aristide came to Paris, Eugene found a situation for
+him, but, fearing to be compromised by him, suggested that he should
+change his name to Saccard which he did. There was no intimacy between
+the brothers, but Eugene occasionally visited Aristide at the great
+house built by him in the Parc Monceau. La Curee.
+
+After Saccard's bankruptcy, Eugene refused to have any further
+connection with him, though he tacitly approved of the foundation of
+the Universal Bank. The Bank having failed, however, he did nothing to
+stay legal proceedings against his brother; but, after a sentence of
+imprisonment had been passed, he connived at his escape from the
+country while the sentence was under appeal. L'Argent.
+
+He continued to take a lively interest in Plassans, and it was by him
+that Abbe Faujas was sent there to counteract the clerical influence,
+which at that time was strongly Legitimist. He kept up a
+correspondence with his mother, whom he advised as to each step she
+should take in political matters. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+After the fall of the Empire, Eugene became a simple Deputy, and in
+the Assembly remained to defend the old order of things which the
+downfall had swept away. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME EUGENE), wife of the preceding. See Veronique Beulin-
+d'Orchere. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ROUGON (MARTHE), born 1820, daughter of Pierre Rougon; married in 1840
+her cousin Francois Rougon; had three children. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+She accompanied her husband to Marseilles, where by close attention to
+business they accumulated a fortune in fifteen years, returning to
+Plassans at the end of that period and settling down there. Her life
+at Plassans was a happy one until the household fell under the
+influence of Abbe Faujas. From the first she was in love with the
+priest, and as he gave her no encouragement in this, she devoted
+herself to church services to the entire neglect of her household and
+family. As time went on, her passion for the Abbe grew more extreme,
+and her health became undermined to a serious extent. She became
+subject to fits of an epileptic nature, and having injured herself in
+some of these, she allowed the injuries to be attributed to her
+husband, whom she had now grown to regard as an encumbrance. Though
+she was aware that he was not insane, she allowed him to be removed to
+an asylum, where confinement soon completed the work begun by her own
+conduct. The Abbe Faujas having resolutely resisted her advances, her
+health became still worse, and she died in her mother's house on the
+same night that her husband escaped from the asylum and burned down
+their old home. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+ROUGON (MAXIME), born 1840, son of Aristide Rougon. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+When his father went to Paris in 1852, Maxime remained at school at
+Plassans, not going to Paris till after his father's second marriage.
+From early youth he was of vicious character, and the idleness and
+extravagance of the life in his father's house only completed the
+training begun at Plassans. After carrying on a disgraceful liaison
+with his father's second wife, he married Louise de Mareuil, through
+whom he got a considerable dowry. La Curee.
+
+After the death of his wife, six months after their marriage, he
+returned to Paris, where he lived quietly upon the dowry brought to
+him by her. He refused to join in any of his father's schemes, or to
+assist him in any way, and was consequently not affected by the
+failure of the Universal Bank. L'Argent.
+
+After the war he re-established himself in his mansion in Avenue du
+Bois-de-Boulogne, where he lived on the fortune left by his wife. "He
+had become prudent, however, with the enforced restraint of a man
+whose marrow is diseased, and who seeks by artifice to ward off the
+paralysis which threatened him." In the fear of this impending
+illness, he induced his sister Clotilde to leave Doctor Pascal, and go
+to live with him in Paris, but in his constant fear of being taken
+advantage of he soon began to be suspicious of her, as he did of every
+one who served him. His father, who wished to hasten his own
+inheritance, encouraged him in a renewal of his vicious courses, and
+he died of /locomotor ataxy/ at the age of thirty-three. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME MAXIME). See Louise de Mareuil.
+
+ROUGON (PASCAL), born 1813, second son of Pierre Rougon, "had an
+uprightness of spirit, a love of study, a retiring modesty which
+contrasted strangely with the feverish ambitions and unscrupulous
+intrigues of his family." Having acquitted himself admirably in his
+medical studies at Paris, he returned to Plassans, where he lived a
+life of quiet study and work. He had few patients, but devoted himself
+to research, particularly on the subject of heredity, with special
+reference to its results on his own family. In the hope of alleviating
+suffering, he followed the Republican insurgents in their march from
+Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+In 1854 his niece Clotilde, daughter of his brother Aristide, went to
+live with him. He had frequently offered to take her, but nothing was
+arranged till after the death of her mother, at which time she was
+about seven years old. La Curee.
+
+His practice as a medical man extended to Les Artaud, and he attended
+his nephew Abbe Serge Mouret during an attack of brain fever. On the
+priest's partial recovery, he removed him to the Paradou, and left him
+in the care of Albine, niece of old Jeanbernat, the caretaker of that
+neglected demesne. Dr. Pascal was much attached to Albine, and deeply
+regretted the sad love affair which resulted from Mouret's
+forgetfulness of his past. He had no religious beliefs himself, and he
+urged Mouret to return to Albine, but the voice of the Church proved
+too strong in the end. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+At sixty years of age Pascal was so fresh and vigorous that, though
+his hair and beard were white, he might have been mistaken for a young
+man with powdered locks. He had lived for seventeen years at La
+Souleiade, near Plassans, with his niece Clotilde and his old servant
+Martine, having amassed a little fortune, which was sufficient for his
+needs. He had devoted his life to the study of heredity, finding
+typical examples in his own family. He brought up Clotilde without
+imposing on her his own philosophic creed, even allowing Martine to
+take her to church regularly. But this tolerance brought about a
+serious misunderstanding between them, for the girl fell under the
+influence of religious mysticism, and came to look with horror on the
+savant's scientific pursuits. Discovered by him in an attempt to
+destroy his documents, he explained to Clotilde fully and frankly the
+bearing of their terrible family history on his theory of heredity,
+with the result that her outlook on life was entirely changed; he had
+opposed the force of human truth against the shadows of mysticism. The
+struggle between Pascal and Clotilde brought them to a knowledge of
+mutual love, and an illicit relationship was established between them.
+He would have married her (this being legal in France), but having
+lost most of his money he was unwilling to sacrifice what he believed
+to be her interests, and persuaded her to go to Paris to live with her
+brother Maxime. Soon after her departure he was seized with an
+affection of the heart, and, after some weeks of suffering, died only
+an hour before her return. Immediately after his death his mother,
+Madame Felicite Rougon, took possession of his papers, and in an
+immense /auto-da-fe/ destroyed in an hour the records of a lifetime of
+work. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (PIERRE), born 1787, legitimate son of Adelaide Fouque, was a
+thrifty, selfish lad who saw that his mother by her improvident
+conduct was squandering the estate to which he considered himself sole
+heir. His aim was to induce his mother and her two illegitimate
+children to remove from the house and land, and in this he was
+ultimately successful. Having sold the property for fifty thousand
+francs, he induced his mother, who by this time was of weak intellect,
+to sign a receipt for that sum, and was so able to defraud his half-
+brother and sister of the shares to which they would have been
+entitled. Soon thereafter he married Felicite Puech, the daughter of
+an oil dealer in Plassans. The firm of Puech and Lacamp was not
+prosperous, but the money brought by Pierre Rougon retrieved the
+situation, and after a few years the two original partners retired.
+Fortune, however, soon changed, and for thirty years there was a
+continual struggle to make ends meet. Three sons and two daughters
+were born, and their education was a heavy drain upon their parents'
+means. In 1845 Pierre and his wife retired from business with forty
+thousand francs at the most. Instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant,
+they went in for politics, and soon regular meetings of the
+reactionary party came to be held in their "yellow drawing-room."
+Advised, however, by their son Eugene, they resolved to support the
+cause of the Bonapartes, and at the time of the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851
+Pierre was the leader of that party in Plassans. Having concealed
+himself when the Republican insurgents entered Plassans, he avoided
+capture, and after they retired he led the band of citizens which
+recaptured the town hall. This bloodless victory having been somewhat
+minimized by the townspeople, Pierre and his wife, with a view to
+establishing a strong claim for subsequent reward, bribed Antoine
+Macquart to lead the Republicans left in Plassans to an attack on the
+town hall. To meet this he prepared a strong ambuscade, and the
+Republicans were repulsed with considerable loss. As a result of this
+treachery, Pierre was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the saviour
+of the town, and the Government subsequently appointed him Receiver of
+Taxes, decorating him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. La
+Fortune des Rougon.
+
+He settled down quietly and took little part in public affairs, though
+his wife continued to hold weekly receptions at which members of the
+different political parties were represented. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+He became so corpulent that he was unable to move, and was carried off
+by an attack of indigestion on the night of 3rd September, 1870, a few
+hours after hearing of the catastrophe of Sedan. The downfall of the
+regime which he prided himself on having helped to establish seemed to
+have crushed him like a thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME FELICITE), wife of the preceding, and daughter of
+Puech, the oil-dealer. She was married in 1810, and had three sons and
+two daughters. A woman of strong ambitions, she hoped to better her
+social position by the aid of her sons, on whose education she spent
+large sums. Disappointed in this hope for many years, she and her
+husband retired from business with barely sufficient means to keep
+themselves in comfort. She, instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant
+(her putative father), urged her husband to take part in politics, and
+meetings of the reactionary party were regularly held in her "yellow
+drawing-room." While the success of the /Coup d'Etat/ was in some
+doubt, she encouraged her husband in maintaining the position he had
+taken up; and, having ascertained that the success of the Bonapartists
+was assured she arranged with Antoine Macquart for the attack on the
+town hall, the repulse of which led to the rise of the family
+fortunes. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+After her husband's appointment as Receiver of Taxes, she continued
+her weekly receptions, but endeavoured to give them a non-political
+character by inviting representatives of all parties. Her son Eugene,
+now a Minister of State, kept her advised as to the course she should
+pursue, and on his instructions she gave some assistance to Abbe
+Faujas in his political "conquest of Plassans." La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+In 1856 she interested herself in a lawsuit raised by M. Charbonnel, a
+retired oil-merchant of Plassans, and requested her son Eugene, the
+President of the Council of State, to use his influence on behalf of
+her friend. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+After the disasters of the war, Plassans escaped from her dominion,
+and she had to content herself with the role of dethroned queen of the
+old regime. Her ruling passion was the defence of the glory of the
+Rougons, and the obliteration of everything tending to reflect on the
+family name. In this connection she welcomed the death of Adelaide
+Fouque, the common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts, and
+she did nothing to save her old accomplice Antoine Macquart from the
+terrible fate which overtook him. After these events, her only
+remaining trouble was the work on family heredity which had for years
+occupied her son Pascal. Assisted by his servant Martine, she
+eventually succeeded in burning the whole manuscript to which Pascal
+had devoted his life. Her triumph was then secure, and in order to
+raise a monument to the glory of the family she devoted a large part
+of her fortune to the erection of an asylum for the aged, to be known
+as the Rougon Asylum. At eighty-two years of age, she laid the
+foundation stone of the building, and in doing so conquered Plassans
+for the third time. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (SIDONIE), born 1818, daughter of Pierre Rougon. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+She married at Plassans an attorney's clerk, named Touche, and
+together they went to Paris, setting up business in the Rue Saint-
+Honore, as dealers in fruit from the south of France. The venture was
+unsuccessful, and the husband soon disappeared. At the rise of the
+Second Empire, Sidonie was thirty-five; but she dressed herself with
+so little care and had so little of the woman in her manner that she
+looked much older. She carried on business in lace and pianos, but did
+not confine herself to these trades; when she had sold ten francs
+worth of lace she would insinuate herself into her customer's good
+graces and become her man of business, attending attorneys, advocates,
+and judges on her behalf. The confidences she everywhere received put
+her on the track of good strokes of business, often of a nature more
+than equivocal, and it was she who arranged the second marriage of her
+brother Aristide. She was a true Rougon, who had inherited the hunger
+for money, the longing for intrigue, which was the characteristic of
+the family. La Curee.
+
+In 1851 she had a daughter by an unknown father. The child, who was
+named Angelique Marie, was at once sent to the Foundling Hospital by
+her mother, who never made any inquiry about her afterwards. Le Reve.
+
+She attended the funeral of her cousin, Claude Lantier, the artist.
+Arrived at his house, "she went upstairs, turned round the studio,
+sniffed at all its bare wretchedness, and then walked down again with
+a hard mouth, irritated at having taken the trouble to come."
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+"After a long disappearance from the scene, Sidonie, weary of the
+shady callings she had plied, and now of a nunlike austerity, retired
+to the gloomy shelter of a conventual kind of establishment, holding
+the purse-strings of the Oeuvre du Sacrament, an institution founded
+with the object of assisting seduced girls, who had become mothers, to
+secure husbands." Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (VICTOR), son of Aristide Saccard and Rosaline Chavaille.
+Brought up in the gutter, he was from the first incorrigibly lazy and
+vicious. La Mechain, his mother's cousin, after discovering his
+paternity, told the facts to Caroline Hamelin, who, to save Saccard
+annoyance, paid over a considerable sum and removed the boy to
+/L'Oeuvre du Travail/, one of the institutions founded by the Princess
+d'Orviedo. Here every effort was made to reclaim him, but without
+success; vice and cunning had become his nature. In the end he made a
+murderous attack upon Alice du Beauvilliers, who was visiting the
+hospital, and having stolen her purse, made his escape. Subsequent
+search proved fruitless; he had disappeared in the under-world of
+crime. L'Argent.
+
+"In 1873, Victor had altogether vanished, living, no doubt, in the
+shady haunts of crime--since he was in no penitentiary--let loose upon
+the world like some brute foaming with the hereditary virus, whose
+every bite would enlarge that existing evil--free to work out his own
+future, his unknown destiny, which was perchance the scaffold." Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (-----), the child of Doctor Pascal Rougon and of Clotilde
+Rougon, born some months after his father's death. Pascal a few
+minutes before he died, drew towards him the genealogical tree of the
+Rougon-Macquart family, over which he had spent so many years, and in
+a vacant space wrote the words: "The unknown child, to be born in
+1874. What will it be?" Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUSSE (LA), a peasant girl of Les Artaud, who assisted to decorate
+the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+ROUSSEAU, one of the auditors of the Universal Bank, an office which
+he shared with Lavigniere, under whose influence he was to a great
+extent. L'Argent.
+
+ROUSSELOT (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Plassans, an amiable but weak man,
+who was entirely under the influence of Abbe Fenil. Having got into
+disfavour with the Government over the election of a Legitimist as
+Deputy, he was anxious to retrieve his position, and with this object
+agreed to appoint Abbe Faujas vicar of Saint-Saturnin's church. This
+led to a quarrel with Abbe Fenil, who, of course, resented the
+appointment. The Bishop being still in some doubt as to the standing
+of Abbe Faujas with the Government, went to Paris, where he
+interviewed Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Satisfied with the
+information which he received, he threw himself heartily into the
+political struggle then proceeding at Plassans, giving Faujas every
+assistance in carrying out his schemes on behalf of the Bonapartist
+candidate. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+ROUSSIE (LA), a woman who had formerly worked as a putter in the
+Voreux pit. Germinal.
+
+ROUSTAN (ABBE), one of the clergy of Sainte-Eustache church. Madame
+Lisa Quenu consulted him as to her proposed course of action regarding
+Florent. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROUVET, an old peasant who lived in the same village as Zephyrin
+Lacour and Rosalie Pichon. One of her pleasures consisted in calling
+to mind the sayings of the old man. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+ROZAN (DUC DE), was a young man of dissolute life, who, after getting
+the control of his fortune, soon went through the greater part of it.
+He was the lover of Renee Saccard for a time. La Curee.
+
+ROZAN (DUCHESSE DE), mother of the preceding. She kept her son so
+short of money that, till he was thirty-five, he seldom had more than
+a dozen louis at a time. Her death was largely occasioned by the
+knowledge of the enormous amount of debts her son had incurred. La
+Curee.
+
+RUSCONI (CHEVALIER), the Sardinian Minister at Paris, a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi, and her daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+
+
+                                  S
+
+SABATANI, a native of the Levant, who appeared in Paris after
+defaulting on some foreign Stock Exchange. He was a handsome man, and
+little by little gained the confidence of the Bourse "by scrupulous
+correctness of behaviour and an unremitting graciousness even towards
+the most disreputable." He began doing business with Mazard by
+depositing a small sum as "cover" in the belief that the
+insignificance of the amount would in time be forgotten; and "he
+evinced great prudence, increasing the orders in a stealthy gradual
+fashion, pending the day when, with a heavy settlement to meet, it
+would be necessary for him to disappear." When Saccard founded the
+Universal Bank, he selected Sabatani as the "man of straw" in whose
+name the shares held by the Bank itself were to be taken up. Sabatani
+soon increased his speculations to an enormous extent, gaining large
+sums, but after the collapse of the Universal Bank he disappeared
+without paying his "differences," thereby contributing largely to the
+ruin of Mazard. L'Argent.
+
+SABOT, a vine-grower of Brinqueville. He was a renowned joker, who
+entered into a competition with Hyacinthe Fouan, but was beaten by
+him. La Terre.
+
+SACCARD, the name assumed by Aristide Rougon, on the suggestion of his
+brother Eugene. See Rougon (Aristide). La Curee.
+
+SACCARD (VICTOR). See Victor Rougon.
+
+SAFFRE (DE), secretary to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. La
+Curee.
+
+SAGET (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who had lived in the Rue Pirouette
+for forty years. She never spoke about herself, but she spent her life
+in getting information about her neighbours, carrying her prying
+curiosity so far as to listen behind their doors and open their
+letters. She went about all day pretending she was marketing, but in
+reality merely spreading scandal and getting information. By bullying
+little Pauline Quenu, she got a hint of Florent's past history, which
+she promptly spread through the markets, even going the length of
+writing an anonymous letter to the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+SAINT-FIRMIN (OSCAR DE), a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a play
+by Fauchery. The part was played by Prulliere. Nana.
+
+SAINT-GERMAIN (MADEMOISELLE DE), was the owner of a princely house in
+Rue Saint-Lazare, which after her death became the property of
+Princess d'Orviedo. L'Argent.
+
+SAINTS-ANGES (LA MERE DES), superior of the Convent of the Visitation
+at Clermont. She saved from the cloister Christine Hallegrain, who had
+not a religious vocation, and obtained for her a situation to Madame
+de Vanzade. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SALMON, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who passed for a man of
+extraordinary acumen by listening to everyone and saying nothing. He
+answered only by smiles, and one could never tell in what he was
+speculating or whether he was speculating at all. L'Argent.
+
+SALNEUVE (DE), a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire,
+whose influence was secured for Eugene Rougon by Clorinde Balbi. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+SAMBUC (GUILLAUME), one of the francs-tireurs who carried on a
+guerilla warfare against the Germans in 1870. He was the worthy son of
+a family of scoundrels, and lived by theft and rapine. He furnished
+most valuable information to the French generals regarding the
+movement of the Prussians to surprise Beaumont, but his information
+was disregarded till too late. The francs-tireurs had a particular
+hatred against Goliath Steinberg, the German spy, and, instigated by
+Silvine Morange, Sambuc arranged for his capture, afterwards killing
+him by cutting his throat. La Debacle.
+
+SAMBUC (PROSPER), brother of the preceding. Of a nature docile and
+hard-working, he hated the life of the woods, and would have liked to
+be a farm labourer. He entered the army and became one of the
+Chasseurs d'Afrique. Sent to France to take part in the war against
+Germany, he shared in many weary marches, but saw no fighting, till
+the battle of Sedan, when his horse, Zephir, which he loved like a
+brother, was killed under him. He made his escape after the battle,
+and having been able to change his uniform for the clothes of a
+countryman, he returned to Remilly and got employment on the farm of
+Fouchard. La Debacle.
+
+SANDORFF, a member of the Austrian Embassy at Paris. He married Mlle.
+de Ladricourt, who was much younger than he. He was very niggardly.
+L'Argent.
+
+SANDORFF (BARONESS), wife of the Councillor to the Austrian Embassy,
+who was thirty-five years older than herself. She was an inveterate
+speculator, and, as her husband refused to assist her, she found it
+necessary to have recourse to her lovers when her losses were greater
+than usual. She stopped at nothing to gain information, and at one
+time was on intimate terms with Saccard. Having quarrelled with him,
+she hastened the downfall of the Universal Bank, by giving information
+to Gundermann which caused him to continue his attack on the Bank.
+L'Argent.
+
+SANDOZ (PERE), a Spaniard who took refuge in France in consequence of
+a political disturbance in which he was involved. He started near
+Plassans a paper mill with new machinery of his own invention. When he
+died, almost heart-broken by the petty local jealousy that had sought
+to hamper him in every way, his widow found herself in a position so
+involved, and burdened with so many tangled lawsuits, that the whole
+of her remaining means were swallowed up. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANDOZ MERE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a native of Burgundy.
+Yielding to her hatred of the Provencals, whom she blamed for the
+death of her husband, and even for the slow paralysis from which she
+herself was suffering, she migrated to Paris, with her son Pierre, who
+then supported her out of a clerk's small salary. In Rue d'Enfer she
+occupied a single room on the same flat as her son, and there,
+disabled by paralysis, lived in morose and voluntary solitude,
+surrounded by his tender care. Later, Pierre, who was now married, and
+was making a considerable income, took a house in Rue Nollet, and
+there Madame Sandoz passed her remaining years. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANDOZ (PIERRE), a famous novelist whose youth was spent at Plassans,
+where at school he was the inseparable companion of Claude Lantier and
+Dubuche. The favourite amusement of the boys was walking, and together
+they took long excursions, spending whole days in the country. After
+the death of his father Sandoz went to Paris, where he got employment
+at a small salary at the /Mairie/ of the fifth arrondissement, in the
+office for registration of births; he was chained there by the thought
+of his mother, whom he had to support, and to whom he was tenderly
+attached. Presently he published his first book: a series of mild
+sketches, brought with him from Plassans, among which only a few
+rougher notes indicated the mutineer, the lover of truth and power. He
+lived at this time with his mother in a little house in Rue d'Enfer,
+and there he received each Thursday evening his old friends from
+Plassans, Claude Lantier and Dubuche, and with them Fagerolles,
+Mahoudeau, Jory, Gagniere, now reunited at Paris, and all animated by
+the same passion for art. He was still obsessed by a desire for
+literary glory, and had thoughts of writing a poem on some vast
+subject, but at last he hit on a scheme which soon took form in his
+mind. With reference to it he said, "I am going to take a family, and
+I shall study its members, one by one, whence they come, whither they
+go, how they react upon one another--in short, humanity in a small
+compass, the way in which humanity grows and behaves. On the other
+hand, I shall set my men and women in a determined period of history,
+which will provide me with the necessary surroundings and
+circumstances, a slice of history--you understand, eh? A series of
+fifteen or twenty books, episodes that will cling together although
+having each a separate framework, a suite of novels with which I shall
+be able to build myself a house for my old age if they don't crush
+me." The first of the novels met with some success, and Sandoz having
+resigned his appointment, and put his trust entirely in literature,
+married a young girl named Henriette, the daughter of middle-class
+parents, and removed his house to Rue Nollet. In course of time his
+circumstances became still more comfortable, and he again removed to a
+large house in Rue de Londres. When Claude Lantier fell into misery
+and despair, a gradual separation came about between him and his
+friends, but Sandoz remained true to the old companionship. He was one
+of the few mourners who attended the funeral of the unfortunate
+artist. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANDOZ (MADAME HENRIETTE), wife of the preceding. She was an orphan,
+the daughter of a small shop-keeper, without a penny, but pretty and
+intelligent. She occupied herself much with the affairs of the
+kitchen, being specially proud of some of her dishes. Even later, when
+the family was more prosperous and had removed to a large flat in Rue
+de Londres, Henriette continued to take personal charge, out of
+affection for her husband, whose only fault was a tendency to
+gluttony. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANQUIRINO (DUCHESSE), a lady of the Italian aristocracy, who resided
+at Paris. She gave Eugene Rougon very unsatisfactory information
+regarding Comtesse Balbi and her daughter Clorinde. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+SANS-POUCE, one of the brigands of the band of Beau-Francois. La
+Terre.
+
+SAPIN, sergeant in Captain Beaudoin's company of the 106th Regiment of
+the line. "The son of a Lyons grocer in a small way of business,
+spoilt by his mother, who was dead, and unable to get on with his
+father, he had remained in the regiment disgusted with everything, but
+unwilling to be bought out." Later he became engaged to one of his
+cousins, who had a small dowry, and began to take an interest in life.
+During the march to Sedan, however, he became impressed with the idea
+that he would be killed, and this belief was realized during the
+fighting on 1st September, 1870. La Debacle.
+
+SAPIN (LA), a disreputable old woman at Magnolles who performed
+illegal operations and pretended to work magic.
+
+SARRIET (MADAME), sister of Madame Lecoeur and of Madame Gavard;
+mother of La Sarriette. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+SARRIET, usually called La Sarriette, was the niece of Madame Lecoeur.
+She grew up in the markets and her sympathies were with the lower
+ranks of the people. At twenty she set up in business as a fruit-
+dealer, and took as her lover a young man named Jules, who was
+employed by her aunt as a porter. After the arrest of Gavard, her
+uncle by marriage, La Sarriette and her aunt divided his money between
+them. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+SARTEUR, a journeyman hatter at Plassans. He was afflicted with
+homicidal mania, and was confined for a time in the asylum at
+Tulettes. While there he was treated by Doctor Pascal Rougon, who
+affected a cure by hypodermic injections of a substance with which he
+had long experimented. Sarteur was released from the asylum, but the
+cure was not permanent, for a few months afterwards the unfortunate
+man became conscious of a return of his homicidal mania, and, to
+prevent its operation, hanged himself. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+SATIN, a friend of Nana from childhood, having, like her, attended the
+school of Mademoiselle Josse. She was a regular customer at Laure
+Piedefer's restaurant, where she met Madame Robert. She lived for a
+time with Nana, of whom she was intensely jealous, and in time gained
+control of the whole household. She died in the hospital of
+Lariboisiere. Nana.
+
+SAUCISSE (LA PERE), an old peasant of Rognes, who owned an acre of
+land which he sold to Pere Fouan for an annuity of fifteen sous a day.
+In order to dupe the old man, he pretended to be in bad health. Later,
+terrorized by Buteau, he cancelled the agreement, and repaid half the
+sums he had received. La Terre.
+
+SAUVAGNAT, a friend of Pluchart. He lived at Marchiennes. Germinal.
+
+SAUVAGNAT, chief of the depot at Havre, lived in a cottage near the
+engine depot, which his sister Philomene kept for him, but greatly
+neglected. He was an obstinate man and a strict disciplinarian,
+greatly esteemed by his superiors, but had met with the utmost
+vexation on account of his sister, even to the point of being
+threatened with dismissal. If the Company bore with her now on his
+account, he only kept her with him because of the family tie; but this
+did not prevent him belabouring her so severely with blows whenever he
+caught her at fault that he frequently left her half dead on the
+floor. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SAUVAGNAT (PHILOMENE), sister of the preceding, was a tall, thin woman
+of thirty-two, who after numerous love-affairs had settled down with
+Pecqueux, whose mistress she became. She had the reputation of
+drinking. A subsequent intrigue between her and Jacques Lantier
+excited the jealousy of Pecqueux to the point of murder. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+SAUVEUR (MADAME), a dress-maker, who numbered Madame Desforges among
+her customers. She frequented Mouret's shop, /Au Bonheur des Dames/,
+on the occasions of great sales, purchasing large quantities of stuff
+which she afterwards sold to her own customers at higher prices. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+SAUVIGNY (DE), judge of the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+SCHLOSSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was secretly
+associated with Sabatani, with whom he carried out many schemes to
+their mutual advantage. L'Argent.
+
+SCOTS (H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF). See Ecosse.
+
+SEDILLE, a native of Lyons, who established himself in Paris, and
+after thirty years' toil succeeded in making his silk business one of
+the best known in the city. Unfortunately he acquired a passion for
+gambling, and a couple of successful ventures made him altogether lose
+his head. From that time he neglected his business, and ruin lay
+inevitably at the end. On the invitation of Saccard he became a
+Director of the Universal Bank. Like the other Directors, he
+speculated largely in the shares of the Bank; but, unlike most of
+them, he did not sell in time, with the result that he was completely
+ruined, and his bankruptcy followed. L'Argent.
+
+SEDILLE (GUSTAVE), son of M. Sedille, the silk merchant. To the
+disappointment of his father, he despised commercial pursuits, and
+cared only for pleasure. In the hope that he might take an interest in
+finance, he was given a situation in the office of Mazard, the
+stockbroker, where, however, he did little work, and soon engaged in
+speculations on his own account. The failure of the Universal Bank
+left him penniless, and deep in debt. L'Argent.
+
+SICARDOT (COMMANDER), the father-in-law of Aristide Rougon. He had the
+strongest intellect of the politicians who met in Pierre Rougon's
+yellow drawing-room. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents at the
+time of the /Coup d'Etat/. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+SICARDOT, the name of Aristide Rougon's wife's family. He adopted this
+name when he went to Paris in 1851, using it for considerable time
+before he again changed it to Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+SICARDOT (ANGELE). See Madame Aristide Rougon.
+
+SIDONIE (MADAME), the name by which Sidonie Rougon (q.v.) was
+generally known. La Curee.
+
+SIMON (LA MERE), an old woman who assisted Severine Roubaud in her
+housework. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SIMONNOT, a grocer at Raucourt. His premises were raided by the
+Bavarians after the Battle of Beaumont. La Debacle.
+
+SIMPSON, an American who was attache at his country's Embassy at
+Paris. He was a frequent visitor at the house of Renee Saccard. La
+Curee.
+
+SIVRY (BLANCHE DE), the name assumed by Jacqueline Baudu, a girl who
+came to Paris from a village near Amiens. Magnificent in person,
+stupid and untruthful in character, she gave herself out as the
+granddaughter of a general, and never owned to her thirty-two summers.
+She was much annoyed at the outbreak of war with Germany, because her
+lover, a young Prussian, was expelled from the country. Nana.
+
+SMELTEN, a baker at Montsou. He gave credit for some time during the
+strike, in the hope of recovering some of his business taken away by
+Maigrat. Germinal.
+
+SMITHSON (MISS), Lucien Deberle's English governess. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+SONNEVILLE, a manufacturer at Marchiennes. His business was seriously
+affected by the strike of miners at Montsou. Germinal.
+
+SOPHIE, a workwoman employed at Madame Titreville's artificial flower-
+making establishment. L'Assommoir.
+
+SOPHIE, an old waiting-maid in the service of the Duchesse de
+Combeville, whose daughter, Princess d'Orviedo, she brought up. When
+the Princess shut herself up from the world, Sophie remained with her.
+L'Argent.
+
+SOPHIE, daughter of Guiraude. Predestined to phthisis by heredity, she
+was saved, thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon, who sent her to live with an
+aunt in the country, where she was brought up in the open air. When
+she was seventeen years old she married a young miller in the
+neighbourhood. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+SOULAS, an old shepherd at La Borderie, where he had been for half a
+century. At sixty-five he had saved nothing, having been eaten up by a
+drunken wife, "whom at last he had the pleasure of burying." He had
+few friends, except his two dogs, Emperor and Massacre, and he
+especially hated Jacqueline Cognet with the jealous disgust of an old
+servant at her rapid advancement. He was aware of her numerous
+liaisons, but said nothing until she brought about his dismissal, when
+he told everything to his master, Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre.
+
+SOURDEAU, a bone-setter at Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was supposed to be
+equally good for wounds. La Terre.
+
+SOUVARINE, an engine-man at the Voreux pit, who lodged with the
+Rasteneurs. He was a Russian of noble family, who had at first studied
+medicine, until, carried away by social enthusiasm, he learned a trade
+in order that he might mix with the people. It was by this trade that
+he now lived, after having fled in consequence of an unsuccessful
+attempt against the Czar's life, an attempt which resulted in his
+mistress, Annouchka, and many of his friends, being hanged. His
+principles were those of the most violent anarchy, and he would have
+nothing to do with the strike at Montsou, which he considered a merely
+childish affair. Disgusted at the return of the miners to their work,
+he resolved to bring about the destruction of the Voreux pit, by
+weakening the timbers which kept out a vast accumulation of water. He
+accomplished that work of madness in a fury of destruction in which he
+twenty times risked his life. And when the torrent had invaded the
+mine, imprisoning the unfortunate workers, Souvarine went calmly away
+into the unknown without a glance behind. Germinal.
+
+SPIRIT, an English horse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+SPONTINI, a master at the College of Plassans. He came originally from
+Corsica, and used to show his knife, rusty with the blood of three
+cousins. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SQUELETTE-EXTERNE (LE). See Mimi-la-Mort. L'Oeuvre.
+
+STADERINO (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+STEINBERG (GOLIATH), a Prussian spy who was engaged in 1867 as a farm
+servant by Fouchard at Remilly. He became the lover of Silvine
+Morange, promising her marriage, but disappearing before the ceremony.
+It was said that he served also on other farms in the neighbourhood of
+Beaumont and Raucourt. During the war he was able to give important
+information to the German forces. In trying to regain his former
+influence over Silvine, he threatened to remove their child to
+Germany, and, to prevent his doing so, she betrayed him to Guillaume
+Sambuc and the francs-tireurs of his band, who killed him in the house
+of Fouchard, in the presence of Silvine, by cutting his throat, and
+bleeding him in the same manner as a pig. La Debacle.
+
+STEINER, a banker in Paris. He was a German Jew, through whose hands
+had passed millions. He spent vast sums upon Rose Mignon and Nana.
+Nana.
+
+STERNICH (DUCHESSE DE), a celebrated leader of society in the Second
+Empire. She dominated all her friends on the ground of a former
+intimacy with the Emperor. La Curee.
+
+STEWARD (LUCY), was the daughter of an engine-cleaner of English
+origin who was employed at the Gare du Nord. She was not beautiful,
+but had such a charm of manner that she was considered the smartest of
+the /demi-mondaines/ in Paris. Among her lovers had been a prince of
+the royal blood. She had a son, Ollivier, before whom she posed as an
+actress. Nana.
+
+STEWART (OLLIVIER), son of the preceding. He was a pupil at the naval
+college, and had no suspicion of the calling of his mother. Nana.
+
+SURIN (ABBE), secretary to the Bishop of Plassans, of whom he was a
+great favourite. He was a constant visitor at the home of M. Rastoil,
+with whose daughters he played battledore. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+SYLVIA, an actress who was admired by Maxime Saccard. La Curee.
+
+
+
+                                  T
+
+TABOUREAU (MADAME), a baker in the Rue Turbigo. She was a recognized
+authority on all subjects relating to her neighbours. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+TATIN (MADEMOISELLE), kept an under-linen warehouse in the Passage
+Choiseul, and was so seriously affected by the competition of Octave
+Mouret's great store that she became bankrupt. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+TARDIVEAU (BARON DE), a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a play by
+Fauchery. The part was played by Fontan.
+
+TATAN NENE, a young girl of great beauty who had herded cows in
+Champagne before coming to Paris. She was one of Nana's friends. Nana.
+
+TAVERNIER, an old doctor of Orleans, who had ceased to practise.
+Georges Hugon made a pretext of visiting him, in order to be able to
+join Nana at La Mignotte. Nana.
+
+TEISSIERE (MADAME), a /mondaine/ of the Second Empire. She was a
+friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La Curee.
+
+TESTANIERE (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who recommended her
+to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+TEUSE (LA), an elderly woman who acted as servant to Abbe Mouret. In
+addition, she cleaned the church and kept the vestments in order; on
+occasion, it was said, she had even served the Mass for the Abbe's
+predecessor. She was garrulous and ill-tempered, but was devoted to
+Mouret, of whom she took the greatest care, and she was also kind to
+his weak-minded sister, Desiree. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+THEODORE, a Belgian who gave lessons on the piano to Clarisse Bocquet,
+and afterwards became her lover. Pot-Bouille.
+
+THEODORE, son of a paste-board maker. He was to have married Nathalie
+Dejoie, but wishing to establish himself in business, demanded a
+considerable dowry. He afterwards married the daughter of a workman,
+who brought him nearly eight thousand francs. L'Argent.
+
+THERESE, a former neighbour of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte d'Or.
+She died of consumption, and the Lorilleux thought they saw a
+resemblance between Gervaise and her. L'Assommoir.
+
+THIBAUDIER (M.), a banker at Caen. He had a daughter, Louise, but
+having married again soon after the death of his first wife, he
+troubled little about her, and was quite willing to consent to her
+marriage with Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+THIBAUDIER (LOUISE), daughter of M. Thibaudier, a banker at Caen. She
+was a slight, delicate girl, with an attractive manner, and Lazare
+Chanteau fell in love with her, though he was at the time engaged to
+Pauline Quenu. Pauline having magnanimously released him, they were
+married. Lazare's morbid mania having become more acute, and Louise
+being herself in poor health, their relations became strained, and the
+marriage was not a happy one. They had a son who was named Paul. La
+Joie de Vivre.
+
+Louise died young. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+THOMAS, keeper of an eating-house at Montmartre. L'Assommoir.
+
+THOMAS (ANSELME), a journeyman saddler at Plassans. He married Justine
+Megot, tempted by the annuity of twelve hundred francs which she
+received from Saccard. He disliked her child, the little Charles
+Rougon, who was degenerate and weak-minded. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+THOMAS (MADAME ANSELME), wife of the preceding. See Justine Megot. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+TISON, keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal.
+
+TISSOT (MADAME), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+TITREVILLE (MADAME) carried on the business of an artificial-flower
+maker, of which Madame Lerat was forewoman, and where Nana Coupeau was
+a pupil. She was a tall woman who never unbent, and the girls were all
+afraid of her, pretending to be engrossed in work whenever she
+appeared. L'Assommoir.
+
+TOUCHE (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the
+success of the /Coup d'Etat/. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+TOUCHE, an Attorney's clerk at Plassans. He married Sidonie Rougon in
+1838, and went with her to Paris, where he started business as a
+dealer in the products of the South. He was not very successful, and
+died in 1850. La Curee.
+
+TOURMAL (LES), a family who resided at Bonneville and lived chiefly by
+smuggling and stealing. The father and grandfather were sent to
+prison, and the daughter, when shown kindness by Pauline Quenu,
+rewarded her by attempting to steal such small articles of value as
+she could conceal. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+TOUTIN-LAROCHE (M.), a retired candle-manufacturer; now a municipal
+councillor, and a director of the Credit Viticole, the Societe
+Generale of the Ports of Morocco, and other companies of doubtful
+standing. His ambition was to enter the Senate, and he clung to Baron
+Gauraud and Saccard in the belief that they could assist him. La
+Curee.
+
+TRICON (LA), a well-known procuress, who numbered Nana among her
+clients. She had a passion for racing, and at the Grand Prix seemed to
+dominate the crowd.
+
+TROMPETTE, one of the horses in the Voreux pit. It only lived a few
+months after being taken underground. Germinal.
+
+TRON, a labourer in the farm of La Borderie. He was one of Jacqueline
+Cognet's lovers, and exhibited jealousy amounting to insanity
+regarding her. Having been dismissed by his master, he opened a trap-
+door through which Hourdequin fell and was killed. When he found that
+Jacqueline would not forgive him for this stupid murder, which ruined
+her prospects, he set fire to the farm buildings. La Terre.
+
+TROUCHE (HONORE), brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas. Having been
+unsuccessful in business at Besancon, he followed Faujas to Plassans,
+where he went with his wife to live in rooms rented by the Abbe from
+Francois Mouret. He was of bad character and quite unscrupulous, but
+by the influence of Faujas he was appointed Secretary to the Girls'
+Home started by Madame Mouret and other ladies of Plassans. Having got
+a footing in the Mourets' house, he soon began to take advantage of
+his position, and little by little got possession of the whole
+premises. He did all he could to encourage the idea of Francois
+Mouret's madness, and after the unfortunate man's removal to the
+asylum was able with greater ease to carry out his schemes. Mouret
+having ultimately escaped from the asylum, returned to his home and
+set it on fire; Trouche perished in the flames. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+TROUCHE (MADAME OLYMPE), wife of the preceding, and sister of Abbe
+Faujas. She accompanied her husband to Plassans, and contributed
+largely to the ruin of the Mouret family. Utterly heartless, she
+stopped at nothing, robbing Madame Mouret of money, clothing,
+everything that came within her power. Nemesis came with the return of
+Francois Mouret, who set fire to his house, causing the death of
+Madame Trouche as well as that of her husband. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+TROUILLE (LA), the nickname of Olympe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+TRUBLOT (HECTOR), a young man whom Madame Josserand hoped at one time
+to secure as a husband for her daughter. He had, however, no thoughts
+of marriage, and as he was averse to any risk of complications, his
+habit was to select his female friends from among the maid-servants of
+his acquaintances. He was employed as correspondent in the office of
+Monsieur Desmarquay, a money-changer. Pot-Bouille.
+
+
+
+                                  V
+
+VABRE, a notary of Versailles who retired to Paris with a fortune,
+part of which he invested in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied by
+the Duveyriers, the Josserands, and others. He had unfortunately a
+hidden passion for gambling in stocks and shares, and when he died it
+was found that his whole fortune had been dissipated, even his house
+being heavily mortgaged. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (AUGUSTE), eldest son of M. Vabre, carried on a silk merchant's
+business in part of the premises which belonged to his father. He
+married Berthe Josserand, but as he suffered much from neuralgia, and
+was, in addition, of a niggardly disposition, the marriage was not a
+happy one. An intrigue between Madame Vabre and Octave Mouret
+followed, and on its discovery she returned to her parents. For a
+considerable time Vabre refused to forgive his wife, but a
+reconciliation was ultimately brought about through the intervention
+of Abbe Mauduit. Vabre's fortunes were adversely affected by the
+extension of Madame Hedouin's business, known as "The Ladies'
+Paradise." Pot-Bouille.
+
+The rapid success of Octave Mouret's business led to the ruin of
+Vabre, a result to which the extravagance of his wife also
+contributed. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VABRE (MADAME AUGUSTE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Josserand.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (CAMILLE), son of Theophile Vabre and his wife Valerie Louhette.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (CLOTILDE), daughter of Vabre the notary, and wife of Duveyrier.
+She did not get on well with her husband, whom she hated, and her only
+passion was for music, which she practised to an inordinate extent.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (THEOPHILE), second son of M. Vabre, "a little old man of
+twenty-eight, a victim to coughs and toothache, who first tried all
+sorts of trades and then married the daughter of a neighbouring
+haberdasher." His life was shadowed by suspicions of his wife, with
+whom he constantly quarrelled. He was with difficulty prevented from
+making a scene at the marriage of his brother Auguste to Berthe
+Josserand. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (MADAME VALERIE), wife of the preceding, nee Louhette, was the
+daughter of a wealthy haberdasher. She did not get on well with her
+husband, who accused her, not entirely without reason, of carrying on
+a liaison with some one whose name he was unable to discover. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+VADON (MARGUERITE), daughter of a linen-draper at Grenoble, found it
+desirable to come to Paris for a time, and got a situation at "The
+Ladies' Paradise." She as a well-conducted girl, and ultimately
+returned to Grenoble to take charge of her parents' shop, and marry a
+cousin who was waiting for her. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VALENCAY (BARON DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He married the
+eldest daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny. L'Assommoir.
+
+VALENCAY (MADEMOISELLE PAULE DE), was very rich and extremely
+beautiful when at nineteen years old she married the Marquis Jean XII
+de Hautecoeur. She died within a year, leaving a son named Felicien.
+Le Reve.
+
+VALENTIN, son of Guiraude, and brother of Sophie. His father, a
+journeyman tanner, died of phthisis, and Valentin, who had been in
+daily contact with him, developed the disease. Doctor Pascal Rougon
+prolonged his life for some time by hypodermic injections of a
+substance discovered by himself, but the respite was only temporary,
+for at twenty-one years of age Valentine died of hereditary phthisis.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+VALERIO II, a horse which belonged to M. Corbreuse and ran in the
+Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+VALLAGNOSC (MADAME DE), belonged to an old family of Plassans. Left a
+widow with two daughters and one son, she found life difficult on the
+small remains of a former fortune. In order to assist his mother, the
+son, Paul, secured an appointment at Paris in a Government office. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VALLAGNOSC (PAUL DE), an old friend of Octave Mouret, whom he had
+known at Plassans. He belonged to an old family, but, being a younger
+son without money, was obliged to select a profession. He studied law,
+but meeting with no success, was obliged to accept an appointment in
+the Ministry of the Interior. He married Mademoiselle de Boves. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VALLAGNOSC (MADAME PAUL DE), wife of the preceding. See Blanche de
+Boves.
+
+VALQUEYRAS (COMTE DE), a relation of Marquis de Carnavant, who lived
+in his house. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+He was a supporter of the Marquis de Lagrifoul, the Legitimist Deputy
+for Plassans, who visited him for a fortnight before the election
+which was dominated by Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+VALQUEYRAS (MARQUISE DE), in 1873, she was the only representative of
+a very old family. She was a widow with a little daughter of six, very
+rich, and equally parsimonious. When Doctor Pascal Rougon called on
+her to ask payment of his fees, he allowed himself to be put off, and
+even gave advice regarding the health of the child. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+VANDERGHAGEN, the medical man employed by the Mining Company of
+Montsou. He was so much overworked that it was said he gave his
+consultations while he was running from place to place. Germinal.
+
+VANDEUVRES (COMTE XAVIER DE), the last member of a noble family, had
+gone through a large fortune in Paris. His racing-stable was famous,
+as were his losses at the Imperial Club, while his ruin was completed
+by the vast sums which he spent on Nana. His final hope was centred on
+the race for the Grand Prix de Paris in which he was running two
+horses, Lusignan and a filly named Nana. Lusignan was the favourite,
+but Vandeuvres, having arranged his betting, caused the horse to be
+pulled, so that the filly might win. The ruse was successful, and
+Vandeuvres gained a large sum, but suspicions having been aroused, he
+was warned off the turf and expelled from the Imperial Club. Driven to
+madness, the Comte shut himself up in his stable, and, having set it
+on fire, perished among his horses. Nana.
+
+VANDORPE, the head stationmaster of the Western Railway Company at
+Paris. La Bete Humaine.
+
+VANPOUILLE BROTHERS, a firm of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-Petits
+Champs, who were practically ruined when Octave Mouret added a fur
+department to "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VANSKA (COMTESSE), a well-known and rich /mondaine/ of the Second
+Empire. La Curee.
+
+VANZADE (MADAME), the widow of a general. She was an old lady, rich,
+nearly blind, and practically helpless. At Passy she lived, in a
+silent old house, a life so retired and regular that it might have
+been actuated by clockwork. As she required a companion, her old
+friend, La Mere des Saints-Anges, recommended Christine Hallegrain to
+her; but the girl, stifling in that dwelling of rigid piety, ended by
+running off with her lover, Claude Lantier. Madame Vanzade died four
+years later, and the bulk of her fortune went to charities. L'Oeuvre.
+
+VAQUEZ (JUDITH), an artist's model who lived in Rue du Rocher. She was
+a Jewess, fresh enough in colouring but too thin. L'Oeuvre.
+
+VAUCOGNE (HECTOR), husband of Estelle Badeuil. At the time of his
+marriage, Vaucogne was a junior officer of customs, but when his
+wife's parents retired he took over their /maison publique/. He left
+everything to the care of his wife, and after her death the
+establishment ceased to be prosperous. In the end he was turned out by
+his father-in-law, and the business was given to his daughter Elodie,
+who showed all the family capacity for management. La Terre.
+
+VAUCOGNE (MADAME HECTOR), wife of the preceding. See Estelle Badeuil.
+La Terre.
+
+VAUCOGNE (ELODIE), daughter of the preceding, and granddaughter of M.
+and Madame Charles Badeuil. She was seven years old when her parents
+took over the /maison publique/ of her grandfather, and she was then
+sent to a convent at Chateaudun to be educated by the Sisters of the
+Visitation. Her holidays were spent with her grandparents, and she was
+supposed to be under the impression that her parents were carrying on
+a large confectionery business, but Victorine, a servant who had been
+dismissed for misconduct, had made her aware of the facts, and when,
+at eighteen years of age, she was asked in marriage by her cousin
+Ernest Delhomme, she astonished her grandparents by joining with him
+in a desire to succeed to the family establishment. La Terre.
+
+VAUGELADE (DUC DE), at one time the master of Gourd, who was his
+valet. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VENOT (THEOPHILE), an old lawyer who made a speciality of
+ecclesiastical cases, and had acquired a fortune by serving the
+Jesuits. He had retired with a comfortable sum, and led an existence
+slightly mysterious; received everywhere, saluted very low, even a
+little feared, as he represented a great and unknown force which he
+had behind him. An intimate friend of the Muffats, he did everything
+in his power to put an end to the liaison between the Comte and Nana,
+and, though no success attended his efforts for a considerable time,
+he was able when ruin seemed imminent to save Muffat from scandal and
+to console him by a return to the practice of religion. Nana.
+
+VERDIER (BARON), proprietor of a racing-stable. Frangipane, one of his
+horses, ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+VERDIER, a lawyer who had been for a long time engaged to Hortense
+Josserand. The marriage was put off from time to time, as he had got
+entangled with a woman from whom he found separation difficult. Pot-
+Bouille.
+
+VERDONCK, a grocer at Montsou. His business was much affected by the
+competition of Maigrat, and he gave credit during the first week of
+the strike in the hope of getting back some of his old customers.
+Germinal.
+
+VERLAQUE, an inspector in the fish-market at the /Halles Centrales/.
+Having fallen into bad health, he was allowed to find a substitute to
+keep the place open for him in case he should recover. Florent was
+appointed, and paid a considerable portion of the salary to Verlaque.
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+VERLAQUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Florent assisted her after
+the death of her husband. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+VERNIER, an art critic who published an article on Fagerolles the
+artist. L'Oeuvre.
+
+VERONIQUE, maid-servant to the Chanteau family, was a tall, stout
+young woman of unattractive appearance and uncertain temper. She had
+been in the service of the Chanteaus for twenty years, and having
+become necessary to them, took advantage of her position. From the
+first, Veronique resented Pauline Quenu's presence in the Chanteau
+household, and treated her as an intruder. In course of time, however,
+she came to see that Pauline was being despoiled of her means by
+Madame Chanteau, and her sense of justice made her take the young
+girl's part. The death of Madame Chanteau made a deep impression on
+Veronique whose ill-will towards Pauline gradually returned. Her mind,
+not strong at best, became unhinged, and in a fit of temper she went
+into the orchard and hanged herself. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+VIAL (ABBE), one of the clergy of Plassans. When his appointment
+became vacant it was promised to Abbe Bourrette, but was eventually
+given to Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+VIAL (MELANIE), second wife of Jean Macquart, to whom she was married
+in 1871. She was the only daughter of a peasant in easy circumstances,
+and was of a fine robust physique. She had three healthy children in
+as many years. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+VIAN, a wheelwright of Plassans, to whom Silvere Mouret was
+apprenticed. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+VICTOIRE, Madame Campardon's cook. She had been in the service of her
+master's father when Campardon was a baby, and though now old, and not
+over clean, they were unwilling to part with her. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VICTOIRE (LA MERE), wife of Pecqueux, the railway stoker. She had been
+the nurse of Severine Aubry, and later, as the wife of Pecqueux, who
+spent all his earnings on drink, she was leading a wretched existence
+in Paris by the aid of a little sewing, when, happening to meet her
+foster-daughter, the former intimacy had been renewed, and President
+Grandmorin took her under his protection, obtaining for her the post
+of attendant at the ladies' cloakroom. She occupied a room in the
+Impasse d'Amsterdam, which the Roubauds regarded as their head-
+quarters when they spent a day in Paris. Having become helpless as the
+result of a sprain, she was obliged to resign her post and seek
+admittance to a hospital. La Bete Humaine.
+
+VICTORINE, cook in the employment of Nana. She married Francois, the
+footman. Nana.
+
+VICTORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils after they
+retired to Rognes. She was dismissed for misconduct, and in revenge
+told Elodie Vaucogne the occupation of her parents. La Terre.
+
+VIGOUROUX, a coal merchant in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. He sold coke to
+Gervaise at the same price as the Gas Company. L'Assommoir.
+
+VIGOUROUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman with
+bright eyes who liked to laugh with the men. L'Assommoir.
+
+VIMEUX, a miserable little sheriff officer, who was celebrated in the
+Canton for the bad usage he got from the peasants when he was obliged
+to serve summonses upon them. La Terre.
+
+VINCARD, a silk merchant, who, seeing that his business was likely to
+be seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise," he
+sold it to Robineau, and took a restaurant at Vincennes. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+VINCENT, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+VINEUIL (COMMANDANT DE), father of Gilberte. Retired from active
+service on account of his wounds, he was appointed Director of Customs
+at Charleville. His wife died of consumption, and he sent his
+daughter, about whose health he was alarmed, to reside for a time at a
+farm near Chene-Populeux. He died soon after Gilberte's marriage to
+Maginot, the Inspector of State Forests. La Debacle.
+
+VINEUIL (COLONEL DE), brother of the preceding. In 1870 he commanded
+the 106th Regiment of the line, which formed part of the Seventh Army
+corps. He was a man of fine appearance and character, and bore his
+part bravely through the disastrous campaign, until he was severely
+wounded on the battlefield of Sedan. Notwithstanding his wound, he
+remained on his horse till the end, when he was removed to the house
+of Delaherche, the husband of his niece Gilberte. By December his
+wound was cured, but crushed by his country's defeats, his mental
+depression was so great that he remained in a darkened room, refusing
+to hear news from the outer world, and associating only with his old
+friend Madame Delaherche, the mother of his niece's husband. At the
+end of December he died suddenly, horror-struck by an account of the
+surrender of Metz, which he chanced to read in an old newspaper. La
+Debacle.
+
+VINEUIL (GILBERTE DE), daughter of Commandant de Vineuil. She was
+first married to Maginot, and afterwards to Jules Delaherche. When she
+was nine years old, her father, alarmed at a cough she had, sent her
+to live at a farm, where she came to know Henriette Levasseur. Even at
+that age she was a coquette, and when at twenty she married Maginot,
+the Inspector of the State Forests at Mezieres, her character had not
+changed. Mezieres she found dull, but her husband allowed her full
+liberty, and she found all the gaiety she desired at Charleville.
+There she lived solely for pleasure, and Captain Beaudoin became her
+lover. In 1869 she became a widow, and in spite of the stories told
+about her she found a second husband, Jules Delaherche. On the eve of
+the battle of Sedan she resumed for the nonce her former relations
+with Beaudoin. Gay and irresponsible by nature, she flirted with
+Captain von Gartlauben, a Prussian officer, who was quartered on her
+husband after the capitulation of Sedan, while at the same time she
+carried on a liaison with Edmond Lagarde, a young soldier who had been
+wounded, and whom she had assisted to nurse. La Debacle.
+
+VIOLAINE (LOUISE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She took
+the part in the /Blonde Venus/ originally played by Nana, and secured
+a great success. Nana.
+
+VIRGINIE, sister of Adele, for whose sake Auguste Lantier deserted
+Gervaise Macquart. Gervaise, meeting Virginie in a public washing-
+house, was taunted by her on the subject of her lover, and a terrible
+fight between the two women followed, Virginie being severely beaten.
+Gervaise did not see her again for some years, by which time she had
+married M. Poisson, an ex-soldier, who later became a policeman. She
+professed to have overlooked the fight with Gervaise, but appears to
+have been not without hope that an opportunity of repaying her
+injuries might eventually arise. When the Coupeaus gave way to drink,
+Lantier, who had again established friendly relations, suggested that
+Virginie should take the Coupeaus' shop and buy a stock of groceries
+and sweetmeats with a legacy she had received from an aunt. Partly
+moved by a desire for revenge on Gervaise, she did so, and Lantier
+retained with the Poissons the place as a lodger he formerly occupied
+with the Coupeaus. Soon after, he became Virginie's lover, and, by
+paying nothing for his support, while he gradually ate the contents of
+the shop, he accomplished the downfall of the Poissons in much the
+same manner as he had already ruined the Coupeaus. L'Assommoir.
+
+VISCARDI (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+VOINCOURT (COMTESSE DE), mother of Claire de Voincourt. She occupied
+at Beaumont a house adjoining the bishop's palace. Le Reve.
+
+VOINCOURT (CLAIRE DE), the daughter of an old family of great wealth
+who lived at Beaumont. Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur wished to arrange a
+marriage between her and Felicien, his son; his plans were assisted by
+the belief of Felicien that Angelique, with whom he had fallen in
+love, no longer cared for him. This belief having proved false, the
+proposed marriage between Felicien and Claire de Voincourt did not
+take place. Le Reve.
+
+VORIAU, a large black dog which belonged to Bambousse, the Mayor of
+Artaud. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+VUILLAUME (M. and MADAME), the parents of Madame Pichon, whom they
+visited every Sunday afternoon. They were, later, much annoyed with
+the Pichons, whose family became, they considered, too large for their
+means. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VUILLAUME (MARIE). See Madame Marie Pichon.
+
+VUILLET, a bookseller of Plassans, who published a biweekly journal,
+the /Gazette de Plassans/, which was devoted exclusively to the
+interests of the clergy. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+
+
+                                  W
+
+WEISS, husband of Henriette Levasseur, and cousin of Otto Gunther. He
+got a situation in the refinery at Chene-Populeux, almost in a menial
+position, but he gradually educated himself, and by dint of hard work
+raised himself to the position of accountant. A clear-headed man, he
+early saw the causes that were to lead to the downfall of his country,
+and expressed himself strongly regarding the unprepared state of the
+army. Weiss lived at Sedan, but in 1870 he had just bought a little
+house at Bazeilles, where he slept the night before the battle. He was
+frantic at the idea that the Prussians might pillage and perhaps
+destroy the dwelling so long desired and so hardly acquired, and when
+the attack was made he took an active part in the fighting. Captured
+by the Prussians, and being a civilian, he was at once condemned to be
+shot, and the sentence was carried out before the eyes of his wife,
+who had come from Sedan to look for him. La Debacle.
+
+WEISS (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Henriette Levasseur. La
+Debacle.
+
+WORMS, a famous costumier, before whom the ladies of the Second Empire
+bowed the knee. Renee Saccard was one of his customers, and when she
+died owed him an account of two hundred and fifty-seven thousand
+francs. La Curee.
+
+
+
+                                  Z
+
+ZEPHIR, the horse ridden by Prosper Sambuc, who loved it like a
+brother. The animal received a mortal wound at the battle of Sedan,
+and fell on its rider, crushing under it his right leg. It lay upon
+him for some hours, but eventually, on his speaking to it, moved with
+a great effort sufficiently to allow him to escape. La Debacle.
+
+ZEPHYRIN, a worker on the farm of La Borderie. He laughed at the
+agricultural machinery introduced by Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre.
+
+ZIDORE, a youth of seventeen, who was an apprentice zinc-worker. He
+was Coupeau's assistant at one time. L'Assommoir.
+
+ZIZI, the pet name given by Nana to Georges Hugon. Nana.
+
+ZOE, waiting-maid in the employment of Nana. She was entirely in
+Nana's confidence, and was always ready with shrewd advice, though
+there is no doubt she arranged matters so that a great deal of money
+came into her own hands. She ultimately took over the establishment of
+La Tricon, which she had long coveted, and, having large ideas,
+proposed to extend the business by renting a larger house. Nana.
+
+
+
+                ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES
+
+ARROMANCHES, a small town on the Normandy coast, not far from Caen. It
+is about six miles from Bonneville, the scene of La Joie de Vivre.
+
+ARTAUD (LES), a small village a few miles from Plassans (q.v.). Abbe
+Mouret was its priest during the events related in La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+ASSOMMOIR (Pere Colombe's) was situated at the corner of Rue des
+Poissonniers and Boulevard de Rochechouart, which is a continuation of
+Boulevard de Clichy, in the northern district of Paris. L'Assommoir.
+
+AUGUSTIN (RUE NEUVE SAINT), a street which joins the Avenue de l'Opera
+a short distance from the Opera House. It is intersected by Rue
+Michodiere, at the corner of which is situated Octave Mouret's great
+drapery establishment, known as "Au Bonheur des Dames." Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+BARENTIN, a small town on the Western Railway of France, about twelve
+miles from Rouen. It was at a point between Barentin and the previous
+station, Malaunay, that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud.
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+BAZEILLES, a village about three miles south-east of Sedan (q.v.). It
+was the scene of some of the most important events in La Debacle.
+
+BEAUCE (LA), a fertile agricultural plain stretching between Chartres
+and Orleans, and intersected by the road from the latter town to
+Chateaudun. The district is the scene of La Terre.
+
+BEAUMONT, a town of about 3000 inhabitants, picturesquely situated on
+a height on the left bank of the Oise about twenty-five miles north of
+Paris. Its church, the scene of some of the principal events in Le
+Reve, is an interesting building, dating from the thirteenth century.
+Le Reve.
+
+BONCOEUR (HOTEL) was situated in the Boulevard de la Chapelle (q.v.).
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BONNEVILLE, a village on the Normandy coast, about six miles from
+Arromanches. It is in an extremely exposed position, and many houses
+have been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. To prevent further
+damage, Lazare Chanteau constructed a breakwater, which was, however,
+washed away by the first storm. The inhabitants of the village were
+mostly engaged in fishing. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+BORDERIE (LA), a farm on the plain of La Beauce, which belonged to
+Alexandre Hourdequin, whose father bought it after the Revolution. La
+Terre.
+
+CAEN, a town of about 40,000 inhabitants, situated on the River Orne,
+about nine miles from the Normandy coast. Chanteau pere carried on
+business there before he retired and went to live at Bonneville, and
+his son Lazare received his education at its college. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+CHALONS, a town of about 24,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Marne
+107 miles east of Paris. It is the head-quarters of the Sixth Army
+Corps, and was occupied by the Prussians in August, 1870. La Debacle.
+
+CHAPELLE (BOULEVARD DE LA) is a continuation of the Boulevard de
+Clichy, in the Montmartre district of Paris. In it was situated the
+Hotel Boncoeur, where Lantier and Gervaise Macquart found lodgings
+when they first came to Paris. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHARLEVILLE, a town of about 17,000 inhabitants, situated about ten
+miles north-west of Sedan. It is close to Mezieres, of which it really
+forms the commercial and industrial portion. La Debacle.
+
+CHARTRES, an important and interesting town, situated on the left bank
+of the Eure, fifty-five miles south-west of Paris. It is the principal
+town in the grain-producing district of La Beauce, and reference is
+frequently made to it in La Terre. In it M. and Madame Charles Badeuil
+carried on business for a number of years with considerable success.
+La Terre.
+
+CHATEAUDUN, a town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of
+the Loire, about eighty-four miles south-west of Paris. It is in the
+district of La Beauce, and is frequently referred to in La Terre.
+
+CHOISEUL (RUE DE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Italiens,
+and Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. It is parallel to Avenue de l'Opera and
+Rue Michodiere, being slightly to the east of the latter. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CLOYES, a market-town in the district of La Beauce, about seven miles
+from Chateaudun and ninety-one miles south-west of Paris. It is
+frequently referred to in La Terre.
+
+CROIX DE MAUFRAS (LE), a level crossing on the Western Railway of
+France, between Malaunay and Barentin, about nine miles west of Rouen.
+The crossing, which was looked after by Misard and his daughter Flore,
+was the scene of a terrible railway accident, and it was in the same
+vicinity that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+EAUX (PASSAGE DES), a steep lane which runs from Rue Raynouard at
+Passy down to the Seine. In an old house which abutted on the passage
+lived Mere Fetu, and in the same building was the room where Helene
+Grandjean went to meet Doctor Deberle. Une Pate d'Amour.
+
+GOUTTE D'OR (RUE DE LA), a street in the Montmartre district of Paris.
+It enters from Rue des Poissonniers and runs parallel to and behind
+Boulevard de la Chapelle, which is a continuation of Boulevard de
+Clichy. The Coupeaus and the Lorilleux lived in Rue de la Goutte d'Or.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+HALLES CENTRALES (LES), the great provision markets of Paris, are
+situated on the right bank of the river, and are directly north of the
+Pont Neuf, from which they are not far distant. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+HAUSSMANN (BOULEVARD) runs from east to west a short distance behind
+the Opera House. Its eastern end connects with the Boulevard des
+Italiens. Nana.
+
+HAVRE (LE), an important seaport, which forms the terminus of the
+Western Railway of France, the line upon which Jacques Lantier was
+employed as an engine-driver. The Roubauds lived at Le Havre, and many
+of the principal scenes in La Bete Humaine were enacted there. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+LAZARE (RUE SAINT-), is in the neighbourhood of the railway station of
+the same name. In it was situated the Orviedo mansion, in which
+Aristide Saccard started the Universal Bank. L'Argent.
+
+LILLE, an important manufacturing town in the north of France, near
+the Belgian frontier. Etienne Lantier was at one time employed in the
+railway workshop there. Germinal.
+
+MALAUNAY, a station on the Western Railway of France, six miles from
+Rouen, and about midway between that town and Barentin. It is referred
+to in La Bete Humaine.
+
+MARBEUF (RUE), a street which connects the Avenue des Champs Elysees
+and the Avenue de l'Alma. Eugene Rougon lived there. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+MARCHIENNES, a town in the mining district of the north of France,
+about thirty miles south-east of Lille. It is frequently referred to
+in Germinal.
+
+METZ, a town of 55,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Moselle, about
+263 miles east of Paris and about eighty miles south-east of Sedan. It
+was surrendered to the Prussians on 27th October, 1870, and is now the
+capital of German Lorraine. La Debacle.
+
+MEZIERES, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on a peninsula
+formed by the Meuse about ten miles north-west of Sedan. Its situation
+has prevented its extension, and the closely adjoining town of
+Charleville has become its commercial and industrial quarter. Mezieres
+was three times invested during the Franco-Prussian War, and
+surrendered on 2nd January, 1871, after a bombardment of three days.
+La Debacle.
+
+MICHODIERE (RUE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Capucines
+and the Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. At the corner where it joins the
+latter street was situated Octave Mouret's great drapery
+establishment, known as "Au Bonheur des Dames," and in it also Baudu
+carried on business. The street is almost parallel to the Avenue de
+l'Opera. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MOINES (RUE DES) was situated at Batignolles, in the extreme north-
+west of Paris. Madame Lerat lived there. L'Assommoir.
+
+MONCEAU (RUE), a street which runs northward from Rue du Faubourg St.
+Honore. It is a short distance to the north-east of the Arc de
+Triomphe, and in it was situated Aristide Saccard's magnificent
+mansion. La Curee.
+
+MONTSOU, a mining village in the north of France, about ten kilometres
+from Marchiennes (q.v.). It is the scene of many of the chief events
+in Germinal.
+
+ORLEANS, an important town situated on the Loire, seventy-five miles
+south of Paris. It is referred to in La Terre and Nana.
+
+PARADOU, the name of a neglected demesne near Plassans (q.v.). It was
+the scene of a large part of La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+PLASSANS, the name under which Zola disguised his native town of Aix.
+It is a place of about 30,000 inhabitants, and is situated eighteen
+miles north of Marseilles. Aix was at one time the capital of
+Provence, is the seat of an archbishop, and contains a university and
+an Ecole des Art et Metiers.
+
+In the Rougon-Macquart novels Zola made Plassans the cradle of an
+imaginary family, and throughout the whole series of books the town is
+constantly referred to. La Fortune des Rougon, etc.
+
+RAUCOURT, a small town about six miles south of Sedan. It is
+frequently referred to in La Debacle.
+
+REIMS, an important town of 98,000 inhabitants, situated about 100
+miles to the north-east of Paris. In 1870-71 it was occupied by the
+Prussians, who laid heavy requisitions upon it. The town is frequently
+referred to in La Debacle.
+
+REMILLY, a village about five miles south of Sedan. Old Fouchard's
+farm was situated in its vicinity. La Debacle.
+
+ROUEN, an important town of over 100,000 inhabitants, situated on the
+Seine, about eighty-seven miles from Paris and fifty-seven miles from
+Le Havre. It was the scene of the judicial inquiry regarding the
+murder of President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SEDAN, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated on the Meuse, about 170
+miles north-east of Paris. It was the scene of one of the chief
+battles of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and capitulated to the
+Prussian forces on 2nd September of that year. The town is frequently
+referred to in La Debacle.
+
+VALOGNES, a small town in Normandy, not far from Cherbourg. It was the
+birthplace of Denise Baudu and her brothers. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VINEUSE (RUE DE), a street in the Passy district of Paris, at the
+extreme west end of the city. It is near the Trocadero Palace. Madame
+Helene Grandjean and Doctor Deberle both lived in this street. Une
+Page d'Amour.
+
+VOREUX, the name of a large coal-pit, situated about two kilometres
+from Montsou, on the road between that village and Marchiennes (q.v.).
+Germinal.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY ***
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