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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/5103-0.txt b/5103-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..636f9be --- /dev/null +++ b/5103-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,10953 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Zola Dictionary + +Author: J. G. Patterson + +Release Date: April 22, 2006 [EBook #5103] +Last Updated: September 5, 2016 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + + + + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers + + + + + +A ZOLA DICTIONARY + +The Characters Of The Rougon-Macquart Novels Of Emile Zola + + +By J. G. Patterson + + + +With a Biographical and Critical Introduction, Synopses of the Plots, +Bibliographical Note, Map, Genealogy, etc. + + + + + +PREFATORY NOTE + +In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, relied for +information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely _Notes d’un +Ami_, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier); _Emile Zola, A biographical +and Critical Study_, by R. H. Sherrard (London, Chatto & Windus, 1893); +_Emile Zola, Novelist and Reformer_: An account of his Life and Work, +by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly (London, John Lane, 1904). Reference has also +been made to Mr. Arthur Symons’ _Studies in Prose and Verse_, and +to articles in the _Fortnightly Review_ by Mr. Andrew Lang, in the +_Atlantic Monthly_ by Mr. Henry James, and in the _Contemporary +Review_ by M. Edouard Rod, as well as to articles in the _Encyclopaedia +Britannica_ and in the _Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains_. + +By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been possible to +include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree, which +appears in the Preface to their edition of _Doctor Pascal_, and to +make use of their translations in the preparation of the Dictionary. +In compiling the latter, Zola’s own words have been adopted so far as +possible, though usually they have required such condensation as to make +direct quotation difficult. This difficulty was increased by the fact +that occasional use was made of different translations of the same book, +and that frequent references to the original were found necessary. + +The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the order in +which the books should be read, as indicated by their Author in _Le +Docteur Pascal_, and confirmed by his biographer, Mr. E. A. Vizetelly. + +EDINBURGH, May, 1912. J. G. P. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +Emile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father, Francois +Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not been a success, +though this was not due to any lack of energy or ability. Zola _pere_ +was of mixed nationality, his father being an Italian and his mother a +Greek, and it is not unlikely that his unrest and want of concentration +were due to the accident of his parentage. When quite a young man, +Francois fought under the great Napoleon, after whose fall he became a +civil engineer. He spent some time in Germany, where he was engaged +in the construction of the first tramway line in Europe, afterwards +visiting Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to have accompanied +him, for in 1831 he applied for and obtained an appointment, as +lieutenant in the Foreign Legion in Algeria. His career in Africa was, +however, of short duration; some irregularities were discovered, and he +disappeared for a time, though ultimately he came forward and made +up his accounts, paying the balance that was due. No prosecution took +place, and resignation of his commission was accepted. Nothing more was +heard of the matter till 1898, when his son Emile identified himself +with the cause of Dreyfus, and in the campaign of calumny that followed +had to submit to the vilest charges against the memory of his father. +The old dossier was produced by the French Ministry of War, the +officials of which did not hesitate to strengthen their case by the +forgery of some documents and the suppression of others. In view +of these proved facts, and of the circumstance that Francois Zola, +immediately after his resignation from the Foreign Legion, established +himself as a civil engineer at Marseilles and prepared a scheme for new +maritime docks there, and that in connection with this scheme he +visited Paris repeatedly, obtaining private audiences with the King and +interviewing statesmen, it must be held that the charges against him +were of a venial nature, in no way warranting the accusations brought +forward by the War Office nearly seventy years later to cast discredit +on his son. Nothing came of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same +fate attended subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola +_pere_, who by this time had married, then turned his attention to a +proposal to supply water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of +a reservoir and canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and +after many delays and disappointments ultimately signed an agreement for +the construction of the works. Even then further delays took place, and +it was not till three years later that the work could be commenced. But +the engineer’s ill fortune still attended him, for one morning while he +was superintending his workmen the treacherous mistral began to blow, +and he took a chill, from the effects of which he died a few days +afterwards. + +The young widow, with her son Emile, then a child of seven, was left +in poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim against the +municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had some means, and came to +her assistance during the years of fruitless struggle to establish the +rights of her dead husband. Emile had up to this time been allowed +to run wild, and he had spent most of his time out of doors, where he +acquired a love of the country which he retained in later years. Even +when he was sent to school he was backward, only learning his letters +with difficulty and showing little inclination for study. It was not +till 1852, when he was twelve years sold, that his education really +began. By this time he was able to realize his mother’s financial +position, and to see the sacrifices which were being made to send him +as a boarder to the _lycee_ at Aix. His progress then became rapid, and +during the next five years he gained many prizes. Throughout all these +years the struggle between Madame Zola and the municipality had gone +on, each year diminishing her chance of success. In the end her position +became desperate, and finding it impossible to continue to reside at +Aix, the little family removed to Paris in 1858. Fortunately Emile was +enabled by the intervention of certain friends of his late father to +continue his studies, and became a day pupil at the Lycee St. Louis, +on the Boulevard St. Michael. For some reason he made little progress +there, and when he presented himself for his _baccalaureat_ degree he +failed to pass the examination. A later attempt at the University of +Marseilles had the same result. As this examination is in France the +passport to all the learned professions, Zola’s failure to pass it +placed him in a serious position. His mother’s resources were by this +time entirely exhausted, and some means of support had to be sought +without delay. After many attempts, he got a place as clerk in a +business house at a salary of twenty-six pounds a year, but the work +proved so distasteful that after two months of drudgery he threw it +up. Then followed a period of deep misery, but a period which must +have greatly influenced the work of the future novelist. Wandering the +streets by day and, when he could find money to buy a candle, writing +poems and short stories by night, he was gaining that experience in the +school of life of which he was later to make such splendid use. Meantime +his wretchedness was deep. A miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient +food, inadequate clothing, and complete absence of fire may be an +incentive to high endeavour, but do not render easy the pathway of +fame. The position had become all but untenable when Zola received +an appointment in the publishing house of M. Hachette, of Paris, at +a salary beginning at a pound a week, but soon afterwards increased. +During the next two years he wrote a number of short stories which were +published later under the title _Contes a Ninon_. The book did not prove +a great success, though its undoubted ability attracted attention to the +writer and opened the way to some journalistic work. About this time he +appears to have been studying Balzac, and the recently published _Madame +Bovary_ of Flaubert, which was opening up a new world not only in French +fiction, but in the literature of Europe. He had also read the _Germinie +Lacerteux_ of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on which he wrote an +appreciative article, and this remarkable book cannot have been without +its influence on his work. The effect was indeed immediate, for in +1865 he published his next book, _La Confession de Claud_, which showed +strong traces of that departure from conventional fiction which he +was afterwards to make more pronounced. The book was not a financial +success, though it attracted attention, and produced many reviews, +some favourable, others merciless. Influenced by the latter, the +Public Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding the author to be made at +Hachette’s, but nothing more was done, and it is indeed doubtful if any +successful prosecution could have been raised, even at a period when it +was thought necessary to indict the author of _Madame Bovary_. + +Zola’s employers had, however, begun to look askance at his literary +work; they may have considered that it was occupying too much of the +time for which they paid, or, more probably, they were becoming alarmed +at their clerk’s advanced views both on politics and literary art. As +Zola afterwards explained the matter, one of the partners said to him, +“You are earning two hundred francs a month here, which is ridiculous. +You have plenty of talent, and would do better to take up literature +altogether. You would find glory and profit there.” The hint was a +direct one, and it was taken. The young author was again thrown upon +his own resources, but was no longer entirely unknown, for the not +unfavourable reception of his first book and the violent attacks on +his second had given him a certain position, even though it may to some +extent have partaken of the nature of a _succes de scandale_. As +he wrote at the time, he did not mean to pander to the likes or the +dislikes of the crowd; he intended to force the public to caress or +insult him. + +Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open, and Zola got an +appointment on the staff of a newspaper called _L’Evenement_, in which +he wrote articles on literary and artistic subjects. His views were +not tempered by moderation, and when he depreciated the members of the +_Salon_ in order to exalt Manet, afterwards an artist of distinction, +but then regarded as a dangerous revolutionary, the public outcry was +such that he was forced to discontinue publication of the articles. +He then began a second story called _Le Vaeu d’une Morte_ in the same +newspaper. It was intended to please the readers of _L’Evenement_, but +from the first failed to do so, and its publication was stopped before +it was half completed. Soon afterwards _L’Evenement_ was incorporated +with the _Figaro_, and Zola’s connection with it terminated. A time of +hardship again began, and during the year 1867 the wolf was only kept +from the door by unremitting toil of the least agreeable kind. In the +midst of his difficulties Zola wrote two books simultaneously, one +supremely good and the other unquestionably bad. The one was _Therese +Raquin_, and the other _Les Mysteres de Marseille_. The latter, which +was pure hack-work, was written to the order of the publisher of a +Marseillaise newspaper, who supplied historical material from researches +made by himself at the Marseilles and Aix law courts, about the various +_causes celebres_ which during the previous fifty years had attracted +the most public attention. These were to be strung together, and by an +effort of legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a +novel. Zola, desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that might +have been anticipated. + +_Therese Raquin_ is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put the +best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest care. +It is a tale of Divine Justice, wherein a husband is murdered by his +wife and her lover, who, though safe from earthly consequence, are yet +separated by the horror of their deed, and come to hate each other for +the thing they have done. The book is one of remarkable power, and it is +interesting to note that in the preface to it Zola first made use of +the word _naturalisme_ as describing that form of fiction which he +was afterwards to uphold in and out of season. A violent attack in the +_Figaro_ gave opportunity for a vigorous reply, and the advertisement +so obtained assisted the sales of the book, which from the first was a +success. It was followed by _Madeleine Ferat_, which, however, was less +fortunate. The subject is unpleasant, and its treatment lacks the force +which made _Therese Raquin_ convincing. + +Up to this time Zola’s life had been a steady struggle against poverty. +He was terribly in earnest, and was determined to create for himself +a place in literature; to accomplish this end he counted no labour +too arduous, no sacrifice too great. His habits were Spartan in their +simplicity; he was a slave to work and method, good equipment for the +vast task he was next to undertake. He had long been an earnest student +of Balzac, and there is no doubt that it was the example of the great +_Comedie Humaine_ which inspired his scheme for a series of novels +dealing with the life history of a family during a particular period; +as he described it himself, “the history natural and social of a family +under the Second Empire.” It is possible that he was also influenced +by the financial success of the series of historical novels written by +Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the _Romans Nationaux_. It was not, however, +the past about which he proposed to write; no period was more suitable +for his purpose than that in which he lived, that Second Empire whose +regime began in blood and continued in corruption. He had there, +under his own eyes and within his personal knowledge, a suitable +_mise-en-scene_ wherein to further develop those theories of hereditary +influence which had already attracted his attention while he was writing +_Madeleine Ferat_. The scheme was further attractive in as much as it +lent itself readily to the system of treatment to which he had applied +the term _naturalisme_, to distinguish it from the crudities of the +realistic school. The scientific tendency of the period was to rely not +on previously accepted propositions, but on observation and experience, +or on facts and documents. To Zola the voice of science conveyed the +word of ultimate truth, and with desperate earnestness he set out to +apply its methods to literary production. His position was that the +novelist is, like the scientist, an observer and an experimentalist +combined. The observer, he says, gives the facts as he has observed +them, fixes the starting-point, lays the solid ground on which +his characters are to walk and his phenomena to develop. Then the +experimentalist appears and starts the experiment, that is to say, he +makes the personages in a particular story move, in order to show that +the succession of events will be just what the determinism of phenomena +together with study demand that they should be. The author must abstain +from comment, never show his own personality, and never turn to the +reader for sympathy; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, be as +cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought the application +of this method would raise the position of the novel to the level of +a science, and that it would become a medium for the expression of +established truths. The fallacy of the argument has been exposed by +more than one critic. It is self-evident that the “experiments” by the +novelist cannot be made on subjects apart from himself, but are made by +him and in him; so that they prove more regarding his own temperament +than about what he professes to regard as the inevitable actions of +his characters. The conclusion drawn by a writer from such actions must +always be open to the retort that he invented the whole himself and +that fiction is only fiction. But to Zola in the late sixties the theory +seemed unassailable and it was upon it that he founded the whole edifice +of _Les Rougon-Macquart_. The considerations then that influenced Zola +in beginning a series of novels connected by subject into one gigantic +whole were somewhat various. There was the example of Balzac’s great +_Comedie Humaine_; there was the desire of working out the theories of +heredity in which he had become interested; there was the opportunity of +putting into operation the system which he had termed _naturalisme_; +and there was also the consideration that if he could get a publisher to +agree to his proposals he would secure a certain income for a number of +years. His original scheme was a series of twelve novels to be written +at the rate of two a year, and he entered into a contract with a +publisher named Lacroix, who was to pay him five hundred francs a month +as an advance. M. Lacroix would, however, only bind himself to publish +four out of the twelve novels. The arrangement could not be carried out, +and at the end of three years only two volumes of the Rougon-Macquart +series had been published, while Zola found that he had become indebted +to the publisher for a very considerable sum. + +The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not published +till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account of the war +with Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and seems to have regulated +his literary production with machinelike uniformity. As his friend and +biographer Paul Alexis writes: “Only four pages, but four pages every +day, every day without exception, the action of the drop of water always +falling on the same place, and in the end wearing out the hardest +stone. It seems nothing, but in course of time chapters follow chapters, +volumes follow upon volumes, and a whole life’s work sprouts, multiplies +its branches, extends its foliage like a lofty oak, destined to +rise high into the air and to remain standing in the forest of human +productions.” + +His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart series may +be conveniently summed up in a few words from an article which he had +only a month before written in the _Gaulois_: “If I kept a school of +morals,” he says, “I would hasten to place in the hands of my pupils +_Madame Bovary_ or _Germinie Lacerteux_, persuaded that truth alone can +instruct and fortify generous souls.” + +In _La Fortune des Rougon_, then, Zola set out to plant the roots of +the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during the next +twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the origin of +the family which he had selected for dissection in his series, and to +outline the various principal characters, members of that family. Mr. +Andrew Lang, writing on this subject in the _Fortnightly Review_, points +out that certain Arab tribes trace their descent from a female Dog, and +suggests that the Rougon-Macquart family might have claimed the same +ancestry. Adelaide Fouque came of a race of peasants who had long lived +at Plassans, a name invented by Zola to conceal the identity of Aix, +the town in Provence where his youth had been spent. She was highly +neurotic, with a tendency to epilepsy, but from the point of view of the +naturalistic novelist she offered many advantages. When a mere girl she +married a man named Rougon, who died soon afterwards, leaving her with +a son named Pierre, from whom descended the legitimate branch of the +family. Then followed a liaison with a drunken smuggler named Macquart, +as a result of which two children were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide’s +original neurosis had by this time become more pronounced, and she +ultimately became insane. Pierre married and had five children, but his +financial affairs had not prospered, though by underhand methods he had +contrived to get possession of his mother’s property, to the exclusion +of her other children. Then came the _Coup d’Etat_ of 1851, and +Pierre, quick to seize his opportunity, rendered such services to the +Bonapartist party as to lay the foundation of the family fortune, a +foundation which was, however, cemented with treachery and blood. It was +with these two families, then, both descended from a common ancestress, +and sometimes subsequently united by intermarriage, that the whole +series of novels was to deal. They do not form an edifying group, +these Rougon-Macquarts, but Zola, who had based his whole theory of the +experimental novel upon the analogy of medical research, was not on the +outlook for healthy subjects; he wanted social sores to probe. This is +a fact much too often overlooked by readers of detached parts of the +series, for it should always be kept in mind that the whole was written +with the express purpose of laying bare all the social evils of one of +the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the belief that through +publicity might come regeneration. Zola was all along a reformer as +well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in many a bitter newspaper +controversy. It has been urged against him that there were plenty of +virtuous people about whom he could have written, but these critics +appear to forget that he was in a sense a propagandist, and that it was +not his _metier_ to convert persons already in the odour of sanctity. + +_La Fortune des Rougon_ was not particularly successful on its +publication, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany was +barely concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola’s financial +position was, however, by the arrangement with his publisher now more +secure, and he felt justified in marrying. This he did, and settled down +into the quiet bourgeois existence in which his life was spent. + +The next book was _La Curee_, a study of the mushroom society of the +Second Empire. The subject--the story of Phaedra adapted to modern +environment--is unpleasant and the treatment is daring; but despite a +slight _succes de scandale_, its reception by the public was no more +favorable than that of _La Fortune des Rougon_. + +_La Curee_ was followed by _Le Ventre de Paris_, which reached a second +edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing, but was +severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as the apotheosis +of gluttony, while they resented the transference of a pork butcher’s +shop to literature and took particular exceptions to a certain “symphony +of cheeses.” + +Next came _La Conquete de Plassans_, an excellent story, to be followed +by _La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret_, one of Zola’s most romantic books, +and the first to attain any considerable success. He next wrote _Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon_, in which he dealt with the political side +of the Second Empire and sketched the life of the Imperial Court at +Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly well equipped, and the +book was only moderately successful. Then came _L’Assommoir_, and +with it fame and fortune for the writer. It is a terrible story of +working-class life in Paris, a study of the ravages wrought by drink. +Again to quote Mr. Andrew Lang, “It is a dreadful but not an immoral +book. It is the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written. As +M. Zola saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he once +lived, when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he describes, one +may fear that _L’Assommoir_ is a not untruthful picture of the lives of +many men and women in Paris.” + +In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole +of _L’Assommoir_ in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its +coarseness and nothing of its force. For this alone he was attacked by +many critics, and from its publication onwards an unexampled controversy +arose regarding the author and his methods. Looking backwards it is +difficult to see why such an outcry should have arisen about such a +masterpiece of literature, but water has flowed beneath many bridges +since 1877, and, largely by the influence of Zola’s own work, the limits +of convention have been widely extended. At the time, however, the +work was savagely attacked, and to the author the basest motives +were assigned, while libels on his own personal character were freely +circulated. Zola replied to these attacks in a manner so calm and so +convincing that quotation may be permitted. “It would be well,” he said, +“to read my novels, to understand them, to see them clearly in their +entirety, before bringing forward the ready-made opinions, ridiculous +and odious, which are circulated concerning myself and my works. Ah! +if people only knew how my friends laugh at the appalling legend which +amuses the crowd! If they only knew how the blood-thirsty wretch, the +formidable novelist, is simply a respectable bourgeois, a man devoted to +study and to art, living quietly in his corner, whose sole ambition is +to leave as large and living a work as he can. I contradict no reports, +I work on, and I rely on time, and on the good faith of the public, to +discover me at last under the accumulation of nonsense that has been +heaped upon me.” This statement is absolutely in accordance with fact, +and when it is realized that the writer of the Rougon-Macquart novels +was merely a hard-working, earnest man, filled with a determination to +complete the vast task which he had planned, and not to be turned +from his ideas by praise or blame, it will go far to promote a better +understanding of his aims and methods. It is necessary too, as has +already been said, that the various novels forming the Rougon-Macquart +series be considered not as separate entities, but as chapters of one +vast whole. + +_L’Assommoir_ was an immediate success with the public, and the sales +were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they amount to one +hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the original French alone. + +In 1878 Zola published _Une Page d’Amour_, the next volume of the +series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and romantic +descriptions of Paris. Then followed _Nana_, to which _L’Assommoir_ was +the prelude. _Nana_ dealt with the vast demimonde of Paris, and while it +was his greatest popular success, was in every sense his worst book. Of +no subject on which he wrote was Zola more ignorant than of this, and +the result is a laboured collection of scandals acquired at second-hand. +Mr. Arthur Symons, in his _Studies in Prose and Verse_, recounts how an +English paper once reported an interview in which the author of _Nana_, +indiscreetly questioned as to the amount of personal observation he had +put into the book, replied that he had once lunched with an actress +of the Varietes. “The reply was generally taken for a joke,” says +Mr. Symons, “but the lunch was a reality, and it was assuredly a rare +experience in the life of a solitary diligence to which we owe so +many impersonal studies in life.” The sales of the book were, however, +enormous, and Zola’s financial position was now assured. + +Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on. +_Pot-Bouille_ a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel +_Au Bonheur des Dames_, a study of life in one of the great emporiums +which were beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers of Paris. _La +Joie de Vivre_, that drab story of hypochondria and self-sacrifice, was +succeeded by _Germinal_, the greatest, if not the only really great, +novel of labour that has ever been written in any language. After +_Germinal_ came _L’Oeuvre_, which deals with art life in Paris, and is +in part an autobiography of the author. We now come to _La Terre_ +around which the greatest controversy has raged. In parts the book is +Shakespearian in its strength and insight, but it has to be admitted at +once that the artistic quality of the work has been destroyed in large +measure by the gratuitous coarseness which the author has thought +necessary to put into it. Even allowing for the fact that the subject is +the brutishness and animality of French peasant life, and admitting that +the picture drawn may be a true one, the effect had been lessened by the +fact that nothing has been left to the imagination. On the other hand +there has, since Shakespeare, been nothing so fine as the treatment of +Pere Fouan, that peasant King Lear, by his ungrateful family. It has +been urged that Zola overdid the horrors of the situation and that no +parent would have been so treated by his children. By a singular chance +a complete answer to this objection may be found in a paragraph which +appeared in the _Daily Mail_ of 18th April, 1911. A few days before, a +peasant woman in France had entered her father’s bedroom and struck him +nine times on the head with an axe, afterwards going home to bed. The +reason for the crime was that the old man two years previously had +divided his property between his two daughters on condition that they +paid him a monthly allowance. His elder daughter was always in arrear +with her share of the pension, and, after constant altercations between +father and daughter, the latter extinguished her liability in the manner +indicated. Now this tragedy in real life is the actual plot of _La +Terre_, which was written twenty-four years before it occurred. + +In accordance with the author’s usual plan, whereby a heavy book was +followed by a light one, _La Terre_ was succeeded by _Le Reve_, a work +at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As _La Terre_ is of the +earth, earthy, so is _Le Reve_ spiritual and idyllic, the work of a man +enamoured of the refined and the beautiful. It has indeed been described +as the most beautiful work written in France during the whole of the +nineteenth century. + +_La Bete Humaine_, the next of the series, is a work of a different +class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola’s +novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms, with a +background of constant interest in the railway life of Western France. +The motives are always obvious and strong, a criticism which can by no +means be invariably applied to French fiction. + +Next appeared _L’Argent_, which is the sequel to _La Curee_ and deals +with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the Union +Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indictment of the +law affecting joint-stock companies. To _L’Argent_ there succeeded _La +Debacle_, that prose epic of modern war, more complete and coherent +than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end all came _Le Docteur Pascal_, +winding up the series on a note of pure romance. + +Regarded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable to +the _Comedie Humaine_. It occupied nearly twenty-five years in writing, +consists of twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred characters, +and a number of words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly at two million +five hundred thousand. + +There can be little doubt that Zola’s best work was expended on the +Rougon-Macquart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a reformer began +to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later books partake more of +the nature of active propaganda than of works of fiction. They comprise +two series: _Les Trois Villes_ (Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and _Les Quatre +Evangiles_, of which only three (Fecondite, Travail, and Verite) were +written before the author’s death. Politics had begun to occupy his +attention, and from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested himself in +the Jewish question which culminated in the Dreyfus case. His sense of +justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the authorities and +on 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter, beginning with +the words _J’accuse_, a letter which altered the whole course of events +in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect of Zola’s action +in this matter; he was attacked with a virulence almost unexampled, a +virulence which followed him beyond the grave. Four years later, on the +day after his death, the Paris correspondent of _The Times_ wrote: “It +is evident the passions of two or three years ago are still alive. Many +persons expressed their joy with such boisterous gestures as men indulge +in on learning of a victory, and some exclaimed savagely, ‘It is none +too soon.’ The unseemliness of this extraordinary spectacle evoked no +retort from the passers-by.” The feeling of resentment is still alive in +France, and it is necessary to take it into account in the consideration +of any estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a +mistake to attribute Zola’s campaign for the rehabilitation of Dreyfus +to mere lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly was +ambitious, but had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd he +would not have adopted a cause which was opposed by the majority of the +nation. As a result of the agitation, he was obliged to leave France +and take refuge in England, till such time as a change of circumstances +enabled him to return. + +On 29th September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that Emile Zola +had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the fumes of a +stove, and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying with him. A life of +incessant literary labour had been quenched. + +The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small +degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was +introduced to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry Vizetelly, +who between 1884 and 1889 published a number of translations of his +novels. The last of these was _The Soil_, a translation of _La Terre_, +which aroused such an outcry that a prosecution followed, and Mr. +Vizetelly was sentenced to three months’ imprisonment. Without raising +any question as to the propriety of this prosecution, it is difficult to +avoid pointing out that Mr. Vizetelly was singularly ill advised not to +have taken into account the essential differences between English +and French literature, and not have seen that the publication of this +particular book in its entirety was an impossibility under existing +conditions. It is regrettable also that Mr. Vizetelly, who though a +gentleman of the highest character, was no doubt anxious to make the +most possible out of his venture, did not duly appreciate that the +word “Realistic,” which was blazoned on the covers of the various books +issued by him, was in the early eighties invariably interpreted +as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was further from Mr. +Vizetelly’s wish--his defence at the trial was that the books were +literature of the highest kind--but it is unquestionable that the format +was such as to give the impression indicated, an impression deepened by +the extremely Gallic freedom of the illustrations. There can be little +doubt that had the works been issued in an unobtrusive form, without +illustrations, they would have attracted less attention of the +undesirable kind which they afterwards received. The use of the term +“Realistic” was the more remarkable as Zola had previously invented the +word _Naturalisme_ to distinguish his work from that of the Realistic +school. But if Zola’s reputation in England suffered in this way, it +is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E. A. Vizetelly +under which the English public now lies. Some time after the prosecution +of his father, Mr. Vizetelly began to publish, through Messrs. Chatto +& Windus, a series of versions of Zola’s works. The translations +were admirably done, and while it was found necessary to make certain +omissions, the task was so skilfully accomplished that in many cases +actual improvement has resulted. These versions are at present the chief +translations of Zola’s works in circulation in this country; but while +their number has been added to from time to time, it has not been found +possible to include the whole of the Rougon-Macquart series. In 1894-5, +however, the Lutetian Society issued to its members a literal and +unabridged translation of six of the novels, made by writers of such +eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and Ernest Dowson. These +are the only translations of these works which are of any value to the +student, but they are unfortunately almost unobtainable, as the entire +edition was restricted to three hundred copies on hand-made paper and +ten on Japanese vellum. + +A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was a somewhat +ignorant person, who required to get up from textbooks every subject +upon which he wrote. Now there seems to be little doubt that it was in +the first instance due to the indiscretion of his biographer, M. Paul +Alexis, that this charge has arisen. Impressed by the vast industry of +his friend, M. Alexis said so much about “research” and “documents” + that less friendly critics seized the opportunity of exaggerating the +importance of these. Every novelist of any consequence has found it +necessary to “cram” his subjects, but says little about the fact. James +Payn, for instance, could not have written his admirable descriptions of +China in _By Proxy_ without much reading of many books, and Mr. +Rudyard Kipling has not been blamed for studying the technicalities of +engineering before he wrote _The Ship that found Herself_. It is open to +question even whether Mr. Robert Hichens acquired his intimate knowledge +of the conditions of life in Southern Europe and Northern Africa +entirely without the assistance of Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly +studied his subjects, but far too much has been made of the necessity +for his doing so. His equipment for the task he undertook was not less +complete than that of many another novelist, and, like Dickens, he +studied life in that school of a “stony-hearted stepmother,” the streets +of a great city. + +Zola’s literary method may be described as a piling up of detail upon +detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelming. He +lacked, however, a sense of proportion; he became so carried away by +his visions of human depravity, that his characters developed powers of +wickedness beyond mortal strength; he lay under an obsession regarding +the iniquities of mankind. In dealing with this it was unfortunately +his method to leave nothing to the imagination, and herein lies the most +serious blemish on his work. There is undoubtedly much coarseness in +some of his books, and the regrettable feature is that it is not only +unnecessary, but in some cases actually lessens the effect at which he +aimed. It is doubtful whether he was possessed of any sense of humour. +Mr. Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was absolute, a darkness that +can be felt; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the other hand, indicates that his +work “teems with quiet fun.” On the whole, truth seems to lie with Mr. +Lang. M. and Madame Charles Badeuil, in _La Terre_ may seem Dickensian +to an English reader, but there is always the Gallic point of view to be +reckoned with, and it is doubtful if Zola did not regard these persons +merely as types of a virtuous bourgeoisie. + +It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly excelled; +there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the strikers in +_Germinal_ or the charges of the troops in _La Debacle_. Contrast him +with such a master of prose as George Meredith, and we see how immensely +strong the battle scenes in _La Debacle_ are when compared with those +in _Vittoria_; it is here that his method of piling detail on detail and +horror on horror is most effectual. “To make his characters swarm,” said +Mr. Henry James in a critical article in the _Atlantic Monthly_ (August, +1903), “was the task he set himself very nearly from the first, that was +the secret he triumphantly mastered.” + +“Naturalism” as a school had a comparatively brief existence--Zola +himself departed largely from its principles after the conclusion of the +Rougon-Macquart series--but its effects have been far-reaching on +the literature of many countries. In England the limits of literary +convention have been extended, and pathways have been opened up along +which later writers have not hesitated to travel, even while denying the +influence of the craftsman who had cleared the way. It is safe to say +that had _L’Assommoir_ never been written there would have been no _Jude +the Obscure_, and the same remark applies to much of the best modern +fiction. In America, Frank Norris, an able writer who unfortunately died +before the full fruition of his genius had obviously accepted Zola +as his master, and the same influence is also apparent in the work of +George Douglas, a brilliant young Scotsman whose premature death left +only one book, _The House with the Green Shutters_, as an indication +of what might have sprung from the methods of modified naturalism. +M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, writing in the _Contemporary Review_ +(1902), pointed out that the influence of Zola has transformed novel +writing in Italy, and that its effect in Germany has been not less +pronounced. The virtue of this influence on German letters was +undoubtedly great. It made an end of sentimentality, it shook literature +out of the sleepy rut into which it had fallen and forced it to face +universal problems. + +One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid offending +those prejudices which were so powerful in his time. The novelist who +adopts the method of the surgeon finds it necessary to expose many +painful sores, and is open to the taunt that he finds pleasure in the +task. On no one did this personal obloquy fall more hardly than on +Zola, and never with less reason. It may be that he accumulated unseemly +details and risky situations too readily; but he was an earnest man with +a definite aim in view, and had formulated for himself a system which +he allowed to work itself out with relentless fatality. The unredeemed +baseness and profligacy of the period with which he had to deal must +also be borne in mind. As to his personal character, it has been fitly +described by M. Anatole France, himself a distinguished novelist. +Zola, said he, “had the candour and sincerity of great souls. He was +profoundly moral. He has depicted vice with a rough and vigorous hand. +His apparent pessimism ill conceals a real optimism, a persistent faith +in the progress of intelligence and justice. In his romances, which +are social studies, he attacks with vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous +society, a base and noxious aristocracy. He combated social evil +wherever he encountered it. His work is comparable only in greatness +with that of Tolstoi. At the two extremities of European thought the +lyre has raised two vast cities. Both are generous and pacific; but +whereas Tolstoi’s is the city of resignation, Zola’s is the city of +work.” + +It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value +of Zola’s writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered +judgments; but their influence has been, and will continue to be, far +reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and have made +possible to others much that was formerly unattainable. + + + + +THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE. + + +First Generation: + +1. ADELAIDE FOUQUE, called AUNT DIDE, born in 1768, married in 1786 to +Rougon, a placid, lubberly gardener; bears him a son in 1787; loses her +husband in 1788; takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smuggler, addicted +to drink and half crazed; bears him a son in 1789, and a daughter in +1791; goes mad, and is sent to the Asylum of Les Tulettes in 1851; dies +there of cerebral congestion in 1873 at 105 years of age. Supplies the +original neurosis. + + +Second Generation: + +2. PIERRE ROUGON, born in 1787, married in 1810 to Felicite Puech, an +intelligent, active and healthy woman; has five children by her; dies +in 1870, on the morrow of Sedan, from cerebral congestion due to +overfeeding. An equilibrious blending of characteristics, the moral +average of his father and mother, resembles them physically. An oil +merchant, afterwards receiver of taxes. + +3. ANTOINE MACQUART, born in 1789; a soldier in 1809; married in 1829 +to a market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a vigorous, industrious, but +intemperate woman; has three children by her; loses her in 1851; +dies himself in 1873 from spontaneous combustion, brought about by +alcoholism. A fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and +physical likeness to his father. A soldier, then a basket-maker, +afterwards lives idle on his income. + +4. URSULE MACQUART, born in 1791; married in 1810 to a +journeyman-hatter, Mouret, a healthy man with a well-balanced mind. +Bears him three children, dies of consumption in 1840. An adjunction of +characteristics, her mother predominating morally and physically. + + +Third Generation: + +5. EUGENE ROUGON, born in 1811, married in 1857 to Veronique Beulin +d’Orcheres, by whom he has no children. A fusion of characteristics. +Prepotency and ambition of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. +A politician, at one time Cabinet Minister. Still alive in Paris, a +deputy. + +6. PASCAL ROUGON, born in 1813, never marries, has a posthumous child +by Clotilde Rougon in 1874; dies of heart disease on November 7, +1873. Innateness, a combination in which the physical and moral +characteristics of the parents are so blended that nothing of them +appears manifest in the offspring. A doctor. + +7. ARISTIDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1815, married in 1836 to +Angele Sicardot, the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an officer; has +by her a son in 1840, a daughter in 1847; loses his wife in 1854; has +a natural son in 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie Chavaille, counting +consumptives and epileptics among her forerunners; remarried in 1855 +to Renee Beraud Du Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An adjunction of +characteristics, moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness to +his mother. Her ambition, modified by his father’s appetites. A clerk, +then a speculator. Still alive in Paris, directing a newspaper. + +8. SIDONIE ROUGON, born in 1818, married at Plassans in 1838 to a +solicitor’s clerk, who dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger, in +1851, a daughter Angelique, whom she places in the foundling asylum. +Prepotency of her father, physical likeness to her mother. A commission +agent and procuress, dabbling in every shady calling; but eventually +becomes very austere. Still alive in Paris, treasurer to the OEuvre du +Sacrement. + +9. MARTHE ROUGON, born in 1820, married in 1840 to her cousin Francois +Mouret, bears him three children, dies in 1864 from a nervous disease. +Reverting heredity, skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral and +physical likeness to Adelaide Fouque. Resembles her husband. + +10. FRANCOIS MOURET, born in 1817, married in 1840 to Marthe Rougon, who +bears him three children; dies mad in 1864 in a conflagration kindled +by himself. Prepotency of his father. Physical likeness to his mother. +Resembles his wife. At first a wine-merchant, then lives on his income. + +11. HELENE MOURET, born in 1824, married in 1841 to Grandjean, a puny +man, inclined to phthisis, who dies in 1853; has a daughter by him in +1842; remarried in 1857 to M. Rambaud, by whom she has no children. +Innateness as in Pascal Rougon’s case. Still living, at Marseilles, in +retirement with her second husband. + +12. SILVERE MOURET, born in 1834; shot dead by a gendarme in +1851. Prepotency of his mother. Innateness with regard to physical +resemblance. + +13. LISA MACQUART, born in 1827, married in 1852 to Quenu, a healthy +man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him a daughter, dies in 1863 from +decomposition of the blood. Prepotency of and physical likeness to her +mother. Keeps a large pork-butcher’s shop at the Paris markets. + +14. GERVAISE MACQUART, born in 1828, has three sons by her lover +Lantier, who counts paralytics among his ancestors; is taken to Paris, +and there deserted by him; is married in 1852 to a workman, Coupeau, who +comes of an alcoholic stock; has a daughter by him; dies of misery and +drink in 1869. Prepotency of her father. Conceived in drunkenness. Is +lame. A washerwoman. + +15. JEAN MACQUART, born in 1831, married in 1867 to Francoise Mouche, +who dies childless in 1870; remarried in 1871 to Melanie Vial, a sturdy, +healthy peasant-girl, by whom he has a son, and who is again _enceinte_. +Innateness, as with Pascal and Helene. First a peasant, then a soldier, +then peasant again. Still alive at Valqueyras. + + +Fourth Generation: + +16. MAXIME ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1840, has a son in 1857 by +a servant, Justine Megot, the chlorotic daughter of drunken parents; +married in 1863 to Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the same year; +succumbs to ataxia in 1873. A dissemination of characteristics. Moral +prepotency of his father, physical likeness to his mother. Idle, +inclined to spending unearned money. + +17. CLOTILDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1847, has a son by Pascal +Rougon in 1874. Prepotency of her mother. Reverting heredity, the moral +and physical characteristics of her maternal grandfather preponderant. +Still alive at Plassans. + +18. VICTOR ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1853. Adjunction of +characteristics. Physical resemblance to his father. Has disappeared. + +19. ANGELIQUE ROUGON, born in 1851, married in 1869 to Felicien de +Hautecoeur, and dies the same day of a complaint never determined. +Innateness: no resemblance to her mother or forerunners on the maternal +side. No information as to her father. + +20. OCTAVE MOURET, born in 1840, married in 1865 to Madame Hedouin, who +dies the same year; remarried in 1869 to Denise Baudu, a healthy girl +with a well-balanced mind, by whom he has a boy and a girl, still too +young to be classified. Prepotency of his father. Physical resemblance +to his uncle, Eugene Rougon. Indirect heredity. Establishes and directs +“The Ladies’ Paradise.” Still alive in Paris. + +21. SERGE MOURET, born in 1841. A dissemination of characteristics; +moral and physical resemblance to his mother. Has his father’s brain, +influenced by the diseased condition of his mother. Heredity of a form +of neurosis developing into mysticism. A priest, still alive at St. +Eutrope. + +22. DESIREE MOURET, born in 1844. Prepotency of and physical likeness to +her mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into idiocy. Still +alive at St. Eutrope with her brother Serge. + +23. JEANNE GRANDJEAN, born in 1842, dies of a nervous complaint in +1855. Reverting heredity, skipping two generations. Physical and moral +resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. + +24. Pauline Quenu, born in 1852, never marries. An equilibrious blending +of characteristics. Moral and physical resemblance to her father and +mother. An example of honesty. Still alive at Bonneville. + +25. CLAUDE LANTIER, born in 1842, married in 1865 to Caroline +Hallegrain, whose father succumbed to paraplegia; has by her, prior to +marriage, a son, Jacques, who dies in 1869; hangs himself in 1870. A +fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical resemblance +to his mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into genius. A +painter. + +26. JACQUES LANTIER, born in 1844, killed in an accident in 1870. +Prepotency of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. Heredity of +alcoholism, developing into homicidal mania. An example of crime. An +engine-driver. + +27. ETIENNE LANTIER, born in 1846. A dissemination of characteristics. +Physical resemblance, first to his mother, afterwards to his father. A +miner. Still alive, transported to Noumea, there married, with children, +it is said, who cannot, however, be classified. + +28. ANNA COUPEAU, alias NANA, born in 1852, gives birth to a child, +Louis, in 1867, loses him in 1870, dies herself of small-pox a few days +later. A blending of characteristics. Moral prepotency of her father. +Physical resemblance to her mother’s first lover, Lantier. Heredity of +alcoholism developing into mental and physical perversion. An example of +vice. + + +Fifth Generation: + +29. CHARLES ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1857, dies of hemorrhage in +1873. Reverting heredity skipping three generations. Physical and moral +resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. The last outcome of an exhausted stock. + +30. JACQUES LOUIS LANTIER, born in 1860, a case of hydrocephalus, dies +in 1869. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + +31. LOUIS COUPEAU, called LOUISET, born in 1867, dies of small-pox in +1870. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + +32. THE UNKNOWN CHILD will be born in 1874. What will it be? + + + + +SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS + + +La Fortune des Rougon. + +In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity, +and the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great series +which deals with the life history of a family and its descendants during +the second empire. + +The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was Adelaide +Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to nervous seizures. +From her father she inherited a small farm, and at the age of eighteen +married one of her own labourers, a man named Rougon, who died fifteen +months afterwards, leaving her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly after +her husband’s death she fell completely under the influence of Macquart, +a drunken smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time she had a +son named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became more and more +subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind was completely +unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was a man of strong will +inherited from his father, and he early saw that his mother’s property +was being squandered by the Macquarts. By means approximating to fraud +he induced his mother, who was then facile, to sell her property and +hand over the proceeds to him. Soon after he married Felicite Peuch, a +woman of great shrewdness and keen intelligence, by whom he had three +sons (Eugene, Aristide, and Pascal) and two daughters (Marthe and +Sidonie). Pierre Rougon was not particularly prosperous, but his eldest +son, Eugene, went to Paris and became mixed up in the Bonapartist plots +which led to the _Coup d’Etat_ of 1851. He was consequently able to give +his parents early information as to the probable course of events, and +the result of their action was to lay the foundations of the family +fortune. + +The scene of the book is the Provencal town of Plassans, and the tragic +events attending the rising of the populace against the _Coup d’Etat_ +are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a charming love idyll +between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Macquart, and a young girl named +Miette, both of whom fall as victims in the rising which followed the +_Coup d’Etat_. + +Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his introduction to the English translation of +_The Conquest of Plassans_ (London: Chatto & Windus), points out that +almost every incident in _The Fortune of the Rougons_ is based upon +historical fact. “For instance,” he says, “Miette had a counterpart +in Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of the young woman who, +carrying the insurgents’ blood-red banner, was hailed by them as the +Goddess of Liberty on their dramatic march. And in like way the tragic +death of Silvere, linked to another hapless prisoner, was founded by +M. Zola on an incident that followed the rising, as recorded by an +eye-witness.” + + +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of Pierre +Rougon (_La Fortune des Rougon_), who went to Paris from Plassans, +becoming involved in the plots which resulted in the _Coup d’Etat_ of +1851 and the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial power. The future +career of Rougon was assured; his services had been too important to be +overlooked, and he ultimately became Minister of State and practically +Vice-Emperor. He fell for a time under the influence of Clorinde Balbi, +the daughter of an Italian adventuress, but realizing the risk of +compromising himself, he shook himself free, and married a lady whose +position in society tended to make his own still more secure. The novel +gives an excellent account of the political and social life of the +Second Empire, and of the cynical corruption which characterized the +period. + +In a preface to the English translation (_His Excellency_. London: +Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion, +“with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject, _Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon_ is the one existing French novel which gives +the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in political spheres at +an important period of the Empire. But His Excellency Eugene Rougon +is not, as many critics and others have supposed, a mere portrait or +caricature of His Excellency Eugene Rouher, the famous Vice-Emperor of +history. Symbolism is to be found in every one of Zola’s novels, and +Rougon, in his main lines, is but the symbol of a principle, or, to be +accurate, the symbol of a certain form of the principle of authority. +His face is Rouher’s, like his build and his favorite gesture; but with +Rouher’s words, actions, opinions, and experiences are blended those of +half a dozen other personages. He is the incarnation of that craving, +that lust for power which impelled so many men of ability to throw +all principle to the winds and become the instruments of an abominable +system of government. And his transformation at the close of the story +is in strict accordance with historical facts.” + + +La Curee. + +In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene to Paris +in the hope of sharing the spoils of the Second Empire (_La Fortune des +Rougon_), was successful in amassing a vast fortune by speculation in +building-sites. His first wife having died, he married Renee Beraud du +Chatel, a lady of good family, whose dowry first enabled him to throw +himself into the struggle of financial life. In a magnificent mansion +which he built in the Parc Monceau a life of inconceivable extravagance +began. The mushroom society of Paris was at this period the most corrupt +in Europe, and the Saccards soon came to be regarded as leaders in every +form of pleasure. Vast though their fortune was, their expenses were +greater, and a catastrophe was frequently imminent. Renee, satisfied +with prodigality of every kind, entered on an infamous liaison with her +husband’s son, a liaison which Aristide condoned in order to extract +money from his wife. Rene ultimately died, leaving her husband immersed +in his feverish speculations. + +The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of Parisian society +in the period which followed the restoration of the Empire in 1851. + + +L’Argent. + +After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard (_La Fortune des +Rougon_ and _La Curee_) was forced to sell his mansion in the Parc +Monceau and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune. Chance +made him acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose residence in the +East had suggested to him financial schemes which at once attracted +the attention of Saccard. With a view to financing these schemes +the Universal Bank was formed, and by force of advertising became +immediately successful. Emboldened by success, Saccard launched into +wild speculation, involving the bank, which ultimately became insolvent, +and so caused the ruin of thousands of depositors. The scandal was so +serious that Saccard was forced to disappear from France and to take +refuge in Belgium. + +The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation and +fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of directors, and +the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with the shady underwoods +of the financial world. + +Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation (_Money_. +London: Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in sketching Saccard, +that daring and unscrupulous financier, “must have bethought himself of +Mires, whose name is so closely linked to the history of Second Empire +finance. Mires, however, was a Jew, whereas Saccard was a Jew-hater, and +outwardly, at all events, a zealous Roman Catholic. In this respect he +reminds one of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety, just as Hamelin the +engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux’s associate. Indeed, the history +of M. Zola’s Universal Bank is much the history of the Union General. +The latter was solemnly blessed by the Pope, and in a like way Zola +shows us the Universal receiving the Papal benediction. Moreover, the +second object of the Union General was to undermine the financial power +of the Jews, and in the novel we find a similar purpose ascribed to +Saccard’s Bank. The union, we know, was eventually crushed by the great +Israelite financiers, and this again is the fate which overtakes +the institution whose meteor-like career is traced in the pages of +_L’Argent_.” + + +La Reve. + +Written as a “passport to the Academy,” this novel stands alone among +the Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic grace. Angelique, +a daughter of Sidonie Rougon (_Le Curee_), had been deserted by her +mother, and was adopted by a maker of ecclesiastical embroideries, who +with his wife lived and worked under the shadow of an ancient cathedral. +In this atmosphere the child grew to womanhood, and as she fashioned the +rich embroideries of the sacred vestments she had a vision of love and +happiness which was ultimately realized, though the realization proved +too much for her frail strength, and she died in its supreme moment. The +vast cathedral with its solemn ritual dominates the book and colours the +lives of its characters. + + +La Conquete de Plassans. + +The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter of +Pierre and Felicite Rougon (_La Fortune des Rougon_), who had inherited +much of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother Adelaide Fouque. She +married her cousin, Francois Mouret. Plassans, where the Mourets lived, +was becoming a stronghold of the clerical party, when Abbe Faujas, a +wily and arrogant priest, was sent to win it back for the Government. +This powerful and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly set aside every +obstacle to his purpose, and in the course of his operations wrecked the +home of the Mourets. Marthe having become infatuated with the priest, +ruined her family for him and died neglected. Francois Mouret, her +husband, who by the machinations of Faujas was confined in an asylum as +a lunatic, became insane in fact, and having escaped, brought about +a conflagration in which he perished along with the disturber of his +domestic peace. + +The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and intrigues +of a country town, and of the political movements which followed the +_Coup d’Etat_ of 1851. + + +Pot-Bouille. + +A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of Francois +Mouret, has come to the city, where he has got a situation in “The +Ladies’ Paradise,” a draper’s shop carried on by Madame Hedouin, a lady +whom he ultimately marries. The interest of the book centres in a house +in Rue de Choiseul which is let in flats to various tenants, the Vabres, +Duvreyiers, and Josserands among others. The inner lives of these +people, their struggles, their jealousies and their sins, are shown +with an unsparing hand. Under the thin skin of an intense respectability +there is a seething mass of depravity, and with ruthless art Zola has +laid his subjects upon the dissecting-table. Of plot there is little, +but as a terrible study in realism the book is a masterpiece. + + +An Bonheur des Dames. + +Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin, greatly increased +the business of “The Ladies’ Paradise,” which he hoped would ultimately +rival the _Bon Marche_ and other great drapery establishments in Paris. +While an addition to the shop was in progress Madame Mouret met with an +accident which resulted in her death, and her husband remained a widower +for a number of years. During this time his business grew to such an +extent that his employees numbered many hundreds, among whom was Denise +Baudu, a young girl who had come from the provinces. Mouret fell in +love with her, and she, after resisting his advances for some time, +ultimately married him. The book deals chiefly with life among the +assistants in a great drapery establishment, their petty rivalries +and their struggles; it contains some pathetic studies of the small +shopkeepers of the district, crushed out of existence under the wheels +of Mouret’s moneymaking machine. + + +La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +Serge Mouret, the younger son of Francois Mouret (see _La Conquete de +Plassans_), was ordained to the priesthood and appointed cure of Les +Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants +he ministered with small encouragement. He had inherited the family +taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the same form as in the +case of his mother--a morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. +Brain fever followed, and bodily recovery left the priest without a +mental past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save his reason, +removed him from his accustomed surroundings and left him at the +Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house near Les +Artaud, where he was nursed by Albine, niece of the caretaker. The Abbe +fell in love with Albine, and, oblivious of his vows, broke them. A +meeting with Archangias, a Christian Brother with whom he had been +associated, and a chance glimpse of the world beyond the Paradou, served +to restore his memory, and, filled with horror at himself, he fled from +that enchanted garden. A long mental struggle followed, but in the end +the Church was victorious, and the Abbe returned to her service with +even more feverish devotion than before. Albine, broken-hearted, died +among her loved flowers in the Paradou. + +The tale is to some extend an indictment of the celibacy of the +priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put quite +fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse, in entire +forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book contains some +of Zola’s best work, and is both poetical and convincing. + + +Une Page d’Amour. + +A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene +Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret (_La +Fortune des Rougon_) and Francois Mouret (_La Conquete de Plassans_). +Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar-refiner of +Marseilles, whose family opposed the marriage on the ground of her +poverty. The marriage was a secret one, and some years of hardship +had followed, when an uncle of M. Grandjean died, leaving his nephew +a substantial income. The couple then moved to Paris with their young +daughter Jeanne, but the day after their arrival Grandjean was seized +with illness from which he died. Helene remained in Paris, though she +had at first no friends there except Abbe Jouve and his half-brother M. +Rambaud. Jeanne had inherited much of the family neurosis, along with +a consumptive tendency derived from her father, and one of her sudden +illnesses caused her mother to make the acquaintance of Doctor Deberle. +An intimacy between the two families followed, which ripened into love +between the doctor and Helene. Events were precipitated by an attempt +on the part of Helene to save Madame Deberle from the consequences of +an indiscretion in arranging an assignation with M. Malignon, with the +result that she was herself seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor +Deberle and for the first and only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose +jealous affection for her mother amounted to mania, was so affected by +the belief that she was not longer the sole object of her mother’s love +that she became dangerously ill and died soon afterwards. This bitter +punishment for her brief lapse killed Helene’s love for Doctor Deberle, +and two years later she married M. Rambaud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has +observed, Helene was a good and pure woman, upon whom the fate of her +family fell. + +In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to make all +Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study in realism, it +contains much that is truly pathetic. The descriptions of Paris under +varying atmospheric aspects, with which each section of the book closes, +are wholly admirable. + + +Le Ventre de Paris. + +A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central markets +of Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine Macquart (_La +Fortune des Rougon_). She has become prosperous, and with prosperity her +selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-law Florent had escaped from +penal servitude in Cayenne and lived for a short time in her house, but +she became tired of his presence and ultimately denounced him to the +police. The book contains vivid pictures of the markets, bursting with +the food of a great city, and of the vast population which lives +by handling and distributing it. “But it also embraces a powerful +allegory,” writes Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his preface to the English +translation (_The Fat and the Thin_. London: Chatto & Windus), “the +prose song of the eternal battle between the lean of this world and the +fat--a battle in which, as the author shows, the latter always come off +successful. M. Zola had a distinct social aim in writing this book.” + + +La Joie de Vivre. + +Pauline Quenu (_Le Ventre de Paris_), having been left an orphan, was +sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast. It was +a bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their drab, +hopeless lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death. The Chanteaus, +Pauline’s guardians, took advantage of her in every way, and Lazare +Chanteau, her cousin, with whom she fell in love, got from her large +sums of money to carry out wild schemes which he devised. The character +of Pauline is a fine conception; basely wronged and treated with +heartless ingratitude, her hopes blighted and her heart broken, she +found consolation in the complete renunciation of herself for the sake +of those who had so greatly injured her. + +“The title selected by M. Zola for this book,” says Mr. E. A. Vizetelly +in his preface to the English translation (_The Joy of Life_. London: +Chatto & Windus), “is to be taken in an ironical or sarcastic sense. +There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters whom he portrays +in it. The story of the hero is one of mental weakness, poisoned by a +constantly recurring fear of death; whilst that of his father is one +of intense physical suffering, blended with an eager desire to continue +living, even at the cost of yet greater torture. Again, the story of the +heroine is one of blighted affections, the wrecking of all which might +have made her life worth living.” + + +L’Assommoir. + +A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social +condition of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no other +work of fiction in which the effects of intemperance are shown with such +grimness of realism and uncompromising force. + +Gervaise Macquart, daughter of Antoine Macquart (_La Fortune des +Rougon_), having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris, taking with her +their two children, was deserted by him a few weeks after their arrival +in the city. She got employment in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and +a few months later married Coupeau, a zinc-worker, who, though the son +of drunken parents, was himself steady and industrious. For a while +everything prospered with the Coupeaus; by hard work they were able to +save a little money, and in time a daughter (Nana) was born to them. +Then an accident to Coupeau, who fell from the roof of a house, +brought about a change. His recovery was slow, and left him with +an unwillingness to work and an inclination to pass his time in +neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime Gervaise, with money borrowed from +Goujet, a man who loved her with almost idyllic affection, had started +a laundry of her own. She was successful for a time, in spite of her +husband’s growing intemperance and an increasing desire in herself +for ease and good living; but deterioration had begun, and with the +reappearance of Lantier, her old lover, it became rapid. Coupeau was by +this time a confirmed loafer and drunkard, while Gervaise was growing +careless and ease-loving. Lantier, having become a lodger with the +Coupeaus, ceased doing any work, and as he never paid anything for his +board, his presence not unnaturally hastened the downfall of his hosts. +Circumstances conspired to renew the old relations between Gervaise and +Lantier, and by easy stages she descended that somewhat slippery stair +which leads to ruin. The shop was given up, and she again got employment +in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, though she was no longer the +capable workwoman of former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious from +childhood, had taken to evil courses; her husband had at least one +attack of delirium tremens; and she herself was fast giving way +to intemperance. The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of +Sainte-Anne after an illness the description of which is for pure horror +unparalleled in fiction; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest +depths of degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret. The +tragedy of it all is that Gervaise, despite her early lapse with +Lantier, was a good and naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin was +wrought by circumstances and by the operation of the relentless laws of +heredity. + +It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in _L’Assommoir_ +that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842, and Etienne, +born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844), not elsewhere +mentioned, the hero of _La Bete Humaine_, a subsequent work in the +Rougon-Macquart series. + + +L’Oeuvre. + +A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of the +Second Empire. + +Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise Macquart +(_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L’Assommoir_), had been educated at +Plassans by an old gentleman who was interested in his childish skill in +drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a sum which yielded an annual +income of a thousand francs, and he came to Paris to follow an artistic +career. There he met Dubuche, Pierre Sandoz, and others of his former +schoolboy friends, and the little band formed a coterie of revolutionary +spirits, whose aim was to introduce new ideas and drastic changes into +the accepted canons of art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a +picture which he called _Plein Air_ (“Open Air”) in which he went direct +to nature for inspiration, and threw aside all recognized conventions. +The picture was refused by the committee of the _Salon_, and when +subsequently shown at a minor exhibition was greeted with derision by +the public. The artist was in despair, and left Paris with +Christine Hallegrain, a young girl between whom and himself a chance +acquaintanceship had ripened into love. They lived happily in a little +cottage in the country for several years, a son being born to them, but +Claude became restless, and they returned to Paris. Here he gradually +became obsessed by an idea for a great picture, which would show the +truth of his theories and cover his detractors with confusion. By this +time there is no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated +disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to manifest +itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this picture; his little +fortune was gradually encroached on, and his wife and child (he had +married Christine some time after their return to Paris) were frequently +without the necessaries of life. Christine was, however, devoted to her +husband, and did all she could to induce him to leave the picture, which +she saw was increasing his mental disturbance. This was becoming more +serious, and in the death of his child he saw only the subject of a +picture, _L’Enfant Mort_, which was exhibited at the _Salon_ and was +received with even more contempt than _Plein Air_. Despite all the +efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended masterpiece, and +one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged himself in front +of the fatal picture. + +As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is +little doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by that +of Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist school, with +whom Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also certain that Pierre +Sandoz, the journalist with an idea for a vast series of novels dealing +with the life history of a family, was the prototype of Zola himself. + + +La Bete Humaine. + +A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close of the +Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second son of Gervaise +Macquart and August Lantier (_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L’Assommoir_). +When his parents went to Paris with his two brothers, he remained at +Plassans with his godmother, “Aunt Phasie,” who afterwards married +Misard, a railway signalman, by whom she was slowly poisoned to secure +a small legacy which she had concealed. After Jacques had passed +through the School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans he became a railway +engine-driver, and entered the service of the Western Railway Company, +regularly driving the express train between Paris and Havre. He was a +steady man and a competent engineer, but from his early youth he had +been affected by a curious form of insanity, the desire to murder any +woman of whom he became fond. “It seemed like a sudden outburst of blind +rage, an ever-recurring thirst to avenge some very ancient offences, +the exact recollection of which escaped him.” There was also in the +employment of the railway company, as assistant station-master at Havre, +a compatriot of Lantier named Roubaud, who had married Severine Aubry, +the godchild of President Grandmorin, a director of the company. A +chance word of Severine’s roused the suspicions of Roubaud regarding her +former relations with the President, and, driven to frenzy by jealousy, +he compelled her to become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in +an express train between Paris and Havre. + +Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able to +prove an alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired that +Grandmorin’s character should be publicly discussed, the inquiry into +the murder was dropped. By a singular chance, however, Jacques Lantier +had been a momentary witness of the crime, and the Roubauds became aware +of his suspicions. To secure his silence they invited him constantly to +their house, and a liaison with Severine followed. For the first time +Lantier’s blood lust was not aroused; the knowledge that this woman +had killed seemed to constitute her a being apart and sacred. After the +murder of Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of Roubaud’s character set +in, and he became in time a confirmed gambler. His relations with his +wife were ultimately so strained that she induced Lantier to promise to +murder him, in order that they might fly together to America with +the proceeds of a small legacy she had received from Grandmorin. The +arrangements were made, but at the last moment Lantier’s frenzy overtook +him, and it was Severine who was struck down by the knife destined for +her husband. Lantier escaped without suspicion; but Roubaud, who +was found on the scene of the crime under circumstances considered +compromising, was tried, and along with a companion equally innocent, +was sentenced to penal servitude for life. But Nemesis was not distant; +Jacques had aroused the jealous fury of his fireman, Pecqueux, who, one +night in 1870, attacked him as they were driving a train loaded with +soldiers bound for the war. A fierce struggle followed, and in the end +the two men fell from the engine and were cut in pieces beneath the +wheels of the train, which, no longer under control, rushed on into the +darkness with its living freight. + + +Germinal. + +A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation to +coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France at a +time preceding and during a great strike; the hero is Etienne Lantier +(_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L’Assommoir_). In a moment of passion +Lantier had struck one of his superiors, and having been dismissed from +his employment as an engineer, found it difficult to get work, till, +after drifting from place to place, he eventually became a coal-miner. +The hardships of the life and its miserable remuneration impressed +him deeply, and he began to indoctrinate his comrades with a spirit of +revolt. His influence grew, and he became the acknowledged leader of the +strike which followed. The result was disastrous. After weeks of misery +from cold and hunger the infuriated workmen attempted to destroy one of +the pits, and were fired upon by soldiers sent to guard it. Many were +killed, and the survivors, with their spirits crushed, returned to work. +But worse was yet to come. Souvarine, an Anarchist, disgusted with the +ineffectual struggle, brought about an inundation of the pit, whereby +many of his comrades were entombed. Among them was Lantier, who was, +however, eventually rescued. + +As a study of the ever-lasting struggle between capital and labour the +work has no rival in fiction; the miseries and degradation of the mining +class, their tardy revolt against their employers, and their sufferings +from hunger during its futile course, these are the theme, and the +result is a picture of gloom, horrible and without relief. + + +Nana. + +A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the +daughter of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife (_L’Assommoir_), has +been given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des Varietes, and +though she can neither sing nor act, achieves by the sheer force of +her beauty an overwhelming success. All Paris is at her feet, and she +selects her lovers from among the wealthiest and best born. But her +extravagance knows no bounds, and ruin invariably overtakes those who +yield to her fascination. After squandering vast sums she goes to the +East, and stories spread that she had captivated a viceroy and gained a +great fortune in Russia. Her return to Paris is speedily followed by her +death from small-pox. In this novel the life of the courtesan class is +dealt with by Zola with unhesitating frankness; there are many vivid +studies of theatrical manners; and the racecourse also comes within its +scope. The work was intended to lay bare the canker which was eating +into the social life of the Second Empire and ultimately led to the +_debacle_ of 1870. + + +La Terre. + +This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural life in +France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent downfall of the +Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most powerful of all Zola’s +novels, but in dealing with the subject he unfortunately thought it +necessary to introduce incidents and expressions which, from their +nature, must always render it impossible to submit the book in its +entirety to the general English reader. + +Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat slight. Jean +Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (_La Fortune +des Rougon_), having served his time in the Army, came to the plain +of La Beauce, and became an agricultural labourer on the farm of La +Borderie, which belonged to Alexandre Hourdequin. He fell in love with +Lise Mouche, who, however, married Buteau, and Macquart subsequently +married her sister Francoise. Constant quarrels now arose between the +two sisters as to the division of their father’s property, and in +the end Francoise was murdered by her sister. Macquart, tired of the +struggle, decided to rejoin the army, which he did immediately after the +outbreak of war. + +The interest of the book is, however, largely connected with the history +of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member of which, having +grown old, divided his land among his three children. The intense and +brutish rapacity of these peasants, their utter lack of any feeling +of morality or duty, their perfect selfishness, not stopping short of +parricide, form a picture of horror unequalled in fiction. It is only to +be regretted that the author, in leaving nothing to the imagination, has +produced a work suitable only for the serious student of sociology. + + +La Debacle. + +In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had dealt with +every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in this novel he tells +the story of that terrific land-slide which overwhelmed the regime. It +is a story of war, grim and terrible; of a struggle to the death between +two great nations. In it the author has put much of his finest work, and +the result is one of the masterpieces of literature. The hero is Jean +Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (_La Fortune +des Rougon_). After the terrible death of his wife, as told in _La +Terre_, Jean enlisted for the second time in the army, and went through +the campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After the capitulation he was +made prisoner, and in escaping was wounded. When he returned to active +service he took part in crushing the excesses of the Commune in Paris, +and by a strange chance it was his hand that killed his dearest friend, +Maurice Levasseur, who had joined the Communist ranks. _La Debacle_ +has been described as “a prose epic of modern war,” and vast though the +subject be, it is treated in a manner that is powerful, painful, and +pathetic. + +In the preface to the English translation (_The Downfall_. London: +Chatto & Windus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview with Zola +regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says, “contains, or +may be made to contain, everything; and it is because that is my creed +that I am a novelist. I have, to my thinking, certain contributions to +make to the thought of the world on certain subjects, and I have chosen +the novel as the best way of communicating these contributions to the +world. Thus _La Debacle_, in the form of a very precise and accurate +relation of a series of historical facts--in other words, in the form of +a realistic historical novel--is a document on the psychology of France +in 1870. This will explain the enormous number of characters which +figure in the book. Each character represents one _etat d’ame +psychologique_ of the France of the day. If my work be well done, the +reader will be able to understand what was in men’s minds and what was +the bent of men’s minds--what they thought and how they thought at that +period.” + + +Le Docteur Pascal. + +In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon-Macquart series, Zola +gathers together the threads of the preceding volumes and makes a +vigorous defence of his theories of heredity. The story in the book is +both simple and sad. Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical man at Plassans and +a distinguished student of heredity, had brought up his niece Clotilde +(daughter of Aristide Rougon alias Saccard) from childhood. Years +afterwards they found that they passionately loved one another, but they +did not marry, as Pascal, who had lost money, thought that by doing so +she would sacrifice her interests. (In this connection it is right to +mention that marriage between an uncle and a niece is legal in France, +and is not uncommon.) With fine self-sacrifice Pascal persuaded Clotilde +to go to Paris to live with her brother who was wealthy and wanted her +to nurse him. Soon after her departure Pascal showed symptoms of a +fatal affection of the heart, and after some weeks of great suffering +telegraphed for Clotilde to come back. One hour before her return he +died. His mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, who feared that his researches +on heredity might bring scandal on the family, burned all his papers, +and in one hour destroyed the work of a lifetime. A child was born to +Clotilde seven months after the death of Doctor Pascal; a child which +he intensely desired, in the hope that through it might come the +regeneration and rejuvenation of his race. + +Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface to +his translation of _Le Docteur Pascal_ (London: Chatto & Windus), states +that in this book he has been able to defend himself against all the +accusations which have been brought against him. “Pascal’s works on the +members of his family,” says Zola, “is, in small, what I have attempted +to do on humanity, _to show all so that all may be cured_. It is not a +book which, like _La Debacle_, will stir the passions of the mob. It +is a scientific work, the logical deduction and conclusion of all my +preceding novels, and at the same time it is my speech in defence of all +that I have done before the court of public opinion.” + + + + + +THE ZOLA DICTIONARY + + + + +A + +ADELE, the girl for whom Auguste Lantier deserted Gervaise Macquart. +They lived together for seven years, a life of constant bickerings and +quarrels, accompanied, not infrequently, by blows, until the connection +was ended by Adele running away. Her sister was Virginie, with whom +Gervaise fought in the public washing-house on the day of her desertion +by Lantier. L’Assommoir. + +ADELE, maid-servant to the Josserands, and one of Hector Trublot’s +friends. Pot-Bouille. + +ADELE, an assistant in the shop of Quenu, the pork-butcher. It was +she who took charge of the shop on the sudden death of her master. And +subsequently sent Pauline Quenu to Madame Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +ADOLPHE, an artillery driver in the same battery as Honore Fouchard. In +accordance with a rule of the French artillery, under which a driver and +a gunner are coupled, he messed with Louis, the gunner, whom, however, +he was inclined to treat as a servant. At the battle of Sedan, before +the Calvary d’Illy, where the French were almost exterminated by the +Prussian artillery, Adolphe fell, killed by a wound in the chest; in a +last convulsion he clasped in his arms Louis, who had fallen at the same +moment, killed by the same shot. La Debacle. + +ALBINE, niece of Jeanbernat, keeper of the Paradou, a neglected demesne +in Provence. Her father had ruined himself and committed suicide when +she was nine years old, and she then came to live with her uncle. She +grew up in that vast garden of flowers, herself its fairest, almost in +ignorance of the world outside, and when Abbe Mouret came to the Paradou +forgetful of his past, she loved him unconsciously from the first. As +she nursed him towards health, and his mind began again to grow from +that fresh starting-point to which it had been thrown back, there +developed an idyll as beautiful and as innocent as that which had its +place in another and an earlier garden. The awakening of Abbe Mouret to +the recollections of his priesthood ended the romance, for the call +of his training was too strong for his love. One effort Albine made +to bring him back, and it was successful in so much that one day he +returned to the Paradou. Again there followed the struggle between the +flesh and the Church, and again the Church prevailed. Broken-hearted, +Albine passed for the last time through her loved garden, gathering as +she went vast heaps of flowers. More and more she gathered, till her +room was nearly full; then, closing the door and windows, she lay down +amongst the flowers, and allowed herself to be suffocated by their +overpowering perfume. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +ALEXANDRE, a porter at the Halles Centrales, where he became a friend +of Claude Lantier. He was involved along with Florent and Gavard in the +revolutionary meetings at Lebigre’s wine-shop, and was sentenced to two +years’ imprisonment. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ALEXANDRE, one of the warders at the asylum of Les Tulettes. He was a +friend of Antoine Macquart, and at his request allowed Francois Mouret +to escape from the asylum, with disastrous results to Abbe Faujas and +his relations. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ALEXANDRE, a boy employed in the shop known as _Au Bonheur des Dames_. +Pot-Bouille. + +AMADIEU, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who made a fortune by a rash +purchase of mining stock. He went into the affair without calculation +or knowledge, but his success made him revered by the entire Bourse. +He placed no more orders, however, but seemed to be satisfied with his +single victory. L’Argent. + +AMANDA, one of the singers at a cafe concert in Boulevard Rochechouart. +L’Assommoir. + +AMELIE, a _demi-mondaine_ who lodged at the Hotel Vanneau, which was +kept by Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +AMELIE, wife of a journeyman carpenter who occupied a little room at the +top of Vabre’s tenement-house in Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille. + +ANDRE (LE PERE), an old countryman at Chavanoz, the village where Miette +spent her childhood. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ANGELE (SISTER), a nun attached to the infirmary of the college of +Plassans. Her Madonna-like face turned the heads of all the older +pupils, and one morning she disappeared with Hermeline, a student of +rhetoric. L’Oeuvre. + +ANGELIQUE MARIE, born 1851, was the daughter of Sidonie Rougon, by an +unknown father. Soon after her birth she was taken to the Foundling +Hospital by a nurse, Madame Foucart, and no further inquiries were ever +made about her. She was at first boarded with Francoise Hamelin, by whom +she was not unkindly treated, and subsequently went to Paris with +Louis Franchomme and his wife, who wished to teach her the trade of +artificial-flower making. Franchomme having died three months later, +his widow went to reside at Beaumont with her brother, Rabier, taking +Angelique with her. Unfortunately, Madame Franchomme died a few months +afterwards, leaving Angelique to the care of the Rabiers, who used +her badly, not even giving her enough to eat. In consequence of their +treatment, she ran away on Christmas Day, 1860, and the following +morning was found in a fainting condition by Hubert, the chasuble-maker, +who noticed her lying in the snow within the porch of the cathedral +of Beaumont. Hubert and his wife took the child into their home, and, +becoming attached to her, ultimately adopted her as their daughter, +teaching her the art of embroidering vestments, in which she became +very skilful. Angelique, though an amiable girl, was at first liable +to violent attacks of temper, and it was only by the exercise of much +patience and tact on the part of Madame Hubert that this tendency was +overcome. The girl was always a dreamer, and her cloistered life with +the Huberts, along with constant reading of the lives of the saints, +brought out all that was mystic in her nature. A chance meeting between +Angelique and a young man named Felicien led to their falling in +love, she being in entire ignorance of the fact that he was the son of +Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur, and a member of one of the oldest and proudest +families in France. Felicien’s father having refused his consent to a +marriage, and a personal appeal to him by Angelique having failed, +the lovers were separated for a time. The girl gradually fell into +ill-health, and seemed at the point of death when Monseigneur +himself came to administer the last rites of the Church. Having been +miraculously restored to a measure of health, Angelique was married to +Felicien d’Hautecoeur in the great cathedral of Beaumont. She was very +feeble, and as she was leaving the church on the arm of her husband she +sank to the ground. In the midst of her happiness she died; quietly and +gently as she had lived. Le Reve. + +ANGLARS (IRMA D’), a _demi-mondaine_ of former times who had been +celebrated under the First Empire. In her later years she retired to a +house which she owned at Chamont, where she lived a simple yet stately +life, treated with the greatest respect by all the neighbourhood. Nana. + +ANNOUCHKA, mistress of Souvarine, and implicated with him in a political +plot. Disguised as a countryman, she assisted in the undermining of a +railway over which an imperial train was to pass, and it was she +who eventually lit the fuse. She was captured along with others, and +Souvarine, who had escaped, was present at her trial during six long +days. When she came to be executed, she looked in vain among the crowd +for her lover, till Souvarine mounted on a stone, and, their eyes having +met, remained fixed in one long gaze till the end. Germinal. + +ANTONIA, waiting-maid to Clorinde Balbi, with whom she was on familiar +terms. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ARCHANGLAS (BROTHER), a Christian Brother, who lived at Les Artaud, and +taught children there. He was a coarse-minded man of violent temper, +whose hatred of women led him to make the gravest charges against them. +He constituted himself a spy on the actions of Abbe Mouret, and was +partly the means of calling back the priest’s memory of his sacred +calling. He insulted Jeanbernat and Albine so grossly, that after the +girl’s death the old man attacked him and cut off his right ear with a +pocket-knife. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +AUBERTOT (MADAME ELIZABETH), sister of M. Beraud du Chatel, and aunt +of Renee and Christine. She gave a large sum of money to Saccard on his +marriage to Renee. La Curee. + +AUBRY (SEVERINE), youngest daughter of a gardener in the employment of +Grandmorin. Her mother died when she was in infancy, and she was only +thirteen when she lost her father also. President Grandmorin, who was +her godfather, took charge of her, and brought her up with his daughter +Berthe. The two girls were sent to the same school at Rouen, and spent +their holidays together at Doinville. Ignorant and facile, Severine +yielded to the designs of the old President, who subsequently arranged +a marriage for her with Roubaud, an employee of the Western Railway +Company. For three years the couple lived happily, but a moment of +forgetfulness, a trifling lie which she neglected to sustain, revealed +everything to Roubaud. In an accession of jealous fury he forced his +wife to become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin, and it +was she who threw herself across the limbs of the President while her +husband struck the fatal blow. Suspicions fell upon the Roubauds, +and indeed the truth was known to M. Camy-Lamotte, but political +considerations made it desirable that the character of President +Grandmorin should not be publicly discussed, and the inquiry into the +murder was dropped. The domestic relations between the Roubauds were +becoming more and more strained, and Severine became entirely enamoured +of Jacques Lantier. In order to free herself from her husband, she +persuaded Lantier to murder Roubaud and fly with her to America. The +arrangements were completed when Lantier was seized with one of the +homicidal frenzies to which he was subject, and it was Severine herself +who fell under his knife instead of their intended victim. La Bete +Humaine. + +AUGUSTE, keeper of an eating-house known as _Le Moulin d’Argent_ on +Boulevard de la Chapelle. The wedding party of Coupeau and Gervaise was +given there. L’Assommoir. + +AUGUSTE, a waiter at the Cafe des Varietes. Nana. + +AUGUSTE, a young swine-herd at La Borderie. He assisted Soulas, the old +shepherd, to look after the sheep. La Terre. + +AUGUSTINE, a young girl who assisted Gervaise Coupeau in her laundry. +She was squint-eyed and mischievous, and was always making trouble with +the other employees. As she was the least qualified and therefore the +worst-paid assistant in the laundry, she was kept on after decreasing +business caused the others to leave. L’Assommoir. + +AUGUSTINE, an artificial-flower maker who was employed by Madame +Titreville. L’Assommoir. + +AURELIE (MADEMOISELLE), an elderly friend of Madame Deberle, at whose +house she was a frequent visitor. She was in straitened circumstances. +Une Page d’Amour. + +AURELIE (MADAME). See Madame Aurelie Lhomme. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +AURIGNY (LAURE D’), a celebrated _demi-mondaine_ of the Second Empire. +At a sale of her effects, Aristide Saccard bought a diamond necklace and +aigrette for his second wife. La Curee. + + + + +B + +BABET, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud, who came to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin. She was a hunchback. La Faute de +l’Abbe Mouret. + +BACHELARD (PERE), brother of Narcisse Bachelard and uncle of Madame +Josserand. He conducted for forty years a boarding-school known as the +Institution-Bachelard. Pot-Bouille. + +BACHELARD (ELEONORE). See Madame Josserand. Pot-Bouille. + +BACHELARD (NARCISSE), a commission agent, whose keen business instincts +were not blunted by his intemperate habits. He was a brother of Madame +Josserand, and had at one time promised to give a dowry to her daughter +Berthe; this promise he was unwilling to implement, and when spoken to +on the subject usually feigned intoxication; eventually he suggested +the somewhat dishonest plan by which Berthe’s intended husband was +hoodwinked into the belief that the dowry would be duly forthcoming. His +protegee, Fifi, having compromised herself with Gueulin, his nephew, +he insisted on their marriage, and presented the girl with a dowry. +Pot-Bouille. + +BADEUIL (CHARLES), married Laure Fouan, and went to live at Chartres. He +tried commerce without much success, and, haunted by a desire for rapid +fortune, acquired a _maison publique_ which had fallen into bad repute +through mismanagement. Thanks to the firm control of Badeuil, and the +extraordinary activity of his wife, the establishment prospered, and in +less than twenty-five years the couple had saved three hundred thousand +francs. They were then able to realize the dream of their life, and +to retire to the country, where they purchased a property named +Roseblanche, near Madame Badeuil’s native place. M. Badeuil was a +handsome man, sixty-five years of age, with a solemn face, and the air +of a retired magistrate. He was respected by his neighbours, and held +the strictest views on morality. The old couple lived in complete +happiness, their only worry being that Vaucogne, who had married their +daughter Estelle and taken over the property in Chartres, was not +managing it properly. La Terre. + +BADEUIL (MADAME LAURE), wife of the preceding, was the youngest daughter +of Joseph Casimir Fouan. She was the sister of La Grande, of Pere Fouan, +and of Michel Fouan, known as Mouche. When her father’s estate was +divided, she got no land, but received an indemnity in money instead. +After she and her husband acquired the establishment in Chartres, she +assisted ably in its management. At the time of their retirement to +the country, she was a woman of sixty-two years of age, of respectable +appearance and an air of religious seclusion. She set a good example by +going regularly to Mass, and paid great attention to the education of +her granddaughter, Elodie, whom she endeavoured to bring up in entire +ignorance of life. She had, however, still a passion for active life, +and in busy seasons frequently returned to Chartres to assist her +daughter, who had taken over the establishment there. Madame Badeuil +received the greatest surprise of her life when she found that her +granddaughter whom she had brought up in the innocence of ignorance, was +quite aware of the source of the family fortune, and was ready to take +up the work begun by her grandparents. La Terre. + +BADEUIL (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding, was educated by the +Sisters of the Visitation at Chateaudun, and at eighteen was married to +Hector Vaucogne, by whom she had one daughter, Elodie. She was thirty +years of age before she had any suspicion of the calling of her parents, +and at that time she took over the management of their establishment. +She proved a capable manager, and in spite of the laziness of her +husband, was able to keep up the reputation of the house, though in a +few years she killed herself with hard work. La Terre. + +BADINGUET, a popular nickname for Napoleon III. It was the name of the +workman whose clothes he wore when he escaped from the fortress of Ham. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BAILLEHACHE, a notary at Cloyes, was born in 1805, and succeeded to +several generations of lawyers. He had a large business amongst the +peasantry, in whose quarrels he mediated with professional calmness. He +arranged the division of Fouan’s property between the various members of +the old man’s family. La Terre. + +BAILLEHACHE (MADEMOISELLE), eldest sister of the preceding, was born in +1799. She was plain-looking, but good-natured, and at thirty-two married +Alexandre Hourdequin, to whom she brought a considerable dowry. She had +two children, a son and a daughter, and died in 1855. La Terre. + +BALBI (CLORINDE), daughter of Comtesse Balbi, was a lady of great +beauty, but of eccentric habits. Her position in society being +precarious, she determined to establish it by a good marriage, and used +every endeavour to induce Eugene Rougon to make her his wife. Having +become fascinated by her beauty and charm, he made overtures which she +resisted in the belief that he would be the more certain to marry her. +He practically decided to do so, but reflection convinced him that +marriage with Clorinde Balbi would only injure his prospects of +political success. He suggested to her that she should marry his friend +Delestang, who was a man of wealth and position, and had expressed +admiration for her. Though naturally piqued at such a suggestion coming +from Rougon, she consented, and soon after was married. She remained on +outwardly friendly terms with Rougon, who was still infatuated by her, +but was determined to make him regret the slight he had put upon her. +After Rougon’s return to office, Delestang, her husband, was, at her +request, appointed Minister of Commerce and Agriculture. She had not, +however, forgiven Rougon, and privately took a leading part in the +agitation against his administration. Having become on somewhat +equivocal terms with the Emperor, she was able to secure the acceptance +of Rougon’s second resignation, and the office of Minister of the +Interior for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BALBI (COMTESSE LENORA), an Italian lady who lived in Paris with her +daughter Clorinde. Little was known of her past, and it was generally +believed that she was in the employment of the Sardinian Government. +After her daughter’s marriage to Delestang, she left Paris for some +time, the eccentricity of her habits having begun to excite remark. M. +De Plouguern, who had originally met her in Italy, remained her lover +for thirty years. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BALTHAZER, the old horse driven by Madame Francois between Nanterre and +Paris. Le Ventre de Paris. + +BAMBOUSSE, mayor of the commune of Les Artaud, was more prosperous than +the others of his class, as he owned several fields of corn, olives, +and vines. His daughter Rosalie having become compromised with Fortune +Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly urged him to consent to a marriage between +them, but this he at first refused, as he would lose the services of his +daughter, and Fortune was too poor to make him any return. He ultimately +consented, and the marriage was solemnized by Abbe Mouret. La Faute de +l’Abbe Mouret. + +BAMBOUSSE (CATHERINE), younger daughter of the preceding, was always in +disgrace with Brother Archangias on account of her idle habits and her +friendship for Vincent Brichet. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +BAMBOUSSE (ROSALIE), elder daughter of the preceding. As she had become +compromised by Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret urged her father to consent +to their marriage, but this he refused to do, though he ultimately +consented and the wedding took place. Her child died, and was buried on +the same day as Albine. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +BAPTISTE, Aristide Saccard’s footman. La Curee. + +BAPTISTIN, a clerk in the employment of Larsonneau, who made him play +the part of principal in a scheme whereby he intended to blackmail +Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +BAQUET (LA MERE), a wine dealer who sold the wines of Orleans at a cheap +rate. L’Assommoir. + +BARILLOT, “call-boy” at the Theatre des Varietes, where he had been for +thirty years. He was a little, sallow man, with a shrill voice. Nana. + +BASTIAN, a drummer in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. During the retreat on Sedan, after the battle was +over, he had the misfortune to be struck by a stray bullet. He was +removed to an ambulance at the house of M. Delaherche, where he died +during the division of treasure of the Seventh Army Corps. The gold +coins which the sergeant put into his dying hands rolled on to the +ground, and were picked up by a wounded companion. La Debacle. + +BATAILLE, an old white horse, which had been for six years in the +coal-pit at Voreux. It was killed by the flooding of the mine. Germinal. + +BAUDEQUIN, a draughtsman who lived on the first floor of the house in +which lived the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was a confirmed sponger +who was in debt all round, but spent his time in smoking and talking +with his friends. L’Assommoir. + +BAUDEQUIN, the proprietor of a cafe in the Boulevard des Batignolles, +which was the resort on Sunday evenings during many years of Claude +Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Dubuche, Mahoudeau, and their friends, a band +of youths devoted to art and determined to conquer Paris. Gradually, +however, the little company became submerged by a flood of newcomers, +and in time the meetings ceased. The cafe changed hands three times, and +when, after some years, Claude and Sandoz chanced to return, they found +everything completely altered. L’Oeuvre. + +BAUDU (M.), proprietor of a drapery shop opposite “The Ladies’ +Paradise.” The business had been in existence for many years and M. +Baudu conducted it on such old-fashioned lines that in competition +with Mouret’s great establishment it was rapidly disappearing. He had +acquired it from his father-in-law, and in turn he proposed to hand it +to Colomban, his shopman, who was engaged to be married to Genevieve, +his only daughter. Baudu postponed the marriage, however, from time to +time, as he did not wish to hand over the business in a worse state +than that in which he himself got it. Meanwhile Colomban had become +infatuated with Clara Prunaire, who ultimately induced him to run off. +Genevieve, who was in bad health, died soon afterwards, and before long +her mother died also. The business had gone from bad to worse, and, in +the end, Baudu lost everything, only avoiding bankruptcy by a complete +surrender. Like many of his neighbours, he was crushed out of existence +by Octave Mouret’s triumphant success. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (MADAME ELIZABETH), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +draper whose business she brought to her husband. Her health was broken +down by worry, and by anxiety regarding her daughter Genevieve, whose +death she did not long survive. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (CAPTAIN), son of Baudu, the draper. He went to Mexico. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +BAUDU (DENISE) was the daughter of a dyer at Valognes. The death of her +father left her with two young brothers dependent on her, and, the elder +having got a situation in Paris, she determined to accompany him. M. +Baudu, her uncle, had formerly promised assistance, but when Denise +arrived she found that his business was rapidly being ruined by +the steady extension of “The Ladies’ Paradise,” an enormous drapery +establishment belonging to Octave Mouret. In these circumstances she +could not be dependent on her uncle, and, to his annoyance, she applied +for and got a situation in this rival business. On account of petty +jealousies, her life there was not happy, and, having incurred the +enmity of Jouve, one of the inspectors, she was dismissed on a false +accusation. A time of great hardship followed, only lightened by the +kindness of old Bourras, in whose house she had rented a room for +herself and her young brother Pepe. She next got a situation with +Robineau, who had bought a silk merchant’s business and she remained +there for some time. While Denise was at “The Ladies’ Paradise” she had +attracted the attention of Octave Mouret, and, chancing to meet her one +day, he asked her to return. As she found that Robineau’s business was +not prospering, she consented, and from that time her position in “The +Ladies’ Paradise” was assured. Mouret had fallen in love with her, and +she with him, but she had sufficient strength of mind to refuse his +proposals. Ultimately he asked her to marry him, and to this she agreed. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +Madame Denise Mouret had two children, the elder being a girl and the +younger a boy. These resembled their mother, and grew magnificently. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +BAUDU (GENEVIEVE), daughter of Baudu, the draper. She was engaged for a +number of years to Colomban, her father’s shopman, but in consequence of +the state of trade the marriage was put off from time to time. Genevieve +ultimately learned that her fiance had become infatuated with Clara +Prunaire, one of the shop-girls in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Her health, +never good, suffered greatly, and soon after Colomban’s disappearance +she died. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (JACQUELINE). See Blanche de Sivry. + +BAUDU (JEAN), the elder brother of Denise. He worked for a time with +a cabinet-maker in Valognes, but earned nothing, though he learned to +carve so well that a gentleman promised to find a place for him with an +ivory-carver in Paris. He accepted the offer, and came to the city with +his sister and young brother. At first he earned only his board and +lodging, and, as he was good-looking and a favourite with women, he made +heavy inroads on his sister’s small purse. Ultimately, when he did get a +wage, he took the earliest opportunity of getting married, inducing his +sister, as usual, to give him what little money she had been able to +save. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (PEPE), the youngest brother of Denise. He was a mere child when +the family came to Paris, and it was only by the greatest self-sacrifice +that Denise was able to support him. When she went to “The Ladies’ +Paradise” he was boarded with Madame Gras, and after his sister’s +dismissal he went with her to Bourras, who showed great kindness to both +of them. After Denise returned to “The Ladies’ Paradise,” Pepe again +went to live with Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (THERESE), wife of Jean Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUGE, who was the younger son of a grocer at Dunkerque, came to Paris +and got a situation in the linen department of the “Bon Marche,” where +he was able to make a fairly good income. He became the lover of Pauline +Cugnot, whom he afterwards married, and, in order to be near her, left +the “Bon Marche” and took an appointment in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUGE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Pauline Cugnot. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +BAVOUX, a salesman in Octave Mouret’s shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAZOUGE, an undertaker’s assistant who lived in an attic of the same +tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was generally drunk +and made ribald jests about his dismal calling. It was he who buried +Gervaise Coupeau after she was found dead in an attic adjoining his own. +L’Assommoir. + +BEAUCHAMP (FLORE), an artist’s model, who lived in Rue de Laval. She was +fresh in colouring, but too thin. L’Oeuvre. + +BEAUDOIN, a friend of the Hamelins whom they had known at Beyrout, where +he lived. He promised to marry Caroline Hamelin after the death of her +husband, but instead of waiting for that event he obtained the hand of a +young and rich girl, the daughter of an English Consul. L’Argent. + +BEAUDOIN, Captain of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and having a fine +tenor voice and good manners, along with Bonapartist principles, he was +early marked for advancement. With his men he was unpopular, and, not +caring for his profession, he did not readily adapt himself to the +necessities of war. In the march to the Meuse he lost his baggage, and +arrived at Sedan in a pitiable condition, his uniform soiled, his face +and hands dirty. In former days at Charleville he had been on intimate +terms with Gilberte Maginot, whom he now found at Sedan, married to +Jules Delaherche. Their former relations were renewed for the moment, +and next day Beaudoin rejoined his company, astonishing every one by +the neatness of his attire. At the attack on the Calvary d’Illy he +was severely wounded, and having been removed to the ambulance at +Delaherche’s house, his arm was amputated; but the hemorrhage had been +too great, and he did not survive. La Debacle. + +BEAU-FRANCOIS (LE), chief of a band of brigands, whose terrible exploits +were still recounted at La Beauce. La Terre. + +BEAURIVAGE (DUC DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a piece staged +by Fauchery at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Bosc. +Nana. + +BEAUVILLIERS (COMTE CHARLES DE), a man of dissipated habits, who +succeeded to the immense fortune of the Beauvilliers, which he +completely squandered in a few years. He was killed in an accident of +the chase, some said by the vengeance of a keeper. They found later a +document signed by him in 1854 undertaking to pay ten thousand francs to +a girl named Leonie Cron. L’Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (COMTESSE DE), an old lady who lived with her daughter +Alice in a house in the Rue Saint-Lazare, adjoining the Orviedo mansion. +The family had at one time possessed large estates, but these had all +gone, and the Comtesse and her daughter had barely sufficient to live +upon, though they endeavoured to keep up before their neighbours as +much as possible of their ancient state. Having made the acquaintance +of Saccard, the Comtesse invested a small sum in the Universal Bank, +increasing it from time to time until her whole means were involved. By +the failure of the bank she was entirely ruined, and, to complete the +catastrophe, Busch, who had become possessor of some papers compromising +the honour of her dead husband, took the opportunity of blackmailing +her. When she had handed over her jewels to him, she was left penniless. +L’Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (ALICE), daughter of Comtesse de Beauvilliers. The +extravagance of her father had dissipated the family estates, and she +and her mother were left with barely sufficient to keep up appearances. +She was plain-looking, and had reached the age of twenty-five years +without any offers of marriage. It was, however, in the hope of +providing a suitable dowry for her, that the Comtesse invested her +money in the Universal Bank, with disastrous results. Alice, who had few +amusements, interested herself in charities, and frequently visited the +institutions founded by Princess d’Orviedo. On a visit to _L’Oeuvre du +Travail_ she was attacked and robbed of a small sum by Victor Saccard, +who was at that time an inmate. Her injuries were severe, and a serious +illness followed. The failure of the Universal Bank left her and her +mother in poverty. L’Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (FERDINANDE DE), son of Comte Beauvilliers. He was for +a time the cause of anxiety to his mother on account of some youthful +extravagances, but early settled down, and having received a commission +in the Papal troops, served with distinction. He was delicate, however, +and died of fever in Rome. L’Argent. + +BECKER, a jeweller in Paris. He supplied a set of sapphires for the +mistress of Comte de Muffat. Nana. + +BECOT, a grocer in Rue Montorgueil. Having become a widower, he took +to dissolute courses, and his shop was gradually swallowed up, with its +dried vegetables, jars, and drawers of sweetstuff. Eventually the place +was sold up and Becot died of apoplexy soon afterwards. L’Oeuvre. + +BECOT (IRMA), daughter of the preceding. After her father’s death she +went to live with an aunt, but soon afterwards ran off with a young +fellow who lived across the street. She did not remain long with him, +but, having a passion for artists, experienced in turn a caprice for +Fagerolles, Gagniere, and many others. A young and foolish Marquis +furnished a flat for her, and later she occupied a house in Rue de +Moscou, the rent of which was twenty thousand francs. In the end she +realized her dream of a princely house in the Avenue de Villiers; +the site was bought by one lover, the house built by another, and the +furniture provided by a third. But fortune did not alter her tastes; +behind the backs of her serious lovers she still retained her fancy +for Art, in the person of Henri Fagerolles, one of her early admirers. +L’Oeuvre. + +BEC-SALE, alias BOIT-SANS-SOIF, a rivet-maker employed in the same +factory as Goujet. He drank enormous quantities of brandy, and was a +boon companion of Coupeau. On the occasion of Gervaise Coupeau’s first +visit to the factory to see her son Etienne, Bec-Sale entered into a +contest of strength with Goujet in which he was beaten. L’Assommoir. + +BECU, gamekeeper and bell-ringer at Rognes, was a man of fifty years of +age who had at one time been in the army. He was an intense Bonapartist, +and pretended that he had met the Emperor. Himself a confirmed +drunkard, he was on friendly terms with Hyacinthe Fouan, whose poaching +expeditions he overlooked. La Terre. + +BECU (LA), wife of the preceding, was on intimate terms with Hyacinthe +Fouan. Her chief amusement was to throw Celine Macqueron and Flore +Lengaigne against one another under the pretext of reconciling them. +Though she was not devout, she made ardent intercessions to Heaven to +reserve for her son a lucky number in the drawing for the conscription, +but, after the event, turned her anger against the Deity because her +prayers had not been answered. La Terre. + +BECU (DELPHIN), son of the preceding, was a strong lad who, on leaving +school, went to work as a farm labourer. He was much averse to leaving +home, and, having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he +chopped off with a cleaver the first finger of his right hand, in order +that he might be unfit for service. La Terre. + +BECU (MICHEL), uncle of Delphin. He died at Orleans. La Terre. + +BEDORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon, whose business was ruined by the +extension of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BEJUIN (LEON), a Member of the Corps Legislatif, and a supporter of +Eugene Rougon. He was proprietor of the Saint-Florent Cut-Glass Works. +“A very worthy fellow, votes straight, never speaks, is very patient and +waits contentedly till you think of him, but he is always on the spot +to take care that you don’t forget him.” He received the Cross of the +Legion of Honour after Rougon’s return to office, and an appointment as +Inspector. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BEJUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BELLOMBRE, a neighbour of Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade. He was a +retired Professor, sixty-six years of age, who lived in his little house +with no other company than his gardener, a man as old and crabbed as +himself. His interests were solely centred in himself, and his egotism +was a constant subject of irritation with Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +BELLOQUE (LE PERE), the first art-master of Claude Lantier. A retired +infantry captain, with one arm, he had for a quarter of a century +taught drawing to the youths of Plassans, in one of the galleries of the +museum. L’Oeuvre. + +BENARD, one of the tenants of the house in which Madame Coupeau carried +on her laundry business. Benard and his wife were of intemperate +habits, and few days passed without their fighting with one another. +L’Assommoir. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (M.) was the last representative of an old middle-class +family. A staunch Republican, he had grown old in the Magistracy, which +he resigned at the time of the _Coup d’Etat_. Since then he lived in +retirement in his house on the Ile Saint-Louis with his sister Madame +Aubertot and his young daughter Christine. His elder daughter Renee, +who was educated at a convent, was married to Aristide Saccard, and the +circumstances which led to her marriage came as a severe blow to the +stern old man. Though on nominally friendly terms with his daughter +after her marriage, he never visited her, but when she died he paid her +debts. La Curee. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (CHRISTINE), the second daughter of M. Beraud du +Chatel, and sister of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (RENEE). See Madame Renee Rougon, alias Saccard. + +BERGASSE, a second-hand dealer in Plassans. He supplied the old +furniture bought by Madame Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +BERGERET (MADAME), concierge of the house at Plassy occupied by Helene +Grandjean. Une Page d’Amour. + +BERLINGOT, a horse which belonged to M. Mechain and gained the Prix +d’Ispahan. Nana. + +BERLOQUE, alias CHICOT, a miner who was killed by a landslip in the pit +at Voreux. Germinal. + +BERNHEIM (LES FRERES), proprietors of the glass-works of Saint-Joseph +where Josserand was employed as cashier. Pot-Bouille. + +BERTHIER (MADAME), was a friend of Madame Deberle, and took part in the +amateur theatricals arranged by that lady. Une Page d’Amour. + +BERTHIER, authorized clerk to Mazaud, the stockbroker. L’Argent. + +BERTHOU, the celebrated painter of _Nero in the Arena_. Claude Lantier +took lessons from him for six months, but their ideas were not in +sympathy, and repeatedly the master told Claude that he would never do +anything good. L’Oeuvre. + +BERTRAND, a large dog which belonged to Sandoz. It barked furiously +at visitors, until it recognized a friend of its master, whom it would +greet with joyous welcome. L’Oeuvre. + +BESNUS (CLARISSE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes, where she +played the part of Iris in the _Blonde Venus_, and Geraldine in the +_Petite Duchesse_. She was mistress of Hector de la Faloise for a time. +Nana. + +BESSIERE, station-master at Barentin. He saw the Roubauds in the Havre +express on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin, and his +evidence confirmed their alibi. La Bete Humaine. + +BEULIN-D’ORCHERE (M.) was a member of a legal family. After being public +prosecutor at Orleans and advocate-general at Rouen, he came to Paris as +counsellor at the Appeal Court, of which he afterwards became president. +His sister Veronique married Eugene Rougon. He was appointed first +president of the Court of Paris after Rougon’s return to office. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BEULIN-D’ORCHERE (VERONIQUE), a quiet, subdued woman about thirty-six +years of age, who lived with her brother and seldom went out except to +attend Low Mass at Saint-Sulpice. She married Eugene Rougon, to whom she +brought a considerable fortune. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BIBI-LA-GRILLADE, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau’s fellow-workmen, +with whom he was on intimate terms. He was one of the party at Coupeau’s +wedding with Gervaise Macquart. L’Assommoir. + +BIJARD, a drunken locksmith, who killed his wife by systematic +ill-usage. On the rare occasions when he worked, he always had a +bottle of alcohol beside him, from which he took large draughts every +half-hour. After the death of his wife, he transferred his cruelty to +his little daughter Lalie, who did not long survive. L’Assommoir. + +BIJARD (MADAME) lived with her husband and their children in the same +tenement as the Coupeaus and Lorilleux. She was a hard-working woman who +did washing for Gervaise Coupeau’s laundry, but her husband, a drunken +brute, abused her to such an extent that she ultimately died of injuries +received at his hands, or, more accurately, feet. The poor woman, in +order to save her husband from the scaffold, said before she died that +she had hurt herself by falling on the edge of a tub. L’Assommoir. + +BIJARD (LALIE), daughter of the preceding, a child of eight when her +mother died, had acted as the little mother of the family. “Without a +word said, quite of her own accord, she took the dead woman’s place, to +such an extent that her foolish brute of a father, to make the likeness +complete, battered about the daughter now as he had battered the mother +before. When he came in drunk, he felt the need of a woman to attack. He +did not even notice what a tiny little thing Lalie was; he hit her as he +would have hit a grown woman. He beat her shamelessly, he kicked her for +a yes or no; and she took it all with a resigned look in her beautiful +eyes, without a murmur. Then when her father was tired of kicking her +from corner to corner of the room, she waited until she had the strength +to pick herself up, and then went back to her work. It was part of her +daily task to be beaten.” As the result of this infamous treatment +the child died, but again the man unfortunately escaped punishment. +L’Assommoir. + +BIJARD (HENRIETTE), second daughter of Bijard. She was five years old at +the time of her mother’s death. L’Assommoir. + +BIJARD (JULES), third child of Bijard. When his mother died he was three +years old. L’Assommoir. + +BIJOU, the pet dog of Nana. He excited the jealousy of Comte de Muffat. +Nana. + +BILLECOQ (HERMINIE), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene +Rougon to provide a dowry, in order that she might marry an officer who +had compromised her. The officer did not, however, fulfill his promise, +but went off with the dowry, of which he had obtained possession. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BLACHET, a deputy. He desired leave of absence. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +BLAISOT, a banker at Paris. L’Argent. + +BLANCHETTE, a cow which belonged to Lise and Francoise Fouan. La Terre. + +BLERIOT (M. DE), prefect of the department in which Plassans is +situated. He accompanied Colonel Masson and the troops which crushed the +Republican rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BLEUZE, a rope-walk at Montsou which was ruined by the miners’ strike. +Germinal. + +BLOND (MARIA), a young girl of fifteen who had grown up on the pavements +of Paris. She frequented the restaurant kept by Laure Piedefer. Nana. + +BOCHE (M.) the concierge of the large tenement-house in which resided +the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others. He and his wife were friendly with +the various tenants in turn, sometimes siding with one and sometimes +with another in the quarrels which so frequently arose. In the presence +of the landlord, of whom they were afraid, they assumed an air of great +importance, and affected not to know the tenants. They were present at +Gervaise Coupeau’s birthday party. L’Assommoir. + +BOCHE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. L’Assommoir. + +Nana informed Satin that Madame Boche is dead. Nana. + +BOCHE (PAULINE), daughter of the preceding, was a girl of about the same +age as Nana Coupeau, whose companion she was in all kinds of mischief. +L’Assommoir. + +BOCQUET (MADAME), mother of Clarisse. Pot-Bouille. + +BOCQUET (CLARISSE), a woman on whom Duveyrier squandered large sums of +money. She ultimately gained such complete influence over him, and made +him so unhappy, that he attempted to commit suicide. Pot-Bouille. + +BODIN (DOCTOR) was the regular medical attendant of Madame Helene +Grandjean and her daughter Jeanne. A sudden illness of Jeanne made it +necessary to call in Doctor Deberle, who subsequently met the older man +in consultation from time to time. Une Page d’Amour. + +BOHAIN (MARQUIS DE), an elderly nobleman whose presence and manners were +of a kind to adorn a board of directors, and whose illustrious name was +of value on a prospectus. He was in consequence always in demand by new +companies. Since he began living by speculation, he and his wife had +been legally separated, so far as estate went, and he lived with her +only as a lodger, with nothing of his own except his clothes. “On two +occasions already he had refused to pay up what he owed; he pocketed as +long as he won, but as soon as he lost he did not pay.” At the request +of Saccard, the Marquis became a director of the Universal Bank. When +the great gamble in the shares of the bank began, the Marquis followed +his usual plan; having played through Mazaud for a rise, he refused to +pay his losses, though he had gained two million francs through Jacoby, +through whom he had played for a fall. L’Argent. + +BONGRAND, a great artist, painter of the _Village Wedding_. He was a +stout man, forty-five years old, with an expressive face and long grey +hair; recently he had become a member of the Institute and an officer +of the Legion of Honour. The grandson of a farmer in the Beauce country, +the son of a man risen to the middle classes, with peasant blood in his +veins, owing his culture to a mother of very artistic tastes, he was +rich, had no need to sell his pictures, and retained many tastes and +opinions of Bohemian life. His masterpiece, the _Village Wedding_, had +brought about a revolution in art only parallel with Courbet, and he +was acknowledged as Master by all the artists of the young school. The +picture remained, however, his greatest work, though he objected to have +it so designated, in the fear that it might be thought his powers were +failing. A later picture called the _Village Funeral_ was intended to +surpass it, but failed to arrest attention, and was indeed only an echo +of the earlier work. He was one of the few mourners at the funeral of +Claude Lantier. L’Oeuvre. + +BONHOMME, the horse which for a quarter of a century had carried Doctor +Pascal on his visits to his patients. Latterly the old Bonhomme became +blind, and was no longer being driven, but being much loved by his +master, was tenderly cared for until his death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +BONNAUD, formerly head of the counting-house of a railway company. +Pot-Bouille. + +BONNEHON (MADAME), sister of President Grandmorin. She was married to a +wealthy manufacturer, who left her a widow at the age of thirty. In the +mansion-house of Doinville, which belonged to her, she led a pleasant +life, not without occasional affairs of the heart, but so correct in +every way that she remained a leader of society in Rouen. She was a +handsome woman, and in spite of her fifty years still retained much +of her former charm. Among her friends she included Chaumette and +Desbazeilles, both officials of the court at Rouen. Madame Bonnehon +had a good opinion of the Roubauds, and did not approve of the position +taken up by her niece Berthe regarding the legacy left to them by +President Grandmorin. For the honour of her family she desired that the +inquiry as to the murder of the President should not be continued. La +Bete Humaine. + +BONNEMORT, the sobriquet of Vincent Maheu. His family had been miners +for generations, and he himself had worked in the pit since he was eight +years old. After forty-five years of work underground he was given a +post as fireman, and for five years worked each night at the Voreux pit +for a wage of forty sous. He suffered greatly from rheumatism, which +eventually turned into a form of dropsy, while his mind became affected +to some extent by the sufferings occasioned by the great strike which +took place at Voreux and other neighbouring pits. After the terrible +scenes at Montsou, he could only sit in his chair before the fireless +grate, with fixed and unseeing eyes, but in a sudden accession of +madness he found strength to strangle Cecile Gregoire, who chanced to be +left alone with him for a few moments. Germinal. + +BONNET. See De Mareuil. + +BORDENAVE, manager of the Theatre des Varietes. He was a coarse man, +with cynical views as to the stage, and cared nothing as to the means by +which a popular success might be secured. Though he was well aware that +Nana could neither sing nor act, he saw that her beauty was of a type +likely to attract the Parisian public, and accordingly gave her the +chief part in the _Blonde Venus_. It was he who showed H.R.H. The Prince +of Scots the honours of “behind the scenes.” Nana. + +BORGNE-DE-JOUY, one of the band of brigands which was led by +Beau-Francois. He betrayed his companions. La Terre. + +BOSC, an old actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played the +part of Jupiter in the _Blonde Venus_, and the Duc de Beaurivage in +the _Petite Duchesse_. He had a good-natured but somewhat drunken +appearance. He treated women with disdain, and the idea that any man +should trouble himself about them raised in him the only indignation of +which he was capable. Nana. + +BOUCHARD (M.), head-clerk in the office of the Minister of Interior. +His house was the first thrown open to Eugene Rougon on his arrival +in Paris. Later on, Bouchard inherited his father’s property, and at +fifty-four years of age married Adele Desvignes. He was appointed head +of a department after Rougon’s return to office. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +BOUCHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +respectable family at Rambouillet. M. Bouchard “had been anxious to +marry a young lady from the provinces, because he made a point of having +a steady wife. However, the fair and adorable little Adele, with her +innocent blue eyes, had in less than four years proved to be a great +deal more than a mere flirt.” Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BOULAND(MADAME), the nurse who attended Madame Lazare Chanteau. La Joie +de Vivre. + +BOUM, a horse which belonged to M. Gasc and ran in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +BOURDELAIS, an upper clerk in the office of the Minister of Finance. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURDELAIS (MADAME) was a short, fair woman of thirty, with a delicate +nose and sparkling eyes, who had married a chief clerk in the Treasury. +She was an old schoolfellow of Madame Desforges. Belonging to a good +middle-class family, she managed her household and three children with +an excellent knowledge of practical life. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURDEU (M.), formerly Prefect of the Drome, but turned out of office +by the Revolution of 1848. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was +a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house his party was in the habit of +meeting. At one time he was suggested as a likely candidate for the +representation of Plassans, but he retired after Delangre had been +brought forward through the machinations of Abbe Faujas. Madame de +Condamin promised him, however, that through her influence he would be +rewarded with a prefecture. La Conquete de Plassans. + +BOURDONCLE, the son of a poor farmer near Limoges, started at “The +Ladies’ Paradise” at the same time as Octave Mouret. He was very active +and intelligent, but he lacked that touch of genius possessed by his +companion, before whom he had bowed from the first. Acting on Mouret’s +advice, he put all his savings into the business, and, after passing +through the various grades, he became in time one of the six persons who +assisted Mouret to govern “The Ladies’ Paradise,” exercising a general +control of the whole staff. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURGAIN-DESFEUILLES (GENERAL). During the war of 1870 he was at the +head of a brigade of infantry, of which the 106th regiment of the +line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil, formed part. Like so many other +officers he proved himself incompetent, and after the capitulation he, +alone among the generals, took advantage of the pretext of illness to +sign an undertaking to the Germans not to take any further part in the +war. La Debacle. + +BOURGUIGNON, a master zinc-worker from whom Coupeau got employment. +L’Assommoir. + +BOUROCHE (SURGEON-MAJOR), of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded +by Colonel Vineuil. During the battle of Sedan he installed an +ambulance in a factory belonging to Jules Delaherche, where he was soon +overwhelmed with work. With untiring energy he performed one operation +after another until the place became like a slaughter-house. Behind +a clump of trees were thrown the bodies of the dead, and the limbs +amputated from the living. Depressed for a moment by the vastness of his +task, Bouroche nearly lost heart, exclaiming, “What is the use?” but +his instincts of discipline recalled him to work, and he continued to +operate even after the supply of chloroform was exhausted. During +the insurrection at Paris he served with the army of Versailles, but +consented to treat one of his old soldiers, Maurice Levasseur, who had +been mortally wounded in the ranks of the Commune. La Debacle. + +BOURRAS, an old man who sold umbrellas and walking-sticks in a +tumble-down house which adjoined “The Ladies’ Paradise.” His business +was ruined by the growth of that concern, and he expressed bitter hatred +towards Octave Mouret, its proprietor. Denise Baudu rented a room from +him after her dismissal from “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and he showed much +kindness to her and Pepe, her young brother. He refused several offers +by Mouret, who wished to purchase his lease in order to extend his +own shop, and ultimately, having become bankrupt, was forced to leave +without a penny. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURRETTE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the church of Saint-Saturnin at +Plassans. He did duty as vicar during the illness of Abbe Compan, +and had been led to expect the reversion of the appointment. Pressure +brought to bear on Bishop Rousselot led to the selection of Abbe Faujas, +and Bourrette was put off with vague promises for the future. He was +a simple-minded, amiable man, who accepted his disappointment without +murmuring, and continued on friendly terms with Faujas. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +BOUTAREL, a doctor who attended Nana. He was a handsome man, still +young, who had a large practice in the demi-monde. Always gay and +laughing, he was popular with his patients, but took care not to +compromise himself with any of them. Nana. + +BOUTAREL (MADAME), a lady who lived in the country and economized for +months at a time, only coming to Paris occasionally. When she came, she +made straight for “The Ladies’ Paradise” and spent all her savings in an +afternoon. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTELOUP (LOUIS), a workman at the Voreux pit. He lodged with Madame +Levaque, whose lover he became. Germinal. + +BOUTEROUE (HILARION), second child of Vincent Bouteroue, and grandson of +Marianne Fouan (La Grande). The latter had never forgiven the marriage +of her daughter, and would do nothing to assist the two children after +the death of their parents. Hilarion, who was of weak intellect, was +looked after from childhood by his sister Palmyre, who wore herself out +in his service. After Palmyre’s death his grandmother gave him shelter, +but took advantage of his great strength by employing him at work of the +hardest kind. Ultimately Hilarion committed a serious assault on the +old woman, and in defending herself she struck him on the head with a +bill-hook, inflicting a wound from which he died. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (PALMYRE), sister of the preceding, worked like a slave to +support her brother, and died completely worn out by toil and hardship +at the age of thirty-five. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (VINCENT), a poor peasant, whom the daughter of the Pechards +insisted on marrying despite the opposition of her mother. They both +died of want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (MADAME VINCENT), see Mademoiselle Pechard. + +BOUTHEMENT PERE, a shopkeeper at Montpellier, who sent his son to Paris +to learn business. He was disgusted to find that the simple salesman in +Paris could earn three times as much as he himself could make, and he +was stupefied on seeing the vast emporium in which his son served. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTHEMONT, manager of the silk department at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + Noisy and too fond of company, he was not much good for sales, but for +buying he had not his equal. Nearly every month he went to Lyons, living +at the best hotels, with authority to treat the manufacturers with +open purse. He had, moreover, liberty to buy what he liked, provided he +increased the sales of his department in a certain proportion settled +beforehand; and it was on this proportion that his commission was based. +Eventually, however, his position was undermined, and Madame Desforges, +having become jealous of Mouret, and wishing to injure him, introduced +Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him money to start an opposition +establishment called “The Four Seasons.” This was burned down three +weeks after its opening, but the enormous loss was covered by insurance. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTIGNY, Lazare Chanteau’s partner in the chemical business, into which +he put thirty thousand francs. After the failure of the venture, he took +over the whole concern, and began to manufacture potash from seaweed by +the old methods. He was very successful in this, and by degrees began to +employ on a small scale the scientific systems which had before proved +disastrous. In a few years he amassed a considerable fortune. La Joie de +Vivre. + +BOUTIN, a retired artist’s-model who kept a studio in Rue de la +Huchette, which was frequented by Claude Lantier, who went there for +purposes of study. A subscription of twenty francs enabled young artists +to have the free use of models. L’Oeuvre. + +BOUTIN, an old epileptic attended by Doctor Pascal at Plassans. He died +in one of his fits. Le Docteur Pascal. + +BOVES (COMTE DE), Inspector-General of the Imperial Stud, a +tall, handsome man who had married his wife for her great beauty. +Notwithstanding this, he carried on a liaison with Madame Guibal, whose +demands upon his purse were so heavy that he was obliged to economize in +his own establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOVES (COMTESSE DE), wife of the preceding, was a beautiful woman of +about forty years of age. She was a constant customer at “The Ladies’ +Paradise,” but as her husband kept her very short of money, was seldom +able to buy anything. Eventually temptation proved too strong for her, +and she was caught in the act of stealing some valuable lace. The matter +was, however, kept quiet, and a scandal avoided. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOVES (BLANCHE DE), daughter of the preceding. She usually accompanied +her mother on her shopping expeditions to “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and, +it is to be feared, was not unaware of the theft of lace by her. She +married Paul de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BRAMAH, an English horse which won the Grand Prix de Paris. It belonged +to Lord Reading. Nana. + +BRAMBILLA (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BRETIGNY (COMTESSE DE). Auguste Lantier, reading the news from a +journal to his friends Coupeau and Mes-Bottes, announced that the eldest +daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny was to be married to Baron de +Valencay, aide-de-camp to His Majesty the Emperor. L’Assommoir. + +BRETON-LE-CUL-SEC, one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +BRICHET, the father of Fortune, Rosalie Bambousse’s lover. He was a +little man, withered by age, and with a cringing manner. He tilled a +small piece of stony land near Les Artaud, and was very poor. La Faute +de l’Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (MADAME), wife of the preceding, a tall, lachrymose woman, was +the one solitary devotee of the village of Les Artaud. Whenever she +had been to communion, she hung about the parsonage, knowing that the +priest’s servant always kept a couple of loaves for her from the last +baking. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (FORTUNE), son of the preceding, was a largely built, +bold-looking young fellow of about twenty-five years of age, who had +been the lover of Rosalie Bambousse for some time before Abbe Mouret was +able to induce the girl’s parents to consent to her marriage. La Faute +de l’Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (VINCENT), brother of Fortune, was the boy who assisted Abbe +Mouret in serving Mass. He was an idle young scamp, and constantly +incurred the chastisement of Brother Archangias, who predicted a bad end +for him on account of his friendship for Catherine Bambousse. La Faute +de l’Abbe Mouret. + +BRIQUET, a peasant of Rognes. His son drew the number 13 for the +conscription. La Terre. + +BRON (MADAME), concierge at the Theatre des Varietes. She sold liquor to +the employees at the theatre. Nana. + +BRU, an old house-painter who lived in a garret in the same +tenement-house as the Coupeaus, where he starved with cold and hunger. +He had lost three sons in the Crimea, and he lived on what he could +pick up, now that for two years past he could hold a brush no longer. +Gervaise Coupeau showed him some kindness and asked him to her famous +birthday party. Things having gone from bad to worse with him, he was +found one morning lying dead in his garret. L’Assommoir. + +BRULE (LA), mother of La Pierronne. She was the widow of a miner who had +been killed in the pit, and lived with her daughter at the settlement +known as the Deux-Cent-Quarante. A terrible old woman, frantic to +revenge on the masters the death of her husband, she was the leader in +the outrages perpetrated by the strikers in the Montsou district. It was +she who gave the signal for the attack on the troops, but at the first +volley fired by the soldiers she fell back stiff and crackling like +a bundle of dry faggots, stammering one last oath in the gurgling of +blood. Germinal. + +BRUNET (LES), a bourgeois family in the new quarter of Plassans, of whom +Madame Felicite Rougon was jealous. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BUDIN (LES), peasants of Rognes, whose daughter was said to have been +cured of a fever by Sourdeau, who cut a live pigeon in two, and applied +the halves to her head. La Terre. + +BUQUIN-LECOMTE, a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He desired leave of +absence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BURGAT, a blacksmith, one of the band of insurgents which entered +Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BURNE, an English jockey who rode a horse called Spirit in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +BUSCH, a man of German origin who came to Paris, and engaged in business +of a shady character on the fringe of the Bourse. “In addition to usury +and a secret traffic in jewels and precious stones, he particularly +occupied himself with the purchase of ‘bad debts.’” In pursuit of +creditors he was unsparing, and his methods were not infrequently of the +nature of blackmail. Jordon, Madame de Beauvilliers, and Saccard himself +fell into his power, though Saccard refused to submit to extortion. +Another of Busch’s lines of business was the purchase of depreciated +shares and debentures, thousands of which he collected together, +selling them to bankrupts who found difficulty in accounting for real or +imaginary losses. His one redeeming feature was his extraordinary love +for his brother Sigismond, whom he nursed with the greatest care until +his death. L’Argent. + +BUSCH (SIGISMOND), brother of Busch, the money-lender, was an able man, +educated at a German University, and speaking several languages. He had +met Carl Marx at Cologne in 1849, and became a contributor to the _New +Rhenish Gazette_. “From that time he professed Socialism with an ardent +faith, giving his entire being to the idea of an approaching social +renovation, which would assure the happiness of the poor and humble.” + After his master was banished from Germany, Sigismond, engrossed in +his dreams, was so careless of his material affairs that he would have +perished of hunger had his brother not taken him to live with him. From +this time the elder Busch, ferocious as a wolf towards a debtor, looked +after his brother with almost maternal care, and was heart-broken when +Sigismond died of consumption a few years later. L’Argent. + +BUTEAU, second son of Pere Fouan; brother of Hyacinthe and of Fanny +Delhomme; cousin and husband of Lise Mouche; father of Jules and Laure. +From early youth he was of violent temper, and having drawn a lucky +number in the conscription, he went away from home, and got work, first +at the farm of La Borderie and later at La Chamade. He was a true son +of the soil, knowing nothing of the world beyond the narrow district in +which he was born, and possessing that fierce passion for the land +which is the characteristic of so many peasants. When Pere Fouan made a +division of his property among his family, Buteau was dissatisfied with +the lot which he drew, and refused to take possession of it. In this +attitude he persisted for two years, until the formation of a new road +gave a greatly increased value to his share. In the same way he refused +to marry his cousin Lise Mouche, by whom he already had a son, until, +after her father’s death, she had inherited a share of his property. +Buteau’s chief anxiety then became to prevent a division of this land +between his wife and her sister Francoise, and when, after the girl’s +marriage to Jean Macquart, this became imminent, he and his wife +eventually murdered her. His father had been a witness of the crime, and +as his silence was essential, he too was cruelly done to death. After +these terrible events Buteau was able to sleep calmly, for the land, his +overwhelming passion in life, was his beyond possibility of dispute. La +Terre. + +BUTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Lise Mouche. La Terre. + +BUTEAU (JULES), the eldest child of the preceding, who were not married +till three years after his birth. At nine years old he was the sole +friend of old Fouan, but he soon came to neglect the old man. La Terre. + +BUTEAU (LAURE), the second child of the Buteaus. At four years old +she had already the hard eyes of her family, and was hostile to her +grandfather, old Fouan. By jealousy she detached from him her brother +Jules. La Terre. + + + + +C + +CABASSE, a franc-tireur of the woods of Dieulet. He was the favourite +companion of Ducat, and along with Guillaume Sambuc formed part of the +band which so greatly embarrassed the Prussians in the neighbourhood of +Sedan. He took part in the execution of Goliath Steinberg, the German +spy. La Debacle. + +CABIN (MADAME), the woman who looked after the bedrooms occupied by the +saleswomen in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” In consideration of small bribes, +she allowed numerous breaches of the strict rules of the establishment. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CABIROCHE (SIMONNE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She was the +daughter of a furniture dealer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and had +been educated at a boarding-school in order that she might become a +governess. She played the part of Isabelle in the _Petite Duchesse_. +Nana. + +CABUCHE, a quarryman at Becourt, who lived alone in a hut in the middle +of the forest. He was condemned to five years’ imprisonment for having +killed a man in a tavern brawl, but on account of his good conduct was +liberated at the end of four years. From that time he was avoided by +every one, and lived like a savage in the woods. Louisette, the younger +daughter of Madame Misard, who was then fourteen years old, met him one +day in the forest, and a strange friendship was formed between them, the +rough man almost adoring this child, who alone was not afraid to speak +to him. The girl afterwards went as a servant to Madame Bonnehon, but +one evening Cabuche found her at his door, half mad with fright and on +the verge of brain fever. He nursed her tenderly, but she died a few +days later. The conduct of President Grandmorin was believed to be the +cause of Louisette’s flight from Doinville, and Cabuche was overheard to +say in ungovernable rage that he would “bleed the pig.” This remark led +Denizet, the examining magistrate, to attribute to him the murder of +the President, which was committed soon afterwards by the Roubauds, +and still later he had the misfortune to be found beside the body of +Severine Roubaud, who had been murdered by Jacques Lantier. He was +found guilty of the two crimes, neither of which he committed, and was +sentenced to imprisonment for life. It was Cabuche’s wagon, loaded with +huge blocks of stone, that Flore stopped in front of an express train in +order to cause an accident. La Bete Humaine. + +CADET-CASSIS, the sobriquet of Coupeau. L’Assommoir. + +CADINE, a young girl who when only two years old was found by Madame +Chantemesse and adopted by her. She was brought up along with Marjolin, +and the two became inseparable companions and lovers. When she was +eleven years old she set up as a dealer in birds’ food, but in a year or +two became a flower-seller. After the accident to Marjolin by which his +intellect was affected, Cadine looked after him, and the two were seldom +found apart. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CAFFIN (ABBE), the predecessor of Abbe Mouret as cure at Les Artaud. He +was originally from Normandy, and had a large face which always seemed +laughing. His history was bad, and he had been sent in disgrace to this +hot and dusty corner of Provence. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +CAMPARDON (ACHILLE), an architect, in whose house Octave Mouret boarded +when he first came to Paris. His views on religion were somewhat +free, but having been appointed diocesan architect he gradually became +orthodox, though this did not prevent him from carrying on an intrigue +with Gasparine, his wife’s cousin, who ultimately came to live with the +family. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPARDON (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Rose Domergue. Born at +Plassans, she was an old friend of Madame Mouret, and when Octave Mouret +came to Paris he boarded with the Campardons. After the birth of her +child, Madame Campardon was an invalid, and was obliged to spend much +of her time in bed, amusing herself by reading the works of Dickens. +She tacitly accepted the liaison between her husband and Gasparine, her +cousin, whom she ultimately asked to live with the family and manage the +household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPARDON (ANGELE), daughter of the preceding. She was brought up at +home by her parents, in order that she might remain ignorant of +the realities of life, but intercourse with the servants in a large +tenement-house early developed her unnatural precocity. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPENON, an incapable person to whom M. de Marsy gave a post as +prefect, which Eugene Rougon had promised to Du Poizat. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +CAMY-LAMOTTE, secretary to the Minister of Justice, an office of great +influence. It was his duty to prepare the list of promotions, and he was +in constant communication with the Tuileries. He was a handsome man, who +started his career as a substitute; but through his connections and his +wife he had been elected deputy and made grand officer of the Legion of +Honour. In examining the papers of President Grandmorin, he discovered +the identity of the murderers, but knowing the probability of serious +scandal arising in the event of public inquiry, he said nothing, and +later, struck by the courage and charm of Severine Roubaud, who threw +herself on his protection, he gave instructions that all proceedings +were to be stopped. He rewarded Denizet, the examining magistrate, with +a decoration and the promise of early promotion. La Bete Humaine. + +CANIVET, an old peasant, of whom Zephyrin Lacour announced the death to +Rosalie Pichon. Une Page d’Amour. + +CARNAVANT (MARQUIS DE), a nobleman of Plassans. Said to have been +intimate with the mother of Felicite Puech during the early period of +her married life. He visited Pierre Rougon and his wife occasionally, +and after their retirement from business he interested them in politics. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +CAROLINE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She +was very unhappy at home. L’Assommoir. + +CAROLINE (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + +CAROUBLE, a baker at Montsou. His business was threatened by the +competition of Maigrat. Germinal. + +CASIMIR, a liquor-dealer on the road to Montsou. Germinal. + +CASSOUTE, an inhabitant of Plassans, who formed one of the group of +insurgents which accompanied Antoine Macquart to the Rougons’ house. He +was left there to signal the return of Pierre Rougon, but not being +very intelligent, allowed himself to be sent by Rougon to the Town Hall, +where he was arrested. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CATHERINE, servant to Granoux. She talked for a long time before letting +in Pierre Rougon and Roudier, who came to seek her master to save +Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CAUCHE, the commissary of police attached to the railway station at +Havre. He was a former officer who considered his present occupation as +practically a sinecure, spending much of his time at the cafe. He was a +confirmed gambler, who could lose or win without change of expression. A +room on the first floor of the Cafe du Commerce was his usual haunt, and +there Roubaud frequently spent half the night playing cards with him. +Later, it fell to him to arrest Roubaud on the charge of murdering +President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + +CAZENOVE (DOCTOR), a man of fifty-four years of age, of a vigorous and +lean habit, who after thirty years’ service in the navy settled down +at Arromanches, where an uncle of his had left him a house. He affected +scepticism of the power of medicine, but was unremitting in the care of +his patients. Among the earliest of these was Madame Chanteau, and +he became on intimate terms with the family, for some time acting as +trustee to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + +CECILE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of a butcher in the neighbourhood of the +_Halles Centrales_. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CELESTE, lady’s maid and confidante of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +CELESTINE, a friend of Clemence. She was neurotic, and had a horror of +the hair of cats, seeing it everywhere, and even turning her tongue in +the belief that some of it had got into her mouth. L’Assommoir. + +CESAR, a bull at the farm of La Borderie. La Terre. + +CHADEUIL (MADAME), a milliner in the Rue Sainte-Anne. Octave Mouret’s +shop, “The Ladies’ Paradise,” ruined her within two years. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +CHAINE, the companion of Mahoudeau, the sculptor. He was born at +Saint-Firmin, a village about six miles from Plassans, where he served +as a cowboy until he was drawn in the conscription. Unfortunately for +him, a gentleman of the district who admired the walking-stick handles +which he carved out of roots with his knife, persuaded Chaine that he +was a rustic genius, and with extreme foolishness persuaded him to go +in for painting. Having forty pounds, he went to Paris, where his small +fortune lasted him for a year. Then, as he had only twenty francs left, +he took up his quarters with his friend Mahoudeau. He had no talent, +but had a certain skill in copying pictures with extreme exactness. +The relations of Chaine and Mahoudeau with Mathilde Jabouille led to a +coldness between the two friends, and ultimately they ceased to be on +speaking terms, though they continued to live together, and even to +sleep in the same bed. Some time afterwards Chaine gave up art, and +started a booth at country fairs, in which he ran a wheel-of-fortune +for trifling prizes. The booth was decorated with some of his alleged +masterpieces. L’Oeuvre. + +CHAMBOUVARD, a celebrated sculptor. He was said to be the son of a +veterinary surgeon of Amiens, and at forty-five had already produced +twenty masterpieces. He had, however, a complete lack of critical +acumen, and was unable to distinguish between the most glorious +offspring of his hands and the detestably grotesque figures which he +happened to put together now and then. At one _Salon_ he exhibited a +_Sower_, admirable in every way, while at another he showed an execrable +_Reaping Woman_, so bad that it seemed like a hoax; but he was no less +pleased with the later work, feeling sure that he had turned out yet +another masterpiece. L’Oeuvre. + +CHAMPION, a master hatter at Montrouge. Auguste Lantier pretended to +have left his employment because they had not the same political views. +L’Assommoir. + +CHAMPION, a retired sergeant, who was afterwards delivery manager at +“The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CHANTEAU PERE, came originally from the south of France, beginning +his life as a journeyman carpenter. He created a considerable timber +business at Caen, but being somewhat daring in his speculation, he left +it rather embarrassed at the time of his death. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (M.), a cousin of M. Quenu, by whom he was nominated guardian +of his daughter Pauline Quenu. On the death of his father, he succeeded +to the timber business at Caen. Being an inactive man, unaspiring and +careful, he contented himself with putting his affairs on a safe basis, +and living on a moderate but sure profit. He married Eugenie de la +Vigniere, who was an ambitious woman and hoped to rouse his indolent +nature. Her schemes were, however, frustrated by the ill-health of her +husband, who suffered from gout to such a degree that he ultimately +sold his business to Devoine, and retired to Bonneville, where he had +a house. His sufferings from gout gradually became more and more severe +until he was a complete invalid. His ward Pauline Quenu showed him much +kindness, and the Abbe Horteur played draughts with him regularly. La +Joie de Vivre. + +Until the end of his life he was taken care of by Pauline. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +CHANTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Eugenie de la Vigniere, +was the orphan of one of the ruined squireens of the Cotentin. An +ambitious woman, she hoped to induce her husband to overcome his +indolent nature, but her plans were upset by the ill-health into which +he fell, and she transferred to her son her hopes for the family’s rise +in life. From this source she had nothing but disappointment, as one +after another of Lazare’s schemes failed. To enable him to get money to +start his chemical works, she encouraged the idea of marriage between +him and Pauline Quenu, her husband’s ward, who thereupon lent him thirty +thousand francs. Little by little, Madame Chanteau got possession for +the family use of nearly all Pauline’s fortunes, but with each fresh +loan her feelings towards the girl became more embittered until her +affection for her had turned to hate. From this time, she discouraged +her son’s marriage with Pauline, and endeavoured to turn his thoughts +towards Louise Thibaudier, who had a considerable fortune. She died of +dropsy after a short illness. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (LAZARE), born 1844, son of M. Chanteau, was educated at the +college of Caen, where he took his bachelor’s degree. He was undecided +as to what profession he would adopt, and for some time his inclination +turned towards music. Under the influence of Pauline Quenu he decided on +medicine, and went to Paris, where at first he made good progress in his +studies. Unfortunately he tired of this, and led a life of extravagance +and dissipation, failing to pass his examinations. Having chanced to +make the acquaintance of Herbelin, a celebrated chemist, Lazare entered +his laboratory as an assistant. From him he got the idea of turning +seaweed to profitable account by the extraction of chemicals by a new +method. With a view to the commercial employment of this process he +borrowed thirty thousand francs from Pauline Quenu, and entered into +partnership with an old college friend named Boutigny who invested +a similar sum in the business. Lazare was quite carried away by his +enthusiasm, and the works were built on much too large a scale, the cost +greatly exceeding the original estimates. More money was required, and a +marriage having already been arranged between Lazare and Pauline Quenu, +she at once lent him another ten thousand francs. Some slight success +was at first attained, but this only led to fresh extravagances in the +way of apparatus, and before long a hundred thousand francs of Pauline’s +money had been expended. By this time it was evident that the process +could not be worked on a commercial scale, and Lazare, utterly +discouraged, handed over his share to Boutigny for a trifling sum. A +scheme for the protection of Bonneville against the inroads of the sea +was the next subject to attract him, and he entered into it with his +usual enthusiasm. More money was, of course, required, and, as before, +this was found by Pauline. Failure again met his efforts; the barricade +was washed away by the first high sea. All along Lazare had been subject +to fits of morbid depression, accompanied by a frenzied fear of death, +and after the death of his mother this mental disturbance became even +more acute. The marriage with Pauline had been put off on one excuse or +another, and ultimately she saw that his affections had been transferred +to Louise Thibaudier. With noble self-sacrifice, she released him from +his engagement, and his marriage to Louise followed. He went to Paris +as manager of an insurance company, but soon tiring of business, he +returned to Bonneville, where he lived so tormented by the fear of death +that life itself had little charm for him. La Joie de Vivre. + +Having become a widower, he left his son with Pauline Quenu, and went to +America to seek his fortune. Le Docteur Pascal. + +CHANTEAU (MADAME LAZARE), wife of the preceding. See Louise Thibaudier. +La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (PAUL), the infant son of Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTECAILLE (i.e. SINGSMALL), an usher at the college of Plassans. +He was so good-natured that he allowed the pupils to smoke when out +walking. L’Oeuvre. + +CHANTEGREIL, a poacher, who was sent to the galleys for shooting a +gendarme. He was the father of Miette. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CHANTEGREIL (MARIE), known as Miette, born 1838, daughter of +Chantegreil, the poacher, who was sentenced to the galleys for murder. +She went to live with her aunt, the wife of Rebufat, farmer at Plassans. +Here she met Silvere Mouret, and an idyllic love affair followed. When +Silvere joined the Republican Insurrection in 1861, Miette, fired by his +enthusiasm, accompanied him, and carried the banner of revolt. In the +attack by the regular troops, which soon followed, she fell mortally +wounded. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CHANTEGREIL (EULALIE). See Madame Eulalie Rebufat. + +CHANTEMESSE (MADAME), a customer of Madame Francois, the +market-gardener. It was she who brought up the two foundling children, +Marjolin and Cadine. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CHANTEREAU (MADAME), wife of an ironmaster. She was a cousin of the +Fougerays, and a friend of the Muffats. With Madame du Joncquoy +and Madame Hugon she gave an air of severe respectability to the +drawing-room of Comtesse Sabine de Muffat. Her husband owned a foundry +in Alsace, where war with Germany was feared, and she caused much +amusement to her friends by expressing the opinion that Bismarck would +make war with France and would conquer. Nana. + +CHARBONNEL (M.), a retired oil-merchant of Plassans. His cousin +Chevassu, a lawyer, died leaving his fortune of five hundred thousand +francs to the Sisters of the Holy Family. Charbonnel, being next heir, +contested the will on the ground of undue influence; and the Sisterhood +having petitioned the Council of State to authorize the payment of the +bequest to them, he went to Paris, accompanied by his wife, in order to +secure the influence of Eugene Rougon. The matter dragged on for some +months, and was then indefinitely delayed by Rougon’s resignation of +the Presidency of the Council of State. After Rougon’s appointment as +Minister of the Interior, he induced the Council of State to refuse the +petition of the Sisterhood, and M. Charbonnel accordingly succeeded to +the estate. Subsequently the Charbonnels accused the Sisters of having +removed some of Chevassu’s silver plate, and Rougon ordered the police +to make a search in the convent. This caused a scandal in the town, and +brought the Charbonnels, as well as Rougon, into popular disfavour. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARBONNEL (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She accompanied her husband +to Paris to assist him in looking after their interests in the estate of +his cousin Chevassu. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARDON (ABBE), the candidate favoured by Abbe Fenil for the vacancy in +the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CHARDON (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Melanie Correur. The State having +refused to accept some furnishings supplied by her, Eugene Rougon, the +Minister, arranged the matter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARLES, a waiter at the Cafe Riche. It was he who served supper to +Maxime Saccard and Renee in the White Salon. La Curee. + +CHARLES, the attendant at the public washing-house where Gervaise +Macquart had her great fight with Virginie. L’Assommoir. + +CHARLES, a butcher whose shop was in Rue Polonceau. The Coupeaus dealt +with him. L’Assommoir. + +CHARLES, coachman in the service of Nana. He left her after a violent +scene, in the course of which he called her a slut. Nana. + +CHARLES, a cousin of the little soldier Jules from Plogof. Germinal. + +CHARLES, coachman to Aristide Saccard. He was discovered stealing oats, +and was dismissed. In revenge, he disclosed to Madame Caroline the +relations between his master and the Baroness Sandorff. L’Argent. + +CHARLES, (MONSIEUR AND MADAME), see Badeuil. + +CHARPIER, a grain merchant at Vendome. He became bankrupt, and his +papers having been purchased by Fayeux on behalf of Busch, the latter +found among them a document signed by Comte de Beauvilliers, undertaking +payment of a large sum to Leonie Cron. L’Argent. + +CHARRIER, a bricklayer who amassed a fortune by speculations in +building-sites during the early days of the Second Empire. Along +with Mignon, his partner, he had many business dealings with Aristide +Saccard. La Curee. + +CHARVET, one of the party which met at Lebigre’s wine-shop to discuss +revolutionary subjects. He was the best educated of the coterie, and his +flood of bitter words generally crushed his adversaries. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +CHASSAGNE (DOCTEUR), director of the asylum at Moulineaux, where +Saturnin Josserand was confined for a time. Pot-Bouille. + +CHAUMETTE, counsellor at the court of Rouen. At the trial of Roubaud he +acted as assessor to the assizes. La Bete Humaine. + +CHAUMETTE FILS, son of the preceding, was a substitute at Rouen. He was +the latest fancy of Madame Bonnehon, who did all she could to secure his +advancement. La Bete Humaine. + +CHAVAILLE (ROSALIE), cousin of La Mechain, and mother of Victor Saccard. +She fell into a life of vice and poverty, and died at the age of +twenty-six. L’Argent. + +CHAVAL, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. From the first he had an +instinctive hatred towards Etienne Lantier, caused partly by jealousy +regarding Catherine Maheu, whose lover he became. He treated the girl +very badly, and she ultimately left him. During the strike he took up a +position antagonistic to Lantier, who was one of the leaders, and +even undertook the direction of a party of Belgians brought in by the +mine-owners to work the pits. By a strange chance, Chaval met Lantier +and Catherine in a gallery of the pit after a terrible accident, which +resulted in its being flooded; a struggle followed, and Chaval was +killed, his body being thrown into the water. But the rise of the flood +brought him back time after time to the feet of the others, as if his +jealousy continued even after death. Germinal. + +CHAVE (CAPTAIN), brother of Madame Maugendre, and uncle of Madame +Jordan. He was a petty gambler of a class who frequent the Bourse daily, +in order to make an almost certain profit of fifteen or twenty francs, +which must be realized before the day’s operations are over. He said +he was forced to speculate, as the pension which he received from the +Government was not sufficient to keep him from starvation. L’Argent. + +CHAVIGNAT, an employee at the Ministry of Public Education. Pot-Bouille. + +CHEDEVILLE (DE), deputy for Eure-et-Loire under the Empire. He was an +old beau who had flourished in the reign of Louis Philippe, and +was still supposed to have Orleanist sympathies, though his reputed +friendship with the Emperor was sufficient to secure his success at the +polls. He had gone through all his money, and had now only the farm of +La Chamade left. His political career was cut short by a scandal which +gave offence at the Tuileries, and he was defeated by Rochefontaine, who +was nominated by Government as the official candidate. La Terre. + +CHERMETTE (MADAME DE), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + +CHEVASSU, a lawyer at Faverolles, who died leaving his fortune to the +Sisters of the Holy Family. His cousin, M. Charbonnel, got the will +reduced on the ground of undue influence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHEZELLES (MADAME LEONIDE DE), a school friend of Comtesse Muffat, who +was five years her senior. She was the wife of a magistrate. “It was +rumoured that she deceived him quite openly, but people pardoned her +offence, and received her just the same, because, said they, ‘She’s not +answerable for her actions.’” Nana. + +CHIBRAY (COMTE DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He was for a time the +lover of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +CHOUARD (MARQUIS DE), father of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de Beuville. +He was a Councillor of State and Chamberlain to the Empress, but, +notwithstanding this, had kept up his relations with the Legitimist +party; he was known for his piety, and expressed the belief that his +class should show an example in morals to the lower orders. In secret, +however, his life was vicious, and many damaging stories were known +of him. He was one of Nana’s admirers, and after a visit to her he was +struck by sudden imbecility and semi-paralysis, the result of sixty +years of debauchery. Nana. + +CHOUARD (SABINE DE), daughter of the preceding and wife of Comte Muffat +de Beuville. She was married at seventeen, and ever since had led a +cloistered existence with a pious husband and a dictatorial stepmother. +The death of her stepmother made little difference, and the family +continued to live in an atmosphere of frigid respectability. At +thirty-four Sabine looked little older than her own daughter, and would +not have been taken for more than twenty-eight. About this time Comte +Muffat fell entirely under the influence of Nana, and a change came +over the household. Sabine accepted the attentions of Fauchery, +whose mistress she became, and soon after launched into a course of +extravagance which in the end went far to complete the ruin to which her +husband was himself contributing. Other lovers followed Fauchery, and +in the end she ran off with the manager of a large drapery store. +Ultimately she returned, and was pardoned by her husband, who had lost +his own self-respect as a result of his intrigue with Nana. Nana. + +CHOUTEAU, an old man of over ninety years of age, who with his wife +lived in a little hut in Beaumont, furnished for them by Angelique with +articles taken from the attic of her adopted parents. She, as well as +Felicien d’Hautecoeur, showed them much kindness. Le Reve. + +CHOUTEAU, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. He belonged to the squad of Corporal Jean Macquart. +Originally a housepainter of Montmartre, his time was almost expired +when the outbreak of war prevented his leaving the army. A revolutionary +in his ideas, he was the leader in every breach of discipline among +his companions, suggesting to them that they should throw away their +knapsacks and guns; on the plateau of Floing, in front of the enemy, +he declared that as he had not eaten he would not fight. Sergeant Sapin +having been severely wounded, Chouteau offered, along with Loubet, +to remove him to the ambulance, and the two men disappeared from the +battlefield. After the defeat of the French Army he was made prisoner +at Iges, where he continued to advise his companions in committing all +kinds of excesses, going the length of handing a knife to Lapoulle in +order that he might kill Pache, who had hidden some provisions from him. +Along with Loubet he made an attempt to escape from the Germans, and +in this he attained success by treacherously sacrificing his comrade. +During the Commune he took an active part in the excesses which were +then committed; but during the sanguinary repression which followed +he was seen in the blouse of an honest workman applauding the massacre +which ensued. La Debacle. + +CHRISTINE. See Christine Hallegrain. + +CHUCHU (MADEMOISELLE), an actress at the Varietes. A liaison between her +and Flory led to the ruin of the latter on the Stock Exchange. L’Argent. + +CLARISSE, waiting-maid in the service of Baroness Sandorff. She betrayed +to Delcambre the confidences of her mistress. L’Argent. + +CLEMENCE, a clerk at the fish auction. She attended the meetings in +Lebigre’s wine-shop along with Charvet, with whom she lived. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +CLEMENCE (MADEMOISELLE), occupied a room in the same tenement-house as +the Coupeaus and Lorilleux, where she took in ironing, as well as added +to her income by less reputable means. When Gervaise Coupeau’s laundry +was at the height of its success Clemence got regular employment there, +but when business began to go she had to leave. L’Assommoir. + +CLEMENCE, lady’s maid to Madame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +CLORINDE. See Clorinde Balbi. + +CLOU, Municipal Councillor at Rognes. He played the trombone at choral +services in church. La Terre. + +COEUR (GERMAINE), a _demi-mondaine_ who was on intimate terms with many +members of the Paris Bourse. L’Argent. + +COGNET, a roadman at Rognes. He was an old drunkard, who beat his +daughter unmercifully. La Terre. + +COGNET (JACQUELINE), alias LA COGNETTE, daughter of the preceding. She +went to La Borderie at the age of twelve years, and before long had +several lovers. She made her fortune, however, by resisting her master, +Alexandre Hourdequin, for six months, and when she ultimately became +his mistress she had made her position so secure that he was afterwards +unable to part with her. Notwithstanding her relations with Hourdequin, +she had other lovers, and the old shepherd Soulas, from motives of +revenge, informed Hourdequin of her intimacy with one of them, a man +named Tron. The latter, having been dismissed, killed Hourdequin and +burned down the farm, so that Jacqueline was compelled to leave La +Borderie no richer than she had come. La Terre. + +COLICHE (LA), a fine cow which belonged to the Mouche family and was a +great favourite with them. La Terre. + +COLIN, a notary at Havre. It was in his presence that the Roubauds made +a mutual will, leaving everything to the last survivor. La Bete Humaine. + +COLOMBAN PERE, a veterinary surgeon known to all in the district of +Seine-et-Oise. He was of dissolute habits. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +COLOMBAN, a shopman who had been for many years in the employment of +M. Baudu. He was engaged to his master’s daughter Genevieve, but the +marriage was put off from time to time as Baudu’s business was not +prosperous. Meantime, Colomban had become infatuated by Clara Prunaire, +a girl employed in “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and his affection for +Genevieve rapidly cooled. Ultimately he went off with Clara, thereby +hastening the death of Genevieve, who had been in bad health for some +time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +COLOMBE. See Pere Colombe. + +COMBELOT (M. DE), an Imperial Chamberlain whom the Department of the +Landes had chosen as deputy upon the formally expressed desire of the +Emperor. He was a tall, handsome man, with a very white skin, and an +inky black beard, which had been the means of winning him great +favour among the ladies. He was married to a sister of Delestang. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +COMBELOT (MADAME DE), see Henriette Delestang. + +COMBETTE, a chemist at Chene-Populeux. He was assessor to the mayor, +and the information which he received on the night of 27th August, 1870, +satisfied him of the unhappy state of the Army of Chalons, which was +then on its way to the front. La Debacle. + +COMBETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. It was she who on the evening +of 27th August, 1870, offered hospitality to the soldier Maurice +Levasseur, who was worn out with fatigue and with the pain of his foot, +which had been injured by the long march. La Debacle. + +COMBEVILLE (DUCHESSE DE), mother of Princess d’Orviedo. L’Argent. + +COMBOREL ET CIE, a firm of ship-owners who entered into the great +transport syndicate founded by Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + +COMPAN (ABBE), vicar of the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He was +on bad terms with Abbe Fenil, and consequently the other priests were +afraid to have any intercourse with him, Abbe Bourrette alone visiting +him during his last illness. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CONDAMIN (M. DE), commissioner of woods and rivers for the district of +Plassans. He was an elderly man, whose morality was looked upon with +some suspicion by the respectable inhabitants of Plassans. He married +a young wife, whom he brought from no one knew where, but who had +evidently influential friends at Paris, as it was she who got her +husband and Dr. Porquier decorated. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CONDAMIN (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was at first received +with some suspicion at Plassans, nothing being known of her past +history, but by the charm of her manner she soon overcame prejudice. +Madame Mouret having asked her assistance in connection with the Home +for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she entered heartily into the +scheme and used her influence on its behalf. Acting on advice from her +influential friends at Paris, she assisted Faujas in the schemes which +resulted in the election of M. Delangre as deputy for Plassans. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +CONIN, a stationer at the corner of Rue Feydeau, who supplied note-books +to most members of the Bourse. He was assisted in the business by his +wife, and seldom came out of the back shop. L’Argent. + +CONIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was on too friendly terms +with many of her customers, but was so discreet that no scandal arose. +L’Argent. + +COQUART (LES), proprietors of the farm of Saint-Juste, which, however, +they were forced by bad times to sell. The family consisted of the +father, mother, three sons and two daughters. La Terre. + +COQUETS, neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d’Or. They took +a fancy to light their cooking-stove on the stair-landing, and, as +they also owed their term’s rent, they were given notice to quit. +L’Assommoir. + +CORBIERE (COMTE DE), proprietor of the Paradou, an estate near Artaud. +When he died, the care of the property was confided to Jeanbernat, a +foster-brother of the Comte. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +CORBREUSE (DUC DE), proprietor of a racing-stable. Nana. + +CORNAILLE, the principal draper in Valognes. Denise Baudu served her +apprenticeship to him. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CORNEMUSE, a racehorse which was the prize of the City of Paris. Nana. + +CORNILLE, a member of the firm of Cornille and Jenard, who held in the +eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle, which was joined +in 1760 to two neighbouring concessions, those of Comte de Cougny and of +Baron Desrumaux, in order to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. +Germinal. + +CORNILLE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the cathedral of Beaumont. He +accompanied Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur when the latter came to administer +the last rites of the Church to Angelique. Le Reve. + +CORREUR (MADAME MELANIE), was the daughter of a notary of Coulonges, a +town in the district of Niort. When she was twenty-four years old she +eloped with a journeyman butcher, and thereafter lived in Paris, ignored +by her family. For some time she kept a boarding-house at the Hotel +Vanneau in the Rue Vanneau, where among her lodgers were Eugene Rougon, +Du Poizet, and Theodore Gilquin. She established a claim on Rougon’s +gratitude, and he assisted a number of her friends in obtaining pensions +and appointments. Having ascertained that her brother, M. Martineau, had +made a will by which she would benefit, she, knowing him to be in bad +health, denounced him to Rougon as a dangerous Republican. His arrest +and sudden death followed. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +COSINUS, a racehorse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +COSSARD (LE PERE), prompter at the Theatre des Varietes. He was a little +hunchback. + +COUDELOUP (MADAME), a baker in Rue des Poissonniers. She supplied the +Coupeaus until Lantier decided that they must have finer bread from a +Viennese bakery. L’Assommoir. + +COUGNY (COMTE DE), owner in the eighteenth century of the mining +concession of Cougny, which in 1760 was joined to two neighbouring +concessions to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +COUILLOT (LES), peasants at Rognes. Their son got the number 206 in the +drawing for the conscription. La Terre. + +COUPEAU, a zinc-worker, who married Gervaise Macquart after her +desertion by Lantier. He was the son of a drunken father, but was +himself steady and industrious until a serious accident caused by a fall +from a roof brought about a change. After that he became unwilling to +work and began to spend his time in public-houses; his days of work +became fewer and fewer, until, a confirmed drunkard, he lived entirely +on his wife’s earnings. Attacks of delirium tremens followed, and in the +end he died in the Asylum of Sainte-Anne after an attack of more than +usual violence. L’Assommoir. + +COUPEAU (MADAME GERVAISE), wife of the preceding. See Gervaise Macquart. +L’Assommoir. + +COUPEAU (ANNA, known as NANA), born 1852, was the only child of Coupeau +and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. Almost from infancy she was allowed to +run wild in the gutters of Paris, and even in childhood her instincts +were vicious. At thirteen years of age she was sent to learn +artificial-flower making in the establishment of Madame Titreville, +whose forewoman was Madame Lerat, Nana’s aunt. She had been there some +time when she began to receive attentions from an elderly gentleman who +had noticed her going to work. Meantime her father and mother had taken +to drink so seriously that home life had become intolerable, and, after +one of innumerable quarrels, Nana ran away to her venerable admirer. +After a few months she tired of him and left, to spend her time amongst +the low-class dancing-halls, in one of which she was found by her +father, who brought her home, where she remained for a fortnight, and +then ran off again. From time to time she returned, but her visits +gradually became less frequent till they ceased. L’Assommoir. + +At sixteen years of age she had a child by an unknown father, and two +years later was installed in a flat in Boulevard Haussmann by a rich +merchant of Moscow, who had come to pass the winter in Paris. Bordenave, +the director of the Theatre des Varietes, gave her a part in a play +called _La Blonde Venus_, and though her voice was poor and she +was ignorant of acting, she was by the sheer force of her beauty an +immediate and overwhelming success. All Paris was at her feet; Comte +Muffat, Steiner, the Prince of Scots himself, came in turn to offer +homage. It seemed as if this girl, born of four or five generations of +drunkards and brought up on the pavements of Paris, was to revenge her +race upon the idle rich by the wild extravagances into which she dragged +them. Muffat and Steiner were her lovers, and ruined themselves by +the vast sums which she squandered; Georges Hugon killed himself from +jealousy of his brother Philippe, who embezzled for her sake, and +brought himself to imprisonment and disgrace; Vandeuvres too, after +courting dishonour, met death at his own hand; and Foucarmont, stripped +bare and cast off, went to perish in the China seas. The procession was +unending; more money was always required. After a successful appearance +in a play called _Melusine_, Nana suddenly left Paris and went to the +East. Strange stories were told of her--the conquest of a viceroy, a +colossal fortune acquired in Russia--but nothing definite was known. +When she returned to Paris in 1870 she found that her son Louiset had +been attacked by small-pox, and she herself contracted the disease from +him. A few days later she died in a room in the Grand Hotel, nursed only +by Rose Mignon, who had come to her in her trouble. The war with Germany +had just broken out, and as she lay dying the passing crowds were +shouting ceaselessly, “A Berlin, A Berlin.” Nana. + +COUPEAU (LOUIS). See Louiset. + +COUPEAU (MADAME), mother of Coupeau the zinc-worker. She was an old +woman, and, her sight having given way, was unable to support herself. +Her daughter, Madame Lorilleux, refused anything but the most trifling +assistance, and ultimately Gervaise Coupeau took the old woman into her +own home and supported her till her death, which occurred some years +later. L’Assommoir. + +COURAJOD, a great landscape painter, whose masterpiece, the _Pool at +Gagny_, is in the Luxembourg. Long before his death he disappeared from +the world of art, and lived in a little house at Montmartre surrounded +by his hens, ducks, rabbits, and dogs. He refused to speak of his former +fame, and when Claude Lantier called on him the old man seemed to be +entering into a second childhood, forgetful of his past. L’Oeuvre. + +COUTARD, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the Second Division of +the First Army Corps, which was defeated at Wissembourg on 4th August, +1870. He and his companion Picot were slightly wounded, and were left +behind, not being able to rejoin their regiments for three weeks, +most of which they spent tramping the country through wet and mud, +endeavouring to overtake the vanquished army of France. La Debacle. + +CRASSE (LA), i.e. “The Dirty.” Sobriquet of a professor at the college +of Plassans, so called by the pupils as he marked by the constant +rubbing of his head the back of every chair he occupied. L’Oeuvre. + +CREVECOEUR, a lace merchant in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche left his +employment, and entered Octave Mouret’s shop on the same day as Denise +Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CRON, a carter at Vendome. He was the father of Leonie Cron. L’Argent. + +CRON (LEONIE), the girl to whom the Comte de Beauvilliers gave the +document which afterwards came into the hands of Busch, and was used by +him as a means of blackmailing the widow of the Comte. L’Argent. + +CUCHE, a family of fisher people who resided at Bonneville. They were +ruined by their house being washed away by the sea. The father and +mother lived extremely dissolute lives, and their son grew up little +better than a savage. Pauline Quenu made great efforts to reform him, +but he refused all attempts to make him settle down. La Joie de Vivre. + +CUDORGE (MADAME), a seller of umbrellas in the Rue Neuve de la Goutte +d’Or, where she was a neighbour of Gervaise Lantier. L’Assommoir. + +CUGNOT (PAULINE), daughter of a miller at Chartres who was ruined by +a lawsuit. She came to Paris, and eventually got a situation at “The +Ladies’ Paradise,” where she showed much kindness to Denise Baudu, who +was at first badly treated by the other employees there. Later on she +married Bauge, her lover, but was allowed to retain her situation. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + + + + +D + +DABADIE, chief station-master at Havre. He was a handsome man, with +the bearing of a commercial magnate engrossed in business. Indeed, +he willingly left the passenger department of the station to his +assistants, in order that he might give particular attention to the +enormous transit of merchandise at the docks. It is said that he was +on friendly terms with Mademoiselle Guichon, the office-keeper at the +station. La Bete Humaine. + +DAGUENET (PAUL), the favoured lover of Nana. His father who was highly +esteemed by Louis Philippe, occupied a prefecture up to the time of his +death. As for himself, he had gone through three hundred thousand francs +in eighteen months in the pursuit of pleasure, and was only able to +keep going by small speculations on the Stock Exchange. Attracted by +the fortune of Estelle Muffat, he decided to marry her, and with the +assistance of Nana obtained the consent of Count Muffat. Become serious +after marriage, Daguenet came under the influence of Theophile Venot, +and was ruled with a rod of iron by his wife, who now exhibited a +character entirely unsuspected before. He now went to Mass, and was +furious with his father-in-law, who was ruining the family on account of +Nana. Nana. + +DAGUENET (MADAME). See Estelle Muffat de Beuville. + +DAIGREMONT, a Paris financier who was possessed of an enormous fortune. +It was said that his fidelity was not quite reliable, and that on one +occasion at least he played his allies false and swept away the profits. +He was approached by Saccard before the foundation of the Universal +Bank, and being assured that Eugene Rougon was to back up his brother, +he agreed to become one of the directors. He supported Saccard during +the great gamble in the shares of the bank, and even on the day of the +collapse had promised to come on the market and buy so heavily as to put +up the price of the shares. Having received information through +Jacoby that Gundermann was determined at any cost to break the market, +Daigremont deserted Saccard, and instead of buying, sold all the shares +he had, thereby bringing about the final collapse. L’Argent. + +DAIGREMONT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was celebrated for her +beauty and for her fine singing. L’Argent. + +DALICHAMP, a doctor at Raucourt, six kilometres from Remilly. He was a +man of brusque manner, but of excellent heart, who showed much kindness +to his patients. In the middle of August, 1870, he established an +ambulance at Raucourt, and after Jean Macquart, severely wounded, had +arrived at the house of Pere Fouchard, Dalichamp attended him secretly +till his recovery. It was through him that Henriette Weiss and Jean +gained their knowledge of the disasters which were everywhere overtaking +the French army. La Debacle. + +DAMBREVILLE, a Government official who married in order to secure +promotion through the influence of his wife. Pot-Bouille. + +DAMBREVILLE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. An elderly woman with a +passion for Leon Josserand, whose appointment as Maitre des Requetes +she procured by her influence. She promised to secure a wealthy wife for +him, but delayed to do so until he insisted on a match being arranged +between him and her niece Raymonde. Her friendly relations with him +continued to subsist even after his marriage. Pot-Bouille. + +DAMBREVILLE (RAYMONDE), niece of Dambreville. See Madame Leon Josserand. + +DANSAERT, a head captain in the Voreux pit. He was brutal and +overbearing with the workmen, but humble in the presence of his +superiors. Though it was well known that he was the lover of La +Pierronne, he was friendly with her husband, and got information from +him regarding the progress of the strike. On the day of the accident +in the pit he became mad with fear, and leaped into one of the cages, +leaving his men at the bottom. This action, together with the scandals +regarding him, caused the company to decide on his dismissal. Germinal. + +DASTE (MADAME), a friend of the Saccards and of Madame de Lauwerens. La +Curee. + +DAUVERGNE, deputy station-master for the main lines at the Gare +Saint-Lazare. He occupied with his family, Claire, Henri, and Sophie, +a house belonging to the railway company in the Impasse d’Amsterdam. La +Bete Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (CLAIRE), daughter of the preceding and sister of Sophie. +The two sisters were both charming blondes, one eighteen and the other +twenty, who, amidst a constant stream of gaiety, looked after the +housekeeping with the six thousand francs earned by the two men. The +elder one would be heard laughing, while the younger sang, and a cage +full of exotic birds rivalled one another in roulades. La Bete Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (HENRI), a chief guard in the service of the Western Railway +Company. He was in love with Severine Roubaud, but was aware of her +liaison with Jacques Lantier. He was injured in the railway accident at +Croix-de-Maufras, and having been removed to a house which belonged to +Severine, he was nursed by her there. In a hallucination of illness, +he believed that he heard, outside his window, Roubaud arranging with +Cabuche for the murder of Severine: his mistaken evidence was greatly +instrumental in leading to the conviction of the two men. La Bete +Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (SOPHIE), the elder of the two sisters. La Bete Humaine. + +DAVOINE, the purchaser of Chanteau’s timber business at Caen. When +Chanteau became incapacitated by gout, he sold his business to Davoine +for a hundred thousand francs, of which one-half was to be paid in +cash and the balance to remain in the business. Davoine was, however, +constantly launching into speculations, and the consequence was that +the profits were drained away, and the balance sheet generally showed a +loss. He ultimately became bankrupt, and Chanteau lost all the money he +had left in the business. La Joie de Vivre. + +DEBERLE (DOCTOR HENRI), a medical man of Passy who inherited from his +father a large fortune and an excellent practice. A chance call to +attend Jeanne Grandjean led to an intimacy with her mother, which +resulted in the fleeting love episode which forms the subject of +the novel. Deberle, deceived by the circumstances under which Helene +Grandjean prevented an assignation between his wife and M. Malignon, +believed that Helene had arranged an assignation with himself, and she +found it impossible to enlighten him without compromising his wife. The +brief liaison was terminated by the illness and death of Jeanne. Une +Page d’Amour. + +DEBERLE (MADAME JULIETTE), wife of the preceding, was the elder daughter +of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk merchant of Paris. Empty-headed and fond +of gaiety, she was carried away by the attentions of M. Malignon, an +idle young man who went everywhere in Paris society, and to whom she was +foolish enough on one occasion to grant an assignation. Madame Helene +Grandjean, who was on intimate terms with the family, warned Madame +Deberle that her husband’s suspicions had been aroused, and that lady, +seeing in time the folly of her action, broke off the intrigue. Une Page +d’Amour. + +DEBERLE (LUCIEN), the young son of Doctor Deberle. He was a playmate of +Jeanne Grandjean. Une Page d’Amour. + +DECKER (BARONNE), a friend of the Marquis de Chouard, who occasionally +visited her at Viroflay. Nana. + +DEJOIE, a man who was appointed by Saccard to be attendant at the +offices of the newspaper purchased in the interest of the Universal +Bank. He had a small sum of money, intended for the dowry of his +daughter, and to increase this he invested it in shares of the bank. On +the rise of the shares he gained a large sum, but, refusing to sell, he +lost everything in the final catastrophe. L’Argent. + +DEJOIE (JOSEPHINE), wife of Dejoie, who first knew her when she was +cook with Madame Leveque, sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. She was +afterwards with Dr. Renaudin, and then in a shop in Rue Rambuteau. The +husband and wife were never fortunate enough to get employment in +one place. Josephine died when her daughter was fourteen years old. +L’Argent. + +DEJOIE (NATHALIE), daughter of the preceding. In order to provide a +dowry for her, her father invested all his savings in shares of the +Universal Bank, losing everything after its failure. She was a pretty +girl, but absolutely heartless, and after the downfall of the bank she +ran away from home, leaving her old father in his poverty. L’Argent. + +DELAHERCHE (MADAME), mother of Jules Delaherche. Her husband’s gay life +rendered her unhappy, and after she became a widow she trembled lest her +son should take to the same courses as his father; so, after marrying +him to a woman who was devout and of simple tastes, she sought to keep +him in a dependent state as though he were a mere youth. At fifty years +of age, his wife having died, Delaherche determined to marry a young +widow about whom there had been much gossip, and did so in spite of all +the remonstrances of his mother. After that she only lived on in silent +remonstrance, spending most of her time shut up in her own room. The +miseries of war told severely on the old woman, and to these were +added domestic troubles, for she became aware of her daughter-in-law’s +relations with Captain Baudoin and Edmond Lagarde. After the occupation +of Sedan by the Prussians she devoted herself to nursing her old friend +Colonel Vineuil, who had been brought to the house severely wounded. She +remained with him till his death, shut up from the world, and refusing +to hear of the defeats daily accumulating against their unhappy country. +La Debacle. + +DELAHERCHE (JULES), one of the principal cloth manufacturers of Sedan. +He owned a large factory in Rue Maqua, which had been the property of +the family for a hundred and sixty years; in the rear of the building +was a palatial courtyard shaded with old trees, gigantic elms dating +from the foundation of the establishment. Jules, married to a woman dull +and plain-looking, had been kept by his mother in the dependent position +of a mere boy, but at fifty years of age, his wife being dead, he became +enamoured of Gilberte Maginot, a pretty young widow of Charleville, +and married her in spite of the determined opposition of his mother. +An ardent Bonapartist, he was much excited by a chance meeting with +Napoleon III, but after the repeated defeats of the army in the war with +Prussia his loyalty cooled, and he ultimately charged the Emperor with +all the miseries which ensued. After the battle of Sedan an ambulance +was established in the courtyard of his factory, and the wounded Colonel +Vineuil was removed to his house. La Debacle. + +DELAHERCHE (MADAME JULES). See Gilberte Vineuil. La Debacle. + +DELANGRE (M.), mayor of Plassans. He was the son of a bricklayer, and +when he passed as a lawyer had to be content with petty suits that no +one else would take up. It was said that he became the lover of Madame +Rastoil, and it was certainly through her influence that he won his +first cases. He was shrewd enough to show no particular political +proclivities; so after the _Coup d’Etat_ of 1851, when they were looking +out for a mayor, his name was at once thought of. He was elected, +and from that time everything prospered with him. As a result of much +scheming by Abbe Faujas, Delangre was adopted as candidate for the +representation of Plassans, and was elected by a triumphant majority +over Maurin, the Republican candidate. After his election, he voted +steadily with the Government, thus accomplishing the object for which +Faujas was sent to the town. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELANGRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. “She was a tame little woman +of a servant-like meekness, whose dissoluteness had remained a matter +of legend in Plassans.” She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding +the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and agreed to act on the +Committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELANGRE (LUCIEN), son of M. Delangre, mayor of Plassans. He was a young +barrister of four-and-twenty, short and sharp-eyed, with a crafty +brain, and pleaded with all the coolness of an old practitioner. On the +suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a leading part in starting the Club +for Young Men at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELAROCQUE, a stockbroker who was married to the sister of Jacoby. +L’Argent. + +DELCAMBRE, Public Prosecutor, afterwards Minister of Justice. Having +been for some time the lover of Baroness Sandorff, he was much annoyed +at her subsequent intimacy with Saccard, and after the failure of the +Universal Bank he instigated the proceedings which led to the conviction +of its officials. L’Argent. + +DELESTANG (M.), son of a wine merchant at Bercy, was himself a retired +attorney and owner of a model farm. He was a man of great wealth, but of +foolish and shallow character. Having got into political trouble at +the time of the _Coup d’Etat_ of 1851, he was helped out of an awkward +position by Eugene Rougon. Acting on the suggestion of Rougon, he +married Clorinde Balbi, and soon after was appointed Minister of +Commerce and Agriculture. After Rougon’s second retirement from office +Delestang was appointed to succeed him as Minister of the Interior. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DELESTANG (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Clorinde Balbi. + +DELESTANG (HENRIETTE), sister of Delestang, the Minister, and wife of +M. de Combelot, Chamberlain to Napoleon III. She had a passion for the +Emperor, who, however, would not look at her. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DELEUZE founded, along with his brother, in 1822, the drapers’ shop +in Paris known as _Au Bonheur des Dames_. When he died, his daughter +Caroline, who was married to Hedouin, succeeded to his share in the +business. Pot-Bouille. + +The beginning of the business was exceedingly modest; there was only +one window in the shop, and the stock was a small one. At that time the +principal shop in the neighbourhood was the _Vieil Elbeuf_, of which +Baudu afterwards became proprietor. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELEUZE (UNCLE), one of the founders of the shop known as _Au Bonheur +des Dames_. After the death of his elder brother he continued the +business along with his niece Madame Hedouin. He became much affected +by rheumatism, and left the management in the hands of Hedouin. +Pot-Bouille. + +DELEUZE (CAROLINE). See Caroline Hedouin. + +DELHOMME was the son-in-law of Pere Fouan, whose daughter Fanny he +married. He was the owner of a small farm, which he managed so well that +he became one of the richest of the peasant proprietors at Rognes. +He was a man of calm, upright nature, and was frequently selected as +arbiter in petty disputes. In his own affairs, however, he allowed +himself to be much influenced by his wife. He was a municipal +councillor, and ultimately became mayor. La Terre. + +DELHOMME (MADAME), nee Fanny Fouan, wife of the preceding. At first a +not unamiable woman, she became hardened, and eventually the cleanliness +of her house became a mania with her. She was unkind to her father, with +whose little weaknesses she had no patience, and her persecution of him +was carried to such an extent that he ceased to live with her and her +husband. She was so annoyed at this that she refused to speak to him +again, and her ill-will was not even terminated by his death. When her +husband became mayor her conceit knew no bounds. La Terre. + +DELHOMME (ERNEST), known as Nenesse, son of the preceding. From +childhood he had a fancy for dressing himself up and aping the city +lads, and as he had always a horror of the land he went to Chartres to +assist in a restaurant, with which was connected a public dancing-hall. +His parents effected an insurance against him being drawn in the +conscription; but he drew a lucky number, and the loss of the money +caused his mother considerable annoyance. He proposed to take over +the _maison de tolerance_ at Chartres which belonged to his grand-aunt +Madame Badeuil and her husband, and he eventually did so by marrying +their granddaughter Elodie Vaucogne. La Terre. + +DELOCHE, a bailiff in needy circumstances who resided at Briquebec. He +treated his son Henri very badly. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELOCHE (HENRI), a young man who got employment at “The Ladies’ +Paradise” at the same time as Denise Baudu. He fell in love with Denise, +but though she refused to marry him, they remained on friendly +terms, and on one occasion he threw a glass of wine at Favier, a +fellow-shopman, who repeated a slander about her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELORME, a relation of the Quenus. On the suggestion of Madame Chanteau +he was nominated a member of the family council of Pauline Quenu. He +consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +DENEULIN, a cousin of the Gregoires. Like his cousin, he inherited +a denier in the Montsou mines, but being an enterprising engineer, +tormented by the desire for a royal fortune, he had hastened to sell +out when the value of the denier reached a million francs. His wife +possessed through an uncle the little concession of Vandame, on which +were two abandoned pits--Jean-Bart and Gaston-Marie--and he invested all +his money in the reopening of these pits. He was a bad manager, however, +and after his wife’s death he was pillaged by every one. The great +strike at Montsou completed his ruin, and he was ultimately compelled +to sell his pits to the great company which had already acquired all +the neighbouring mines, himself receiving a situation as divisional +engineer. Germinal. + +DENEULIN (JEANNE), second daughter of the preceding. Having lost their +mother when very young, she and her sister were brought up alone, +somewhat badly, being spoiled by their father. Jeanne was fond of +painting, and had already had three landscapes refused by the _Salon_. +Her sister and she remained cheerful in the midst of their father’s loss +of fortune, and proved themselves excellent managers. Germinal. + +DENEULIN (LUCIE), elder daughter of Deneulin. She was fond of music, and +at one time talked of going on the stage. Like her sister, she showed an +admirable spirit at the time of her father’s downfall. Germinal. + +DENIZET, examining magistrate (_juge d’instruction_) at Rouen. The +son of a cattle-breeder, he studied law at Caen, but had entered the +judicial department of the Government late in life; and his peasant +origin, aggravated by his father’s bankruptcy, made his promotion slow. +After being substitute in various places he was sent to Rouen, where he +acted as examining magistrate. He was fond of his profession, and at the +beginning of the inquiry into the murder of President Grandmorin allowed +himself to be carried away by his desire to elicit the facts of the +case. He received, however, a hint from Camy-Lamotte, the secretary to +the Minister of Justice, that caution must be exercised, and his desire +to be decorated and removed to Paris was so great that he sacrificed the +interests of justice, and caused the case to be hushed up. Later, the +murder of Severine Roubaud reopened the Grandmorin inquiry, and Denizet +was allowed a free hand in dealing with the affair. By a masterpiece +of logical deduction he set out to prove the complicity of Cabuche and +Roubaud, a complicity, however, which had no existence in fact, and the +demonstration of which by Denizet produced a gross error of justice. La +Bete Humaine. + +DEQUERSONNIERE, an architect with whom Louis Dubuche served his +apprenticeship. He was a former winner of the Grand Prize, and was +architect of the Civil Branch of Public Works, an officer of the Legion +of Honour, and a member of the Institute. His principal production was +the church of Saint-Mathieu, a building which shared the characteristics +of a pastry-cook’s mould and a clock in the style of the First Empire. +L’Oeuvre. + +DESBAZEILLES, President of the Assize Court at Rouen on the occasion +of the trial of Roubaud. He was a bachelor, and an old friend of Madame +Bonnehon; a friendship which still continued, notwithstanding his sixty +years. He was the literary glory of the Court, and his cleverly turned +sonnets were well known. La Bete Humaine. + +DESFORGES, a stock-broker. The friendship of his wife with Hartmann, the +great financier, had been very useful to him. He died leaving a fortune, +the amount of which was minimized by some and exaggerated by others. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DESFORGES (MADAME HENRIETTE), daughter of a Councillor of State and +widow of a stock-broker, who left her a small fortune. “Even during her +husband’s lifetime, people said she had shown herself grateful towards +Baron Hartmann, whose financial tips had proved very useful to them; +and later on, after her husband’s death, the acquaintance had probably +continued, but always discreetly.” Octave Mouret, having met her at +the house of a mutual friend, made love to her, chiefly with a view +to gaining Baron Hartmann’s assistance through her influence. Madame +Desforges was extremely jealous when she learned of Mouret’s affection +for Denise Baudu and the probability of his marrying her. In order to +injure him, she introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him +money to start an opposition establishment called “The Four Seasons.” Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DESIR (VEUVE), an elderly woman who kept a ball-room known as +Bon-Joyeux. She called all the miners her children, and grew tender +at the thought of the flood of beer which she had poured out for them +during the last thirty years. She gave her ball-room to the miners to +hold a meeting during the strike, and when the police arrived to break +it up she held the door long enough to allow those present to escape. +Germinal. + +DESLIGNIERES, a toy-seller in Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DESMARQUAY, a money-changer in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot was employed in +his office. Pot-Bouille. + +DESROCHES, a notary at Chene-Populeux. His house there was requisitioned +for the Emperor on 27th August, 1870, during the march of the army of +MacMahon. La Debacle. + +DESROCHES (MADAME), mother of the preceding. Their house adjoined the +early home of Maurice Levasseur, and she had been good to him when he +was a child. When the house was requisitioned for the Emperor, she had +to give up her room to him and take refuge in the garret. La Debacle. + +DESRUMAUX (BARON), one of the founders of the coal industry in the north +of France. For forty years he struggled without yielding, in the midst +of continual obstacles, and when at last his pits began to yield a small +profit, two neighbouring concessions, that of Cougny, belonging to the +Comte de Cougny, and that of Joiselle, belonging to the Cornille and +Jenard Company, nearly overwhelmed him with their competition. Happily, +on 25th August, 1760, a treaty was made between the three concessions, +uniting them into a single one known as the Montsou Mining Company. +Germinal. + +DESVIGNES (ADELE), see Madame Bouchard. + +DIDE (AUNT). See Adelaide Fouque. + +DIEUDONNE (MADAME), wife of a small farmer at Seguiranne. She brought up +her niece Sophie, who was cured of phthisis by Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +DOMERGUE was formerly Director of Roads and Bridges at Plassans. He was +the father of Madame Campardon. Pot-Bouille. + +DOMERGUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived a retired life at +Plassans with her husband. She introduced Octave Mouret to her daughter, +Madame Campardon, when he came to Paris. Pot-Bouille. + +DOMERGUE (ROSE). See Madame Achille Campardon. + +DROUARD (MADAME), an old actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She played +the part of Juno in the _Blonde Venus_. Nana. + +DUBREUIL, a cousin of the Levasseurs. He was sub-manager of the sugar +refinery at Chene-Populeux at the time Weiss was employed there; then, +in 1868, he retired to a little property near Sedan which had come to +his wife as a legacy. On the evening before the battle, foreseeing the +disaster, he removed his wife and children to Bouillon, and next day the +house was completely destroyed during the struggle. La Debacle. + +DUBRUEL, a pork-butcher at Plassans who took part in the attack on the +Town Hall. Three days later he was killed in the ambush arranged by +Pierre Rougon against the Republicans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +DUBUCHE (ALICE), daughter of Louis Dubuche and of Regine Margaillan, his +wife. She was so delicate that at six years old she was still unable to +walk. Her father endeavoured to strengthen her muscles by occasionally +making her hold on to the bar of a trapeze for a few moments, but the +exercise only seemed to produce extreme terror in the unfortunate child. +L’Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (GASTON), the elder child of Louis Dubuche and of Regine +Margaillan, his wife. At the age of ten he had the feeble limbs of a +little child, and though he regularly exercised on a trapeze, he was +unable to raise himself on his wrists, the least exertion producing +profuse perspiration. L’Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (LOUIS), eldest son of a baker of Plassans, and companion from +childhood of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz. His mother, who was +very ambitious, sent him to Paris, where he studied architecture at the +School of Art. His reverence for established formulas caused him to be +out of sympathy with the advanced school of painting advocated by Claude +Lantier and his friends, though he expressed large ideals regarding his +own profession. In time he became a first-class pupil at the school, and +with infinite trouble gained the regulation “honourable mention.” But +his parents no longer sent him any money; it became necessary for him +to gain his living, and he was already tired of earning a few francs by +assisting an architect incapable of drawing his own plans. By the aid of +his master, Dequersonniere, he gained a medal for a plan of a villa, and +this brought him prominently under the notice of Margaillan, a wealthy +building contractor, whose daughter Regine he married soon afterwards. +The marriage was not a success; his wife was always ailing, and the two +children which were born to them were so delicate as to cause constant +anxiety. His business relations with his father-in-law were a failure, +some of his ventures resulting in heavy loss, and Margaillan soon thrust +him aside. His only satisfaction was that he had been able to repay +to his parents the money they advanced for his education in Paris. +L’Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (MADAME LOUIS), wife of the preceding. See Regine Margaillan. +L’Oeuvre. + +DUCAT, a franc-tireur of the woods at Dieulet. He was formerly a bailiff +at Blainville, but had to leave on account of a criminal charge against +him. He was a friend of Cabasse and of Guillaume Sambuc, and took part +in the murder of Goliath Steinberg. La Debacle. + +DUCHESNE (GEORGES), a lover of Madame Bouchard, for whom she asked +the patronage of Eugene Rougon, which he refused on the ground of his +respect for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DUCLOUX (LA), an old woman who lived in the neighbourhood of Croix de +Maufras, having formerly been servant in an inn. Misard was authorized +to employ her as gatekeeper on the railway after the death of Flore. She +was anxious to marry Misard, and seeing him constantly searching for +the little hoard of money which had been hidden by his deceased wife, +La Ducloux cleverly led him to believe that she knew where the money was +hidden. After she became the second Madame Misard she became infected +with the feverish anxiety of her husband, and joined with him in his +untiring search. La Bete Humaine. + +DUMONTEIL, a rich silk manufacturer at Lyons. He supplied to Octave +Mouret a special make of silk with which he achieved great success. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DU POIZAT PERE, an old bailiff at Coulonges. He was an old miser who +refused any money to his son Leopold, and even threatened him with +a pistol when he tried to borrow from him. He lived alone in an old +ruinous house with a loaded gun behind the door. His son, having become +a prefect, and wishing to dazzle the old man with his fine position, +attempted to force the door; then followed a drama mysterious and +without witness, at the end of which the old man was found lying at the +foot of his staircase, with his head split open. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DU POIZAT (LEOPOLD), son of a process-server at Coulonges, a little town +in the district of Niort. His father, who had amassed a considerable +fortune by usury, sent him to study law in Paris, giving him an +allowance of only a hundred francs a month. Some months before the +revolution of February, 1848, he became acquainted with Eugene Rougon, +who, like himself, was boarding at that time with Madame Correur at the +Hotel Vanneau. During the Bonapartist intrigues he assisted Rougon in +some risky undertakings, and later on worked energetically to secure his +election to the Legislative Assembly as member for Deux-Sevres. After +the _Coup d’Etat_ Rougon used his influence on behalf of Du Poizat, and +got him appointed sub-prefect at Bressuire. He resigned this appointment +on the advice of Rougon after the resignation of the latter as President +of the State Council. After Rougon’s return to office he was appointed +prefect at Niort. His extreme harshness and overbearing conduct produced +a public scandal, and the sudden death of his father, under peculiar +circumstances, still further increased his unpopularity. He was at +his own request transferred to another prefecture by Delestang, who +succeeded Rougon as Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DURIEU, a wealthy brewer who, carried away by the charm of Caroline +Hamelin, married her. He became an alcoholic maniac, and on one occasion +pursued his wife with a knife. A separation was arranged, and Durieu +ultimately died in an asylum. L’Argent. + +DURIEU (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + +DURIEU (LE PERE), a messenger at Plassans. He was a taciturn old +Provencal. Le Docteur Pascal. + +DUTILLEUL. A flour-miller at Montsou whose mills were stopped by the +strike. Germinal. + +DUVEYRIER (ALPHONSE), a counsellor at the Court of Appeal; married +Clotilde, daughter of M. Vabre. He was a man of dissolute habits, to +whom his wife’s cold nature and love of music were repugnant, and he +spent much of his time away from home. He squandered large sums of money +on a woman named Clarisse Bocquet, who afterwards left him. Having found +her again, he fell under her influence so completely as to allow her +to treat him abominably. So unhappy did he become, that he attempted +to commit suicide by shooting himself; the wound was, however, not a +serious one, and he recovered. Pot-Bouille. + +DUVEYRIER (MADAME CLOTILDE), wife of the preceding, was the only +daughter of M. Vabre, a notary of Versailles. She did not get on well +with her husband, who found her cold nature irksome, and, perhaps even +more so, her love of piano-playing. Her musical evenings were attended +by Octave Mouret, the Josserands, and others of the same circle. +Pot-Bouille. + +DUVEYRIER (GUSTAVE), son of the preceding, a thin, precocious boy of +sixteen, who was being educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille. + +DUVILLARD, the owner of a large house bought by Octave Mouret for the +enlargement of his shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + + + + +E + +ECOSSE (S.A.R. LE PRINCE D’), the son of a queen and heir to a throne. +He was tall and strong, with a fair beard and a fresh complexion. He was +an habitue of the Theatre des Varietes, and an admirer of Nana, whom +he wished to bring to London as a singer. Later, Nana spoke of him with +little respect. Nana. + +ECREVISSE (L’), a celebrated _demi-mondaine_ of the Second Empire. La +Curee. + +EMPEREUR, one of the dogs of the shepherd Soulas. He was a fierce +animal, and, like his master, hated Jacqueline Cognet. La Terre. + +ERNESTINE, a woman who once occupied a room in Bourras’s house, and had +written her name in candle-smoke on the ceiling. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ESCORAILLES (MARQUIS D’), father of Jules d’Escorailles. “The +Escorailles family was one of the oldest in Plassans, where it was +treated with the utmost respect; and Rougon, who in former days had +often dragged his worn-down boots past the old Marquis’s house, took a +pride in protecting and assisting the young man. The family retained an +enthusiastic devotion for Henri V, though it allowed its heir to serve +the Empire.” The Marquis and his wife visited Paris specially to ask +the assistance of Rougon in furthering the interests of their son. After +Rougon’s proceedings against the Sisters of the Holy Family, in the +interest of the Charbonnels, they again visited Paris to insist on their +son retiring from the administration, as they said they could not allow +him to be mixed up in any persecution of the Church. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +ESCORAILLES (MARQUISE D’), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +ESCORAILLES (JULES D’), son of the Marquis d’Escorailles, a nobleman of +Plassans, at whose request Rougon got Jules an appointment as auditor +at the Council of State. After Rougon’s return to office he appointed M. +Escorailles his private secretary. He carried on an intrigue with Madame +Bouchard. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ESPANET (MARQUIS D’), husband of the Marquise Adeline. He was made +aide-de-camp to the Emperor, but by his riotous conduct scandalized the +older nobility. He never appeared in society with his wife. La Curee. + +ESPANET (MARQUISE D’), one of the most prominent leaders of society +of the Second Empire, was the inseparable companion of Madame Haffner, +whose name was always associated with hers by the public. They were both +schoolfellows and friends of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +EUGENIE, cook for a short time to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +EUGENIE, a child buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen, +where Bongard and Sandoz read the inscription on a poor cross, without +railing, set up slantingly across a path, “Eugenie, three days.” + L’Oeuvre. + +EUGENIE (EMPRESS), referred to in Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, and La +Debacle. + +EULALIE, a laundress who lived in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin, when visiting +her, chanced to overhear in an adjoining room a conversation between +some Italians who had come to Paris to assassinate the Emperor. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +EULALIE, a fish-seller, mistress of Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-soif. +L’Assommoir. + +EULALIE (LA MERE), a vegetable seller at Montmartre. She lodged with +Madame Mechain. L’Argent. + +EUSEBE, a choir-boy in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He +accompanied Abbe Bourrette to the deathbed of Abbe Compan. La Conquete +de Plassans. + + + + +F + +FAGEROLLES PERE, a manufacturer of zinc objects of art who lived in +a gloomy old house in Rue Vieille-du-Temple. His workshop was on the +ground floor, above it was a warehouse, and still higher, facing a +courtyard, were the rooms in which he lived with his son Henri. He +intended to bring up Henri as a designer of ornaments for his own trade, +and when the boy showed higher ambitions, taking to painting proper and +talking about the School of Art, there were quarrels, blows, a series of +falling-outs and reconciliations. Even when the young man had achieved +some success, the manufacturer of artistic zincwork, while resigned +to letting him have his will, treated him harshly, like a lad who was +spoiling his career. Later, in the desire of a decoration for himself, +the merchant forgot his former opposition; he held out his son, who +had now arrived at notoriety, as an additional claim for his own +distinction. L’Oeuvre. + +FAGEROLLES (HENRI), son of the preceding. In the gloomy house of his +father he grew up like a true child of the Paris pavements. Though his +father desired him to become a designer of ornaments for use in his +trade, the lad had higher ambitions, and desiring to study painting, +became a student at the School of Art. Notwithstanding this orthodox +training, he was a disciple of Claude Lantier and his somewhat +revolutionary band, whom he delighted by sly attacks upon his professors +and praise of themselves. He paid particular court to Claude, under +whose artistic influence he had come, and though he continued to paint +with tricky skill, he no longer talked in anything but the jargon of the +new open-air school. This did not prevent him, however, from elsewhere +making fun of the adepts of that school, whom he accused of doing +their work with a kitchen ladle. He made a success with a picture of an +actress before her glass, which caught the popular taste, and afterwards +appeared as an engraving. Taken up by Naudet, the picture-dealer, he +began to receive large prices for his work, and by doing everything in +his power to make his way in society his position soon became secure. +He was elected a member of the Hanging Committee of the _Salon_, and +secured the admission of Claude Lantier’s picture _L’Enfant Mort_. He +made large sums of money, in the spending of which he was assisted by +Irma Becot. L’Oeuvre. + +FANNY (MADEMOISELLE), a work-girl in the neighbourhood of Octave +Mouret’s shop, who was sent there by her employer to match some merinos. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FAUCHERY (LEON), a journalist and dramatic author, who wrote a piece +for the Theatre des Varietes called _La Petite Duchesse_. After numerous +liaisons he became for a time the lover of Comtesse Sabine Muffat, and +under the pressure of Comte Muffat was forced to give to Nana a leading +part in _La Petite Duchesse_. Fauchery’s liaison with the Comtesse +Muffat merely interrupted for a time one of older standing with Rose +Mignon, whose husband appeared to be content with the position of +major-domo in a _menage a trois_. Nana. + +FAUCHEUR (LE PERE) kept at Bennecourt a small country inn much +frequented by artists. In connection with the tavern he carried on a +small business in groceries. After the death of the Faucheurs the inn +was carried on by their niece Melie. L’Oeuvre. + +FAUCHEUR (LA MERE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of old +Poirette. L’Oeuvre. + +FAUCONNIER (MADAME), carried on a laundry business in Paris, and gave +employment to Gervaise Macquart after her desertion by Lantier. She +continued on friendly terms with Gervaise after the latter’s marriage +to Coupeau, at which she was present. When drink had brought about +the Coupeaus’ ruin, Madame Fauconnier again took Gervaise into her +employment, giving her work until her increasing carelessness and +intemperance made her dismissal necessary. L’Assommoir. + +FAUCONNIER (VICTOR), the young son of Madame Fauconnier. He was an idle +scamp about four years older than Nana Coupeau, and was her constant +playfellow and companion in all kinds of mischief. L’Assommoir. + +Nana, in talking over with Satin the events of her childhood, referred +to Victor as a youth who had always shown vicious tendencies. Nana. + +FAUJAS (ABBE), a priest of Besancon who, having got into some trouble +there, was sent to Plassans by the Government with the view of +undermining the political influence of the clergy, who were strongly +Legitimist in their views. At Plassans he took up his residence, along +with his mother, in the house of Francois Mouret. At first he kept +entirely in the background, but assisted by Madame Mouret, who had +fallen in love with him, and by Madame Felicite Rougon, acting under +instructions from her son Eugene, the Minister of State, Faujas soon +began to make himself felt in Plassans. He appeared to take no interest +in politics, but little by little he gained power, until “the conquest +of Plassans” was accomplished and a supporter of the Government was +elected as deputy. Meantime his influence over Madame Mouret had become +complete, and he had practically taken possession of the Mourets’ house, +his sister and her husband, as well as his mother, living there with +him. Thrust aside and neglected, Francois Mouret was wrongfully removed +to the asylum at Les Tulettes, where confinement soon unhinged his +not over-strong intellect. The Abbe now became even more arrogant, and +Madame Mouret was barely tolerated in her own house. Ultimately Francois +Mouret escaped from the asylum, and returning by night to his home, +set fire to it; along with him, the Abbe Faujas and all his relations +perished in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FAUJAS (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She accompanied the Abbe to +Plassans and took up house with him there. Absolutely devoted to her +son, she made herself his slave, and sacrificed everything and every one +to his interests. It was largely through her that the gradual ousting of +the Mourets from their own home became possible; and to accomplish her +ends she stopped short at nothing; seldom speaking, but always watching, +she was ready to grasp each opportunity as it arose. Retribution came +with the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum, and Madame Faujas +perished along with the other members of her family in the conflagration +raised by him. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FAUJAS (OLYMPE). See Madame Olympe Trouche. + +FAUQUENOIX, an associate of Baron Desrumaux in the department of the +mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +FAUVELLE, a sugar-refinery at Montsou, which suffered on account of the +strike of miners. Germinal. + +FAVIER, a salesman in the silk department of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + He had for some reason an ill-will towards Denise Baudu and spread +scandalous stories about her. Henri Deloche, her friend, hearing him do +so on one occasion, threw a glass of wine in his face. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +FAYEUX, a collector of rents at Vendome. He did business in connection +with Busch, and also with La Mechain, whose cousin he was said to be. He +speculated on the bourse through Mazaud, and after the downfall of +the Universal Bank it was found that he had embezzled large sums from +persons employing him. L’Argent. + +FENIL (ABBE), head of the theological seminary at Plassans. He was a +keen ecclesiastic, with strong Legitimist principles, and from the first +took up a position antagonistic to Abbe Faujas. Having great influence +with the Bishop of Plassans, he was for some time able to prevent Faujas +from receiving preferment; a hint from Government, however, caused the +Bishop to change his views, and Abbe Fenil was for the time routed. It +was suspected that he ultimately induced Antoine Macquart to plan the +escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; an escape +which led to the death of Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FERAUD-GIRAUD FRERES, a firm of ship-owners who joined the great +transport syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + +FERNAND, a student of chemistry with Combette at Chene Populeux. He +was a cowardly lad, whom fear of the Prussians drove into a fever. La +Debacle. + +FERNANDE, a chorus-girl at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +FETU (MERE), an old woman whom Helene Grandjean visited at the request +of Abbe Jouve. At her house Helen frequently met Dr. Deberle, who was +attending her professionally at the same time. Below this house was the +flat taken by M. Malignon, who had appointed Mere Fetu caretaker, and +it was through her that Helene came to know of the assignation between +Malignon and Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + +FIFI, the sobriquet of Fanny Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille. + +FINE, the sobriquet of Josephine Gavaudan. La Fortune des Rougon. + +FINET (ARISTIDE), the founder of the drapery business known as the +_Vieil Elbeuf_, in Paris. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of +Hauchecorne. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FINET (DESIREE), daughter of the preceding. She married Hauchecorne, her +father’s principal salesman, who carried on the business. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +FINET, a doctor of medicine who resided at Cloyes. He was disgusted by +the brutality of his patients, whom he accused of always sending for him +when it was too late. His indifference became such that he did not make +any inquiries about the death of Rose Fouan, whose end was hastened by +her son Buteau, or that of Pere Fouan, who was burned alive. La Terre. + +FIRMIN, chief huntsman to Napoleon III at Compiegne. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +FLAMINIO, the Comtesse Balbi’s man-servant, “with a face like a +brigand’s, and a long black beard.” Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +FLEUR D’EPINE, a celebrated chief of brigands who preceded +Beau-Francois. La Terre. + +FLEURANCE, a putter in the Voreux pit who worked along with the Maheus. +She was found dead in her bed, and the vacancy created in the pit was +filled by Etienne Lantier. Germinal. + +FLORE, the elder daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). After illness +rendered her mother unfit for work, Flore replaced her as gatekeeper at +the railway crossing at Croix-de-Maufras. She was a tall and strong girl +of eighteen, with a magnificent head of fair hair; disdainful of the +male, she had thrashed at least one would-be lover. When she was quite +little she had loved Jacques Lantier, and now it was to him alone she +would have given herself. Jacques did not care for her, however, and she +came to know that he had a mistress, Severine Roubaud. Convinced of +her own right to be loved, for she was stronger and handsomer than the +other, the girl was tortured by jealousy; and each Friday, as she saw +the express rush past, bearing the two lovers to Paris, was seized +with an imperious desire to end everything, and by causing their death +prevent them from passing any more. She accordingly brought about a +terrible railway accident, in which a large number of persons were +killed; but the crime was useless, for Severine and Jacques escaped with +trifling injuries. The thought that Jacques knew her guilt, and must in +future regard her as a monster, rendered life hateful to Flore, and to +meet death she set out on a walk of heroic determination through the +tunnel of Malaunay, allowing herself to be cut in pieces by an express +train. La Bete Humaine. + +FLORENCE, an actress at the variety theatres. Marsy offered her a +valuable house. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +Pauline Letellier met her one day on the boulevards accompanied by +Malignon. Juliette Deberle, who was a little jealous, assured her that +Florence was at least forty and very plain-looking. Une Page d’Amour. + +FLORENT, elder son of a widow who took as her second husband M. Quenu, +who, however, died three years later, leaving a son. Florent was a +gentle, studious youth, and his mother lavished all her affection on +him, dying in the end from hardships endured in her struggle to keep +him at college in Paris. After her death Florent took young Quenu, +his half-brother, to live with him in Paris, giving up all thought of +continuing to attend the Law School, and taking pupils in order to find +means of sustenance. Years of hardship followed, and Florent became +imbued with Republican ideas. Two days after the _Coup d’Etat_ of 1851, +while the military were firing on the mob in the Boulevard Montmartre, +he was knocked down and stunned. When he recovered, he found that he was +lying beside the body of a young woman, whose blood had oozed from her +wounds on to his hands. He was horrified at the sight, and rushed away +to join a party of men who were throwing up barricades in an adjoining +street. Worn out with fatigue, he fell asleep, and on awakening found +himself in the hands of the police. His hands were still stained with +the blood of the young woman, and the authorities assumed that he was a +dangerous character. The semblance of a trial followed; he was condemned +and transported to Cayenne. After incredible hardships and sufferings, +he escaped and returned to France. Famished and exhausted, he tramped +towards Paris, and had fallen in a faint on the road when he was +overtaken by Madame Francois, who took him the rest of the journey on +her cart. During his long absence his brother Quenu had at first been +taken in by Gradelle, a brother of his mother, to whose business of +pork-butcher he ultimately succeeded. Florent on his return from exile +was warmly received by his brother and Madame Quenu, who told him that +Gradelle, his uncle, had died, leaving a considerable sum, and that as +there was no will he was entitled to a half-share. He refused to accept +this, but agreed to live with the Quenus. This arrangement answered +well at first, but Madame Quenu got tired of seeing him always about the +house, and let him see that he must secure employment. After some time +he got an appointment as deputy inspector at the Fish Market. He was +introduced by Gavard to a small revolutionary circle which met nightly +in a cafe kept by M. Lebigre, and of which he soon became the leader. +Meantime, Mlle. Saget, who from a chance word of Pauline, the little +daughter of Quenu, had learned Florent’s past history, spread the story +in the markets, and a strong feeling was awakened against him. His +sister-in-law, Lisa, alarmed lest her husband should be compromised by +the revolutionary conspiracy, thought it her duty to inform the police. +She learned, however, that Florent’s history had all along been known, +Lebigre being a police spy, and that only a favourable opportunity was +being awaited to arrest the whole gang of conspirators. The blow fell +soon afterwards, and Florent was again sentenced to transportation to +Cayenne. Le Ventre de Paris. + +FLORY was born at Saintes, his father being employed in the local +registry office. He came to Paris and entered the office of Mazaud, the +stockbroker. At first he did his duties well, but was soon led astray +and got into debt. Having started speculation on his own account, he +became deeply involved in the Universal bank, and on the failure of that +concern was left with a liability of a hundred thousand francs, to +meet which he had not a single sou. Subsequently he was arrested +and imprisoned for embezzling a large sum from Mazaud, his employer. +L’Argent. + +FONTAN (ACHILLE), an actor at the Theatre des Varietes who played parts +in _La Blonde Venus_ and _La Petite Duchesse_. He became for a time the +lover of Nana, but treated her so abominably that she left him. Nana. + +FONTENAILLES (MLLE. DE), was descended from an aristocratic family, but +was in great poverty when a situation was found for her in “The +Ladies’ Paradise” through the influence of Madame Desforges. She proved +incapable of anything but the most menial work, and ultimately married +Joseph, one of the porters in the establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FOUAN, alias BUTEAU. See Buteau. + +FOUAN (FANNY). See Madame Delhomme. + +FOUAN (HYACINTHE), the elder son of Pere Fouan and Rose Maliverne, his +wife. He was an idler and drunkard, who, when he had left the army, +after having seen service in Africa, had taken to tramp the fields, +refusing to do any regular work, but living by theft and poaching, as +though he were still looting a trembling nation of Bedouins. Withal +there looked out of his fine, sunken eyes a merriment that was not +altogether evil, the open heart of good-humoured drunkenness. He lived +with his daughter in a ruined hut amongst some rocks near Rognes. After +the division of land by his father, Hyacinthe soon mortgaged his share +and drank the proceeds, never paying to his parents any part of the +rent which had been agreed upon. For a time he sheltered his father, +but frightened the old man by searching for some bonds which he had +concealed. He had, however, neither the cold rapacity of his sister +Fanny nor the murderous instincts of his brother Buteau. La Terre. + +FOUAN (JOSEPH CASIMIR), the father of Marianne, Louis, Michel, and +Laure. Born in 1766, he belonged to a family of peasant proprietors +which for centuries had owned land, in varying quantities, in +the neighbourhood of Rognes. They were originally serfs of the +Roques-Bouqueval family. Bit by bit they acquired their land, until, +when the Revolution of 1789 arrived, the Fouan of that day, Joseph +Casimir, was the owner of twenty-one acres--the conquest of four +centuries from the seigneurial territory. When, in 1793, the rest of the +estate was declared national property and sold in lots by auction, +he was too timid to purchase any, and had the mortification to see La +Borderie sold to Isidore Hourdequin, a citizen of Chateaudun, for a +fifth of its value. When he became old he divided his twenty-one acres +between three of his family, Marianne, Louis, and Michel, and gave a +corresponding sum of money to his younger daughter Laure, who had been +brought up as a sempstress and was in service at Chateaudun. La Terre. + +FOUAN (LAURE), younger daughter of the preceding. See Madame Charles +Badeuil. + +FOUAN (LOUIS), known as Pere Fouan. He was the son of Joseph Casimir +Fouan, and married Rose Maliverne, by whom he had three children, +Hyacinthe, Buteau, and Fanny. He received seven acres of land from +his father, and his wife brought him twelve acres more. This land +he cultivated well, and with a passion for the soil, as such, which +amounted to frenzy. It alone had his love, and his wife and children +trembled before him under a rude despotism. At seventy years of age +he was still healthy, but his limbs were failing, and he reluctantly +decided to divide his land between his children. He retained his +house and garden, which had come to him with his wife, and his family +undertook to pay him a rent for the land handed over to them. Upon this, +along with a nest-egg of three hundred francs per annum, known to no +one, the old people would be able to live comfortably. The division +made, the family soon became rapacious; Hyacinthe never paid anything, +Buteau only a part, and Delhomme, Fanny’s husband, alone fulfilled his +obligation. Mere Fouan died, and the old man lived alone for a year; +after that he went to his daughter Fanny Delhomme, but her unkindness +made his life miserable, and he accepted in turn the hospitality of his +two sons, Buteau and Hyacinthe, both of whom had come to suspect the +existence of his nest-egg and were anxious to secure it. In this sordid +aim Buteau was eventually successful, and his subsequent treatment of +the old man was even more infamous than it had been before. From this +time Pere Fouan lived in isolation; he spoke to none and looked at none; +as far as appearances went, he might have been blind and dumb. But even +worse was to follow. He had seen the assault on Francoise Mouche which +resulted in her death, and to ensure his silence he was murdered by +Buteau and Lise, his son and daughter-in-law, who attempted to suffocate +him, and subsequently burned him alive in his bed. La Terre. + +FOUAN (MADAME ROSE), wife of the preceding, nee Maliverne. She worked on +the farm like a man, rising first and going to bed last, her only reward +being that she had lived. Stupid, and reduced by labour to the level of +an animal, she had always trembled before the despotic authority of her +husband. She brought up her family without love, and as if she resented +their requiring even the simple necessaries of life. She did not +long survive the division of land by her husband. Her favouritism for +Hyacinthe, her elder son, excited the jealousy of Buteau, who in the +course of a quarrel threw her to the ground, when she received such +injuries that she died a few hours afterwards. La Terre. + +FOUAN (MARIANNE). See La Grande. + +FOUAN (MICHEL). See Pere Mouche. + +FOUAN (OLYMPE), daughter of Hyacinthe. Her mother, who was a tramp, ran +off when the child was three years old, leaving her to grow up as best +she could. She was passionately fond of geese, of which she had a large +flock. When little more than a child, she had as her lovers Delphin Becu +and Nenesse Delhomme. La Terre. + +FOUCARMONT, a naval officer who in ten years saved some money which he +proposed to invest in the United States. He fell into the hands of Nana, +however, and was soon completely ruined. When she turned him out of +doors penniless, she merely advised him to go back to his ship. He was +drowned later in the China seas. Nana. + +FOUCART, the owner of a cheap restaurant frequented by Jory, Mahoudeau, +and their band. L’Oeuvre. + +FOUCART (MADAME), the nurse who attended Sidonie Rougon at the birth +of Angelique and left the child at the foundling hospital. She assisted +Sidonie both by taking her into her house and lending her money, but +when Madame Foucart herself fell into difficulties Sidonie did nothing +for her, not even paying back what she owed. It was from Madame Foucart +that Hubert subsequently got information regarding the parentage of +Angelique. Le Reve. + +FOUCHARD, father of Honore Fouchard, and uncle, on the mother’s side, of +Henriette and Maurice Levasseur. He was a small farmer at Remilly, who +to make money more quickly took up the trade of butcher also. Avaricious +to the last degree, and with a nature of unpitying hardness, he opposed +the marriage of Honore with his servant Silvine Morange. At the end of +two years of waiting Honore went off, after a terrible scene with his +father, though the old man still kept the girl, with whom he was +well pleased. When the French troops were marching to Sedan, Fouchard +concealed all the animals on his farm, burying even his supply of bread +and wine, in the hope of being able to sell to better advantage later +on. The death of his son, who was killed in the battle, cost him a few +tears, but he was quickly consoled by some good purchases of horses +stolen from the battlefield. He took Prosper Sambuc as farm-worker, +because the soldier, being liable to imprisonment by the Prussians, +could not ask him for any wages. He began to do a considerable trade +in butcher-meat with the conquering army, selling them all the diseased +animals that he could secure. A suspicion of being concerned in the +death of Goliath Steinberg led to his arrest, but he was released soon +afterwards, thanks to the intervention of Captain von Gartlauben, a +friend of the Delaherches. La Debacle. + +FOUCHARD (HONORE), only son of the preceding. At twenty years of age, in +1867, he drew a good number for the conscription, but on account of +the opposition of his father to his marriage with Silvine Morange, he +enlisted, and was sent to Africa, in the artillery. When he heard that +Silvine had become the mistress of Goliath Steinberg he became so +ill that he had to remain in hospital for three months. He afterwards +received a letter from Silvine saying that she had never loved any one +but him, and when passing through Remilly on his way to the front, he +saw her and forgave everything. His battery was among those which on 1st +September, 1870, defended the Calvary d’Illy, but was cut to pieces by +the terrible fire of the Prussians. Honore was killed, and fell +across his gun, firmly grasping the letter from Silvine, which in his +death-struggle he had drawn from his bosom. La Debacle. + +FOUGERAY (MADEMOISELLE DE), eldest daughter of the Baronne de Fougeray. +She entered a convent, because it was said, a young man with whom she +was in love had died. The event created much talk in all classes of +society in Paris. Nana. + +FOUQUE (ADELAIDE), generally known as Aunt Dide, the common ancestress +of the Rougon-Macquarts, born at Plassans in 1768, was the last +representative of a family who had owned a market-garden there for +several generations. “This girl, whose father died insane, was a long, +lank, pale creature, with a scared look and strange gait.” In 1786, +six months after the death of her father, she married one of her own +workmen, named Rougon, “a rough-hewn peasant from the Basses Alpes.” + Rougon died fifteen months after his marriage, leaving a son named +Pierre. Scarcely a year had elapsed before the widow took as her lover a +man named Macquart, who lived in a hovel adjoining her own property, and +two children were born. The legitimate son, Pierre Rougon, was brought +up along with his half brother and sister, Antoine and Ursule, with +whom, however, he was not on good terms. From her eighteenth year +Adelaide was subject to nervous fits, which brought on convulsions, and +though she was not yet insane, these repeated shocks produced cerebral +disorders. “She lived from day to day like a child; like a fawning +animal yielding to its instincts.” These conditions continued for about +twenty years, till the death of Macquart, and the children grew up as +best they could. By this time Pierre realized the situation, and playing +upon his mother’s mental weakness, he brought her completely under +his sway. On the death of Macquart, Adelaide went to live in the +hovel bequeathed to her by him, and Pierre sold the family property, +appropriating the price. Living at first entirely alone, her intellect +became more and more affected by the recurring convulsive fits. +Subsequently her grandson Silvere Mouret lived with her, but after +his execution, of which she was a witness, she became quite insane. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +She was always under restraint, and remained a living sore to the +family. The little property which belonged to her son Antoine Macquart +was close to the asylum where she was confined, and Pierre Rougon seemed +to have placed him there to look after her. Adelaide seldom spoke, +and for twelve years had never moved from her chair. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +At 104 years old she was still living in the asylum at Les Tulettes. +She was little better than a skeleton, and in her long, thin face it +was only in the eyes that there was any sign of life. Immovable in her +chair, she remained from year to year like a spectre, calling up the +horrors of her family history. A sudden accident, the death of little +Charles Saccard from nasal hemorrhage, wakened in her sleeping brain +recollections of years before; she saw again the murder of Silvere, +killed by a pistol-shot, and she saw also her lover Macquart, the +smuggler, killed like a dog by the gendarmes. The shock proved too much +for her feeble strength, and she died the following day (in 1873), aged +105 years, three months, and seven days. Le Docteur Pascal. + +FOUSSET (LE PERE), tenant of the farm of Millouard, in the Canton +of Orgeres. He was a victim of the band of brigands commanded by +Beau-Francois. La Terre. + +FRANCHOMME (LOUIS), a cousin of Francoise Hamelin and her brother, with +whom he went to reside for a time when recovering from a fever. His +wife having become fond of Angelique Marie, who lived at that time with +Francoise Hamelin, he obtained permission to take her to Paris, where +she could be taught the trade of making flowers. Unfortunately, however, +he died three months later. Le Reve. + +FRANCHOMME (THERESE), wife of the preceding. After the death of her +husband, she, being in delicate health, was obliged to leave the city +and go to live with her brother Rabier, a tanner, who was settled at +Beaumont. She died a few months afterwards, leaving to the care of the +Rabiers the child Angelique, whom she had brought with her from Paris. +Le Reve. + +FRANCIS, the hairdresser of Nana. He was in the habit of lending money +to his customers, and on one occasion he found, with the assistance of +Labordette, a hundred thousand francs for Comte Muffat, who required the +money for Nana. Nana. + +FRANCIS, coachman to the Gregoires. He also did the heavy work of the +household. Germinal. + +FRANCOIS, a wine-merchant whose shop was situated at the corner of Rue +des Poissonniers and of Rue de la Goutte d’Or. Coupeau frequently spent +whole days there. L’Assommoir. + +FRANCOIS, concierge and footman in Nana’s establishment. He was the +husband of Victorine, the cook. He received visitors in the hall, +wearing a gorgeous livery. Nana. + +FRANCOIS (MADAME), a market-gardener of Nanterre. She drove regularly +to Paris in the early morning with her vegetables, and on one occasion +found Florent lying on the road from want and exhaustion. She took him +to town in her cart, and subsequently showed kindness to him and Claude +Lantier. Le Ventre de Paris. + +FRANCOISE, housemaid to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +FRANCOISE, the servant of M. and Madame Sandoz in their little house in +Rue Nollet. L’Oeuvre. + +FRANGIPANE, a horse which belonged to Baron Verdier and ran in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +FREDERICK (MADAME), a widow who held the position of “second hand” in +the dress department of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FIRMAT, an old peasant of Rognes who was a neighbour of Mouche. He +became paralysed. La Terre. + +FIRMAT (LA), wife of the preceding. She was well known in the village +for her knowledge of animals, and was frequently consulted when it +would otherwise have been necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon. She +worked hard to support her invalid husband, to whom she was devoted, and +wept at the thought that he was soon to die. La Terre. + + + + +G + +GABET (MERE), an old woman who assisted the Huberts with their washing. +She became ill, and being in great poverty, was assisted by Angelique, +and later by Felicien. Le Reve. + +GAGA, an elderly _demi-mondaine_ who had flourished in the reign of +Louis Philippe, and was still notorious in the Second Empire. She had +a daughter named Lili, who became the mistress of the Marquis Chouard. +Nana. + +GAGEBOIS, glass-works at Montsou. The strike of miners led to the fires +being extinguished. Germinal. + +GAGNIERE, an artist, one of the band of Claude Lantier. He belonged to +Melun, where his well-to-do parents, who were both dead, had left him +two houses; and he had learned painting, unassisted, in the forest +of Fontainebleau. His landscapes were conscientious and excellent in +intent, but his real passion was music. Becoming more and more engrossed +in this, he took lessons in playing the piano from a middle-aged lady +whom he married soon afterwards. He established himself at Melun in one +of his two houses, going to Paris two or three times a month to attend a +concert, and he continued to exhibit each year at the _Salon_ one of his +little studies of the banks of the Seine. L’Oeuvre. + +GALISSARD, a haberdasher of Plassans, whose daughter married Professor +Lalubie. She was a pretty girl to whom Claude Lantier and Sandoz used to +sing serenades. + +GARCONNET, a Legitimist who was Mayor of Plassans at the time of the +_Coup d’Etat_. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GARTLAUBEN (VON), captain in the Prussian Army. During the occupation of +Sedan he was billeted on Delaherche. He was a person of some importance, +as his uncle had been made Governor-General at Rheims, and exercised +sovereign power over the district. Fascinated by Gilberte Delaherche, +his chief wish was to be taken for a man of refinement, and not for +a barbarous soldier. He was able to render some services to the +Delaherches, and to make the Prussian occupation easier for them. La +Debacle. + +GASC, proprietor of a racing-stable. One of his horses, named Boum, ran +in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +GASPARINE, a tall, handsome girl of Plassans, with whom Achille +Campardon fell in love. She had no money, however, and he married her +cousin Rose Domergue, who had a dowry of thirty thousand francs. Tears +and recriminations followed, and Gasparine went to Paris, where for some +time she had a situation in the shop of Madame Hedouin. Madame Campardon +having fallen into ill-health, her husband returned to his first love, +and a liaison existed between him and Gasparine for a considerable +time. Ultimately she went to live with the Campardons, and managed their +household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + +GASTON was the son of a general, and was the same age as the Prince +Imperial, though much stronger than he. The Emperor frequently made +inquiries regarding the child. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GAUDE, bugler in the 106th regiment of the line. “He was a big, skinny, +sorrowful, taciturn man, without a hair on his chin, and blew his +instrument with the lungs of a whirlwind.” On the 1st September, during +the defence of the Hermitage, he became seized with the madness of +heroism, and continued to blow after his comrades had been slain and +until he himself was shot down. La Debacle. + +GAUDIBERT (ISIDORE), Mayor of Barbeville since 1850, wrote some poetry +on political subjects, and was decorated by the Minister of State, +Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GAUDRON, husband of Madame Gaudron. He was described as having the +sluggishness of a beast. L’Assommoir. + +GAUDRON (MADAME), a wool-carder who lived with her husband and their +large family in the same tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the +Lorilleux. She was one of the guests at the Coupeaus’ wedding. +L’Assommoir. + +GAUDRON FILS, the eldest child of the Gaudrons, was a journeyman +carpenter. L’Assommoir. + +GAUJEAN (M.), a silk manufacturer of Lyons who was dissatisfied with +the monopoly created by the large establishments, such as that of Octave +Mouret, and thought it could be broken by the creation of special shops +in the neighbourhood, where the public could find a large and varied +choice of articles. With this object he assisted Robineau to purchase +Vincard’s business by giving him credit to a large amount; the scheme +was not successful, and he lost heavily. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GAUTIER, a wine-grower at Saint-Eutrope, with whom Francois Mouret had +dealings at one time. La Conquete de Plassans. + +GAVARD, originally kept a rotisserie or poultry-roasting establishment +in the Rue Saint-Jacques, at which time he became acquainted with +Florent and Quenu. In 1856 he retired from this business, and to amuse +himself took a stall in the poultry-market. “Thenceforth he lived amidst +ceaseless tittle-tattle, acquainted with every little scandal in the +neighbourhood.” Gavard was a leading spirit in the revolutionary circle +which met in Lebigre’s wine-shop, and was the means of bringing Florent +to attend the meetings there. He was arrested at the same time as +Florent and was transported. Le Ventre de Paris. + +GAVAUDAN (JOSEPHINE), a market-woman of Plassans who married Antoine +Macquart in 1826. She was much addicted to drink, but worked in order to +keep her husband in idleness. She died in 1850. La Fortune des Rougon. + +GEDEON, an ass which belonged to Mouche. It was very mischievous, and +on one occasion got access to a vat of new wine, with the result that it +became extremely drunk. La Terre. + +GEORGES, a young man whose acquaintance Renee Saccard made by chance +while walking one day on the Quai Saint-Paul. Her fancy for him passed +without her ever having asked his family name. La Curee. + +GERALDINE, a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, played by Clarisse +Besnus at the Theatre des Varietes. It was originally intended that the +part should be played by Nana. Nana. + +GILQUIN (THEODORE), a lodger at Madame Correur’s hotel at the same +time as Eugene Rougon and Du Poizat. A man of shady character, he was +frequently employed by Rougon, and by a fortunate accident was able to +give him warning of the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor. He +was rewarded with the appointment of Commissary of Police at Niort. On +the order of Rougon, he arrested Martineau, Madame Correur’s brother. He +was removed from his position on account of having compromised himself +by taking a bribe to procure a conscript exemption from service. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GIRAUD (TATA) kept at Plassans a boarding-school for children, where the +sculptor Mahoudeau had known Pierre Sandoz and other comrades who met +later in Paris. L’Oeuvre. + +GODARD (ABBE), cure of Bazoches-le-Doyen. The authorities of Rognes, +which was in his parish, refused to provide for a priest of their own, +and Abbe Godard, in order to perform Mass, had to walk each Sunday the +three kilometres which separated the two communes. He was a short, +stout man of hasty temper, who was disgusted with the indifference and +irreligion of his parishioners, and his services were the shortest and +baldest possible. In spite of his temper, he had, however, a passion for +the miserable, and to these he gave everything--his money, his linen, +almost the clothes off his back. La Terre. + +GODEBOEUF, a seller of herbs who occupied the shop in Rue Pirouette +which formerly belonged to Gradelle, the pork-butcher. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +GODEMARD, a pupil of Dequersonniere, the architect. See Gorju. L’Oeuvre. + +GOMARD, the keeper of a working-man’s cafe in Rue de la Femme-sans-Tete, +under the sign _Au Chien de Montargis_. Claude Lantier occasionally took +his meals there. L’Oeuvre. + +GONIN, a family of fisher-folks who lived at Bonneville. It consisted of +Gonin, his wife, and one little girl. A cousin of the wife, named Cuche, +came to live with them after his house had been washed away by the sea. +Gonin soon after fell into bad health, and his wife and Cuche treated +him so badly that the police talked of an inquiry. Pauline Quenu tried +to reform the little girl, who had been allowed to grow up wild. La Joie +de Vivre. + +GORJU, a pupil of Dequersonniere, and himself a future architect. On one +of the walls of the studio one could read this brief statement: “The 7th +June, Gorju has said that he cared nothing for Rome. Signed, Godemard.” + L’Oeuvre. + +GOUJET, a blacksmith from the Departement du Nord, who came to Paris and +got employment in a manufactory of bolts. “Behind the silent quietude +of his life lay buried a great sorrow: his father in a moment of drunken +madness had killed a fellow-workman with a crowbar, and after arrest had +hanged himself in his cell with a pocket-handkerchief.” Goujet and his +mother, who lived with him, always seemed to feel this horror weighing +upon them, and did their best to redeem it by strict uprightness. “He +was a giant of twenty-three, with rosy cheeks and blue eyes, and the +strength of a Hercules. In the workshop he was known as Gueule d’Or, +on account of his yellow beard. With his square head, his heavy frame, +torpid after the hard work at the anvil, he was like a great animal, +dull of intellect and good of heart.” For a time the Coupeaus were +his neighbours, and he came to love Gervaise with a perfectly innocent +affection, which survived all disillusionments, and subsisted up to the +time of her death. It was he who lent her money to start a laundry, and +afterwards repeatedly assisted her when in difficulties. L’Assommoir. + +GOUJET (MADAME), mother of the preceding, was a lace-mender, and lived +with her son in part of the house first occupied by the Coupeaus. She +showed much kindness to them, though she was distressed by her son’s +infatuation for Gervaise, and did not altogether approve of his lending +her money to start a laundry. Notwithstanding this, she continued to +assist Gervaise until neglect of work entrusted made it impossible to do +so longer. She died in October, 1868, of acute rheumatism. L’Assommoir. + +GOURAUD (BARON), was made a Baron by Napoleon I, and was a Senator under +Napoleon III. “With his vast bulk, his bovine face, his elephantine +movements, he boasted a delightful rascality; he sold himself +majestically, and committed the greatest infamies in the name of duty +and conscience.” La Curee. + +GOURD (M.), at one time valet to the Duc de Vaugelade, and afterwards +doorkeeper in the tenement-house in Rue de Choiseul which belonged to M. +Vabre, and was occupied by the Campardons, the Josserands, and others. +He spent much of his time spying on the tenants, and posed as guardian +of the morals of the establishment. Pot-Bouille. + +GOURD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was the widow of a bailiff at +Mort-la-Ville, and she and her present husband owned a house there. She +was exceedingly stout, and suffered from an affection of the legs which +prevented her from walking. Pot-Bouille. + +GRADELLE, brother of Madame Quenu, senr., and uncle of Florent and +Quenu. He was a prosperous pork-butcher in Paris, and after Florent’s +arrest he took young Quenu into his business. He died suddenly, +without leaving a will, and Quenu succeeded to the business, and to +a considerable sum of money which was found hidden at the bottom of a +salting-tub. Le Ventre de Paris. + +GRAND-DRAGON (LE), one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +GRANDE (LA), elder daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan, and sister of Pere +Fouan, Michel Mouche, and Laure Badeuil. Married to a neighbour, Antoine +Pechard, she brought to him seven acres of land against eighteen which +he had of his own. Early left a widow, she turned out her only daughter, +who, against her mother’s will, wished to marry a poor lad named Vincent +Bouteroue. The girl and her husband died of want, leaving two children, +Palmyre and Hilarion, whom their grandmother refused to assist. At +eighty years of age, respected and feared by the Fouan family, not for +her age but for her fortune, she exacted the obedience of all, and still +directed the management of her land. She bitterly reproached her brother +Louis for dividing his property between his children, and warned him +that he need not come to her when they had turned him into the street, a +threat which she carried into effect. She took delight in the squabbles +of the Fouan family, exciting their cupidity by promising them a share +of her property at her death. Meantime she made a will which was so +complicated that she hoped it would lead to endless lawsuits amongst her +heirs. La Terre. + +GRANDGUILLOT, a notary at Plassans. He embezzled large sums belonging +to his clients, among whom was Dr. Pascal Rougon, and thereafter fled to +Switzerland. Le Docteur Pascal. + +GRANDJEAN (M.), son of a sugar-refiner of Marseilles. He fell in love +with Helene Mouret, a young girl of great beauty, but without fortune; +his friends bitterly opposed the match, and a secret marriage followed, +the young couple finding it difficult to make ends meet, till the +death of an uncle brought them ten thousand francs a year. By this time +Grandjean had taken an intense dislike for Marseilles, and decided to +remove to Paris. The day after his arrival there he was seized with +illness, and eight days later he died, leaving his wife with one +daughter, a young girl of ten. Une Page d’Amour. + +GRANDJEAN (MADAME HELENE), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + +GRANDJEAN (JEANNE), born 1842, was the daughter of M. Grandjean and +Helene Mouret, his wife. She inherited much of the neurosis of her +mother’s family along with a consumptive tendency derived from her +father, and from an early age had been subject to fits and other nervous +attacks. One of these illnesses, more sudden and severe than usual, +caused her mother to summon Doctor Deberle, and thus led to an intimacy +which had disastrous results. Jeanne’s jealous affection for her mother +amounted almost to a mania, and when she came to suspect that Dr. +Deberle had become in a sense her rival, she worked herself into such +a nervous state that she exposed herself to a chill, and having become +seriously ill, died in a few days, at the age of thirteen. Une Page +d’Amour. + +GRANDMORIN (LE PRESIDENT), one of the directors of the Western Railway +Company. “Born in 1804, substitute at Digne on the morrow of the events +in 1830, then at Fontainebleau, then at Paris, he had afterwards filled +the posts of procurator at Troyes, advocate-general at Rennes, and +finally first president at Rouen. A multi-millionaire, he had been +member of the County Council since 1855, and on the day he retired he +had been made Commander of the Legion of Honour.” He owned a mansion +at Paris in Rue du Rocher, and often resided with his sister, Madame +Bonnehon, at Doinville. His private life was not unattended by scandal, +and his relations with Louisette, the younger daughter of Madame Misard, +led to her death. A somewhat similar connection with Severine Aubry, +a ward of his own, had less immediately serious consequences, as +he arranged for her marriage to Roubaud, an employee of the railway +company, whom he took under his protection. Three years later Roubaud +learned the truth by chance, and murdered Grandmorin in the Havre +express between Malaunay and Barentin. The President left a fortune of +over three and a half million francs, among other legacies being one +to Severine Roubaud of the mansion-house of Croix-de-Maufras. La Bete +Humaine. + +GRANDMORIN (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was the wife of a +magistrate, M. de Lachesnaye. She was a narrow-minded and avaricious +woman, who affected ignorance of her father’s real character, and the +influence of her husband tended to increase her meanness. After the +murder of President Grandmorin, when vague suspicions fell on Roubaud, +Berthe took up a position antagonistic to her old play-fellow Severine +Roubaud, in the hope that a legacy left by Grandmorin to her would be +cut down. La Bete Humaine. + +GRANDSIRE (M.), the justice of peace who assisted the Huberts in making +the necessary arrangements for their adoption of Angelique. Le Reve. + +GRANOUX (ISIDORE), one of the group of conservatives who met in Pierre +Rougon’s yellow room to declaim against the Republic. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GRAS (MADAME), an old lady living in the Rue des Orties, who boarded and +lodged young children for a small sum. When Denise Baudu got a situation +in “The Ladies’ Paradise,” she put her young brother Pepe under the +charge of Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GREGOIRE (CECILE), daughter of Leon Gregoire. Her parents were devoted +to her, and brought her up in happy ignorance, allowing her to do much +as she liked. They taught her to be charitable, and made her dispense +their little gifts to the poor; these were always in kind, as they held +that money was likely to be misused. When the great strike broke out at +Montsou, Cecile could comprehend nothing of the revolt of the poor, or +the fury with which they regarded those better off than themselves, +and when she fell into the hands of a fierce crowd was almost paralysed +under the attack of La Brule and of Pere Bonnemort, from which she +escaped with difficulty. A little later she chanced to call on a +charitable errand at Maheu’s house, and unfortunately was left alone for +a few moments with Bonnemort, who was now supposed to be helpless. The +sight of her seemed, however, to waken memories in the old man, for in +an accession of madness he found strength to throw himself upon the poor +girl and strangle her. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (EUGENE), grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He inherited the share +in the Montsou mine bought by his father, but the dividends at that +time were small, and as he had foolishly invested the remainder of +the paternal fortune in a company that came to grief, he lived meanly +enough. The share passed to his son Felicien. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (FELICIEN), son of the preceding and father of Leon Gregoire. +The family fortune began with him, for the value of the share in +the Montsou mine had greatly increased, and he was able to buy the +dismembered estate of Piolaine, which he acquired as national property +for a ludicrous sum. However, bad years followed; it was necessary to +await the conclusion of the revolutionary catastrophes, and afterwards +Napoleon’s bloody fall. The little fortune of Felicien Gregoire passed +to his son Leon. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (HONORE), great-grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He was in 1760 +steward on the estate of Piolaine, a property which belonged to Baron +Desrumaux. When the Montsou treaty was made, Honore, who had laid up +savings to the amount of some fifty thousand francs, yielded tremblingly +to his master’s unshakable faith. He gave up ten thousand francs, and +took a share in the Montsou Company, though with the fear of robbing his +children of that sum. When he died his share passed to his son Eugene. +Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (LEON), great-grandson of Honore Gregoire. It was he who +profited at a stupefying rate of progress by the timid investment of his +ancestor. Those poor ten thousand francs grew and multiplied with the +company’s prosperity. Since 1820 they had brought in cent for cent ten +thousand francs. In 1844 they had produced twenty thousand; in 1850, +forty. During two years the dividend had reached the prodigious figure +of fifty thousand francs; the value of the share, quoted at the Lille +Bourse at a million, had centrupled in a century. Six months later an +industrial crisis broke out; the share fell to six hundred thousand +francs. But Leon refused to be alarmed, for he maintained an obstinate +faith in the mine. When the great strike broke out he would not be +persuaded of its seriousness, and refused to admit any danger, until he +saw his daughter struck by a stone and savagely assaulted by the crowd. +Afterwards he desired to show the largeness of his views, and spoke of +forgetting and forgiving everything. With his wife and daughter Cecile +he went to carry assistance to the Maheus, a family who had suffered +sadly in the strike. Cecile was unfortunately left alone with old +Bonnemort, Maheu’s father, who in a sudden frenzy attacked the girl +and strangled her. This terrible blow entirely shadowed the lives of +Gregoire and his wife. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of +a druggist at Marchiennes. She was a plain, penniless girl, whom he +adored, and who repaid him with happiness. She shut herself up in her +household, having no other will but her husband’s. No difference +of tastes separated them, their desires were mingled in one idea of +comfort; and they had thus lived for forty years, in affection and +little mutual services. Germinal. + +GRESHAM, a jockey who, it was said, had always bad luck. He rode +Lusignan in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +GROGNET, a perfumer in Rue de Grammont, whose business was ruined by the +growth of Octave Mouret’s great establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GROSBOIS, a Government surveyor who had also a small farm at Magnolles, +a little village near Rognes. Liable to be summoned from Orgeres to +Beaugency for purposes of survey, he left the management of his own land +to his wife, and in the course of these constant excursions he acquired +such a habit of drinking that he was never seen sober. That mattered +little, however; the more drunk he was the better he seemed to see; +he never made a wrong measurement or an error in calculation. People +listened to him with respect, for he had the reputation of being a sly, +acute man. La Terre. + +GUENDE (MADAME DE), a friend of the Saccards. She was a woman well known +in the society of the Second Empire. La Curee. + +GUEULE-D’OR, the sobriquet of Goujet. L’Assommoir. + +GUEULIN, nephew of Narcisse Bachelard, was a clerk in an insurance +office. Directly after office hours he used to meet his uncle, and never +left him, going the round of all the cafes in his wake. “Behind the +huge, ungainly figure of the one you were sure to see the pale, wizened +features of the other.” He said that he avoided all love affairs, as +they invariably led to trouble and complications, but he was ultimately +caught by his uncle in compromising circumstances with Mademoiselle +Fifi, who was a protegee of the old man. Bachelard insisted on their +marriage, and gave the girl a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille. + +GUIBAL (MADAME), wife of a barrister well known at the Palais de +Justice, who led, it was said, a somewhat free life. The husband and +wife were never seen together, and Madame Guibal consoled herself with +M. De Boves, from whom she derived such large sums of money that he +found difficulty in carrying on his own establishment. She was a tall, +thin woman, with red hair, and a somewhat cold, selfish expression. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +GUICHON (MADEMOISELLE), the office-keeper at the railway station at +Havre. She was a slim, fair woman about thirty years of age, who owed +her post to M. Dabadie, the chief station-master, with whom it was +generally believed she was on intimate terms. Nevertheless Madame +Lebleu, who lived on the same corridor and kept perpetual watch, had +never been able to discover anything. La Bete Humaine. + +GUIGNARD, a peasant who belonged to the same village as Zephyrin Lacour. +He desired to sell his house, and Zephyrin and Rosalie, his sweetheart, +looked forward to buying it. Une Page d’Amour. + +GUILLAUME, a peasant of Rognes. He owned a piece of land beside the +hovel of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +GUILLAUME, a young swineherd at La Borderie. He afterwards became a +soldier. La Terre. + +GUIRAUD (M. DE), a magistrate of Paris, who was a friend of Doctor +Deberle and visited at his house. Une Page d’Amour. + +GUIRAUD (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was on intimate terms +with Madame Deberle, and took part in the amateur theatricals arranged +by that lady. Une Page d’Amour. + +GUIRAUDE (MADAME), mother of Sophie and Valentin, patients of Dr. +Pascal. Her husband died of phthisis, and she herself suffered from a +slow decomposition of the blood. She died soon after her son Valentin. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +GUNDERMANN, the great Jew banker, master of the Bourse and of the +financial world. He was a man of over sixty years of age, who had long +suffered from ill-health. Constantly engaged in business of the +greatest magnitude, he never went to the Bourse himself; indeed, he even +pretended that he sent no official representatives there. He was not on +friendly terms with Saccard, and when the Universal Bank was started +he placed himself in antagonism towards it. The wild speculation in the +shares of the bank gave him his chance; his principle was that when +a share rose above its true value a reaction was bound to follow. +Accordingly, when the bank shares rose to two thousand francs he began +to sell, and though Saccard by steady buying forced them to over three +thousand francs, he continued to sell. His losses meantime were, of +course, enormous, but having got information through Baroness Sandorff +that Saccard’s resources were at an end, he made a final effort, with +the result that a panic ensued, the price of the shares broke, and +Saccard, along with the bank, was ruined. L’Argent. + +GUNTHER (OTTO), captain in the Prussian Guard. He was a cousin of Weiss +on the mother’s side. His feelings were strongly anti-French, and he +refused to give any assistance to Henriette Weiss after the death of her +husband, when she was searching for his body. La Debacle. + +GUSTAVE, Maxime Saccard’s hairdresser. La Curee. + +GUTMANN, a soldier in the Prussian Army, who took part in the attack +on Bazeilles. It was he who tore Henriette Weiss from the arms of her +husband, who, being a civilian, was about to be executed for firing +upon the Prussian troops. Henriette found him later in the ambulance +at Remilly. He was unable to speak, a ball having carried away half his +tongue, and they could only guess from the sounds he made that his name +was Gutmann. Henriette, moved by pity, remained with him to the end, and +she alone followed him to the place of burial. La Debacle. + +GUYOT (ABBE), a priest of Saint-Eutrope. He took duty temporarily at +Artaud while Abbe Mouret was ill. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +GUYOT-LAPLANCHE, a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, +whom Clorinde Balbi gained to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + + + + +H + +HAFFNER, a well-known manufacturer, at Colmar. He was a +multi-millionaire, and became a politician during the time of the Second +Empire. He was the husband of Suzanne Haffner. La Curee. + +HAFFNER (MADAME SUZANNE), wife of a celebrated manufacturer of Colmar, +a millionaire twenty times over, whom the Empire was transforming into a +politician. She was the inseparable companion of the Marquise d’Espanet, +and had been a schoolfellow of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +HALLEGRAIN (CAPTAIN JACQUES), the father of Christine. He was a Gascon +from Montauban. A stroke of paralysis in the legs caused his retirement +from the army, and he settled at Clermont with his wife and daughter. +One day, when they were at church, he died of a second attack of +paralysis. L’Oeuvre. + +HALLEGRAIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She survived him for five +years, remaining at Clermont, managing as well as she could on her +scanty pension, which she eked out by painting fans, in order to bring +up her daughter as a lady. During these five years Madame Hallegrain +became each day paler and thinner, until she was only a shadow; one +morning she could not rise, and she died, looking sadly at Christine, +with her eyes full of great tears. L’Oeuvre. + +HALLEGRAIN (CHRISTINE), daughter of the preceding, was born at +Strasburg. Her father died when she was twelve years old, and her +mother, who had a severe struggle to make a living for herself and her +child, only survived him five years. Christine was left penniless +and unprotected, without a friend, save La Mere des Saints-Anges, the +Superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, who kept her in the convent +until she got a situation as reader and companion to Madame Vanzade, an +old lady who lived in Paris. Chance led to a meeting between Christine +and Claude Lantier on the evening of her arrival in the city, and the +acquaintanceship ripened into love. Ultimately she ran off with him, and +they took up house at Bennecourt, where they lived happily for several +years, a son being born to them in 1860. She was devoted to Claude, +who was engrossed in his art, and when she saw that he was becoming +discontented in the country she urged his return to Paris. There he +became obsessed by the idea of a masterpiece, by means of which he +was to revolutionize the world of art, and Christine allowed him to +sacrifice their child and herself to his hopes of fame. They began to +encroach on the principal of their small fortune, and while this lasted +were not unhappy, though Claude’s increasing mental disturbance already +gave cause for anxiety. Their marriage had taken place some time +previously, and this had tended to make her position more comfortable. +The exhaustion of their means was followed by great hardships, but +Christine continued to sacrifice everything to her husband. The death of +their child drew him away from his task for a time, but he again took +it up, his mind becoming more and more unhinged. Christine made a last +effort to detach him, but the call of his masterpiece was too strong, +and one morning she found him hanging in front of the picture, dead. She +fell on the floor in a faint, and lay there to all appearance as dead as +her husband, both of them crushed by the sovereignty of art. L’Oeuvre. + +HAMELIN (CAROLINE), sister of Georges Hamelin, accompanied him to Paris +after the death of their father. She took a situation as governess, and +soon after married a millionaire brewer in whose house she was employed. +After a few years of married life, she was obliged to apply for a +separation in order to avoid being killed by her husband, a drunkard +who pursued her with a knife in fits of insane jealousy. Living with +her brother, in the flat of the Orviedo mansion above that occupied by +Saccard, she made the acquaintance of the latter, becoming after a time +his housekeeper and subsequently his mistress. During the absence of her +brother in the East, after the foundation of the Universal Bank, she +did everything she could to protect his interests, and tried to persuade +Saccard to discontinue the gambling in the shares of the bank which +ultimately led to its ruin. Like her brother, she sold all her shares in +the bank, and after the final crash divested herself of all her means in +the assistance of ruined shareholders. She followed her brother in his +flight to Rome. L’Argent. + +HAMELIN (GEORGES), son of a Montpellier physician, a remarkable savant, +an enthusiastic Catholic, who had died poor. After his father’s death +he came to Paris, along with his sister Caroline, and entered the +Polytechnic school. He became an engineer, and having received +an appointment in connection with the Suez Canal, went to Egypt. +Subsequently he went to Syria, where he remained some years, laying out +a carriage road from Beyrout to Damascus. He was an enthusiast, and +his portfolio was full of schemes of far-reaching magnitude. Having met +Saccard in Paris, he joined with him in the formation of the Universal +Bank, which was intended to furnish the means of carrying out some at +least of his schemes. Against his wish, Hamelin was made chairman of the +bank, and he thus became liable for the actions of the other directors, +though he was himself absent in the East forming the companies in which +the bank was interested. He was a man of high honour, and when the +gamble in the shares of the bank reached an excessive point, he did all +he could to restrain it, even selling his own shares. The money received +for these was subsequently used in relieving other shareholders who lost +their all. When the crash came, Hamelin was arrested along with Saccard, +and, after trial, was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment and a fine +of three thousand francs. By a technicality of law they were allowed a +month to appeal, during which they were at liberty. With the connivance +of Eugene Rougon, they fled the country, Hamelin going to Rome, where he +secured a situation as an engineer. L’Argent. + +HAMELIN (FRANCOISE), sister of M. Hamelin, a farmer, who lived at +Soulanges. She brought up Angelique Marie, who was handed over to her by +the Foundling Hospital when only a few days old. Angelique remained with +her until she went to Paris with Madame Franchomme, some years later. Le +Reve. + +HARDY, tax-collector at Cloyes. La Terre. + +HARTMANN (BARON), Director of the Credit Immobilier, a concern which +had large interests in property immediately adjoining “The Ladies’ +Paradise.” The Baron had been a lover of Madame Desforges, and through +her influence he agreed to give financial support to Octave Mouret, +thereby enabling him to carry out the large schemes of extension to +which he had long looked forward. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HAUCHECORNE, principal assistant in the draper’s shop known as _Vieil +Elbeuf_. He married Desiree, the daughter of his employer, and succeeded +to the business, which he ultimately handed over to Baudu, his own +son-in-law. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HAUCHECORNE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Desiree Finet. + +HAUCHECORNE (ELIZABETH), daughter of the preceding. See Madame Baudu. + +HAUTECOEUR (MONSEIGNEUR JEAN D’) was a member of one of the oldest and +proudest families in France. He was for some time in the army, and +until he was forty years of age he led an adventurous life, travelling +everywhere and having many strange experiences. At last he chanced +to meet Mademoiselle Pauline, daughter of the Comte de Valencay, very +wealthy, marvellously beautiful, and scarcely nineteen years of age. +They were married, but at the end of a year Pauline had a son and died. +A fortnight later M. d’Hautecoeur entered into Holy Orders, and soon +became a priest; twenty years afterwards he was made a bishop. During +all that time he refused to see Felicien, his son, who had been brought +up by an old abbot, a relation of his wife. He intended to have his son +brought up as a priest, but the lad having no vocation, he gave up the +idea and brought him to live at Beaumont. There Felicien met and fell +in love with Angelique, but the Bishop sternly forbade any thought of +marriage between them, and even went the length of arranging a marriage +between his son and Claire de Voincourt. A touching personal appeal +by Angelique had no effect in gaining the Bishop’s consent, but he was +secretly much moved, and when she fell into ill-health he himself came +to administer the last rites of the Church. Her semi-miraculous recovery +led to the Bishop consenting to his son’s marriage, which was celebrated +a few months later in the cathedral of Beaumont. Le Reve. + +HAUTECOEUR (MARQUISE JEAN XII DE). See Paule de Valencay. + +HAUTECOEUR (ANGELIQUE DE). See Angelique Marie. + +HAUTECOEUR (FELICIEN D’), only child of Jean d’Hautecoeur, who was +afterwards Bishop of Beaumont. Felicien’s mother having died at his +birth, his father took Holy Orders, and refused to see him for over +twenty years. Having ultimately come to live with his father at +Beaumont, Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, the adopted +daughter of Hubert, the chasuble-maker. The Bishop having absolutely +refused to consent to the marriage, the Huberts endeavoured to separate +the lovers by persuading Angelique that Felicien no longer cared for +her. They were aided in this by a rumour that Felicien was to marry +Claire de Voincourt. A meeting between Angelique and Felicien cleared +away the mists, but by this time the girl had fallen into ill-health and +appeared to be dying. The Bishop, who had formerly been secretly moved +by an appeal made to him by Angelique, came to administer to her the +last rites of the Church. A semi-miraculous recovery followed, and, +the Bishop having consented, Felicien was married to Angelique in the +cathedral of Beaumont. The recovery had, however, been a mere spark of +an expiring fire, for as Felicien led his new-made wife to the cathedral +porch, she slipped from his arm, and in a few moments was dead. Le Reve. + +HAZARD, a horse in the Mechain stable. It ran in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +HEDOUIN (CHARLES), originally a salesman in the draper’s shop known +as _Au Bonheur des Dames_, he became a partner by marrying Caroline +Deleuze, a daughter of one of the proprietors. He fell into ill-health, +but when he died the business was left in a flourishing condition. +Pot-Bouille. + +HEDOUIN (MADAME CAROLINE), wife of M. Hedouin, the proprietor of a +draper’s shop in Paris known as “The Ladies’ Paradise.” She was a +handsome woman with strong commercial capabilities, and during the +frequent absences of her husband she undertook the management of the +business. When Octave Mouret came to Paris, he first got employment at +“The Ladies’ Paradise,” and with a view to establishing his position he +conceived the idea of becoming Madame Hedouin’s lover. She discouraged +his advances, however, and he gave up his situation. M. Hedouin died +soon afterwards, and his widow, finding the responsibilities of business +too heavy, invited Octave Mouret to return; a few months afterwards they +were married. Pot-Bouille. + +After her marriage with Octave Mouret the business extended rapidly, and +an enlargement of the shop soon became necessary. While the work was in +progress she met with an accident which resulted in her death three days +later. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HELENE (DUCHESSE), the principal character in _La Petite Duchesse_, +a piece by Fauchery played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was +originally given to Rose Mignon, but was played by Nana, who was a +complete failure in it. Nana. + +HELOISE, an actress at the Folies. She was plain-looking, but very +amusing. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HENNEBEAU, general manager of the Montsou Mining Company, was born in +the Ardennes. In his early life he had undergone the hardships of a poor +boy thrown as an orphan on the Paris streets. After having followed +the courses of the Ecole des Mines, at the age of twenty-four he became +engineer to the Sainte-Barbe mine, and three years later he became +divisional engineer in the Pas-de-Calais, at the Marles mines. When +there he married the daughter of the rich owner of a spinning factory at +Arras. For fifteen years they lived in the same small provincial town, +and no event broke the monotony of existence, not even the birth of +a child. An increasing irritation detached Madame Hennebeau, who +was disdainful of this husband who gained a small salary with such +difficulty. The misunderstandings between them became more pronounced, +but with the view of pleasing his wife Hennebeau accepted a situation in +an office in Paris. But Paris only completed their separation, for she +immediately threw herself into all the luxurious follies of the period. +During the ten years spent there she carried on an open intrigue with +a man whose desertion nearly killed her. It was then that her husband +accepted the management of the Montsou mines, still hoping that his wife +might be changed down there in that desolate black country. When the +great strike of miners broke out he at first minimized its seriousness, +thinking that it would not last a week. By his lack of decided action +he forfeited to some extent the confidence of his directors, but he +regained this by the subsequent measures taken by him for bringing the +strike to an end, and ultimately received the decoration of an officer +of the Legion of Honour. His domestic life was, however, once more +embittered by the discovery of a liaison between his wife and his +nephew, Paul Negrel. Germinal. + +HENNEBEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a rich +spinner at Arras. She did not get on well with her husband, whom she +despised for his small success, and after she accompanied him to +Paris she entered into a notorious liaison with a man whose subsequent +desertion nearly killed her. For a time after their removal to +Montsou she seemed more contented, but this did not last long, and she +ultimately consoled herself with her husband’s nephew, Paul Negrel. +She was angry at the strikers, as they interfered with the arrival +of provisions for a dinner-party which she was giving; but she was +incapable of understanding the sufferings of the miners and their +families in the hardships they were forced to undergo. Germinal. + +HEQUET (CAROLINE), a well-known _demi-mondaine_ in Paris. Her father, +who was a clerk in Bordeaux, was long since dead, and her mother, +accepting the situation, looked after Caroline’s financial affairs with +the strictest regularity. She bought the estate known as _La Mignotte_ +after Nana tired of it. Nana. + +HEQUET (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She was a model of +orderliness, who kept her daughter’s accounts with severe precision. She +managed the whole household from some small lodgings two stories above +her daughter’s, where, moreover, she had established a work-room for +dressmaking and plain sewing. Nana. + +HERBELIN, a great chemist whose discoveries revolutionized that +science. Lazare Chanteau, who was for some time in his laboratory as an +assistant, got from him the idea of extracting chemicals from seaweed by +a new process. La Joie de Vivre. + +HERMELINE, a student of rhetoric at the college of Plassans. He was in +love with Sister Angele, and once went the length of cutting his hands +with his penknife to get an opportunity of seeing and speaking to her +while she dressed his self-inflicted hurts. In the end the student and +the Sister ran off together. L’Oeuvre. + +HIPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +HIPPOLYTE, valet to Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou Mining +Company. Germinal. + +HOMME NOIR (L’), an apparition said to haunt the Voreux pit. It was said +to take the form of an old miner who twisted the necks of bad girls. +Germinal. + +HONORINE, a maid-servant with the Gregoires. She was a girl of some +twenty years, who had been taken in as a child and brought up in the +house. Germinal. + +HONORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils. When dismissed +for misconduct she became insolent. + +HORN (LEA DE), a Parisian _demi-mondaine_ whose drawing-room was +frequented by some of the old ministers of Louis Philippe. Nana. + +HORTEUR (ABBE), parish priest of Bonneville, was a thick-set man of +peasant-like build whose red hair was still unsilvered by his fifty +years. Much of his time was spent in cultivating a small plot of ground +in the churchyard, which he had enclosed as a vegetable garden. With +regard to religion, he had come to be contented with the observance of +outward ceremonies, and his tolerance had degenerated into a state of +indifference as to the spiritual condition of his flock. He was on good +terms with Chanteau, with whom it was his custom to play draughts every +Saturday. La Joie de Vivre. + +HOTON, a sugar-refinery at Montsou. Its prosperity was greatly affected +by the strike of miners. Germinal. + +HOURDEQUIN (ALEXANDRE), born 1804, was the only son of Isidore +Hourdequin. He studied at the college of Chateaudun, but made little +progress, as his only interest was in farming, for which he had an +absolute passion. On the death of his father he became master of La +Borderie, which he cultivated on the latest principles of agriculture, +spending large sums upon it. He married a sister of Baillehache, the +notary, who brought him a considerable sum, which also went into the +land. His wife died in a few years, leaving him with two children, a +son named Leon, who to his great disappointment became a soldier, and a +daughter who died young. In spite of these misfortunes he retained all +his passion for the land, and in it he gradually sunk all his fortune, +getting little from it in return. A liaison with Jacqueline Cognet, +followed, and she gradually acquired complete influence over him. He +died as the result of an accident brought about by Tron, one of his own +servants, who was also a lover of Jacqueline. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle +Baillehache. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (ISIDORE), born 1767, was the descendant of an old peasant +family of Cloyes, which had educated and elevated itself into a +middle-class position in the sixteenth century. They had all been +employed in the administration of the salt monopoly, and Isidore, +who had been left an orphan, was worth sixty thousand francs, when at +twenty-six, the Revolution cost him his post. As a speculation he bought +the farm of La Borderie for a fifth of its value, but the depreciation +of real estate continued, and he was unable to resell it at the profit +of which he had dreamed. He therefore determined to farm it himself, and +about this time he married the daughter of a neighbour, who brought +him an additional hundred and twenty acres of land. He had one son, +Alexandre, and died in 1831. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (LEON), son of Alexandre Hourdequin. He had an intense +hatred of the soil and became a soldier, being promoted Captain after +Solferino. He did not visit his home more than once a year, and was +much annoyed to discover the liaison between his father and Jacqueline +Cognet. He endeavoured to get the latter into disgrace, but the only +effect was to make a complete breach between his father and himself. La +Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (MADEMOISELLE), the second child of Alexandre Hourdequin. She +was a delicate and charming girl, tenderly loved by her father. She died +young, a short time after her mother. La Terre. + +HOUTELARD, a fisherman of Bonneville, whose house was washed away after +the destruction by the sea of the barricade erected by Lazare Chanteau. +La Joie de Vivre. + +HUBERT, a chasuble-maker who lived in a house immediately adjoining +the cathedral of Beaumont. “For four hundred years the line of Huberts, +embroiderers from father to son, had lived in this house.” At twenty +years of age he fell in love with a young girl of sixteen, Hubertine, +and as her mother refused to give her consent to their union they ran +away and were married. On the morning after Christmas, 1860, he found +the child Angelique lying in a fainting condition in the snow outside +the cathedral door. Having taken her into his house, he and his wife +soon became attached to her, and as they had no children, ultimately +adopted her as their daughter. Le Reve. + +HUBERTINE, wife of the preceding. At the age of sixteen she fell in +love with Hubert, the chasuble-maker, and as her mother, widow of a +magistrate, would not give her consent, they ran away and were married. +A year later she went to the deathbed of her mother, who, however, +disinherited her and gave her her curse. “So affected was she by the +terrible scene that her infant, born soon after, died.” The Huberts had +no other children, and after twenty-four years they still mourned the +little one they had lost. She warmly approved of the adoption by her +husband and herself of the foundling child Angelique, whom she treated +with the greatest kindness. From the bitterness of her own experience +she had a horror of disobedience to parents, and when she found that the +consent of Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur could not be obtained to a marriage +between his son Felicien and Angelique, she did all she could to sever +the lovers. In this she was successful for a time, until the illness of +Angelique, and her miraculous recovery, induced the Bishop to give his +consent. Le Reve. + +HUE (M.) a retired Government official, who was a sincere lover of art. +He was unfortunately not rich enough to be always buying pictures, and +could only bewail the blindness of the public which allowed a genius +to die of starvation; for he himself, convinced, had selected Claude +Lantier’s crudest works, which he hung by the side of his Delacroix, +predicting an equal fortune for them. L’Oeuvre. + +HUGON (MADAME), mother of Philippe and Georges Hugon. She was the widow +of a notary, and lived quietly at Fondettes, an old family property near +Orleans, but had retained a house in Paris in Rue de Richelieu. She had +been an old friend of the Marquise de Chouard, and was on intimate terms +with her daughter, the Comtesse Sabine. A woman of high principles, she +believed that one should overlook much in others in order that something +might be pardoned in oneself. In this she contrasted strongly with +her old friend the Marquis de Chouard, who professed the most rigorous +virtue while he secretly lived a shameful life. She was, however, unable +to bear with equanimity the eccentricities of Nana, her neighbour in the +country, who led Philippe Hugon into dishonour, and his brother Georges +to suicide. Nana. + +HUGON (GEORGES), the younger son of Madame Hugon. At seventeen years of +age he became infatuated with Nana, and a liaison with her followed. His +mother, having discovered the state of affairs, interfered, and kept him +at Fondettes for some months after Nana had returned to Paris, but +he ultimately followed her there. Though he was not affected by the +knowledge that Nana had other lovers, he was driven to frenzy when +he learned that his brother Philippe had become one of the number. +He implored Nana to marry him, and when she refused to take his offer +seriously he plunged a pair of her scissors into his breast. The injury +was not immediately fatal, but he died a few months afterwards; some +said as the result of the wound reopening, while others spoke of a +second and successful attempt at suicide. Nana. + +HUGON (PHILIPPE), the elder son of Madame Hugon. A tall, handsome +youth, he quickly attained the rank of lieutenant in the army, and was +stationed first in the garrison at Bourges, and afterwards at Vincennes. +His mother imprudently sent him to endeavour to release Georges from +the toils of Nana, with the result that he was himself ensnared. He had +little money of his own, and, as the demands of Nana were unceasing, +he began to take small sums from the regimental funds, of which he +was treasurer. The thefts went on for a considerable time, and when +discovery was made they amounted to twelve thousand francs. Philippe was +arrested, and when he was released from prison some months afterwards, +dishonoured for ever, he was only in time to join his mother at the +death-bed of her other son, who was also a victim to Nana’s unhappy +influence. Nana. + +HUGUENIN, held a sinecure worth six thousand francs at the Ministry of +the Interior. When he died Eugene Rougon, the Minister, gave the post to +Leon Bejuin. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +HUPEL DE LA NOUE (M.), _prefet_ of the district for which M. Mareuil was +member. He arranged the _tableaux vivants_ at the great party given by +Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +HURET, a member of the Chamber of Deputies who obtained his election +through the influence of Eugene Rougon. His very existence depended on +the favour of the Minister of State, towards whom he conducted himself +as a sort of general servant. “By following this calling for a couple +of years he had, thanks to bribes and pickings, prudently realized, been +able to increase his estates.” Having ascertained that Rougon would not +oppose the foundation of the Universal Bank, Huret became a director; +later on, when the shares had risen to their highest point, he sold out +in the knowledge that Rougon had decided to abandon his brother and that +a catastrophe would be inevitable. L’Argent. + +HUTIN, a salesman in the silk department of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + “He had managed after eighteen months’ service to become one of the +principal salesmen, thanks to a natural flexibility of character, a +continual flow of caressing flattery under which was concealed a furious +rage for business.” Having conspired against Robineau, the “second hand” + in his department, he succeeded him, only to be conspired against in +turn by his own subordinates. When Denise Baudu first came to “The +Ladies’ Paradise” Hutin showed her some kindness, for which she was +grateful, but ultimately he made statements about her which were +entirely without foundation. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HUTIN (MADAME), a woman who lived in the vicinity of the _Halles +Centrales_, and was spied on by Mademoiselle Saget, whose penetrating +eyes allowed none of her neighbours to escape notice. Le Ventre de +Paris. + + + + +I + +ISABELLE, a character in _La Petite Duchesse_ a piece by Fauchery, +played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Simonne +Cabiroche. Nana. + + + + +J + +JABOUILLE, an herbalist, whose shop was situated in Rue de Cherche-Midi. +He was a widower, and married for the second time a woman named +Mathilde. His shop was at one time prosperous, but business fell away +until what was left was only that of an equivocal character. He died of +syncope induced by phthisis. L’Oeuvre. + +JABOUILLE (MADAME MATHILDE), wife of the preceding. She was a woman of +about thirty, plain-looking, and exceedingly thin. From the time of +her marriage to Jabouille, his business began to decrease, and this, +it would appear, was due to her reputation, which alarmed the more +respectable customers. Her liaisons were numerous, and included +Mahoudeau, Chaine, and Jory, but after the death of her husband she +married the last named, settling down into respectability and ruling him +with a rod of iron. L’Oeuvre. + +JACOBY, a Jew from Bordeaux, between whom and Mazaud there was keen +rivalry. “Though of great experience and shrewdness, he was sorely +handicapped by his passion for speculation, and in spite of considerable +profits always seemed on the eve of a catastrophe. His money melted +away on settling days.” He acted as broker for Daigremont, and also +for Gundermann. The great gamble in the shares of the Universal Bank +resolved itself into a duel between Jacoby and Mazaud, the one selling +on behalf of Gundermann, and the other buying on behalf of Saccard; +and the final catastrophe was hastened by Jacoby warning Daigremont of +Gundermann’s determination to crush out the bank. L’Argent. + +JALAGUIER (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene +Rougon, the Minister, to increase the old lady’s pension considerably. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JALAGUIER FILS, son of the preceding. Madame Correur took an interest +in him, and asked Eugene Rougon to secure a scholarship for him. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JANTROU, an ex-professor of the University of Bordeaux, who in +consequence of some misconduct was obliged to leave for Paris, without +caste or position. At the age of twenty-eight, he landed at the Bourse, +where for ten years he dragged out existence as a _remisier_ or broker’s +tout. At the time of the foundation of the Universal Bank he suggested +to Saccard the purchase of a newspaper to be employed in the interest +of the company. The purchase was carried out, and Jantrou was appointed +editor. Subsequently other papers were acquired, which he manipulated so +as to keep the bank continually before the public. He gave information +to Baroness Sandorff which she repeated to Gundermann, who was induced +thereby to continue his attack on the bank. L’Argent. + +JEANBERNAT, the caretaker of the deserted estate of Paradou in Provence. +He lived by himself with his niece Albine in an old house on the border +of the demesne. In an attic he had found a large number of books which +had been saved from a fire in the old mansion, and these he studied +for twenty years, imbibing from them the rationalistic theories of the +eighteenth century. He had no respect for religion, and particularly +disliked Brother Archangias, who insulted both him and his niece. After +the death of Albine he attacked Archangias, and cut off his right ear +with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +JENARD, a partner in the firm of Cornille and Jenard, which developed in +the eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle. Germinal. + +JESUS CHRIST, the sobriquet of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +JEUMONT (M. AND MADAME), were well known in society during the Second +Empire. The Emperor admired Madame Jeumont, and her husband was +decorated by him. L’Argent. + +JOBELIN (AUGUSTE), son of Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to regulations, +Eugene Rougon took him into the office of the Minister of the Interior +without the necessary bachelor’s degree. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JOBELIN (COLONEL), a friend of Eugene Rougon, through whose aid he hoped +to secure a nomination as commander of the Legion of Honour, and an +appointment for his son. He was a cousin of M. Bouchard. After +Rougon’s return to office he received the appointment as commander. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JOIRE (ABBE), Cure of Montsou. He pretended not to interest himself in +anything, so as not to vex either the workers or the masters. During +the strike he took his walks at night, to prevent himself from being +compromised by the miners. He obtained promotion, and was replaced by +Abbe Ranvier. Germinal. + +JONCQUIER, a lover of Rose Mignon, who deserted her for a time in favour +of Laure. Nana. + +JONCQUOY (MADAME DU), an old friend of the Muffats. Years ago she had +met Bismarck, who struck her as stupid; she was unable to understand his +later success. Nana. + +JORDAN (PAUL), a journalist, whose father, a Marseilles banker, had +committed suicide in consequence of some disastrous speculations. He +married a daughter of M. Maugendre, to whom he had been betrothed in +more prosperous days. His wife brought him no dowry, as her parents were +against the marriage on the ground of Jordan’s occupation and want +of means. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, he received an +appointment on the staff of the newspaper purchased to support the +policy of the Universal Bank. He did not speculate, however, and +remained in comparative poverty, until the success of a novel which he +had written put him in more comfortable circumstances, and even enabled +him to give assistance to his wife’s parents after they were ruined by +the failure of the bank. L’Argent. + +JORDAN (MADAME MARCELLE), wife of the preceding. She was the only child +of M. Maugendre, who was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank. +L’Argent. + +JORY (EDOUARD), was the son of a magistrate of Plassans, whom he drove +crazy by his profligate conduct. In the end he ran off with a music-hall +singer under the pretext of going to Paris to follow the literary +profession. Notwithstanding the fact that his profligacy went to even +greater lengths in the city, he was successful in journalism, and soon +earned between seven and eight thousand francs a year as a leader-writer +and art critic. His first success was gained in a series of articles +in a little newspaper called _Le Tambour_, in which he fell foul of the +accepted canons of art, and hailed Claude Lantier and his companions as +the founders of a new school. Later he claimed to have made Fagerolles +by his articles, in the same manner as he formerly took credit for +making Lantier. He gradually dropped his old friends, however, finding +that the public only laughed at their productions, and in excuse pleaded +that he had not a journal in which he could support their cause; +but when, still later, he became director of a great Art review, he +preserved the same silence. After innumerable love affairs, he ended by +marrying Mathilde Jabouille. L’Oeuvre. + +JORY (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mathilde Jabouille. + +JOSEPH, a butler in the employment of Nana at La Mignotte. Nana. + +JOSEPH, an old soldier who secured a situation in “The Ladies’ Paradise” + through the influence of Lhomme, whose foster brother he was. He married +Mlle. de Fontenailles, a shop-girl in the establishment. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +JOSEPH (MADAME), the concierge of the house on Quay Bourbon where Claude +Lantier lived. L’Oeuvre. + +JOSSE (MADEMOISELLE) kept a little school for young children in Rue +Polonceau. Anna Coupeau was her pupil, and made herself such a nuisance +that twice Mademoiselle Josse sent her away, taking her back each time +in order not to lose the small fees. L’Assommoir. + +Nana in later years exchanged reminiscences with Satin, who, like +herself, had been a pupil at Mademoiselle Josse’s school. Nana. + +JOSSERAND PERE, the father of Josserand, the cashier at the Saint-Joseph +glass-works. He was originally a solicitor at Clermont. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND, cashier at the St. Joseph glass-works. His salary was not a +large one, and in consequence of the determination of his wife to keep +up a greater style than they could afford, he was engaged in a continual +struggle to make ends meet; to gain a few extra francs he frequently +spent much of the night addressing circulars for a firm of publishers. +Worn out by hard work and by the continual bickerings of his wife +and daughters, he was not in a condition to stand the disgrace of his +daughter Berthe’s liaison with Octave Mouret, and he was struck down by +paralysis, which soon after resulted in his death. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (MADAME ELEANORE), wife of the preceding. Her two objects +in life were to appear better off than she really was, and to +secure husbands for her daughters. In the latter quest she had many +disappointments, and her temper, never good, correspondingly suffered, +her unfortunate husband bearing the brunt. A marriage having ultimately +been arranged between Berthe Josserand and Auguste Vabre, Madame +Josserand made a strong effort to induce her brother, Narcisse +Bachelard, to pay the dowry which he had long ago promised to his niece. +As he refused to do so, Madame Josserand overcame the difficulty by a +subterfuge of doubtful honesty. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (BERTHE), second daughter of M. Josserand. After several +ineffectual efforts to secure a husband she became engaged to Auguste +Vabre, the elder son of her father’s landlord. Difficulties as to a +dowry followed, but these were surmounted by somewhat shady means, and +the marriage took place. Vabre’s health was not good, and Berthe soon +became discontented, a state of mind largely induced by the bad advice +of her mother. About this time Octave Mouret came to be assistant in +Vabre’s shop, and Berthe, carried away by his attentions, entered upon +an unfortunate liaison with him. Discovery by Vabre led to Berthe’s +return to her parents’ home, and it was only after a considerable time +that a reconciliation was brought about by the efforts of Abbe Mauduit. +Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (HORTENSE), elder daughter of M. Josserand. Her mother +endeavoured to secure a husband for her, but she made her own choice, +selecting one Verdier, a lawyer. The marriage was put off from time +to time as Verdier had got entangled with a woman from whom he found +separation difficult. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (LEON), elder son of M. Josserand. He was a young man of +ambition, who hoped to rise through the influence of Madame Dambreville, +whose lover he became. Ultimately she arranged a marriage between him +and her niece Raymonde, who brought him a large dowry. Soon afterwards +by the same means he was appointed _Maitre des Requetes_. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding. See Raymonde. +Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (SATURNIN), younger son of M. Josserand. He was a powerful +young man of twenty-five, whose mind had been seriously affected by an +attack of brain fever; though not actually insane, he was subject to +fits of blind fury whenever anybody annoyed him. When his sister Berthe +was a little girl, he nursed her through a long illness, and since +he saved her life he adored her with a deep, passionate devotion. The +preparations for her marriage to Auguste Vabre affected him so seriously +that his removal to an asylum became necessary, and he remained there +for some time. On his release he went to live with his sister and her +husband, but domestic trouble having arisen, his mind again became so +unhinged that he made an attempt on the life of his brother-in-law and +had again to be taken to an asylum. Pot-Bouille. + +JOUVE (ABBE), an officiating priest at Notre Dame de Grace, the parish +church of Passy. He had known M. Grandjean at Marseilles, and showed +much kindness to Helene after the death of her husband, assisting her in +settling up her affairs. Along with M. Rambaud, his half-brother, he was +a regular visitor at Helene’s house, and later endeavoured to arrange +a marriage between her and his brother. He was devoted to Jeanne +Grandjean, and helped to nurse her during her fatal illness. An amiable, +kind-hearted man, he was greatly beloved by his parishioners. Une Page +d’Amour. + +JOUVE, a retired captain in the army, and afterwards one of the four +inspectors at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” In addition to acting as spy on +the staff he watched the customers, and it was he who detected Madame de +Boves in the act of stealing some fine lace. He made certain advances to +Denis Baudu which she resented, and in consequence he afterwards showed +considerable ill-will towards her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +JUILLERAT (DOCTOR), an old physician who attended most of the +inhabitants of the Rue de Choiseul. He was a man of only average +abilities who had built up a large practice by hard work. His views were +somewhat advanced, and he had many arguments with Abbe Mauduit, with +whom he frequently came in contact at the bedsides of his patients. +Pot-Bouille. + +JULES, the lover of La Sarriette. He lived on her earnings as a +fruit-dealer. Le Ventre de Paris. + +JULES, one of the soldiers sent to Montsou during the strike. He was +born at Plogof, where his mother and sister still resided. One night +while he was on guard at the Voreux mine he was murdered by Jeanlin +Maheu, who with the assistance of Etienne Lantier carried the body to +a gallery of the mine, where they buried it under a fall of rock. +Germinal. + +JULES (MADAME), Nana’s dresser at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +JULIE, cook in the employment of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille. + +JULIEN, butler in the employment of Nana in the Avenue de Villiers. He +left the house with a large sum, as Comte Muffat, being jealous, wished +to be freed from his presence. Nana. + +JUSSELIN (PIERRE-FRANCOIS), a protege of M. de Marsy. Eugene Rougon +refused to nominate him as an officer of the Legion of Honour, and gave +the decoration which had been intended for him to Bejuin. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +JEZEUR (MADAME), a neighbour of the Josserands in the Rue de Choiseul. +Her husband had left her after ten days of married life, and thenceforth +she lived alone in quiet lodgings. Very little was known of her +circumstances or mode of life. Pot-Bouille. + + + + +K + +KAHN (M.), son of a Jewish banker at Bordeaux; a deputy who was engaged +in a scheme for the construction of a railway from Niort to Angers. He +was chiefly anxious for this, as the proposed line would pass through +Bressure, where he had some blast-furnaces, the value of which it would +considerably increase. Rougon supported him energetically, and had +almost secured the grant when his retirement from office delayed the +scheme for some years. Soon after Rougon’s appointment as Minister of +the Interior the grant was obtained, and he accompanied Kahn to Niort to +attend the inauguration of the scheme. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +KAHN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She lived a very retired life at +Paris. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +KELLER (LES), well-known leaders of society in Paris. It was at their +house that Baroness Sandorff first met Gundermann. L’Argent. + +KOLB (M.), a banker whose business consisted to a large extent in gold +arbitrage, buying foreign coins, and melting them into gold bars. He +was a man of Jewish origin, and having heard that Daigremont was to +be connected with the Universal Bank, he readily agreed to become a +director. Being a cautious man, however, he sold all his shares before +the final collapse. L’Argent. + + + + +L + +LABORDETTE, a young man who was well known in racing circles, and was +specially popular with women, as he was always ready to render them +little services. Through his relations with the world of trainers +and jockeys he had always the latest information as to races. He made +himself very useful to Nana when she was setting up a stable of her own, +and assisted her in the selection of servants. Nana. + +LACAILLE, a customer of Madame Francois, the market gardener. He +attended the Revolutionary meetings in Lebrigre’s cafe. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +LACAMP. See Puech and Lacamp. + +LACASSAGNE, a dealer in feathers and artificial flowers, whose business +was ruined by the competition of Octave Mouret’s establishment. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +LACHESNAYE (DE), judge at the Rouen Court of appeal, was the husband +of Berthe Grandmorin, whom he somewhat resembled in character. He was a +little man, dry and yellow, who had been a judge at the Court of +Appeal from the age of thirty-six; he had been decorated, thanks to the +influence of his father-in-law, and to the services which his father had +rendered on the High Commissions at the time of the _Coup d’Etat_. He +was disliked by Denizet, the examining magistrate, in whose eyes he +represented the class of judicial functionary who attained position +by wealth and influence. Lachesnaye was incensed at the will of his +father-in-law, Grandmorin, who left fully half of his fortune to women +of all classes, most of them unknown to his family. La Bete Humaine. + +LACHESNAYE (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Grandmorin. La +Bete Humaine. + +LACOUR (ZEPHYRIN), a young lad from the same village as Rosalie, whose +sweetheart he was. He was drawn in the conscription and sent to Paris, +where, by permission of Madame Grandjean, he came to see Rosalie, her +maid, every Sunday. He was a good-hearted lad, whose ambition was to get +out of the army, marry Rosalie, and return to his native village. Une +Page d’Amour. + +LADICOURT (BARONNE DE), a lady who lived at Vouziers. Captain Beaudoin +lunched at her house on 26th August, 1870, at the hour when the Seventh +Army Corps was taking up its position for battle. La Debacle. + +LADRICOURT (COMTE DE), father of the Baroness Sandorff. He was a +confirmed gambler, and a man of brutal manners. He died of apoplexy, +completely ruined, after a series of disgraceful failures. L’Argent. + +LA FALOISE (HECTOR DE), a youth who came from the country to Paris in +order to complete his education. Thanks to the death of an uncle, he +was very rich, and his chief ambition was to be in everything ultra +Parisian. He posed as a man who had experienced everything, and who +no longer thought anything worthy of being taken seriously. Introduced +behind the scenes of the Theatre des Varietes by his cousin Fauchery, +he met Nana, who did him the honour of ruining him without much loss of +time. When his money was done, he returned to the country in the hope of +marrying a distant relation who was both ugly and pious. Nana. + +LAFOUASSE, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Plassans, between the +old demesne of Paradou and the village of Artaud. He was treated by +Dr. Pascal Rougon for ataxy, but died after a hypodermic injection of a +serum with which the doctor was experimenting. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LAGARDE (EDMOND), a sergeant in the 6th Regiment of the line. At the +most his age was twenty-three, but he did not appear more than eighteen. +He took part in the battle of Sedan, and was wounded in the left arm, +which was broken by a bullet. His father, who was a shopkeeper in Paris, +was a customer of Delaherche, and he was removed to the house of the +manufacturer, where he was treated as one of the family. A handsome lad, +he aroused the pity of Gilberte Delaherche, whose lover he became. La +Debacle. + +LAGRIFOUL (MARQUIS DE), the Legitimist Deputy for Plassans. His election +came as a severe blow to the Government, and to M. Pequeur des Saulaies, +the sub-prefect of Plassans, who was held responsible for it. In +reality, the election had been largely influenced by the clergy, +combined with the old nobility. It was to counteract this influence that +the Government sent Abbe Faujas to Plassans. The Marquis being a man +of poor abilities, whose public appearances were disappointing, +his overthrow was rendered easier and more complete. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +LA JOLIE DAME, a customer at Octave Mouret’s shop, _Au Bonheur des +Dames_. She was a favourite with all the salesmen, and as no one knew +her name she was always referred to as “The Pretty Lady.” Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +LALUBIE, teacher of the sixth form at the college of Plassans. He found +one day his room transformed into a _chapelle ardente_, thanks to his +pupils led by Pouillard. After he recovered from his fright he set +a heavy punishment for the whole class. He married the daughter of +Galissard, the haberdasher at Plassans. L’Oeuvre. + +LAMBERTHIER, an assistant at the _Halles Centrales_. Josephine Dejoie +was at one time cook in his house. L’Argent. + +LAMBERTHON (M. DE), a Deputy who discussed with M. La Rouquette the +wisdom of the Emperor conceding the privilege of presenting an address +to the Crown. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LAMBOURDIEU, a shopkeeper at Cloyes, who sold Parisian novelties in all +the villages within a radius of five or six miles. La Terre. + +LANDOIS (AUGUSTE), assistant in Quenu’s business. He came to Paris +from Troyes to perfect himself in his trade, and having little money, +intended to set up for himself as a pork-butcher. He was engaged to +his cousin Augustine Landois, who was also employed by Quenu. He took a +dislike to Florent, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing him to the +Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LANDOIS (AUGUSTINE) came to Quenu’s establishment to learn shop +management. She was engaged to her cousin Auguste Landois. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +LANGLADE (DE), Prefect of Deux-Sevres. He was accused of dissolute +conduct, and was superseded in his office by Du Poizat. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +LANTIER (AUGUSTE), the lover of Gervaise Macquart; he accompanied her +to Paris, when she left home with their two children. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +Soon after their arrival in Paris, he deserted Gervaise for a girl named +Adele, with whom he lived for several years, during which he appears to +have done little work. After Adele left him he renewed friendship with +Gervaise and Coupeau, her husband, and induced them to take him into +their home as a lodger. Once established there, he paid nothing for his +support, and soon Gervaise was supporting him as well as her husband, +who by this time was doing nothing. Gervaise, having become disgusted +with her husband’s intemperance, resumed her old relations with Lantier, +and these continued till she was financially ruined, and her shop +was taken over by Virginie Poisson. Lantier, having transferred his +affections to Virginie, was allowed to retain his old position as +lodger, and soon resumed his former tactics of paying no rent and living +off his landlord. In course of time he succeeded in eating the Poissons’ +stock of sweetmeats and bringing them to ruin, and then began to look +out for some one else to support him. L’Assommoir. + +LANTIER (CLAUDE), son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier, was born +at Plassans in 1842. He was brought up by his paternal grandmother, but +when she died, in 1850, he was taken to Paris by his parents. La Fortune +des Rougon. + +After Lantier’s desertion of Gervaise, and her subsequent marriage to +Coupeau, Claude continued to reside with his mother, but a few years +later an old gentleman of Plassans, a lover of pictures, who had been +greatly struck by some daubs done by the child, offered to pay for his +education. The offer was accepted, and Claude returned to Plassans. +L’Assommoir. + +Some years later his benefactor died, leaving him an income of a +thousand francs a year, enough to prevent him dying of hunger in the +artistic career which he had decided to follow. Having come to Paris +with an intense hatred of romanticism, he was struck by the artistic +possibilities of the _Halles Centrales_, the great provision markets +of Paris, which he haunted in search of subjects for his brush. He was +induced by Florent to attend one of the republican meetings in Lebigre’s +cafe, but was not in sympathy with the movement, and declined to take +part in it. He occasionally visited his aunt, Madame Lisa Quenu, but +revolted against her complete indifference to art, and her middle-class +selfishness. Le Ventre de Paris. + +He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had +charge of Pauline Quenu’s fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +He established himself in a studio near the roof of an old house close +to the river, and there lived the life of a Bohemian, with an absolute +disdain for everything not related to art. He revolted against the +canons of the schools, and tried to achieve truth in painting by +adopting an exaggerated realism. His hopes became centred in a large +painting, which he called _Plein Air_, intended for exhibition in the +_Salon_. The picture was rejected, and when shown at a minor exhibition +was greeted with derision by the public. About this period began his +connection with Christine Hallegrain, with whom he lived for several +years, and ultimately married. They took up house at Bennecourt in an +old cottage, and there some years passed happily enough, a son +named Jacques Louis being born in 1860. But Claude gradually became +discontented, and the family returned to Paris, where there began a long +struggle against poverty, a struggle beginning in high anticipation and +ending in despair. After a long search for a subject for a picture which +was to be his masterpiece, Claude selected a stretch of the river near +Notre Dame, and into this he intended to put all those new theories +of art with which he hoped to revolutionize the world. Everything was +sacrificed to this picture; the small fortune left him by his early +benefactor was gradually realized to provide food, and when it was +exhausted there was little but starvation for the artist and his +dependants. The work was begun in a frenzy of genius, but was constantly +interrupted by doubts and indecision; it became a monomania, and under +its influence Claude’s mind gradually became unhinged; the family virus +was at last showing itself. Christine was wholly taken up with her +husband, and their child died of an illness due greatly to neglect. By +this time Claude was incapable of any real feeling save for art, and +the death of his child only served to give him a subject for a picture. +Having torn himself away from his intended masterpiece for a time, he +painted _L’Enfant Mort_, which was exhibited in the _Salon_, and met +with an even more contemptuous reception from the public than his _Plein +Air_. Christine used all her influence to prevent her husband from +returning to his task, but his brain had become obsessed by the great +idea, which his hand proved powerless to execute as his mind became +increasingly deranged. At length, in a moment of delirium, he hanged +himself in front of the picture which had proved the means of his +undoing. His genius was incomplete, and he was unable to carry out his +own theories, but they were adopted by other and less able successors +with better results. He was buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at +Saint-Ouen. L’Oeuvre. + +LANTIER (MADAME CHRISTINE), wife of the preceding. See Christine +Hallegrain. L’Oeuvre. + +LANTIER (ETIENNE), the youngest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise +Macquart, was born in 1846, and accompanied his parents to Paris in +1850. La Fortune des Rougon. + +After his mother had been married to Coupeau for some time, and had +started her laundry, Etienne was found somewhat in the way, and on the +suggestion of Goujet was sent to work in the rivet-making factory where +he himself was employed. Later the boy was sent to Lille, where he was +apprenticed to an old master of Goujet, an engineer in that town. When +Gervaise had fallen into poverty, Etienne, who was by that time a +stoker on an engine, was able to send his mother a five-franc piece +occasionally. L’Assommoir. + +In a moment of passion Etienne struck his chief, and was at once +dismissed from his employment. An industrial crisis existed at the time, +and, finding it impossible to get work, he tramped from place to place +till eventually he arrived at Montsou, worn out with fatigue and want. +At the Voreux pit he chanced to get work in a gang led by Maheu, and +went underground for the first time. The work was hard and distasteful +to him, but he was unwilling to give it up, and was perhaps influenced +by the bright eyes of Catherine Maheu, who toiled alongside him. He +became more and more impressed with the sense of the hardships of +the miners’ lives, and his mind was also influenced by Souvarine, a +confessed anarchist, beside whom he lodged. Gradually Etienne began to +indoctrinate his companions with a spirit of revolt, and when the great +strike broke out he became the leader. He did not, however, accept the +extreme doctrines of Souvarine, and endeavoured to dissuade the strikers +from doing damage to property. In this he was not altogether successful, +and his influence became considerably lessened, until he was blamed by +his comrades for the hardships they had to endure during the strike, +and for its ultimate collapse. He returned to work, and in the terrible +catastrophe brought about by Souvarine he was cut off at the bottom of +the pit with Chaval and Catherine Maheu. He had always loved Catherine, +and notwithstanding their peril, an old jealousy revived, and in a +struggle with Chaval, Etienne killed him. Days elapsed before rescue +came, and by that time Catherine was dead. After six weeks in hospital, +Etienne left for Paris. Germinal. + +At Paris, later on, he took part in the Communist rising, and was +condemned to death. He was respited, and transported to Noumea, where he +married, and became father of a little girl. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LANTIER (JACQUES), the second son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste +Lantier, was born at Plassans in 1844. He was six years old when his +parents went to Paris with his brothers, Claude and Etienne, leaving him +with his godmother, Aunt Phasie, who sent him to the School of Arts +and Crafts. After two years passed on the Orleans Railway, he became an +engineer of the first-class on the Western Railway. At twenty-six he +was a tall, handsome man, with dark hair and a clear complexion. From +childhood he had suffered from a complaint which the doctors did not +understand, a pain in the head, behind the ears, accompanied by fever +and an intense melancholy, which tempted him to hide like a suffering +animal. When about sixteen years of age he became affected by a curious +form of insanity, the desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond. +“On each occasion it seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an +ever-recurring thirst to avenge some very ancient offence, the exact +recollection of which escaped him. Did it date from so far back, from +the harm women had done to his race, from the rancour laid up from male +to male since the first deceptions in the depths of the caverns?” Even +with his cousin Flore, who loved him from childhood, the same terrible +instinct arose, and could only be stilled by flight. + +By chance, Jacques was a momentary witness of the murder of President +Grandmorin, and when suspicion fell upon the Roubauds he came to be +of opinion that it was well-founded, a belief which was confirmed by a +subsequent confession to him by Severine. This avowal by Severine placed +her in his mind in a different category from all other woman; she had +killed, and was a person sacred and apart, a woman he could love without +his lust for blood being evoked. At the request of Severine, Jacques +promised to kill Roubaud, her husband, whom she had come to hate; but, +though all the preparations were made, it was Severine herself whom he +killed, in an accession of that homicidal rage which he imagined he +had conquered. He escaped all suspicion, and calmly allowed Roubaud and +Cabuche to be punished for the crime. In order to see whether the murder +of Severine had cured him of his blood lust, he made love to Philomene +Sauvagnat, thereby arousing the jealousy of her lover, Pecqueux, who was +stoker on the engine driven by Lantier. A quarrel between the two men +on the footplate of the engine resulted in both of them falling off, and +being cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + +LANTIER (JACQUES LOUIS), born 1860, was the son of Claude Lantier and +Christine Hallegrain. He was allowed to grow up wild at Bennecourt until +he was two and a half years old, when his parents removed to Paris, +taking him with them. Life in the city did not agree with the child, who +to make matters worse was much neglected, his mother being wholly taken +up with her lover, and his father with art. He grew up puny, serious +like a little man; at five years his head had grown quite out of +proportion to his height, but as his skull increased in size his +intelligence diminished. His head alone continued to grow, verging on +cretinism, until, in 1869, the unfortunate child died of some obscure +form of malnutrition. L’Oeuvre. + +LAPOULLE, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line, in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He came from the Marshes of Sologne, and was so +ignorant that when he joined the regiment he asked to be shown the +King. He had great strength, and consequently all the heavy work of his +company was assigned to him. After the battle of Sedan, he was one of +the prisoners on the Isle d’Iges, where driven frantic by famine, and +instigated by Chouteau, he killed Pache, who had hidden some bread from +his companions. The following night he attempted to escape by swimming +the Meuse, but was killed by a bullet fired by a Prussian sentinel. La +Debacle. + +LAQUERRIERE (FLORENT), an unfortunate man who died of yellow fever in +Dutch Guiana in the arms of Florent. It was by the aid of his papers +that Florent, who had escaped from Cayenne, was able to return to +France, and to evade the notice of the police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LA ROUQUETTE (M.), a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His sister, +Madame de Llorentz, was one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress +Eugenie. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LA ROUQUETTE (MADEMOISELLE DE). See Madame de Llorentz. + +LARSONNEAU, formerly a clerk at the Hotel de Ville along with Aristide +Saccard; he was dismissed for prying into the prefet’s private drawers. +He acted for Saccard in many of the shady transactions in which he could +not himself appear, and being entirely unscrupulous ultimately +amassed such a sum of money that he was able to start a small banking +establishment. La Curee. + +He became immensely rich. It was through him that Busch came to know the +past life of Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + +LAURE, an actress for whom Joncquier had an infatuation. Nana. + +LAURE, a performer in a singing-hall at Montmartre. Hutin, one of Octave +Mouret’s salesmen, and his friend Lienard applauded her performance so +noisily that the police threatened to intervene. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LAURENT, a peasant in easy circumstances who lived near Artaud. Pere +Bambousse was anxious to have him as son-in-law. La Faute de l’Abbe +Mouret. + +LAURENT, the recorder at the court of Rouen who assisted Denizet at the +inquiry into the murder of Grandmorin. He was skilful in selecting the +essential parts of evidence, so as not to put down anything useless. La +Bete Humaine. + +LAURENT, a gardener at Bazeilles. He was a man of thirty years of age +who had recently lost his mother and his wife, who had both died of the +same fever. During the battle of 1st September, 1870, he took part in +the defence of Weiss’s house, and having only his own body to care for, +he determined to sell it dearly, and at each shot to bring down one of +the enemy. He continued firing till his ammunition was exhausted, +when he was taken prisoner by the Prussians, who finding that he was a +civilian removed him, along with Weiss, for instant execution. In the +face of the firing party he retained all his calmness, standing with his +hands in his pockets till the fatal shots were fired. La Debacle. + +LAUWERENS (DE), a well-known financier who was both wealthy and +avaricious. He went the length of refusing to pay his wife’s milliner’s +bill. La Curee. + +LAUWERENS (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. Notwithstanding certain +well-authenticated scandals, she managed to keep her high position in +society. She was a friend of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +LAVIGNIERE, was one of the auditors at the Universal Bank, Rousseau +being the other. Their duties were delicate, and in the circumstances +useless. Lavigniere was disposed to approve of everything, being +consumed with a desire to become a member of the board later on. +L’Argent. + +LA VIGNIERE (CHEVALIER DE), grandfather of Madame Chanteau. La Joie de +Vivre. + +LA VIGNIERE (EUGENIE DE). See Madame Chanteau. + +LA VILLARDIERE (DE), deputy for the department of the Cote d’Or. He was +a friend of La Rouquette. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEA, a customer at the Cafe Anglais. Nana. + +LEBEAU, a man of considerable influence in the Second Empire, whom +Clorinde Balbi was able to gain over to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEBLEU, the cashier at Havre railway station. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBLEU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of forty-five, +so stout that she was in constant danger of choking. Between her and +Severine Roubaud there was ill-feeling of long standing, arising from +a question of their houses in the Station, the Lebleus occupying that +which should by rights have belonged to the Roubauds, who on account of +the generosity of their predecessor were relegated to rooms little more +cheerful than a prison. She had a mania for spying upon her neighbours, +and in the end caused so much irritation, that she was ordered to +exchange houses with the Roubauds, thus letting them have the one to +which they were entitled. The annoyance, and the change to a dismal +house, proved fatal to Madame Lebleu, and she died four months +afterwards. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBIGRE, proprietor of the wine shop where Florent and his friends +held their meetings. He was a police spy. Ultimately he married Louise +Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LEBIGRE (MADAME). See Louise Mehudin. + +LEBOUCQ, Counsellor at the Court of Rouen. He was assessor at the trial +of Roubaud and Cabuche. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBOUCQ (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a handsome woman, for +whose receptions the barristers of Rouen were beginning to desert those +of Madame Bonnehon, her rival. It was said that to the influence of +Madame Leboucq was largely due the result of the trial of Roubaud, a +result not favourable to the family of President Grandmorin. La Bete +Humaine. + +LECOEUR (MADAME), a butter and cheese merchant at the _Halles +Centrales_. She was sister-in-law to Gavard, and had an idea of marrying +him after the death of his wife. He made no advances, however, and she +subsequently regarded him with bitter ill-will. Along with Mlle. Saget, +she took an active share in the gossip which partly led to the arrest of +Florent and Gavard, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing them to +the police. Accompanied by La Sarriette, her niece, she went to Gavard’s +house after his arrest, and took possession of his money, which they +divided between them. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LECOMTE (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d’Amour. + +LEFEVRE (MADAME), wife of a manufacturer at Raucourt, whose house was +pillaged by the Prussians after the battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + +LEGOUGEUX, a miner at Joiselle. He was an associate of Pluchart. +Germinal. + +LEGRAIN (GENERAL), a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He was devoted to +the Emperor, and notwithstanding a severe attack of gout, attended at +the Chamber in order to vote the funds for the baptism of the Prince +Imperial. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEHONGRE (LES), grocers in Rue Neuve de la Goutte-d’Or. L’Assommoir. + +LEHUDIER, a child to whom Charvet gave lessons. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LELORRAIN, a notary in Rue Sainte Anne. In his office was executed the +deed which established the joint-stock company of the Universal Bank. +L’Argent. + +LEMBALLEUSE, a family who lived in a ruined mill near the cathedral +of Beaumont. It consisted of a grandmother, her daughter, and three +granddaughters, all of whom lived by begging. Angelique did all she +could for them, giving them food and even clothes. Le Reve. + +LENFANT, the keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + +LENGAIGNE, a dealer in tobacco and tavern-keeper at Rogues. He +cultivated a small piece of land, while his wife weighed tobacco and +looked after the cellar. He also shaved and cut the hair of the village, +a trade learned by him when he was in the army. He professed strong +Republican principles, though he was afraid to express his opinions +too strongly, in case of losing his licence. An old rivalry subsisted +between him and Macqueron, a neighbouring tavern-keeper with whom he was +always on the point of blows. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (MADAME FLORE), wife of the preceding. She was always +quarrelling with Coelina Macqueron. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (SUZANNE), daughter of the two preceding. She was apprenticed +to a dressmaker at Chateaudun, but after six months ran off to Paris +where she led a gay life. Her return to her native village clad in +silks caused quite a sensation, of which her parents were very proud. La +Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (VICTOR), brother of Suzanne. Before he was drawn in the +conscription he was an awkward youth, but he returned a swaggering +braggart, who could hardly be recognized with his moustache and beard. +La Terre. + +LENORE, a racehorse; mother of Frangipane. Nana. + +LEON, a lad of about fifteen years of age, apprentice to Quenu. He was +a gentle-looking lad, given to stealing stray bits of ham and sausage, +which he concealed under his pillow and ate during the night. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +LEONCE (MADAME), the door-keeper of the house where Gavard lived in the +Rue de la Cossonnerie. She acted also as Gavard’s housekeeper. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +LEONIE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She +left her trade in order to be married. L’Assommoir. + +LEONIE, aunt of Louise Thibaudier. Louise went to her house after +leaving Bonneville, driven away by Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + +LEPALMEC, a peasant at Plogof, in Brittany. Germinal. + +LEQUEU, the schoolmaster at Rogues. His parents were peasants, and he +had an intense hatred of the class from which he had sprung, looking +upon them as little better than barbarians. In politics he had advanced +views, but in consequence of his position he concealed them to a great +extent. Disappointed in the hope which he had long nourished of marrying +Berthe Macqueron, he ended by preaching the doctrines of anarchy. La +Terre. + +LERAT (MADAME), nee Coupeau, was a sister of Coupeau and Madame +Lorilleux. She was a widow of thirty-six years of age, and was +forewoman in the manufactory of artificial flowers carried on by Madame +Titreville. The eldest of the Coupeau family, she was “a tall, skinny, +mannish-looking woman, who talked through her nose”; she lived a +hard-working, cloisteral existence, but she had a perfect mania for +making improper allusions, so very obscure that only she herself could +understand them. L’Assommoir. + +For a long time she lost sight of her niece Nana, but later she found +her in a position of apparent wealth. Madame Lerat had abandoned her +trade of artificial-flower-maker and lived upon her savings, scraped +together sou by sou. Nana rented a small house for her aunt, and gave +her an allowance of a hundred francs per month to look after her little +son Louiset. Nana. + +LERENARD, the keeper of a cafe in the neighbourhood of Montsou. +Germinal. + +LEROI, alias CANON, a journeyman carpenter, who deserted Paris on +account of some trouble, and preferred to live in the country, tramping +from village to village, doing a week here and a week there, and +offering his services from one farm to another when his employer did not +want him. When there was a scarcity of work he begged on the high-roads, +living partly on the vegetables he stole. He professed strong +revolutionary principles, which he was fond of airing in village +ale-shops. He was a friend of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +LETELLIER, father of Madame Deberle and her sister Pauline. He owned +an extensive silk warehouse on the Boulevard des Capucines. “Since his +wife’s death he had been taking his younger daughter about everywhere, +in search of a rich husband for her.” Une Page d’Amour. + +LETELLIER (JULIETTE). See Madame Deberle. + +LETELLIER (PAULINE), the younger daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy +silk merchant, and sister of Madame Deberle. She was a giddy young girl +who went about everywhere with her father in the hope of securing a rich +husband, and was a constant visitor at the house of her sister. Une Page +d’Amour. + +LETURC (MADAME), widow of a captain, was a protegee of Madame Correur, +who obtained a tobacco licence for her. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEVAQUE, a neighbour of the Maheus. He was of intemperate habits, and +beat his wife on little provocation. During the strike he was among +the most reckless, and at the assault on the Voreux pit he was taken +prisoner by the troops. His arrest made him a sort of hero, and by the +Paris newspapers he was credited with a reply of antique sublimity to +the examining magistrate. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (ACHILLE), the eldest child of Zacharie Maheu and of Philomene +Levaque. He was three years old when his parents were married. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (BEBERT), son of the Levaques, was a little boy of twelve, who +already worked in the pit. Along with Lydie Pierron, he was a companion +of Jeanlin Maheu in many escapades. As Jeanlin became more daring and +unscrupulous, Bebert and Lydie were drawn together in an affection born +of their common fear of him. The three children were present at the +attack on the Voreux pit, and Bebert and Lydie, killed by the volley +fired by the troops, fell dead in one another’s arms. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (DESIREE), the youngest child of Philomene, aged nine months. +Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (PHILOMENE), daughter of the Levaques, had two children to +Zacharie Maheu before her marriage to him. She had a delicacy of the +chest and was unable to work underground. After the death of her husband +she left Montsou with her two children, in the company of a miner from +the Pas-de-Calais. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (LA), wife of Levaque the miner, and mother of Philomene and +Bebert. She was a bad housekeeper, and was roughly treated by her +husband, who, however, did not take exception to her relations with +Bouteloup, their lodger. Germinal. + +LEVASSEUR (MADAME), an acquaintance of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + +LEVASSEUR, chief clerk at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LEVASSEUR, a tax-collector at Chene Populeux. His father was one of the +heroes of the army of the first Napoleon. He married a peasant woman +named Fouchard, who died in bringing Maurice and his twin sister +Henriette into the world. He sacrificed everything to make his son a +gentleman, and the bad conduct of the lad hastened his end. La Debacle. + +LEVASSEUR (HENRIETTE), daughter of the preceding, and twin sister of +Maurice. After the death of her father she gave up the whole of her +share of his property in order to retrieve to some extent the foolish +conduct of her brother. Fortunately she had the chance soon after to +marry Weiss, with whom she lived happily. On the morning of the +battle of Sedan, Henriette, fearing that her husband was in danger +at Bazeilles, where he had gone to look after a house he had recently +bought, decided to follow him there. By this time the fighting was going +on fiercely, and when, after the greatest difficulties and dangers, +she arrived at Bazeilles, she was only in time to see her husband shot +before her eyes. She took refuge at Remilly, at the house of her uncle +Fouchard, and devoted herself to the care of the wounded in the battle. +Among these was Jean Macquart, who along with Maurice had escaped from +captivity. After the war with Prussia was over, Maurice unfortunately +threw in his lot with the Communists, and when Henriette followed him +to Paris it was to find that he had been fatally wounded in the fighting +there. By an extraordinary chance, the wound was inflicted by his +former comrade, Jean Macquart, who had remained in the regular army when +Maurice joined the Communist ranks. The death of Maurice in this way put +an end to the possibility of a dawning love idyll between Henriette and +Jean Macquart. La Debacle. + +LEVASSEUR (MAURICE), twin brother of the preceding. Everything was +sacrificed by his father and sister in order that he might become an +advocate, but when he went to Paris to complete his education he took +part in every kind of foolishness and dissipation. In July, 1870, he had +just been admitted to the Bar, when the outbreak of war found him full +of enthusiasm, and he at once enlisted in the 106th Regiment of the +line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil. He was put into the squad of Jean +Macquart, against whom he had at first an aversion. Later, the kindness +of Jean when he was worn out with fatigue practically saved his life, +and they became close comrades, Maurice in turn saving Jean by carrying +him, severely wounded, from the battlefield of Sedan. Maurice was of a +highly strung, nervous temperament, and the repeated disasters of the +campaign drove him to madness. He threw himself into the Communist +struggle, and sought for death when defeat became certain. It was Jean +Macquart, his old comrade, who, by an extraordinary chance, was fated to +deliver the fatal blow. La Debacle. + +LEVEQUE (MADAME), sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. L’Argent. + +LEVEQUE, a solicitor at Plassans. He interested himself in the affairs +of Dr. Pascal Rougon after Grandguillot absconded and was able to +recover a considerable sum which Pascal had believed to be entirely +lost. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LEVEQUE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of the preceding, was an old friend +of Clotilde Rougon, who was three years older than her. She married Dr. +Ramond. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LHOMME (M.), chief cashier at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” “Son of a +tax-collector at Chablis, he came to Paris as a clerk in the office of +a merchant of the Port-aux-Vins. Then, while lodging in Rue Cuvier, +he married the daughter of his concierge, and from that day he bowed +submissively before his wife, whose commercial ability filled him with +respect. She earned more than twenty thousand francs a year in the dress +department of ‘The Ladies’ Paradise,’ whilst he only drew a fixed +salary of five thousand francs.” The loss of his right arm in an omnibus +accident did not interfere with his work, and did not prevent him from +playing upon a specially constructed French horn, an instrument of which +he was passionately fond. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LHOMME (MADAME AURELIE), wife of the preceding. The daughter of a small +tailor, she had keen business instincts, and, as head of the dress +department at “The Ladies’ Paradise,” was able to make a large income. +She was far from friendly to Denise Baudu, but seeing ultimately that +Mouret was in love with the girl, she changed her methods in the hope of +rendering her own position more secure. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LHOMME (ALBERT), son of the preceding. He was an idle and vicious youth, +who could keep no position, and only got a post in the pay-desk of “The +Ladies’ Paradise” through the influence of his mother. He was careless +in his work, and was repeatedly reprimanded, causing his parents much +anxiety; ultimately it was discovered that he had conspired with some of +the salesmen in a long series of frauds, and his dismissal followed. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +LIARDIN, a relation of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline’s family +council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +LIENARD, son of a rich Angers draper, came to Paris and got a situation +in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” His spare time was spent in idleness and +debauchery, and when his father recalled him to Angers he refused to +leave Paris. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LIEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan architect at Plassans. He was consulted by +Madame Mouret and Abbe Faujas regarding the Home for Girls which they +founded, and he subsequently prepared the plans for the building. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +LIEVIN, a townsman of Plassans, who was amongst those enrolled and armed +by Pierre Rougon to rescue the Town Hall, which had been occupied by +the Republicans. He was so excited that he fired in the air without +intending to do so. La Fortune des Rougon. + +LILI, pet name of Amelie, the daughter of Gaga. Nana. + +LINGUERLOT (LES), neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d’Or. +L’Assommoir. + +LIOTARD (VEUVE HENRI), a firm of shipowners who joined the transport +syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + +LISA, a peasant girl of Les Artaud. Like the others of her class, she +was void of any religious feeling, and when she came to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin, she engaged in all sorts of +irreverent pranks. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +LISA, a workwoman employed by Madame Titreville, the artificial-flower +maker. L’Assommoir. + +LISA, Madame Campardon’s housemaid. She was active and intelligent, +and her conduct was regarded as irreproachable. This was, however, a +somewhat too favourable estimate, and her companionship was by no means +beneficial to the Campardons’ young daughter, Angele. Pot-Bouille. + +LISON (LA), the name of the express engine driven by Jacques Lantier up +to the time of the terrible railway accident caused by Flore. La Bete +Humaine. + +LLORENTZ (MADAME DE), one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress +Eugenie and sister of M. La Rouquette, was the widow of General de +Llorentz. She carried on an intrigue with De Massy, and was said to hold +three compromising letters from him regarding certain august personages. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LOGRE, a fish auctioneer at the _Halles Centrales_. He attended the +revolutionary meetings at Lebigre’s wine shop, and made violent speeches +there, but was really an agent of the Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LOISEAU, a municipal councillor of Rognes. He was devoted to the Mayor, +Alexandre Hourdequin, on whose farm his son worked. He was an uncle of +Macqueron. La Terre. + +LONJUMEAU, a member of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +LORET (MADAME), a woman who lived in the neighbourhood of the _Halles +Centrales_. Mademoiselle Saget made ill-natured remarks regarding her. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +LORILLEUX, a maker of gold chains, who was married to Coupeau’s sister. +He was a little man who looked much older than his age, and suffered +from a constant cough. Miserly and spiteful, he was jealous of the +Coupeaus in their success, and rejoiced at their downfall. L’Assommoir. + +LORILLEUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a sister of Coupeau, who +married Gervaise Macquart. Along with her husband, she worked at the +trade of gold chain-making; like him, she was so avaricious that her +custom was to examine the soles of her visitors’ boots lest they should +depart with any adhering gold dust. From the first she resented her +brother’s marriage, and took every opportunity of being disagreeable to +Gervaise. Though she was willing to accept the Coupeaus’ hospitality in +their prosperous days, she refused to do anything to assist them after +their downfall. L’Assommoir. + +LORILLON (LES), peasants at Rognes, who were said to have been cured of +illness by the bone-setter Sourdeau. La Terre. + +LOUBET, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line; in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He was unwilling to fight, and during the battle +of 1st September, 1870, he assisted his comrade Chouteau to carry Sapin +to the ambulance, spending the rest of the day in a tavern. After the +capitulation of the French army, Loubet was made a prisoner. Along with +Chouteau he made a determined effort to escape, and would have done so +had not his companion treacherously tripped him up in order to increase +his own chance. La Debacle. + +LOUHETTE, an elderly draper in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. He was the +father of Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUHETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, and mother of Madame Theophile +Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUHETTE (VALERIE). See Theophile Vabre. + +LOUIS, Irma Becot’s butler at her house in the Avenue de Villiers. +L’Oeuvre. + +LOUIS, cousin of Cabuche, and, like him, a quarryman. He drove Cabuche’s +wagon on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin. La Bete +Humaine. + +LOUIS, an artillery gunner, in the same battery as Honore Fouchard and +Adolphe. He was mated with Adolphe, who was inclined to treat him as +an inferior. In the attack by the Prussians on the Calvary d’Illy Louis +fell, killed by the same shot as his comrade, and the two died entwined +in one another’s arms. La Debacle. + +LOUIS (LA MERE), a wine-seller, who was famous for her “hen feet.” + L’Assommoir. + +LOUISE, an actress at the Palais-Royal. Nana. + +LOUISE, a young girl who was brought up in an Orphanage. At fifteen she +went as maid-servant to Madame Jazeur, but not proving satisfactory, was +sent back to the Orphanage. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUISET, the pet name of Louis Coupeau, son of Nana, born 1867. Left at +first with a nurse in the country, he was afterwards taken charge of +by his aunt, Madame Lerat, who removed him to Batignolles. He was a +delicate child, pale and scrofulous, bearing a legacy of ill-health +derived from an unknown father. He died in July, 1870, of small-pox, +which he communicated to his mother, who had just returned from Russia. +Nana. + +LOUISETTE, the younger daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). She was +a fair and sweet child who had a strong affection for Cabuche, a man who +was regarded by nearly everyone as an outcast. As a maid-servant in +the house of Madame Bonnehon, she attracted the notice of President +Grandmorin, and fleeing from him, half-mad with fear, she came to the +hut of Cabuche, who tenderly nursed her till she died of brain fever a +few days later. La Bete Humaine. + +LOULOU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + +LULU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + +LUSIGNAN, a racehorse in the stable of Vandeuvres. Mounted by Gresham, +it was the favourite in the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + + + + +M + +MACQUART, a poacher and smuggler who lived at Plassans in a hovel +adjoining the Fouque property. His reputation was of the worst, and +“although no crimes had actually been brought home to him, the first +suspicions always fell upon him whenever a theft or murder had been +perpetrated in the country.” He frequently disappeared for long periods, +but during his short sojourns in the town he drank to great excess. He +became the lover of Adelaide Fouque in 1789, less than a year after the +death of her husband, and had two children by her, Antoine and +Ursule Macquart. A man of violent and unrestrained passions, and of +incorrigibly lazy habits, he retained complete influence over Adelaide, +and they lived in the same relationship for over twenty years. About +1810, Macquart was killed on the frontier by a custom-house officer +while he was endeavouring to smuggle a cargo of Geneva watches into +France. Adelaide was sole legatee, the estate consisting of the hovel +at Plassans and the carbine of the deceased, which a smuggler loyally +brought back to her. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MACQUART (ANTOINE), born 1789, son of Macquart the smuggler and +Adelaide Fouque; was drawn in the conscription in 1809. On his return +to Plassans, he found that his half-brother Pierre had sold the family +property and had appropriated the proceeds. Being a confirmed drunkard, +he was averse from work of any kind, but in order to support himself +he learned the trade of basket-making. In 1826 he married Josephine +Gavaudan, a market-woman, whom he afterwards allowed to support him. +They had three children, Lisa, Gervaise, and Jean. His wife died in +1850, and soon after his daughter Gervaise and his son Jean, who had +assisted to keep him in idleness, ran off. He had a bitter ill-will +towards his brother Pierre Rougon, and, chiefly with a view to his +annoyance, expressed strong Republican principles. For the same reason +he took every opportunity of teaching these principles to his young +nephew Silvere Mouret. After the _Coup d’Etat_ he took an active +share in the agitation which resulted in a Republican rising. When the +Insurgents left Plassans, he remained with a few men to overawe the +inhabitants. He and his whole band were, however, taken prisoners by +the citizens under the leadership of Pierre Rougon. He was assisted to +escape by Madame Felicite Rougon, who promised him a sum of money on +condition that he would bring about an attack on the Town Hall by +the Republicans. He did so the same night, and an ambush having +been prepared by the Rougons, a number of lives were sacrificed. He +thereafter left the country. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Some time afterwards he returned to France, and bought a small house +at Les Tulettes, about three leagues from Plassans. He fitted up his +establishment by degrees, and even became possessed of a horse and trap. +Where the money came from no one knew, but it was believed that his +brother Pierre Rougon was keeping him. Notwithstanding this, he had +great ill-will towards the Rougons, and lost no opportunity of annoying +them. Partly with this object, and partly at the instigation of Abbe +Fenil, who wished to be revenged on Abbe Faujas, he contrived the escape +of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; as result, Mouret +returned to Plassans, and setting fire to his house, caused the death of +Abbe Faujas, himself perishing in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +Macquart lived to an old age at Les Tulettes, though he increasingly +gave way to drunkenness. His relations with the Rougons were friendly, +but he was hated by Felicite on account of his knowledge of the origin +of the family fortune. At eighty-four years of age he was still healthy, +but his flesh was so saturated with alcohol that it seemed to be +preserved by it. One day, as he was sitting helpless with drink and +smoking his pipe, he set fire to his clothes, and his body, soaked as +it was with ardent spirits, was burned to the last bone. Felicite Rougon +chanced to enter the house just as the conflagration began, but she +did nothing to stop it, and went silently away. The combustion was so +complete that there was nothing left to bury, and the family had to +content itself with having masses said for the repose of the dead. When +Macquart’s will was opened, it was found that he had left all his money +for the erection of a magnificent tomb for himself, with weeping angels +at the head and foot. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MACQUART (MADAME ANTOINE), wife of the preceding. See Josephine +Gavaudan. + +MACQUART (GERVAISE), born 1828, was a daughter of Antoine Macquart, and +was slightly lame from birth. She was apprenticed to a laundress, but at +an early age had two children to a journeyman tanner named Lantier.[*] + +Soon after the death of her mother, in 1850, she ran off to Paris with +Lantier and her children, Claude, a boy of eight, and Etienne, aged +four. La Fortune des Rougon. + +The party had only been in the city a few weeks when Lantier ran off +with a girl named Adele, leaving Gervaise and the children unprovided +for. She got work in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and not long +after received an offer of marriage from Coupeau, a respectable +zinc-worker, which after some hesitation she accepted. The marriage +took place, and for a considerable time things prospered, one child, a +daughter named Nana being born. An accident to Coupeau, who fell from +a roof and was seriously injured, led to a gradual change; formerly +temperate and industrious, he became unwilling to work, and began to +spend his time in public-houses. Gervaise had meantime taken a shop with +money borrowed from the Goujets, and had started a laundry in it. She +was at first successful, but in time grew lazy and fond of good living, +while Coupeau continued idle and became increasingly intemperate. +Business began to go, and Gervaise became more careless, even taking +more drink occasionally than she had been wont to do. About this +time Lantier, her former lover, appeared again, and made friends with +Coupeau, who agreed to take him into the house as a lodger. After that, +the descent of Gervaise was rapid. Lantier never paid anything for his +support, Coupeau drank more heavily than ever, and Gervaise, who was +gradually drifting into intemperance, resumed her old connection +with her lover. All the time work was being neglected, and debts were +accumulating with alarming rapidity. Eventually Madame Virginie Poisson +took over the shop, and with it Lantier, who transferred his affections +along with the lease, and the Coupeaus removed into a small house high +up in the same building. Coupeau suffered from repeated attacks of +delirium tremens, and eventually died in an asylum. Gervaise continued +to sink still lower, until no work was too menial or too repulsive for +her to undertake for the price of drink, and one day in the winter of +1869 she was found dead in a garret of that great tenement house where +she had passed so much of her life. L’Assommoir. + +Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the pork-butcher, did not come to her +assistance. Lisa did not like people who were unfortunate, and she was +ashamed that Gervaise should have married a workman. Le Ventre de Paris. + +Her son Etienne sent her small sums of money from time to time while he +was in a situation at Lille. Germinal. + + [*] These two are the only children of Gervaise and Lantier + mentioned by M. Zola in _La Fortune des Rougon_, + _L’Assommoir_, _L’Oeuvre_, and _Germinal_. In _La Bete + Humaine_, however, the hero, Jacques Lantier, is stated to + have been a child of these parents. + +MACQUART (JEAN), born 1811, son of Antoine Macquart, was apprenticed to +a carpenter. A quiet, industrious lad, Jean’s father took advantage of +his simple nature and made him give up his whole earnings to assist in +keeping him in idleness. Like his sister Gervaise, he ran off soon after +the death of his mother. La Fortune des Rougon. + +He entered the army, and, after seven years of soldiering was discharged +in 1859. When he had left the ranks he turned up at Bazoches-le-Doyen +with a comrade, a joiner like himself; and he resumed his occupation +with the latter’s father, a master carpenter in the village. But his +heart was no longer in his work, and having been sent to La Borderie to +make some repairs, he stayed on to assist at the harvest, and eventually +became a regular farm servant. He was not popular, however, with the +peasants, who resented his having had a trade before he came back to the +soil. He became acquainted at Rognes with Mouche and his daughters, +Lise and Francoise, and eventually married the latter, in spite of the +determined opposition of her brother-in-law, Buteau. Notwithstanding his +marriage, he remained a stranger, and, after the death of his wife, went +away, leaving everything in the hands of her relatives. The war with +Germany had just broken out, and Jean, disgusted with his life, again +enlisted in the service of his country. La Terre. + +He was made corporal in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel Vineuil. An excellent soldier, and invaluable by reason of his +former experience, his want of education prevented him being promoted to +higher rank. Maurice Levasseur was in his company, and between the two +men there was at first deep antagonism, caused by difference of class +and education, but little by little Jean was able to gain over the +other, till the two men became close friends. In the fierce fighting at +Sedan, each in turn saved the other’s life. After the battle, they were +made prisoners, but escaped, Jean receiving a severe wound during their +flight. They took refuge at Remilly in the house of Fouchard, and Jean +was nursed by Henriette Weiss, Levasseur’s sister. Under her care, the +wounded man came to dream of the possibility of a life of happiness with +this woman, so tender, so sweet, and so active, whose fate had been so +sad. But the chances of war were too hard; Maxime returned to Paris, and +after the conclusion of the war took part in the Communist rising, which +Jean assisted to quell. By an extraordinary chance, the two men, loving +one another as brothers, came to be fighting on opposite sides, and it +was the hand of Jean that was fated to inflict the fatal wound upon his +friend. He had killed the brother of the woman he loved, and henceforth +there could be nothing between them, so he passed from her life, +returning to assist in that cultivation of the soil which was needed to +rejuvenate his country. La Debacle. + +He settled at Valqueyras, near Plassans, where he married Melanie Vial, +the only daughter of a peasant farmer in easy circumstances, whose land +he cultivated. Calm and sensible, always at his plough, his wife +simple and strong, he raised a large and healthy family to assist +in replenishing the soil exhausted by the horrors of war. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), first wife of the preceding. See Francoise +Mouche. La Terre. + +MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), second wife of Jean Macquart. See Melanie Vial. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +MACQUART (LISA), born 1827, daughter of Antoine Macquart. When a child +of seven she was taken as maid-servant by the wife of the postmaster at +Plassans, whom she accompanied to Paris on her removal there in 1839. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +The old lady became very much attached to the girl, and when she died +left her all her savings, amounting to ten thousand francs. Gradelle, a +pork-butcher, who had become acquainted with Lisa by seeing her in the +shop with her mistress, offered her a situation. She accepted, and soon +the whole place seemed to belong to her; she enslaved Gradelle, his +nephew Quenu, and even the smallest kitchen-boy. She became a beautiful +woman, with a love of ease and the determination to secure it by steady +application to duty. After the sudden death of Gradelle, she married +Quenu, who had succeeded to the business, and they had one daughter, +Pauline. Soon their affairs became so prosperous that Lisa induced her +husband to remove to a larger shop. On Florent’s return from exile, she +received him kindly, and at once proposed to hand over to him his share +of the money and property left by Gradelle, his uncle, which, however, +he refused to accept. After a time she became tired of always seeing +her brother-in-law about the house doing nothing, and was the means of +making him accept the situation as Inspector at the Fish Market. When +she heard of the Revolutionary meetings in Lebigre’s wine-shop and of +the leading part taken by Florent, she became greatly alarmed, more +especially as Quenu had begun to accompany his brother occasionally. She +succeeded in frightening her husband into giving up the meetings, and +made it clear to Florent that he was no longer welcome in her house. +Alarmed by the gossip of Mlle. Saget and others as to the progress of +the conspiracy, she determined, after consultation with Abbe Roustan, to +secure the safety of her husband and herself by informing the police of +the plot. On going to the prefect, however, she learned that he had all +along known of Florent’s presence in Paris, and of the meetings, and +was only waiting a favourable opportunity of arresting the plotters. +She concealed the impending arrest from her husband and from Florent. +Notwithstanding her action in this matter, Lisa was not an ill-natured +or callous woman. She was only determined that nothing should come +between her and a life of ease. In her there was much of her father’s +nature, though she did not know it. She was merely a steady, sensible +Macquart with a logical desire for comfort, and to procuring this she +gave all her time and thought. Le Ventre de Paris. + +She died in 1863 from decomposition of the blood. La Joie de Vivre. + +MACQUART (URSULE), born 1791, daughter of Macquart and Adelaide Fouque; +married in 1810 a hatter named Mouret and went to live at Marseilles. +She died of consumption in 1840, leaving three children. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +MACQUERON, a grocer and tavern-keeper at Rognes. He was a municipal +councillor, and deputy Mayor. He made some money by speculating in +wines, and had since become incorrigibly lazy, spending his time in +fishing and shooting. Had his wife listened to him, they would have shut +up the shop, but she was so fiercely set on money-making that she would +not do so. There was a rivalry of long standing between the Macquerons +and the Lengaignes, which frequently broke out in open quarrels. Having +succeeded in undermining Hourdequin’s position as Mayor, Macqueron +succeeded him, but his triumph was of short duration, for some official +scandal having arisen, he was obliged to resign. La Terre. + +MACQUERON (MADAME COELINA), wife of the preceding, had a true passion +for money-making. She was continually quarrelling with her neighbour, +Madame Lengaigne. La Terre. + +MACQUERON (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was educated at a +boarding-school at Cloyes, and had learned to play the piano. She +tolerated the attentions of Lequeu, the schoolmaster, whom she heartily +disliked, as she felt flattered by the notice of the only man of +education whom she knew. She had a fancy for the son of a neighbouring +wheelwright, whom her parents would not allow her to see, and she +ultimately compromised herself so seriously with him that they had to +consent to her marriage. La Terre. + +MADELEINE, a little girl of ten years of age who was an inmate of the +institute founded by Princess d’Orviedo. Her mother was unable to look +after her properly, and placed her there in the hope that she would be +well cared for. L’Argent. + +MADELINE (ABBE), was sent to Rognes, when that commune decided to have a +cure to itself. He came from a mountainous district, and disheartened +by the flatness of the vast plain of La Beauce, and especially by +the religious indifference of his parishioners, he soon fell into +ill-health, on one occasion fainting while he was saying Mass. At +the end of two years and a half he left Rognes in a dying state, and +returned to his native mountains. La Terre. + +MADINIER (M.) carried on business as a cardboard manufacturer in part +of the tenement occupied by the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. The business +was not prosperous, as he spent all his earnings on drink. He was one +of Coupeau’s witnesses on the occasion of his marriage to Gervaise +Macquart, and was present at the wedding dinner. L’Assommoir. + +MAFFRE (M.), a magistrate of Plassans and honorary Canon of +Saint-Saturnin’s church. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was +a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house the party was in the habit of +meeting. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAFFRE (ALPHONSE), second son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged +eighteen years. Restrained too much by their father, the two brothers +Maffre were especially intimate with Guillaume Porquier, who frequently +led them into mischief. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAFFRE (AMBROISE), elder son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged twenty. +La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAGINOT, inspector of woods at Mezieres. He married Gilberte de Vineuil, +but died a few years afterwards. La Debacle. + +MAGINOT (MADAME), see Gilberte de Vineuil. + +MAHEU (ALZIRE), the fourth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged nine years. +She was deformed and delicate, but of precocious intelligence, and was +able to assist her mother in many ways, sacrificing herself always +for others. She died of cold and hunger during the strike at Montsou. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (CATHERINE), second child of Toussaint Maheu, worked as a putter +in the Voreux pit along with the other members of her family. She liked +Etienne Lantier, but became the mistress of Chaval, who treated her +so abominably that she eventually returned home. As a result of the +terrible catastrophe brought about by Souvarine, she was imprisoned at +the bottom of the pit along with Chaval and Etienne. A struggle between +the two men ensued, and Chaval was killed. Days elapsed before rescue +arrived, but before then Catherine had died in the arms of Etienne, whom +she had really loved all along. Germinal. + +MAHEU (ESTELLE), seventh child of Toussaint Maheu, aged three months. +Her constant crying disturbed the household. Germinal. + +MAHEU (GUILLAUME), great-grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. When a boy of +fifteen, he found rich coal at Requillart, the Montsou Company’s first +pit, and the seam he discovered was named after him. He died of old age +at sixty. Germinal. + +MAHEU (HENRI), sixth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged four years. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (JEANLIN), third child of Toussaint Maheu, aged eleven years. He +was employed at the Voreux pit, and earned twenty sous a day. His nature +was vicious, and he forced his companions Bebert Levaque and Lydie +Pierron to commit petty thefts, with the proceeds of which he concealed +himself in a disused mine. His criminal tendencies increased until he +was unable to resist the inclination to kill one of the soldiers who +guarded the Voreux pit during the strike. He accordingly waited till +night, and leaping on the shoulders of Jules, a little soldier from +Brittany, thrust a knife into his throat and killed him. Germinal. + +MAHEU (LENORE), fifth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged six years. She +was always fighting with her brother Henri, who was very like her in +appearance, both having large heads with light yellow hair. Germinal. + +MAHEU (NICOLAS), grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. He was killed by a +landslip in the pit, when he was barely forty years old. Germinal. + +MAHEU (TOUSSAINT), son of old Bonnemort, and husband of La Maheude. He +was considered one of the best workmen in the Voreux pit, did not drink, +and was liked and respected by all his companions. He had been for a +considerable time under the influence of the doctrines taught by Etienne +Lantier when he was selected by his comrades to place their views before +the officials of the company. In the great strike which followed he +took part, and in the attack on the troops sent to guard the pit he was +driven on by his wife to join the aggressors. He fell, shot through the +heart, after the fatal volley fired by the soldiers. Germinal. + +MAHEU (VINCENT). See Bonnemort. + +MAHEU (ZACHARIE), eldest child of Toussaint Maheu. He worked in +the Voreux pit along with his father, but was lazy and seized any +opportunity of pleasure. He was married to Philomene Levaque, by whom he +already had two children. The strike interested him very little, and +he spent most of his time playing _crosse_ with Mouquet. But when his +sister Catherine was entombed in the pit he was one of the first to come +forward to the rescue, and he worked day and night with frantic energy. +The ninth day, in his haste, he was imprudent enough to open his lamp, +and a sudden explosion of gas reduced him to a calcined, unrecognizable +mass. Germinal. + +MAHEUDE (LA), wife of Toussaint Maheu. She was at first against the +miners’ strike, but moved by the hardship of her lot and the poverty in +which she was forced to bring up her family, she ultimately urged her +husband to take an active part. Even after she had seen him killed by +the bullets of the soldiers, she was furious with those who talked of +submitting. But further tragedies broke her spirit; her son Zacharie was +killed in an attempt to rescue his sister, entombed at the bottom of the +Voreux pit. Out of charity the company allowed the afflicted woman to +go underground again, though she was past the usual age, and found +employment for her in the manipulation of a small ventilator. Germinal. + +MAHOUDEAU, a sculptor. The son of a stonemason at Plassans, he attained +great success at the local art competitions, and came to Paris as the +_laureat_ of his town, with an allowance of eight hundred francs per +annum for four years. In the capital, however, he found his level, +failing in his competitions at the School of Arts, and merely spending +his allowance to no purpose; so that in order to live he was obliged at +the end of his term to enter the employment of a manufacturer of church +statues. Later, however, he met with Claude Lantier and other companions +from Plassans, and under their influence his ambitions revived. He +installed himself in a studio in Rue du Cherche-Midi, and there set +about the production of a colossal work entitled _La Vendangeuse_ (the +Vintage Girl), for which Madame Mathilde Jabouille served as model. For +a time Chaine, who also came from Plassans, lived with Mahoudeau, but +they quarrelled over Mathilde, and ultimately separated. After this +Mahoudeau lived alone, in considerable poverty, until he got employment +from a manufacturer of artistic bronzes. He then began to produce work +which suited the popular taste, and his productions began to be seen on +middle-class chimney-pieces. L’Oeuvre. + +MAIGRAT, the principal shop-keeper in Montsou. He was originally an +overseer at the Voreux pit, but, assisted by the company, started a +business which grew to such proportions that he ultimately crushed out +most of the other retail traders. He was a greedy, rapacious man, and +during the strike made the women furious by refusing credit. For other +reasons also they hated him, and his shop was one of the first places +attacked by the maddened strikers. In terror Maigrat took refuge on +the roof, but his foot slipped, and he was dashed to the ground, being +killed on the spot. Even this did not satisfy his assailants, for the +frenzied women, led by La Brule, rushed forward and mutilated the still +quivering body. Germinal. + +MAIGRAT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a pitiful creature who +passed all her days over a ledger without even daring to lift her head. +On the day of the attack by the strikers she was a witness of the death +of her husband and of the terrible events which followed. Up at the +window she stood motionless; but beneath the last gleams of the setting +sun the confused faults of the window-panes deformed her white face, +which looked as though it were laughing. Germinal. + +MALGRAS (LE PERE), a picture-dealer with whom Claude Lantier had +frequent dealings. He was a thick-set old man, with close-cropped +white hair, and wore a dirty old coat that made him look like an untidy +cabman. Beneath this disguise was concealed a keen knowledge of art, +combined with a ferocious skill in bargaining. As a superb liar, +moreover, he was without an equal. He was satisfied with a small profit, +but never purchased in the morning without knowing where to dispose +of his purchase at night. He viewed with disdain the modern methods of +picture-dealing introduced by Naudet, and like a cautious man he retired +with a modest fortune to a little house at Bois-Colombes. L’Oeuvre. + +MALIGNON (M.), a young stockbroker who was supposed to have a large +fortune and accordingly was received everywhere in society. He posed as +a critic of art, literature, and the drama, and pretended to be bored +with everything. Madame Deberle, being carried away by his attentions, +was foolish enough to promise to meet him at a flat which he had taken, +but Madame Helene Grandjean having warned her that Dr. Deberle had +got wind of the affair, the intended liaison came to nothing. Une Page +d’Amour. + +MALIVERNE (ROSE). See Madame Rose Fouan. + +MALIVOIRE, a coach-hirer at Arromanches. He was the owner of the omnibus +which ran between Arromanches and Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre. + +MALOIR (MADAME), a respectable-looking elderly woman, was Nana’s friend, +chaperone, and companion, writing for her such letters as she required. +She was always ready to receive the secrets of others, but never told +anything about herself. It was said that she lived upon a mysterious +pension, but she never appeared to carry any money with her. She had a +mania for doing up all her hats afresh. Nana. + +MAMAN NINI, the pet name given by Angelique to Francois Hamelin. Le +Reve. + +MANGUELIN (MADAME), a young, retiring woman, who was to some extent +dependent on the bounty of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + +MANOURY, a salesman at the Central Markets in Paris. He was the employer +of Logre and Clemence. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MARCEL, a vegetable-dealer at the Paris _Halles Centrales_. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +MARDIENNE FRERES, manufacturers of church ornaments in Rue +Saint-Sulpice. Mademoiselle Menu worked in their establishment. +Pot-Bouille. + +MARECHAL, a bookmaker who had formerly been coachman to Comte de +Vandeuvres. As the result of a racing swindle by Vandeuvres, Marechal +lost a large sum over a filly named Nana, and, his suspicions having +been aroused, he caused such a scandal that the Comte was disqualified +by the racing committee. Nana. + +MARESCOT (M.), a cutler in the Rue de la Paix, who had once turned a +grindstone in the streets and was now said to be worth several millions. +He was a man of fifty-five, large, bony, with the huge hands of an old +workman; one of his delights was to carry off the knives and scissors of +his tenants, which he sharpened himself for his own amusement. He owned +the large tenement-house on the Rue Goutte d’Or, in which resided the +Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others, and though a fair landlord, would +brook no delay in payment of rent, turning out defaulters without mercy. +L’Assommoir. + +MAREUIL (M. DE), a retired sugar-refiner of Havre whose real name was +Bonnet. After amassing a large fortune, he married a young girl of good +birth, whose name he assumed. He was ambitious and hoped to become +a member of the Corps Legislatif through the influence of his friend +Saccard, whose brother Eugene Rougon was a Minister of State. To secure +this he agreed to a marriage between his daughter and Maxime Saccard. He +was a man of solemn and imposing appearance, but was absolutely without +brains. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (MADAME HELENE DE), wife of the preceding. She came of a noble +and wealthy family, but lived such a fast life that she died young, worn +out by pleasure. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (LOUISE DE), daughter of a retired sugar-refiner of Havre. +Slightly deformed and plain-looking, but with fascinating manners, she +married Maxime Saccard, to whom she brought a large dowry. Six months +afterwards she died of consumption in Italy. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (COMTESSE), employed Clara Prunaire in her house to attend to +the mending of linen. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARGAILLAN, a great building contractor, many times a millionaire, who +made his fortune out of the great public works of Paris, running +up whole boulevards on his own account. He was a man of remarkable +activity, with a great gift of administration, and an instinctive +knowledge of the streets to construct and the buildings to buy. Moved by +the success of Dubuche at the School of Art, and by the recommendations +of his masters there, Margaillan took the young architect into +partnership, and agreed to his marriage with his daughter Regine. +Unfortunately, Dubuche showed deplorable incapacity in carrying into +practice the theories which he had learned at the School of Art, and +Margaillan, after losing considerable sums, returned to his original +methods of construction, thrusting his son-in-law to one side. He +possessed a magnificent estate named _La Richaudiere_, near Bennecourt. +L’Oeuvre. + +MARGAILLAN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a girl of the +middle-classes, whose family history was a bad one, and after suffering +for years from anemia, she ultimately died of phthisis. L’Oeuvre. + +MARGAILLAN (REGINE), daughter of the preceding, and wife of Louis +Dubuche. She was very delicate, and suffered from a phthisical tendency +derived from her mother, which in turn she handed to her two children, +Gaston and Alice. It was frequently necessary for her to leave home for +the benefit of her health, and during her absences the children were +left at _La Richaudiere_ in charge of their father. L’Oeuvre. + +MARIA, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +MARJOLIN, a boy who was found in a heap of cabbages at the Paris market. +It was never known who his parents were, and he became the adopted +child of the place, always finding a lodging with one or other of the +market-women. Later on he lived with Madame Chantemesse, who had adopted +Cadine, another foundling, and the two children grew up together, +becoming inseparable. Marjolin was always of slow intellect, and as the +result of an injury to his head he became practically an idiot. Gavard +gave him employment in the poultry market. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MARSOULLIER, proprietor of the Hotel Boncoeur, where Gervaise Macquart +and Lantier put up when they came to Paris. L’Assommoir. + +MARTIN, coachman to Dr. Cazenove. He was an old man who formerly served +in the navy, and had his leg amputated by Cazenove. La Joie de Vivre. + +MARTINE, the old servant of Dr. Pascal, with whom she had been for +thirty years. She brought up Clotilde Rougon, whose affection for the +doctor excited her jealousy later on. Martine, who was devoted to her +master, desired to force him to be reconciled with the Church, but +Clotilde, at first her accomplice, escaped from religious influences and +gave herself entirely to Pascal, leaving Martine with no other resource +but prayer. She was extremely avaricious, but when the doctor was +ruined, her devotion was such that she used some of her own money to +purchase the necessaries of life for him. Distracted at the sudden +death of her master, and in the hope of saving him from damnation, she +assisted Madame Felicite Rougon to destroy his great work on heredity, +which in her narrow-minded bigotry she believed was intended to subvert +true religion. The work of destruction completed, she went away to live +by herself at Sainte-Marthe, as she refused to serve any other master +than the one she had been with so many years. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MARTINEAU (M.), a notary of Coulonges, and brother of Madame Correur. +He ignored his sister for many years, but his principles would not allow +him to disinherit her, and he made a will under which his property would +be divided between her and his wife. Soon thereafter, Madame Correur, +knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him as a dangerous Republican +to Rougon, then Minister of the Interior, and his arrest followed. The +shock, together with the unnecessary harshnesses displayed by Gilquin, +the commissary of police, caused Martineau’s death, and the subsequent +popular outcry had much to do with Rougon’s second resignation of +office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MARTINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MARSY (COMTE DE), Minister of the Interior before Eugene Rougon, who +succeeded him on his appointment as President of the Corps Legislatif. +Marsy, who was said to be the son of a queen, was brilliant, immoral, +and unscrupulous. He was the chief political opponent of Eugene Rougon +and had great influence at the Court of Napoleon III. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +MARTY (M.), a master at the Lycee Bonaparte, who was being ruined by the +extravagance of his wife, and was obliged to double his salary by giving +private lessons, in order to meet the constantly growing household +expenses. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARTY (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of about thirty-five +years of age, whose face, never beautiful, was now much marked by +small-pox. She had a perfect mania for spending money on clothes, and +never visited “The Ladies’ Paradise” without buying innumerable articles +for which she had no need. As a result of her extravagance, her husband +was nearly ruined, and was forced to increase his earnings by giving +private lessons. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARTY (VALENTINE), daughter of the preceding, a young girl of fourteen +years of age, who was used by her mother as an excuse for some of her +extravagance, as she dressed her like herself, with all the fashionable +novelties of which she submitted to the irresistible seduction. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MASCART (PERE), a blind paralytic to whom Angelique showed much +kindness. Le Reve. + +MASSACRE, one of the dogs of old Soulas, the shepherd. It shared the +hatred of its master of La Cognette. La Terre. + +MASSIAS, a frequenter of the Paris Bourse, where he gained a living by +bringing business to stockbrokers, from whom he received a commission on +each transaction. He was employed by Saccard after the foundation of the +Universal Bank, and by speculating in the shares he made a considerable +fortune. With the downfall of the institution, he lost everything, and +found himself in debt for a large sum. By borrowing from friends, +and pledging his entire life, he paid his debts and started afresh. +L’Argent. + +MASSICOT, a tradesman of Plassans who was enrolled and armed by Pierre +Rougon to deliver the Town Hall from the Republicans who had occupied +it. He was so excited that when he got into the building he fired in the +air without knowing he had done so. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MASSON (COLONEL), commander of the troops which crushed the Republican +rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MATHIAS, an old hunchback who worked on the farm of La Borderie. La +Terre. + +MATHIEU, a large dog which belonged to the Chanteaus at Bonneville and +was a great favourite of the family. The death of this animal greatly +accelerated the unreasoning fear of inevitable mortality with which the +mind of Lazare Chanteau was becoming obsessed. La Joie de Vivre. + +MATHILDE, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +MATIGNON, a draper in Paris, whose shop was near that of Baudu. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MAUDIT (ABBE), Vicar of Saint-Roch, Paris, he counted among his +parishioners the Josserands and the Duveyriers. Though well aware of the +immorality that went on in his parish, he recognized the impossibility +of stopping it, and did what he could to hide it under the cloak of +religion. When the scandal arose about Madame Auguste Vabre, he was +approached by her relations, and at their request acted as intermediary +between the husband and wife. Pot-Bouille. + +MAUGENDRE (M.), father of Madame Jordan; was a retired awning +manufacturer who had made a considerable fortune from his business. +He disapproved of his daughter’s marriage, and refused to give her any +dowry, on the pretext that she would have his fortune intact when he was +dead and gone. He was a careful man, averse from speculation, but having +on one occasion made a small venture, he gradually became imbued with +the craze. The phenomenal success of the Universal Bank induced him to +purchase its shares more and more wildly, until, when the crash came, +he was so deeply committed as to be ruined. Jordan, who by this time had +met with some success in literature, came to his assistance. L’Argent. + +MAUGENDRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was at first bitterly opposed +to the small speculations entered into by her husband. She soon got +infected with the craze, and became even more reckless than he, urging +him to involve himself more and more deeply in the fortunes of the +Universal Bank. L’Argent. + +MAUGENDRE (MARCELLE). See Madame Marcelle Jordan. + +MAURIAC (BARON DE), starter at the racecourse of Longchamp. Nana. + +MAURIN, a hatter of Plassans, who was selected by the Republicans of +that town as their candidate. At the election he only received about +fifteen hundred votes against the rival candidate. M. Delangre. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +MAURIN, a notary at Tulettes, who was also Mayor of the Commune. It +was he who drew up the certificate of death of Antoine Macquart from +spontaneous combustion. + +MAZAUD, a broker on the Paris Bourse, who succeeded on the death of his +uncle to one of the largest businesses in the city. He was young and +pleasant-looking, with such remarkable activity and intuition that he +soon came into the first rank. He was also assisted by the fact that +he did business with all the great bankers, and was reputed to have a +second cousin employed at the Havas News Agency. After the foundation of +the Universal Bank, he became the official broker of that institution, +and the great gamble in its shares resolved itself into a duel between +him and Jacoby, the one buying for Saccard and the other selling for +Gundermann. Mazaud did not speculate on his own account, but the failure +of the bank led to so many of his clients being unable to meet their +differences that he was ruined. After putting his affairs in order so +far as possible, he committed suicide. L’Argent. + +MAZAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She married for love, and +brought to her husband a considerable fortune. She had two children, a +girl and a boy. The suicide of her husband completely overwhelmed her +with grief. L’Argent. + +MAZEL, a famous master at the School of Arts, and the last rampart of +elegant conventionality. The first year that the Hanging Committee of +the _Salon_ was elected by the artists themselves, Mazel was chosen +president. In the selection of pictures he was susceptible to influence, +and was guided more by the name of the artist than by the quality of the +work. L’Oeuvre. + +MECHAIN, proprietor of a racing-stable. Hazard, one of his horses, ran +in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +MECHAIN (MADAME), a woman in the employment of Busch, the money-lender +and debt collector. She assisted him in tracing debtors, and in the +purchase of securities of bankrupt companies. She was a cousin of +Rosalie Chavaille, mother of Victor Saccard, on whose death she was left +with the boy to bring up. On discovering the paternity of Victor some +years later, she and Busch attempted to blackmail Saccard, but without +success, though they had previously got a considerable sum from Caroline +Hamelin, who wished to save Saccard from annoyance. L’Argent. + +MEGOT (JUSTINE), a young maid-servant of Renee Saccard. She had a son +to Maxime Rougon in 1857, and was sent to live in the country with the +child on a small annuity. La Curee. + +Three years later she married Anselme Thomas, a harness-maker at +Plassans. They had two children, and would have lived happily but for +the husband’s dislike to her eldest child, Charles Rougon. Her conduct +after marriage was exemplary in every way. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MEHUDIN (MADAME), originally came from Rouen to Paris, where she ever +afterwards remained in the fish trade. As her two daughters, Louise +and Claire, got on badly together, she ultimately divided her business +between them, Louise going to the general fish-market, while Claire +installed herself among the fresh-water fish. “From that time the old +mother, although she pretended to have retired from business altogether, +would flit from one stall to the other, still interfering in the selling +of the fish, and causing her daughters continual annoyance by the foul +insolence with which she at times spoke to customers.” Le Ventre de +Paris. + +MEHUDIN (CLAIRE), the second daughter of Madame Mehudin, was an idle, +fair-complexioned girl, with a gentle manner. She had, however, a strong +will, and was invariably at loggerheads with others. When Florent became +Inspector at the Fish Market, Claire took his part against her mother +and sister, but afterwards went to the opposite extreme when his +relations with Louise had become friendly. It appeared that she had a +real affection for him, however, as after his arrest she assaulted her +sister in the belief that she had given information to the police. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MEHUDIN (LOUISE), commonly called La Normande. She was a beautiful +woman who had at one time been engaged to be married to a clerk in the +corn-market. He was, however, accidentally killed, leaving Louise with +a son, who was known in the market by the nickname of _Muche_. When +Florent was first appointed Inspector in the Fish Market, Louise, who +had quarrelled with his sister-in-law, Lisa, did everything she could to +annoy him. Afterwards, partly gratified by his kindness to her son, +and partly to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu, she became reconciled to him. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MEINHOLD (MADAME DE), a lady well-known in the Society of the Second +Empire. She was a friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La +Curee. + +MELANIE, cook in the employment of the Gregoires, with whom she had been +for thirty years. Germinal. + +MELANIE, the servant of Denizet, the examining magistrate at Rouen. The +latter was anxious for promotion, in order that his old servant might be +better fed and consequently better tempered. La Bete Humane. + +MELIE, niece of the Fancheurs. She was a girl from the village of +Bennecourt, who waited on Claude Lantier and Christine in their cottage +there, and greatly amused them by her stupidity. After the death of +the Fancheurs, the inn came into the possession of Melie, but soon lost +favour on account of its dirt and disorder. L’Oeuvre. + +MENU (MADEMOISELLE), aunt of Fanny Menu, who lived with her. She had +been an embroideress for thirty years, but her sight failed and she was +obliged to give up work. Fortunately she received a small legacy from a +relative, and on this, added to the earnings of her niece, she was able +to live. Pot-Bouille. + +MENU (FANNY), a young girl who was protected by Narcisse Bachelard. +As he on one occasion found her with Gueulin, his nephew, under +compromising circumstances, he insisted on their marriage, and gave her +a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille. + +MERLE, usher at the Council of State. He was appointed by Eugene Rougon, +through the influence of Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MES BOTTES, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau’s companions. He was a heavy +drinker and an enormous eater, and on account of the latter gift he was +occasionally asked by his friends to join such parties of pleasure as +paid by contract for their entertainment, in order that they might watch +the landlord’s face lengthen at the rapid disappearance of food. +Chiefly for this reason, he was asked to the Coupeaus’ wedding party. +L’Assommoir. + +MEYER, owner of a Viennese bakery in Faubourg Poissonniere. The Coupeaus +bought their bread from him in order to please Lantier. L’Assommoir. + +MICHELIN (M.), a surveyor of the Municipal Council. “His wife, a pretty +woman, occasionally called to apologize to her husband’s chiefs for his +absence, when he stayed away through ill-health. He was often ill, but +he obtained promotion at each illness.” In order to secure Saccard’s +influence, Michelin assisted him in getting exorbitant prices for land +sold to the city. La Curee. + +MICHELIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. By means of her good looks and +a determination to get on at any cost, she secured the influence of her +husband’s superiors, and got rapid promotion for him in the office of +the Municipal Council. La Curee. + +MIETTE, the pet name of Marie Chantegreil. (q.v.). + +MIETTE, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud who assisted to decorate +the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +MIGNON, a man who, beginning life as a bricklayer, had amassed a fortune +by speculations in building land during the early days of the Second +Empire. Along with Charrier, his partner, he had many business dealings +with Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +MIGNON, husband of an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. When Rose +married him he was leader of the orchestra at a cafe concert where she +sang. They were the best of friends, and lived together on the earnings +of the wife, who exploited her beauty not less than her talents. Mignon +was always on the best of terms with his wife’s lovers, even assisting +them occasionally to deceive her, with the view of bringing them back in +penitence later on. Nana. + +MIGNON (CHARLES), younger son of the preceding. Nana. + +MIGNON (HENRI), elder son of Mignon. Along with his brother Charles he +was educated at a boarding-school. Nana. + +MIGNON (ROSE), wife of Mignon, was a star actress at the Theatre des +Varietes, being a fine comedienne and an admirable singer. She was dark +and thin with that charming ugliness which is peculiar to the gamins +of Paris. It was she who, annoyed by the rivalry of Nana, one day made +Comte de Muffat aware of the liaison between his wife and Fauchery. She +was, however, a good-hearted woman, and when she learned that Nana had +contracted small-pox she arranged for her removal to the Grand Hotel, +and nursed her there till she died. Nana. + +MIGNOT, one of the salesmen in the glove department at “The Ladies’ +Paradise.” He entered into a conspiracy with Albert Lhomme to defraud +his employer, and this was successful to a considerable extent before +its discovery; his dismissal followed, but there was no prosecution, as +the firm preferred not to bring its internal affairs before the public +eye. He afterwards got a situation as a traveller, and had even the +boldness to call at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MIMI-LA-MORT, a pupil at the College of Plassans, who was also nicknamed +_Le Squelette-Externe_ (The Skeleton Day-Boarder) on account of his +extreme thinness. Against the regulations of the College, he used to +bring in snuff to the other scholars. L’Oeuvre. + +MINOUCHE, a white cat which belonged to the Chanteaus. La Joie de Vivre. + +MISARD, signalman on the railway at Croix-de-Maufras, between Malaunay +and Barentin. He was a little puny man, with thin, discoloured hair and +beard, and a lean, hollow-cheeked face. His work was mechanical, and he +seemed to carry it through without thought or intelligence. His wife, +a cousin of Jacques Lantier, looked after the level-crossing which +adjoined their house until failing health prevented her from leaving +the house. For this little man, silently and without anger, was slowly +poisoning his wife with a powder which he placed in the salt which she +ate. This crime, patient and cunning, had for its cause a legacy of a +thousand francs left to Aunt Phasie by her father, a legacy which +she had hidden, and refused to hand over to Misard. But the old woman +triumphed in the end, for though Misard searched day and night for the +treasure, he was never able to find it; she died taking her secret with +her. An old woman of the neighbourhood, La Ducloux, whom he had employed +to attend to the level-crossing after the death of his wife, induced him +to marry her by pretending that she had discovered the secret hoard. La +Bete Humaine. + +MISARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Phasie (Aunt). + +MORANGE (CHARLOT), son of Silvine Morange and of Goliath Steinberg. +Physically he resembled his father’s race, whom, however, he was brought +up to hate. Hidden behind his mother, he was at three years old a +witness of the murder of his father by the francs-tireurs. La Debacle. + +MORANGE (SILVINE), servant with Fouchard at Remilly. Her mother, who was +a worker in a factory at Raucourt, died when she was quite young, and +her godfather, Dr. Dalichamp, got her a situation with Fouchard. +Honore Fouchard fell in love with her, and they became engaged, but the +opposition of the old man was so great that Honore went away from home +and enlisted in the army. During his absence Silvine fell a victim +to the wiles of Goliath Steinberg, and a child, Charlot, was born, +Steinberg having previously disappeared. She had all along loved Honore, +and when he passed through Remilly on his way to fight the Prussians +he forgave her, and promised to marry her on his return. When she heard +that he had been killed in the battle of Sedan, she became nearly mad, +and with Prosper Sambuc made a wild search of the battlefield for her +lover’s body. They found it eventually, and brought it back in a cart +for burial. Goliath Steinberg, who was a German spy, again made advances +to her, and, to save herself and her friends, she betrayed him to the +francs-tireurs, who killed him in her presence. La Debacle. + +MORIZOT, a friend of Malignon, who took him to the children’s party at +Deberle’s house. Une Page d’Amour. + +MOSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was a short, yellow-skinned +man, who suffered from liver complaint and was continually lamenting, +in constant dread of some imminent catastrophe. In consequence of his +views, he was known on the Bourse as “bear” Moser. Speculating heavily +against the rise in the shares of the Universal Bank, he was at one time +on the verge of ruin, but the collapse of that institution left him with +an enormous fortune. L’Argent. + +MOUCHE (LE PERE), the sobriquet of Michel Fouan, the third son of Joseph +Casimir Fouan, and brother of La Grande, Pere Fouan, and Laure +Badeuil. When his father’s estate was divided, he received the family +dwelling-house and some land, but was dissatisfied with his share and +continued to accuse his brother and sister, though forty years had +elapsed, of having robbed him when the lots were drawn. He had been +long a widower, and, a soured unlucky man, he lived alone with his +two daughters, Lise and Francoise. At sixty years of age he died of an +attack of apoplexy. La Terre. + +MOUCHE (FRANCOISE), younger daughter of Michel Fouan, alias Mouche. Her +mother died early, and she was brought up by her sister Lise, to whom +she was devotedly attached. She had a passion for justice, and when she +had said “that is mine and that is yours,” she would have been prepared +to go to the stake in support of her rights. This execration of +injustice gradually led to a change of feeling between the two sisters, +for after the marriage of Lise to Buteau a division of the land should +have been made. Buteau and his wife on various pretexts put off this +division, and it was only on the marriage of Francoise to Jean Macquart +that it was carried out. An entire estrangement between the two families +followed, and constant quarrels took place. After a shameful assault by +Buteau upon Francoise, his wife threw her upon a scythe which lay upon +the ground near by, and the unfortunate girl received injuries from +which she died a few hours later. A sense of loyalty to her family +induced her to conceal the cause of these injuries, which were +attributed to accident. La Terre. + +MOUCHE (LISE), elder daughter of Pere Mouche, and sister of the +preceding. She had a son to her cousin Buteau, who, however, did not +marry her for three years afterwards, when the death of her father made +her heiress to some land. She was at first an amiable woman, but grew +hardened under the influence of her husband, and ultimately her whole +desire was to avoid the necessity of a division of her father’s estate +between her sister and herself. Moved by these feelings, her love for +Francoise became transformed into a hatred so intense that she did not +hesitate to assist her husband in attempting to bring about the girl’s +ruin. In the end, having assisted Buteau in a shameful assault on +Francoise, she afterwards threw her upon a scythe which was lying on +the ground near by, inflicting injuries which proved fatal. Pere Fouan, +having been a witness of the assault, was subsequently murdered by Lise +and her husband, to ensure his silence and their own safety. La Terre. + +MOULIN, an assistant station-master at Havre along with Roubaud. La Bete +Humaine. + +MOULIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman, timid +and weak, who was seldom seen. She had a large family of young children. +La Bete Humaine. + +MOUNIER, a tenor singer at the Opera, who gave the cue to Madame +Daigremont at a performance in her house. L’Argent. + +MOUQUE, father of Mouquet and of Mouquette. He had charge of the horses +in the Voreux pit, and also acted as caretaker at a ruined mine known +as the Requillart, where the company had given him two rooms to live in. +Almost every evening he received a visit from his old comrade Bonnemort. +Germinal. + +MOUQUET, son of the preceding, was an inseparable companion of Zacharie +Maheu, along with whom he worked at the Voreux pit. During the strike he +went out of curiosity to see the attack by the strikers on the soldiers +who were guarding the mines, and was killed by a stray ball which struck +him in the mouth. + +MOUQUETTE, daughter of Mouque. She was a putter in the Voreux pit, and +lived with her father at the ruined mine of Requillart, where he was +caretaker. She was present at the attack by the strikers on the soldiers +guarding the Voreux, and when the fatal volley was fired she was killed, +in an instinctive attempt to save Catherine Maheu, before whom she +placed herself. Germinal. + +MOURET, a hatter of Plassans who married Ursule Macquart in 1810 and +went to live at Marseilles. He was devoted to his wife, and a year after +her death in 1839, he hanged himself in a cupboard where her dresses +were still suspended. He left three children, Helene, Francois, and +Silvere. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOURET (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Ursule Macquart. La Fortune +des Rougon. + +MOURET (DESIREE), born 1844, daughter of Francois Mouret, and sister of +Octave and Serge. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She was of feeble intellect, and when a girl of sixteen was still +mentally like a child of eight. When her mother fell under the influence +of Abbe Faujas, and began entirely to neglect her family, Francois +Mouret removed Desiree to the home of her old nurse, in whose custody +she remained. La Conquete de Plassans. + +When her brother Serge was appointed priest of Les Artaud, she +accompanied him there. By that time she had grown to be a tall, handsome +girl, but her mind had never developed, and she was still like a young +child. Her love of animals had become a passion, and at her brother’s +home she was able to indulge it to the fullest extent, and to her +complete happiness. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +She accompanied her brother to Saint Eutrope, where he became cure, +and she continued innocent and healthy, like a happy young animal. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (FRANCOIS), born in 1817, son of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his +wife. He got a situation in the business of his uncle, Pierre Rougon, +whose daughter Marthe he married in 1840. They had three children, +Octave, Serge, and Desiree. On the retirement of his uncle, Mouret +returned to Marseilles and established himself in business there. La +Fortune de Rougon. + +During fifteen years of close application on the part of Mouret and his +wife, he made a fortune out of wines, oil, and almonds, and then retired +to Plassans, where he lived on his means, making an occasional deal in +wine or oil when a chance occurred. He was not on good terms with his +wife’s relations, and placed himself politically in opposition to them +by supporting the Legitimist candidate, the Marquis de Lagrifoul. In +1858, having two vacant rooms in his house, he was induced by the Abbe +Bourrette to let them to Abbe Faujas, a priest who had been sent to +Plassans by the Government to undermine the existing clerical influence +there, which had been exercised in support of the Marquis de +Lagrifoul. Mouret was a man of narrow and restricted intellect, and his +peculiarities became more and more marked as the Abbe Faujas gradually +came to dominate the household and induce Madame Mouret to neglect her +husband and family for the service of the Church. By degrees Mouret +came to be regarded as insane, and his wife having had several epileptic +attacks, he was accused of having caused the injuries she had really +inflicted on herself. His wrongful removal to the asylum at Les Tulettes +followed, and confinement soon confirmed the insanity which before had +only threatened. In 1864, his uncle, Antoine Macquart, in order to annoy +the Rougons contrived his escape from the asylum, and he returned by +night to his home at Plassans. Finding it in the occupancy of Abbe +Faujas and his relatives, he was overcome by the fury of madness, and +set fire to the house in several places. So thoroughly did he do his +work that all the inmates, including himself, perished in the flames. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +MOURET (MADAME MARTHE), wife of the preceding. See Marthe Rougon. + +MOURET (HELENE), born 1824, daughter of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his +wife. La Fortune des Rougon. + +When seventeen years old she married M. Grandjean, the son of a +sugar-refiner of Marseilles, whose family were bitterly opposed to the +match on account of her poverty. The wedding was a secret one, and +the young couple had difficulty making ends meet until an uncle died, +leaving them ten thousand francs a year. “It was then that Grandjean, +within whom an intense hatred of Marseilles was growing, had decided on +coming to Paris, to live there for good.” The day after their arrival +Grandjean was seized with illness, and after eight days he died, leaving +his wife with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Helene, who was a woman +of singular beauty, had no friends in Paris except Abbe Jouve and his +half-brother M. Rambaud, but from them she received much kindness. +Her daughter Jeanne was far from strong, having inherited much of the +hereditary neurosis of her mother’s family, along with a consumptive +tendency from that of her father. A sudden illness of the girl led to an +acquaintance with Doctor Deberle, and this ripened into love between +him and Helene, though considerations of duty kept them apart. Meantime, +Helene had discovered the beginnings of an intrigue between Madame +Deberle and M. Malignon, and in order to break it off was herself placed +in such a compromising position towards Doctor Deberle that he became +her lover. The discovery of the fact by Jeanne, whose jealous love of +her mother amounted to a mania, led to the child’s illness and death, +and to her mother’s bitter repentance. Two years later Helene married M. +Rambaud, and went to live at Marseilles. Une Page d’Amour. + +She lived for many years, very happy, and idolized by her husband, in a +house which he owned near Marseilles, close to the seashore. She had no +children by her second marriage. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (OCTAVE), born 1840, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +A young man of high spirits and somewhat idle habits, he made little +progress at college, and failed to pass the examinations for a degree. +His father was much annoyed at this, and sent him off to Marseilles to +enter a commercial business. The reports regarding him were, however, +unsatisfactory, as it appeared that he showed no inclination to +settle to hard work and was living a dissolute life.[*] La Conquete de +Plassans. + +After the death of his parents, Serge Mouret, who was about to take Holy +Orders, renounced his share of his father’s fortune in favour of his +brother Octave. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had +charge of Pauline Quenu’s fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +After three years at Marseilles he came to Paris, where he secured an +appointment as assistant at “The Ladies’ Paradise” through the influence +of the Campardons, who were old friends of his mother. He formed the +project of advancing his prospects by making love to Madame Hedouin, +wife of his employer, but she gave him no encouragement. He resigned his +situation, and went as salesman to Auguste Vabre, a neighbouring silk +merchant. Vabre’s wife (nee Berthe Josserand) was not on good terms with +her husband, and a liaison was formed between her and Octave Mouret, +which subsisted for some time before it was discovered by Vabre, who +received information from Rachael, his maid-servant. Mouret returned to +his former employment at “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and M. Hedouin having +died in the interval, he married the widow a few months afterwards. He +had developed keen business ability, with large ideas, and under his +management the shop became one of the most important in the district. +Pot-Bouille. + +In Mouret’s hands the business of “The Ladies’ Paradise” continued to +grow, and repeated extensions of the building became necessary. While +one of these was in progress, Madame Mouret, who was inspecting the +work, fell into a hole, and as a result of her injuries died three +days afterwards. Mouret remained a widower, and devoted himself to the +extension of his business, though it was believed that a liaison with +Madame Desforges was not the only entanglement of its kind. On the +introduction of Madame Desforges he came to know Baron Hartmann, +director of the Credit Immobilier, who became interested in him, and +eventually found the money necessary to carry out the vast schemes of +extension which he had long had in mind. By this time Denise Baudu +had come to “The Ladies’ Paradise” as a saleswoman, and from the first +Mouret had taken an interest in her. This was probably increased by the +fact that she resisted all his advances, and refused all his offers. +Ultimately he became so infatuated by her that he asked her to marry +him, which she agreed to do. By this time the success of “The Ladies’ +Paradise” had become triumphant, and the smaller traders of the +district were being crushed out of existence, and driven one by one into +bankruptcy. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +He assisted at the burial of his cousin, Claude Lantier the artist. +By this time he had become very rich, was decorated with the Legion +of Honour, and was desirous of giving the impression of an enlightened +taste for art. L’Oeuvre. + +Octave Mouret, whose immense fortune continued to increase, had towards +the end of 1872 a second child by his wife Denise Baudu, whom he adored, +though he again began to lead a somewhat irregular life. Their little +girl was puny, but the younger child, a boy, took after his mother, and +grew magnificently. Le Docteur Pascal. + + [*] It is interesting to note that by a curious oversight M. + Zola in _Pot-Bouille_ refers to Octave Mouret as having + passed the examination for his bachelor’s degree before + leaving Plassans, and states that at Marseilles the lad + showed a passion for business life, being able during his + three years’ stay there to make a sum of five thousand + francs (two hundred pounds), which he took with him to + Paris. + +MOURET (MADAME CAROLINE), first wife of the preceding. See Madame +Caroline Hedouin. + +MOURET (MADAME DENISE), second wife of Octave Mouret. See Denise Baudu. + +MOURET (SERGE), born 1841, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +He was a young man of nervous temperament and of somewhat delicate +health. Educated at Plassans, he took his degree at the college there, +and it was intended that he should go to Paris to study for the bar. The +state of his health caused his departure to be delayed, and meantime he, +like his mother, fell under the influence of Abbe Faujas. Ultimately he +decided to abandon the study of the law in order to become a priest, and +against the wishes of his father he entered the Seminary at Plassans. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +After being ordained to the priesthood he was appointed cure of Les +Artaud, a small village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants +he ministered with small success. From his parents he had inherited +the family taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the form of +morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever resulted, +and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental past. Dr. Pascal +Rougon, his uncle, in the hope of saving his reason, removed him to +Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion, where he left him in +the care of Albine, the keeper’s niece. Here Serge slowly recovered +his health, though the memory of his past was gone, and his mental +development was that of a boy. In that enchanted garden, lush with +foliage and with the scent of flowers, the drama of life unfolded, and +Serge, loving Albine, and oblivious of his vows unwittingly broke them. +A chance meeting with Brother Archangais, and a glimpse of the +world outside the Paradou, recalled to Serge the recollection of his +priesthood, and, filled with horror, he tore himself from Albine and +returned to his cure of souls. A fierce struggle between love and duty +followed, but in the end the Church conquered, and Albine was left to +die, while Serge threw himself even more feverishly than before into the +observances of his faith. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +Sent later to Saint-Eutrope, at the bottom of a marshy gorge, he was +cloistered there with his sister Desiree. He showed a fine humility, +refusing all preferment from his bishop, waiting for death like a holy +man, averse to remedies, although he was already in the early stage of +phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (SILVERE), born 1834, son of Mouret, the hatter, and Ursule +Macquart, his wife. After the death of his father, Silvere went to live +with his grandmother Adelaide Fouque. Though poorly educated, he was +fond of reading, and his lonely life with this old half-imbecile woman +increased his own tendency to visionary dreamings. “He was predisposed +to Utopian ideas by certain hereditary influences; his grandmother’s +nervous disorders became in him a chronic enthusiasm, striving after +everything that was grandiose and impossible.” His Uncle Antoine +Macquart, who hoped through him to annoy the Rougons, encouraged him +in his Republican views, and after the _Coup d’Etat_ he joined the +insurrection which then arose. Miette Chantegreil, a young girl to whom +he was tenderly devoted, accompanied him, but was shot in the attack by +regular troops. He was taken prisoner, and having been brought back to +Plassans, was executed there. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOUSSEAU (ABBE), a priest at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MOURGUE, a peasant of Poujols, who, armed with a fork, had taken part +in the insurrectionary rising against the _Coup d’Etat_. He was made +prisoner, and was led to Plassans, tied by the arm to Silvere Mouret, +who had also been arrested. He was shot at the same time as Silvere by +Rengade, the gendarme. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOUTON, a cat which belonged to the Quenus, and was a favourite of +little Pauline. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MUCHE, the name by which Louise Mehudin’s son was known in the market. +He was befriended by Florent, who taught him to read and write. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MUFFAT (MAMAN), wife of General Muffat de Beuville, who was created +Comte by Napoleon I. She was an insufferable old woman, who was always +hand-in-glove with the priests, and had an authoritative manner, which +bent every one to her will. Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse Sabine, was +entirely under her dominion, and was forced by her to lead an almost +cloistered existence. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTE), son of the preceding and of General Muffat +de Beuville. Brought up in the strictest manner by his mother, his life +was one of cold and severe propriety, and being regarded with favour +at the Court, he was appointed Chamberlain to the Empress. He married +Sabine de Chouard, by whom he had one daughter, Estelle. For seventeen +years of married life his career was a pattern of all the virtues, until +a chance meeting with Nana led to an infatuation amounting to mania. +Everything was sacrificed to her, and no degradation to his self-respect +seemed too high a price to pay for her favour. Disgusted for a time by +her liaison with Fontan, he left her, and turned for amusement to Rose +Mignon, but the infatuation for Nana reasserted itself, and he recovered +her good graces by inducing Bordenave to give her a part which she +greatly desired in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by Fauchery. He spent +vast sums upon Nana, giving her a magnificent house in the Avenue de +Villiers. Her influence over him became complete, and he even accepted +Daguenet, her former lover, as his son-in-law. He overlooked too his +wife’s numerous liaisons, as he required her signature to enable him to +raise still more money for Nana. Muffat’s means were coming to an end, +however, and the scandal reached such a height that he was forced to +resign his position at the Tuileries. It was only when he learned that +Nana was carrying on a liaison with his own father-in-law, the aged +Marquis de Chouard, that he finally broke with her, and coming once more +under the influence of Venot, he sought forgetfulness of the past in an +exaggerated devotion to the service of the Church. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTESSE), wife of the preceding. See Sabine de +Chouard. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding. At sixteen she +was thin and insignificant, seldom speaking, but after her marriage to +Daguenet, she exhibited a will of iron, and completely dominated her +husband. Nana. + +MULLER (BLANCHE), a favourite actress at the Theatre des Varietes. La +Curee. + +MUSSY (M. DE) was an admirer of Renee Saccard, and aspired to be her +lover. He received an appointment on the staff of the London embassy. La +Curee. + + + + +N + +NANA. See Anna Coupeau. + +NANA, name of a filly in the racing stable of Vandeuvres. She had been +beaten in several races, and when run for the Grand Prix de Paris was +looked on as an outsider. The success of the filly by fraudulent means +led to the disqualification of the owner. Nana. + +NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French. Referred to in _Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon_ and in _La Debacle_. + +NATHANSOHN, a stockbroker. He came from Besancon, where his father was a +watchmaker. He was very fortunate in his speculations, and soon became +a man of consequence. His Jewish caution prevented him from becoming +involved with Saccard in the affairs of the Universal Bank, and when +that institution collapsed he was in a position to snatch a fortune from +its ruin. L’Argent. + +NAUD, a shoemaker in Rue d’Antin who felt severely the competition of +Octave Mouret’s great shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +NAUDET, a cousin of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline’s family +council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +NAUDET, a picture-dealer who for some years had been revolutionizing the +trade. He put aside the old cautious methods, the watching for pictures +by beginners, bought for ten francs and sold for fifteen. To judge by +his appearance he might have been a nobleman, and his habits were in +keeping; he was, in fact, a pure speculator in pictures, caring nothing +for art. But he unfailingly scented success; he guessed what artists +ought to be taken up, not the ones likely to develop the genius of +a great painter, but the one whose deceptive talent, set off by a +pretended display of audacity, would command a premium in the market. He +speculated, in fact, on the ignorance and vanity of amateurs. It was +he who invented Fagerolles as a fashion, and made large sums out of his +works. His success in forcing up the prices of pictures turned his +head to some extent, and he even talked of crushing out all the other +dealers. The exaggerated rise in the price of pictures came, as was +inevitable, to an end, and in the fall which followed Naudet was +practically ruined. L’Oeuvre. + +NEGREL (MADAME), sister of M. Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou +mines. She was married to a captain, and after she became a widow lived +at Avignon on a small income, contenting herself with little in order +that she might properly educate her son Paul. Germinal. + +NEGREL (PAUL), son of the preceding. He was an engineer at the Voreux +pit, an appointment which he received from his uncle, M. Hennebeau, with +whom he lived, being treated as one of the family. Madame Hennebeau, +notwithstanding a liaison which subsisted between her and Negrel, +planned for him a marriage with Cecile Gregoire, an arrangement which +was only prevented by the murder of the girl by old Bonnemort. Negrel +posed as taking no interest in the affairs of practical life, but in the +terrible disaster at the Voreux pit he threw himself into the work of +rescue with an ardour beyond praise. Germinal. + +NOEMI, an actress at the Vaudeville. Madame Deberle admired the +realistic manner in which she died in a piece she played. Une Page +d’Amour. + +NORINE, a vendor of salted provisions, who went around the neighbourhood +of Cloyes. La Terre. + +NORMANDE (LA), the sobriquet of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + +NOUGAREDE, an old senator who was on the point of asking the hand of +Clorinde Balbi after having seen her at a ball in the character of Diana +the huntress. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + +O + +OCTAVE, the favourite lover of Blanche de Sivry. Nana. + +ORVIEDO (PRINCE D’), came to Paris from Spain with an immense fortune +made on the Stock Exchange. There were strange stories told regarding +the sources of his wealth; stories not more creditable than those told +of the armed bandits of former days, for his robberies, though less +open, were more dangerous. For twenty years he took his share of booty +in all the great financial swindles. He ultimately died of apoplexy. +L’Argent. + +ORVIEDO (PRINCESS D’), was for a time one of the most curious +notabilities of the Second Empire. At the command of her mother, the +Duchesse de Combeville, she married the Prince in ignorance of the +source of his regal fortune, estimated at three hundred millions of +francs (twelve millions sterling). It was said that for twenty years +the Prince had appropriated the lion’s share of every great piece of +financial rascality on the Bourses of France and Spain. After his sudden +death from a stroke of apoplexy, the Princess shut up the great house +in the Rue Saint-Lazare and retired with a maid to three rooms on the +second floor, where she lived the life of a recluse. From thenceforth +she lived solely for deeds of charity on a colossal scale. During five +years she founded the St. Mary’s Infant Asylum, the St. Joseph’s Orphan +Asylum, an Asylum for the aged at Chatillon, a hospital in the suburbs +of Paris, and an institution known as _L’Oeuvre du Travail_, in which +were boarded three hundred waifs and strays from the streets of Paris. +On these foundations, and on other charities, she spent in five years +over a hundred millions of francs. For some time Saccard assisted her +in a disinterested way in carrying out her schemes, and later he rented +from her the premises in which he started the Universal Bank. As time +went on, the Princess seemed to be swayed more and more by the desire +of restitution to the poor of the uttermost remnants of her husband’s +fortune. In the end, when she had divided it all, she retired to a +convent of Carmelites, walled off from the world. L’Argent. + +OZIL, a pointsman at the junction for Dieppe, between the tunnel and the +station of Malaunay. He was in love with Flore, who for a time seemed +to encourage him. He was dismissed from his post on account of grave +negligence caused by Flore, who distracted his attention in order +that he might allow the Havre express to dash into a train loaded with +ballast. The accident was only averted by a new automatic signalling +apparatus. La Bete Humaine. + + + + +P + +PACHE, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He brought from his native village strong +religious principles, and was in the regular habit of saying his prayers +outside his tent. The example of his companions, however, made him a +bad soldier, and during the battle of 1st September, 1870, he left the +ranks, and took refuge in a tavern. After the capitulation of Sedan, he +was imprisoned along with his regiment on the promontory of Iges. Moved +by famine, he concealed some bread from his companions; but having been +denounced by Chouteau, he refused to share the spoil, and was murdered +by Lapoulle, who stabbed him with a knife. La Debacle. + +PAILLOT, a farmer in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + +PALETTE (LA MERE), a poultry-seller at the Central Markets in Paris. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +PALOQUE, a judge. He and his wife were said to be the ugliest couple in +Plassans, and in addition were far from popular. Madame Mouret having +asked the assistance of Madame Paloque in connection with the Home for +Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she agreed to act on the Committee, and +became Treasurer. At the opening ceremony, however, the Bishop omitted +to make reference to her services, and she took great offence, becoming +afterwards very irregular in her work, and declining to perform any +duties that she did not fancy. This ultimately led to the appointment of +a paid Secretary for the institution, Honore Trouche, the brother-in-law +of Abbe Faujas being selected. The Paloques were antagonistic to Faujas, +but on getting a hint from Madame de Condamin that he had the backing of +the Government and would see that they were rewarded, they came over +to his side, and assisted him in “the conquest of Plassans” by the +Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PARABOULOMENOS, a name given by the pupils of the college of Plassans to +the youth who served in the kitchen. L’Oeuvre. + +PARALLELUCA, the sobriquet given by the pupils of the College of +Plassans to a scullery-maid employed there. It was alleged that there +was a love-idyll between her and Paraboulomenos, both of whom were +extremely ugly. L’Oeuvre. + +PASCAL (LE DOCTEUR). See Pascal Rougon. + +PATOIR, a veterinary surgeon at Cloyes. La Terre. + +PAUVRE ENFANT, a young trooper of the 5th regiment of the line, who was +fatally wounded at the battle of Sedan, and died in the ambulance at +Remilly. He received the name because he continually repeated the words +regarding himself, saying that his mother had always called him so. +He died in the arms of Henriette Weiss, whom in his delirium he named +“Mother.” La Debacle. + +PAYAN, a stone-cutter from the South, whose friends had views of making +him an artist. He was a lover of Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered from her +a large quantity of furniture given her by Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +PECHARD (ANTOINE), a neighbour of the Fouans. He owned eighteen acres +of land when he married La Grande, who brought him seven acres more. He +died young, leaving one daughter. La Terre. + +PECHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See La Grand. La Terre. + +PECHARD (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of Antoine Pechard and Marianne +Fouan, his wife. As she insisted on marrying a poor youth named Vincent +Bouteroue, her mother cast her out. Misfortunes pursued the young +couple, both of whom died within a few years, leaving two children in +profound misery. La Terre. + +PECQUEUX, a stoker in the employment of the Western Railway Company. +He was married to Mere Victoire, the old nurse of Severine Aubry. His +original intention was to qualify as an engine-driver, but time passed +without advancement, and later there was an insuperable barrier in his +own conduct, for he was given to drinking bouts which converted him for +the time into a savage animal, capable of any violence. His wife lived +at Paris, while Philomene Sauvagnat helped him to pass the hours he was +compelled to spend at Havre, an arrangement which had the concurrence +of Victoire. Pecqueux had the devotion of a dog for his comrade Jacques +Lantier, who concealed his vices and shared with him a love for their +engine, “La Lison.” Philomene, however, excited his jealousy by her +attentions to Lantier, and the former friendship of the two comrades +became changed to fierce enmity. At length it happened that one night, +as their engine was drawing eighteen trucks of soldiers towards the +seat of war in Prussia, Pecqueux in a sudden access of madness attacked +Lantier, and, after a fierce struggle on the narrow foot-plate, the two +fell off, and were cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + +PEIROTTE, receiver of taxes at Plassans. He was taken as a hostage by +the Republican insurgents and was inadvertently shot by the troops which +crushed the rising. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PEQUEUR DES SAULAIES (M.), sub-prefect of Plassans. He fell into +disfavour with the Government on account of the election of a Legitimist +Deputy. For some time he was afraid to compromise himself with Abbe +Faujas, but having received a hint from Madame de Condamin, who had +influential friends in Paris, he allied himself with the Abbe. The +result was the election of Delangre, who though nominally independent, +was actually the Government candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PEQUIGNOT, a friend of the Lorilleux. He was a furniture dealer. +L’Assommoir. + +PERDIGUET, a singer known to Malignon, who promised to take him to the +children’s party at Deberle’s house. Une Page d’Amour. + +PERE COLOMBE, owner of the _Assommoir_, a public-house which was largely +the scene of the downfall of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. +L’Assommoir. + +PEROU (LA MERE), an old woman employed by Gourd, the concierge, to do +cleaning work. Terrorized by his brutality she agreed to accept less +wages. Pot-Bouille. + +PHASIE (AUNT), was the wife of Misard, and the mother of Flore and +Louisette. She was a cousin of the Lantiers and was godmother to +Jacques, who was left in her charge when his parents went to Paris. Her +first husband died, leaving her with two daughters, and she married for +a second time Misard, a little man, cunning and avaricious, who was +five years her senior. Jacques found them later, living in Normandy at +Croix-de-Maufras on the line to Havre, where Misard was signalman, and +his wife had charge of the level crossing. It was a miserable existence, +without neighbours or any one to speak to, without even anything to look +at, except the trains constantly rushing past. Aunt Phasie, as she had +always been called by Jacques Lantier, was a tall, handsome woman, but +since her second marriage she had aged so rapidly that at forty-five she +looked over sixty. The truth was that between her and Misard there was +going on a duel to the death; Aunt Phasie had received a legacy of a +thousand francs from her father, and this she obstinately refused to +allow her husband to share, having indeed hidden the money to prevent +him from taking it. Misard, overcome by avarice, slowly killed his +wife with poison placed in the salt, but, though she had the strongest +suspicions, she would nether take action against him nor tell him the +hiding-place of her little hoard. And so she died, carrying the secret +with her; but in the end she triumphed, for search as he might, Misard +never discovered the hidden treasure. La Bete Humaine. + +PICHINETTE, a horse entered for the Grand Prix de Paris. It was +withdrawn before the race. Nana. + +PICHON (JULES), a clerk who lived in the house in Rue de Choiseul +occupied also by Octave Mouret. His means were small, and he was obliged +to work hard, frequently till late at night, his wife being necessarily +left much alone. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (MARIE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of M. +and Madame Vuillaume, by whom she was strictly brought up. A dreamy +unpractical woman, she fell under the influence of Octave Mouret, +her next-door neighbour, and a liaison existed between them for a +considerable time, with results which caused much annoyance to her +parents. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (LILITTE), infant daughter of the preceding. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (ROSALIE), Madame Helene Grandjean’s maid-servant. She was an +honest country girl who had been brought to Paris by Abbe Jouve on the +recommendation of a village priest, in whose house she had been brought +up. She served her mistress faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin Lacour, her +sweetheart, with a hand of iron. Une Page d’Amour. + +PICOT, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the first division of the +seventh Army Corps. After the defeats of Wissenbourg and Froeschwiller, +Picot, half dead with fatigue and slightly wounded, was left behind in +a ditch with his comrade Coutard of the first corps. They were only able +to rejoin the army at Rheims on 22nd August, 1870, arriving with their +clothes worn out and covered with mud, and having more the appearance of +bandits than of soldiers. La Debacle. + +PICOU (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the +success of the _Coup d’Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PIED-DE-CELERI, a friend of Coupeau. He had a wooden leg, from which he +received his nickname. L’Assommoir. + +PIEDEFER (LAURE), kept a cheap restaurant in Rue des Martyrs, which was +much frequented by a certain class of demi-mondaines. Laure appeared to +be on intimate terms with her customers, as they usually kissed her when +they entered. Nana. + +PIEDEFER (ZOE), an artist’s model who lived in Rue Campagne-Premiere. +She was a tall brunette. L’Oeuvre. + +PIERRE, Dr. Deberle’s butler. Une Page d’Amour. + +PIERRE, an employee at _Au Bonheur des Dames_. He was waiter in the +dining-room of the shop assistants. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PIERRON, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. He was a widower with a +little girl aged eight, Lydie, when he married for the second time, the +daughter of La Brule. Though he took part in the strike he betrayed +his companions, giving information to the company through Dansaert, +his wife’s lover. After the attack on the pit Pierron was arrested +by mistake, and was taken off with handcuffs at his wrists as far as +Marchiennes, to the great amusement of his mates. He was subsequently +promoted to be captain of a gang, but his excessive zeal made him +disliked by his men. Germinal. + +PIERRON (LYDIE), daughter of the preceding, was a fragile child, +who when ten years old was already working in the pit. Her constant +companions were Jeanlin Maheu and Bebert Levaque, with whom she made +many raids in search of food during the strike. She was killed by the +volley fired by the troops at the strikers attacking the Voreux pit. +Germinal. + +PIERRONNE (LA), the second wife of Pierron, was a daughter of La Brule. +She was allowed by the Company to sell sweetmeats and biscuits, which +were a considerable source of revenue. Dansaert, the head captain of the +Voreux pit, was her lover, and through him she obtained various favours, +giving him in exchange information as to the intentions of the strikers. +After the strike she was enabled to acquire the little _Estaminet du +Progres_. Germinal. + +PIFARD, an usher at the college of Plassans, whose wonderful nose kept +betraying his presence behind doors when its owner went eavesdropping. +L’Oeuvre. + +PILLERAULT, a speculator on the Bourse, whose guiding principle was +recklessness; he declared that he plunged into catastrophes whenever he +paused to reflect. He was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank. +L’Argent. + +PIOT AND RIVOIRE, a firm of furniture-dealers, whose business was +seriously affected when Octave Mouret added a furniture department to +“The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PIQUETTE kept an _estaminet_ at Montsou, where Chaval lodged. Germinal. + +PLOUGUERN (M. DE) was a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the +reign of Louis Philippe. After the Revolution of February, 1848, he +manifested a sudden affection for the Republic, and later, when the +Emperor granted him the refuge of the Senate, he was a Bonapartist. He +was a man of high birth and breeding, and though a sceptic, defended +religion and family life. During a journey in Italy he met Comtesse +Balbi, whose lover he remained for thirty years. According to some, +Clorinde Balbi was his daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +PLUCHART, a former workman who was now secretary of a branch of the +International Association of workers. He had been Etienne Lantier’s +foreman at Lille, and at his request came to Montsou to address the +miners there. As a result of his visit ten thousand miners joined the +International Association. Germinal. + +POIRETTE (LE PERE), a countryman of Bennecourt, with small eyes and the +face of a wolf. He was the owner of an old cottage, which Claude Lantier +and Christine rented from him for two hundred and fifty francs a year. +L’Oeuvre. + +POISSON (M.), who was originally a cabinet-maker, served his time as a +soldier, and ultimately got a place as a policeman, which he considered +more certain and respectable. He married Virginie, who afterwards +went into business as a dealer in groceries and sweetmeats in the shop +previously occupied by Gervaise Coupeau. Auguste Lantier, who had for +some time lodged with the Coupeaus, remained with the Poissons, and +lived at their expense. M. Poisson affected not to observe the resulting +liaison between his wife and Lantier. L’Assommoir. + +POISSON (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Virginie. L’Assommoir. + +POLAND, a pet rabbit which belonged to Rasseneur, and was a favourite of +Souvarine. Germinal. + +POMARE (LA REINE), a rag-picker, who had formerly been one of the +handsomest women in Paris. Now, for the sake of a laugh, the women of +the district made her drink absinthe, after which the street boys would +chase her and throw stones. Nana. + +PORQUIER (DR.) the fashionable medical man of Plassans. He had +considerable influence, and this was secured by Abbe Faujas on behalf +of the Government’s candidate for the representation of Plassans by the +promise of an appointment for his son, Guillaume, a young man who had +hitherto given him much trouble. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PORQUIER (GUILLAUME), son of Dr. Porquier, had been sent to Paris to +study, but did nothing there but get into debt. He caused his father +much distress, and was supposed to afford the worst possible example to +the youth of Plassans, whom he was believed to lead into all kinds +of mischief. Ultimately, as a reward to his father, who had supported +Delangre as representative of Plassans, Porquier was appointed chief +clerk at the post office. La Conquete de Plassans. + +POUILLAUD, a fellow-pupil of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz at the +college of Plassans. While there he was an inveterate practical joker, +one of his escapades being the transformation of Professor Lalubie’s +room into a _chapelle ardente_. L’Oeuvre. + +POWELL (MISS), second assistant in the corset department at _Au Bonheur +des Dames_. She was able to play the piano, a talent of which the other +assistants were jealous. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +POZZO (LUIGI), Secretary to the Sardinian Minister at Paris. +“Diplomatist, painter, musician, and lover.” A friend of Clorinde Balbi. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +PRICE, an English jockey who mounted the filly Nana in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +PRINCE IMPERIAL. Referred to in _Son Excellence Eugene Rougon_. + +PROUANE, a retired non-commissioned officer in the navy, who acted as +beadle to Abbe Harteur, as well as fulfilling the duties of Mayor’s +clerk. He eked out a livelihood by gathering shell-fish, but when he had +any money he was usually in a state of intoxication. La Joie de Vivre. + +PRULLIERE, an actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played in _La +Blonde Venus_ and _La Petite Duchesse_. Nana. + +PRUNAIRE (LE PERE), a maker of sabots, who lived at Vivet. Furious at +the conduct of his daughter Clara, he threatened to go to Paris and +break her bones with kicks of his sabots. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PRUNAIRE (CLARA), daughter of a clog-maker in the forest of Vilet, came +to Paris and got a situation in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” She lived a +fast life, and, after alluring Colomban away from Genevieve Baudu, his +intended wife, she ultimately disappeared. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PUECH, senior partner of the firm of Puech and Lacamp, oil-dealers in +Plassans; was father of Felicite Puech. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PUECH AND LACAMP, a firm of oil-dealers in Plassans, who were in +financial difficulties when Pierre Rougon married Felicite, the daughter +of the senior partner. The money put into the business by Rougon +retrieved the position of the firm, and, the two partners having retired +soon afterwards, he acquired the sole interest in it. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +PUECH (FELICITE). See Madame Felicite Rougon. + +PUTOIS (MADAME), one of the workwomen employed by Gervaise Coupeau in +her laundry. She was a little, lean woman of forty-five, “who worked +at her ironing table without even taking off her bonnet, a black +bonnet trimmed with green ribbons turning yellow.” In character she was +severely respectable. L’Assommoir. + + + + +Q + +QUANDIEU, the oldest captain of the Montsou mines. During the strike, +the energetic position taken up by him saved the Mirou pit from +destruction by the infuriated strikers. Germinal. + +QUENU (MADAME) was a widow with one son when she married her second +husband, M. Quenu, a clerk in the sub-prefecture at Le Vigan. Three +years after, M. Quenu died, leaving a son. Madame Quenu lavished all her +affection on Florent, her elder son, and stinted herself to the verge +of starvation in order that he might continue his legal studies. Before +these were completed she succumbed to the hardship of her life. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +QUENU, the half-brother of Florent. After the death of his mother, he +was taken to Paris by Florent, who supported him by teaching. He was at +first idle and unsettled, but after Florent’s arrest he was taken in by +his uncle Gradelle, to whose business of pork-butcher, as well as to a +considerable sum of money, he ultimately succeeded. After his uncle’s +death he married Lisa Macquart, who had previously assisted in the shop, +and they had a daughter, Pauline. Business prospered, and the Quenus +were soon in a position to remove to larger premises. Florent on his +return from exile was kindly received by Quenu, who later on took no +part in the efforts made by his wife to induce his brother to leave +voluntarily. He was ignorant of his wife’s action with reference to the +subsequent arrest of Florent. Le Ventre de Paris. + +He died of apoplexy in 1863, six months after the death of his wife, +leaving a will under which M. Chanteau, his cousin became the guardian +of his daughter Pauline. La Joie de Vivre. + +QUENU (MADAME LISA), wife of the preceding. See Lisa Macquart. + +QUENU (PAULINE), born 1852, daughter of Quenu, the pork-butcher, and +Lisa Macquart, his wife. A quiet, amiable child, she unwittingly gave +Mlle. Saget, who bullied her, information regarding her uncle Florent’s +history, which led to the clamour against him in the Market, and +ultimately to his arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + +After the death of her father, who left her a fortune of a hundred and +fifty thousand francs, Pauline went in 1863 to live at Bonneville with +M. Chanteau, her guardian. She soon endeared herself to her relatives, +and became much attached to her cousin Lazare. As she grew up and her +nature developed, it became more and more her pleasure to sacrifice +herself to her friends. She allowed her fortune to be squandered by the +Chanteaus, and though engaged to be married to Lazare, she released +him in order that he might marry another girl with whom he had become +infatuated. After his mania became acute, it was she who endeavoured +to comfort him, and to dispel his unreasoning fear of death. She never +married. La Joie de Vivre. + +After the death of Chanteau, she remained at Bonneville, resolved never +to marry, in order that she might devote herself entirely to Lazare’s +little son, Paul. Le Docteur Pascal. + +QUINETTE, a glover in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustine, whose business was +seriously affected by the competition of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +QUITTARD (AUGUSTE), son of Francoise Quittard. He was a child of six +years of age, who was so ill of typhoid fever that he could not be +removed from Bazeilles when the place was attacked by the Prussians. +Early in the day, his mother was killed by a cannon ball, and the poor +child lay for hours tossing with fever and calling for her. He was +burned to death in his bed, as the Prussians, infuriated by the length +of the struggle, wantonly set fire to the village. La debacle. + +QUITTARD (FRANCOISE), widow of a mason, and now caretaker of the +dye-works at Bazeilles, which belonged to Delaherche. Before the battle +all the workers made their escape into Belgium, but Francoise was unable +to leave on account of the illness of her little son. Early in the +attack by the Prussians, the unfortunate woman was killed by a cannon +ball. La Debacle. + + + + +R + +RABIER, a tanner of Beaumont. He was a brother of Madame Franchomme, and +after her death she left the child Angelique in the care of him and his +wife. They treated the girl with such cruelty that she ultimately ran +away, finding shelter with the Huberts. Le Reve. + +RACHAEL, the maid-servant in Auguste Vabre’s household. As Octave Mouret +and Madame Vabre did not bribe her sufficiently, she revealed their +intrigue to Vabre. She acted as his housekeeper for some time, but had +to leave after the reconciliation between him and his wife. Pot-Bouille. + +RAMBAUD (M.), half-brother of Abbe Jouve, had a large business in the +Rue de Rambuteau, where he sold oil and other southern produce. Along +with Abbe Jouve he showed much kindness to Helene Grandjean after the +death of her husband, and was a constant visitor at her house. Later on, +the Abbe tried to arrange a marriage between Rambaud and Helene, but +at her request the decision was delayed. Meantime the love episode with +Doctor Deberle intervened, followed by the death of Jeanne. Two years +afterwards the marriage took place, Rambaud having previously sold his +Paris business and removed to Marseilles. Une Page d’Amour. + +He retired from business and went to live at Marseilles. Having by his +marriage become a cousin of Madame Lisa Quenu, he was appointed a member +of the family council which nominally had charge of her daughter’s +fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +Rambaud led a happy life with his wife, whom he adored. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +RAMBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + +RAMOND (DR.), a pupil and fellow-practitioner of Dr. Pascal. He wished +to marry Clotilde Rougon, but she refused him, and he subsequently +married Mademoiselle Leveque. When Doctor Pascal was seized with an +affection of the heart, Ramond diagnosed the nature of the illness, +and subsequently attended him with unremitting care until his death. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +RAMOND (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Leveque. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +RANVIER (ABBE), succeeded Abbe Jouve as cure at Montsou. He was of +socialistic tendencies, and blamed the middle classes, who he said +robbed the Church, for all the horrors produced by the strike at +Montsou. Upon the troops who had been called on to fire upon the +strikers, he called down the anger of God, predicting an hour of justice +in which fire would descend from heaven to exterminate the bourgeoisie. +He was finally removed by the Bishop as too compromising. Germinal. + +RASSENEUR kept a tavern with the sign _A l’Avantage_ between the +settlement of the Deux-Cent-Quarante and the Voreux pit. He was formerly +a good workman, but as he was an excellent speaker, and placed himself +at the head of every strike, he was dismissed by the Mining Company. +His wife already held a licence, and when he was thrown out of work he +became an innkeeper himself. It was in his house that Etienne Lantier +found lodgings when he first came to Montsou, and Souvarine also lodged +there. Rasseneur’s readiness of speech gave him great influence with the +miners, but a rivalry arose between him and Lantier, whose new theories +caught the popular ear. This jealousy caused him to take a side against +the strike, solely because it had been proposed by Lantier, and this +attitude made him very unpopular. But after the failure of the strike, +which he had all along predicted, the inconstancy of the crowd turned in +his favour and he soon regained his old popularity. Germinal. + +RASSENEUR (MADAME), wife of the preceding. At the time her husband +was dismissed from the pit, she already held a licence, and they +subsequently worked together to extend the business, in which they had +considerable success. She was much more radical in politics than her +husband, but during the strike trouble was careful to show extreme +politeness to everyone. Germinal. + +RASTOIL, a neighbour of Francois Mouret. He was a rich man about sixty +years of age, who had been president of the civil tribunal of Plassans +for over twenty years. He was a Legitimist, and his house was used as +a convenient meeting-place for the party. For some time he refused to +compromise his political position with Abbe Faujas, who had all along +concealed his opinions. Ultimately, however, he supported the candidate +for the representation of Plassans proposed by Faujas, for which he was +rewarded by an appointment for his son. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a listless and somewhat +prudish woman whose old entanglement with M. Delangre was still +remembered with amusement in the cafes. She was consulted by Madame +Mouret regarding the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and +ultimately agreed to act on the committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (ANGELINE), elder daughter of M. Rastoil, the president of the +civil tribunal of Plassans. Though twenty-six years old, and now very +yellow and shrewish-looking, she still adopted the role of a young girl, +and had hopes of securing a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (AURELIE), second daughter of M. Rastoil. Like her sister +Angeline, she was plain-looking, and posed as a girl fresh from school, +in the uncertain hope of gaining a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (SEVERIN), son of M. Rastoil, the president of the civil +tribunal of Plassans. “He was a tall young man of five and twenty, with +a badly shaped skull and a dull brain, who had been just called to +the Bar, thanks to the position which his father held. The latter was +anxiously dreaming of making him a substitute, despairing of his ever +succeeding in winning any practice for himself.” On the suggestion +of Abbe Faujas he took a share in starting the Club for Young Men +at Plassans. After the election of M. Delangre as representative +of Plassans, Rastoil received the appointment of assistant public +procurator at Faverolles. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RAVAUD, a captain of the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. A young soldier in his company was the first of +the wounded to be taken to the ambulance in Delaherche’s house on 1st +September, 1870. In March, 1871, captain Ravaud was at Paris, in a +regiment of recent formation, the 124th of the line. Jean Macquart was +corporal in his company in this regiment. La Debacle. + +READING (LORD), proprietor of a racing stable. Bramah, one of his +horses, once gained the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +REBUFAT, a farmer whose land adjoined that inherited by Adelaide Fouque. +He purchased the Fouque property when it was sold by Pierre Rougon. +After the death of his wife Rebufat and his son Justin treated her niece +Miette Chantegreil very harshly. La Fortune des Rougon. + +REBUFAT (MADAME EULALIE), wife of the preceding; “a big, dark, stubborn +shrew.” She was a sister of Chantegreil, and was therefore the aunt of +Miette, who lived with her after her father’s conviction. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +REBUFAT (JUSTIN), son of Rebufat. “A youth about twenty years old, a +sickly, squint-eyed creature, who cherished an implacable hatred against +his cousin Miette.” La Fortune des Rougon. + +REMANJOU (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who lived in the same tenement +house in Rue de la Goutte d’Or as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux, where +she made a scanty livelihood by dressing dolls. She was one of the +guests at the Coupeaus’ wedding party. L’Assommoir. + +RENAUDIN, a notary at Paris, who adjusted the Contract of Marriage +between Auguste Vabre and Berthe Josserand. He acted in concert with +Duveyrier in selling some heritable property to the loss of other +members of the family. Pot-Bouille. + +RENAUDIN, a medical man at Grenelle. Josephine Dejoie was at one time +cook in his house. L’Argent. + +RENGADE, a gendarme whose eye was accidentally destroyed by Silvere +Mouret during a struggle for possession of a carbine after the entry of +the insurgents into Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +REUTHLINGUER (BARON DE), a banker, and possessor of one of the largest +fortunes in Europe. He was a friend of Clorinde Balbi, and from her +received valuable information on political subjects. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +RHADAMANTE, the sobriquet of a professor at the college of Plassans. He +was supposed never to have laughed. L’Oeuvre. + +RICHOMME, one of the captains of the Voreux pit. He tried in vain to +prevent a collision between the strikers and the troops, and even when +bricks were being thrown he went between two parties, imploring one and +advising the other, careless of danger. He was one of the first to fall +when the troops ultimately fired. Germinal. + +RIVOIRE, a member of the firm of Piot and Rivoire. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ROBERT (MADAME), a regular customer at the restaurant Laure Piedefer. +She was jealous of Nana’s relations with Satin, and revenged herself by +writing anonymous letters to Muffat and to other lovers of her enemy. +Nana. + +ROBIN-CHAGOT (VISCOUNT DE), vice-chairman of the board of directors of +the Universal Bank. He was selected for the position in the belief that +he would sign anything put before him without making too many inquiries. +L’Argent. + +ROBINEAU, “second hand” in the silk department at “The Ladies’ +Paradise.” As the result of a conspiracy among his subordinates, he was +dismissed, and soon afterwards bought the business of M. Vincard, a silk +merchant, with money belonging to his wife. His capital was inadequate, +but M. Gaujean, a silk manufacturer who had quarrelled with Octave +Mouret, promised to give him unlimited credit. Robineau’s intention was +to break up the monopoly of the cheaper class of silks which Mouret had +secured, but he soon found that each reduction in price which he made +was met by a still larger one. As he had no other departments out of +which to average his profits, ruin inevitably followed, and he attempted +to commit suicide by throwing himself under an omnibus; his injuries +were not serious, however, and he ultimately recovered. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +ROBINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. “Daughter of an overseer in +the Department of Highways, entirely ignorant of business matters, she +still retained the charming awkwardness of a girl educated in a Blois +convent.” Her small fortune enabled her husband to buy the silk business +of M. Vincard, and she assisted him in carrying it on. Their subsequent +ruin affected her less than the attempted suicide of her husband, to +whom she was devoted. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ROBINE, a regular attender at the revolutionary meetings in Lebigre’s +wine-shop. He sat for hours listening to arguments but never made any +remarks. He escaped arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROBINE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived with her husband in Rue +Saint-Denis. No one ever entered their house, and even her personal +appearance was unknown to her husband’s friends. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROBINOT (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d’Amour. + +ROBIQUET, farmer of La Chamade. Being near the end of his lease, he +ceased to manure the land, allowing it to go to ruin. He was eventually +turned out as he did not pay his rent. La Terre. + +ROCHART (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Faverolles. He upheld the Sisters of +the Holy Family in the matter of the succession to Chevassu’s estate, +but was beaten by Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, who supported +the claim of the Charbonnels. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROCHAS, lieutenant in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. The son of a journeyman mason from Limousin, he was +born in Paris, and not caring for his father’s calling, enlisted when +he was only eighteen. He gained a corporal’s stripes in Algeria, rose +to the rank of sergeant at Sebastopol, and was promoted to a lieutenancy +after Solferino. Fifteen years of hardship and heroic bravery was the +price he had paid to be an officer, but his education was so defective +that he could never be made a captain. He held the old traditions that +a defeat of the French army was impossible, and all through the +campaign against Germany in 1870 he refused to believe in the repeated +catastrophes. In the fierce attack by the Prussians on the Hermitage, +he fought desperately against an overwhelming force, and up to the end +encouraged his men by shouting that the victory was theirs. In the end +he fell, mowed down by a hail of bullets. La Debacle. + +ROCHEFONTAINE, proprietor of a large factory at Chateaudun. He was +desirous of serving as a Deputy, but did not secure the support of the +Government, and, standing as an independent candidate, was defeated. +Later, in consequence of the disgrace of M. de Chedeville, he became the +official candidate, and in spite of a brusqueness of manner which made +him unpopular, he was elected. La Terre. + +RODRIGUEZ, a distant relative of the Empress, who made a claim upon the +State for a large sum, which he said had been due since 1808. Eugene +Rougon, the Minister of State, gave great offence to the Empress by +opposing the claim. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROGNES-BOUQUEVAL (LES), an ancient and noble family whose estate, +already much reduced by enforced sales, was declared national property +in 1793, and was purchased piece by piece by Isidore Hourdequin. La +Terre. + +ROIVILLE (LES), members of Parisian society at whose house Baroness +Sandorff occasionally met Gundermann. L’Argent. + +ROSALIE, an old chair-mender at Rognes. The poor woman lived all alone, +sick and without a copper. Abbe Godard came to her assistance. La Terre. + +ROSE, a waitress in Lebigre’s wine-shop. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROSE, servant in the household of Francois Mouret, was an old woman of +crabbed nature and uncertain temper. She fell under the influence of +Abbe Faujas, and encouraged her mistress in the religious observances +which led to the neglect of her family. Later, when Madame Mouret’s +health became impaired, and she became subject to fits, it was chiefly +Rose who threw suspicion on her master, encouraging the belief that +he was insane and had inflicted injuries on his wife. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +ROSE, a peasant girl at Artaud; sister of Lisa. La Faute de l’Abbe +Mouret. + +ROSE, maid-servant to Madame Hennebeau. She was not alarmed by the +violence of the strikers, as, belonging to that district, she knew the +miners, and believed them not to be wicked. Germinal. + +ROSE, daughter of the concierge at the sub-prefecture at Sedan. She was +a worker in Delaherche’s factory, and he applied to her for information +regarding the course of the battle, as she was in a position to hear +the gossip of the officers and officials. When Napoleon III decided to +request an armistice from the Prussians, it was Rose who furnished a +tablecloth to be used as a white flag. La Debacle. + +ROSE, niece of Aristide Saccard’s hairdresser. She was a pretty girl of +about eighteen, whom Saccard sent to his son Maxime under the pretext +of nursing him, but in reality with a view to hastening the course of +a nervous disease from which the young man suffered. Aristide agreed +to pay her a percentage on the fortune which he hoped to acquire at his +son’s death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUBAUD, assistant station-master at Havre. Born in the south of France, +at Plassans, he had a carter for father. He had quitted the army with +the stripes of a sergeant-major, and for a long time had been general +porter at the station at Nantes. He had been promoted head porter +at Barentin, and it was there that he first saw Severine Aubry, the +god-daughter of President Grandmorin, whom he married. This was the sole +romance of his existence, and it was coupled with fortune, for apart +from Severine and her marriage portion of ten thousand francs, the +President, now a director of the Western Railway Company, got him +appointed assistant station-master at Havre. He proved an excellent +official, and the only thing against him was a suspicion that he was +affected by republican principles. For three years Roubaud’s married +life was a happy one, until a chance lie of his wife’s gave him a clue +to her former relations with Grandmorin. Driven frantic by jealousy, he +forced her to reveal the truth, afterwards compelling her to become +his accomplice in the murder of the President in the Havre express. The +Roubauds established an alibi, though slight suspicion attached to them, +and Denizet, the examining magistrate, endeavoured to fasten the crime +on Cabuche. For political reasons it was not considered desirable that +Grandmorin’s character should be publicly discussed, and the inquiry +regarding the murder was dropped. Roubaud was aware, however, that +Jacques Lantier had strong suspicions, and tried to secure his silence +by making him a friend; a friendship which soon developed into a +liaison between Lantier and Severine. With the murder of Grandmorin, +the disintegration of Roubaud’s character began; he gradually became a +confirmed gambler, and having lost all his own money began to use that +which he had taken from the body of his victim in order to establish +a false motive for the crime. The relations between him and his wife +became more and more strained, until they reached such a pitch that +Lantier and she planned his murder. The homicidal frenzy of Lantier, to +which Severine fell a victim, ended the plot, but Roubaud and Cabuche, +who arrived on the scene immediately after the murder, were arrested +under what appeared to be suspicious circumstances, and, after trial, +were sentenced to penal servitude for a crime which they did not commit. +La Bete Humaine. + +ROUBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Severine Aubry. La Bete +Humaine. + +ROUDIER, a regular attender at the political meetings held in the +Rougons’ yellow drawing-room. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ROUGE D’AUNEAU (LE), lieutenant of Beau-Francois, leader of the band of +brigands. He wrote a complaint while in prison. La Terre. + +ROUGETTE, a cow bought by the sisters Mouche at the market of Cloyes. La +Terre. + +ROUGON, a young gardener who worked for the Fouque family, and +afterwards married Adelaide. Fifteen months afterwards he died from +sunstroke, leaving a son named Pierre. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ROUGON, alias SACCARD (ARISTIDE), born 1815, youngest son of Pierre +Rougon, was educated, like his brothers, at Plassans and Paris, but +failed to pass his examinations. His character was a combination of +covetousness and slyness: his greatest desire was the acquisition of +rapid fortune, gained without work. In 1836 he married Angele Sicardot, +who brought him a dowry of ten thousand francs. As Aristide did no work, +and lived extravagantly, the money was soon consumed, and he and his +wife were in such poverty that he was at last compelled to seek a +situation. He procured a place at the Sub-Prefecture, where he remained +nearly ten years, and only reached a salary of eighteen hundred francs. +During that time “he longed, with ever-increasing malevolence and +rancour, for those enjoyments of which he was deprived” by his lowly +position. In 1848, when his brother Eugene left for Paris, he had a +faint idea of following him, but remained in the hope of something +turning up. In opposition to his father, he expressed Republican +principles, and edited a newspaper called the _Independant_. At the time +of the _Coup d’Etat_, he became alarmed at the course of events, and +pretended that an accident to his hand prevented him from writing. His +mother having given him private information as to the success of the +Bonapartist cause, he changed the politics of his paper, and became +reconciled to his parents. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Early in 1852 he went to Paris, taking with him his wife and daughter +Clotilde, then a child of four; his son Maxime he left at Plassans. +Through the influence of his brother Eugene, he got an appointment as +assistant surveying clerk at the _Hotel de Ville_, with a salary of two +thousand four hundred francs. Before entering on his duties, however, he +changed his name to Saccard on the suggestion of his brother, who feared +that he might be compromised by him. In 1853, Aristide was appointed +a surveying commissioner of roads, with an increased salary. At this +period great schemes of city improvement were under discussion, and +Aristide by spying and other shady means got early information as to +the position of the proposed new streets. Great chances of fortune were +arising, but he had no capital. The death of his wife enabled him to +enter into a plan proposed by his sister Sidonie, who had heard of +a family willing to make a considerable sacrifice to find a not too +inquisitive husband for their daughter. He accordingly married Renee +Beraud du Chatel, and gained control of a considerable sum of ready +money, in addition to the fortune settled on his wife. By means of +a cleverly contrived swindle, in which he was assisted by his friend +Larsonneau, he got a fabulous price for some property acquired by him, +and the foundation of his fortune was laid. From this time, he lived a +life of the wildest extravagance, and, though his gains were frequently +enormous, his expenses were so great that it was only with difficulty +that he was able to prevent a catastrophe. La Curee. + +He as appointed by Pauline Quenu’s family council to be her “surrogate +guardian.” La Joie de Vivre. + +After a last and disastrous land speculation, Saccard was obliged to +leave his great house in the Parc Monceau, which he abandoned to his +creditors. At first undecided as to his movements, he took a flat in the +mansion in Rue Saint-Lazare, which belonged to Princess d’Orviedo. There +he met Hamelin, the engineer, and his sister Caroline, with whom he soon +became on intimate terms. Hamelin having spent much time in the East, +had formed many schemes for great financial ventures, and Saccard was +so impressed with these that he formed a syndicate for the purpose of +carrying some of them out. With this view the Universal Bank was formed, +and was at first very successful. By persistent advertising, and other +means, the shares of the Bank were forced to an undue price, and then +Saccard began to speculate in them on behalf of the Bank itself. The +great financier Gundermann, with whom Saccard had quarrelled, then began +a persistent attack on the Bank, selling its shares steadily day after +day. Saccard continued to buy as long as he was able; but the end came, +the price broke, and he, as well as the Bank, which was now one of +its own largest shareholders, was ruined. Since his previous failure, +Saccard had not been on friendly terms with his brother Eugene Rougon, +and, some time before the collapse of the Bank, had made violent attacks +upon him in his newspaper. Consequently Rougon did nothing to assist him +in the criminal proceedings which followed the final catastrophe; he did +not, however, wish to have a brother in jail, and arranged matters +so that an appeal was allowed. Next day Saccard escaped to Belgium. +L’Argent. + +After the fall of the Second Empire, he returned to Paris, despite the +sentence he had incurred. Some complicated intrigue must have been at +work, for not only did he obtain a pardon, but once more took part in +promoting large undertakings, with a finger in every pie and a share of +every bribe. In 1872 he was actively engaged in journalism, having been +appointed Director of the _Epoque_, a Republican journal which made a +great success by publishing the papers found in the Tuileries. Covetous +of his son’s fortune, he hastened a disease from which Maxime suffered, +by encouraging him in vicious courses, and in the end got possession +of the whole estate. By a singular irony, Aristide, now returned to his +original Republicanism, was in a position to protect his brother Eugene, +whom in earlier days he had so often compromised. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME ANGELE), first wife of the preceding, was a daughter +of commander Sicardot. She brought her husband a dowry of ten thousand +francs. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Along with her daughter Clotilde, she accompanied her husband to Paris +in 1852, and being an amiable woman without ambition she was quite +satisfied with the modest position he at first secured. She died in 1854 +of inflammation of the lungs. La Curee. + +ROUGON, alias SACCARD (MADAME RENEE), the second wife of Aristide +Rougon, alias Saccard, was the elder daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel, +the last representative of an old middle-class family. Having become +seriously compromised, she was hurriedly married to Saccard through the +agency of his sister Madame Sidonie, and a considerable sum of money +as well as land was settled upon her. Wholly given over to pleasure +and extravagance, she soon got deeply into debt, and her husband took +advantage of this from time to time by inducing her to make over to him +her property, in order that he might speculate with it. She engaged in a +shameful liaison with her husband’s son Maxime, which ultimately brought +her great unhappiness, and she died of acute meningitis at an early age. +La Curee. + +ROUGON (CHARLES), born 1857, son of Maxime Rougon, alias Saccard, and of +Justine Megot, a maid-servant of Madame Renee Saccard. The child and his +mother were sent to the country with a little annuity of twelve hundred +francs. La Curee. + +At fifteen years of age he lived at Plassans with his mother, +who had married a saddler named Anselme Thomas. Charles was a +degenerate who reproduced at a distance of three generations his +great-great-grandmother, Adelaide Fouque. He did not look more than +twelve years old, and his intelligence was that of a child of five. +There was in him a relaxation of tissues, due to degeneracy, and the +slightest exertion produced hemorrhage. Charles was not kindly treated +by his stepfather, and generally lived with his great-grandmother +Felicite Rougon. He was frequently taken to visit the aged Adelaide +Fouque in the asylum at Les Tulettes, and on one occasion, in 1873, when +he chanced to be left alone with her he was seized with bleeding at the +nose, and, under the fixed eyes of his ancestress, he slowly bled to +death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (CLOTILDE), born 1847, daughter of Aristide Rougon, accompanied +her father and mother to Paris in 1852. After the death of her mother +in 1854, she was sent to live with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her uncle, who had +frequently offered to take her to enliven his silent scientific home. La +Curee. + +At Plassans Clotilde lived a quiet healthy life, much of it spent in the +open air. She was not highly educated, but having considerable artistic +talent was able to assist Doctor Pascal by making illustrations for his +great work on heredity. At one period she developed strong religious +tendencies under the influence of Martine, the doctor’s old servant, +who took her to church, and imbued the girl with her own bigoted ideas +regarding the salvation of Pascal. Her grandmother, Felicite Rougon, +who wished, for family reasons, to destroy Pascal’s manuscripts on the +subject of heredity, played on Clotilde’s feelings, and induced her to +assist in a search for the hated work. Rougon surprised them in the act, +and subsequently laid bare to Clotilde the whole facts of the terrible +family history. In time the mysticism of the Church gave place to +passionate love between Clotilde and Pascal. The doctor felt, however, +that she was sacrificing her youth for him, and sent her to Paris to +live with her brother Maxime. Soon afterwards, Pascal became ill, and +died before she was able to return. A child was born some months later. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (EUGENE), born 1811, eldest son of Pierre Rougon, was educated at +Plassans and Paris, and was called to the Bar. He practised in the +local Court for a number of years, but with little success. Though of +lethargic appearance, he was a man of ability, who “cherished lofty +ambitions, possessed domineering instincts, and showed a singular +contempt for trifling expedients and small fortunes.” With the +Revolution of February, 1848, Eugene felt that his opportunity had come, +and he left for Paris with scarcely five hundred francs in his pocket. +He was able to give his parents early information of the designs of the +Bonapartes, and so prepared the way for the events of the _Coup d’Etat_ +of 1851, when the family fortunes were made. La Fortune des Rougon. + +During his early days in Paris Rougon resided at the Hotel Vanneau, kept +by Madame Correur, and while there he made the acquaintance of Gilquin +and Du Poizet, both of whom assisted him in spreading the Bonapartist +propaganda. By his exertions in this cause he established a claim for +reward, and he was appointed a member of the State Council, ultimately +becoming its President. He fell into disfavour, however, with the Court +on account of his opposition to a claim for two million francs by a +distant relative of the Empress Eugenie. Finding that his position was +insecure, he tendered his resignation to the Emperor, who accepted +it. About this time he met Clorinde Balbi, an Italian adventuress, who +endeavoured to induce him to marry her. Carried away for the time being, +Rougon made overtures to her which she resented, and he was on the point +of offering her marriage. Reflection on her somewhat equivocal position +in society induced him to think better of this, and he offered to +arrange a marriage between her and his friend Delestang. The offer +was accepted, and the marriage took place. Soon after, Rougon married +Veronique Beulin-d’Orchere. During his retirement Rougon was surrounded +by a band of followers, the Charbonnels, Du Poizet, Kahn, and others, +who in the hope of profiting by his return to office lost no chance of +establishing a claim upon him. After the Orsini plot against the life of +the Emperor, of which Rougon had prior information through Gilquin, the +need for a strong man arose, and he was again called to office, being +appointed Minister of the Interior. His harshness in carrying out +reprisals against the Republican party, and even more, his recklessness +in finding appointments for his friends, led to a public outcry, and his +position again became undermined. Clorinde, who had never forgiven him +for not marrying her, did much to foment the disaffection, and even his +own band of followers turned against him. Always quick to act, Rougon +again placed his resignation in the hands of the Emperor, who to his +surprise accepted it. Three years later he was once more a member of the +Corps Legislatif, and having brought his principles into accordance with +the more liberal views then professed by the Emperor, he gave his strong +support to the measures giving effect to them. In consequence, he +was appointed by the Emperor as a Minister without department, and +commissioned to defend the new Policy. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +When his brother Aristide came to Paris, Eugene found a situation for +him, but, fearing to be compromised by him, suggested that he should +change his name to Saccard which he did. There was no intimacy between +the brothers, but Eugene occasionally visited Aristide at the great +house built by him in the Parc Monceau. La Curee. + +After Saccard’s bankruptcy, Eugene refused to have any further +connection with him, though he tacitly approved of the foundation of the +Universal Bank. The Bank having failed, however, he did nothing to +stay legal proceedings against his brother; but, after a sentence of +imprisonment had been passed, he connived at his escape from the country +while the sentence was under appeal. L’Argent. + +He continued to take a lively interest in Plassans, and it was by him +that Abbe Faujas was sent there to counteract the clerical influence, +which at that time was strongly Legitimist. He kept up a correspondence +with his mother, whom he advised as to each step she should take in +political matters. La Conquete de Plassans. + +After the fall of the Empire, Eugene became a simple Deputy, and in the +Assembly remained to defend the old order of things which the downfall +had swept away. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME EUGENE), wife of the preceding. See Veronique +Beulin-d’Orchere. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROUGON (MARTHE), born 1820, daughter of Pierre Rougon; married in 1840 +her cousin Francois Rougon; had three children. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She accompanied her husband to Marseilles, where by close attention +to business they accumulated a fortune in fifteen years, returning to +Plassans at the end of that period and settling down there. Her life at +Plassans was a happy one until the household fell under the influence of +Abbe Faujas. From the first she was in love with the priest, and as +he gave her no encouragement in this, she devoted herself to church +services to the entire neglect of her household and family. As time went +on, her passion for the Abbe grew more extreme, and her health became +undermined to a serious extent. She became subject to fits of an +epileptic nature, and having injured herself in some of these, she +allowed the injuries to be attributed to her husband, whom she had now +grown to regard as an encumbrance. Though she was aware that he was not +insane, she allowed him to be removed to an asylum, where confinement +soon completed the work begun by her own conduct. The Abbe Faujas having +resolutely resisted her advances, her health became still worse, and she +died in her mother’s house on the same night that her husband escaped +from the asylum and burned down their old home. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ROUGON (MAXIME), born 1840, son of Aristide Rougon. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +When his father went to Paris in 1852, Maxime remained at school at +Plassans, not going to Paris till after his father’s second marriage. +From early youth he was of vicious character, and the idleness and +extravagance of the life in his father’s house only completed the +training begun at Plassans. After carrying on a disgraceful liaison with +his father’s second wife, he married Louise de Mareuil, through whom he +got a considerable dowry. La Curee. + +After the death of his wife, six months after their marriage, he +returned to Paris, where he lived quietly upon the dowry brought to him +by her. He refused to join in any of his father’s schemes, or to assist +him in any way, and was consequently not affected by the failure of the +Universal Bank. L’Argent. + +After the war he re-established himself in his mansion in Avenue du +Bois-de-Boulogne, where he lived on the fortune left by his wife. “He +had become prudent, however, with the enforced restraint of a man whose +marrow is diseased, and who seeks by artifice to ward off the paralysis +which threatened him.” In the fear of this impending illness, he induced +his sister Clotilde to leave Doctor Pascal, and go to live with him +in Paris, but in his constant fear of being taken advantage of he soon +began to be suspicious of her, as he did of every one who served him. +His father, who wished to hasten his own inheritance, encouraged him in +a renewal of his vicious courses, and he died of _locomotor ataxy_ at +the age of thirty-three. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME MAXIME). See Louise de Mareuil. + +ROUGON (PASCAL), born 1813, second son of Pierre Rougon, “had an +uprightness of spirit, a love of study, a retiring modesty which +contrasted strangely with the feverish ambitions and unscrupulous +intrigues of his family.” Having acquitted himself admirably in his +medical studies at Paris, he returned to Plassans, where he lived a life +of quiet study and work. He had few patients, but devoted himself +to research, particularly on the subject of heredity, with special +reference to its results on his own family. In the hope of alleviating +suffering, he followed the Republican insurgents in their march from +Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +In 1854 his niece Clotilde, daughter of his brother Aristide, went to +live with him. He had frequently offered to take her, but nothing was +arranged till after the death of her mother, at which time she was about +seven years old. La Curee. + +His practice as a medical man extended to Les Artaud, and he attended +his nephew Abbe Serge Mouret during an attack of brain fever. On the +priest’s partial recovery, he removed him to the Paradou, and left him +in the care of Albine, niece of old Jeanbernat, the caretaker of that +neglected demesne. Dr. Pascal was much attached to Albine, and deeply +regretted the sad love affair which resulted from Mouret’s forgetfulness +of his past. He had no religious beliefs himself, and he urged Mouret to +return to Albine, but the voice of the Church proved too strong in the +end. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +At sixty years of age Pascal was so fresh and vigorous that, though his +hair and beard were white, he might have been mistaken for a young man +with powdered locks. He had lived for seventeen years at La Souleiade, +near Plassans, with his niece Clotilde and his old servant Martine, +having amassed a little fortune, which was sufficient for his needs. He +had devoted his life to the study of heredity, finding typical examples +in his own family. He brought up Clotilde without imposing on her his +own philosophic creed, even allowing Martine to take her to church +regularly. But this tolerance brought about a serious misunderstanding +between them, for the girl fell under the influence of religious +mysticism, and came to look with horror on the savant’s scientific +pursuits. Discovered by him in an attempt to destroy his documents, he +explained to Clotilde fully and frankly the bearing of their terrible +family history on his theory of heredity, with the result that her +outlook on life was entirely changed; he had opposed the force of human +truth against the shadows of mysticism. The struggle between Pascal +and Clotilde brought them to a knowledge of mutual love, and an illicit +relationship was established between them. He would have married her +(this being legal in France), but having lost most of his money he +was unwilling to sacrifice what he believed to be her interests, and +persuaded her to go to Paris to live with her brother Maxime. Soon after +her departure he was seized with an affection of the heart, and, +after some weeks of suffering, died only an hour before her return. +Immediately after his death his mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, took +possession of his papers, and in an immense _auto-da-fe_ destroyed in an +hour the records of a lifetime of work. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (PIERRE), born 1787, legitimate son of Adelaide Fouque, was a +thrifty, selfish lad who saw that his mother by her improvident conduct +was squandering the estate to which he considered himself sole heir. His +aim was to induce his mother and her two illegitimate children to remove +from the house and land, and in this he was ultimately successful. +Having sold the property for fifty thousand francs, he induced his +mother, who by this time was of weak intellect, to sign a receipt for +that sum, and was so able to defraud his half-brother and sister of +the shares to which they would have been entitled. Soon thereafter he +married Felicite Puech, the daughter of an oil dealer in Plassans. The +firm of Puech and Lacamp was not prosperous, but the money brought by +Pierre Rougon retrieved the situation, and after a few years the two +original partners retired. Fortune, however, soon changed, and for +thirty years there was a continual struggle to make ends meet. Three +sons and two daughters were born, and their education was a heavy drain +upon their parents’ means. In 1845 Pierre and his wife retired from +business with forty thousand francs at the most. Instigated by the +Marquis de Carnavant, they went in for politics, and soon regular +meetings of the reactionary party came to be held in their “yellow +drawing-room.” Advised, however, by their son Eugene, they resolved +to support the cause of the Bonapartes, and at the time of the _Coup +d’Etat_ of 1851 Pierre was the leader of that party in Plassans. Having +concealed himself when the Republican insurgents entered Plassans, he +avoided capture, and after they retired he led the band of citizens +which recaptured the town hall. This bloodless victory having been +somewhat minimized by the townspeople, Pierre and his wife, with a view +to establishing a strong claim for subsequent reward, bribed Antoine +Macquart to lead the Republicans left in Plassans to an attack on +the town hall. To meet this he prepared a strong ambuscade, and the +Republicans were repulsed with considerable loss. As a result of this +treachery, Pierre was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the saviour +of the town, and the Government subsequently appointed him Receiver of +Taxes, decorating him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. La Fortune +des Rougon. + +He settled down quietly and took little part in public affairs, though +his wife continued to hold weekly receptions at which members of the +different political parties were represented. La Conquete de Plassans. + +He became so corpulent that he was unable to move, and was carried off +by an attack of indigestion on the night of 3rd September, 1870, a few +hours after hearing of the catastrophe of Sedan. The downfall of the +regime which he prided himself on having helped to establish seemed to +have crushed him like a thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME FELICITE), wife of the preceding, and daughter of Puech, +the oil-dealer. She was married in 1810, and had three sons and two +daughters. A woman of strong ambitions, she hoped to better her social +position by the aid of her sons, on whose education she spent large +sums. Disappointed in this hope for many years, she and her husband +retired from business with barely sufficient means to keep themselves +in comfort. She, instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant (her putative +father), urged her husband to take part in politics, and meetings of +the reactionary party were regularly held in her “yellow drawing-room.” + While the success of the _Coup d’Etat_ was in some doubt, she encouraged +her husband in maintaining the position he had taken up; and, having +ascertained that the success of the Bonapartists was assured she +arranged with Antoine Macquart for the attack on the town hall, the +repulse of which led to the rise of the family fortunes. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +After her husband’s appointment as Receiver of Taxes, she continued +her weekly receptions, but endeavoured to give them a non-political +character by inviting representatives of all parties. Her son Eugene, +now a Minister of State, kept her advised as to the course she should +pursue, and on his instructions she gave some assistance to Abbe Faujas +in his political “conquest of Plassans.” La Conquete de Plassans. + +In 1856 she interested herself in a lawsuit raised by M. Charbonnel, +a retired oil-merchant of Plassans, and requested her son Eugene, the +President of the Council of State, to use his influence on behalf of her +friend. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +After the disasters of the war, Plassans escaped from her dominion, and +she had to content herself with the role of dethroned queen of the old +regime. Her ruling passion was the defence of the glory of the Rougons, +and the obliteration of everything tending to reflect on the family +name. In this connection she welcomed the death of Adelaide Fouque, the +common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts, and she did nothing +to save her old accomplice Antoine Macquart from the terrible fate which +overtook him. After these events, her only remaining trouble was the +work on family heredity which had for years occupied her son Pascal. +Assisted by his servant Martine, she eventually succeeded in burning the +whole manuscript to which Pascal had devoted his life. Her triumph was +then secure, and in order to raise a monument to the glory of the family +she devoted a large part of her fortune to the erection of an asylum for +the aged, to be known as the Rougon Asylum. At eighty-two years of age, +she laid the foundation stone of the building, and in doing so conquered +Plassans for the third time. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (SIDONIE), born 1818, daughter of Pierre Rougon. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +She married at Plassans an attorney’s clerk, named Touche, and together +they went to Paris, setting up business in the Rue Saint-Honore, as +dealers in fruit from the south of France. The venture was unsuccessful, +and the husband soon disappeared. At the rise of the Second Empire, +Sidonie was thirty-five; but she dressed herself with so little care and +had so little of the woman in her manner that she looked much older. She +carried on business in lace and pianos, but did not confine herself +to these trades; when she had sold ten francs worth of lace she would +insinuate herself into her customer’s good graces and become her man of +business, attending attorneys, advocates, and judges on her behalf. The +confidences she everywhere received put her on the track of good strokes +of business, often of a nature more than equivocal, and it was she who +arranged the second marriage of her brother Aristide. She was a +true Rougon, who had inherited the hunger for money, the longing for +intrigue, which was the characteristic of the family. La Curee. + +In 1851 she had a daughter by an unknown father. The child, who was +named Angelique Marie, was at once sent to the Foundling Hospital by her +mother, who never made any inquiry about her afterwards. Le Reve. + +She attended the funeral of her cousin, Claude Lantier, the artist. +Arrived at his house, “she went upstairs, turned round the studio, +sniffed at all its bare wretchedness, and then walked down again with a +hard mouth, irritated at having taken the trouble to come.” L’Oeuvre. + +“After a long disappearance from the scene, Sidonie, weary of the shady +callings she had plied, and now of a nunlike austerity, retired to +the gloomy shelter of a conventual kind of establishment, holding the +purse-strings of the Oeuvre du Sacrament, an institution founded with +the object of assisting seduced girls, who had become mothers, to secure +husbands.” Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (VICTOR), son of Aristide Saccard and Rosaline Chavaille. Brought +up in the gutter, he was from the first incorrigibly lazy and vicious. +La Mechain, his mother’s cousin, after discovering his paternity, told +the facts to Caroline Hamelin, who, to save Saccard annoyance, paid over +a considerable sum and removed the boy to _L’Oeuvre du Travail_, one of +the institutions founded by the Princess d’Orviedo. Here every effort +was made to reclaim him, but without success; vice and cunning had +become his nature. In the end he made a murderous attack upon Alice +du Beauvilliers, who was visiting the hospital, and having stolen her +purse, made his escape. Subsequent search proved fruitless; he had +disappeared in the under-world of crime. L’Argent. + +“In 1873, Victor had altogether vanished, living, no doubt, in the shady +haunts of crime--since he was in no penitentiary--let loose upon the +world like some brute foaming with the hereditary virus, whose every +bite would enlarge that existing evil--free to work out his own future, +his unknown destiny, which was perchance the scaffold.” Le Docteur +Pascal. + +ROUGON (-----), the child of Doctor Pascal Rougon and of Clotilde +Rougon, born some months after his father’s death. Pascal a few +minutes before he died, drew towards him the genealogical tree of the +Rougon-Macquart family, over which he had spent so many years, and in +a vacant space wrote the words: “The unknown child, to be born in 1874. +What will it be?” Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUSSE (LA), a peasant girl of Les Artaud, who assisted to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +ROUSSEAU, one of the auditors of the Universal Bank, an office which he +shared with Lavigniere, under whose influence he was to a great extent. +L’Argent. + +ROUSSELOT (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Plassans, an amiable but weak man, +who was entirely under the influence of Abbe Fenil. Having got into +disfavour with the Government over the election of a Legitimist as +Deputy, he was anxious to retrieve his position, and with this object +agreed to appoint Abbe Faujas vicar of Saint-Saturnin’s church. This led +to a quarrel with Abbe Fenil, who, of course, resented the appointment. +The Bishop being still in some doubt as to the standing of Abbe Faujas +with the Government, went to Paris, where he interviewed Eugene Rougon, +the Minister of State. Satisfied with the information which he received, +he threw himself heartily into the political struggle then proceeding at +Plassans, giving Faujas every assistance in carrying out his schemes on +behalf of the Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ROUSSIE (LA), a woman who had formerly worked as a putter in the Voreux +pit. Germinal. + +ROUSTAN (ABBE), one of the clergy of Sainte-Eustache church. Madame +Lisa Quenu consulted him as to her proposed course of action regarding +Florent. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROUVET, an old peasant who lived in the same village as Zephyrin Lacour +and Rosalie Pichon. One of her pleasures consisted in calling to mind +the sayings of the old man. Une Page d’Amour. + +ROZAN (DUC DE), was a young man of dissolute life, who, after getting +the control of his fortune, soon went through the greater part of it. He +was the lover of Renee Saccard for a time. La Curee. + +ROZAN (DUCHESSE DE), mother of the preceding. She kept her son so short +of money that, till he was thirty-five, he seldom had more than a dozen +louis at a time. Her death was largely occasioned by the knowledge of +the enormous amount of debts her son had incurred. La Curee. + +RUSCONI (CHEVALIER), the Sardinian Minister at Paris, a friend of +Comtesse Balbi, and her daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + +S + +SABATANI, a native of the Levant, who appeared in Paris after defaulting +on some foreign Stock Exchange. He was a handsome man, and little by +little gained the confidence of the Bourse “by scrupulous correctness +of behaviour and an unremitting graciousness even towards the most +disreputable.” He began doing business with Mazard by depositing a small +sum as “cover” in the belief that the insignificance of the amount would +in time be forgotten; and “he evinced great prudence, increasing the +orders in a stealthy gradual fashion, pending the day when, with a heavy +settlement to meet, it would be necessary for him to disappear.” When +Saccard founded the Universal Bank, he selected Sabatani as the “man of +straw” in whose name the shares held by the Bank itself were to be taken +up. Sabatani soon increased his speculations to an enormous extent, +gaining large sums, but after the collapse of the Universal Bank he +disappeared without paying his “differences,” thereby contributing +largely to the ruin of Mazard. L’Argent. + +SABOT, a vine-grower of Brinqueville. He was a renowned joker, who +entered into a competition with Hyacinthe Fouan, but was beaten by him. +La Terre. + +SACCARD, the name assumed by Aristide Rougon, on the suggestion of his +brother Eugene. See Rougon (Aristide). La Curee. + +SACCARD (VICTOR). See Victor Rougon. + +SAFFRE (DE), secretary to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. La +Curee. + +SAGET (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who had lived in the Rue Pirouette for +forty years. She never spoke about herself, but she spent her life in +getting information about her neighbours, carrying her prying curiosity +so far as to listen behind their doors and open their letters. She +went about all day pretending she was marketing, but in reality merely +spreading scandal and getting information. By bullying little Pauline +Quenu, she got a hint of Florent’s past history, which she promptly +spread through the markets, even going the length of writing an +anonymous letter to the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +SAINT-FIRMIN (OSCAR DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by +Fauchery. The part was played by Prulliere. Nana. + +SAINT-GERMAIN (MADEMOISELLE DE), was the owner of a princely house in +Rue Saint-Lazare, which after her death became the property of Princess +d’Orviedo. L’Argent. + +SAINTS-ANGES (LA MERE DES), superior of the Convent of the Visitation at +Clermont. She saved from the cloister Christine Hallegrain, who had +not a religious vocation, and obtained for her a situation to Madame de +Vanzade. L’Oeuvre. + +SALMON, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who passed for a man of +extraordinary acumen by listening to everyone and saying nothing. +He answered only by smiles, and one could never tell in what he was +speculating or whether he was speculating at all. L’Argent. + +SALNEUVE (DE), a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, +whose influence was secured for Eugene Rougon by Clorinde Balbi. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +SAMBUC (GUILLAUME), one of the francs-tireurs who carried on a guerilla +warfare against the Germans in 1870. He was the worthy son of a family +of scoundrels, and lived by theft and rapine. He furnished most valuable +information to the French generals regarding the movement of the +Prussians to surprise Beaumont, but his information was disregarded till +too late. The francs-tireurs had a particular hatred against Goliath +Steinberg, the German spy, and, instigated by Silvine Morange, Sambuc +arranged for his capture, afterwards killing him by cutting his throat. +La Debacle. + +SAMBUC (PROSPER), brother of the preceding. Of a nature docile and +hard-working, he hated the life of the woods, and would have liked to +be a farm labourer. He entered the army and became one of the Chasseurs +d’Afrique. Sent to France to take part in the war against Germany, he +shared in many weary marches, but saw no fighting, till the battle of +Sedan, when his horse, Zephir, which he loved like a brother, was killed +under him. He made his escape after the battle, and having been able +to change his uniform for the clothes of a countryman, he returned to +Remilly and got employment on the farm of Fouchard. La Debacle. + +SANDORFF, a member of the Austrian Embassy at Paris. He married Mlle. +de Ladricourt, who was much younger than he. He was very niggardly. +L’Argent. + +SANDORFF (BARONESS), wife of the Councillor to the Austrian Embassy, +who was thirty-five years older than herself. She was an inveterate +speculator, and, as her husband refused to assist her, she found it +necessary to have recourse to her lovers when her losses were greater +than usual. She stopped at nothing to gain information, and at one time +was on intimate terms with Saccard. Having quarrelled with him, she +hastened the downfall of the Universal Bank, by giving information +to Gundermann which caused him to continue his attack on the Bank. +L’Argent. + +SANDOZ (PERE), a Spaniard who took refuge in France in consequence of a +political disturbance in which he was involved. He started near Plassans +a paper mill with new machinery of his own invention. When he died, +almost heart-broken by the petty local jealousy that had sought to +hamper him in every way, his widow found herself in a position so +involved, and burdened with so many tangled lawsuits, that the whole of +her remaining means were swallowed up. L’Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ MERE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a native of Burgundy. +Yielding to her hatred of the Provencals, whom she blamed for the death +of her husband, and even for the slow paralysis from which she herself +was suffering, she migrated to Paris, with her son Pierre, who then +supported her out of a clerk’s small salary. In Rue d’Enfer she occupied +a single room on the same flat as her son, and there, disabled by +paralysis, lived in morose and voluntary solitude, surrounded by his +tender care. Later, Pierre, who was now married, and was making a +considerable income, took a house in Rue Nollet, and there Madame Sandoz +passed her remaining years. L’Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ (PIERRE), a famous novelist whose youth was spent at Plassans, +where at school he was the inseparable companion of Claude Lantier and +Dubuche. The favourite amusement of the boys was walking, and together +they took long excursions, spending whole days in the country. After the +death of his father Sandoz went to Paris, where he got employment at a +small salary at the _Mairie_ of the fifth arrondissement, in the office +for registration of births; he was chained there by the thought of his +mother, whom he had to support, and to whom he was tenderly attached. +Presently he published his first book: a series of mild sketches, +brought with him from Plassans, among which only a few rougher notes +indicated the mutineer, the lover of truth and power. He lived at this +time with his mother in a little house in Rue d’Enfer, and there he +received each Thursday evening his old friends from Plassans, Claude +Lantier and Dubuche, and with them Fagerolles, Mahoudeau, Jory, +Gagniere, now reunited at Paris, and all animated by the same passion +for art. He was still obsessed by a desire for literary glory, and had +thoughts of writing a poem on some vast subject, but at last he hit on +a scheme which soon took form in his mind. With reference to it he said, +“I am going to take a family, and I shall study its members, one by one, +whence they come, whither they go, how they react upon one another--in +short, humanity in a small compass, the way in which humanity grows and +behaves. On the other hand, I shall set my men and women in a determined +period of history, which will provide me with the necessary surroundings +and circumstances, a slice of history--you understand, eh? A series +of fifteen or twenty books, episodes that will cling together although +having each a separate framework, a suite of novels with which I shall +be able to build myself a house for my old age if they don’t crush +me.” The first of the novels met with some success, and Sandoz having +resigned his appointment, and put his trust entirely in literature, +married a young girl named Henriette, the daughter of middle-class +parents, and removed his house to Rue Nollet. In course of time his +circumstances became still more comfortable, and he again removed to a +large house in Rue de Londres. When Claude Lantier fell into misery and +despair, a gradual separation came about between him and his friends, +but Sandoz remained true to the old companionship. He was one of the few +mourners who attended the funeral of the unfortunate artist. L’Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ (MADAME HENRIETTE), wife of the preceding. She was an orphan, +the daughter of a small shop-keeper, without a penny, but pretty and +intelligent. She occupied herself much with the affairs of the kitchen, +being specially proud of some of her dishes. Even later, when the family +was more prosperous and had removed to a large flat in Rue de Londres, +Henriette continued to take personal charge, out of affection for her +husband, whose only fault was a tendency to gluttony. L’Oeuvre. + +SANQUIRINO (DUCHESSE), a lady of the Italian aristocracy, who resided at +Paris. She gave Eugene Rougon very unsatisfactory information regarding +Comtesse Balbi and her daughter Clorinde. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +SANS-POUCE, one of the brigands of the band of Beau-Francois. La Terre. + +SAPIN, sergeant in Captain Beaudoin’s company of the 106th Regiment of +the line. “The son of a Lyons grocer in a small way of business, spoilt +by his mother, who was dead, and unable to get on with his father, he +had remained in the regiment disgusted with everything, but unwilling to +be bought out.” Later he became engaged to one of his cousins, who had a +small dowry, and began to take an interest in life. During the march +to Sedan, however, he became impressed with the idea that he would +be killed, and this belief was realized during the fighting on 1st +September, 1870. La Debacle. + +SAPIN (LA), a disreputable old woman at Magnolles who performed illegal +operations and pretended to work magic. + +SARRIET (MADAME), sister of Madame Lecoeur and of Madame Gavard; mother +of La Sarriette. Le Ventre de Paris. + +SARRIET, usually called La Sarriette, was the niece of Madame Lecoeur. +She grew up in the markets and her sympathies were with the lower ranks +of the people. At twenty she set up in business as a fruit-dealer, and +took as her lover a young man named Jules, who was employed by her +aunt as a porter. After the arrest of Gavard, her uncle by marriage, +La Sarriette and her aunt divided his money between them. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +SARTEUR, a journeyman hatter at Plassans. He was afflicted with +homicidal mania, and was confined for a time in the asylum at Tulettes. +While there he was treated by Doctor Pascal Rougon, who affected a +cure by hypodermic injections of a substance with which he had long +experimented. Sarteur was released from the asylum, but the cure was +not permanent, for a few months afterwards the unfortunate man became +conscious of a return of his homicidal mania, and, to prevent its +operation, hanged himself. Le Docteur Pascal. + +SATIN, a friend of Nana from childhood, having, like her, attended +the school of Mademoiselle Josse. She was a regular customer at Laure +Piedefer’s restaurant, where she met Madame Robert. She lived for a time +with Nana, of whom she was intensely jealous, and in time gained control +of the whole household. She died in the hospital of Lariboisiere. Nana. + +SAUCISSE (LA PERE), an old peasant of Rognes, who owned an acre of land +which he sold to Pere Fouan for an annuity of fifteen sous a day. In +order to dupe the old man, he pretended to be in bad health. Later, +terrorized by Buteau, he cancelled the agreement, and repaid half the +sums he had received. La Terre. + +SAUVAGNAT, a friend of Pluchart. He lived at Marchiennes. Germinal. + +SAUVAGNAT, chief of the depot at Havre, lived in a cottage near the +engine depot, which his sister Philomene kept for him, but greatly +neglected. He was an obstinate man and a strict disciplinarian, greatly +esteemed by his superiors, but had met with the utmost vexation on +account of his sister, even to the point of being threatened with +dismissal. If the Company bore with her now on his account, he only kept +her with him because of the family tie; but this did not prevent him +belabouring her so severely with blows whenever he caught her at fault +that he frequently left her half dead on the floor. La Bete Humaine. + +SAUVAGNAT (PHILOMENE), sister of the preceding, was a tall, thin woman +of thirty-two, who after numerous love-affairs had settled down with +Pecqueux, whose mistress she became. She had the reputation of drinking. +A subsequent intrigue between her and Jacques Lantier excited the +jealousy of Pecqueux to the point of murder. La Bete Humaine. + +SAUVEUR (MADAME), a dress-maker, who numbered Madame Desforges among her +customers. She frequented Mouret’s shop, _Au Bonheur des Dames_, on the +occasions of great sales, purchasing large quantities of stuff which she +afterwards sold to her own customers at higher prices. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +SAUVIGNY (DE), judge of the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +SCHLOSSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was secretly associated +with Sabatani, with whom he carried out many schemes to their mutual +advantage. L’Argent. + +SCOTS (H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF). See Ecosse. + +SEDILLE, a native of Lyons, who established himself in Paris, and after +thirty years’ toil succeeded in making his silk business one of the best +known in the city. Unfortunately he acquired a passion for gambling, and +a couple of successful ventures made him altogether lose his head. From +that time he neglected his business, and ruin lay inevitably at the end. +On the invitation of Saccard he became a Director of the Universal Bank. +Like the other Directors, he speculated largely in the shares of the +Bank; but, unlike most of them, he did not sell in time, with the result +that he was completely ruined, and his bankruptcy followed. L’Argent. + +SEDILLE (GUSTAVE), son of M. Sedille, the silk merchant. To the +disappointment of his father, he despised commercial pursuits, and +cared only for pleasure. In the hope that he might take an interest +in finance, he was given a situation in the office of Mazard, the +stockbroker, where, however, he did little work, and soon engaged in +speculations on his own account. The failure of the Universal Bank left +him penniless, and deep in debt. L’Argent. + +SICARDOT (COMMANDER), the father-in-law of Aristide Rougon. He had the +strongest intellect of the politicians who met in Pierre Rougon’s yellow +drawing-room. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents at the time of the +_Coup d’Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon. + +SICARDOT, the name of Aristide Rougon’s wife’s family. He adopted this +name when he went to Paris in 1851, using it for considerable time +before he again changed it to Saccard. L’Argent. + +SICARDOT (ANGELE). See Madame Aristide Rougon. + +SIDONIE (MADAME), the name by which Sidonie Rougon (q.v.) was generally +known. La Curee. + +SIMON (LA MERE), an old woman who assisted Severine Roubaud in her +housework. La Bete Humaine. + +SIMONNOT, a grocer at Raucourt. His premises were raided by the +Bavarians after the Battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + +SIMPSON, an American who was attache at his country’s Embassy at Paris. +He was a frequent visitor at the house of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +SIVRY (BLANCHE DE), the name assumed by Jacqueline Baudu, a girl who +came to Paris from a village near Amiens. Magnificent in person, stupid +and untruthful in character, she gave herself out as the granddaughter +of a general, and never owned to her thirty-two summers. She was much +annoyed at the outbreak of war with Germany, because her lover, a young +Prussian, was expelled from the country. Nana. + +SMELTEN, a baker at Montsou. He gave credit for some time during the +strike, in the hope of recovering some of his business taken away by +Maigrat. Germinal. + +SMITHSON (MISS), Lucien Deberle’s English governess. Une Page d’Amour. + +SONNEVILLE, a manufacturer at Marchiennes. His business was seriously +affected by the strike of miners at Montsou. Germinal. + +SOPHIE, a workwoman employed at Madame Titreville’s artificial +flower-making establishment. L’Assommoir. + +SOPHIE, an old waiting-maid in the service of the Duchesse de +Combeville, whose daughter, Princess d’Orviedo, she brought up. When +the Princess shut herself up from the world, Sophie remained with her. +L’Argent. + +SOPHIE, daughter of Guiraude. Predestined to phthisis by heredity, she +was saved, thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon, who sent her to live with an +aunt in the country, where she was brought up in the open air. When she +was seventeen years old she married a young miller in the neighbourhood. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +SOULAS, an old shepherd at La Borderie, where he had been for half a +century. At sixty-five he had saved nothing, having been eaten up by a +drunken wife, “whom at last he had the pleasure of burying.” He had few +friends, except his two dogs, Emperor and Massacre, and he especially +hated Jacqueline Cognet with the jealous disgust of an old servant at +her rapid advancement. He was aware of her numerous liaisons, but said +nothing until she brought about his dismissal, when he told everything +to his master, Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + +SOURDEAU, a bone-setter at Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was supposed to be +equally good for wounds. La Terre. + +SOUVARINE, an engine-man at the Voreux pit, who lodged with the +Rasteneurs. He was a Russian of noble family, who had at first studied +medicine, until, carried away by social enthusiasm, he learned a trade +in order that he might mix with the people. It was by this trade that he +now lived, after having fled in consequence of an unsuccessful attempt +against the Czar’s life, an attempt which resulted in his mistress, +Annouchka, and many of his friends, being hanged. His principles were +those of the most violent anarchy, and he would have nothing to do with +the strike at Montsou, which he considered a merely childish affair. +Disgusted at the return of the miners to their work, he resolved to +bring about the destruction of the Voreux pit, by weakening the timbers +which kept out a vast accumulation of water. He accomplished that work +of madness in a fury of destruction in which he twenty times risked +his life. And when the torrent had invaded the mine, imprisoning the +unfortunate workers, Souvarine went calmly away into the unknown without +a glance behind. Germinal. + +SPIRIT, an English horse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +SPONTINI, a master at the College of Plassans. He came originally from +Corsica, and used to show his knife, rusty with the blood of three +cousins. L’Oeuvre. + +SQUELETTE-EXTERNE (LE). See Mimi-la-Mort. L’Oeuvre. + +STADERINO (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +STEINBERG (GOLIATH), a Prussian spy who was engaged in 1867 as a farm +servant by Fouchard at Remilly. He became the lover of Silvine Morange, +promising her marriage, but disappearing before the ceremony. It was +said that he served also on other farms in the neighbourhood of Beaumont +and Raucourt. During the war he was able to give important information +to the German forces. In trying to regain his former influence over +Silvine, he threatened to remove their child to Germany, and, to +prevent his doing so, she betrayed him to Guillaume Sambuc and the +francs-tireurs of his band, who killed him in the house of Fouchard, in +the presence of Silvine, by cutting his throat, and bleeding him in the +same manner as a pig. La Debacle. + +STEINER, a banker in Paris. He was a German Jew, through whose hands had +passed millions. He spent vast sums upon Rose Mignon and Nana. Nana. + +STERNICH (DUCHESSE DE), a celebrated leader of society in the Second +Empire. She dominated all her friends on the ground of a former intimacy +with the Emperor. La Curee. + +STEWARD (LUCY), was the daughter of an engine-cleaner of English origin +who was employed at the Gare du Nord. She was not beautiful, but had +such a charm of manner that she was considered the smartest of the +_demi-mondaines_ in Paris. Among her lovers had been a prince of the +royal blood. She had a son, Ollivier, before whom she posed as an +actress. Nana. + +STEWART (OLLIVIER), son of the preceding. He was a pupil at the naval +college, and had no suspicion of the calling of his mother. Nana. + +SURIN (ABBE), secretary to the Bishop of Plassans, of whom he was a +great favourite. He was a constant visitor at the home of M. Rastoil, +with whose daughters he played battledore. La Conquete de Plassans. + +SYLVIA, an actress who was admired by Maxime Saccard. La Curee. + + + + +T + +TABOUREAU (MADAME), a baker in the Rue Turbigo. She was a recognized +authority on all subjects relating to her neighbours. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +TATIN (MADEMOISELLE), kept an under-linen warehouse in the Passage +Choiseul, and was so seriously affected by the competition of Octave +Mouret’s great store that she became bankrupt. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +TARDIVEAU (BARON DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by +Fauchery. The part was played by Fontan. + +TATAN NENE, a young girl of great beauty who had herded cows in +Champagne before coming to Paris. She was one of Nana’s friends. Nana. + +TAVERNIER, an old doctor of Orleans, who had ceased to practise. Georges +Hugon made a pretext of visiting him, in order to be able to join Nana +at La Mignotte. Nana. + +TEISSIERE (MADAME), a _mondaine_ of the Second Empire. She was a friend +of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La Curee. + +TESTANIERE (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who recommended her +to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +TEUSE (LA), an elderly woman who acted as servant to Abbe Mouret. In +addition, she cleaned the church and kept the vestments in order; on +occasion, it was said, she had even served the Mass for the Abbe’s +predecessor. She was garrulous and ill-tempered, but was devoted to +Mouret, of whom she took the greatest care, and she was also kind to his +weak-minded sister, Desiree. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +THEODORE, a Belgian who gave lessons on the piano to Clarisse Bocquet, +and afterwards became her lover. Pot-Bouille. + +THEODORE, son of a paste-board maker. He was to have married Nathalie +Dejoie, but wishing to establish himself in business, demanded a +considerable dowry. He afterwards married the daughter of a workman, who +brought him nearly eight thousand francs. L’Argent. + +THERESE, a former neighbour of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte +d’Or. She died of consumption, and the Lorilleux thought they saw a +resemblance between Gervaise and her. L’Assommoir. + +THIBAUDIER (M.), a banker at Caen. He had a daughter, Louise, but having +married again soon after the death of his first wife, he troubled little +about her, and was quite willing to consent to her marriage with Lazare +Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +THIBAUDIER (LOUISE), daughter of M. Thibaudier, a banker at Caen. She +was a slight, delicate girl, with an attractive manner, and Lazare +Chanteau fell in love with her, though he was at the time engaged to +Pauline Quenu. Pauline having magnanimously released him, they were +married. Lazare’s morbid mania having become more acute, and Louise +being herself in poor health, their relations became strained, and the +marriage was not a happy one. They had a son who was named Paul. La Joie +de Vivre. + +Louise died young. Le Docteur Pascal. + +THOMAS, keeper of an eating-house at Montmartre. L’Assommoir. + +THOMAS (ANSELME), a journeyman saddler at Plassans. He married Justine +Megot, tempted by the annuity of twelve hundred francs which she +received from Saccard. He disliked her child, the little Charles Rougon, +who was degenerate and weak-minded. Le Docteur Pascal. + +THOMAS (MADAME ANSELME), wife of the preceding. See Justine Megot. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +TISON, keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + +TISSOT (MADAME), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + +TITREVILLE (MADAME) carried on the business of an artificial-flower +maker, of which Madame Lerat was forewoman, and where Nana Coupeau was +a pupil. She was a tall woman who never unbent, and the girls were all +afraid of her, pretending to be engrossed in work whenever she appeared. +L’Assommoir. + +TOUCHE (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the +success of the _Coup d’Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon. + +TOUCHE, an Attorney’s clerk at Plassans. He married Sidonie Rougon in +1838, and went with her to Paris, where he started business as a dealer +in the products of the South. He was not very successful, and died in +1850. La Curee. + +TOURMAL (LES), a family who resided at Bonneville and lived chiefly by +smuggling and stealing. The father and grandfather were sent to prison, +and the daughter, when shown kindness by Pauline Quenu, rewarded her by +attempting to steal such small articles of value as she could conceal. +La Joie de Vivre. + +TOUTIN-LAROCHE (M.), a retired candle-manufacturer; now a municipal +councillor, and a director of the Credit Viticole, the Societe Generale +of the Ports of Morocco, and other companies of doubtful standing. His +ambition was to enter the Senate, and he clung to Baron Gauraud and +Saccard in the belief that they could assist him. La Curee. + +TRICON (LA), a well-known procuress, who numbered Nana among her +clients. She had a passion for racing, and at the Grand Prix seemed to +dominate the crowd. + +TROMPETTE, one of the horses in the Voreux pit. It only lived a few +months after being taken underground. Germinal. + +TRON, a labourer in the farm of La Borderie. He was one of Jacqueline +Cognet’s lovers, and exhibited jealousy amounting to insanity regarding +her. Having been dismissed by his master, he opened a trap-door through +which Hourdequin fell and was killed. When he found that Jacqueline +would not forgive him for this stupid murder, which ruined her +prospects, he set fire to the farm buildings. La Terre. + +TROUCHE (HONORE), brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas. Having been +unsuccessful in business at Besancon, he followed Faujas to Plassans, +where he went with his wife to live in rooms rented by the Abbe from +Francois Mouret. He was of bad character and quite unscrupulous, but by +the influence of Faujas he was appointed Secretary to the Girls’ Home +started by Madame Mouret and other ladies of Plassans. Having got a +footing in the Mourets’ house, he soon began to take advantage of his +position, and little by little got possession of the whole premises. He +did all he could to encourage the idea of Francois Mouret’s madness, and +after the unfortunate man’s removal to the asylum was able with greater +ease to carry out his schemes. Mouret having ultimately escaped from the +asylum, returned to his home and set it on fire; Trouche perished in the +flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +TROUCHE (MADAME OLYMPE), wife of the preceding, and sister of Abbe +Faujas. She accompanied her husband to Plassans, and contributed largely +to the ruin of the Mouret family. Utterly heartless, she stopped at +nothing, robbing Madame Mouret of money, clothing, everything that came +within her power. Nemesis came with the return of Francois Mouret, who +set fire to his house, causing the death of Madame Trouche as well as +that of her husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +TROUILLE (LA), the nickname of Olympe Fouan. La Terre. + +TRUBLOT (HECTOR), a young man whom Madame Josserand hoped at one time +to secure as a husband for her daughter. He had, however, no thoughts of +marriage, and as he was averse to any risk of complications, his habit +was to select his female friends from among the maid-servants of +his acquaintances. He was employed as correspondent in the office of +Monsieur Desmarquay, a money-changer. Pot-Bouille. + + + + +V + +VABRE, a notary of Versailles who retired to Paris with a fortune, part +of which he invested in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied by the +Duveyriers, the Josserands, and others. He had unfortunately a hidden +passion for gambling in stocks and shares, and when he died it was found +that his whole fortune had been dissipated, even his house being heavily +mortgaged. Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (AUGUSTE), eldest son of M. Vabre, carried on a silk merchant’s +business in part of the premises which belonged to his father. He +married Berthe Josserand, but as he suffered much from neuralgia, and +was, in addition, of a niggardly disposition, the marriage was not a +happy one. An intrigue between Madame Vabre and Octave Mouret followed, +and on its discovery she returned to her parents. For a considerable +time Vabre refused to forgive his wife, but a reconciliation was +ultimately brought about through the intervention of Abbe Mauduit. +Vabre’s fortunes were adversely affected by the extension of Madame +Hedouin’s business, known as “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Pot-Bouille. + +The rapid success of Octave Mouret’s business led to the ruin of Vabre, +a result to which the extravagance of his wife also contributed. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +VABRE (MADAME AUGUSTE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Josserand. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (CAMILLE), son of Theophile Vabre and his wife Valerie Louhette. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (CLOTILDE), daughter of Vabre the notary, and wife of Duveyrier. +She did not get on well with her husband, whom she hated, and her only +passion was for music, which she practised to an inordinate extent. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (THEOPHILE), second son of M. Vabre, “a little old man of +twenty-eight, a victim to coughs and toothache, who first tried +all sorts of trades and then married the daughter of a neighbouring +haberdasher.” His life was shadowed by suspicions of his wife, with whom +he constantly quarrelled. He was with difficulty prevented from making +a scene at the marriage of his brother Auguste to Berthe Josserand. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (MADAME VALERIE), wife of the preceding, nee Louhette, was the +daughter of a wealthy haberdasher. She did not get on well with her +husband, who accused her, not entirely without reason, of carrying on a +liaison with some one whose name he was unable to discover. Pot-Bouille. + +VADON (MARGUERITE), daughter of a linen-draper at Grenoble, found it +desirable to come to Paris for a time, and got a situation at “The +Ladies’ Paradise.” She as a well-conducted girl, and ultimately returned +to Grenoble to take charge of her parents’ shop, and marry a cousin who +was waiting for her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VALENCAY (BARON DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He married the eldest +daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny. L’Assommoir. + +VALENCAY (MADEMOISELLE PAULE DE), was very rich and extremely beautiful +when at nineteen years old she married the Marquis Jean XII de +Hautecoeur. She died within a year, leaving a son named Felicien. Le +Reve. + +VALENTIN, son of Guiraude, and brother of Sophie. His father, a +journeyman tanner, died of phthisis, and Valentin, who had been in daily +contact with him, developed the disease. Doctor Pascal Rougon prolonged +his life for some time by hypodermic injections of a substance +discovered by himself, but the respite was only temporary, for at +twenty-one years of age Valentine died of hereditary phthisis. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +VALERIO II, a horse which belonged to M. Corbreuse and ran in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +VALLAGNOSC (MADAME DE), belonged to an old family of Plassans. Left a +widow with two daughters and one son, she found life difficult on the +small remains of a former fortune. In order to assist his mother, the +son, Paul, secured an appointment at Paris in a Government office. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +VALLAGNOSC (PAUL DE), an old friend of Octave Mouret, whom he had known +at Plassans. He belonged to an old family, but, being a younger son +without money, was obliged to select a profession. He studied law, but +meeting with no success, was obliged to accept an appointment in the +Ministry of the Interior. He married Mademoiselle de Boves. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +VALLAGNOSC (MADAME PAUL DE), wife of the preceding. See Blanche de +Boves. + +VALQUEYRAS (COMTE DE), a relation of Marquis de Carnavant, who lived in +his house. La Fortune des Rougon. + +He was a supporter of the Marquis de Lagrifoul, the Legitimist Deputy +for Plassans, who visited him for a fortnight before the election which +was dominated by Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +VALQUEYRAS (MARQUISE DE), in 1873, she was the only representative of +a very old family. She was a widow with a little daughter of six, very +rich, and equally parsimonious. When Doctor Pascal Rougon called on her +to ask payment of his fees, he allowed himself to be put off, and even +gave advice regarding the health of the child. Le Docteur Pascal. + +VANDERGHAGEN, the medical man employed by the Mining Company of Montsou. +He was so much overworked that it was said he gave his consultations +while he was running from place to place. Germinal. + +VANDEUVRES (COMTE XAVIER DE), the last member of a noble family, had +gone through a large fortune in Paris. His racing-stable was famous, as +were his losses at the Imperial Club, while his ruin was completed by +the vast sums which he spent on Nana. His final hope was centred on the +race for the Grand Prix de Paris in which he was running two horses, +Lusignan and a filly named Nana. Lusignan was the favourite, but +Vandeuvres, having arranged his betting, caused the horse to be pulled, +so that the filly might win. The ruse was successful, and Vandeuvres +gained a large sum, but suspicions having been aroused, he was warned +off the turf and expelled from the Imperial Club. Driven to madness, +the Comte shut himself up in his stable, and, having set it on fire, +perished among his horses. Nana. + +VANDORPE, the head stationmaster of the Western Railway Company at +Paris. La Bete Humaine. + +VANPOUILLE BROTHERS, a firm of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-Petits Champs, +who were practically ruined when Octave Mouret added a fur department to +“The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VANSKA (COMTESSE), a well-known and rich _mondaine_ of the Second +Empire. La Curee. + +VANZADE (MADAME), the widow of a general. She was an old lady, rich, +nearly blind, and practically helpless. At Passy she lived, in a +silent old house, a life so retired and regular that it might have been +actuated by clockwork. As she required a companion, her old friend, La +Mere des Saints-Anges, recommended Christine Hallegrain to her; but the +girl, stifling in that dwelling of rigid piety, ended by running off +with her lover, Claude Lantier. Madame Vanzade died four years later, +and the bulk of her fortune went to charities. L’Oeuvre. + +VAQUEZ (JUDITH), an artist’s model who lived in Rue du Rocher. She was a +Jewess, fresh enough in colouring but too thin. L’Oeuvre. + +VAUCOGNE (HECTOR), husband of Estelle Badeuil. At the time of his +marriage, Vaucogne was a junior officer of customs, but when his wife’s +parents retired he took over their _maison publique_. He left everything +to the care of his wife, and after her death the establishment ceased +to be prosperous. In the end he was turned out by his father-in-law, and +the business was given to his daughter Elodie, who showed all the family +capacity for management. La Terre. + +VAUCOGNE (MADAME HECTOR), wife of the preceding. See Estelle Badeuil. La +Terre. + +VAUCOGNE (ELODIE), daughter of the preceding, and granddaughter of M. +and Madame Charles Badeuil. She was seven years old when her parents +took over the _maison publique_ of her grandfather, and she was then +sent to a convent at Chateaudun to be educated by the Sisters of the +Visitation. Her holidays were spent with her grandparents, and she was +supposed to be under the impression that her parents were carrying on +a large confectionery business, but Victorine, a servant who had been +dismissed for misconduct, had made her aware of the facts, and when, at +eighteen years of age, she was asked in marriage by her cousin Ernest +Delhomme, she astonished her grandparents by joining with him in a +desire to succeed to the family establishment. La Terre. + +VAUGELADE (DUC DE), at one time the master of Gourd, who was his valet. +Pot-Bouille. + +VENOT (THEOPHILE), an old lawyer who made a speciality of ecclesiastical +cases, and had acquired a fortune by serving the Jesuits. He had retired +with a comfortable sum, and led an existence slightly mysterious; +received everywhere, saluted very low, even a little feared, as he +represented a great and unknown force which he had behind him. An +intimate friend of the Muffats, he did everything in his power to put +an end to the liaison between the Comte and Nana, and, though no success +attended his efforts for a considerable time, he was able when ruin +seemed imminent to save Muffat from scandal and to console him by a +return to the practice of religion. Nana. + +VERDIER (BARON), proprietor of a racing-stable. Frangipane, one of his +horses, ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +VERDIER, a lawyer who had been for a long time engaged to Hortense +Josserand. The marriage was put off from time to time, as he had +got entangled with a woman from whom he found separation difficult. +Pot-Bouille. + +VERDONCK, a grocer at Montsou. His business was much affected by the +competition of Maigrat, and he gave credit during the first week of the +strike in the hope of getting back some of his old customers. Germinal. + +VERLAQUE, an inspector in the fish-market at the _Halles Centrales_. +Having fallen into bad health, he was allowed to find a substitute +to keep the place open for him in case he should recover. Florent was +appointed, and paid a considerable portion of the salary to Verlaque. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +VERLAQUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Florent assisted her after the +death of her husband. Le Ventre de Paris. + +VERNIER, an art critic who published an article on Fagerolles the +artist. L’Oeuvre. + +VERONIQUE, maid-servant to the Chanteau family, was a tall, stout young +woman of unattractive appearance and uncertain temper. She had been +in the service of the Chanteaus for twenty years, and having become +necessary to them, took advantage of her position. From the first, +Veronique resented Pauline Quenu’s presence in the Chanteau household, +and treated her as an intruder. In course of time, however, she came to +see that Pauline was being despoiled of her means by Madame Chanteau, +and her sense of justice made her take the young girl’s part. The death +of Madame Chanteau made a deep impression on Veronique whose ill-will +towards Pauline gradually returned. Her mind, not strong at best, became +unhinged, and in a fit of temper she went into the orchard and hanged +herself. La Joie de Vivre. + +VIAL (ABBE), one of the clergy of Plassans. When his appointment became +vacant it was promised to Abbe Bourrette, but was eventually given to +Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +VIAL (MELANIE), second wife of Jean Macquart, to whom she was married in +1871. She was the only daughter of a peasant in easy circumstances, and +was of a fine robust physique. She had three healthy children in as many +years. Le Docteur Pascal. + +VIAN, a wheelwright of Plassans, to whom Silvere Mouret was apprenticed. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +VICTOIRE, Madame Campardon’s cook. She had been in the service of her +master’s father when Campardon was a baby, and though now old, and not +over clean, they were unwilling to part with her. Pot-Bouille. + +VICTOIRE (LA MERE), wife of Pecqueux, the railway stoker. She had been +the nurse of Severine Aubry, and later, as the wife of Pecqueux, who +spent all his earnings on drink, she was leading a wretched existence +in Paris by the aid of a little sewing, when, happening to meet her +foster-daughter, the former intimacy had been renewed, and President +Grandmorin took her under his protection, obtaining for her the post of +attendant at the ladies’ cloakroom. She occupied a room in the Impasse +d’Amsterdam, which the Roubauds regarded as their head-quarters when +they spent a day in Paris. Having become helpless as the result of a +sprain, she was obliged to resign her post and seek admittance to a +hospital. La Bete Humaine. + +VICTORINE, cook in the employment of Nana. She married Francois, the +footman. Nana. + +VICTORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils after they +retired to Rognes. She was dismissed for misconduct, and in revenge told +Elodie Vaucogne the occupation of her parents. La Terre. + +VIGOUROUX, a coal merchant in Rue de la Goutte d’Or. He sold coke to +Gervaise at the same price as the Gas Company. L’Assommoir. + +VIGOUROUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman with +bright eyes who liked to laugh with the men. L’Assommoir. + +VIMEUX, a miserable little sheriff officer, who was celebrated in the +Canton for the bad usage he got from the peasants when he was obliged to +serve summonses upon them. La Terre. + +VINCARD, a silk merchant, who, seeing that his business was likely to be +seriously affected by the competition of “The Ladies’ Paradise,” he +sold it to Robineau, and took a restaurant at Vincennes. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +VINCENT, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + +VINEUIL (COMMANDANT DE), father of Gilberte. Retired from active service +on account of his wounds, he was appointed Director of Customs at +Charleville. His wife died of consumption, and he sent his daughter, +about whose health he was alarmed, to reside for a time at a farm near +Chene-Populeux. He died soon after Gilberte’s marriage to Maginot, the +Inspector of State Forests. La Debacle. + +VINEUIL (COLONEL DE), brother of the preceding. In 1870 he commanded the +106th Regiment of the line, which formed part of the Seventh Army corps. +He was a man of fine appearance and character, and bore his part bravely +through the disastrous campaign, until he was severely wounded on the +battlefield of Sedan. Notwithstanding his wound, he remained on his +horse till the end, when he was removed to the house of Delaherche, +the husband of his niece Gilberte. By December his wound was cured, but +crushed by his country’s defeats, his mental depression was so great +that he remained in a darkened room, refusing to hear news from the +outer world, and associating only with his old friend Madame Delaherche, +the mother of his niece’s husband. At the end of December he died +suddenly, horror-struck by an account of the surrender of Metz, which he +chanced to read in an old newspaper. La Debacle. + +VINEUIL (GILBERTE DE), daughter of Commandant de Vineuil. She was first +married to Maginot, and afterwards to Jules Delaherche. When she was +nine years old, her father, alarmed at a cough she had, sent her to live +at a farm, where she came to know Henriette Levasseur. Even at that +age she was a coquette, and when at twenty she married Maginot, the +Inspector of the State Forests at Mezieres, her character had not +changed. Mezieres she found dull, but her husband allowed her full +liberty, and she found all the gaiety she desired at Charleville. There +she lived solely for pleasure, and Captain Beaudoin became her lover. In +1869 she became a widow, and in spite of the stories told about her she +found a second husband, Jules Delaherche. On the eve of the battle of +Sedan she resumed for the nonce her former relations with Beaudoin. Gay +and irresponsible by nature, she flirted with Captain von Gartlauben, +a Prussian officer, who was quartered on her husband after the +capitulation of Sedan, while at the same time she carried on a liaison +with Edmond Lagarde, a young soldier who had been wounded, and whom she +had assisted to nurse. La Debacle. + +VIOLAINE (LOUISE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She took +the part in the _Blonde Venus_ originally played by Nana, and secured a +great success. Nana. + +VIRGINIE, sister of Adele, for whose sake Auguste Lantier deserted +Gervaise Macquart. Gervaise, meeting Virginie in a public washing-house, +was taunted by her on the subject of her lover, and a terrible fight +between the two women followed, Virginie being severely beaten. Gervaise +did not see her again for some years, by which time she had married M. +Poisson, an ex-soldier, who later became a policeman. She professed to +have overlooked the fight with Gervaise, but appears to have been +not without hope that an opportunity of repaying her injuries might +eventually arise. When the Coupeaus gave way to drink, Lantier, who had +again established friendly relations, suggested that Virginie should +take the Coupeaus’ shop and buy a stock of groceries and sweetmeats with +a legacy she had received from an aunt. Partly moved by a desire for +revenge on Gervaise, she did so, and Lantier retained with the Poissons +the place as a lodger he formerly occupied with the Coupeaus. Soon +after, he became Virginie’s lover, and, by paying nothing for +his support, while he gradually ate the contents of the shop, he +accomplished the downfall of the Poissons in much the same manner as he +had already ruined the Coupeaus. L’Assommoir. + +VISCARDI (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +VOINCOURT (COMTESSE DE), mother of Claire de Voincourt. She occupied at +Beaumont a house adjoining the bishop’s palace. Le Reve. + +VOINCOURT (CLAIRE DE), the daughter of an old family of great wealth who +lived at Beaumont. Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur wished to arrange a marriage +between her and Felicien, his son; his plans were assisted by the belief +of Felicien that Angelique, with whom he had fallen in love, no longer +cared for him. This belief having proved false, the proposed marriage +between Felicien and Claire de Voincourt did not take place. Le Reve. + +VORIAU, a large black dog which belonged to Bambousse, the Mayor of +Artaud. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +VUILLAUME (M. and MADAME), the parents of Madame Pichon, whom they +visited every Sunday afternoon. They were, later, much annoyed with +the Pichons, whose family became, they considered, too large for their +means. Pot-Bouille. + +VUILLAUME (MARIE). See Madame Marie Pichon. + +VUILLET, a bookseller of Plassans, who published a biweekly journal, the +_Gazette de Plassans_, which was devoted exclusively to the interests of +the clergy. La Fortune des Rougon. + + + + +W + +WEISS, husband of Henriette Levasseur, and cousin of Otto Gunther. He +got a situation in the refinery at Chene-Populeux, almost in a menial +position, but he gradually educated himself, and by dint of hard work +raised himself to the position of accountant. A clear-headed man, he +early saw the causes that were to lead to the downfall of his country, +and expressed himself strongly regarding the unprepared state of the +army. Weiss lived at Sedan, but in 1870 he had just bought a little +house at Bazeilles, where he slept the night before the battle. He was +frantic at the idea that the Prussians might pillage and perhaps destroy +the dwelling so long desired and so hardly acquired, and when the +attack was made he took an active part in the fighting. Captured by the +Prussians, and being a civilian, he was at once condemned to be shot, +and the sentence was carried out before the eyes of his wife, who had +come from Sedan to look for him. La Debacle. + +WEISS (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Henriette Levasseur. La +Debacle. + +WORMS, a famous costumier, before whom the ladies of the Second Empire +bowed the knee. Renee Saccard was one of his customers, and when she +died owed him an account of two hundred and fifty-seven thousand francs. +La Curee. + + + + +Z + +ZEPHIR, the horse ridden by Prosper Sambuc, who loved it like a brother. +The animal received a mortal wound at the battle of Sedan, and fell on +its rider, crushing under it his right leg. It lay upon him for some +hours, but eventually, on his speaking to it, moved with a great effort +sufficiently to allow him to escape. La Debacle. + +ZEPHYRIN, a worker on the farm of La Borderie. He laughed at the +agricultural machinery introduced by Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + +ZIDORE, a youth of seventeen, who was an apprentice zinc-worker. He was +Coupeau’s assistant at one time. L’Assommoir. + +ZIZI, the pet name given by Nana to Georges Hugon. Nana. + +ZOE, waiting-maid in the employment of Nana. She was entirely in Nana’s +confidence, and was always ready with shrewd advice, though there is no +doubt she arranged matters so that a great deal of money came into her +own hands. She ultimately took over the establishment of La Tricon, +which she had long coveted, and, having large ideas, proposed to extend +the business by renting a larger house. Nana. + + + + + + +ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES + +ARROMANCHES, a small town on the Normandy coast, not far from Caen. It +is about six miles from Bonneville, the scene of La Joie de Vivre. + +ARTAUD (LES), a small village a few miles from Plassans (q.v.). Abbe +Mouret was its priest during the events related in La Faute de l’Abbe +Mouret. + +ASSOMMOIR (Pere Colombe’s) was situated at the corner of Rue des +Poissonniers and Boulevard de Rochechouart, which is a continuation of +Boulevard de Clichy, in the northern district of Paris. L’Assommoir. + +AUGUSTIN (RUE NEUVE SAINT), a street which joins the Avenue de l’Opera +a short distance from the Opera House. It is intersected by Rue +Michodiere, at the corner of which is situated Octave Mouret’s great +drapery establishment, known as “Au Bonheur des Dames.” Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +BARENTIN, a small town on the Western Railway of France, about twelve +miles from Rouen. It was at a point between Barentin and the previous +station, Malaunay, that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La +Bete Humaine. + +BAZEILLES, a village about three miles south-east of Sedan (q.v.). It +was the scene of some of the most important events in La Debacle. + +BEAUCE (LA), a fertile agricultural plain stretching between Chartres +and Orleans, and intersected by the road from the latter town to +Chateaudun. The district is the scene of La Terre. + +BEAUMONT, a town of about 3000 inhabitants, picturesquely situated on +a height on the left bank of the Oise about twenty-five miles north of +Paris. Its church, the scene of some of the principal events in Le Reve, +is an interesting building, dating from the thirteenth century. Le Reve. + +BONCOEUR (HOTEL) was situated in the Boulevard de la Chapelle (q.v.). +L’Assommoir. + +BONNEVILLE, a village on the Normandy coast, about six miles from +Arromanches. It is in an extremely exposed position, and many houses +have been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. To prevent further +damage, Lazare Chanteau constructed a breakwater, which was, however, +washed away by the first storm. The inhabitants of the village were +mostly engaged in fishing. La Joie de Vivre. + +BORDERIE (LA), a farm on the plain of La Beauce, which belonged to +Alexandre Hourdequin, whose father bought it after the Revolution. La +Terre. + +CAEN, a town of about 40,000 inhabitants, situated on the River Orne, +about nine miles from the Normandy coast. Chanteau pere carried on +business there before he retired and went to live at Bonneville, and his +son Lazare received his education at its college. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHALONS, a town of about 24,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Marne +107 miles east of Paris. It is the head-quarters of the Sixth Army +Corps, and was occupied by the Prussians in August, 1870. La Debacle. + +CHAPELLE (BOULEVARD DE LA) is a continuation of the Boulevard de Clichy, +in the Montmartre district of Paris. In it was situated the Hotel +Boncoeur, where Lantier and Gervaise Macquart found lodgings when they +first came to Paris. L’Assommoir. + +CHARLEVILLE, a town of about 17,000 inhabitants, situated about ten +miles north-west of Sedan. It is close to Mezieres, of which it really +forms the commercial and industrial portion. La Debacle. + +CHARTRES, an important and interesting town, situated on the left bank +of the Eure, fifty-five miles south-west of Paris. It is the principal +town in the grain-producing district of La Beauce, and reference is +frequently made to it in La Terre. In it M. and Madame Charles Badeuil +carried on business for a number of years with considerable success. La +Terre. + +CHATEAUDUN, a town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of +the Loire, about eighty-four miles south-west of Paris. It is in the +district of La Beauce, and is frequently referred to in La Terre. + +CHOISEUL (RUE DE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Italiens, +and Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. It is parallel to Avenue de l’Opera and +Rue Michodiere, being slightly to the east of the latter. Pot-Bouille. + +CLOYES, a market-town in the district of La Beauce, about seven +miles from Chateaudun and ninety-one miles south-west of Paris. It is +frequently referred to in La Terre. + +CROIX DE MAUFRAS (LE), a level crossing on the Western Railway of +France, between Malaunay and Barentin, about nine miles west of Rouen. +The crossing, which was looked after by Misard and his daughter Flore, +was the scene of a terrible railway accident, and it was in the same +vicinity that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La Bete +Humaine. + +EAUX (PASSAGE DES), a steep lane which runs from Rue Raynouard at Passy +down to the Seine. In an old house which abutted on the passage lived +Mere Fetu, and in the same building was the room where Helene Grandjean +went to meet Doctor Deberle. Une Pate d’Amour. + +GOUTTE D’OR (RUE DE LA), a street in the Montmartre district of Paris. +It enters from Rue des Poissonniers and runs parallel to and behind +Boulevard de la Chapelle, which is a continuation of Boulevard de +Clichy. The Coupeaus and the Lorilleux lived in Rue de la Goutte d’Or. +L’Assommoir. + +HALLES CENTRALES (LES), the great provision markets of Paris, are +situated on the right bank of the river, and are directly north of the +Pont Neuf, from which they are not far distant. Le Ventre de Paris. + +HAUSSMANN (BOULEVARD) runs from east to west a short distance behind the +Opera House. Its eastern end connects with the Boulevard des Italiens. +Nana. + +HAVRE (LE), an important seaport, which forms the terminus of the +Western Railway of France, the line upon which Jacques Lantier was +employed as an engine-driver. The Roubauds lived at Le Havre, and many +of the principal scenes in La Bete Humaine were enacted there. La Bete +Humaine. + +LAZARE (RUE SAINT-), is in the neighbourhood of the railway station of +the same name. In it was situated the Orviedo mansion, in which Aristide +Saccard started the Universal Bank. L’Argent. + +LILLE, an important manufacturing town in the north of France, near +the Belgian frontier. Etienne Lantier was at one time employed in the +railway workshop there. Germinal. + +MALAUNAY, a station on the Western Railway of France, six miles from +Rouen, and about midway between that town and Barentin. It is referred +to in La Bete Humaine. + +MARBEUF (RUE), a street which connects the Avenue des Champs Elysees and +the Avenue de l’Alma. Eugene Rougon lived there. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +MARCHIENNES, a town in the mining district of the north of France, +about thirty miles south-east of Lille. It is frequently referred to in +Germinal. + +METZ, a town of 55,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Moselle, about +263 miles east of Paris and about eighty miles south-east of Sedan. It +was surrendered to the Prussians on 27th October, 1870, and is now the +capital of German Lorraine. La Debacle. + +MEZIERES, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on a peninsula +formed by the Meuse about ten miles north-west of Sedan. Its situation +has prevented its extension, and the closely adjoining town of +Charleville has become its commercial and industrial quarter. Mezieres +was three times invested during the Franco-Prussian War, and surrendered +on 2nd January, 1871, after a bombardment of three days. La Debacle. + +MICHODIERE (RUE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Capucines +and the Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. At the corner where it joins the +latter street was situated Octave Mouret’s great drapery establishment, +known as “Au Bonheur des Dames,” and in it also Baudu carried on +business. The street is almost parallel to the Avenue de l’Opera. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MOINES (RUE DES) was situated at Batignolles, in the extreme north-west +of Paris. Madame Lerat lived there. L’Assommoir. + +MONCEAU (RUE), a street which runs northward from Rue du Faubourg St. +Honore. It is a short distance to the north-east of the Arc de Triomphe, +and in it was situated Aristide Saccard’s magnificent mansion. La Curee. + +MONTSOU, a mining village in the north of France, about ten kilometres +from Marchiennes (q.v.). It is the scene of many of the chief events in +Germinal. + +ORLEANS, an important town situated on the Loire, seventy-five miles +south of Paris. It is referred to in La Terre and Nana. + +PARADOU, the name of a neglected demesne near Plassans (q.v.). It was +the scene of a large part of La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + +PLASSANS, the name under which Zola disguised his native town of Aix. It +is a place of about 30,000 inhabitants, and is situated eighteen miles +north of Marseilles. Aix was at one time the capital of Provence, is the +seat of an archbishop, and contains a university and an Ecole des Art et +Metiers. + +In the Rougon-Macquart novels Zola made Plassans the cradle of an +imaginary family, and throughout the whole series of books the town is +constantly referred to. La Fortune des Rougon, etc. + +RAUCOURT, a small town about six miles south of Sedan. It is frequently +referred to in La Debacle. + +REIMS, an important town of 98,000 inhabitants, situated about 100 miles +to the north-east of Paris. In 1870-71 it was occupied by the Prussians, +who laid heavy requisitions upon it. The town is frequently referred to +in La Debacle. + +REMILLY, a village about five miles south of Sedan. Old Fouchard’s farm +was situated in its vicinity. La Debacle. + +ROUEN, an important town of over 100,000 inhabitants, situated on the +Seine, about eighty-seven miles from Paris and fifty-seven miles from Le +Havre. It was the scene of the judicial inquiry regarding the murder of +President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + +SEDAN, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated on the Meuse, about 170 +miles north-east of Paris. It was the scene of one of the chief battles +of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and capitulated to the Prussian +forces on 2nd September of that year. The town is frequently referred to +in La Debacle. + +VALOGNES, a small town in Normandy, not far from Cherbourg. It was the +birthplace of Denise Baudu and her brothers. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VINEUSE (RUE DE), a street in the Passy district of Paris, at the +extreme west end of the city. It is near the Trocadero Palace. Madame +Helene Grandjean and Doctor Deberle both lived in this street. Une Page +d’Amour. + +VOREUX, the name of a large coal-pit, situated about two kilometres +from Montsou, on the road between that village and Marchiennes (q.v.). +Germinal. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + +***** This file should be named 5103-0.txt or 5103-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/5103/ + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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G. Patterson + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd7; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Zola Dictionary + +Author: J. G. Patterson + +Release Date: April 22, 2006 [EBook #5103] +Last Updated: September 5, 2016 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + + + + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger + + + + + +</pre> + + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h1> + A ZOLA DICTIONARY + </h1> + <h3> + The Characters Of The Rougon-Macquart Novels Of Emile Zola + </h3> + <h2> + By J. G. Patterson + </h2> + <h4> + With a Biographical and Critical Introduction, <br /> Synopses of the + Plots, Bibliographical Note, <br /> Map, <br /> Genealogy, etc. + </h4> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> PREFATORY NOTE </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART + NOVELS </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> <big><b>THE ZOLA DICTIONARY</b></big> </a> + </p> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto" cellpadding="4" border="3"> + <tr> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> A </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> B </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> C </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> D </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> E </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> F </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> G </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> H </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> I </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> J </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> K </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> L </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> M </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> N </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> O </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> P </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> Q </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> R </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> S </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> T </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> V </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0027"> W </a> + </td> + <td> + <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> Z </a> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + PREFATORY NOTE + </h2> + <p> + In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, relied for + information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely <i>Notes d’un + Ami</i>, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier); <i>Emile Zola, A + biographical and Critical Study</i>, by R. H. Sherrard (London, Chatto + & Windus, 1893); <i>Emile Zola, Novelist and Reformer</i>: An account + of his Life and Work, by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly (London, John Lane, + 1904). Reference has also been made to Mr. Arthur Symons’ <i>Studies in + Prose and Verse</i>, and to articles in the <i>Fortnightly Review</i> by + Mr. Andrew Lang, in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> by Mr. Henry James, and in + the <i>Contemporary Review</i> by M. Edouard Rod, as well as to articles + in the <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i> and in the <i>Dictionnaire + Universel des Contemporains</i>. + </p> + <p> + By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been possible to + include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree, which + appears in the Preface to their edition of <i>Doctor Pascal</i>, and to + make use of their translations in the preparation of the Dictionary. In + compiling the latter, Zola’s own words have been adopted so far as + possible, though usually they have required such condensation as to make + direct quotation difficult. This difficulty was increased by the fact that + occasional use was made of different translations of the same book, and + that frequent references to the original were found necessary. + </p> + <p> + The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the order in which + the books should be read, as indicated by their Author in <i>Le Docteur + Pascal</i>, and confirmed by his biographer, Mr. E. A. Vizetelly. + </p> + <p> + EDINBURGH, May, 1912. J. G. P. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INTRODUCTION + </h2> + <p> + Emile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father, Francois + Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not been a success, + though this was not due to any lack of energy or ability. Zola <i>pere</i> + was of mixed nationality, his father being an Italian and his mother a + Greek, and it is not unlikely that his unrest and want of concentration + were due to the accident of his parentage. When quite a young man, + Francois fought under the great Napoleon, after whose fall he became a + civil engineer. He spent some time in Germany, where he was engaged in the + construction of the first tramway line in Europe, afterwards visiting + Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to have accompanied him, for + in 1831 he applied for and obtained an appointment, as lieutenant in the + Foreign Legion in Algeria. His career in Africa was, however, of short + duration; some irregularities were discovered, and he disappeared for a + time, though ultimately he came forward and made up his accounts, paying + the balance that was due. No prosecution took place, and resignation of + his commission was accepted. Nothing more was heard of the matter till + 1898, when his son Emile identified himself with the cause of Dreyfus, and + in the campaign of calumny that followed had to submit to the vilest + charges against the memory of his father. The old dossier was produced by + the French Ministry of War, the officials of which did not hesitate to + strengthen their case by the forgery of some documents and the suppression + of others. In view of these proved facts, and of the circumstance that + Francois Zola, immediately after his resignation from the Foreign Legion, + established himself as a civil engineer at Marseilles and prepared a + scheme for new maritime docks there, and that in connection with this + scheme he visited Paris repeatedly, obtaining private audiences with the + King and interviewing statesmen, it must be held that the charges against + him were of a venial nature, in no way warranting the accusations brought + forward by the War Office nearly seventy years later to cast discredit on + his son. Nothing came of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same fate + attended subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola <i>pere</i>, + who by this time had married, then turned his attention to a proposal to + supply water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of a reservoir and + canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and after many delays + and disappointments ultimately signed an agreement for the construction of + the works. Even then further delays took place, and it was not till three + years later that the work could be commenced. But the engineer’s ill + fortune still attended him, for one morning while he was superintending + his workmen the treacherous mistral began to blow, and he took a chill, + from the effects of which he died a few days afterwards. + </p> + <p> + The young widow, with her son Emile, then a child of seven, was left in + poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim against the + municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had some means, and came to + her assistance during the years of fruitless struggle to establish the + rights of her dead husband. Emile had up to this time been allowed to run + wild, and he had spent most of his time out of doors, where he acquired a + love of the country which he retained in later years. Even when he was + sent to school he was backward, only learning his letters with difficulty + and showing little inclination for study. It was not till 1852, when he + was twelve years sold, that his education really began. By this time he + was able to realize his mother’s financial position, and to see the + sacrifices which were being made to send him as a boarder to the <i>lycee</i> + at Aix. His progress then became rapid, and during the next five years he + gained many prizes. Throughout all these years the struggle between Madame + Zola and the municipality had gone on, each year diminishing her chance of + success. In the end her position became desperate, and finding it + impossible to continue to reside at Aix, the little family removed to + Paris in 1858. Fortunately Emile was enabled by the intervention of + certain friends of his late father to continue his studies, and became a + day pupil at the Lycee St. Louis, on the Boulevard St. Michael. For some + reason he made little progress there, and when he presented himself for + his <i>baccalaureat</i> degree he failed to pass the examination. A later + attempt at the University of Marseilles had the same result. As this + examination is in France the passport to all the learned professions, + Zola’s failure to pass it placed him in a serious position. His mother’s + resources were by this time entirely exhausted, and some means of support + had to be sought without delay. After many attempts, he got a place as + clerk in a business house at a salary of twenty-six pounds a year, but the + work proved so distasteful that after two months of drudgery he threw it + up. Then followed a period of deep misery, but a period which must have + greatly influenced the work of the future novelist. Wandering the streets + by day and, when he could find money to buy a candle, writing poems and + short stories by night, he was gaining that experience in the school of + life of which he was later to make such splendid use. Meantime his + wretchedness was deep. A miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient food, + inadequate clothing, and complete absence of fire may be an incentive to + high endeavour, but do not render easy the pathway of fame. The position + had become all but untenable when Zola received an appointment in the + publishing house of M. Hachette, of Paris, at a salary beginning at a + pound a week, but soon afterwards increased. During the next two years he + wrote a number of short stories which were published later under the title + <i>Contes a Ninon</i>. The book did not prove a great success, though its + undoubted ability attracted attention to the writer and opened the way to + some journalistic work. About this time he appears to have been studying + Balzac, and the recently published <i>Madame Bovary</i> of Flaubert, which + was opening up a new world not only in French fiction, but in the + literature of Europe. He had also read the <i>Germinie Lacerteux</i> of + Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on which he wrote an appreciative article, + and this remarkable book cannot have been without its influence on his + work. The effect was indeed immediate, for in 1865 he published his next + book, <i>La Confession de Claud</i>, which showed strong traces of that + departure from conventional fiction which he was afterwards to make more + pronounced. The book was not a financial success, though it attracted + attention, and produced many reviews, some favourable, others merciless. + Influenced by the latter, the Public Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding + the author to be made at Hachette’s, but nothing more was done, and it is + indeed doubtful if any successful prosecution could have been raised, even + at a period when it was thought necessary to indict the author of <i>Madame + Bovary</i>. + </p> + <p> + Zola’s employers had, however, begun to look askance at his literary work; + they may have considered that it was occupying too much of the time for + which they paid, or, more probably, they were becoming alarmed at their + clerk’s advanced views both on politics and literary art. As Zola + afterwards explained the matter, one of the partners said to him, “You are + earning two hundred francs a month here, which is ridiculous. You have + plenty of talent, and would do better to take up literature altogether. + You would find glory and profit there.” The hint was a direct one, and it + was taken. The young author was again thrown upon his own resources, but + was no longer entirely unknown, for the not unfavourable reception of his + first book and the violent attacks on his second had given him a certain + position, even though it may to some extent have partaken of the nature of + a <i>succes de scandale</i>. As he wrote at the time, he did not mean to + pander to the likes or the dislikes of the crowd; he intended to force the + public to caress or insult him. + </p> + <p> + Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open, and Zola got an + appointment on the staff of a newspaper called <i>L’Evenement</i>, in + which he wrote articles on literary and artistic subjects. His views were + not tempered by moderation, and when he depreciated the members of the <i>Salon</i> + in order to exalt Manet, afterwards an artist of distinction, but then + regarded as a dangerous revolutionary, the public outcry was such that he + was forced to discontinue publication of the articles. He then began a + second story called <i>Le Vaeu d’une Morte</i> in the same newspaper. It + was intended to please the readers of <i>L’Evenement</i>, but from the + first failed to do so, and its publication was stopped before it was half + completed. Soon afterwards <i>L’Evenement</i> was incorporated with the <i>Figaro</i>, + and Zola’s connection with it terminated. A time of hardship again began, + and during the year 1867 the wolf was only kept from the door by + unremitting toil of the least agreeable kind. In the midst of his + difficulties Zola wrote two books simultaneously, one supremely good and + the other unquestionably bad. The one was <i>Therese Raquin</i>, and the + other <i>Les Mysteres de Marseille</i>. The latter, which was pure + hack-work, was written to the order of the publisher of a Marseillaise + newspaper, who supplied historical material from researches made by + himself at the Marseilles and Aix law courts, about the various <i>causes + celebres</i> which during the previous fifty years had attracted the most + public attention. These were to be strung together, and by an effort of + legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a novel. Zola, + desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that might have been + anticipated. + </p> + <p> + <i>Therese Raquin</i> is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put the + best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest care. It + is a tale of Divine Justice, wherein a husband is murdered by his wife and + her lover, who, though safe from earthly consequence, are yet separated by + the horror of their deed, and come to hate each other for the thing they + have done. The book is one of remarkable power, and it is interesting to + note that in the preface to it Zola first made use of the word <i>naturalisme</i> + as describing that form of fiction which he was afterwards to uphold in + and out of season. A violent attack in the <i>Figaro</i> gave opportunity + for a vigorous reply, and the advertisement so obtained assisted the sales + of the book, which from the first was a success. It was followed by <i>Madeleine + Ferat</i>, which, however, was less fortunate. The subject is unpleasant, + and its treatment lacks the force which made <i>Therese Raquin</i> + convincing. + </p> + <p> + Up to this time Zola’s life had been a steady struggle against poverty. He + was terribly in earnest, and was determined to create for himself a place + in literature; to accomplish this end he counted no labour too arduous, no + sacrifice too great. His habits were Spartan in their simplicity; he was a + slave to work and method, good equipment for the vast task he was next to + undertake. He had long been an earnest student of Balzac, and there is no + doubt that it was the example of the great <i>Comedie Humaine</i> which + inspired his scheme for a series of novels dealing with the life history + of a family during a particular period; as he described it himself, “the + history natural and social of a family under the Second Empire.” It is + possible that he was also influenced by the financial success of the + series of historical novels written by Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the <i>Romans + Nationaux</i>. It was not, however, the past about which he proposed to + write; no period was more suitable for his purpose than that in which he + lived, that Second Empire whose regime began in blood and continued in + corruption. He had there, under his own eyes and within his personal + knowledge, a suitable <i>mise-en-scene</i> wherein to further develop + those theories of hereditary influence which had already attracted his + attention while he was writing <i>Madeleine Ferat</i>. The scheme was + further attractive in as much as it lent itself readily to the system of + treatment to which he had applied the term <i>naturalisme</i>, to + distinguish it from the crudities of the realistic school. The scientific + tendency of the period was to rely not on previously accepted + propositions, but on observation and experience, or on facts and + documents. To Zola the voice of science conveyed the word of ultimate + truth, and with desperate earnestness he set out to apply its methods to + literary production. His position was that the novelist is, like the + scientist, an observer and an experimentalist combined. The observer, he + says, gives the facts as he has observed them, fixes the starting-point, + lays the solid ground on which his characters are to walk and his + phenomena to develop. Then the experimentalist appears and starts the + experiment, that is to say, he makes the personages in a particular story + move, in order to show that the succession of events will be just what the + determinism of phenomena together with study demand that they should be. + The author must abstain from comment, never show his own personality, and + never turn to the reader for sympathy; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has + observed, be as cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought the + application of this method would raise the position of the novel to the + level of a science, and that it would become a medium for the expression + of established truths. The fallacy of the argument has been exposed by + more than one critic. It is self-evident that the “experiments” by the + novelist cannot be made on subjects apart from himself, but are made by + him and in him; so that they prove more regarding his own temperament than + about what he professes to regard as the inevitable actions of his + characters. The conclusion drawn by a writer from such actions must always + be open to the retort that he invented the whole himself and that fiction + is only fiction. But to Zola in the late sixties the theory seemed + unassailable and it was upon it that he founded the whole edifice of <i>Les + Rougon-Macquart</i>. The considerations then that influenced Zola in + beginning a series of novels connected by subject into one gigantic whole + were somewhat various. There was the example of Balzac’s great <i>Comedie + Humaine</i>; there was the desire of working out the theories of heredity + in which he had become interested; there was the opportunity of putting + into operation the system which he had termed <i>naturalisme</i>; and + there was also the consideration that if he could get a publisher to agree + to his proposals he would secure a certain income for a number of years. + His original scheme was a series of twelve novels to be written at the + rate of two a year, and he entered into a contract with a publisher named + Lacroix, who was to pay him five hundred francs a month as an advance. M. + Lacroix would, however, only bind himself to publish four out of the + twelve novels. The arrangement could not be carried out, and at the end of + three years only two volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series had been + published, while Zola found that he had become indebted to the publisher + for a very considerable sum. + </p> + <p> + The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not published + till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account of the war with + Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and seems to have regulated his + literary production with machinelike uniformity. As his friend and + biographer Paul Alexis writes: “Only four pages, but four pages every day, + every day without exception, the action of the drop of water always + falling on the same place, and in the end wearing out the hardest stone. + It seems nothing, but in course of time chapters follow chapters, volumes + follow upon volumes, and a whole life’s work sprouts, multiplies its + branches, extends its foliage like a lofty oak, destined to rise high into + the air and to remain standing in the forest of human productions.” + </p> + <p> + His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart series may be + conveniently summed up in a few words from an article which he had only a + month before written in the <i>Gaulois</i>: “If I kept a school of + morals,” he says, “I would hasten to place in the hands of my pupils <i>Madame + Bovary</i> or <i>Germinie Lacerteux</i>, persuaded that truth alone can + instruct and fortify generous souls.” + </p> + <p> + In <i>La Fortune des Rougon</i>, then, Zola set out to plant the roots of + the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during the next + twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the origin of the + family which he had selected for dissection in his series, and to outline + the various principal characters, members of that family. Mr. Andrew Lang, + writing on this subject in the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, points out that + certain Arab tribes trace their descent from a female Dog, and suggests + that the Rougon-Macquart family might have claimed the same ancestry. + Adelaide Fouque came of a race of peasants who had long lived at Plassans, + a name invented by Zola to conceal the identity of Aix, the town in + Provence where his youth had been spent. She was highly neurotic, with a + tendency to epilepsy, but from the point of view of the naturalistic + novelist she offered many advantages. When a mere girl she married a man + named Rougon, who died soon afterwards, leaving her with a son named + Pierre, from whom descended the legitimate branch of the family. Then + followed a liaison with a drunken smuggler named Macquart, as a result of + which two children were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide’s original neurosis + had by this time become more pronounced, and she ultimately became insane. + Pierre married and had five children, but his financial affairs had not + prospered, though by underhand methods he had contrived to get possession + of his mother’s property, to the exclusion of her other children. Then + came the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851, and Pierre, quick to seize his + opportunity, rendered such services to the Bonapartist party as to lay the + foundation of the family fortune, a foundation which was, however, + cemented with treachery and blood. It was with these two families, then, + both descended from a common ancestress, and sometimes subsequently united + by intermarriage, that the whole series of novels was to deal. They do not + form an edifying group, these Rougon-Macquarts, but Zola, who had based + his whole theory of the experimental novel upon the analogy of medical + research, was not on the outlook for healthy subjects; he wanted social + sores to probe. This is a fact much too often overlooked by readers of + detached parts of the series, for it should always be kept in mind that + the whole was written with the express purpose of laying bare all the + social evils of one of the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the + belief that through publicity might come regeneration. Zola was all along + a reformer as well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in many a bitter + newspaper controversy. It has been urged against him that there were + plenty of virtuous people about whom he could have written, but these + critics appear to forget that he was in a sense a propagandist, and that + it was not his <i>metier</i> to convert persons already in the odour of + sanctity. + </p> + <p> + <i>La Fortune des Rougon</i> was not particularly successful on its + publication, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany was barely + concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola’s financial position was, + however, by the arrangement with his publisher now more secure, and he + felt justified in marrying. This he did, and settled down into the quiet + bourgeois existence in which his life was spent. + </p> + <p> + The next book was <i>La Curee</i>, a study of the mushroom society of the + Second Empire. The subject—the story of Phaedra adapted to modern + environment—is unpleasant and the treatment is daring; but despite a + slight <i>succes de scandale</i>, its reception by the public was no more + favorable than that of <i>La Fortune des Rougon</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>La Curee</i> was followed by <i>Le Ventre de Paris</i>, which reached a + second edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing, but was + severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as the apotheosis + of gluttony, while they resented the transference of a pork butcher’s shop + to literature and took particular exceptions to a certain “symphony of + cheeses.” + </p> + <p> + Next came <i>La Conquete de Plassans</i>, an excellent story, to be + followed by <i>La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret</i>, one of Zola’s most romantic + books, and the first to attain any considerable success. He next wrote <i>Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon</i>, in which he dealt with the political side of + the Second Empire and sketched the life of the Imperial Court at + Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly well equipped, and the + book was only moderately successful. Then came <i>L’Assommoir</i>, and + with it fame and fortune for the writer. It is a terrible story of + working-class life in Paris, a study of the ravages wrought by drink. + Again to quote Mr. Andrew Lang, “It is a dreadful but not an immoral book. + It is the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written. As M. Zola + saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he once lived, + when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he describes, one may fear + that <i>L’Assommoir</i> is a not untruthful picture of the lives of many + men and women in Paris.” + </p> + <p> + In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole of <i>L’Assommoir</i> + in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its coarseness and nothing + of its force. For this alone he was attacked by many critics, and from its + publication onwards an unexampled controversy arose regarding the author + and his methods. Looking backwards it is difficult to see why such an + outcry should have arisen about such a masterpiece of literature, but + water has flowed beneath many bridges since 1877, and, largely by the + influence of Zola’s own work, the limits of convention have been widely + extended. At the time, however, the work was savagely attacked, and to the + author the basest motives were assigned, while libels on his own personal + character were freely circulated. Zola replied to these attacks in a + manner so calm and so convincing that quotation may be permitted. “It + would be well,” he said, “to read my novels, to understand them, to see + them clearly in their entirety, before bringing forward the ready-made + opinions, ridiculous and odious, which are circulated concerning myself + and my works. Ah! if people only knew how my friends laugh at the + appalling legend which amuses the crowd! If they only knew how the + blood-thirsty wretch, the formidable novelist, is simply a respectable + bourgeois, a man devoted to study and to art, living quietly in his + corner, whose sole ambition is to leave as large and living a work as he + can. I contradict no reports, I work on, and I rely on time, and on the + good faith of the public, to discover me at last under the accumulation of + nonsense that has been heaped upon me.” This statement is absolutely in + accordance with fact, and when it is realized that the writer of the + Rougon-Macquart novels was merely a hard-working, earnest man, filled with + a determination to complete the vast task which he had planned, and not to + be turned from his ideas by praise or blame, it will go far to promote a + better understanding of his aims and methods. It is necessary too, as has + already been said, that the various novels forming the Rougon-Macquart + series be considered not as separate entities, but as chapters of one vast + whole. + </p> + <p> + <i>L’Assommoir</i> was an immediate success with the public, and the sales + were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they amount to one + hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the original French alone. + </p> + <p> + In 1878 Zola published <i>Une Page d’Amour</i>, the next volume of the + series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and romantic + descriptions of Paris. Then followed <i>Nana</i>, to which <i>L’Assommoir</i> + was the prelude. <i>Nana</i> dealt with the vast demimonde of Paris, and + while it was his greatest popular success, was in every sense his worst + book. Of no subject on which he wrote was Zola more ignorant than of this, + and the result is a laboured collection of scandals acquired at + second-hand. Mr. Arthur Symons, in his <i>Studies in Prose and Verse</i>, + recounts how an English paper once reported an interview in which the + author of <i>Nana</i>, indiscreetly questioned as to the amount of + personal observation he had put into the book, replied that he had once + lunched with an actress of the Varietes. “The reply was generally taken + for a joke,” says Mr. Symons, “but the lunch was a reality, and it was + assuredly a rare experience in the life of a solitary diligence to which + we owe so many impersonal studies in life.” The sales of the book were, + however, enormous, and Zola’s financial position was now assured. + </p> + <p> + Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on. <i>Pot-Bouille</i> + a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel <i>Au Bonheur des + Dames</i>, a study of life in one of the great emporiums which were + beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers of Paris. <i>La Joie de Vivre</i>, + that drab story of hypochondria and self-sacrifice, was succeeded by <i>Germinal</i>, + the greatest, if not the only really great, novel of labour that has ever + been written in any language. After <i>Germinal</i> came <i>L’Oeuvre</i>, + which deals with art life in Paris, and is in part an autobiography of the + author. We now come to <i>La Terre</i> around which the greatest + controversy has raged. In parts the book is Shakespearian in its strength + and insight, but it has to be admitted at once that the artistic quality + of the work has been destroyed in large measure by the gratuitous + coarseness which the author has thought necessary to put into it. Even + allowing for the fact that the subject is the brutishness and animality of + French peasant life, and admitting that the picture drawn may be a true + one, the effect had been lessened by the fact that nothing has been left + to the imagination. On the other hand there has, since Shakespeare, been + nothing so fine as the treatment of Pere Fouan, that peasant King Lear, by + his ungrateful family. It has been urged that Zola overdid the horrors of + the situation and that no parent would have been so treated by his + children. By a singular chance a complete answer to this objection may be + found in a paragraph which appeared in the <i>Daily Mail</i> of 18th + April, 1911. A few days before, a peasant woman in France had entered her + father’s bedroom and struck him nine times on the head with an axe, + afterwards going home to bed. The reason for the crime was that the old + man two years previously had divided his property between his two + daughters on condition that they paid him a monthly allowance. His elder + daughter was always in arrear with her share of the pension, and, after + constant altercations between father and daughter, the latter extinguished + her liability in the manner indicated. Now this tragedy in real life is + the actual plot of <i>La Terre</i>, which was written twenty-four years + before it occurred. + </p> + <p> + In accordance with the author’s usual plan, whereby a heavy book was + followed by a light one, <i>La Terre</i> was succeeded by <i>Le Reve</i>, + a work at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As <i>La Terre</i> is + of the earth, earthy, so is <i>Le Reve</i> spiritual and idyllic, the work + of a man enamoured of the refined and the beautiful. It has indeed been + described as the most beautiful work written in France during the whole of + the nineteenth century. + </p> + <p> + <i>La Bete Humaine</i>, the next of the series, is a work of a different + class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola’s + novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms, with a + background of constant interest in the railway life of Western France. The + motives are always obvious and strong, a criticism which can by no means + be invariably applied to French fiction. + </p> + <p> + Next appeared <i>L’Argent</i>, which is the sequel to <i>La Curee</i> and + deals with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the Union + Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indictment of the law + affecting joint-stock companies. To <i>L’Argent</i> there succeeded <i>La + Debacle</i>, that prose epic of modern war, more complete and coherent + than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end all came <i>Le Docteur Pascal</i>, + winding up the series on a note of pure romance. + </p> + <p> + Regarded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable to the <i>Comedie + Humaine</i>. It occupied nearly twenty-five years in writing, consists of + twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred characters, and a number of + words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly at two million five hundred + thousand. + </p> + <p> + There can be little doubt that Zola’s best work was expended on the + Rougon-Macquart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a reformer began + to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later books partake more of + the nature of active propaganda than of works of fiction. They comprise + two series: <i>Les Trois Villes</i> (Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and <i>Les + Quatre Evangiles</i>, of which only three (Fecondite, Travail, and Verite) + were written before the author’s death. Politics had begun to occupy his + attention, and from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested himself in the + Jewish question which culminated in the Dreyfus case. His sense of + justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the authorities and on + 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter, beginning with the + words <i>J’accuse</i>, a letter which altered the whole course of events + in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect of Zola’s action in + this matter; he was attacked with a virulence almost unexampled, a + virulence which followed him beyond the grave. Four years later, on the + day after his death, the Paris correspondent of <i>The Times</i> wrote: + “It is evident the passions of two or three years ago are still alive. + Many persons expressed their joy with such boisterous gestures as men + indulge in on learning of a victory, and some exclaimed savagely, ‘It is + none too soon.’ The unseemliness of this extraordinary spectacle evoked no + retort from the passers-by.” The feeling of resentment is still alive in + France, and it is necessary to take it into account in the consideration + of any estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a + mistake to attribute Zola’s campaign for the rehabilitation of Dreyfus to + mere lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly was ambitious, + but had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd he would not have + adopted a cause which was opposed by the majority of the nation. As a + result of the agitation, he was obliged to leave France and take refuge in + England, till such time as a change of circumstances enabled him to + return. + </p> + <p> + On 29th September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that Emile Zola + had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the fumes of a stove, + and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying with him. A life of incessant + literary labour had been quenched. + </p> + <p> + The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small + degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was introduced + to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry Vizetelly, who between + 1884 and 1889 published a number of translations of his novels. The last + of these was <i>The Soil</i>, a translation of <i>La Terre</i>, which + aroused such an outcry that a prosecution followed, and Mr. Vizetelly was + sentenced to three months’ imprisonment. Without raising any question as + to the propriety of this prosecution, it is difficult to avoid pointing + out that Mr. Vizetelly was singularly ill advised not to have taken into + account the essential differences between English and French literature, + and not have seen that the publication of this particular book in its + entirety was an impossibility under existing conditions. It is regrettable + also that Mr. Vizetelly, who though a gentleman of the highest character, + was no doubt anxious to make the most possible out of his venture, did not + duly appreciate that the word “Realistic,” which was blazoned on the + covers of the various books issued by him, was in the early eighties + invariably interpreted as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was + further from Mr. Vizetelly’s wish—his defence at the trial was that + the books were literature of the highest kind—but it is + unquestionable that the format was such as to give the impression + indicated, an impression deepened by the extremely Gallic freedom of the + illustrations. There can be little doubt that had the works been issued in + an unobtrusive form, without illustrations, they would have attracted less + attention of the undesirable kind which they afterwards received. The use + of the term “Realistic” was the more remarkable as Zola had previously + invented the word <i>Naturalisme</i> to distinguish his work from that of + the Realistic school. But if Zola’s reputation in England suffered in this + way, it is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E. A. + Vizetelly under which the English public now lies. Some time after the + prosecution of his father, Mr. Vizetelly began to publish, through Messrs. + Chatto & Windus, a series of versions of Zola’s works. The + translations were admirably done, and while it was found necessary to make + certain omissions, the task was so skilfully accomplished that in many + cases actual improvement has resulted. These versions are at present the + chief translations of Zola’s works in circulation in this country; but + while their number has been added to from time to time, it has not been + found possible to include the whole of the Rougon-Macquart series. In + 1894-5, however, the Lutetian Society issued to its members a literal and + unabridged translation of six of the novels, made by writers of such + eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and Ernest Dowson. These are + the only translations of these works which are of any value to the + student, but they are unfortunately almost unobtainable, as the entire + edition was restricted to three hundred copies on hand-made paper and ten + on Japanese vellum. + </p> + <p> + A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was a somewhat + ignorant person, who required to get up from textbooks every subject upon + which he wrote. Now there seems to be little doubt that it was in the + first instance due to the indiscretion of his biographer, M. Paul Alexis, + that this charge has arisen. Impressed by the vast industry of his friend, + M. Alexis said so much about “research” and “documents” that less friendly + critics seized the opportunity of exaggerating the importance of these. + Every novelist of any consequence has found it necessary to “cram” his + subjects, but says little about the fact. James Payn, for instance, could + not have written his admirable descriptions of China in <i>By Proxy</i> + without much reading of many books, and Mr. Rudyard Kipling has not been + blamed for studying the technicalities of engineering before he wrote <i>The + Ship that found Herself</i>. It is open to question even whether Mr. + Robert Hichens acquired his intimate knowledge of the conditions of life + in Southern Europe and Northern Africa entirely without the assistance of + Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly studied his subjects, but far too much has + been made of the necessity for his doing so. His equipment for the task he + undertook was not less complete than that of many another novelist, and, + like Dickens, he studied life in that school of a “stony-hearted + stepmother,” the streets of a great city. + </p> + <p> + Zola’s literary method may be described as a piling up of detail upon + detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelming. He + lacked, however, a sense of proportion; he became so carried away by his + visions of human depravity, that his characters developed powers of + wickedness beyond mortal strength; he lay under an obsession regarding the + iniquities of mankind. In dealing with this it was unfortunately his + method to leave nothing to the imagination, and herein lies the most + serious blemish on his work. There is undoubtedly much coarseness in some + of his books, and the regrettable feature is that it is not only + unnecessary, but in some cases actually lessens the effect at which he + aimed. It is doubtful whether he was possessed of any sense of humour. Mr. + Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was absolute, a darkness that can be + felt; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the other hand, indicates that his work + “teems with quiet fun.” On the whole, truth seems to lie with Mr. Lang. M. + and Madame Charles Badeuil, in <i>La Terre</i> may seem Dickensian to an + English reader, but there is always the Gallic point of view to be + reckoned with, and it is doubtful if Zola did not regard these persons + merely as types of a virtuous bourgeoisie. + </p> + <p> + It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly excelled; + there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the strikers in <i>Germinal</i> + or the charges of the troops in <i>La Debacle</i>. Contrast him with such + a master of prose as George Meredith, and we see how immensely strong the + battle scenes in <i>La Debacle</i> are when compared with those in <i>Vittoria</i>; + it is here that his method of piling detail on detail and horror on horror + is most effectual. “To make his characters swarm,” said Mr. Henry James in + a critical article in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> (August, 1903), “was the + task he set himself very nearly from the first, that was the secret he + triumphantly mastered.” + </p> + <p> + “Naturalism” as a school had a comparatively brief existence—Zola + himself departed largely from its principles after the conclusion of the + Rougon-Macquart series—but its effects have been far-reaching on the + literature of many countries. In England the limits of literary convention + have been extended, and pathways have been opened up along which later + writers have not hesitated to travel, even while denying the influence of + the craftsman who had cleared the way. It is safe to say that had <i>L’Assommoir</i> + never been written there would have been no <i>Jude the Obscure</i>, and + the same remark applies to much of the best modern fiction. In America, + Frank Norris, an able writer who unfortunately died before the full + fruition of his genius had obviously accepted Zola as his master, and the + same influence is also apparent in the work of George Douglas, a brilliant + young Scotsman whose premature death left only one book, <i>The House with + the Green Shutters</i>, as an indication of what might have sprung from + the methods of modified naturalism. M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, + writing in the <i>Contemporary Review</i> (1902), pointed out that the + influence of Zola has transformed novel writing in Italy, and that its + effect in Germany has been not less pronounced. The virtue of this + influence on German letters was undoubtedly great. It made an end of + sentimentality, it shook literature out of the sleepy rut into which it + had fallen and forced it to face universal problems. + </p> + <p> + One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid offending + those prejudices which were so powerful in his time. The novelist who + adopts the method of the surgeon finds it necessary to expose many painful + sores, and is open to the taunt that he finds pleasure in the task. On no + one did this personal obloquy fall more hardly than on Zola, and never + with less reason. It may be that he accumulated unseemly details and risky + situations too readily; but he was an earnest man with a definite aim in + view, and had formulated for himself a system which he allowed to work + itself out with relentless fatality. The unredeemed baseness and + profligacy of the period with which he had to deal must also be borne in + mind. As to his personal character, it has been fitly described by M. + Anatole France, himself a distinguished novelist. Zola, said he, “had the + candour and sincerity of great souls. He was profoundly moral. He has + depicted vice with a rough and vigorous hand. His apparent pessimism ill + conceals a real optimism, a persistent faith in the progress of + intelligence and justice. In his romances, which are social studies, he + attacks with vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous society, a base and + noxious aristocracy. He combated social evil wherever he encountered it. + His work is comparable only in greatness with that of Tolstoi. At the two + extremities of European thought the lyre has raised two vast cities. Both + are generous and pacific; but whereas Tolstoi’s is the city of + resignation, Zola’s is the city of work.” + </p> + <p> + It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value of + Zola’s writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered + judgments; but their influence has been, and will continue to be, far + reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and have made + possible to others much that was formerly unattainable. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE. + </h2> + <p> + First Generation: + </p> + <p> + 1. ADELAIDE FOUQUE, called AUNT DIDE, born in 1768, married in 1786 to + Rougon, a placid, lubberly gardener; bears him a son in 1787; loses her + husband in 1788; takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smuggler, addicted to + drink and half crazed; bears him a son in 1789, and a daughter in 1791; + goes mad, and is sent to the Asylum of Les Tulettes in 1851; dies there of + cerebral congestion in 1873 at 105 years of age. Supplies the original + neurosis. + </p> + <p> + Second Generation: + </p> + <p> + 2. PIERRE ROUGON, born in 1787, married in 1810 to Felicite Puech, an + intelligent, active and healthy woman; has five children by her; dies in + 1870, on the morrow of Sedan, from cerebral congestion due to overfeeding. + An equilibrious blending of characteristics, the moral average of his + father and mother, resembles them physically. An oil merchant, afterwards + receiver of taxes. + </p> + <p> + 3. ANTOINE MACQUART, born in 1789; a soldier in 1809; married in 1829 to a + market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a vigorous, industrious, but + intemperate woman; has three children by her; loses her in 1851; dies + himself in 1873 from spontaneous combustion, brought about by alcoholism. + A fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical likeness to + his father. A soldier, then a basket-maker, afterwards lives idle on his + income. + </p> + <p> + 4. URSULE MACQUART, born in 1791; married in 1810 to a journeyman-hatter, + Mouret, a healthy man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him three children, + dies of consumption in 1840. An adjunction of characteristics, her mother + predominating morally and physically. + </p> + <p> + Third Generation: + </p> + <p> + 5. EUGENE ROUGON, born in 1811, married in 1857 to Veronique Beulin + d’Orcheres, by whom he has no children. A fusion of characteristics. + Prepotency and ambition of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. A + politician, at one time Cabinet Minister. Still alive in Paris, a deputy. + </p> + <p> + 6. PASCAL ROUGON, born in 1813, never marries, has a posthumous child by + Clotilde Rougon in 1874; dies of heart disease on November 7, 1873. + Innateness, a combination in which the physical and moral characteristics + of the parents are so blended that nothing of them appears manifest in the + offspring. A doctor. + </p> + <p> + 7. ARISTIDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1815, married in 1836 to Angele + Sicardot, the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an officer; has by her a son + in 1840, a daughter in 1847; loses his wife in 1854; has a natural son in + 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie Chavaille, counting consumptives and + epileptics among her forerunners; remarried in 1855 to Renee Beraud Du + Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An adjunction of characteristics, + moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness to his mother. Her + ambition, modified by his father’s appetites. A clerk, then a speculator. + Still alive in Paris, directing a newspaper. + </p> + <p> + 8. SIDONIE ROUGON, born in 1818, married at Plassans in 1838 to a + solicitor’s clerk, who dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger, in 1851, + a daughter Angelique, whom she places in the foundling asylum. Prepotency + of her father, physical likeness to her mother. A commission agent and + procuress, dabbling in every shady calling; but eventually becomes very + austere. Still alive in Paris, treasurer to the OEuvre du Sacrement. + </p> + <p> + 9. MARTHE ROUGON, born in 1820, married in 1840 to her cousin Francois + Mouret, bears him three children, dies in 1864 from a nervous disease. + Reverting heredity, skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral and physical + likeness to Adelaide Fouque. Resembles her husband. + </p> + <p> + 10. FRANCOIS MOURET, born in 1817, married in 1840 to Marthe Rougon, who + bears him three children; dies mad in 1864 in a conflagration kindled by + himself. Prepotency of his father. Physical likeness to his mother. + Resembles his wife. At first a wine-merchant, then lives on his income. + </p> + <p> + 11. HELENE MOURET, born in 1824, married in 1841 to Grandjean, a puny man, + inclined to phthisis, who dies in 1853; has a daughter by him in 1842; + remarried in 1857 to M. Rambaud, by whom she has no children. Innateness + as in Pascal Rougon’s case. Still living, at Marseilles, in retirement + with her second husband. + </p> + <p> + 12. SILVERE MOURET, born in 1834; shot dead by a gendarme in 1851. + Prepotency of his mother. Innateness with regard to physical resemblance. + </p> + <p> + 13. LISA MACQUART, born in 1827, married in 1852 to Quenu, a healthy man + with a well-balanced mind. Bears him a daughter, dies in 1863 from + decomposition of the blood. Prepotency of and physical likeness to her + mother. Keeps a large pork-butcher’s shop at the Paris markets. + </p> + <p> + 14. GERVAISE MACQUART, born in 1828, has three sons by her lover Lantier, + who counts paralytics among his ancestors; is taken to Paris, and there + deserted by him; is married in 1852 to a workman, Coupeau, who comes of an + alcoholic stock; has a daughter by him; dies of misery and drink in 1869. + Prepotency of her father. Conceived in drunkenness. Is lame. A + washerwoman. + </p> + <p> + 15. JEAN MACQUART, born in 1831, married in 1867 to Francoise Mouche, who + dies childless in 1870; remarried in 1871 to Melanie Vial, a sturdy, + healthy peasant-girl, by whom he has a son, and who is again <i>enceinte</i>. + Innateness, as with Pascal and Helene. First a peasant, then a soldier, + then peasant again. Still alive at Valqueyras. + </p> + <p> + Fourth Generation: + </p> + <p> + 16. MAXIME ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1840, has a son in 1857 by a + servant, Justine Megot, the chlorotic daughter of drunken parents; married + in 1863 to Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the same year; succumbs + to ataxia in 1873. A dissemination of characteristics. Moral prepotency of + his father, physical likeness to his mother. Idle, inclined to spending + unearned money. + </p> + <p> + 17. CLOTILDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1847, has a son by Pascal + Rougon in 1874. Prepotency of her mother. Reverting heredity, the moral + and physical characteristics of her maternal grandfather preponderant. + Still alive at Plassans. + </p> + <p> + 18. VICTOR ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1853. Adjunction of + characteristics. Physical resemblance to his father. Has disappeared. + </p> + <p> + 19. ANGELIQUE ROUGON, born in 1851, married in 1869 to Felicien de + Hautecoeur, and dies the same day of a complaint never determined. + Innateness: no resemblance to her mother or forerunners on the maternal + side. No information as to her father. + </p> + <p> + 20. OCTAVE MOURET, born in 1840, married in 1865 to Madame Hedouin, who + dies the same year; remarried in 1869 to Denise Baudu, a healthy girl with + a well-balanced mind, by whom he has a boy and a girl, still too young to + be classified. Prepotency of his father. Physical resemblance to his + uncle, Eugene Rougon. Indirect heredity. Establishes and directs “The + Ladies’ Paradise.” Still alive in Paris. + </p> + <p> + 21. SERGE MOURET, born in 1841. A dissemination of characteristics; moral + and physical resemblance to his mother. Has his father’s brain, influenced + by the diseased condition of his mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis + developing into mysticism. A priest, still alive at St. Eutrope. + </p> + <p> + 22. DESIREE MOURET, born in 1844. Prepotency of and physical likeness to + her mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into idiocy. Still + alive at St. Eutrope with her brother Serge. + </p> + <p> + 23. JEANNE GRANDJEAN, born in 1842, dies of a nervous complaint in 1855. + Reverting heredity, skipping two generations. Physical and moral + resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. + </p> + <p> + 24. Pauline Quenu, born in 1852, never marries. An equilibrious blending + of characteristics. Moral and physical resemblance to her father and + mother. An example of honesty. Still alive at Bonneville. + </p> + <p> + 25. CLAUDE LANTIER, born in 1842, married in 1865 to Caroline Hallegrain, + whose father succumbed to paraplegia; has by her, prior to marriage, a + son, Jacques, who dies in 1869; hangs himself in 1870. A fusion of + characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical resemblance to his + mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into genius. A painter. + </p> + <p> + 26. JACQUES LANTIER, born in 1844, killed in an accident in 1870. + Prepotency of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. Heredity of + alcoholism, developing into homicidal mania. An example of crime. An + engine-driver. + </p> + <p> + 27. ETIENNE LANTIER, born in 1846. A dissemination of characteristics. + Physical resemblance, first to his mother, afterwards to his father. A + miner. Still alive, transported to Noumea, there married, with children, + it is said, who cannot, however, be classified. + </p> + <p> + 28. ANNA COUPEAU, alias NANA, born in 1852, gives birth to a child, Louis, + in 1867, loses him in 1870, dies herself of small-pox a few days later. A + blending of characteristics. Moral prepotency of her father. Physical + resemblance to her mother’s first lover, Lantier. Heredity of alcoholism + developing into mental and physical perversion. An example of vice. + </p> + <p> + Fifth Generation: + </p> + <p> + 29. CHARLES ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1857, dies of hemorrhage in + 1873. Reverting heredity skipping three generations. Physical and moral + resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. The last outcome of an exhausted stock. + </p> + <p> + 30. JACQUES LOUIS LANTIER, born in 1860, a case of hydrocephalus, dies in + 1869. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + </p> + <p> + 31. LOUIS COUPEAU, called LOUISET, born in 1867, dies of small-pox in + 1870. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + </p> + <p> + 32. THE UNKNOWN CHILD will be born in 1874. What will it be? + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS + </h2> + <p> + La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity, and + the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great series which + deals with the life history of a family and its descendants during the + second empire. + </p> + <p> + The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was Adelaide + Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to nervous seizures. From + her father she inherited a small farm, and at the age of eighteen married + one of her own labourers, a man named Rougon, who died fifteen months + afterwards, leaving her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly after her + husband’s death she fell completely under the influence of Macquart, a + drunken smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time she had a son + named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became more and more + subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind was completely + unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was a man of strong will + inherited from his father, and he early saw that his mother’s property was + being squandered by the Macquarts. By means approximating to fraud he + induced his mother, who was then facile, to sell her property and hand + over the proceeds to him. Soon after he married Felicite Peuch, a woman of + great shrewdness and keen intelligence, by whom he had three sons (Eugene, + Aristide, and Pascal) and two daughters (Marthe and Sidonie). Pierre + Rougon was not particularly prosperous, but his eldest son, Eugene, went + to Paris and became mixed up in the Bonapartist plots which led to the <i>Coup + d’Etat</i> of 1851. He was consequently able to give his parents early + information as to the probable course of events, and the result of their + action was to lay the foundations of the family fortune. + </p> + <p> + The scene of the book is the Provencal town of Plassans, and the tragic + events attending the rising of the populace against the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> + are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a charming love idyll + between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Macquart, and a young girl named + Miette, both of whom fall as victims in the rising which followed the <i>Coup + d’Etat</i>. + </p> + <p> + Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his introduction to the English translation of <i>The + Conquest of Plassans</i> (London: Chatto & Windus), points out that + almost every incident in <i>The Fortune of the Rougons</i> is based upon + historical fact. “For instance,” he says, “Miette had a counterpart in + Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of the young woman who, carrying + the insurgents’ blood-red banner, was hailed by them as the Goddess of + Liberty on their dramatic march. And in like way the tragic death of + Silvere, linked to another hapless prisoner, was founded by M. Zola on an + incident that followed the rising, as recorded by an eye-witness.” + </p> + <p> + Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of Pierre Rougon + (<i>La Fortune des Rougon</i>), who went to Paris from Plassans, becoming + involved in the plots which resulted in the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851 and + the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial power. The future career of Rougon + was assured; his services had been too important to be overlooked, and he + ultimately became Minister of State and practically Vice-Emperor. He fell + for a time under the influence of Clorinde Balbi, the daughter of an + Italian adventuress, but realizing the risk of compromising himself, he + shook himself free, and married a lady whose position in society tended to + make his own still more secure. The novel gives an excellent account of + the political and social life of the Second Empire, and of the cynical + corruption which characterized the period. + </p> + <p> + In a preface to the English translation (<i>His Excellency</i>. London: + Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion, + “with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject, <i>Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon</i> is the one existing French novel which gives + the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in political spheres at an + important period of the Empire. But His Excellency Eugene Rougon is not, + as many critics and others have supposed, a mere portrait or caricature of + His Excellency Eugene Rouher, the famous Vice-Emperor of history. + Symbolism is to be found in every one of Zola’s novels, and Rougon, in his + main lines, is but the symbol of a principle, or, to be accurate, the + symbol of a certain form of the principle of authority. His face is + Rouher’s, like his build and his favorite gesture; but with Rouher’s + words, actions, opinions, and experiences are blended those of half a + dozen other personages. He is the incarnation of that craving, that lust + for power which impelled so many men of ability to throw all principle to + the winds and become the instruments of an abominable system of + government. And his transformation at the close of the story is in strict + accordance with historical facts.” + </p> + <p> + La Curee. + </p> + <p> + In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene to Paris + in the hope of sharing the spoils of the Second Empire (<i>La Fortune des + Rougon</i>), was successful in amassing a vast fortune by speculation in + building-sites. His first wife having died, he married Renee Beraud du + Chatel, a lady of good family, whose dowry first enabled him to throw + himself into the struggle of financial life. In a magnificent mansion + which he built in the Parc Monceau a life of inconceivable extravagance + began. The mushroom society of Paris was at this period the most corrupt + in Europe, and the Saccards soon came to be regarded as leaders in every + form of pleasure. Vast though their fortune was, their expenses were + greater, and a catastrophe was frequently imminent. Renee, satisfied with + prodigality of every kind, entered on an infamous liaison with her + husband’s son, a liaison which Aristide condoned in order to extract money + from his wife. Rene ultimately died, leaving her husband immersed in his + feverish speculations. + </p> + <p> + The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of Parisian society + in the period which followed the restoration of the Empire in 1851. + </p> + <p> + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard (<i>La Fortune des Rougon</i> + and <i>La Curee</i>) was forced to sell his mansion in the Parc Monceau + and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune. Chance made him + acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose residence in the East had + suggested to him financial schemes which at once attracted the attention + of Saccard. With a view to financing these schemes the Universal Bank was + formed, and by force of advertising became immediately successful. + Emboldened by success, Saccard launched into wild speculation, involving + the bank, which ultimately became insolvent, and so caused the ruin of + thousands of depositors. The scandal was so serious that Saccard was + forced to disappear from France and to take refuge in Belgium. + </p> + <p> + The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation and + fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of directors, and + the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with the shady underwoods of + the financial world. + </p> + <p> + Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation (<i>Money</i>. + London: Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in sketching Saccard, + that daring and unscrupulous financier, “must have bethought himself of + Mires, whose name is so closely linked to the history of Second Empire + finance. Mires, however, was a Jew, whereas Saccard was a Jew-hater, and + outwardly, at all events, a zealous Roman Catholic. In this respect he + reminds one of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety, just as Hamelin the + engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux’s associate. Indeed, the history of + M. Zola’s Universal Bank is much the history of the Union General. The + latter was solemnly blessed by the Pope, and in a like way Zola shows us + the Universal receiving the Papal benediction. Moreover, the second object + of the Union General was to undermine the financial power of the Jews, and + in the novel we find a similar purpose ascribed to Saccard’s Bank. The + union, we know, was eventually crushed by the great Israelite financiers, + and this again is the fate which overtakes the institution whose + meteor-like career is traced in the pages of <i>L’Argent</i>.” + </p> + <p> + La Reve. + </p> + <p> + Written as a “passport to the Academy,” this novel stands alone among the + Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic grace. Angelique, a daughter + of Sidonie Rougon (<i>Le Curee</i>), had been deserted by her mother, and + was adopted by a maker of ecclesiastical embroideries, who with his wife + lived and worked under the shadow of an ancient cathedral. In this + atmosphere the child grew to womanhood, and as she fashioned the rich + embroideries of the sacred vestments she had a vision of love and + happiness which was ultimately realized, though the realization proved too + much for her frail strength, and she died in its supreme moment. The vast + cathedral with its solemn ritual dominates the book and colours the lives + of its characters. + </p> + <p> + La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter of Pierre + and Felicite Rougon (<i>La Fortune des Rougon</i>), who had inherited much + of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother Adelaide Fouque. She married + her cousin, Francois Mouret. Plassans, where the Mourets lived, was + becoming a stronghold of the clerical party, when Abbe Faujas, a wily and + arrogant priest, was sent to win it back for the Government. This powerful + and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly set aside every obstacle to his + purpose, and in the course of his operations wrecked the home of the + Mourets. Marthe having become infatuated with the priest, ruined her + family for him and died neglected. Francois Mouret, her husband, who by + the machinations of Faujas was confined in an asylum as a lunatic, became + insane in fact, and having escaped, brought about a conflagration in which + he perished along with the disturber of his domestic peace. + </p> + <p> + The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and intrigues of + a country town, and of the political movements which followed the <i>Coup + d’Etat</i> of 1851. + </p> + <p> + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of Francois + Mouret, has come to the city, where he has got a situation in “The Ladies’ + Paradise,” a draper’s shop carried on by Madame Hedouin, a lady whom he + ultimately marries. The interest of the book centres in a house in Rue de + Choiseul which is let in flats to various tenants, the Vabres, Duvreyiers, + and Josserands among others. The inner lives of these people, their + struggles, their jealousies and their sins, are shown with an unsparing + hand. Under the thin skin of an intense respectability there is a seething + mass of depravity, and with ruthless art Zola has laid his subjects upon + the dissecting-table. Of plot there is little, but as a terrible study in + realism the book is a masterpiece. + </p> + <p> + An Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin, greatly increased + the business of “The Ladies’ Paradise,” which he hoped would ultimately + rival the <i>Bon Marche</i> and other great drapery establishments in + Paris. While an addition to the shop was in progress Madame Mouret met + with an accident which resulted in her death, and her husband remained a + widower for a number of years. During this time his business grew to such + an extent that his employees numbered many hundreds, among whom was Denise + Baudu, a young girl who had come from the provinces. Mouret fell in love + with her, and she, after resisting his advances for some time, ultimately + married him. The book deals chiefly with life among the assistants in a + great drapery establishment, their petty rivalries and their struggles; it + contains some pathetic studies of the small shopkeepers of the district, + crushed out of existence under the wheels of Mouret’s moneymaking machine. + </p> + <p> + La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + Serge Mouret, the younger son of Francois Mouret (see <i>La Conquete de + Plassans</i>), was ordained to the priesthood and appointed cure of Les + Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants he + ministered with small encouragement. He had inherited the family taint of + the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the same form as in the case of + his mother—a morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. + Brain fever followed, and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental + past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save his reason, removed him + from his accustomed surroundings and left him at the Paradou, the + neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house near Les Artaud, where he was + nursed by Albine, niece of the caretaker. The Abbe fell in love with + Albine, and, oblivious of his vows, broke them. A meeting with Archangias, + a Christian Brother with whom he had been associated, and a chance glimpse + of the world beyond the Paradou, served to restore his memory, and, filled + with horror at himself, he fled from that enchanted garden. A long mental + struggle followed, but in the end the Church was victorious, and the Abbe + returned to her service with even more feverish devotion than before. + Albine, broken-hearted, died among her loved flowers in the Paradou. + </p> + <p> + The tale is to some extend an indictment of the celibacy of the + priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put quite + fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse, in entire + forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book contains some of + Zola’s best work, and is both poetical and convincing. + </p> + <p> + Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene + Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret (<i>La + Fortune des Rougon</i>) and Francois Mouret (<i>La Conquete de Plassans</i>). + Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar-refiner of Marseilles, + whose family opposed the marriage on the ground of her poverty. The + marriage was a secret one, and some years of hardship had followed, when + an uncle of M. Grandjean died, leaving his nephew a substantial income. + The couple then moved to Paris with their young daughter Jeanne, but the + day after their arrival Grandjean was seized with illness from which he + died. Helene remained in Paris, though she had at first no friends there + except Abbe Jouve and his half-brother M. Rambaud. Jeanne had inherited + much of the family neurosis, along with a consumptive tendency derived + from her father, and one of her sudden illnesses caused her mother to make + the acquaintance of Doctor Deberle. An intimacy between the two families + followed, which ripened into love between the doctor and Helene. Events + were precipitated by an attempt on the part of Helene to save Madame + Deberle from the consequences of an indiscretion in arranging an + assignation with M. Malignon, with the result that she was herself + seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor Deberle and for the first and + only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose jealous affection for her mother + amounted to mania, was so affected by the belief that she was not longer + the sole object of her mother’s love that she became dangerously ill and + died soon afterwards. This bitter punishment for her brief lapse killed + Helene’s love for Doctor Deberle, and two years later she married M. + Rambaud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, Helene was a good and pure + woman, upon whom the fate of her family fell. + </p> + <p> + In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to make all + Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study in realism, it + contains much that is truly pathetic. The descriptions of Paris under + varying atmospheric aspects, with which each section of the book closes, + are wholly admirable. + </p> + <p> + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central markets of + Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine Macquart (<i>La + Fortune des Rougon</i>). She has become prosperous, and with prosperity + her selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-law Florent had escaped from + penal servitude in Cayenne and lived for a short time in her house, but + she became tired of his presence and ultimately denounced him to the + police. The book contains vivid pictures of the markets, bursting with the + food of a great city, and of the vast population which lives by handling + and distributing it. “But it also embraces a powerful allegory,” writes + Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his preface to the English translation (<i>The Fat + and the Thin</i>. London: Chatto & Windus), “the prose song of the + eternal battle between the lean of this world and the fat—a battle + in which, as the author shows, the latter always come off successful. M. + Zola had a distinct social aim in writing this book.” + </p> + <p> + La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + Pauline Quenu (<i>Le Ventre de Paris</i>), having been left an orphan, was + sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast. It was a + bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their drab, hopeless + lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death. The Chanteaus, Pauline’s + guardians, took advantage of her in every way, and Lazare Chanteau, her + cousin, with whom she fell in love, got from her large sums of money to + carry out wild schemes which he devised. The character of Pauline is a + fine conception; basely wronged and treated with heartless ingratitude, + her hopes blighted and her heart broken, she found consolation in the + complete renunciation of herself for the sake of those who had so greatly + injured her. + </p> + <p> + “The title selected by M. Zola for this book,” says Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in + his preface to the English translation (<i>The Joy of Life</i>. London: + Chatto & Windus), “is to be taken in an ironical or sarcastic sense. + There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters whom he portrays in + it. The story of the hero is one of mental weakness, poisoned by a + constantly recurring fear of death; whilst that of his father is one of + intense physical suffering, blended with an eager desire to continue + living, even at the cost of yet greater torture. Again, the story of the + heroine is one of blighted affections, the wrecking of all which might + have made her life worth living.” + </p> + <p> + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social condition + of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no other work of fiction + in which the effects of intemperance are shown with such grimness of + realism and uncompromising force. + </p> + <p> + Gervaise Macquart, daughter of Antoine Macquart (<i>La Fortune des Rougon</i>), + having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris, taking with her their two + children, was deserted by him a few weeks after their arrival in the city. + She got employment in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and a few months + later married Coupeau, a zinc-worker, who, though the son of drunken + parents, was himself steady and industrious. For a while everything + prospered with the Coupeaus; by hard work they were able to save a little + money, and in time a daughter (Nana) was born to them. Then an accident to + Coupeau, who fell from the roof of a house, brought about a change. His + recovery was slow, and left him with an unwillingness to work and an + inclination to pass his time in neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime + Gervaise, with money borrowed from Goujet, a man who loved her with almost + idyllic affection, had started a laundry of her own. She was successful + for a time, in spite of her husband’s growing intemperance and an + increasing desire in herself for ease and good living; but deterioration + had begun, and with the reappearance of Lantier, her old lover, it became + rapid. Coupeau was by this time a confirmed loafer and drunkard, while + Gervaise was growing careless and ease-loving. Lantier, having become a + lodger with the Coupeaus, ceased doing any work, and as he never paid + anything for his board, his presence not unnaturally hastened the downfall + of his hosts. Circumstances conspired to renew the old relations between + Gervaise and Lantier, and by easy stages she descended that somewhat + slippery stair which leads to ruin. The shop was given up, and she again + got employment in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, though she was no + longer the capable workwoman of former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious + from childhood, had taken to evil courses; her husband had at least one + attack of delirium tremens; and she herself was fast giving way to + intemperance. The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of Sainte-Anne + after an illness the description of which is for pure horror unparalleled + in fiction; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest depths of + degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret. The tragedy of it all + is that Gervaise, despite her early lapse with Lantier, was a good and + naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin was wrought by circumstances and by + the operation of the relentless laws of heredity. + </p> + <p> + It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in <i>L’Assommoir</i> + that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842, and Etienne, + born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844), not elsewhere + mentioned, the hero of <i>La Bete Humaine</i>, a subsequent work in the + Rougon-Macquart series. + </p> + <p> + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of the + Second Empire. + </p> + <p> + Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise Macquart (<i>La + Fortune des Rougon</i> and <i>L’Assommoir</i>), had been educated at + Plassans by an old gentleman who was interested in his childish skill in + drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a sum which yielded an annual + income of a thousand francs, and he came to Paris to follow an artistic + career. There he met Dubuche, Pierre Sandoz, and others of his former + schoolboy friends, and the little band formed a coterie of revolutionary + spirits, whose aim was to introduce new ideas and drastic changes into the + accepted canons of art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a + picture which he called <i>Plein Air</i> (“Open Air”) in which he went + direct to nature for inspiration, and threw aside all recognized + conventions. The picture was refused by the committee of the <i>Salon</i>, + and when subsequently shown at a minor exhibition was greeted with + derision by the public. The artist was in despair, and left Paris with + Christine Hallegrain, a young girl between whom and himself a chance + acquaintanceship had ripened into love. They lived happily in a little + cottage in the country for several years, a son being born to them, but + Claude became restless, and they returned to Paris. Here he gradually + became obsessed by an idea for a great picture, which would show the truth + of his theories and cover his detractors with confusion. By this time + there is no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated + disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to manifest + itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this picture; his little + fortune was gradually encroached on, and his wife and child (he had + married Christine some time after their return to Paris) were frequently + without the necessaries of life. Christine was, however, devoted to her + husband, and did all she could to induce him to leave the picture, which + she saw was increasing his mental disturbance. This was becoming more + serious, and in the death of his child he saw only the subject of a + picture, <i>L’Enfant Mort</i>, which was exhibited at the <i>Salon</i> and + was received with even more contempt than <i>Plein Air</i>. Despite all + the efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended masterpiece, and + one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged himself in front of + the fatal picture. + </p> + <p> + As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is little + doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by that of + Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist school, with whom + Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also certain that Pierre Sandoz, + the journalist with an idea for a vast series of novels dealing with the + life history of a family, was the prototype of Zola himself. + </p> + <p> + La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close of the + Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second son of Gervaise + Macquart and August Lantier (<i>La Fortune des Rougon</i> and <i>L’Assommoir</i>). + When his parents went to Paris with his two brothers, he remained at + Plassans with his godmother, “Aunt Phasie,” who afterwards married Misard, + a railway signalman, by whom she was slowly poisoned to secure a small + legacy which she had concealed. After Jacques had passed through the + School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans he became a railway engine-driver, + and entered the service of the Western Railway Company, regularly driving + the express train between Paris and Havre. He was a steady man and a + competent engineer, but from his early youth he had been affected by a + curious form of insanity, the desire to murder any woman of whom he became + fond. “It seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring + thirst to avenge some very ancient offences, the exact recollection of + which escaped him.” There was also in the employment of the railway + company, as assistant station-master at Havre, a compatriot of Lantier + named Roubaud, who had married Severine Aubry, the godchild of President + Grandmorin, a director of the company. A chance word of Severine’s roused + the suspicions of Roubaud regarding her former relations with the + President, and, driven to frenzy by jealousy, he compelled her to become + his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in an express train between + Paris and Havre. + </p> + <p> + Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able to prove an + alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired that Grandmorin’s + character should be publicly discussed, the inquiry into the murder was + dropped. By a singular chance, however, Jacques Lantier had been a + momentary witness of the crime, and the Roubauds became aware of his + suspicions. To secure his silence they invited him constantly to their + house, and a liaison with Severine followed. For the first time Lantier’s + blood lust was not aroused; the knowledge that this woman had killed + seemed to constitute her a being apart and sacred. After the murder of + Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of Roubaud’s character set in, and he + became in time a confirmed gambler. His relations with his wife were + ultimately so strained that she induced Lantier to promise to murder him, + in order that they might fly together to America with the proceeds of a + small legacy she had received from Grandmorin. The arrangements were made, + but at the last moment Lantier’s frenzy overtook him, and it was Severine + who was struck down by the knife destined for her husband. Lantier escaped + without suspicion; but Roubaud, who was found on the scene of the crime + under circumstances considered compromising, was tried, and along with a + companion equally innocent, was sentenced to penal servitude for life. But + Nemesis was not distant; Jacques had aroused the jealous fury of his + fireman, Pecqueux, who, one night in 1870, attacked him as they were + driving a train loaded with soldiers bound for the war. A fierce struggle + followed, and in the end the two men fell from the engine and were cut in + pieces beneath the wheels of the train, which, no longer under control, + rushed on into the darkness with its living freight. + </p> + <p> + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation to + coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France at a + time preceding and during a great strike; the hero is Etienne Lantier (<i>La + Fortune des Rougon</i> and <i>L’Assommoir</i>). In a moment of passion + Lantier had struck one of his superiors, and having been dismissed from + his employment as an engineer, found it difficult to get work, till, after + drifting from place to place, he eventually became a coal-miner. The + hardships of the life and its miserable remuneration impressed him deeply, + and he began to indoctrinate his comrades with a spirit of revolt. His + influence grew, and he became the acknowledged leader of the strike which + followed. The result was disastrous. After weeks of misery from cold and + hunger the infuriated workmen attempted to destroy one of the pits, and + were fired upon by soldiers sent to guard it. Many were killed, and the + survivors, with their spirits crushed, returned to work. But worse was yet + to come. Souvarine, an Anarchist, disgusted with the ineffectual struggle, + brought about an inundation of the pit, whereby many of his comrades were + entombed. Among them was Lantier, who was, however, eventually rescued. + </p> + <p> + As a study of the ever-lasting struggle between capital and labour the + work has no rival in fiction; the miseries and degradation of the mining + class, their tardy revolt against their employers, and their sufferings + from hunger during its futile course, these are the theme, and the result + is a picture of gloom, horrible and without relief. + </p> + <p> + Nana. + </p> + <p> + A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the daughter + of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife (<i>L’Assommoir</i>), has been + given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des Varietes, and though + she can neither sing nor act, achieves by the sheer force of her beauty an + overwhelming success. All Paris is at her feet, and she selects her lovers + from among the wealthiest and best born. But her extravagance knows no + bounds, and ruin invariably overtakes those who yield to her fascination. + After squandering vast sums she goes to the East, and stories spread that + she had captivated a viceroy and gained a great fortune in Russia. Her + return to Paris is speedily followed by her death from small-pox. In this + novel the life of the courtesan class is dealt with by Zola with + unhesitating frankness; there are many vivid studies of theatrical + manners; and the racecourse also comes within its scope. The work was + intended to lay bare the canker which was eating into the social life of + the Second Empire and ultimately led to the <i>debacle</i> of 1870. + </p> + <p> + La Terre. + </p> + <p> + This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural life in + France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent downfall of the + Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most powerful of all Zola’s + novels, but in dealing with the subject he unfortunately thought it + necessary to introduce incidents and expressions which, from their nature, + must always render it impossible to submit the book in its entirety to the + general English reader. + </p> + <p> + Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat slight. Jean + Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (<i>La Fortune + des Rougon</i>), having served his time in the Army, came to the plain of + La Beauce, and became an agricultural labourer on the farm of La Borderie, + which belonged to Alexandre Hourdequin. He fell in love with Lise Mouche, + who, however, married Buteau, and Macquart subsequently married her sister + Francoise. Constant quarrels now arose between the two sisters as to the + division of their father’s property, and in the end Francoise was murdered + by her sister. Macquart, tired of the struggle, decided to rejoin the + army, which he did immediately after the outbreak of war. + </p> + <p> + The interest of the book is, however, largely connected with the history + of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member of which, having + grown old, divided his land among his three children. The intense and + brutish rapacity of these peasants, their utter lack of any feeling of + morality or duty, their perfect selfishness, not stopping short of + parricide, form a picture of horror unequalled in fiction. It is only to + be regretted that the author, in leaving nothing to the imagination, has + produced a work suitable only for the serious student of sociology. + </p> + <p> + La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had dealt with + every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in this novel he tells + the story of that terrific land-slide which overwhelmed the regime. It is + a story of war, grim and terrible; of a struggle to the death between two + great nations. In it the author has put much of his finest work, and the + result is one of the masterpieces of literature. The hero is Jean + Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (<i>La Fortune + des Rougon</i>). After the terrible death of his wife, as told in <i>La + Terre</i>, Jean enlisted for the second time in the army, and went through + the campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After the capitulation he was made + prisoner, and in escaping was wounded. When he returned to active service + he took part in crushing the excesses of the Commune in Paris, and by a + strange chance it was his hand that killed his dearest friend, Maurice + Levasseur, who had joined the Communist ranks. <i>La Debacle</i> has been + described as “a prose epic of modern war,” and vast though the subject be, + it is treated in a manner that is powerful, painful, and pathetic. + </p> + <p> + In the preface to the English translation (<i>The Downfall</i>. London: + Chatto & Windus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview with + Zola regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says, “contains, + or may be made to contain, everything; and it is because that is my creed + that I am a novelist. I have, to my thinking, certain contributions to + make to the thought of the world on certain subjects, and I have chosen + the novel as the best way of communicating these contributions to the + world. Thus <i>La Debacle</i>, in the form of a very precise and accurate + relation of a series of historical facts—in other words, in the form + of a realistic historical novel—is a document on the psychology of + France in 1870. This will explain the enormous number of characters which + figure in the book. Each character represents one <i>etat d’ame + psychologique</i> of the France of the day. If my work be well done, the + reader will be able to understand what was in men’s minds and what was the + bent of men’s minds—what they thought and how they thought at that + period.” + </p> + <p> + Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon-Macquart series, Zola gathers + together the threads of the preceding volumes and makes a vigorous defence + of his theories of heredity. The story in the book is both simple and sad. + Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical man at Plassans and a distinguished + student of heredity, had brought up his niece Clotilde (daughter of + Aristide Rougon alias Saccard) from childhood. Years afterwards they found + that they passionately loved one another, but they did not marry, as + Pascal, who had lost money, thought that by doing so she would sacrifice + her interests. (In this connection it is right to mention that marriage + between an uncle and a niece is legal in France, and is not uncommon.) + With fine self-sacrifice Pascal persuaded Clotilde to go to Paris to live + with her brother who was wealthy and wanted her to nurse him. Soon after + her departure Pascal showed symptoms of a fatal affection of the heart, + and after some weeks of great suffering telegraphed for Clotilde to come + back. One hour before her return he died. His mother, Madame Felicite + Rougon, who feared that his researches on heredity might bring scandal on + the family, burned all his papers, and in one hour destroyed the work of a + lifetime. A child was born to Clotilde seven months after the death of + Doctor Pascal; a child which he intensely desired, in the hope that + through it might come the regeneration and rejuvenation of his race. + </p> + <p> + Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface to his + translation of <i>Le Docteur Pascal</i> (London: Chatto & Windus), + states that in this book he has been able to defend himself against all + the accusations which have been brought against him. “Pascal’s works on + the members of his family,” says Zola, “is, in small, what I have + attempted to do on humanity, <i>to show all so that all may be cured</i>. + It is not a book which, like <i>La Debacle</i>, will stir the passions of + the mob. It is a scientific work, the logical deduction and conclusion of + all my preceding novels, and at the same time it is my speech in defence + of all that I have done before the court of public opinion.” + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + THE ZOLA DICTIONARY + </h2> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + A + </h2> + <p> + ADELE, the girl for whom Auguste Lantier deserted Gervaise Macquart. They + lived together for seven years, a life of constant bickerings and + quarrels, accompanied, not infrequently, by blows, until the connection + was ended by Adele running away. Her sister was Virginie, with whom + Gervaise fought in the public washing-house on the day of her desertion by + Lantier. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + ADELE, maid-servant to the Josserands, and one of Hector Trublot’s + friends. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + ADELE, an assistant in the shop of Quenu, the pork-butcher. It was she who + took charge of the shop on the sudden death of her master. And + subsequently sent Pauline Quenu to Madame Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + ADOLPHE, an artillery driver in the same battery as Honore Fouchard. In + accordance with a rule of the French artillery, under which a driver and a + gunner are coupled, he messed with Louis, the gunner, whom, however, he + was inclined to treat as a servant. At the battle of Sedan, before the + Calvary d’Illy, where the French were almost exterminated by the Prussian + artillery, Adolphe fell, killed by a wound in the chest; in a last + convulsion he clasped in his arms Louis, who had fallen at the same + moment, killed by the same shot. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + ALBINE, niece of Jeanbernat, keeper of the Paradou, a neglected demesne in + Provence. Her father had ruined himself and committed suicide when she was + nine years old, and she then came to live with her uncle. She grew up in + that vast garden of flowers, herself its fairest, almost in ignorance of + the world outside, and when Abbe Mouret came to the Paradou forgetful of + his past, she loved him unconsciously from the first. As she nursed him + towards health, and his mind began again to grow from that fresh + starting-point to which it had been thrown back, there developed an idyll + as beautiful and as innocent as that which had its place in another and an + earlier garden. The awakening of Abbe Mouret to the recollections of his + priesthood ended the romance, for the call of his training was too strong + for his love. One effort Albine made to bring him back, and it was + successful in so much that one day he returned to the Paradou. Again there + followed the struggle between the flesh and the Church, and again the + Church prevailed. Broken-hearted, Albine passed for the last time through + her loved garden, gathering as she went vast heaps of flowers. More and + more she gathered, till her room was nearly full; then, closing the door + and windows, she lay down amongst the flowers, and allowed herself to be + suffocated by their overpowering perfume. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + ALEXANDRE, a porter at the Halles Centrales, where he became a friend of + Claude Lantier. He was involved along with Florent and Gavard in the + revolutionary meetings at Lebigre’s wine-shop, and was sentenced to two + years’ imprisonment. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + ALEXANDRE, one of the warders at the asylum of Les Tulettes. He was a + friend of Antoine Macquart, and at his request allowed Francois Mouret to + escape from the asylum, with disastrous results to Abbe Faujas and his + relations. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + ALEXANDRE, a boy employed in the shop known as <i>Au Bonheur des Dames</i>. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + AMADIEU, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who made a fortune by a rash + purchase of mining stock. He went into the affair without calculation or + knowledge, but his success made him revered by the entire Bourse. He + placed no more orders, however, but seemed to be satisfied with his single + victory. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + AMANDA, one of the singers at a cafe concert in Boulevard Rochechouart. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + AMELIE, a <i>demi-mondaine</i> who lodged at the Hotel Vanneau, which was + kept by Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + AMELIE, wife of a journeyman carpenter who occupied a little room at the + top of Vabre’s tenement-house in Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + ANDRE (LE PERE), an old countryman at Chavanoz, the village where Miette + spent her childhood. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ANGELE (SISTER), a nun attached to the infirmary of the college of + Plassans. Her Madonna-like face turned the heads of all the older pupils, + and one morning she disappeared with Hermeline, a student of rhetoric. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + ANGELIQUE MARIE, born 1851, was the daughter of Sidonie Rougon, by an + unknown father. Soon after her birth she was taken to the Foundling + Hospital by a nurse, Madame Foucart, and no further inquiries were ever + made about her. She was at first boarded with Francoise Hamelin, by whom + she was not unkindly treated, and subsequently went to Paris with Louis + Franchomme and his wife, who wished to teach her the trade of + artificial-flower making. Franchomme having died three months later, his + widow went to reside at Beaumont with her brother, Rabier, taking + Angelique with her. Unfortunately, Madame Franchomme died a few months + afterwards, leaving Angelique to the care of the Rabiers, who used her + badly, not even giving her enough to eat. In consequence of their + treatment, she ran away on Christmas Day, 1860, and the following morning + was found in a fainting condition by Hubert, the chasuble-maker, who + noticed her lying in the snow within the porch of the cathedral of + Beaumont. Hubert and his wife took the child into their home, and, + becoming attached to her, ultimately adopted her as their daughter, + teaching her the art of embroidering vestments, in which she became very + skilful. Angelique, though an amiable girl, was at first liable to violent + attacks of temper, and it was only by the exercise of much patience and + tact on the part of Madame Hubert that this tendency was overcome. The + girl was always a dreamer, and her cloistered life with the Huberts, along + with constant reading of the lives of the saints, brought out all that was + mystic in her nature. A chance meeting between Angelique and a young man + named Felicien led to their falling in love, she being in entire ignorance + of the fact that he was the son of Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur, and a member + of one of the oldest and proudest families in France. Felicien’s father + having refused his consent to a marriage, and a personal appeal to him by + Angelique having failed, the lovers were separated for a time. The girl + gradually fell into ill-health, and seemed at the point of death when + Monseigneur himself came to administer the last rites of the Church. + Having been miraculously restored to a measure of health, Angelique was + married to Felicien d’Hautecoeur in the great cathedral of Beaumont. She + was very feeble, and as she was leaving the church on the arm of her + husband she sank to the ground. In the midst of her happiness she died; + quietly and gently as she had lived. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + ANGLARS (IRMA D’), a <i>demi-mondaine</i> of former times who had been + celebrated under the First Empire. In her later years she retired to a + house which she owned at Chamont, where she lived a simple yet stately + life, treated with the greatest respect by all the neighbourhood. Nana. + </p> + <p> + ANNOUCHKA, mistress of Souvarine, and implicated with him in a political + plot. Disguised as a countryman, she assisted in the undermining of a + railway over which an imperial train was to pass, and it was she who + eventually lit the fuse. She was captured along with others, and + Souvarine, who had escaped, was present at her trial during six long days. + When she came to be executed, she looked in vain among the crowd for her + lover, till Souvarine mounted on a stone, and, their eyes having met, + remained fixed in one long gaze till the end. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + ANTONIA, waiting-maid to Clorinde Balbi, with whom she was on familiar + terms. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ARCHANGLAS (BROTHER), a Christian Brother, who lived at Les Artaud, and + taught children there. He was a coarse-minded man of violent temper, whose + hatred of women led him to make the gravest charges against them. He + constituted himself a spy on the actions of Abbe Mouret, and was partly + the means of calling back the priest’s memory of his sacred calling. He + insulted Jeanbernat and Albine so grossly, that after the girl’s death the + old man attacked him and cut off his right ear with a pocket-knife. La + Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + AUBERTOT (MADAME ELIZABETH), sister of M. Beraud du Chatel, and aunt of + Renee and Christine. She gave a large sum of money to Saccard on his + marriage to Renee. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + AUBRY (SEVERINE), youngest daughter of a gardener in the employment of + Grandmorin. Her mother died when she was in infancy, and she was only + thirteen when she lost her father also. President Grandmorin, who was her + godfather, took charge of her, and brought her up with his daughter + Berthe. The two girls were sent to the same school at Rouen, and spent + their holidays together at Doinville. Ignorant and facile, Severine + yielded to the designs of the old President, who subsequently arranged a + marriage for her with Roubaud, an employee of the Western Railway Company. + For three years the couple lived happily, but a moment of forgetfulness, a + trifling lie which she neglected to sustain, revealed everything to + Roubaud. In an accession of jealous fury he forced his wife to become his + accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin, and it was she who threw herself + across the limbs of the President while her husband struck the fatal blow. + Suspicions fell upon the Roubauds, and indeed the truth was known to M. + Camy-Lamotte, but political considerations made it desirable that the + character of President Grandmorin should not be publicly discussed, and + the inquiry into the murder was dropped. The domestic relations between + the Roubauds were becoming more and more strained, and Severine became + entirely enamoured of Jacques Lantier. In order to free herself from her + husband, she persuaded Lantier to murder Roubaud and fly with her to + America. The arrangements were completed when Lantier was seized with one + of the homicidal frenzies to which he was subject, and it was Severine + herself who fell under his knife instead of their intended victim. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + AUGUSTE, keeper of an eating-house known as <i>Le Moulin d’Argent</i> on + Boulevard de la Chapelle. The wedding party of Coupeau and Gervaise was + given there. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + AUGUSTE, a waiter at the Cafe des Varietes. Nana. + </p> + <p> + AUGUSTE, a young swine-herd at La Borderie. He assisted Soulas, the old + shepherd, to look after the sheep. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + AUGUSTINE, a young girl who assisted Gervaise Coupeau in her laundry. She + was squint-eyed and mischievous, and was always making trouble with the + other employees. As she was the least qualified and therefore the + worst-paid assistant in the laundry, she was kept on after decreasing + business caused the others to leave. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + AUGUSTINE, an artificial-flower maker who was employed by Madame + Titreville. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + AURELIE (MADEMOISELLE), an elderly friend of Madame Deberle, at whose + house she was a frequent visitor. She was in straitened circumstances. Une + Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + AURELIE (MADAME). See Madame Aurelie Lhomme. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + AURIGNY (LAURE D’), a celebrated <i>demi-mondaine</i> of the Second + Empire. At a sale of her effects, Aristide Saccard bought a diamond + necklace and aigrette for his second wife. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + B + </h2> + <p> + BABET, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud, who came to decorate the + church for the festival of the Virgin. She was a hunchback. La Faute de + l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BACHELARD (PERE), brother of Narcisse Bachelard and uncle of Madame + Josserand. He conducted for forty years a boarding-school known as the + Institution-Bachelard. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BACHELARD (ELEONORE). See Madame Josserand. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BACHELARD (NARCISSE), a commission agent, whose keen business instincts + were not blunted by his intemperate habits. He was a brother of Madame + Josserand, and had at one time promised to give a dowry to her daughter + Berthe; this promise he was unwilling to implement, and when spoken to on + the subject usually feigned intoxication; eventually he suggested the + somewhat dishonest plan by which Berthe’s intended husband was hoodwinked + into the belief that the dowry would be duly forthcoming. His protegee, + Fifi, having compromised herself with Gueulin, his nephew, he insisted on + their marriage, and presented the girl with a dowry. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BADEUIL (CHARLES), married Laure Fouan, and went to live at Chartres. He + tried commerce without much success, and, haunted by a desire for rapid + fortune, acquired a <i>maison publique</i> which had fallen into bad + repute through mismanagement. Thanks to the firm control of Badeuil, and + the extraordinary activity of his wife, the establishment prospered, and + in less than twenty-five years the couple had saved three hundred thousand + francs. They were then able to realize the dream of their life, and to + retire to the country, where they purchased a property named Roseblanche, + near Madame Badeuil’s native place. M. Badeuil was a handsome man, + sixty-five years of age, with a solemn face, and the air of a retired + magistrate. He was respected by his neighbours, and held the strictest + views on morality. The old couple lived in complete happiness, their only + worry being that Vaucogne, who had married their daughter Estelle and + taken over the property in Chartres, was not managing it properly. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + BADEUIL (MADAME LAURE), wife of the preceding, was the youngest daughter + of Joseph Casimir Fouan. She was the sister of La Grande, of Pere Fouan, + and of Michel Fouan, known as Mouche. When her father’s estate was + divided, she got no land, but received an indemnity in money instead. + After she and her husband acquired the establishment in Chartres, she + assisted ably in its management. At the time of their retirement to the + country, she was a woman of sixty-two years of age, of respectable + appearance and an air of religious seclusion. She set a good example by + going regularly to Mass, and paid great attention to the education of her + granddaughter, Elodie, whom she endeavoured to bring up in entire + ignorance of life. She had, however, still a passion for active life, and + in busy seasons frequently returned to Chartres to assist her daughter, + who had taken over the establishment there. Madame Badeuil received the + greatest surprise of her life when she found that her granddaughter whom + she had brought up in the innocence of ignorance, was quite aware of the + source of the family fortune, and was ready to take up the work begun by + her grandparents. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BADEUIL (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding, was educated by the Sisters + of the Visitation at Chateaudun, and at eighteen was married to Hector + Vaucogne, by whom she had one daughter, Elodie. She was thirty years of + age before she had any suspicion of the calling of her parents, and at + that time she took over the management of their establishment. She proved + a capable manager, and in spite of the laziness of her husband, was able + to keep up the reputation of the house, though in a few years she killed + herself with hard work. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BADINGUET, a popular nickname for Napoleon III. It was the name of the + workman whose clothes he wore when he escaped from the fortress of Ham. + Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BAILLEHACHE, a notary at Cloyes, was born in 1805, and succeeded to + several generations of lawyers. He had a large business amongst the + peasantry, in whose quarrels he mediated with professional calmness. He + arranged the division of Fouan’s property between the various members of + the old man’s family. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BAILLEHACHE (MADEMOISELLE), eldest sister of the preceding, was born in + 1799. She was plain-looking, but good-natured, and at thirty-two married + Alexandre Hourdequin, to whom she brought a considerable dowry. She had + two children, a son and a daughter, and died in 1855. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BALBI (CLORINDE), daughter of Comtesse Balbi, was a lady of great beauty, + but of eccentric habits. Her position in society being precarious, she + determined to establish it by a good marriage, and used every endeavour to + induce Eugene Rougon to make her his wife. Having become fascinated by her + beauty and charm, he made overtures which she resisted in the belief that + he would be the more certain to marry her. He practically decided to do + so, but reflection convinced him that marriage with Clorinde Balbi would + only injure his prospects of political success. He suggested to her that + she should marry his friend Delestang, who was a man of wealth and + position, and had expressed admiration for her. Though naturally piqued at + such a suggestion coming from Rougon, she consented, and soon after was + married. She remained on outwardly friendly terms with Rougon, who was + still infatuated by her, but was determined to make him regret the slight + he had put upon her. After Rougon’s return to office, Delestang, her + husband, was, at her request, appointed Minister of Commerce and + Agriculture. She had not, however, forgiven Rougon, and privately took a + leading part in the agitation against his administration. Having become on + somewhat equivocal terms with the Emperor, she was able to secure the + acceptance of Rougon’s second resignation, and the office of Minister of + the Interior for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BALBI (COMTESSE LENORA), an Italian lady who lived in Paris with her + daughter Clorinde. Little was known of her past, and it was generally + believed that she was in the employment of the Sardinian Government. After + her daughter’s marriage to Delestang, she left Paris for some time, the + eccentricity of her habits having begun to excite remark. M. De Plouguern, + who had originally met her in Italy, remained her lover for thirty years. + Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BALTHAZER, the old horse driven by Madame Francois between Nanterre and + Paris. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + BAMBOUSSE, mayor of the commune of Les Artaud, was more prosperous than + the others of his class, as he owned several fields of corn, olives, and + vines. His daughter Rosalie having become compromised with Fortune + Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly urged him to consent to a marriage between + them, but this he at first refused, as he would lose the services of his + daughter, and Fortune was too poor to make him any return. He ultimately + consented, and the marriage was solemnized by Abbe Mouret. La Faute de + l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BAMBOUSSE (CATHERINE), younger daughter of the preceding, was always in + disgrace with Brother Archangias on account of her idle habits and her + friendship for Vincent Brichet. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BAMBOUSSE (ROSALIE), elder daughter of the preceding. As she had become + compromised by Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret urged her father to consent to + their marriage, but this he refused to do, though he ultimately consented + and the wedding took place. Her child died, and was buried on the same day + as Albine. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BAPTISTE, Aristide Saccard’s footman. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + BAPTISTIN, a clerk in the employment of Larsonneau, who made him play the + part of principal in a scheme whereby he intended to blackmail Aristide + Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + BAQUET (LA MERE), a wine dealer who sold the wines of Orleans at a cheap + rate. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BARILLOT, “call-boy” at the Theatre des Varietes, where he had been for + thirty years. He was a little, sallow man, with a shrill voice. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BASTIAN, a drummer in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by Colonel + de Vineuil. During the retreat on Sedan, after the battle was over, he had + the misfortune to be struck by a stray bullet. He was removed to an + ambulance at the house of M. Delaherche, where he died during the division + of treasure of the Seventh Army Corps. The gold coins which the sergeant + put into his dying hands rolled on to the ground, and were picked up by a + wounded companion. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + BATAILLE, an old white horse, which had been for six years in the coal-pit + at Voreux. It was killed by the flooding of the mine. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + BAUDEQUIN, a draughtsman who lived on the first floor of the house in + which lived the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was a confirmed sponger who + was in debt all round, but spent his time in smoking and talking with his + friends. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BAUDEQUIN, the proprietor of a cafe in the Boulevard des Batignolles, + which was the resort on Sunday evenings during many years of Claude + Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Dubuche, Mahoudeau, and their friends, a band of + youths devoted to art and determined to conquer Paris. Gradually, however, + the little company became submerged by a flood of newcomers, and in time + the meetings ceased. The cafe changed hands three times, and when, after + some years, Claude and Sandoz chanced to return, they found everything + completely altered. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (M.), proprietor of a drapery shop opposite “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + The business had been in existence for many years and M. Baudu conducted + it on such old-fashioned lines that in competition with Mouret’s great + establishment it was rapidly disappearing. He had acquired it from his + father-in-law, and in turn he proposed to hand it to Colomban, his + shopman, who was engaged to be married to Genevieve, his only daughter. + Baudu postponed the marriage, however, from time to time, as he did not + wish to hand over the business in a worse state than that in which he + himself got it. Meanwhile Colomban had become infatuated with Clara + Prunaire, who ultimately induced him to run off. Genevieve, who was in bad + health, died soon afterwards, and before long her mother died also. The + business had gone from bad to worse, and, in the end, Baudu lost + everything, only avoiding bankruptcy by a complete surrender. Like many of + his neighbours, he was crushed out of existence by Octave Mouret’s + triumphant success. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (MADAME ELIZABETH), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a + draper whose business she brought to her husband. Her health was broken + down by worry, and by anxiety regarding her daughter Genevieve, whose + death she did not long survive. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (CAPTAIN), son of Baudu, the draper. He went to Mexico. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (DENISE) was the daughter of a dyer at Valognes. The death of her + father left her with two young brothers dependent on her, and, the elder + having got a situation in Paris, she determined to accompany him. M. + Baudu, her uncle, had formerly promised assistance, but when Denise + arrived she found that his business was rapidly being ruined by the steady + extension of “The Ladies’ Paradise,” an enormous drapery establishment + belonging to Octave Mouret. In these circumstances she could not be + dependent on her uncle, and, to his annoyance, she applied for and got a + situation in this rival business. On account of petty jealousies, her life + there was not happy, and, having incurred the enmity of Jouve, one of the + inspectors, she was dismissed on a false accusation. A time of great + hardship followed, only lightened by the kindness of old Bourras, in whose + house she had rented a room for herself and her young brother Pepe. She + next got a situation with Robineau, who had bought a silk merchant’s + business and she remained there for some time. While Denise was at “The + Ladies’ Paradise” she had attracted the attention of Octave Mouret, and, + chancing to meet her one day, he asked her to return. As she found that + Robineau’s business was not prospering, she consented, and from that time + her position in “The Ladies’ Paradise” was assured. Mouret had fallen in + love with her, and she with him, but she had sufficient strength of mind + to refuse his proposals. Ultimately he asked her to marry him, and to this + she agreed. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + Madame Denise Mouret had two children, the elder being a girl and the + younger a boy. These resembled their mother, and grew magnificently. Le + Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (GENEVIEVE), daughter of Baudu, the draper. She was engaged for a + number of years to Colomban, her father’s shopman, but in consequence of + the state of trade the marriage was put off from time to time. Genevieve + ultimately learned that her fiance had become infatuated with Clara + Prunaire, one of the shop-girls in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Her health, + never good, suffered greatly, and soon after Colomban’s disappearance she + died. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (JACQUELINE). See Blanche de Sivry. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (JEAN), the elder brother of Denise. He worked for a time with a + cabinet-maker in Valognes, but earned nothing, though he learned to carve + so well that a gentleman promised to find a place for him with an + ivory-carver in Paris. He accepted the offer, and came to the city with + his sister and young brother. At first he earned only his board and + lodging, and, as he was good-looking and a favourite with women, he made + heavy inroads on his sister’s small purse. Ultimately, when he did get a + wage, he took the earliest opportunity of getting married, inducing his + sister, as usual, to give him what little money she had been able to save. + Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (PEPE), the youngest brother of Denise. He was a mere child when the + family came to Paris, and it was only by the greatest self-sacrifice that + Denise was able to support him. When she went to “The Ladies’ Paradise” he + was boarded with Madame Gras, and after his sister’s dismissal he went + with her to Bourras, who showed great kindness to both of them. After + Denise returned to “The Ladies’ Paradise,” Pepe again went to live with + Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUDU (THERESE), wife of Jean Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUGE, who was the younger son of a grocer at Dunkerque, came to Paris and + got a situation in the linen department of the “Bon Marche,” where he was + able to make a fairly good income. He became the lover of Pauline Cugnot, + whom he afterwards married, and, in order to be near her, left the “Bon + Marche” and took an appointment in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAUGE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Pauline Cugnot. Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAVOUX, a salesman in Octave Mouret’s shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BAZOUGE, an undertaker’s assistant who lived in an attic of the same + tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was generally drunk + and made ribald jests about his dismal calling. It was he who buried + Gervaise Coupeau after she was found dead in an attic adjoining his own. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BEAUCHAMP (FLORE), an artist’s model, who lived in Rue de Laval. She was + fresh in colouring, but too thin. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BEAUDOIN, a friend of the Hamelins whom they had known at Beyrout, where + he lived. He promised to marry Caroline Hamelin after the death of her + husband, but instead of waiting for that event he obtained the hand of a + young and rich girl, the daughter of an English Consul. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BEAUDOIN, Captain of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by Colonel + de Vineuil. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and having a fine tenor voice + and good manners, along with Bonapartist principles, he was early marked + for advancement. With his men he was unpopular, and, not caring for his + profession, he did not readily adapt himself to the necessities of war. In + the march to the Meuse he lost his baggage, and arrived at Sedan in a + pitiable condition, his uniform soiled, his face and hands dirty. In + former days at Charleville he had been on intimate terms with Gilberte + Maginot, whom he now found at Sedan, married to Jules Delaherche. Their + former relations were renewed for the moment, and next day Beaudoin + rejoined his company, astonishing every one by the neatness of his attire. + At the attack on the Calvary d’Illy he was severely wounded, and having + been removed to the ambulance at Delaherche’s house, his arm was + amputated; but the hemorrhage had been too great, and he did not survive. + La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + BEAU-FRANCOIS (LE), chief of a band of brigands, whose terrible exploits + were still recounted at La Beauce. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BEAURIVAGE (DUC DE), a character in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>, a piece + staged by Fauchery at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by + Bosc. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BEAUVILLIERS (COMTE CHARLES DE), a man of dissipated habits, who succeeded + to the immense fortune of the Beauvilliers, which he completely squandered + in a few years. He was killed in an accident of the chase, some said by + the vengeance of a keeper. They found later a document signed by him in + 1854 undertaking to pay ten thousand francs to a girl named Leonie Cron. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BEAUVILLIERS (COMTESSE DE), an old lady who lived with her daughter Alice + in a house in the Rue Saint-Lazare, adjoining the Orviedo mansion. The + family had at one time possessed large estates, but these had all gone, + and the Comtesse and her daughter had barely sufficient to live upon, + though they endeavoured to keep up before their neighbours as much as + possible of their ancient state. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, + the Comtesse invested a small sum in the Universal Bank, increasing it + from time to time until her whole means were involved. By the failure of + the bank she was entirely ruined, and, to complete the catastrophe, Busch, + who had become possessor of some papers compromising the honour of her + dead husband, took the opportunity of blackmailing her. When she had + handed over her jewels to him, she was left penniless. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BEAUVILLIERS (ALICE), daughter of Comtesse de Beauvilliers. The + extravagance of her father had dissipated the family estates, and she and + her mother were left with barely sufficient to keep up appearances. She + was plain-looking, and had reached the age of twenty-five years without + any offers of marriage. It was, however, in the hope of providing a + suitable dowry for her, that the Comtesse invested her money in the + Universal Bank, with disastrous results. Alice, who had few amusements, + interested herself in charities, and frequently visited the institutions + founded by Princess d’Orviedo. On a visit to <i>L’Oeuvre du Travail</i> + she was attacked and robbed of a small sum by Victor Saccard, who was at + that time an inmate. Her injuries were severe, and a serious illness + followed. The failure of the Universal Bank left her and her mother in + poverty. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BEAUVILLIERS (FERDINANDE DE), son of Comte Beauvilliers. He was for a time + the cause of anxiety to his mother on account of some youthful + extravagances, but early settled down, and having received a commission in + the Papal troops, served with distinction. He was delicate, however, and + died of fever in Rome. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BECKER, a jeweller in Paris. He supplied a set of sapphires for the + mistress of Comte de Muffat. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BECOT, a grocer in Rue Montorgueil. Having become a widower, he took to + dissolute courses, and his shop was gradually swallowed up, with its dried + vegetables, jars, and drawers of sweetstuff. Eventually the place was sold + up and Becot died of apoplexy soon afterwards. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BECOT (IRMA), daughter of the preceding. After her father’s death she went + to live with an aunt, but soon afterwards ran off with a young fellow who + lived across the street. She did not remain long with him, but, having a + passion for artists, experienced in turn a caprice for Fagerolles, + Gagniere, and many others. A young and foolish Marquis furnished a flat + for her, and later she occupied a house in Rue de Moscou, the rent of + which was twenty thousand francs. In the end she realized her dream of a + princely house in the Avenue de Villiers; the site was bought by one + lover, the house built by another, and the furniture provided by a third. + But fortune did not alter her tastes; behind the backs of her serious + lovers she still retained her fancy for Art, in the person of Henri + Fagerolles, one of her early admirers. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BEC-SALE, alias BOIT-SANS-SOIF, a rivet-maker employed in the same factory + as Goujet. He drank enormous quantities of brandy, and was a boon + companion of Coupeau. On the occasion of Gervaise Coupeau’s first visit to + the factory to see her son Etienne, Bec-Sale entered into a contest of + strength with Goujet in which he was beaten. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BECU, gamekeeper and bell-ringer at Rognes, was a man of fifty years of + age who had at one time been in the army. He was an intense Bonapartist, + and pretended that he had met the Emperor. Himself a confirmed drunkard, + he was on friendly terms with Hyacinthe Fouan, whose poaching expeditions + he overlooked. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BECU (LA), wife of the preceding, was on intimate terms with Hyacinthe + Fouan. Her chief amusement was to throw Celine Macqueron and Flore + Lengaigne against one another under the pretext of reconciling them. + Though she was not devout, she made ardent intercessions to Heaven to + reserve for her son a lucky number in the drawing for the conscription, + but, after the event, turned her anger against the Deity because her + prayers had not been answered. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BECU (DELPHIN), son of the preceding, was a strong lad who, on leaving + school, went to work as a farm labourer. He was much averse to leaving + home, and, having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he chopped + off with a cleaver the first finger of his right hand, in order that he + might be unfit for service. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BECU (MICHEL), uncle of Delphin. He died at Orleans. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BEDORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon, whose business was ruined by the + extension of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BEJUIN (LEON), a Member of the Corps Legislatif, and a supporter of Eugene + Rougon. He was proprietor of the Saint-Florent Cut-Glass Works. “A very + worthy fellow, votes straight, never speaks, is very patient and waits + contentedly till you think of him, but he is always on the spot to take + care that you don’t forget him.” He received the Cross of the Legion of + Honour after Rougon’s return to office, and an appointment as Inspector. + Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BEJUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BELLOMBRE, a neighbour of Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade. He was a retired + Professor, sixty-six years of age, who lived in his little house with no + other company than his gardener, a man as old and crabbed as himself. His + interests were solely centred in himself, and his egotism was a constant + subject of irritation with Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + BELLOQUE (LE PERE), the first art-master of Claude Lantier. A retired + infantry captain, with one arm, he had for a quarter of a century taught + drawing to the youths of Plassans, in one of the galleries of the museum. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BENARD, one of the tenants of the house in which Madame Coupeau carried on + her laundry business. Benard and his wife were of intemperate habits, and + few days passed without their fighting with one another. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BERAUD DU CHATEL (M.) was the last representative of an old middle-class + family. A staunch Republican, he had grown old in the Magistracy, which he + resigned at the time of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i>. Since then he lived in + retirement in his house on the Ile Saint-Louis with his sister Madame + Aubertot and his young daughter Christine. His elder daughter Renee, who + was educated at a convent, was married to Aristide Saccard, and the + circumstances which led to her marriage came as a severe blow to the stern + old man. Though on nominally friendly terms with his daughter after her + marriage, he never visited her, but when she died he paid her debts. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + BERAUD DU CHATEL (CHRISTINE), the second daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel, + and sister of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + BERAUD DU CHATEL (RENEE). See Madame Renee Rougon, alias Saccard. + </p> + <p> + BERGASSE, a second-hand dealer in Plassans. He supplied the old furniture + bought by Madame Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + BERGERET (MADAME), concierge of the house at Plassy occupied by Helene + Grandjean. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + BERLINGOT, a horse which belonged to M. Mechain and gained the Prix + d’Ispahan. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BERLOQUE, alias CHICOT, a miner who was killed by a landslip in the pit at + Voreux. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + BERNHEIM (LES FRERES), proprietors of the glass-works of Saint-Joseph + where Josserand was employed as cashier. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BERTHIER (MADAME), was a friend of Madame Deberle, and took part in the + amateur theatricals arranged by that lady. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + BERTHIER, authorized clerk to Mazaud, the stockbroker. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BERTHOU, the celebrated painter of <i>Nero in the Arena</i>. Claude + Lantier took lessons from him for six months, but their ideas were not in + sympathy, and repeatedly the master told Claude that he would never do + anything good. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BERTRAND, a large dog which belonged to Sandoz. It barked furiously at + visitors, until it recognized a friend of its master, whom it would greet + with joyous welcome. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BESNUS (CLARISSE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes, where she + played the part of Iris in the <i>Blonde Venus</i>, and Geraldine in the + <i>Petite Duchesse</i>. She was mistress of Hector de la Faloise for a + time. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BESSIERE, station-master at Barentin. He saw the Roubauds in the Havre + express on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin, and his + evidence confirmed their alibi. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + BEULIN-D’ORCHERE (M.) was a member of a legal family. After being public + prosecutor at Orleans and advocate-general at Rouen, he came to Paris as + counsellor at the Appeal Court, of which he afterwards became president. + His sister Veronique married Eugene Rougon. He was appointed first + president of the Court of Paris after Rougon’s return to office. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BEULIN-D’ORCHERE (VERONIQUE), a quiet, subdued woman about thirty-six + years of age, who lived with her brother and seldom went out except to + attend Low Mass at Saint-Sulpice. She married Eugene Rougon, to whom she + brought a considerable fortune. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BIBI-LA-GRILLADE, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau’s fellow-workmen, with + whom he was on intimate terms. He was one of the party at Coupeau’s + wedding with Gervaise Macquart. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BIJARD, a drunken locksmith, who killed his wife by systematic ill-usage. + On the rare occasions when he worked, he always had a bottle of alcohol + beside him, from which he took large draughts every half-hour. After the + death of his wife, he transferred his cruelty to his little daughter + Lalie, who did not long survive. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BIJARD (MADAME) lived with her husband and their children in the same + tenement as the Coupeaus and Lorilleux. She was a hard-working woman who + did washing for Gervaise Coupeau’s laundry, but her husband, a drunken + brute, abused her to such an extent that she ultimately died of injuries + received at his hands, or, more accurately, feet. The poor woman, in order + to save her husband from the scaffold, said before she died that she had + hurt herself by falling on the edge of a tub. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BIJARD (LALIE), daughter of the preceding, a child of eight when her + mother died, had acted as the little mother of the family. “Without a word + said, quite of her own accord, she took the dead woman’s place, to such an + extent that her foolish brute of a father, to make the likeness complete, + battered about the daughter now as he had battered the mother before. When + he came in drunk, he felt the need of a woman to attack. He did not even + notice what a tiny little thing Lalie was; he hit her as he would have hit + a grown woman. He beat her shamelessly, he kicked her for a yes or no; and + she took it all with a resigned look in her beautiful eyes, without a + murmur. Then when her father was tired of kicking her from corner to + corner of the room, she waited until she had the strength to pick herself + up, and then went back to her work. It was part of her daily task to be + beaten.” As the result of this infamous treatment the child died, but + again the man unfortunately escaped punishment. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BIJARD (HENRIETTE), second daughter of Bijard. She was five years old at + the time of her mother’s death. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BIJARD (JULES), third child of Bijard. When his mother died he was three + years old. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BIJOU, the pet dog of Nana. He excited the jealousy of Comte de Muffat. + Nana. + </p> + <p> + BILLECOQ (HERMINIE), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene + Rougon to provide a dowry, in order that she might marry an officer who + had compromised her. The officer did not, however, fulfill his promise, + but went off with the dowry, of which he had obtained possession. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BLACHET, a deputy. He desired leave of absence. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BLAISOT, a banker at Paris. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BLANCHETTE, a cow which belonged to Lise and Francoise Fouan. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BLERIOT (M. DE), prefect of the department in which Plassans is situated. + He accompanied Colonel Masson and the troops which crushed the Republican + rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BLEUZE, a rope-walk at Montsou which was ruined by the miners’ strike. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + BLOND (MARIA), a young girl of fifteen who had grown up on the pavements + of Paris. She frequented the restaurant kept by Laure Piedefer. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BOCHE (M.) the concierge of the large tenement-house in which resided the + Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others. He and his wife were friendly with the + various tenants in turn, sometimes siding with one and sometimes with + another in the quarrels which so frequently arose. In the presence of the + landlord, of whom they were afraid, they assumed an air of great + importance, and affected not to know the tenants. They were present at + Gervaise Coupeau’s birthday party. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BOCHE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + Nana informed Satin that Madame Boche is dead. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BOCHE (PAULINE), daughter of the preceding, was a girl of about the same + age as Nana Coupeau, whose companion she was in all kinds of mischief. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BOCQUET (MADAME), mother of Clarisse. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BOCQUET (CLARISSE), a woman on whom Duveyrier squandered large sums of + money. She ultimately gained such complete influence over him, and made + him so unhappy, that he attempted to commit suicide. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BODIN (DOCTOR) was the regular medical attendant of Madame Helene + Grandjean and her daughter Jeanne. A sudden illness of Jeanne made it + necessary to call in Doctor Deberle, who subsequently met the older man in + consultation from time to time. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + BOHAIN (MARQUIS DE), an elderly nobleman whose presence and manners were + of a kind to adorn a board of directors, and whose illustrious name was of + value on a prospectus. He was in consequence always in demand by new + companies. Since he began living by speculation, he and his wife had been + legally separated, so far as estate went, and he lived with her only as a + lodger, with nothing of his own except his clothes. “On two occasions + already he had refused to pay up what he owed; he pocketed as long as he + won, but as soon as he lost he did not pay.” At the request of Saccard, + the Marquis became a director of the Universal Bank. When the great gamble + in the shares of the bank began, the Marquis followed his usual plan; + having played through Mazaud for a rise, he refused to pay his losses, + though he had gained two million francs through Jacoby, through whom he + had played for a fall. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BONGRAND, a great artist, painter of the <i>Village Wedding</i>. He was a + stout man, forty-five years old, with an expressive face and long grey + hair; recently he had become a member of the Institute and an officer of + the Legion of Honour. The grandson of a farmer in the Beauce country, the + son of a man risen to the middle classes, with peasant blood in his veins, + owing his culture to a mother of very artistic tastes, he was rich, had no + need to sell his pictures, and retained many tastes and opinions of + Bohemian life. His masterpiece, the <i>Village Wedding</i>, had brought + about a revolution in art only parallel with Courbet, and he was + acknowledged as Master by all the artists of the young school. The picture + remained, however, his greatest work, though he objected to have it so + designated, in the fear that it might be thought his powers were failing. + A later picture called the <i>Village Funeral</i> was intended to surpass + it, but failed to arrest attention, and was indeed only an echo of the + earlier work. He was one of the few mourners at the funeral of Claude + Lantier. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BONHOMME, the horse which for a quarter of a century had carried Doctor + Pascal on his visits to his patients. Latterly the old Bonhomme became + blind, and was no longer being driven, but being much loved by his master, + was tenderly cared for until his death. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + BONNAUD, formerly head of the counting-house of a railway company. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + BONNEHON (MADAME), sister of President Grandmorin. She was married to a + wealthy manufacturer, who left her a widow at the age of thirty. In the + mansion-house of Doinville, which belonged to her, she led a pleasant + life, not without occasional affairs of the heart, but so correct in every + way that she remained a leader of society in Rouen. She was a handsome + woman, and in spite of her fifty years still retained much of her former + charm. Among her friends she included Chaumette and Desbazeilles, both + officials of the court at Rouen. Madame Bonnehon had a good opinion of the + Roubauds, and did not approve of the position taken up by her niece Berthe + regarding the legacy left to them by President Grandmorin. For the honour + of her family she desired that the inquiry as to the murder of the + President should not be continued. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + BONNEMORT, the sobriquet of Vincent Maheu. His family had been miners for + generations, and he himself had worked in the pit since he was eight years + old. After forty-five years of work underground he was given a post as + fireman, and for five years worked each night at the Voreux pit for a wage + of forty sous. He suffered greatly from rheumatism, which eventually + turned into a form of dropsy, while his mind became affected to some + extent by the sufferings occasioned by the great strike which took place + at Voreux and other neighbouring pits. After the terrible scenes at + Montsou, he could only sit in his chair before the fireless grate, with + fixed and unseeing eyes, but in a sudden accession of madness he found + strength to strangle Cecile Gregoire, who chanced to be left alone with + him for a few moments. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + BONNET. See De Mareuil. + </p> + <p> + BORDENAVE, manager of the Theatre des Varietes. He was a coarse man, with + cynical views as to the stage, and cared nothing as to the means by which + a popular success might be secured. Though he was well aware that Nana + could neither sing nor act, he saw that her beauty was of a type likely to + attract the Parisian public, and accordingly gave her the chief part in + the <i>Blonde Venus</i>. It was he who showed H.R.H. The Prince of Scots + the honours of “behind the scenes.” Nana. + </p> + <p> + BORGNE-DE-JOUY, one of the band of brigands which was led by + Beau-Francois. He betrayed his companions. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BOSC, an old actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played the part + of Jupiter in the <i>Blonde Venus</i>, and the Duc de Beaurivage in the <i>Petite + Duchesse</i>. He had a good-natured but somewhat drunken appearance. He + treated women with disdain, and the idea that any man should trouble + himself about them raised in him the only indignation of which he was + capable. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BOUCHARD (M.), head-clerk in the office of the Minister of Interior. His + house was the first thrown open to Eugene Rougon on his arrival in Paris. + Later on, Bouchard inherited his father’s property, and at fifty-four + years of age married Adele Desvignes. He was appointed head of a + department after Rougon’s return to office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BOUCHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a + respectable family at Rambouillet. M. Bouchard “had been anxious to marry + a young lady from the provinces, because he made a point of having a + steady wife. However, the fair and adorable little Adele, with her + innocent blue eyes, had in less than four years proved to be a great deal + more than a mere flirt.” Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BOULAND(MADAME), the nurse who attended Madame Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de + Vivre. + </p> + <p> + BOUM, a horse which belonged to M. Gasc and ran in the Grand Prix de + Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BOURDELAIS, an upper clerk in the office of the Minister of Finance. Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOURDELAIS (MADAME) was a short, fair woman of thirty, with a delicate + nose and sparkling eyes, who had married a chief clerk in the Treasury. + She was an old schoolfellow of Madame Desforges. Belonging to a good + middle-class family, she managed her household and three children with an + excellent knowledge of practical life. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOURDEU (M.), formerly Prefect of the Drome, but turned out of office by + the Revolution of 1848. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was a + friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house his party was in the habit of + meeting. At one time he was suggested as a likely candidate for the + representation of Plassans, but he retired after Delangre had been brought + forward through the machinations of Abbe Faujas. Madame de Condamin + promised him, however, that through her influence he would be rewarded + with a prefecture. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + BOURDONCLE, the son of a poor farmer near Limoges, started at “The Ladies’ + Paradise” at the same time as Octave Mouret. He was very active and + intelligent, but he lacked that touch of genius possessed by his + companion, before whom he had bowed from the first. Acting on Mouret’s + advice, he put all his savings into the business, and, after passing + through the various grades, he became in time one of the six persons who + assisted Mouret to govern “The Ladies’ Paradise,” exercising a general + control of the whole staff. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOURGAIN-DESFEUILLES (GENERAL). During the war of 1870 he was at the head + of a brigade of infantry, of which the 106th regiment of the line, + commanded by Colonel de Vineuil, formed part. Like so many other officers + he proved himself incompetent, and after the capitulation he, alone among + the generals, took advantage of the pretext of illness to sign an + undertaking to the Germans not to take any further part in the war. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + BOURGUIGNON, a master zinc-worker from whom Coupeau got employment. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BOUROCHE (SURGEON-MAJOR), of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by + Colonel Vineuil. During the battle of Sedan he installed an ambulance in a + factory belonging to Jules Delaherche, where he was soon overwhelmed with + work. With untiring energy he performed one operation after another until + the place became like a slaughter-house. Behind a clump of trees were + thrown the bodies of the dead, and the limbs amputated from the living. + Depressed for a moment by the vastness of his task, Bouroche nearly lost + heart, exclaiming, “What is the use?” but his instincts of discipline + recalled him to work, and he continued to operate even after the supply of + chloroform was exhausted. During the insurrection at Paris he served with + the army of Versailles, but consented to treat one of his old soldiers, + Maurice Levasseur, who had been mortally wounded in the ranks of the + Commune. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + BOURRAS, an old man who sold umbrellas and walking-sticks in a tumble-down + house which adjoined “The Ladies’ Paradise.” His business was ruined by + the growth of that concern, and he expressed bitter hatred towards Octave + Mouret, its proprietor. Denise Baudu rented a room from him after her + dismissal from “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and he showed much kindness to her + and Pepe, her young brother. He refused several offers by Mouret, who + wished to purchase his lease in order to extend his own shop, and + ultimately, having become bankrupt, was forced to leave without a penny. + Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOURRETTE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the church of Saint-Saturnin at + Plassans. He did duty as vicar during the illness of Abbe Compan, and had + been led to expect the reversion of the appointment. Pressure brought to + bear on Bishop Rousselot led to the selection of Abbe Faujas, and + Bourrette was put off with vague promises for the future. He was a + simple-minded, amiable man, who accepted his disappointment without + murmuring, and continued on friendly terms with Faujas. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + BOUTAREL, a doctor who attended Nana. He was a handsome man, still young, + who had a large practice in the demi-monde. Always gay and laughing, he + was popular with his patients, but took care not to compromise himself + with any of them. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BOUTAREL (MADAME), a lady who lived in the country and economized for + months at a time, only coming to Paris occasionally. When she came, she + made straight for “The Ladies’ Paradise” and spent all her savings in an + afternoon. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOUTELOUP (LOUIS), a workman at the Voreux pit. He lodged with Madame + Levaque, whose lover he became. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + BOUTEROUE (HILARION), second child of Vincent Bouteroue, and grandson of + Marianne Fouan (La Grande). The latter had never forgiven the marriage of + her daughter, and would do nothing to assist the two children after the + death of their parents. Hilarion, who was of weak intellect, was looked + after from childhood by his sister Palmyre, who wore herself out in his + service. After Palmyre’s death his grandmother gave him shelter, but took + advantage of his great strength by employing him at work of the hardest + kind. Ultimately Hilarion committed a serious assault on the old woman, + and in defending herself she struck him on the head with a bill-hook, + inflicting a wound from which he died. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BOUTEROUE (PALMYRE), sister of the preceding, worked like a slave to + support her brother, and died completely worn out by toil and hardship at + the age of thirty-five. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BOUTEROUE (VINCENT), a poor peasant, whom the daughter of the Pechards + insisted on marrying despite the opposition of her mother. They both died + of want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BOUTEROUE (MADAME VINCENT), see Mademoiselle Pechard. + </p> + <p> + BOUTHEMENT PERE, a shopkeeper at Montpellier, who sent his son to Paris to + learn business. He was disgusted to find that the simple salesman in Paris + could earn three times as much as he himself could make, and he was + stupefied on seeing the vast emporium in which his son served. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOUTHEMONT, manager of the silk department at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + Noisy and too fond of company, he was not much good for sales, but for + buying he had not his equal. Nearly every month he went to Lyons, living + at the best hotels, with authority to treat the manufacturers with open + purse. He had, moreover, liberty to buy what he liked, provided he + increased the sales of his department in a certain proportion settled + beforehand; and it was on this proportion that his commission was based. + Eventually, however, his position was undermined, and Madame Desforges, + having become jealous of Mouret, and wishing to injure him, introduced + Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him money to start an opposition + establishment called “The Four Seasons.” This was burned down three weeks + after its opening, but the enormous loss was covered by insurance. Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOUTIGNY, Lazare Chanteau’s partner in the chemical business, into which + he put thirty thousand francs. After the failure of the venture, he took + over the whole concern, and began to manufacture potash from seaweed by + the old methods. He was very successful in this, and by degrees began to + employ on a small scale the scientific systems which had before proved + disastrous. In a few years he amassed a considerable fortune. La Joie de + Vivre. + </p> + <p> + BOUTIN, a retired artist’s-model who kept a studio in Rue de la Huchette, + which was frequented by Claude Lantier, who went there for purposes of + study. A subscription of twenty francs enabled young artists to have the + free use of models. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + BOUTIN, an old epileptic attended by Doctor Pascal at Plassans. He died in + one of his fits. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + BOVES (COMTE DE), Inspector-General of the Imperial Stud, a tall, handsome + man who had married his wife for her great beauty. Notwithstanding this, + he carried on a liaison with Madame Guibal, whose demands upon his purse + were so heavy that he was obliged to economize in his own establishment. + Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOVES (COMTESSE DE), wife of the preceding, was a beautiful woman of about + forty years of age. She was a constant customer at “The Ladies’ Paradise,” + but as her husband kept her very short of money, was seldom able to buy + anything. Eventually temptation proved too strong for her, and she was + caught in the act of stealing some valuable lace. The matter was, however, + kept quiet, and a scandal avoided. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BOVES (BLANCHE DE), daughter of the preceding. She usually accompanied her + mother on her shopping expeditions to “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and, it is + to be feared, was not unaware of the theft of lace by her. She married + Paul de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BRAMAH, an English horse which won the Grand Prix de Paris. It belonged to + Lord Reading. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BRAMBILLA (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of Comtesse + Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BRETIGNY (COMTESSE DE). Auguste Lantier, reading the news from a journal + to his friends Coupeau and Mes-Bottes, announced that the eldest daughter + of the Comtesse de Bretigny was to be married to Baron de Valencay, + aide-de-camp to His Majesty the Emperor. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BRETON-LE-CUL-SEC, one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + BRICHET, the father of Fortune, Rosalie Bambousse’s lover. He was a little + man, withered by age, and with a cringing manner. He tilled a small piece + of stony land near Les Artaud, and was very poor. La Faute de l’Abbe + Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BRICHET (MADAME), wife of the preceding, a tall, lachrymose woman, was the + one solitary devotee of the village of Les Artaud. Whenever she had been + to communion, she hung about the parsonage, knowing that the priest’s + servant always kept a couple of loaves for her from the last baking. La + Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BRICHET (FORTUNE), son of the preceding, was a largely built, bold-looking + young fellow of about twenty-five years of age, who had been the lover of + Rosalie Bambousse for some time before Abbe Mouret was able to induce the + girl’s parents to consent to her marriage. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BRICHET (VINCENT), brother of Fortune, was the boy who assisted Abbe + Mouret in serving Mass. He was an idle young scamp, and constantly + incurred the chastisement of Brother Archangias, who predicted a bad end + for him on account of his friendship for Catherine Bambousse. La Faute de + l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + BRIQUET, a peasant of Rognes. His son drew the number 13 for the + conscription. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BRON (MADAME), concierge at the Theatre des Varietes. She sold liquor to + the employees at the theatre. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BRU, an old house-painter who lived in a garret in the same tenement-house + as the Coupeaus, where he starved with cold and hunger. He had lost three + sons in the Crimea, and he lived on what he could pick up, now that for + two years past he could hold a brush no longer. Gervaise Coupeau showed + him some kindness and asked him to her famous birthday party. Things + having gone from bad to worse with him, he was found one morning lying + dead in his garret. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BRULE (LA), mother of La Pierronne. She was the widow of a miner who had + been killed in the pit, and lived with her daughter at the settlement + known as the Deux-Cent-Quarante. A terrible old woman, frantic to revenge + on the masters the death of her husband, she was the leader in the + outrages perpetrated by the strikers in the Montsou district. It was she + who gave the signal for the attack on the troops, but at the first volley + fired by the soldiers she fell back stiff and crackling like a bundle of + dry faggots, stammering one last oath in the gurgling of blood. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + BRUNET (LES), a bourgeois family in the new quarter of Plassans, of whom + Madame Felicite Rougon was jealous. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BUDIN (LES), peasants of Rognes, whose daughter was said to have been + cured of a fever by Sourdeau, who cut a live pigeon in two, and applied + the halves to her head. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BUQUIN-LECOMTE, a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He desired leave of + absence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BURGAT, a blacksmith, one of the band of insurgents which entered Plassans + in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + BURNE, an English jockey who rode a horse called Spirit in the Grand Prix + de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + BUSCH, a man of German origin who came to Paris, and engaged in business + of a shady character on the fringe of the Bourse. “In addition to usury + and a secret traffic in jewels and precious stones, he particularly + occupied himself with the purchase of ‘bad debts.’” In pursuit of + creditors he was unsparing, and his methods were not infrequently of the + nature of blackmail. Jordon, Madame de Beauvilliers, and Saccard himself + fell into his power, though Saccard refused to submit to extortion. + Another of Busch’s lines of business was the purchase of depreciated + shares and debentures, thousands of which he collected together, selling + them to bankrupts who found difficulty in accounting for real or imaginary + losses. His one redeeming feature was his extraordinary love for his + brother Sigismond, whom he nursed with the greatest care until his death. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BUSCH (SIGISMOND), brother of Busch, the money-lender, was an able man, + educated at a German University, and speaking several languages. He had + met Carl Marx at Cologne in 1849, and became a contributor to the <i>New + Rhenish Gazette</i>. “From that time he professed Socialism with an ardent + faith, giving his entire being to the idea of an approaching social + renovation, which would assure the happiness of the poor and humble.” + After his master was banished from Germany, Sigismond, engrossed in his + dreams, was so careless of his material affairs that he would have + perished of hunger had his brother not taken him to live with him. From + this time the elder Busch, ferocious as a wolf towards a debtor, looked + after his brother with almost maternal care, and was heart-broken when + Sigismond died of consumption a few years later. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + BUTEAU, second son of Pere Fouan; brother of Hyacinthe and of Fanny + Delhomme; cousin and husband of Lise Mouche; father of Jules and Laure. + From early youth he was of violent temper, and having drawn a lucky number + in the conscription, he went away from home, and got work, first at the + farm of La Borderie and later at La Chamade. He was a true son of the + soil, knowing nothing of the world beyond the narrow district in which he + was born, and possessing that fierce passion for the land which is the + characteristic of so many peasants. When Pere Fouan made a division of his + property among his family, Buteau was dissatisfied with the lot which he + drew, and refused to take possession of it. In this attitude he persisted + for two years, until the formation of a new road gave a greatly increased + value to his share. In the same way he refused to marry his cousin Lise + Mouche, by whom he already had a son, until, after her father’s death, she + had inherited a share of his property. Buteau’s chief anxiety then became + to prevent a division of this land between his wife and her sister + Francoise, and when, after the girl’s marriage to Jean Macquart, this + became imminent, he and his wife eventually murdered her. His father had + been a witness of the crime, and as his silence was essential, he too was + cruelly done to death. After these terrible events Buteau was able to + sleep calmly, for the land, his overwhelming passion in life, was his + beyond possibility of dispute. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BUTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Lise Mouche. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BUTEAU (JULES), the eldest child of the preceding, who were not married + till three years after his birth. At nine years old he was the sole friend + of old Fouan, but he soon came to neglect the old man. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BUTEAU (LAURE), the second child of the Buteaus. At four years old she had + already the hard eyes of her family, and was hostile to her grandfather, + old Fouan. By jealousy she detached from him her brother Jules. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + C + </h2> + <p> + CABASSE, a franc-tireur of the woods of Dieulet. He was the favourite + companion of Ducat, and along with Guillaume Sambuc formed part of the + band which so greatly embarrassed the Prussians in the neighbourhood of + Sedan. He took part in the execution of Goliath Steinberg, the German spy. + La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + CABIN (MADAME), the woman who looked after the bedrooms occupied by the + saleswomen in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” In consideration of small bribes, + she allowed numerous breaches of the strict rules of the establishment. Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + CABIROCHE (SIMONNE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She was the + daughter of a furniture dealer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and had been + educated at a boarding-school in order that she might become a governess. + She played the part of Isabelle in the <i>Petite Duchesse</i>. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CABUCHE, a quarryman at Becourt, who lived alone in a hut in the middle of + the forest. He was condemned to five years’ imprisonment for having killed + a man in a tavern brawl, but on account of his good conduct was liberated + at the end of four years. From that time he was avoided by every one, and + lived like a savage in the woods. Louisette, the younger daughter of + Madame Misard, who was then fourteen years old, met him one day in the + forest, and a strange friendship was formed between them, the rough man + almost adoring this child, who alone was not afraid to speak to him. The + girl afterwards went as a servant to Madame Bonnehon, but one evening + Cabuche found her at his door, half mad with fright and on the verge of + brain fever. He nursed her tenderly, but she died a few days later. The + conduct of President Grandmorin was believed to be the cause of + Louisette’s flight from Doinville, and Cabuche was overheard to say in + ungovernable rage that he would “bleed the pig.” This remark led Denizet, + the examining magistrate, to attribute to him the murder of the President, + which was committed soon afterwards by the Roubauds, and still later he + had the misfortune to be found beside the body of Severine Roubaud, who + had been murdered by Jacques Lantier. He was found guilty of the two + crimes, neither of which he committed, and was sentenced to imprisonment + for life. It was Cabuche’s wagon, loaded with huge blocks of stone, that + Flore stopped in front of an express train in order to cause an accident. + La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + CADET-CASSIS, the sobriquet of Coupeau. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CADINE, a young girl who when only two years old was found by Madame + Chantemesse and adopted by her. She was brought up along with Marjolin, + and the two became inseparable companions and lovers. When she was eleven + years old she set up as a dealer in birds’ food, but in a year or two + became a flower-seller. After the accident to Marjolin by which his + intellect was affected, Cadine looked after him, and the two were seldom + found apart. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + CAFFIN (ABBE), the predecessor of Abbe Mouret as cure at Les Artaud. He + was originally from Normandy, and had a large face which always seemed + laughing. His history was bad, and he had been sent in disgrace to this + hot and dusty corner of Provence. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + CAMPARDON (ACHILLE), an architect, in whose house Octave Mouret boarded + when he first came to Paris. His views on religion were somewhat free, but + having been appointed diocesan architect he gradually became orthodox, + though this did not prevent him from carrying on an intrigue with + Gasparine, his wife’s cousin, who ultimately came to live with the family. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CAMPARDON (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Rose Domergue. Born at + Plassans, she was an old friend of Madame Mouret, and when Octave Mouret + came to Paris he boarded with the Campardons. After the birth of her + child, Madame Campardon was an invalid, and was obliged to spend much of + her time in bed, amusing herself by reading the works of Dickens. She + tacitly accepted the liaison between her husband and Gasparine, her + cousin, whom she ultimately asked to live with the family and manage the + household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CAMPARDON (ANGELE), daughter of the preceding. She was brought up at home + by her parents, in order that she might remain ignorant of the realities + of life, but intercourse with the servants in a large tenement-house early + developed her unnatural precocity. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CAMPENON, an incapable person to whom M. de Marsy gave a post as prefect, + which Eugene Rougon had promised to Du Poizat. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CAMY-LAMOTTE, secretary to the Minister of Justice, an office of great + influence. It was his duty to prepare the list of promotions, and he was + in constant communication with the Tuileries. He was a handsome man, who + started his career as a substitute; but through his connections and his + wife he had been elected deputy and made grand officer of the Legion of + Honour. In examining the papers of President Grandmorin, he discovered the + identity of the murderers, but knowing the probability of serious scandal + arising in the event of public inquiry, he said nothing, and later, struck + by the courage and charm of Severine Roubaud, who threw herself on his + protection, he gave instructions that all proceedings were to be stopped. + He rewarded Denizet, the examining magistrate, with a decoration and the + promise of early promotion. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + CANIVET, an old peasant, of whom Zephyrin Lacour announced the death to + Rosalie Pichon. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + CARNAVANT (MARQUIS DE), a nobleman of Plassans. Said to have been intimate + with the mother of Felicite Puech during the early period of her married + life. He visited Pierre Rougon and his wife occasionally, and after their + retirement from business he interested them in politics. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CAROLINE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She + was very unhappy at home. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CAROLINE (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + </p> + <p> + CAROUBLE, a baker at Montsou. His business was threatened by the + competition of Maigrat. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + CASIMIR, a liquor-dealer on the road to Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + CASSOUTE, an inhabitant of Plassans, who formed one of the group of + insurgents which accompanied Antoine Macquart to the Rougons’ house. He + was left there to signal the return of Pierre Rougon, but not being very + intelligent, allowed himself to be sent by Rougon to the Town Hall, where + he was arrested. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CATHERINE, servant to Granoux. She talked for a long time before letting + in Pierre Rougon and Roudier, who came to seek her master to save + Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CAUCHE, the commissary of police attached to the railway station at Havre. + He was a former officer who considered his present occupation as + practically a sinecure, spending much of his time at the cafe. He was a + confirmed gambler, who could lose or win without change of expression. A + room on the first floor of the Cafe du Commerce was his usual haunt, and + there Roubaud frequently spent half the night playing cards with him. + Later, it fell to him to arrest Roubaud on the charge of murdering + President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + CAZENOVE (DOCTOR), a man of fifty-four years of age, of a vigorous and + lean habit, who after thirty years’ service in the navy settled down at + Arromanches, where an uncle of his had left him a house. He affected + scepticism of the power of medicine, but was unremitting in the care of + his patients. Among the earliest of these was Madame Chanteau, and he + became on intimate terms with the family, for some time acting as trustee + to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CECILE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of a butcher in the neighbourhood of the + <i>Halles Centrales</i>. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + CELESTE, lady’s maid and confidante of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + CELESTINE, a friend of Clemence. She was neurotic, and had a horror of the + hair of cats, seeing it everywhere, and even turning her tongue in the + belief that some of it had got into her mouth. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CESAR, a bull at the farm of La Borderie. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + CHADEUIL (MADAME), a milliner in the Rue Sainte-Anne. Octave Mouret’s + shop, “The Ladies’ Paradise,” ruined her within two years. Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + CHAINE, the companion of Mahoudeau, the sculptor. He was born at + Saint-Firmin, a village about six miles from Plassans, where he served as + a cowboy until he was drawn in the conscription. Unfortunately for him, a + gentleman of the district who admired the walking-stick handles which he + carved out of roots with his knife, persuaded Chaine that he was a rustic + genius, and with extreme foolishness persuaded him to go in for painting. + Having forty pounds, he went to Paris, where his small fortune lasted him + for a year. Then, as he had only twenty francs left, he took up his + quarters with his friend Mahoudeau. He had no talent, but had a certain + skill in copying pictures with extreme exactness. The relations of Chaine + and Mahoudeau with Mathilde Jabouille led to a coldness between the two + friends, and ultimately they ceased to be on speaking terms, though they + continued to live together, and even to sleep in the same bed. Some time + afterwards Chaine gave up art, and started a booth at country fairs, in + which he ran a wheel-of-fortune for trifling prizes. The booth was + decorated with some of his alleged masterpieces. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + CHAMBOUVARD, a celebrated sculptor. He was said to be the son of a + veterinary surgeon of Amiens, and at forty-five had already produced + twenty masterpieces. He had, however, a complete lack of critical acumen, + and was unable to distinguish between the most glorious offspring of his + hands and the detestably grotesque figures which he happened to put + together now and then. At one <i>Salon</i> he exhibited a <i>Sower</i>, + admirable in every way, while at another he showed an execrable <i>Reaping + Woman</i>, so bad that it seemed like a hoax; but he was no less pleased + with the later work, feeling sure that he had turned out yet another + masterpiece. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + CHAMPION, a master hatter at Montrouge. Auguste Lantier pretended to have + left his employment because they had not the same political views. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CHAMPION, a retired sergeant, who was afterwards delivery manager at “The + Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEAU PERE, came originally from the south of France, beginning his + life as a journeyman carpenter. He created a considerable timber business + at Caen, but being somewhat daring in his speculation, he left it rather + embarrassed at the time of his death. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEAU (M.), a cousin of M. Quenu, by whom he was nominated guardian of + his daughter Pauline Quenu. On the death of his father, he succeeded to + the timber business at Caen. Being an inactive man, unaspiring and + careful, he contented himself with putting his affairs on a safe basis, + and living on a moderate but sure profit. He married Eugenie de la + Vigniere, who was an ambitious woman and hoped to rouse his indolent + nature. Her schemes were, however, frustrated by the ill-health of her + husband, who suffered from gout to such a degree that he ultimately sold + his business to Devoine, and retired to Bonneville, where he had a house. + His sufferings from gout gradually became more and more severe until he + was a complete invalid. His ward Pauline Quenu showed him much kindness, + and the Abbe Horteur played draughts with him regularly. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + Until the end of his life he was taken care of by Pauline. Le Docteur + Pascal. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Eugenie de la Vigniere, was + the orphan of one of the ruined squireens of the Cotentin. An ambitious + woman, she hoped to induce her husband to overcome his indolent nature, + but her plans were upset by the ill-health into which he fell, and she + transferred to her son her hopes for the family’s rise in life. From this + source she had nothing but disappointment, as one after another of + Lazare’s schemes failed. To enable him to get money to start his chemical + works, she encouraged the idea of marriage between him and Pauline Quenu, + her husband’s ward, who thereupon lent him thirty thousand francs. Little + by little, Madame Chanteau got possession for the family use of nearly all + Pauline’s fortunes, but with each fresh loan her feelings towards the girl + became more embittered until her affection for her had turned to hate. + From this time, she discouraged her son’s marriage with Pauline, and + endeavoured to turn his thoughts towards Louise Thibaudier, who had a + considerable fortune. She died of dropsy after a short illness. La Joie de + Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEAU (LAZARE), born 1844, son of M. Chanteau, was educated at the + college of Caen, where he took his bachelor’s degree. He was undecided as + to what profession he would adopt, and for some time his inclination + turned towards music. Under the influence of Pauline Quenu he decided on + medicine, and went to Paris, where at first he made good progress in his + studies. Unfortunately he tired of this, and led a life of extravagance + and dissipation, failing to pass his examinations. Having chanced to make + the acquaintance of Herbelin, a celebrated chemist, Lazare entered his + laboratory as an assistant. From him he got the idea of turning seaweed to + profitable account by the extraction of chemicals by a new method. With a + view to the commercial employment of this process he borrowed thirty + thousand francs from Pauline Quenu, and entered into partnership with an + old college friend named Boutigny who invested a similar sum in the + business. Lazare was quite carried away by his enthusiasm, and the works + were built on much too large a scale, the cost greatly exceeding the + original estimates. More money was required, and a marriage having already + been arranged between Lazare and Pauline Quenu, she at once lent him + another ten thousand francs. Some slight success was at first attained, + but this only led to fresh extravagances in the way of apparatus, and + before long a hundred thousand francs of Pauline’s money had been + expended. By this time it was evident that the process could not be worked + on a commercial scale, and Lazare, utterly discouraged, handed over his + share to Boutigny for a trifling sum. A scheme for the protection of + Bonneville against the inroads of the sea was the next subject to attract + him, and he entered into it with his usual enthusiasm. More money was, of + course, required, and, as before, this was found by Pauline. Failure again + met his efforts; the barricade was washed away by the first high sea. All + along Lazare had been subject to fits of morbid depression, accompanied by + a frenzied fear of death, and after the death of his mother this mental + disturbance became even more acute. The marriage with Pauline had been put + off on one excuse or another, and ultimately she saw that his affections + had been transferred to Louise Thibaudier. With noble self-sacrifice, she + released him from his engagement, and his marriage to Louise followed. He + went to Paris as manager of an insurance company, but soon tiring of + business, he returned to Bonneville, where he lived so tormented by the + fear of death that life itself had little charm for him. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + Having become a widower, he left his son with Pauline Quenu, and went to + America to seek his fortune. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEAU (MADAME LAZARE), wife of the preceding. See Louise Thibaudier. La + Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEAU (PAUL), the infant son of Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CHANTECAILLE (i.e. SINGSMALL), an usher at the college of Plassans. He was + so good-natured that he allowed the pupils to smoke when out walking. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEGREIL, a poacher, who was sent to the galleys for shooting a + gendarme. He was the father of Miette. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEGREIL (MARIE), known as Miette, born 1838, daughter of Chantegreil, + the poacher, who was sentenced to the galleys for murder. She went to live + with her aunt, the wife of Rebufat, farmer at Plassans. Here she met + Silvere Mouret, and an idyllic love affair followed. When Silvere joined + the Republican Insurrection in 1861, Miette, fired by his enthusiasm, + accompanied him, and carried the banner of revolt. In the attack by the + regular troops, which soon followed, she fell mortally wounded. La Fortune + des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEGREIL (EULALIE). See Madame Eulalie Rebufat. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEMESSE (MADAME), a customer of Madame Francois, the market-gardener. + It was she who brought up the two foundling children, Marjolin and Cadine. + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + CHANTEREAU (MADAME), wife of an ironmaster. She was a cousin of the + Fougerays, and a friend of the Muffats. With Madame du Joncquoy and Madame + Hugon she gave an air of severe respectability to the drawing-room of + Comtesse Sabine de Muffat. Her husband owned a foundry in Alsace, where + war with Germany was feared, and she caused much amusement to her friends + by expressing the opinion that Bismarck would make war with France and + would conquer. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CHARBONNEL (M.), a retired oil-merchant of Plassans. His cousin Chevassu, + a lawyer, died leaving his fortune of five hundred thousand francs to the + Sisters of the Holy Family. Charbonnel, being next heir, contested the + will on the ground of undue influence; and the Sisterhood having + petitioned the Council of State to authorize the payment of the bequest to + them, he went to Paris, accompanied by his wife, in order to secure the + influence of Eugene Rougon. The matter dragged on for some months, and was + then indefinitely delayed by Rougon’s resignation of the Presidency of the + Council of State. After Rougon’s appointment as Minister of the Interior, + he induced the Council of State to refuse the petition of the Sisterhood, + and M. Charbonnel accordingly succeeded to the estate. Subsequently the + Charbonnels accused the Sisters of having removed some of Chevassu’s + silver plate, and Rougon ordered the police to make a search in the + convent. This caused a scandal in the town, and brought the Charbonnels, + as well as Rougon, into popular disfavour. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CHARBONNEL (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She accompanied her husband to + Paris to assist him in looking after their interests in the estate of his + cousin Chevassu. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CHARDON (ABBE), the candidate favoured by Abbe Fenil for the vacancy in + the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + CHARDON (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Melanie Correur. The State having + refused to accept some furnishings supplied by her, Eugene Rougon, the + Minister, arranged the matter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, a waiter at the Cafe Riche. It was he who served supper to Maxime + Saccard and Renee in the White Salon. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, the attendant at the public washing-house where Gervaise Macquart + had her great fight with Virginie. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, a butcher whose shop was in Rue Polonceau. The Coupeaus dealt + with him. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, coachman in the service of Nana. He left her after a violent + scene, in the course of which he called her a slut. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, a cousin of the little soldier Jules from Plogof. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, coachman to Aristide Saccard. He was discovered stealing oats, + and was dismissed. In revenge, he disclosed to Madame Caroline the + relations between his master and the Baroness Sandorff. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CHARLES, (MONSIEUR AND MADAME), see Badeuil. + </p> + <p> + CHARPIER, a grain merchant at Vendome. He became bankrupt, and his papers + having been purchased by Fayeux on behalf of Busch, the latter found among + them a document signed by Comte de Beauvilliers, undertaking payment of a + large sum to Leonie Cron. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CHARRIER, a bricklayer who amassed a fortune by speculations in + building-sites during the early days of the Second Empire. Along with + Mignon, his partner, he had many business dealings with Aristide Saccard. + La Curee. + </p> + <p> + CHARVET, one of the party which met at Lebigre’s wine-shop to discuss + revolutionary subjects. He was the best educated of the coterie, and his + flood of bitter words generally crushed his adversaries. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + CHASSAGNE (DOCTEUR), director of the asylum at Moulineaux, where Saturnin + Josserand was confined for a time. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CHAUMETTE, counsellor at the court of Rouen. At the trial of Roubaud he + acted as assessor to the assizes. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + CHAUMETTE FILS, son of the preceding, was a substitute at Rouen. He was + the latest fancy of Madame Bonnehon, who did all she could to secure his + advancement. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + CHAVAILLE (ROSALIE), cousin of La Mechain, and mother of Victor Saccard. + She fell into a life of vice and poverty, and died at the age of + twenty-six. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CHAVAL, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. From the first he had an + instinctive hatred towards Etienne Lantier, caused partly by jealousy + regarding Catherine Maheu, whose lover he became. He treated the girl very + badly, and she ultimately left him. During the strike he took up a + position antagonistic to Lantier, who was one of the leaders, and even + undertook the direction of a party of Belgians brought in by the + mine-owners to work the pits. By a strange chance, Chaval met Lantier and + Catherine in a gallery of the pit after a terrible accident, which + resulted in its being flooded; a struggle followed, and Chaval was killed, + his body being thrown into the water. But the rise of the flood brought + him back time after time to the feet of the others, as if his jealousy + continued even after death. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + CHAVE (CAPTAIN), brother of Madame Maugendre, and uncle of Madame Jordan. + He was a petty gambler of a class who frequent the Bourse daily, in order + to make an almost certain profit of fifteen or twenty francs, which must + be realized before the day’s operations are over. He said he was forced to + speculate, as the pension which he received from the Government was not + sufficient to keep him from starvation. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CHAVIGNAT, an employee at the Ministry of Public Education. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CHEDEVILLE (DE), deputy for Eure-et-Loire under the Empire. He was an old + beau who had flourished in the reign of Louis Philippe, and was still + supposed to have Orleanist sympathies, though his reputed friendship with + the Emperor was sufficient to secure his success at the polls. He had gone + through all his money, and had now only the farm of La Chamade left. His + political career was cut short by a scandal which gave offence at the + Tuileries, and he was defeated by Rochefontaine, who was nominated by + Government as the official candidate. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + CHERMETTE (MADAME DE), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + CHEVASSU, a lawyer at Faverolles, who died leaving his fortune to the + Sisters of the Holy Family. His cousin, M. Charbonnel, got the will + reduced on the ground of undue influence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + CHEZELLES (MADAME LEONIDE DE), a school friend of Comtesse Muffat, who was + five years her senior. She was the wife of a magistrate. “It was rumoured + that she deceived him quite openly, but people pardoned her offence, and + received her just the same, because, said they, ‘She’s not answerable for + her actions.’” Nana. + </p> + <p> + CHIBRAY (COMTE DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He was for a time the + lover of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + CHOUARD (MARQUIS DE), father of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de Beuville. He was + a Councillor of State and Chamberlain to the Empress, but, notwithstanding + this, had kept up his relations with the Legitimist party; he was known + for his piety, and expressed the belief that his class should show an + example in morals to the lower orders. In secret, however, his life was + vicious, and many damaging stories were known of him. He was one of Nana’s + admirers, and after a visit to her he was struck by sudden imbecility and + semi-paralysis, the result of sixty years of debauchery. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CHOUARD (SABINE DE), daughter of the preceding and wife of Comte Muffat de + Beuville. She was married at seventeen, and ever since had led a + cloistered existence with a pious husband and a dictatorial stepmother. + The death of her stepmother made little difference, and the family + continued to live in an atmosphere of frigid respectability. At + thirty-four Sabine looked little older than her own daughter, and would + not have been taken for more than twenty-eight. About this time Comte + Muffat fell entirely under the influence of Nana, and a change came over + the household. Sabine accepted the attentions of Fauchery, whose mistress + she became, and soon after launched into a course of extravagance which in + the end went far to complete the ruin to which her husband was himself + contributing. Other lovers followed Fauchery, and in the end she ran off + with the manager of a large drapery store. Ultimately she returned, and + was pardoned by her husband, who had lost his own self-respect as a result + of his intrigue with Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CHOUTEAU, an old man of over ninety years of age, who with his wife lived + in a little hut in Beaumont, furnished for them by Angelique with articles + taken from the attic of her adopted parents. She, as well as Felicien + d’Hautecoeur, showed them much kindness. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + CHOUTEAU, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by + Colonel de Vineuil. He belonged to the squad of Corporal Jean Macquart. + Originally a housepainter of Montmartre, his time was almost expired when + the outbreak of war prevented his leaving the army. A revolutionary in his + ideas, he was the leader in every breach of discipline among his + companions, suggesting to them that they should throw away their knapsacks + and guns; on the plateau of Floing, in front of the enemy, he declared + that as he had not eaten he would not fight. Sergeant Sapin having been + severely wounded, Chouteau offered, along with Loubet, to remove him to + the ambulance, and the two men disappeared from the battlefield. After the + defeat of the French Army he was made prisoner at Iges, where he continued + to advise his companions in committing all kinds of excesses, going the + length of handing a knife to Lapoulle in order that he might kill Pache, + who had hidden some provisions from him. Along with Loubet he made an + attempt to escape from the Germans, and in this he attained success by + treacherously sacrificing his comrade. During the Commune he took an + active part in the excesses which were then committed; but during the + sanguinary repression which followed he was seen in the blouse of an + honest workman applauding the massacre which ensued. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + CHRISTINE. See Christine Hallegrain. + </p> + <p> + CHUCHU (MADEMOISELLE), an actress at the Varietes. A liaison between her + and Flory led to the ruin of the latter on the Stock Exchange. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CLARISSE, waiting-maid in the service of Baroness Sandorff. She betrayed + to Delcambre the confidences of her mistress. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CLEMENCE, a clerk at the fish auction. She attended the meetings in + Lebigre’s wine-shop along with Charvet, with whom she lived. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + CLEMENCE (MADEMOISELLE), occupied a room in the same tenement-house as the + Coupeaus and Lorilleux, where she took in ironing, as well as added to her + income by less reputable means. When Gervaise Coupeau’s laundry was at the + height of its success Clemence got regular employment there, but when + business began to go she had to leave. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CLEMENCE, lady’s maid to Madame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CLORINDE. See Clorinde Balbi. + </p> + <p> + CLOU, Municipal Councillor at Rognes. He played the trombone at choral + services in church. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + COEUR (GERMAINE), a <i>demi-mondaine</i> who was on intimate terms with + many members of the Paris Bourse. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + COGNET, a roadman at Rognes. He was an old drunkard, who beat his daughter + unmercifully. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + COGNET (JACQUELINE), alias LA COGNETTE, daughter of the preceding. She + went to La Borderie at the age of twelve years, and before long had + several lovers. She made her fortune, however, by resisting her master, + Alexandre Hourdequin, for six months, and when she ultimately became his + mistress she had made her position so secure that he was afterwards unable + to part with her. Notwithstanding her relations with Hourdequin, she had + other lovers, and the old shepherd Soulas, from motives of revenge, + informed Hourdequin of her intimacy with one of them, a man named Tron. + The latter, having been dismissed, killed Hourdequin and burned down the + farm, so that Jacqueline was compelled to leave La Borderie no richer than + she had come. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + COLICHE (LA), a fine cow which belonged to the Mouche family and was a + great favourite with them. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + COLIN, a notary at Havre. It was in his presence that the Roubauds made a + mutual will, leaving everything to the last survivor. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + COLOMBAN PERE, a veterinary surgeon known to all in the district of + Seine-et-Oise. He was of dissolute habits. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + COLOMBAN, a shopman who had been for many years in the employment of M. + Baudu. He was engaged to his master’s daughter Genevieve, but the marriage + was put off from time to time as Baudu’s business was not prosperous. + Meantime, Colomban had become infatuated by Clara Prunaire, a girl + employed in “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and his affection for Genevieve + rapidly cooled. Ultimately he went off with Clara, thereby hastening the + death of Genevieve, who had been in bad health for some time. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + COLOMBE. See Pere Colombe. + </p> + <p> + COMBELOT (M. DE), an Imperial Chamberlain whom the Department of the + Landes had chosen as deputy upon the formally expressed desire of the + Emperor. He was a tall, handsome man, with a very white skin, and an inky + black beard, which had been the means of winning him great favour among + the ladies. He was married to a sister of Delestang. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + COMBELOT (MADAME DE), see Henriette Delestang. + </p> + <p> + COMBETTE, a chemist at Chene-Populeux. He was assessor to the mayor, and + the information which he received on the night of 27th August, 1870, + satisfied him of the unhappy state of the Army of Chalons, which was then + on its way to the front. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + COMBETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. It was she who on the evening of + 27th August, 1870, offered hospitality to the soldier Maurice Levasseur, + who was worn out with fatigue and with the pain of his foot, which had + been injured by the long march. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + COMBEVILLE (DUCHESSE DE), mother of Princess d’Orviedo. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + COMBOREL ET CIE, a firm of ship-owners who entered into the great + transport syndicate founded by Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + COMPAN (ABBE), vicar of the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He was + on bad terms with Abbe Fenil, and consequently the other priests were + afraid to have any intercourse with him, Abbe Bourrette alone visiting him + during his last illness. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + CONDAMIN (M. DE), commissioner of woods and rivers for the district of + Plassans. He was an elderly man, whose morality was looked upon with some + suspicion by the respectable inhabitants of Plassans. He married a young + wife, whom he brought from no one knew where, but who had evidently + influential friends at Paris, as it was she who got her husband and Dr. + Porquier decorated. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + CONDAMIN (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was at first received + with some suspicion at Plassans, nothing being known of her past history, + but by the charm of her manner she soon overcame prejudice. Madame Mouret + having asked her assistance in connection with the Home for Girls proposed + by Abbe Faujas, she entered heartily into the scheme and used her + influence on its behalf. Acting on advice from her influential friends at + Paris, she assisted Faujas in the schemes which resulted in the election + of M. Delangre as deputy for Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + CONIN, a stationer at the corner of Rue Feydeau, who supplied note-books + to most members of the Bourse. He was assisted in the business by his + wife, and seldom came out of the back shop. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CONIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was on too friendly terms with + many of her customers, but was so discreet that no scandal arose. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + COQUART (LES), proprietors of the farm of Saint-Juste, which, however, + they were forced by bad times to sell. The family consisted of the father, + mother, three sons and two daughters. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + COQUETS, neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d’Or. They took a + fancy to light their cooking-stove on the stair-landing, and, as they also + owed their term’s rent, they were given notice to quit. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CORBIERE (COMTE DE), proprietor of the Paradou, an estate near Artaud. + When he died, the care of the property was confided to Jeanbernat, a + foster-brother of the Comte. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + CORBREUSE (DUC DE), proprietor of a racing-stable. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CORNAILLE, the principal draper in Valognes. Denise Baudu served her + apprenticeship to him. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + CORNEMUSE, a racehorse which was the prize of the City of Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + CORNILLE, a member of the firm of Cornille and Jenard, who held in the + eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle, which was joined in + 1760 to two neighbouring concessions, those of Comte de Cougny and of + Baron Desrumaux, in order to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + CORNILLE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the cathedral of Beaumont. He + accompanied Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur when the latter came to administer + the last rites of the Church to Angelique. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + CORREUR (MADAME MELANIE), was the daughter of a notary of Coulonges, a + town in the district of Niort. When she was twenty-four years old she + eloped with a journeyman butcher, and thereafter lived in Paris, ignored + by her family. For some time she kept a boarding-house at the Hotel + Vanneau in the Rue Vanneau, where among her lodgers were Eugene Rougon, Du + Poizet, and Theodore Gilquin. She established a claim on Rougon’s + gratitude, and he assisted a number of her friends in obtaining pensions + and appointments. Having ascertained that her brother, M. Martineau, had + made a will by which she would benefit, she, knowing him to be in bad + health, denounced him to Rougon as a dangerous Republican. His arrest and + sudden death followed. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + COSINUS, a racehorse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + COSSARD (LE PERE), prompter at the Theatre des Varietes. He was a little + hunchback. + </p> + <p> + COUDELOUP (MADAME), a baker in Rue des Poissonniers. She supplied the + Coupeaus until Lantier decided that they must have finer bread from a + Viennese bakery. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + COUGNY (COMTE DE), owner in the eighteenth century of the mining + concession of Cougny, which in 1760 was joined to two neighbouring + concessions to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + COUILLOT (LES), peasants at Rognes. Their son got the number 206 in the + drawing for the conscription. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + COUPEAU, a zinc-worker, who married Gervaise Macquart after her desertion + by Lantier. He was the son of a drunken father, but was himself steady and + industrious until a serious accident caused by a fall from a roof brought + about a change. After that he became unwilling to work and began to spend + his time in public-houses; his days of work became fewer and fewer, until, + a confirmed drunkard, he lived entirely on his wife’s earnings. Attacks of + delirium tremens followed, and in the end he died in the Asylum of + Sainte-Anne after an attack of more than usual violence. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + COUPEAU (MADAME GERVAISE), wife of the preceding. See Gervaise Macquart. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + COUPEAU (ANNA, known as NANA), born 1852, was the only child of Coupeau + and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. Almost from infancy she was allowed to + run wild in the gutters of Paris, and even in childhood her instincts were + vicious. At thirteen years of age she was sent to learn artificial-flower + making in the establishment of Madame Titreville, whose forewoman was + Madame Lerat, Nana’s aunt. She had been there some time when she began to + receive attentions from an elderly gentleman who had noticed her going to + work. Meantime her father and mother had taken to drink so seriously that + home life had become intolerable, and, after one of innumerable quarrels, + Nana ran away to her venerable admirer. After a few months she tired of + him and left, to spend her time amongst the low-class dancing-halls, in + one of which she was found by her father, who brought her home, where she + remained for a fortnight, and then ran off again. From time to time she + returned, but her visits gradually became less frequent till they ceased. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + At sixteen years of age she had a child by an unknown father, and two + years later was installed in a flat in Boulevard Haussmann by a rich + merchant of Moscow, who had come to pass the winter in Paris. Bordenave, + the director of the Theatre des Varietes, gave her a part in a play called + <i>La Blonde Venus</i>, and though her voice was poor and she was ignorant + of acting, she was by the sheer force of her beauty an immediate and + overwhelming success. All Paris was at her feet; Comte Muffat, Steiner, + the Prince of Scots himself, came in turn to offer homage. It seemed as if + this girl, born of four or five generations of drunkards and brought up on + the pavements of Paris, was to revenge her race upon the idle rich by the + wild extravagances into which she dragged them. Muffat and Steiner were + her lovers, and ruined themselves by the vast sums which she squandered; + Georges Hugon killed himself from jealousy of his brother Philippe, who + embezzled for her sake, and brought himself to imprisonment and disgrace; + Vandeuvres too, after courting dishonour, met death at his own hand; and + Foucarmont, stripped bare and cast off, went to perish in the China seas. + The procession was unending; more money was always required. After a + successful appearance in a play called <i>Melusine</i>, Nana suddenly left + Paris and went to the East. Strange stories were told of her—the + conquest of a viceroy, a colossal fortune acquired in Russia—but + nothing definite was known. When she returned to Paris in 1870 she found + that her son Louiset had been attacked by small-pox, and she herself + contracted the disease from him. A few days later she died in a room in + the Grand Hotel, nursed only by Rose Mignon, who had come to her in her + trouble. The war with Germany had just broken out, and as she lay dying + the passing crowds were shouting ceaselessly, “A Berlin, A Berlin.” Nana. + </p> + <p> + COUPEAU (LOUIS). See Louiset. + </p> + <p> + COUPEAU (MADAME), mother of Coupeau the zinc-worker. She was an old woman, + and, her sight having given way, was unable to support herself. Her + daughter, Madame Lorilleux, refused anything but the most trifling + assistance, and ultimately Gervaise Coupeau took the old woman into her + own home and supported her till her death, which occurred some years + later. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + COURAJOD, a great landscape painter, whose masterpiece, the <i>Pool at + Gagny</i>, is in the Luxembourg. Long before his death he disappeared from + the world of art, and lived in a little house at Montmartre surrounded by + his hens, ducks, rabbits, and dogs. He refused to speak of his former + fame, and when Claude Lantier called on him the old man seemed to be + entering into a second childhood, forgetful of his past. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + COUTARD, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the Second Division of the + First Army Corps, which was defeated at Wissembourg on 4th August, 1870. + He and his companion Picot were slightly wounded, and were left behind, + not being able to rejoin their regiments for three weeks, most of which + they spent tramping the country through wet and mud, endeavouring to + overtake the vanquished army of France. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + CRASSE (LA), i.e. “The Dirty.” Sobriquet of a professor at the college of + Plassans, so called by the pupils as he marked by the constant rubbing of + his head the back of every chair he occupied. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + CREVECOEUR, a lace merchant in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche left his + employment, and entered Octave Mouret’s shop on the same day as Denise + Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + CRON, a carter at Vendome. He was the father of Leonie Cron. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CRON (LEONIE), the girl to whom the Comte de Beauvilliers gave the + document which afterwards came into the hands of Busch, and was used by + him as a means of blackmailing the widow of the Comte. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + CUCHE, a family of fisher people who resided at Bonneville. They were + ruined by their house being washed away by the sea. The father and mother + lived extremely dissolute lives, and their son grew up little better than + a savage. Pauline Quenu made great efforts to reform him, but he refused + all attempts to make him settle down. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CUDORGE (MADAME), a seller of umbrellas in the Rue Neuve de la Goutte + d’Or, where she was a neighbour of Gervaise Lantier. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CUGNOT (PAULINE), daughter of a miller at Chartres who was ruined by a + lawsuit. She came to Paris, and eventually got a situation at “The Ladies’ + Paradise,” where she showed much kindness to Denise Baudu, who was at + first badly treated by the other employees there. Later on she married + Bauge, her lover, but was allowed to retain her situation. Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + D + </h2> + <p> + DABADIE, chief station-master at Havre. He was a handsome man, with the + bearing of a commercial magnate engrossed in business. Indeed, he + willingly left the passenger department of the station to his assistants, + in order that he might give particular attention to the enormous transit + of merchandise at the docks. It is said that he was on friendly terms with + Mademoiselle Guichon, the office-keeper at the station. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DAGUENET (PAUL), the favoured lover of Nana. His father who was highly + esteemed by Louis Philippe, occupied a prefecture up to the time of his + death. As for himself, he had gone through three hundred thousand francs + in eighteen months in the pursuit of pleasure, and was only able to keep + going by small speculations on the Stock Exchange. Attracted by the + fortune of Estelle Muffat, he decided to marry her, and with the + assistance of Nana obtained the consent of Count Muffat. Become serious + after marriage, Daguenet came under the influence of Theophile Venot, and + was ruled with a rod of iron by his wife, who now exhibited a character + entirely unsuspected before. He now went to Mass, and was furious with his + father-in-law, who was ruining the family on account of Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + DAGUENET (MADAME). See Estelle Muffat de Beuville. + </p> + <p> + DAIGREMONT, a Paris financier who was possessed of an enormous fortune. It + was said that his fidelity was not quite reliable, and that on one + occasion at least he played his allies false and swept away the profits. + He was approached by Saccard before the foundation of the Universal Bank, + and being assured that Eugene Rougon was to back up his brother, he agreed + to become one of the directors. He supported Saccard during the great + gamble in the shares of the bank, and even on the day of the collapse had + promised to come on the market and buy so heavily as to put up the price + of the shares. Having received information through Jacoby that Gundermann + was determined at any cost to break the market, Daigremont deserted + Saccard, and instead of buying, sold all the shares he had, thereby + bringing about the final collapse. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DAIGREMONT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was celebrated for her + beauty and for her fine singing. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DALICHAMP, a doctor at Raucourt, six kilometres from Remilly. He was a man + of brusque manner, but of excellent heart, who showed much kindness to his + patients. In the middle of August, 1870, he established an ambulance at + Raucourt, and after Jean Macquart, severely wounded, had arrived at the + house of Pere Fouchard, Dalichamp attended him secretly till his recovery. + It was through him that Henriette Weiss and Jean gained their knowledge of + the disasters which were everywhere overtaking the French army. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DAMBREVILLE, a Government official who married in order to secure + promotion through the influence of his wife. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DAMBREVILLE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. An elderly woman with a + passion for Leon Josserand, whose appointment as Maitre des Requetes she + procured by her influence. She promised to secure a wealthy wife for him, + but delayed to do so until he insisted on a match being arranged between + him and her niece Raymonde. Her friendly relations with him continued to + subsist even after his marriage. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DAMBREVILLE (RAYMONDE), niece of Dambreville. See Madame Leon Josserand. + </p> + <p> + DANSAERT, a head captain in the Voreux pit. He was brutal and overbearing + with the workmen, but humble in the presence of his superiors. Though it + was well known that he was the lover of La Pierronne, he was friendly with + her husband, and got information from him regarding the progress of the + strike. On the day of the accident in the pit he became mad with fear, and + leaped into one of the cages, leaving his men at the bottom. This action, + together with the scandals regarding him, caused the company to decide on + his dismissal. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DASTE (MADAME), a friend of the Saccards and of Madame de Lauwerens. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + DAUVERGNE, deputy station-master for the main lines at the Gare + Saint-Lazare. He occupied with his family, Claire, Henri, and Sophie, a + house belonging to the railway company in the Impasse d’Amsterdam. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DAUVERGNE (CLAIRE), daughter of the preceding and sister of Sophie. The + two sisters were both charming blondes, one eighteen and the other twenty, + who, amidst a constant stream of gaiety, looked after the housekeeping + with the six thousand francs earned by the two men. The elder one would be + heard laughing, while the younger sang, and a cage full of exotic birds + rivalled one another in roulades. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DAUVERGNE (HENRI), a chief guard in the service of the Western Railway + Company. He was in love with Severine Roubaud, but was aware of her + liaison with Jacques Lantier. He was injured in the railway accident at + Croix-de-Maufras, and having been removed to a house which belonged to + Severine, he was nursed by her there. In a hallucination of illness, he + believed that he heard, outside his window, Roubaud arranging with Cabuche + for the murder of Severine: his mistaken evidence was greatly instrumental + in leading to the conviction of the two men. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DAUVERGNE (SOPHIE), the elder of the two sisters. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DAVOINE, the purchaser of Chanteau’s timber business at Caen. When + Chanteau became incapacitated by gout, he sold his business to Davoine for + a hundred thousand francs, of which one-half was to be paid in cash and + the balance to remain in the business. Davoine was, however, constantly + launching into speculations, and the consequence was that the profits were + drained away, and the balance sheet generally showed a loss. He ultimately + became bankrupt, and Chanteau lost all the money he had left in the + business. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + DEBERLE (DOCTOR HENRI), a medical man of Passy who inherited from his + father a large fortune and an excellent practice. A chance call to attend + Jeanne Grandjean led to an intimacy with her mother, which resulted in the + fleeting love episode which forms the subject of the novel. Deberle, + deceived by the circumstances under which Helene Grandjean prevented an + assignation between his wife and M. Malignon, believed that Helene had + arranged an assignation with himself, and she found it impossible to + enlighten him without compromising his wife. The brief liaison was + terminated by the illness and death of Jeanne. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + DEBERLE (MADAME JULIETTE), wife of the preceding, was the elder daughter + of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk merchant of Paris. Empty-headed and fond + of gaiety, she was carried away by the attentions of M. Malignon, an idle + young man who went everywhere in Paris society, and to whom she was + foolish enough on one occasion to grant an assignation. Madame Helene + Grandjean, who was on intimate terms with the family, warned Madame + Deberle that her husband’s suspicions had been aroused, and that lady, + seeing in time the folly of her action, broke off the intrigue. Une Page + d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + DEBERLE (LUCIEN), the young son of Doctor Deberle. He was a playmate of + Jeanne Grandjean. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + DECKER (BARONNE), a friend of the Marquis de Chouard, who occasionally + visited her at Viroflay. Nana. + </p> + <p> + DEJOIE, a man who was appointed by Saccard to be attendant at the offices + of the newspaper purchased in the interest of the Universal Bank. He had a + small sum of money, intended for the dowry of his daughter, and to + increase this he invested it in shares of the bank. On the rise of the + shares he gained a large sum, but, refusing to sell, he lost everything in + the final catastrophe. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DEJOIE (JOSEPHINE), wife of Dejoie, who first knew her when she was cook + with Madame Leveque, sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. She was + afterwards with Dr. Renaudin, and then in a shop in Rue Rambuteau. The + husband and wife were never fortunate enough to get employment in one + place. Josephine died when her daughter was fourteen years old. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DEJOIE (NATHALIE), daughter of the preceding. In order to provide a dowry + for her, her father invested all his savings in shares of the Universal + Bank, losing everything after its failure. She was a pretty girl, but + absolutely heartless, and after the downfall of the bank she ran away from + home, leaving her old father in his poverty. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DELAHERCHE (MADAME), mother of Jules Delaherche. Her husband’s gay life + rendered her unhappy, and after she became a widow she trembled lest her + son should take to the same courses as his father; so, after marrying him + to a woman who was devout and of simple tastes, she sought to keep him in + a dependent state as though he were a mere youth. At fifty years of age, + his wife having died, Delaherche determined to marry a young widow about + whom there had been much gossip, and did so in spite of all the + remonstrances of his mother. After that she only lived on in silent + remonstrance, spending most of her time shut up in her own room. The + miseries of war told severely on the old woman, and to these were added + domestic troubles, for she became aware of her daughter-in-law’s relations + with Captain Baudoin and Edmond Lagarde. After the occupation of Sedan by + the Prussians she devoted herself to nursing her old friend Colonel + Vineuil, who had been brought to the house severely wounded. She remained + with him till his death, shut up from the world, and refusing to hear of + the defeats daily accumulating against their unhappy country. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DELAHERCHE (JULES), one of the principal cloth manufacturers of Sedan. He + owned a large factory in Rue Maqua, which had been the property of the + family for a hundred and sixty years; in the rear of the building was a + palatial courtyard shaded with old trees, gigantic elms dating from the + foundation of the establishment. Jules, married to a woman dull and + plain-looking, had been kept by his mother in the dependent position of a + mere boy, but at fifty years of age, his wife being dead, he became + enamoured of Gilberte Maginot, a pretty young widow of Charleville, and + married her in spite of the determined opposition of his mother. An ardent + Bonapartist, he was much excited by a chance meeting with Napoleon III, + but after the repeated defeats of the army in the war with Prussia his + loyalty cooled, and he ultimately charged the Emperor with all the + miseries which ensued. After the battle of Sedan an ambulance was + established in the courtyard of his factory, and the wounded Colonel + Vineuil was removed to his house. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DELAHERCHE (MADAME JULES). See Gilberte Vineuil. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DELANGRE (M.), mayor of Plassans. He was the son of a bricklayer, and when + he passed as a lawyer had to be content with petty suits that no one else + would take up. It was said that he became the lover of Madame Rastoil, and + it was certainly through her influence that he won his first cases. He was + shrewd enough to show no particular political proclivities; so after the + <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851, when they were looking out for a mayor, his + name was at once thought of. He was elected, and from that time everything + prospered with him. As a result of much scheming by Abbe Faujas, Delangre + was adopted as candidate for the representation of Plassans, and was + elected by a triumphant majority over Maurin, the Republican candidate. + After his election, he voted steadily with the Government, thus + accomplishing the object for which Faujas was sent to the town. La + Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + DELANGRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. “She was a tame little woman of + a servant-like meekness, whose dissoluteness had remained a matter of + legend in Plassans.” She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding the Home + for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and agreed to act on the Committee. La + Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + DELANGRE (LUCIEN), son of M. Delangre, mayor of Plassans. He was a young + barrister of four-and-twenty, short and sharp-eyed, with a crafty brain, + and pleaded with all the coolness of an old practitioner. On the + suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a leading part in starting the Club for + Young Men at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + DELAROCQUE, a stockbroker who was married to the sister of Jacoby. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DELCAMBRE, Public Prosecutor, afterwards Minister of Justice. Having been + for some time the lover of Baroness Sandorff, he was much annoyed at her + subsequent intimacy with Saccard, and after the failure of the Universal + Bank he instigated the proceedings which led to the conviction of its + officials. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DELESTANG (M.), son of a wine merchant at Bercy, was himself a retired + attorney and owner of a model farm. He was a man of great wealth, but of + foolish and shallow character. Having got into political trouble at the + time of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851, he was helped out of an awkward + position by Eugene Rougon. Acting on the suggestion of Rougon, he married + Clorinde Balbi, and soon after was appointed Minister of Commerce and + Agriculture. After Rougon’s second retirement from office Delestang was + appointed to succeed him as Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + DELESTANG (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Clorinde Balbi. + </p> + <p> + DELESTANG (HENRIETTE), sister of Delestang, the Minister, and wife of M. + de Combelot, Chamberlain to Napoleon III. She had a passion for the + Emperor, who, however, would not look at her. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + DELEUZE founded, along with his brother, in 1822, the drapers’ shop in + Paris known as <i>Au Bonheur des Dames</i>. When he died, his daughter + Caroline, who was married to Hedouin, succeeded to his share in the + business. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + The beginning of the business was exceedingly modest; there was only one + window in the shop, and the stock was a small one. At that time the + principal shop in the neighbourhood was the <i>Vieil Elbeuf</i>, of which + Baudu afterwards became proprietor. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DELEUZE (UNCLE), one of the founders of the shop known as <i>Au Bonheur + des Dames</i>. After the death of his elder brother he continued the + business along with his niece Madame Hedouin. He became much affected by + rheumatism, and left the management in the hands of Hedouin. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DELEUZE (CAROLINE). See Caroline Hedouin. + </p> + <p> + DELHOMME was the son-in-law of Pere Fouan, whose daughter Fanny he + married. He was the owner of a small farm, which he managed so well that + he became one of the richest of the peasant proprietors at Rognes. He was + a man of calm, upright nature, and was frequently selected as arbiter in + petty disputes. In his own affairs, however, he allowed himself to be much + influenced by his wife. He was a municipal councillor, and ultimately + became mayor. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + DELHOMME (MADAME), nee Fanny Fouan, wife of the preceding. At first a not + unamiable woman, she became hardened, and eventually the cleanliness of + her house became a mania with her. She was unkind to her father, with + whose little weaknesses she had no patience, and her persecution of him + was carried to such an extent that he ceased to live with her and her + husband. She was so annoyed at this that she refused to speak to him + again, and her ill-will was not even terminated by his death. When her + husband became mayor her conceit knew no bounds. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + DELHOMME (ERNEST), known as Nenesse, son of the preceding. From childhood + he had a fancy for dressing himself up and aping the city lads, and as he + had always a horror of the land he went to Chartres to assist in a + restaurant, with which was connected a public dancing-hall. His parents + effected an insurance against him being drawn in the conscription; but he + drew a lucky number, and the loss of the money caused his mother + considerable annoyance. He proposed to take over the <i>maison de + tolerance</i> at Chartres which belonged to his grand-aunt Madame Badeuil + and her husband, and he eventually did so by marrying their granddaughter + Elodie Vaucogne. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + DELOCHE, a bailiff in needy circumstances who resided at Briquebec. He + treated his son Henri very badly. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DELOCHE (HENRI), a young man who got employment at “The Ladies’ Paradise” + at the same time as Denise Baudu. He fell in love with Denise, but though + she refused to marry him, they remained on friendly terms, and on one + occasion he threw a glass of wine at Favier, a fellow-shopman, who + repeated a slander about her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DELORME, a relation of the Quenus. On the suggestion of Madame Chanteau he + was nominated a member of the family council of Pauline Quenu. He + consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + DENEULIN, a cousin of the Gregoires. Like his cousin, he inherited a + denier in the Montsou mines, but being an enterprising engineer, tormented + by the desire for a royal fortune, he had hastened to sell out when the + value of the denier reached a million francs. His wife possessed through + an uncle the little concession of Vandame, on which were two abandoned + pits—Jean-Bart and Gaston-Marie—and he invested all his money + in the reopening of these pits. He was a bad manager, however, and after + his wife’s death he was pillaged by every one. The great strike at Montsou + completed his ruin, and he was ultimately compelled to sell his pits to + the great company which had already acquired all the neighbouring mines, + himself receiving a situation as divisional engineer. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DENEULIN (JEANNE), second daughter of the preceding. Having lost their + mother when very young, she and her sister were brought up alone, somewhat + badly, being spoiled by their father. Jeanne was fond of painting, and had + already had three landscapes refused by the <i>Salon</i>. Her sister and + she remained cheerful in the midst of their father’s loss of fortune, and + proved themselves excellent managers. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DENEULIN (LUCIE), elder daughter of Deneulin. She was fond of music, and + at one time talked of going on the stage. Like her sister, she showed an + admirable spirit at the time of her father’s downfall. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DENIZET, examining magistrate (<i>juge d’instruction</i>) at Rouen. The + son of a cattle-breeder, he studied law at Caen, but had entered the + judicial department of the Government late in life; and his peasant + origin, aggravated by his father’s bankruptcy, made his promotion slow. + After being substitute in various places he was sent to Rouen, where he + acted as examining magistrate. He was fond of his profession, and at the + beginning of the inquiry into the murder of President Grandmorin allowed + himself to be carried away by his desire to elicit the facts of the case. + He received, however, a hint from Camy-Lamotte, the secretary to the + Minister of Justice, that caution must be exercised, and his desire to be + decorated and removed to Paris was so great that he sacrificed the + interests of justice, and caused the case to be hushed up. Later, the + murder of Severine Roubaud reopened the Grandmorin inquiry, and Denizet + was allowed a free hand in dealing with the affair. By a masterpiece of + logical deduction he set out to prove the complicity of Cabuche and + Roubaud, a complicity, however, which had no existence in fact, and the + demonstration of which by Denizet produced a gross error of justice. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DEQUERSONNIERE, an architect with whom Louis Dubuche served his + apprenticeship. He was a former winner of the Grand Prize, and was + architect of the Civil Branch of Public Works, an officer of the Legion of + Honour, and a member of the Institute. His principal production was the + church of Saint-Mathieu, a building which shared the characteristics of a + pastry-cook’s mould and a clock in the style of the First Empire. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + DESBAZEILLES, President of the Assize Court at Rouen on the occasion of + the trial of Roubaud. He was a bachelor, and an old friend of Madame + Bonnehon; a friendship which still continued, notwithstanding his sixty + years. He was the literary glory of the Court, and his cleverly turned + sonnets were well known. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DESFORGES, a stock-broker. The friendship of his wife with Hartmann, the + great financier, had been very useful to him. He died leaving a fortune, + the amount of which was minimized by some and exaggerated by others. Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DESFORGES (MADAME HENRIETTE), daughter of a Councillor of State and widow + of a stock-broker, who left her a small fortune. “Even during her + husband’s lifetime, people said she had shown herself grateful towards + Baron Hartmann, whose financial tips had proved very useful to them; and + later on, after her husband’s death, the acquaintance had probably + continued, but always discreetly.” Octave Mouret, having met her at the + house of a mutual friend, made love to her, chiefly with a view to gaining + Baron Hartmann’s assistance through her influence. Madame Desforges was + extremely jealous when she learned of Mouret’s affection for Denise Baudu + and the probability of his marrying her. In order to injure him, she + introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him money to start an + opposition establishment called “The Four Seasons.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DESIR (VEUVE), an elderly woman who kept a ball-room known as Bon-Joyeux. + She called all the miners her children, and grew tender at the thought of + the flood of beer which she had poured out for them during the last thirty + years. She gave her ball-room to the miners to hold a meeting during the + strike, and when the police arrived to break it up she held the door long + enough to allow those present to escape. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DESLIGNIERES, a toy-seller in Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DESMARQUAY, a money-changer in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot was employed in + his office. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DESROCHES, a notary at Chene-Populeux. His house there was requisitioned + for the Emperor on 27th August, 1870, during the march of the army of + MacMahon. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DESROCHES (MADAME), mother of the preceding. Their house adjoined the + early home of Maurice Levasseur, and she had been good to him when he was + a child. When the house was requisitioned for the Emperor, she had to give + up her room to him and take refuge in the garret. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DESRUMAUX (BARON), one of the founders of the coal industry in the north + of France. For forty years he struggled without yielding, in the midst of + continual obstacles, and when at last his pits began to yield a small + profit, two neighbouring concessions, that of Cougny, belonging to the + Comte de Cougny, and that of Joiselle, belonging to the Cornille and + Jenard Company, nearly overwhelmed him with their competition. Happily, on + 25th August, 1760, a treaty was made between the three concessions, + uniting them into a single one known as the Montsou Mining Company. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DESVIGNES (ADELE), see Madame Bouchard. + </p> + <p> + DIDE (AUNT). See Adelaide Fouque. + </p> + <p> + DIEUDONNE (MADAME), wife of a small farmer at Seguiranne. She brought up + her niece Sophie, who was cured of phthisis by Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur + Pascal. + </p> + <p> + DOMERGUE was formerly Director of Roads and Bridges at Plassans. He was + the father of Madame Campardon. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DOMERGUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived a retired life at Plassans + with her husband. She introduced Octave Mouret to her daughter, Madame + Campardon, when he came to Paris. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DOMERGUE (ROSE). See Madame Achille Campardon. + </p> + <p> + DROUARD (MADAME), an old actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She played + the part of Juno in the <i>Blonde Venus</i>. Nana. + </p> + <p> + DUBREUIL, a cousin of the Levasseurs. He was sub-manager of the sugar + refinery at Chene-Populeux at the time Weiss was employed there; then, in + 1868, he retired to a little property near Sedan which had come to his + wife as a legacy. On the evening before the battle, foreseeing the + disaster, he removed his wife and children to Bouillon, and next day the + house was completely destroyed during the struggle. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DUBRUEL, a pork-butcher at Plassans who took part in the attack on the + Town Hall. Three days later he was killed in the ambush arranged by Pierre + Rougon against the Republicans. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + DUBUCHE (ALICE), daughter of Louis Dubuche and of Regine Margaillan, his + wife. She was so delicate that at six years old she was still unable to + walk. Her father endeavoured to strengthen her muscles by occasionally + making her hold on to the bar of a trapeze for a few moments, but the + exercise only seemed to produce extreme terror in the unfortunate child. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + DUBUCHE (GASTON), the elder child of Louis Dubuche and of Regine + Margaillan, his wife. At the age of ten he had the feeble limbs of a + little child, and though he regularly exercised on a trapeze, he was + unable to raise himself on his wrists, the least exertion producing + profuse perspiration. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + DUBUCHE (LOUIS), eldest son of a baker of Plassans, and companion from + childhood of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz. His mother, who was very + ambitious, sent him to Paris, where he studied architecture at the School + of Art. His reverence for established formulas caused him to be out of + sympathy with the advanced school of painting advocated by Claude Lantier + and his friends, though he expressed large ideals regarding his own + profession. In time he became a first-class pupil at the school, and with + infinite trouble gained the regulation “honourable mention.” But his + parents no longer sent him any money; it became necessary for him to gain + his living, and he was already tired of earning a few francs by assisting + an architect incapable of drawing his own plans. By the aid of his master, + Dequersonniere, he gained a medal for a plan of a villa, and this brought + him prominently under the notice of Margaillan, a wealthy building + contractor, whose daughter Regine he married soon afterwards. The marriage + was not a success; his wife was always ailing, and the two children which + were born to them were so delicate as to cause constant anxiety. His + business relations with his father-in-law were a failure, some of his + ventures resulting in heavy loss, and Margaillan soon thrust him aside. + His only satisfaction was that he had been able to repay to his parents + the money they advanced for his education in Paris. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + DUBUCHE (MADAME LOUIS), wife of the preceding. See Regine Margaillan. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + DUCAT, a franc-tireur of the woods at Dieulet. He was formerly a bailiff + at Blainville, but had to leave on account of a criminal charge against + him. He was a friend of Cabasse and of Guillaume Sambuc, and took part in + the murder of Goliath Steinberg. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + DUCHESNE (GEORGES), a lover of Madame Bouchard, for whom she asked the + patronage of Eugene Rougon, which he refused on the ground of his respect + for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + DUCLOUX (LA), an old woman who lived in the neighbourhood of Croix de + Maufras, having formerly been servant in an inn. Misard was authorized to + employ her as gatekeeper on the railway after the death of Flore. She was + anxious to marry Misard, and seeing him constantly searching for the + little hoard of money which had been hidden by his deceased wife, La + Ducloux cleverly led him to believe that she knew where the money was + hidden. After she became the second Madame Misard she became infected with + the feverish anxiety of her husband, and joined with him in his untiring + search. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + DUMONTEIL, a rich silk manufacturer at Lyons. He supplied to Octave Mouret + a special make of silk with which he achieved great success. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + DU POIZAT PERE, an old bailiff at Coulonges. He was an old miser who + refused any money to his son Leopold, and even threatened him with a + pistol when he tried to borrow from him. He lived alone in an old ruinous + house with a loaded gun behind the door. His son, having become a prefect, + and wishing to dazzle the old man with his fine position, attempted to + force the door; then followed a drama mysterious and without witness, at + the end of which the old man was found lying at the foot of his staircase, + with his head split open. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + DU POIZAT (LEOPOLD), son of a process-server at Coulonges, a little town + in the district of Niort. His father, who had amassed a considerable + fortune by usury, sent him to study law in Paris, giving him an allowance + of only a hundred francs a month. Some months before the revolution of + February, 1848, he became acquainted with Eugene Rougon, who, like + himself, was boarding at that time with Madame Correur at the Hotel + Vanneau. During the Bonapartist intrigues he assisted Rougon in some risky + undertakings, and later on worked energetically to secure his election to + the Legislative Assembly as member for Deux-Sevres. After the <i>Coup + d’Etat</i> Rougon used his influence on behalf of Du Poizat, and got him + appointed sub-prefect at Bressuire. He resigned this appointment on the + advice of Rougon after the resignation of the latter as President of the + State Council. After Rougon’s return to office he was appointed prefect at + Niort. His extreme harshness and overbearing conduct produced a public + scandal, and the sudden death of his father, under peculiar circumstances, + still further increased his unpopularity. He was at his own request + transferred to another prefecture by Delestang, who succeeded Rougon as + Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + DURIEU, a wealthy brewer who, carried away by the charm of Caroline + Hamelin, married her. He became an alcoholic maniac, and on one occasion + pursued his wife with a knife. A separation was arranged, and Durieu + ultimately died in an asylum. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + DURIEU (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + </p> + <p> + DURIEU (LE PERE), a messenger at Plassans. He was a taciturn old + Provencal. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + DUTILLEUL. A flour-miller at Montsou whose mills were stopped by the + strike. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + DUVEYRIER (ALPHONSE), a counsellor at the Court of Appeal; married + Clotilde, daughter of M. Vabre. He was a man of dissolute habits, to whom + his wife’s cold nature and love of music were repugnant, and he spent much + of his time away from home. He squandered large sums of money on a woman + named Clarisse Bocquet, who afterwards left him. Having found her again, + he fell under her influence so completely as to allow her to treat him + abominably. So unhappy did he become, that he attempted to commit suicide + by shooting himself; the wound was, however, not a serious one, and he + recovered. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DUVEYRIER (MADAME CLOTILDE), wife of the preceding, was the only daughter + of M. Vabre, a notary of Versailles. She did not get on well with her + husband, who found her cold nature irksome, and, perhaps even more so, her + love of piano-playing. Her musical evenings were attended by Octave + Mouret, the Josserands, and others of the same circle. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DUVEYRIER (GUSTAVE), son of the preceding, a thin, precocious boy of + sixteen, who was being educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + DUVILLARD, the owner of a large house bought by Octave Mouret for the + enlargement of his shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + E + </h2> + <p> + ECOSSE (S.A.R. LE PRINCE D’), the son of a queen and heir to a throne. He + was tall and strong, with a fair beard and a fresh complexion. He was an + habitue of the Theatre des Varietes, and an admirer of Nana, whom he + wished to bring to London as a singer. Later, Nana spoke of him with + little respect. Nana. + </p> + <p> + ECREVISSE (L’), a celebrated <i>demi-mondaine</i> of the Second Empire. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + EMPEREUR, one of the dogs of the shepherd Soulas. He was a fierce animal, + and, like his master, hated Jacqueline Cognet. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + ERNESTINE, a woman who once occupied a room in Bourras’s house, and had + written her name in candle-smoke on the ceiling. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + ESCORAILLES (MARQUIS D’), father of Jules d’Escorailles. “The Escorailles + family was one of the oldest in Plassans, where it was treated with the + utmost respect; and Rougon, who in former days had often dragged his + worn-down boots past the old Marquis’s house, took a pride in protecting + and assisting the young man. The family retained an enthusiastic devotion + for Henri V, though it allowed its heir to serve the Empire.” The Marquis + and his wife visited Paris specially to ask the assistance of Rougon in + furthering the interests of their son. After Rougon’s proceedings against + the Sisters of the Holy Family, in the interest of the Charbonnels, they + again visited Paris to insist on their son retiring from the + administration, as they said they could not allow him to be mixed up in + any persecution of the Church. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ESCORAILLES (MARQUISE D’), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ESCORAILLES (JULES D’), son of the Marquis d’Escorailles, a nobleman of + Plassans, at whose request Rougon got Jules an appointment as auditor at + the Council of State. After Rougon’s return to office he appointed M. + Escorailles his private secretary. He carried on an intrigue with Madame + Bouchard. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ESPANET (MARQUIS D’), husband of the Marquise Adeline. He was made + aide-de-camp to the Emperor, but by his riotous conduct scandalized the + older nobility. He never appeared in society with his wife. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + ESPANET (MARQUISE D’), one of the most prominent leaders of society of the + Second Empire, was the inseparable companion of Madame Haffner, whose name + was always associated with hers by the public. They were both + schoolfellows and friends of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + EUGENIE, cook for a short time to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + EUGENIE, a child buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen, where + Bongard and Sandoz read the inscription on a poor cross, without railing, + set up slantingly across a path, “Eugenie, three days.” L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + EUGENIE (EMPRESS), referred to in Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, and La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + EULALIE, a laundress who lived in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin, when visiting + her, chanced to overhear in an adjoining room a conversation between some + Italians who had come to Paris to assassinate the Emperor. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + EULALIE, a fish-seller, mistress of Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-soif. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + EULALIE (LA MERE), a vegetable seller at Montmartre. She lodged with + Madame Mechain. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + EUSEBE, a choir-boy in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He + accompanied Abbe Bourrette to the deathbed of Abbe Compan. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + F + </h2> + <p> + FAGEROLLES PERE, a manufacturer of zinc objects of art who lived in a + gloomy old house in Rue Vieille-du-Temple. His workshop was on the ground + floor, above it was a warehouse, and still higher, facing a courtyard, + were the rooms in which he lived with his son Henri. He intended to bring + up Henri as a designer of ornaments for his own trade, and when the boy + showed higher ambitions, taking to painting proper and talking about the + School of Art, there were quarrels, blows, a series of falling-outs and + reconciliations. Even when the young man had achieved some success, the + manufacturer of artistic zincwork, while resigned to letting him have his + will, treated him harshly, like a lad who was spoiling his career. Later, + in the desire of a decoration for himself, the merchant forgot his former + opposition; he held out his son, who had now arrived at notoriety, as an + additional claim for his own distinction. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + FAGEROLLES (HENRI), son of the preceding. In the gloomy house of his + father he grew up like a true child of the Paris pavements. Though his + father desired him to become a designer of ornaments for use in his trade, + the lad had higher ambitions, and desiring to study painting, became a + student at the School of Art. Notwithstanding this orthodox training, he + was a disciple of Claude Lantier and his somewhat revolutionary band, whom + he delighted by sly attacks upon his professors and praise of themselves. + He paid particular court to Claude, under whose artistic influence he had + come, and though he continued to paint with tricky skill, he no longer + talked in anything but the jargon of the new open-air school. This did not + prevent him, however, from elsewhere making fun of the adepts of that + school, whom he accused of doing their work with a kitchen ladle. He made + a success with a picture of an actress before her glass, which caught the + popular taste, and afterwards appeared as an engraving. Taken up by + Naudet, the picture-dealer, he began to receive large prices for his work, + and by doing everything in his power to make his way in society his + position soon became secure. He was elected a member of the Hanging + Committee of the <i>Salon</i>, and secured the admission of Claude + Lantier’s picture <i>L’Enfant Mort</i>. He made large sums of money, in + the spending of which he was assisted by Irma Becot. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + FANNY (MADEMOISELLE), a work-girl in the neighbourhood of Octave Mouret’s + shop, who was sent there by her employer to match some merinos. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + FAUCHERY (LEON), a journalist and dramatic author, who wrote a piece for + the Theatre des Varietes called <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>. After numerous + liaisons he became for a time the lover of Comtesse Sabine Muffat, and + under the pressure of Comte Muffat was forced to give to Nana a leading + part in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>. Fauchery’s liaison with the Comtesse + Muffat merely interrupted for a time one of older standing with Rose + Mignon, whose husband appeared to be content with the position of + major-domo in a <i>menage a trois</i>. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FAUCHEUR (LE PERE) kept at Bennecourt a small country inn much frequented + by artists. In connection with the tavern he carried on a small business + in groceries. After the death of the Faucheurs the inn was carried on by + their niece Melie. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + FAUCHEUR (LA MERE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of old + Poirette. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + FAUCONNIER (MADAME), carried on a laundry business in Paris, and gave + employment to Gervaise Macquart after her desertion by Lantier. She + continued on friendly terms with Gervaise after the latter’s marriage to + Coupeau, at which she was present. When drink had brought about the + Coupeaus’ ruin, Madame Fauconnier again took Gervaise into her employment, + giving her work until her increasing carelessness and intemperance made + her dismissal necessary. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + FAUCONNIER (VICTOR), the young son of Madame Fauconnier. He was an idle + scamp about four years older than Nana Coupeau, and was her constant + playfellow and companion in all kinds of mischief. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + Nana, in talking over with Satin the events of her childhood, referred to + Victor as a youth who had always shown vicious tendencies. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FAUJAS (ABBE), a priest of Besancon who, having got into some trouble + there, was sent to Plassans by the Government with the view of undermining + the political influence of the clergy, who were strongly Legitimist in + their views. At Plassans he took up his residence, along with his mother, + in the house of Francois Mouret. At first he kept entirely in the + background, but assisted by Madame Mouret, who had fallen in love with + him, and by Madame Felicite Rougon, acting under instructions from her son + Eugene, the Minister of State, Faujas soon began to make himself felt in + Plassans. He appeared to take no interest in politics, but little by + little he gained power, until “the conquest of Plassans” was accomplished + and a supporter of the Government was elected as deputy. Meantime his + influence over Madame Mouret had become complete, and he had practically + taken possession of the Mourets’ house, his sister and her husband, as + well as his mother, living there with him. Thrust aside and neglected, + Francois Mouret was wrongfully removed to the asylum at Les Tulettes, + where confinement soon unhinged his not over-strong intellect. The Abbe + now became even more arrogant, and Madame Mouret was barely tolerated in + her own house. Ultimately Francois Mouret escaped from the asylum, and + returning by night to his home, set fire to it; along with him, the Abbe + Faujas and all his relations perished in the flames. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + FAUJAS (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She accompanied the Abbe to + Plassans and took up house with him there. Absolutely devoted to her son, + she made herself his slave, and sacrificed everything and every one to his + interests. It was largely through her that the gradual ousting of the + Mourets from their own home became possible; and to accomplish her ends + she stopped short at nothing; seldom speaking, but always watching, she + was ready to grasp each opportunity as it arose. Retribution came with the + escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum, and Madame Faujas perished + along with the other members of her family in the conflagration raised by + him. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + FAUJAS (OLYMPE). See Madame Olympe Trouche. + </p> + <p> + FAUQUENOIX, an associate of Baron Desrumaux in the department of the mines + of Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + FAUVELLE, a sugar-refinery at Montsou, which suffered on account of the + strike of miners. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + FAVIER, a salesman in the silk department of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” He + had for some reason an ill-will towards Denise Baudu and spread scandalous + stories about her. Henri Deloche, her friend, hearing him do so on one + occasion, threw a glass of wine in his face. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + FAYEUX, a collector of rents at Vendome. He did business in connection + with Busch, and also with La Mechain, whose cousin he was said to be. He + speculated on the bourse through Mazaud, and after the downfall of the + Universal Bank it was found that he had embezzled large sums from persons + employing him. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + FENIL (ABBE), head of the theological seminary at Plassans. He was a keen + ecclesiastic, with strong Legitimist principles, and from the first took + up a position antagonistic to Abbe Faujas. Having great influence with the + Bishop of Plassans, he was for some time able to prevent Faujas from + receiving preferment; a hint from Government, however, caused the Bishop + to change his views, and Abbe Fenil was for the time routed. It was + suspected that he ultimately induced Antoine Macquart to plan the escape + of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; an escape which led to + the death of Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + FERAUD-GIRAUD FRERES, a firm of ship-owners who joined the great transport + syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + FERNAND, a student of chemistry with Combette at Chene Populeux. He was a + cowardly lad, whom fear of the Prussians drove into a fever. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + FERNANDE, a chorus-girl at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FETU (MERE), an old woman whom Helene Grandjean visited at the request of + Abbe Jouve. At her house Helen frequently met Dr. Deberle, who was + attending her professionally at the same time. Below this house was the + flat taken by M. Malignon, who had appointed Mere Fetu caretaker, and it + was through her that Helene came to know of the assignation between + Malignon and Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + FIFI, the sobriquet of Fanny Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + FINE, the sobriquet of Josephine Gavaudan. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + FINET (ARISTIDE), the founder of the drapery business known as the <i>Vieil + Elbeuf</i>, in Paris. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of + Hauchecorne. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + FINET (DESIREE), daughter of the preceding. She married Hauchecorne, her + father’s principal salesman, who carried on the business. Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + FINET, a doctor of medicine who resided at Cloyes. He was disgusted by the + brutality of his patients, whom he accused of always sending for him when + it was too late. His indifference became such that he did not make any + inquiries about the death of Rose Fouan, whose end was hastened by her son + Buteau, or that of Pere Fouan, who was burned alive. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FIRMIN, chief huntsman to Napoleon III at Compiegne. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + FLAMINIO, the Comtesse Balbi’s man-servant, “with a face like a brigand’s, + and a long black beard.” Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + FLEUR D’EPINE, a celebrated chief of brigands who preceded Beau-Francois. + La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FLEURANCE, a putter in the Voreux pit who worked along with the Maheus. + She was found dead in her bed, and the vacancy created in the pit was + filled by Etienne Lantier. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + FLORE, the elder daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). After illness + rendered her mother unfit for work, Flore replaced her as gatekeeper at + the railway crossing at Croix-de-Maufras. She was a tall and strong girl + of eighteen, with a magnificent head of fair hair; disdainful of the male, + she had thrashed at least one would-be lover. When she was quite little + she had loved Jacques Lantier, and now it was to him alone she would have + given herself. Jacques did not care for her, however, and she came to know + that he had a mistress, Severine Roubaud. Convinced of her own right to be + loved, for she was stronger and handsomer than the other, the girl was + tortured by jealousy; and each Friday, as she saw the express rush past, + bearing the two lovers to Paris, was seized with an imperious desire to + end everything, and by causing their death prevent them from passing any + more. She accordingly brought about a terrible railway accident, in which + a large number of persons were killed; but the crime was useless, for + Severine and Jacques escaped with trifling injuries. The thought that + Jacques knew her guilt, and must in future regard her as a monster, + rendered life hateful to Flore, and to meet death she set out on a walk of + heroic determination through the tunnel of Malaunay, allowing herself to + be cut in pieces by an express train. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + FLORENCE, an actress at the variety theatres. Marsy offered her a valuable + house. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + Pauline Letellier met her one day on the boulevards accompanied by + Malignon. Juliette Deberle, who was a little jealous, assured her that + Florence was at least forty and very plain-looking. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + FLORENT, elder son of a widow who took as her second husband M. Quenu, + who, however, died three years later, leaving a son. Florent was a gentle, + studious youth, and his mother lavished all her affection on him, dying in + the end from hardships endured in her struggle to keep him at college in + Paris. After her death Florent took young Quenu, his half-brother, to live + with him in Paris, giving up all thought of continuing to attend the Law + School, and taking pupils in order to find means of sustenance. Years of + hardship followed, and Florent became imbued with Republican ideas. Two + days after the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851, while the military were firing + on the mob in the Boulevard Montmartre, he was knocked down and stunned. + When he recovered, he found that he was lying beside the body of a young + woman, whose blood had oozed from her wounds on to his hands. He was + horrified at the sight, and rushed away to join a party of men who were + throwing up barricades in an adjoining street. Worn out with fatigue, he + fell asleep, and on awakening found himself in the hands of the police. + His hands were still stained with the blood of the young woman, and the + authorities assumed that he was a dangerous character. The semblance of a + trial followed; he was condemned and transported to Cayenne. After + incredible hardships and sufferings, he escaped and returned to France. + Famished and exhausted, he tramped towards Paris, and had fallen in a + faint on the road when he was overtaken by Madame Francois, who took him + the rest of the journey on her cart. During his long absence his brother + Quenu had at first been taken in by Gradelle, a brother of his mother, to + whose business of pork-butcher he ultimately succeeded. Florent on his + return from exile was warmly received by his brother and Madame Quenu, who + told him that Gradelle, his uncle, had died, leaving a considerable sum, + and that as there was no will he was entitled to a half-share. He refused + to accept this, but agreed to live with the Quenus. This arrangement + answered well at first, but Madame Quenu got tired of seeing him always + about the house, and let him see that he must secure employment. After + some time he got an appointment as deputy inspector at the Fish Market. He + was introduced by Gavard to a small revolutionary circle which met nightly + in a cafe kept by M. Lebigre, and of which he soon became the leader. + Meantime, Mlle. Saget, who from a chance word of Pauline, the little + daughter of Quenu, had learned Florent’s past history, spread the story in + the markets, and a strong feeling was awakened against him. His + sister-in-law, Lisa, alarmed lest her husband should be compromised by the + revolutionary conspiracy, thought it her duty to inform the police. She + learned, however, that Florent’s history had all along been known, Lebigre + being a police spy, and that only a favourable opportunity was being + awaited to arrest the whole gang of conspirators. The blow fell soon + afterwards, and Florent was again sentenced to transportation to Cayenne. + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + FLORY was born at Saintes, his father being employed in the local registry + office. He came to Paris and entered the office of Mazaud, the + stockbroker. At first he did his duties well, but was soon led astray and + got into debt. Having started speculation on his own account, he became + deeply involved in the Universal bank, and on the failure of that concern + was left with a liability of a hundred thousand francs, to meet which he + had not a single sou. Subsequently he was arrested and imprisoned for + embezzling a large sum from Mazaud, his employer. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + FONTAN (ACHILLE), an actor at the Theatre des Varietes who played parts in + <i>La Blonde Venus</i> and <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>. He became for a time + the lover of Nana, but treated her so abominably that she left him. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FONTENAILLES (MLLE. DE), was descended from an aristocratic family, but + was in great poverty when a situation was found for her in “The Ladies’ + Paradise” through the influence of Madame Desforges. She proved incapable + of anything but the most menial work, and ultimately married Joseph, one + of the porters in the establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN, alias BUTEAU. See Buteau. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (FANNY). See Madame Delhomme. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (HYACINTHE), the elder son of Pere Fouan and Rose Maliverne, his + wife. He was an idler and drunkard, who, when he had left the army, after + having seen service in Africa, had taken to tramp the fields, refusing to + do any regular work, but living by theft and poaching, as though he were + still looting a trembling nation of Bedouins. Withal there looked out of + his fine, sunken eyes a merriment that was not altogether evil, the open + heart of good-humoured drunkenness. He lived with his daughter in a ruined + hut amongst some rocks near Rognes. After the division of land by his + father, Hyacinthe soon mortgaged his share and drank the proceeds, never + paying to his parents any part of the rent which had been agreed upon. For + a time he sheltered his father, but frightened the old man by searching + for some bonds which he had concealed. He had, however, neither the cold + rapacity of his sister Fanny nor the murderous instincts of his brother + Buteau. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (JOSEPH CASIMIR), the father of Marianne, Louis, Michel, and Laure. + Born in 1766, he belonged to a family of peasant proprietors which for + centuries had owned land, in varying quantities, in the neighbourhood of + Rognes. They were originally serfs of the Roques-Bouqueval family. Bit by + bit they acquired their land, until, when the Revolution of 1789 arrived, + the Fouan of that day, Joseph Casimir, was the owner of twenty-one acres—the + conquest of four centuries from the seigneurial territory. When, in 1793, + the rest of the estate was declared national property and sold in lots by + auction, he was too timid to purchase any, and had the mortification to + see La Borderie sold to Isidore Hourdequin, a citizen of Chateaudun, for a + fifth of its value. When he became old he divided his twenty-one acres + between three of his family, Marianne, Louis, and Michel, and gave a + corresponding sum of money to his younger daughter Laure, who had been + brought up as a sempstress and was in service at Chateaudun. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (LAURE), younger daughter of the preceding. See Madame Charles + Badeuil. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (LOUIS), known as Pere Fouan. He was the son of Joseph Casimir + Fouan, and married Rose Maliverne, by whom he had three children, + Hyacinthe, Buteau, and Fanny. He received seven acres of land from his + father, and his wife brought him twelve acres more. This land he + cultivated well, and with a passion for the soil, as such, which amounted + to frenzy. It alone had his love, and his wife and children trembled + before him under a rude despotism. At seventy years of age he was still + healthy, but his limbs were failing, and he reluctantly decided to divide + his land between his children. He retained his house and garden, which had + come to him with his wife, and his family undertook to pay him a rent for + the land handed over to them. Upon this, along with a nest-egg of three + hundred francs per annum, known to no one, the old people would be able to + live comfortably. The division made, the family soon became rapacious; + Hyacinthe never paid anything, Buteau only a part, and Delhomme, Fanny’s + husband, alone fulfilled his obligation. Mere Fouan died, and the old man + lived alone for a year; after that he went to his daughter Fanny Delhomme, + but her unkindness made his life miserable, and he accepted in turn the + hospitality of his two sons, Buteau and Hyacinthe, both of whom had come + to suspect the existence of his nest-egg and were anxious to secure it. In + this sordid aim Buteau was eventually successful, and his subsequent + treatment of the old man was even more infamous than it had been before. + From this time Pere Fouan lived in isolation; he spoke to none and looked + at none; as far as appearances went, he might have been blind and dumb. + But even worse was to follow. He had seen the assault on Francoise Mouche + which resulted in her death, and to ensure his silence he was murdered by + Buteau and Lise, his son and daughter-in-law, who attempted to suffocate + him, and subsequently burned him alive in his bed. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (MADAME ROSE), wife of the preceding, nee Maliverne. She worked on + the farm like a man, rising first and going to bed last, her only reward + being that she had lived. Stupid, and reduced by labour to the level of an + animal, she had always trembled before the despotic authority of her + husband. She brought up her family without love, and as if she resented + their requiring even the simple necessaries of life. She did not long + survive the division of land by her husband. Her favouritism for + Hyacinthe, her elder son, excited the jealousy of Buteau, who in the + course of a quarrel threw her to the ground, when she received such + injuries that she died a few hours afterwards. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (MARIANNE). See La Grande. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (MICHEL). See Pere Mouche. + </p> + <p> + FOUAN (OLYMPE), daughter of Hyacinthe. Her mother, who was a tramp, ran + off when the child was three years old, leaving her to grow up as best she + could. She was passionately fond of geese, of which she had a large flock. + When little more than a child, she had as her lovers Delphin Becu and + Nenesse Delhomme. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FOUCARMONT, a naval officer who in ten years saved some money which he + proposed to invest in the United States. He fell into the hands of Nana, + however, and was soon completely ruined. When she turned him out of doors + penniless, she merely advised him to go back to his ship. He was drowned + later in the China seas. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FOUCART, the owner of a cheap restaurant frequented by Jory, Mahoudeau, + and their band. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + FOUCART (MADAME), the nurse who attended Sidonie Rougon at the birth of + Angelique and left the child at the foundling hospital. She assisted + Sidonie both by taking her into her house and lending her money, but when + Madame Foucart herself fell into difficulties Sidonie did nothing for her, + not even paying back what she owed. It was from Madame Foucart that Hubert + subsequently got information regarding the parentage of Angelique. Le + Reve. + </p> + <p> + FOUCHARD, father of Honore Fouchard, and uncle, on the mother’s side, of + Henriette and Maurice Levasseur. He was a small farmer at Remilly, who to + make money more quickly took up the trade of butcher also. Avaricious to + the last degree, and with a nature of unpitying hardness, he opposed the + marriage of Honore with his servant Silvine Morange. At the end of two + years of waiting Honore went off, after a terrible scene with his father, + though the old man still kept the girl, with whom he was well pleased. + When the French troops were marching to Sedan, Fouchard concealed all the + animals on his farm, burying even his supply of bread and wine, in the + hope of being able to sell to better advantage later on. The death of his + son, who was killed in the battle, cost him a few tears, but he was + quickly consoled by some good purchases of horses stolen from the + battlefield. He took Prosper Sambuc as farm-worker, because the soldier, + being liable to imprisonment by the Prussians, could not ask him for any + wages. He began to do a considerable trade in butcher-meat with the + conquering army, selling them all the diseased animals that he could + secure. A suspicion of being concerned in the death of Goliath Steinberg + led to his arrest, but he was released soon afterwards, thanks to the + intervention of Captain von Gartlauben, a friend of the Delaherches. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + FOUCHARD (HONORE), only son of the preceding. At twenty years of age, in + 1867, he drew a good number for the conscription, but on account of the + opposition of his father to his marriage with Silvine Morange, he + enlisted, and was sent to Africa, in the artillery. When he heard that + Silvine had become the mistress of Goliath Steinberg he became so ill that + he had to remain in hospital for three months. He afterwards received a + letter from Silvine saying that she had never loved any one but him, and + when passing through Remilly on his way to the front, he saw her and + forgave everything. His battery was among those which on 1st September, + 1870, defended the Calvary d’Illy, but was cut to pieces by the terrible + fire of the Prussians. Honore was killed, and fell across his gun, firmly + grasping the letter from Silvine, which in his death-struggle he had drawn + from his bosom. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + FOUGERAY (MADEMOISELLE DE), eldest daughter of the Baronne de Fougeray. + She entered a convent, because it was said, a young man with whom she was + in love had died. The event created much talk in all classes of society in + Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FOUQUE (ADELAIDE), generally known as Aunt Dide, the common ancestress of + the Rougon-Macquarts, born at Plassans in 1768, was the last + representative of a family who had owned a market-garden there for several + generations. “This girl, whose father died insane, was a long, lank, pale + creature, with a scared look and strange gait.” In 1786, six months after + the death of her father, she married one of her own workmen, named Rougon, + “a rough-hewn peasant from the Basses Alpes.” Rougon died fifteen months + after his marriage, leaving a son named Pierre. Scarcely a year had + elapsed before the widow took as her lover a man named Macquart, who lived + in a hovel adjoining her own property, and two children were born. The + legitimate son, Pierre Rougon, was brought up along with his half brother + and sister, Antoine and Ursule, with whom, however, he was not on good + terms. From her eighteenth year Adelaide was subject to nervous fits, + which brought on convulsions, and though she was not yet insane, these + repeated shocks produced cerebral disorders. “She lived from day to day + like a child; like a fawning animal yielding to its instincts.” These + conditions continued for about twenty years, till the death of Macquart, + and the children grew up as best they could. By this time Pierre realized + the situation, and playing upon his mother’s mental weakness, he brought + her completely under his sway. On the death of Macquart, Adelaide went to + live in the hovel bequeathed to her by him, and Pierre sold the family + property, appropriating the price. Living at first entirely alone, her + intellect became more and more affected by the recurring convulsive fits. + Subsequently her grandson Silvere Mouret lived with her, but after his + execution, of which she was a witness, she became quite insane. La Fortune + des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + She was always under restraint, and remained a living sore to the family. + The little property which belonged to her son Antoine Macquart was close + to the asylum where she was confined, and Pierre Rougon seemed to have + placed him there to look after her. Adelaide seldom spoke, and for twelve + years had never moved from her chair. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + At 104 years old she was still living in the asylum at Les Tulettes. She + was little better than a skeleton, and in her long, thin face it was only + in the eyes that there was any sign of life. Immovable in her chair, she + remained from year to year like a spectre, calling up the horrors of her + family history. A sudden accident, the death of little Charles Saccard + from nasal hemorrhage, wakened in her sleeping brain recollections of + years before; she saw again the murder of Silvere, killed by a + pistol-shot, and she saw also her lover Macquart, the smuggler, killed + like a dog by the gendarmes. The shock proved too much for her feeble + strength, and she died the following day (in 1873), aged 105 years, three + months, and seven days. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + FOUSSET (LE PERE), tenant of the farm of Millouard, in the Canton of + Orgeres. He was a victim of the band of brigands commanded by + Beau-Francois. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FRANCHOMME (LOUIS), a cousin of Francoise Hamelin and her brother, with + whom he went to reside for a time when recovering from a fever. His wife + having become fond of Angelique Marie, who lived at that time with + Francoise Hamelin, he obtained permission to take her to Paris, where she + could be taught the trade of making flowers. Unfortunately, however, he + died three months later. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + FRANCHOMME (THERESE), wife of the preceding. After the death of her + husband, she, being in delicate health, was obliged to leave the city and + go to live with her brother Rabier, a tanner, who was settled at Beaumont. + She died a few months afterwards, leaving to the care of the Rabiers the + child Angelique, whom she had brought with her from Paris. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + FRANCIS, the hairdresser of Nana. He was in the habit of lending money to + his customers, and on one occasion he found, with the assistance of + Labordette, a hundred thousand francs for Comte Muffat, who required the + money for Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FRANCIS, coachman to the Gregoires. He also did the heavy work of the + household. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + FRANCOIS, a wine-merchant whose shop was situated at the corner of Rue des + Poissonniers and of Rue de la Goutte d’Or. Coupeau frequently spent whole + days there. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + FRANCOIS, concierge and footman in Nana’s establishment. He was the + husband of Victorine, the cook. He received visitors in the hall, wearing + a gorgeous livery. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FRANCOIS (MADAME), a market-gardener of Nanterre. She drove regularly to + Paris in the early morning with her vegetables, and on one occasion found + Florent lying on the road from want and exhaustion. She took him to town + in her cart, and subsequently showed kindness to him and Claude Lantier. + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + FRANCOISE, housemaid to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + FRANCOISE, the servant of M. and Madame Sandoz in their little house in + Rue Nollet. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + FRANGIPANE, a horse which belonged to Baron Verdier and ran in the Grand + Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + FREDERICK (MADAME), a widow who held the position of “second hand” in the + dress department of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + FIRMAT, an old peasant of Rognes who was a neighbour of Mouche. He became + paralysed. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + FIRMAT (LA), wife of the preceding. She was well known in the village for + her knowledge of animals, and was frequently consulted when it would + otherwise have been necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon. She worked + hard to support her invalid husband, to whom she was devoted, and wept at + the thought that he was soon to die. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + G + </h2> + <p> + GABET (MERE), an old woman who assisted the Huberts with their washing. + She became ill, and being in great poverty, was assisted by Angelique, and + later by Felicien. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + GAGA, an elderly <i>demi-mondaine</i> who had flourished in the reign of + Louis Philippe, and was still notorious in the Second Empire. She had a + daughter named Lili, who became the mistress of the Marquis Chouard. Nana. + </p> + <p> + GAGEBOIS, glass-works at Montsou. The strike of miners led to the fires + being extinguished. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GAGNIERE, an artist, one of the band of Claude Lantier. He belonged to + Melun, where his well-to-do parents, who were both dead, had left him two + houses; and he had learned painting, unassisted, in the forest of + Fontainebleau. His landscapes were conscientious and excellent in intent, + but his real passion was music. Becoming more and more engrossed in this, + he took lessons in playing the piano from a middle-aged lady whom he + married soon afterwards. He established himself at Melun in one of his two + houses, going to Paris two or three times a month to attend a concert, and + he continued to exhibit each year at the <i>Salon</i> one of his little + studies of the banks of the Seine. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + GALISSARD, a haberdasher of Plassans, whose daughter married Professor + Lalubie. She was a pretty girl to whom Claude Lantier and Sandoz used to + sing serenades. + </p> + <p> + GARCONNET, a Legitimist who was Mayor of Plassans at the time of the <i>Coup + d’Etat</i>. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + GARTLAUBEN (VON), captain in the Prussian Army. During the occupation of + Sedan he was billeted on Delaherche. He was a person of some importance, + as his uncle had been made Governor-General at Rheims, and exercised + sovereign power over the district. Fascinated by Gilberte Delaherche, his + chief wish was to be taken for a man of refinement, and not for a + barbarous soldier. He was able to render some services to the Delaherches, + and to make the Prussian occupation easier for them. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + GASC, proprietor of a racing-stable. One of his horses, named Boum, ran in + the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + GASPARINE, a tall, handsome girl of Plassans, with whom Achille Campardon + fell in love. She had no money, however, and he married her cousin Rose + Domergue, who had a dowry of thirty thousand francs. Tears and + recriminations followed, and Gasparine went to Paris, where for some time + she had a situation in the shop of Madame Hedouin. Madame Campardon having + fallen into ill-health, her husband returned to his first love, and a + liaison existed between him and Gasparine for a considerable time. + Ultimately she went to live with the Campardons, and managed their + household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + GASTON was the son of a general, and was the same age as the Prince + Imperial, though much stronger than he. The Emperor frequently made + inquiries regarding the child. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + GAUDE, bugler in the 106th regiment of the line. “He was a big, skinny, + sorrowful, taciturn man, without a hair on his chin, and blew his + instrument with the lungs of a whirlwind.” On the 1st September, during + the defence of the Hermitage, he became seized with the madness of + heroism, and continued to blow after his comrades had been slain and until + he himself was shot down. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + GAUDIBERT (ISIDORE), Mayor of Barbeville since 1850, wrote some poetry on + political subjects, and was decorated by the Minister of State, Eugene + Rougon. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + GAUDRON, husband of Madame Gaudron. He was described as having the + sluggishness of a beast. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + GAUDRON (MADAME), a wool-carder who lived with her husband and their large + family in the same tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. She + was one of the guests at the Coupeaus’ wedding. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + GAUDRON FILS, the eldest child of the Gaudrons, was a journeyman + carpenter. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + GAUJEAN (M.), a silk manufacturer of Lyons who was dissatisfied with the + monopoly created by the large establishments, such as that of Octave + Mouret, and thought it could be broken by the creation of special shops in + the neighbourhood, where the public could find a large and varied choice + of articles. With this object he assisted Robineau to purchase Vincard’s + business by giving him credit to a large amount; the scheme was not + successful, and he lost heavily. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + GAUTIER, a wine-grower at Saint-Eutrope, with whom Francois Mouret had + dealings at one time. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + GAVARD, originally kept a rotisserie or poultry-roasting establishment in + the Rue Saint-Jacques, at which time he became acquainted with Florent and + Quenu. In 1856 he retired from this business, and to amuse himself took a + stall in the poultry-market. “Thenceforth he lived amidst ceaseless + tittle-tattle, acquainted with every little scandal in the neighbourhood.” + Gavard was a leading spirit in the revolutionary circle which met in + Lebigre’s wine-shop, and was the means of bringing Florent to attend the + meetings there. He was arrested at the same time as Florent and was + transported. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + GAVAUDAN (JOSEPHINE), a market-woman of Plassans who married Antoine + Macquart in 1826. She was much addicted to drink, but worked in order to + keep her husband in idleness. She died in 1850. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + GEDEON, an ass which belonged to Mouche. It was very mischievous, and on + one occasion got access to a vat of new wine, with the result that it + became extremely drunk. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + GEORGES, a young man whose acquaintance Renee Saccard made by chance while + walking one day on the Quai Saint-Paul. Her fancy for him passed without + her ever having asked his family name. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + GERALDINE, a character in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>, played by Clarisse + Besnus at the Theatre des Varietes. It was originally intended that the + part should be played by Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + GILQUIN (THEODORE), a lodger at Madame Correur’s hotel at the same time as + Eugene Rougon and Du Poizat. A man of shady character, he was frequently + employed by Rougon, and by a fortunate accident was able to give him + warning of the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor. He was + rewarded with the appointment of Commissary of Police at Niort. On the + order of Rougon, he arrested Martineau, Madame Correur’s brother. He was + removed from his position on account of having compromised himself by + taking a bribe to procure a conscript exemption from service. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + GIRAUD (TATA) kept at Plassans a boarding-school for children, where the + sculptor Mahoudeau had known Pierre Sandoz and other comrades who met + later in Paris. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + GODARD (ABBE), cure of Bazoches-le-Doyen. The authorities of Rognes, which + was in his parish, refused to provide for a priest of their own, and Abbe + Godard, in order to perform Mass, had to walk each Sunday the three + kilometres which separated the two communes. He was a short, stout man of + hasty temper, who was disgusted with the indifference and irreligion of + his parishioners, and his services were the shortest and baldest possible. + In spite of his temper, he had, however, a passion for the miserable, and + to these he gave everything—his money, his linen, almost the clothes + off his back. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + GODEBOEUF, a seller of herbs who occupied the shop in Rue Pirouette which + formerly belonged to Gradelle, the pork-butcher. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + GODEMARD, a pupil of Dequersonniere, the architect. See Gorju. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + GOMARD, the keeper of a working-man’s cafe in Rue de la Femme-sans-Tete, + under the sign <i>Au Chien de Montargis</i>. Claude Lantier occasionally + took his meals there. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + GONIN, a family of fisher-folks who lived at Bonneville. It consisted of + Gonin, his wife, and one little girl. A cousin of the wife, named Cuche, + came to live with them after his house had been washed away by the sea. + Gonin soon after fell into bad health, and his wife and Cuche treated him + so badly that the police talked of an inquiry. Pauline Quenu tried to + reform the little girl, who had been allowed to grow up wild. La Joie de + Vivre. + </p> + <p> + GORJU, a pupil of Dequersonniere, and himself a future architect. On one + of the walls of the studio one could read this brief statement: “The 7th + June, Gorju has said that he cared nothing for Rome. Signed, Godemard.” + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + GOUJET, a blacksmith from the Departement du Nord, who came to Paris and + got employment in a manufactory of bolts. “Behind the silent quietude of + his life lay buried a great sorrow: his father in a moment of drunken + madness had killed a fellow-workman with a crowbar, and after arrest had + hanged himself in his cell with a pocket-handkerchief.” Goujet and his + mother, who lived with him, always seemed to feel this horror weighing + upon them, and did their best to redeem it by strict uprightness. “He was + a giant of twenty-three, with rosy cheeks and blue eyes, and the strength + of a Hercules. In the workshop he was known as Gueule d’Or, on account of + his yellow beard. With his square head, his heavy frame, torpid after the + hard work at the anvil, he was like a great animal, dull of intellect and + good of heart.” For a time the Coupeaus were his neighbours, and he came + to love Gervaise with a perfectly innocent affection, which survived all + disillusionments, and subsisted up to the time of her death. It was he who + lent her money to start a laundry, and afterwards repeatedly assisted her + when in difficulties. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + GOUJET (MADAME), mother of the preceding, was a lace-mender, and lived + with her son in part of the house first occupied by the Coupeaus. She + showed much kindness to them, though she was distressed by her son’s + infatuation for Gervaise, and did not altogether approve of his lending + her money to start a laundry. Notwithstanding this, she continued to + assist Gervaise until neglect of work entrusted made it impossible to do + so longer. She died in October, 1868, of acute rheumatism. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + GOURAUD (BARON), was made a Baron by Napoleon I, and was a Senator under + Napoleon III. “With his vast bulk, his bovine face, his elephantine + movements, he boasted a delightful rascality; he sold himself + majestically, and committed the greatest infamies in the name of duty and + conscience.” La Curee. + </p> + <p> + GOURD (M.), at one time valet to the Duc de Vaugelade, and afterwards + doorkeeper in the tenement-house in Rue de Choiseul which belonged to M. + Vabre, and was occupied by the Campardons, the Josserands, and others. He + spent much of his time spying on the tenants, and posed as guardian of the + morals of the establishment. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + GOURD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was the widow of a bailiff at + Mort-la-Ville, and she and her present husband owned a house there. She + was exceedingly stout, and suffered from an affection of the legs which + prevented her from walking. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + GRADELLE, brother of Madame Quenu, senr., and uncle of Florent and Quenu. + He was a prosperous pork-butcher in Paris, and after Florent’s arrest he + took young Quenu into his business. He died suddenly, without leaving a + will, and Quenu succeeded to the business, and to a considerable sum of + money which was found hidden at the bottom of a salting-tub. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + GRAND-DRAGON (LE), one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + GRANDE (LA), elder daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan, and sister of Pere + Fouan, Michel Mouche, and Laure Badeuil. Married to a neighbour, Antoine + Pechard, she brought to him seven acres of land against eighteen which he + had of his own. Early left a widow, she turned out her only daughter, who, + against her mother’s will, wished to marry a poor lad named Vincent + Bouteroue. The girl and her husband died of want, leaving two children, + Palmyre and Hilarion, whom their grandmother refused to assist. At eighty + years of age, respected and feared by the Fouan family, not for her age + but for her fortune, she exacted the obedience of all, and still directed + the management of her land. She bitterly reproached her brother Louis for + dividing his property between his children, and warned him that he need + not come to her when they had turned him into the street, a threat which + she carried into effect. She took delight in the squabbles of the Fouan + family, exciting their cupidity by promising them a share of her property + at her death. Meantime she made a will which was so complicated that she + hoped it would lead to endless lawsuits amongst her heirs. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + GRANDGUILLOT, a notary at Plassans. He embezzled large sums belonging to + his clients, among whom was Dr. Pascal Rougon, and thereafter fled to + Switzerland. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + GRANDJEAN (M.), son of a sugar-refiner of Marseilles. He fell in love with + Helene Mouret, a young girl of great beauty, but without fortune; his + friends bitterly opposed the match, and a secret marriage followed, the + young couple finding it difficult to make ends meet, till the death of an + uncle brought them ten thousand francs a year. By this time Grandjean had + taken an intense dislike for Marseilles, and decided to remove to Paris. + The day after his arrival there he was seized with illness, and eight days + later he died, leaving his wife with one daughter, a young girl of ten. + Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + GRANDJEAN (MADAME HELENE), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + </p> + <p> + GRANDJEAN (JEANNE), born 1842, was the daughter of M. Grandjean and Helene + Mouret, his wife. She inherited much of the neurosis of her mother’s + family along with a consumptive tendency derived from her father, and from + an early age had been subject to fits and other nervous attacks. One of + these illnesses, more sudden and severe than usual, caused her mother to + summon Doctor Deberle, and thus led to an intimacy which had disastrous + results. Jeanne’s jealous affection for her mother amounted almost to a + mania, and when she came to suspect that Dr. Deberle had become in a sense + her rival, she worked herself into such a nervous state that she exposed + herself to a chill, and having become seriously ill, died in a few days, + at the age of thirteen. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + GRANDMORIN (LE PRESIDENT), one of the directors of the Western Railway + Company. “Born in 1804, substitute at Digne on the morrow of the events in + 1830, then at Fontainebleau, then at Paris, he had afterwards filled the + posts of procurator at Troyes, advocate-general at Rennes, and finally + first president at Rouen. A multi-millionaire, he had been member of the + County Council since 1855, and on the day he retired he had been made + Commander of the Legion of Honour.” He owned a mansion at Paris in Rue du + Rocher, and often resided with his sister, Madame Bonnehon, at Doinville. + His private life was not unattended by scandal, and his relations with + Louisette, the younger daughter of Madame Misard, led to her death. A + somewhat similar connection with Severine Aubry, a ward of his own, had + less immediately serious consequences, as he arranged for her marriage to + Roubaud, an employee of the railway company, whom he took under his + protection. Three years later Roubaud learned the truth by chance, and + murdered Grandmorin in the Havre express between Malaunay and Barentin. + The President left a fortune of over three and a half million francs, + among other legacies being one to Severine Roubaud of the mansion-house of + Croix-de-Maufras. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + GRANDMORIN (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was the wife of a + magistrate, M. de Lachesnaye. She was a narrow-minded and avaricious + woman, who affected ignorance of her father’s real character, and the + influence of her husband tended to increase her meanness. After the murder + of President Grandmorin, when vague suspicions fell on Roubaud, Berthe + took up a position antagonistic to her old play-fellow Severine Roubaud, + in the hope that a legacy left by Grandmorin to her would be cut down. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + GRANDSIRE (M.), the justice of peace who assisted the Huberts in making + the necessary arrangements for their adoption of Angelique. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + GRANOUX (ISIDORE), one of the group of conservatives who met in Pierre + Rougon’s yellow room to declaim against the Republic. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + GRAS (MADAME), an old lady living in the Rue des Orties, who boarded and + lodged young children for a small sum. When Denise Baudu got a situation + in “The Ladies’ Paradise,” she put her young brother Pepe under the charge + of Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + GREGOIRE (CECILE), daughter of Leon Gregoire. Her parents were devoted to + her, and brought her up in happy ignorance, allowing her to do much as she + liked. They taught her to be charitable, and made her dispense their + little gifts to the poor; these were always in kind, as they held that + money was likely to be misused. When the great strike broke out at + Montsou, Cecile could comprehend nothing of the revolt of the poor, or the + fury with which they regarded those better off than themselves, and when + she fell into the hands of a fierce crowd was almost paralysed under the + attack of La Brule and of Pere Bonnemort, from which she escaped with + difficulty. A little later she chanced to call on a charitable errand at + Maheu’s house, and unfortunately was left alone for a few moments with + Bonnemort, who was now supposed to be helpless. The sight of her seemed, + however, to waken memories in the old man, for in an accession of madness + he found strength to throw himself upon the poor girl and strangle her. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GREGOIRE (EUGENE), grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He inherited the share in + the Montsou mine bought by his father, but the dividends at that time were + small, and as he had foolishly invested the remainder of the paternal + fortune in a company that came to grief, he lived meanly enough. The share + passed to his son Felicien. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GREGOIRE (FELICIEN), son of the preceding and father of Leon Gregoire. The + family fortune began with him, for the value of the share in the Montsou + mine had greatly increased, and he was able to buy the dismembered estate + of Piolaine, which he acquired as national property for a ludicrous sum. + However, bad years followed; it was necessary to await the conclusion of + the revolutionary catastrophes, and afterwards Napoleon’s bloody fall. The + little fortune of Felicien Gregoire passed to his son Leon. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GREGOIRE (HONORE), great-grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He was in 1760 + steward on the estate of Piolaine, a property which belonged to Baron + Desrumaux. When the Montsou treaty was made, Honore, who had laid up + savings to the amount of some fifty thousand francs, yielded tremblingly + to his master’s unshakable faith. He gave up ten thousand francs, and took + a share in the Montsou Company, though with the fear of robbing his + children of that sum. When he died his share passed to his son Eugene. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GREGOIRE (LEON), great-grandson of Honore Gregoire. It was he who profited + at a stupefying rate of progress by the timid investment of his ancestor. + Those poor ten thousand francs grew and multiplied with the company’s + prosperity. Since 1820 they had brought in cent for cent ten thousand + francs. In 1844 they had produced twenty thousand; in 1850, forty. During + two years the dividend had reached the prodigious figure of fifty thousand + francs; the value of the share, quoted at the Lille Bourse at a million, + had centrupled in a century. Six months later an industrial crisis broke + out; the share fell to six hundred thousand francs. But Leon refused to be + alarmed, for he maintained an obstinate faith in the mine. When the great + strike broke out he would not be persuaded of its seriousness, and refused + to admit any danger, until he saw his daughter struck by a stone and + savagely assaulted by the crowd. Afterwards he desired to show the + largeness of his views, and spoke of forgetting and forgiving everything. + With his wife and daughter Cecile he went to carry assistance to the + Maheus, a family who had suffered sadly in the strike. Cecile was + unfortunately left alone with old Bonnemort, Maheu’s father, who in a + sudden frenzy attacked the girl and strangled her. This terrible blow + entirely shadowed the lives of Gregoire and his wife. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GREGOIRE (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a + druggist at Marchiennes. She was a plain, penniless girl, whom he adored, + and who repaid him with happiness. She shut herself up in her household, + having no other will but her husband’s. No difference of tastes separated + them, their desires were mingled in one idea of comfort; and they had thus + lived for forty years, in affection and little mutual services. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + GRESHAM, a jockey who, it was said, had always bad luck. He rode Lusignan + in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + GROGNET, a perfumer in Rue de Grammont, whose business was ruined by the + growth of Octave Mouret’s great establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + GROSBOIS, a Government surveyor who had also a small farm at Magnolles, a + little village near Rognes. Liable to be summoned from Orgeres to + Beaugency for purposes of survey, he left the management of his own land + to his wife, and in the course of these constant excursions he acquired + such a habit of drinking that he was never seen sober. That mattered + little, however; the more drunk he was the better he seemed to see; he + never made a wrong measurement or an error in calculation. People listened + to him with respect, for he had the reputation of being a sly, acute man. + La Terre. + </p> + <p> + GUENDE (MADAME DE), a friend of the Saccards. She was a woman well known + in the society of the Second Empire. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + GUEULE-D’OR, the sobriquet of Goujet. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + GUEULIN, nephew of Narcisse Bachelard, was a clerk in an insurance office. + Directly after office hours he used to meet his uncle, and never left him, + going the round of all the cafes in his wake. “Behind the huge, ungainly + figure of the one you were sure to see the pale, wizened features of the + other.” He said that he avoided all love affairs, as they invariably led + to trouble and complications, but he was ultimately caught by his uncle in + compromising circumstances with Mademoiselle Fifi, who was a protegee of + the old man. Bachelard insisted on their marriage, and gave the girl a + handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + GUIBAL (MADAME), wife of a barrister well known at the Palais de Justice, + who led, it was said, a somewhat free life. The husband and wife were + never seen together, and Madame Guibal consoled herself with M. De Boves, + from whom she derived such large sums of money that he found difficulty in + carrying on his own establishment. She was a tall, thin woman, with red + hair, and a somewhat cold, selfish expression. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + GUICHON (MADEMOISELLE), the office-keeper at the railway station at Havre. + She was a slim, fair woman about thirty years of age, who owed her post to + M. Dabadie, the chief station-master, with whom it was generally believed + she was on intimate terms. Nevertheless Madame Lebleu, who lived on the + same corridor and kept perpetual watch, had never been able to discover + anything. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + GUIGNARD, a peasant who belonged to the same village as Zephyrin Lacour. + He desired to sell his house, and Zephyrin and Rosalie, his sweetheart, + looked forward to buying it. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + GUILLAUME, a peasant of Rognes. He owned a piece of land beside the hovel + of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + GUILLAUME, a young swineherd at La Borderie. He afterwards became a + soldier. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + GUIRAUD (M. DE), a magistrate of Paris, who was a friend of Doctor Deberle + and visited at his house. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + GUIRAUD (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was on intimate terms with + Madame Deberle, and took part in the amateur theatricals arranged by that + lady. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + GUIRAUDE (MADAME), mother of Sophie and Valentin, patients of Dr. Pascal. + Her husband died of phthisis, and she herself suffered from a slow + decomposition of the blood. She died soon after her son Valentin. Le + Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + GUNDERMANN, the great Jew banker, master of the Bourse and of the + financial world. He was a man of over sixty years of age, who had long + suffered from ill-health. Constantly engaged in business of the greatest + magnitude, he never went to the Bourse himself; indeed, he even pretended + that he sent no official representatives there. He was not on friendly + terms with Saccard, and when the Universal Bank was started he placed + himself in antagonism towards it. The wild speculation in the shares of + the bank gave him his chance; his principle was that when a share rose + above its true value a reaction was bound to follow. Accordingly, when the + bank shares rose to two thousand francs he began to sell, and though + Saccard by steady buying forced them to over three thousand francs, he + continued to sell. His losses meantime were, of course, enormous, but + having got information through Baroness Sandorff that Saccard’s resources + were at an end, he made a final effort, with the result that a panic + ensued, the price of the shares broke, and Saccard, along with the bank, + was ruined. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + GUNTHER (OTTO), captain in the Prussian Guard. He was a cousin of Weiss on + the mother’s side. His feelings were strongly anti-French, and he refused + to give any assistance to Henriette Weiss after the death of her husband, + when she was searching for his body. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + GUSTAVE, Maxime Saccard’s hairdresser. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + GUTMANN, a soldier in the Prussian Army, who took part in the attack on + Bazeilles. It was he who tore Henriette Weiss from the arms of her + husband, who, being a civilian, was about to be executed for firing upon + the Prussian troops. Henriette found him later in the ambulance at + Remilly. He was unable to speak, a ball having carried away half his + tongue, and they could only guess from the sounds he made that his name + was Gutmann. Henriette, moved by pity, remained with him to the end, and + she alone followed him to the place of burial. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + GUYOT (ABBE), a priest of Saint-Eutrope. He took duty temporarily at + Artaud while Abbe Mouret was ill. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + GUYOT-LAPLANCHE, a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, + whom Clorinde Balbi gained to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + H + </h2> + <p> + HAFFNER, a well-known manufacturer, at Colmar. He was a multi-millionaire, + and became a politician during the time of the Second Empire. He was the + husband of Suzanne Haffner. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + HAFFNER (MADAME SUZANNE), wife of a celebrated manufacturer of Colmar, a + millionaire twenty times over, whom the Empire was transforming into a + politician. She was the inseparable companion of the Marquise d’Espanet, + and had been a schoolfellow of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + HALLEGRAIN (CAPTAIN JACQUES), the father of Christine. He was a Gascon + from Montauban. A stroke of paralysis in the legs caused his retirement + from the army, and he settled at Clermont with his wife and daughter. One + day, when they were at church, he died of a second attack of paralysis. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + HALLEGRAIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She survived him for five + years, remaining at Clermont, managing as well as she could on her scanty + pension, which she eked out by painting fans, in order to bring up her + daughter as a lady. During these five years Madame Hallegrain became each + day paler and thinner, until she was only a shadow; one morning she could + not rise, and she died, looking sadly at Christine, with her eyes full of + great tears. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + HALLEGRAIN (CHRISTINE), daughter of the preceding, was born at Strasburg. + Her father died when she was twelve years old, and her mother, who had a + severe struggle to make a living for herself and her child, only survived + him five years. Christine was left penniless and unprotected, without a + friend, save La Mere des Saints-Anges, the Superior of the Sisters of the + Visitation, who kept her in the convent until she got a situation as + reader and companion to Madame Vanzade, an old lady who lived in Paris. + Chance led to a meeting between Christine and Claude Lantier on the + evening of her arrival in the city, and the acquaintanceship ripened into + love. Ultimately she ran off with him, and they took up house at + Bennecourt, where they lived happily for several years, a son being born + to them in 1860. She was devoted to Claude, who was engrossed in his art, + and when she saw that he was becoming discontented in the country she + urged his return to Paris. There he became obsessed by the idea of a + masterpiece, by means of which he was to revolutionize the world of art, + and Christine allowed him to sacrifice their child and herself to his + hopes of fame. They began to encroach on the principal of their small + fortune, and while this lasted were not unhappy, though Claude’s + increasing mental disturbance already gave cause for anxiety. Their + marriage had taken place some time previously, and this had tended to make + her position more comfortable. The exhaustion of their means was followed + by great hardships, but Christine continued to sacrifice everything to her + husband. The death of their child drew him away from his task for a time, + but he again took it up, his mind becoming more and more unhinged. + Christine made a last effort to detach him, but the call of his + masterpiece was too strong, and one morning she found him hanging in front + of the picture, dead. She fell on the floor in a faint, and lay there to + all appearance as dead as her husband, both of them crushed by the + sovereignty of art. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + HAMELIN (CAROLINE), sister of Georges Hamelin, accompanied him to Paris + after the death of their father. She took a situation as governess, and + soon after married a millionaire brewer in whose house she was employed. + After a few years of married life, she was obliged to apply for a + separation in order to avoid being killed by her husband, a drunkard who + pursued her with a knife in fits of insane jealousy. Living with her + brother, in the flat of the Orviedo mansion above that occupied by + Saccard, she made the acquaintance of the latter, becoming after a time + his housekeeper and subsequently his mistress. During the absence of her + brother in the East, after the foundation of the Universal Bank, she did + everything she could to protect his interests, and tried to persuade + Saccard to discontinue the gambling in the shares of the bank which + ultimately led to its ruin. Like her brother, she sold all her shares in + the bank, and after the final crash divested herself of all her means in + the assistance of ruined shareholders. She followed her brother in his + flight to Rome. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + HAMELIN (GEORGES), son of a Montpellier physician, a remarkable savant, an + enthusiastic Catholic, who had died poor. After his father’s death he came + to Paris, along with his sister Caroline, and entered the Polytechnic + school. He became an engineer, and having received an appointment in + connection with the Suez Canal, went to Egypt. Subsequently he went to + Syria, where he remained some years, laying out a carriage road from + Beyrout to Damascus. He was an enthusiast, and his portfolio was full of + schemes of far-reaching magnitude. Having met Saccard in Paris, he joined + with him in the formation of the Universal Bank, which was intended to + furnish the means of carrying out some at least of his schemes. Against + his wish, Hamelin was made chairman of the bank, and he thus became liable + for the actions of the other directors, though he was himself absent in + the East forming the companies in which the bank was interested. He was a + man of high honour, and when the gamble in the shares of the bank reached + an excessive point, he did all he could to restrain it, even selling his + own shares. The money received for these was subsequently used in + relieving other shareholders who lost their all. When the crash came, + Hamelin was arrested along with Saccard, and, after trial, was sentenced + to five years’ imprisonment and a fine of three thousand francs. By a + technicality of law they were allowed a month to appeal, during which they + were at liberty. With the connivance of Eugene Rougon, they fled the + country, Hamelin going to Rome, where he secured a situation as an + engineer. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + HAMELIN (FRANCOISE), sister of M. Hamelin, a farmer, who lived at + Soulanges. She brought up Angelique Marie, who was handed over to her by + the Foundling Hospital when only a few days old. Angelique remained with + her until she went to Paris with Madame Franchomme, some years later. Le + Reve. + </p> + <p> + HARDY, tax-collector at Cloyes. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + HARTMANN (BARON), Director of the Credit Immobilier, a concern which had + large interests in property immediately adjoining “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + The Baron had been a lover of Madame Desforges, and through her influence + he agreed to give financial support to Octave Mouret, thereby enabling him + to carry out the large schemes of extension to which he had long looked + forward. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + HAUCHECORNE, principal assistant in the draper’s shop known as <i>Vieil + Elbeuf</i>. He married Desiree, the daughter of his employer, and + succeeded to the business, which he ultimately handed over to Baudu, his + own son-in-law. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + HAUCHECORNE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Desiree Finet. + </p> + <p> + HAUCHECORNE (ELIZABETH), daughter of the preceding. See Madame Baudu. + </p> + <p> + HAUTECOEUR (MONSEIGNEUR JEAN D’) was a member of one of the oldest and + proudest families in France. He was for some time in the army, and until + he was forty years of age he led an adventurous life, travelling + everywhere and having many strange experiences. At last he chanced to meet + Mademoiselle Pauline, daughter of the Comte de Valencay, very wealthy, + marvellously beautiful, and scarcely nineteen years of age. They were + married, but at the end of a year Pauline had a son and died. A fortnight + later M. d’Hautecoeur entered into Holy Orders, and soon became a priest; + twenty years afterwards he was made a bishop. During all that time he + refused to see Felicien, his son, who had been brought up by an old abbot, + a relation of his wife. He intended to have his son brought up as a + priest, but the lad having no vocation, he gave up the idea and brought + him to live at Beaumont. There Felicien met and fell in love with + Angelique, but the Bishop sternly forbade any thought of marriage between + them, and even went the length of arranging a marriage between his son and + Claire de Voincourt. A touching personal appeal by Angelique had no effect + in gaining the Bishop’s consent, but he was secretly much moved, and when + she fell into ill-health he himself came to administer the last rites of + the Church. Her semi-miraculous recovery led to the Bishop consenting to + his son’s marriage, which was celebrated a few months later in the + cathedral of Beaumont. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + HAUTECOEUR (MARQUISE JEAN XII DE). See Paule de Valencay. + </p> + <p> + HAUTECOEUR (ANGELIQUE DE). See Angelique Marie. + </p> + <p> + HAUTECOEUR (FELICIEN D’), only child of Jean d’Hautecoeur, who was + afterwards Bishop of Beaumont. Felicien’s mother having died at his birth, + his father took Holy Orders, and refused to see him for over twenty years. + Having ultimately come to live with his father at Beaumont, Felicien met + and fell in love with Angelique, the adopted daughter of Hubert, the + chasuble-maker. The Bishop having absolutely refused to consent to the + marriage, the Huberts endeavoured to separate the lovers by persuading + Angelique that Felicien no longer cared for her. They were aided in this + by a rumour that Felicien was to marry Claire de Voincourt. A meeting + between Angelique and Felicien cleared away the mists, but by this time + the girl had fallen into ill-health and appeared to be dying. The Bishop, + who had formerly been secretly moved by an appeal made to him by + Angelique, came to administer to her the last rites of the Church. A + semi-miraculous recovery followed, and, the Bishop having consented, + Felicien was married to Angelique in the cathedral of Beaumont. The + recovery had, however, been a mere spark of an expiring fire, for as + Felicien led his new-made wife to the cathedral porch, she slipped from + his arm, and in a few moments was dead. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + HAZARD, a horse in the Mechain stable. It ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. + Nana. + </p> + <p> + HEDOUIN (CHARLES), originally a salesman in the draper’s shop known as <i>Au + Bonheur des Dames</i>, he became a partner by marrying Caroline Deleuze, a + daughter of one of the proprietors. He fell into ill-health, but when he + died the business was left in a flourishing condition. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + HEDOUIN (MADAME CAROLINE), wife of M. Hedouin, the proprietor of a + draper’s shop in Paris known as “The Ladies’ Paradise.” She was a handsome + woman with strong commercial capabilities, and during the frequent + absences of her husband she undertook the management of the business. When + Octave Mouret came to Paris, he first got employment at “The Ladies’ + Paradise,” and with a view to establishing his position he conceived the + idea of becoming Madame Hedouin’s lover. She discouraged his advances, + however, and he gave up his situation. M. Hedouin died soon afterwards, + and his widow, finding the responsibilities of business too heavy, invited + Octave Mouret to return; a few months afterwards they were married. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + After her marriage with Octave Mouret the business extended rapidly, and + an enlargement of the shop soon became necessary. While the work was in + progress she met with an accident which resulted in her death three days + later. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + HELENE (DUCHESSE), the principal character in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>, a + piece by Fauchery played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was + originally given to Rose Mignon, but was played by Nana, who was a + complete failure in it. Nana. + </p> + <p> + HELOISE, an actress at the Folies. She was plain-looking, but very + amusing. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + HENNEBEAU, general manager of the Montsou Mining Company, was born in the + Ardennes. In his early life he had undergone the hardships of a poor boy + thrown as an orphan on the Paris streets. After having followed the + courses of the Ecole des Mines, at the age of twenty-four he became + engineer to the Sainte-Barbe mine, and three years later he became + divisional engineer in the Pas-de-Calais, at the Marles mines. When there + he married the daughter of the rich owner of a spinning factory at Arras. + For fifteen years they lived in the same small provincial town, and no + event broke the monotony of existence, not even the birth of a child. An + increasing irritation detached Madame Hennebeau, who was disdainful of + this husband who gained a small salary with such difficulty. The + misunderstandings between them became more pronounced, but with the view + of pleasing his wife Hennebeau accepted a situation in an office in Paris. + But Paris only completed their separation, for she immediately threw + herself into all the luxurious follies of the period. During the ten years + spent there she carried on an open intrigue with a man whose desertion + nearly killed her. It was then that her husband accepted the management of + the Montsou mines, still hoping that his wife might be changed down there + in that desolate black country. When the great strike of miners broke out + he at first minimized its seriousness, thinking that it would not last a + week. By his lack of decided action he forfeited to some extent the + confidence of his directors, but he regained this by the subsequent + measures taken by him for bringing the strike to an end, and ultimately + received the decoration of an officer of the Legion of Honour. His + domestic life was, however, once more embittered by the discovery of a + liaison between his wife and his nephew, Paul Negrel. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + HENNEBEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a rich + spinner at Arras. She did not get on well with her husband, whom she + despised for his small success, and after she accompanied him to Paris she + entered into a notorious liaison with a man whose subsequent desertion + nearly killed her. For a time after their removal to Montsou she seemed + more contented, but this did not last long, and she ultimately consoled + herself with her husband’s nephew, Paul Negrel. She was angry at the + strikers, as they interfered with the arrival of provisions for a + dinner-party which she was giving; but she was incapable of understanding + the sufferings of the miners and their families in the hardships they were + forced to undergo. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + HEQUET (CAROLINE), a well-known <i>demi-mondaine</i> in Paris. Her father, + who was a clerk in Bordeaux, was long since dead, and her mother, + accepting the situation, looked after Caroline’s financial affairs with + the strictest regularity. She bought the estate known as <i>La Mignotte</i> + after Nana tired of it. Nana. + </p> + <p> + HEQUET (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She was a model of orderliness, + who kept her daughter’s accounts with severe precision. She managed the + whole household from some small lodgings two stories above her daughter’s, + where, moreover, she had established a work-room for dressmaking and plain + sewing. Nana. + </p> + <p> + HERBELIN, a great chemist whose discoveries revolutionized that science. + Lazare Chanteau, who was for some time in his laboratory as an assistant, + got from him the idea of extracting chemicals from seaweed by a new + process. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + HERMELINE, a student of rhetoric at the college of Plassans. He was in + love with Sister Angele, and once went the length of cutting his hands + with his penknife to get an opportunity of seeing and speaking to her + while she dressed his self-inflicted hurts. In the end the student and the + Sister ran off together. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + HIPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + HIPPOLYTE, valet to Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou Mining Company. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + HOMME NOIR (L’), an apparition said to haunt the Voreux pit. It was said + to take the form of an old miner who twisted the necks of bad girls. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + HONORINE, a maid-servant with the Gregoires. She was a girl of some twenty + years, who had been taken in as a child and brought up in the house. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + HONORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils. When dismissed for + misconduct she became insolent. + </p> + <p> + HORN (LEA DE), a Parisian <i>demi-mondaine</i> whose drawing-room was + frequented by some of the old ministers of Louis Philippe. Nana. + </p> + <p> + HORTEUR (ABBE), parish priest of Bonneville, was a thick-set man of + peasant-like build whose red hair was still unsilvered by his fifty years. + Much of his time was spent in cultivating a small plot of ground in the + churchyard, which he had enclosed as a vegetable garden. With regard to + religion, he had come to be contented with the observance of outward + ceremonies, and his tolerance had degenerated into a state of indifference + as to the spiritual condition of his flock. He was on good terms with + Chanteau, with whom it was his custom to play draughts every Saturday. La + Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + HOTON, a sugar-refinery at Montsou. Its prosperity was greatly affected by + the strike of miners. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + HOURDEQUIN (ALEXANDRE), born 1804, was the only son of Isidore Hourdequin. + He studied at the college of Chateaudun, but made little progress, as his + only interest was in farming, for which he had an absolute passion. On the + death of his father he became master of La Borderie, which he cultivated + on the latest principles of agriculture, spending large sums upon it. He + married a sister of Baillehache, the notary, who brought him a + considerable sum, which also went into the land. His wife died in a few + years, leaving him with two children, a son named Leon, who to his great + disappointment became a soldier, and a daughter who died young. In spite + of these misfortunes he retained all his passion for the land, and in it + he gradually sunk all his fortune, getting little from it in return. A + liaison with Jacqueline Cognet, followed, and she gradually acquired + complete influence over him. He died as the result of an accident brought + about by Tron, one of his own servants, who was also a lover of + Jacqueline. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + HOURDEQUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Baillehache. + La Terre. + </p> + <p> + HOURDEQUIN (ISIDORE), born 1767, was the descendant of an old peasant + family of Cloyes, which had educated and elevated itself into a + middle-class position in the sixteenth century. They had all been employed + in the administration of the salt monopoly, and Isidore, who had been left + an orphan, was worth sixty thousand francs, when at twenty-six, the + Revolution cost him his post. As a speculation he bought the farm of La + Borderie for a fifth of its value, but the depreciation of real estate + continued, and he was unable to resell it at the profit of which he had + dreamed. He therefore determined to farm it himself, and about this time + he married the daughter of a neighbour, who brought him an additional + hundred and twenty acres of land. He had one son, Alexandre, and died in + 1831. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + HOURDEQUIN (LEON), son of Alexandre Hourdequin. He had an intense hatred + of the soil and became a soldier, being promoted Captain after Solferino. + He did not visit his home more than once a year, and was much annoyed to + discover the liaison between his father and Jacqueline Cognet. He + endeavoured to get the latter into disgrace, but the only effect was to + make a complete breach between his father and himself. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + HOURDEQUIN (MADEMOISELLE), the second child of Alexandre Hourdequin. She + was a delicate and charming girl, tenderly loved by her father. She died + young, a short time after her mother. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + HOUTELARD, a fisherman of Bonneville, whose house was washed away after + the destruction by the sea of the barricade erected by Lazare Chanteau. La + Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + HUBERT, a chasuble-maker who lived in a house immediately adjoining the + cathedral of Beaumont. “For four hundred years the line of Huberts, + embroiderers from father to son, had lived in this house.” At twenty years + of age he fell in love with a young girl of sixteen, Hubertine, and as her + mother refused to give her consent to their union they ran away and were + married. On the morning after Christmas, 1860, he found the child + Angelique lying in a fainting condition in the snow outside the cathedral + door. Having taken her into his house, he and his wife soon became + attached to her, and as they had no children, ultimately adopted her as + their daughter. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + HUBERTINE, wife of the preceding. At the age of sixteen she fell in love + with Hubert, the chasuble-maker, and as her mother, widow of a magistrate, + would not give her consent, they ran away and were married. A year later + she went to the deathbed of her mother, who, however, disinherited her and + gave her her curse. “So affected was she by the terrible scene that her + infant, born soon after, died.” The Huberts had no other children, and + after twenty-four years they still mourned the little one they had lost. + She warmly approved of the adoption by her husband and herself of the + foundling child Angelique, whom she treated with the greatest kindness. + From the bitterness of her own experience she had a horror of disobedience + to parents, and when she found that the consent of Monseigneur + d’Hautecoeur could not be obtained to a marriage between his son Felicien + and Angelique, she did all she could to sever the lovers. In this she was + successful for a time, until the illness of Angelique, and her miraculous + recovery, induced the Bishop to give his consent. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + HUE (M.) a retired Government official, who was a sincere lover of art. He + was unfortunately not rich enough to be always buying pictures, and could + only bewail the blindness of the public which allowed a genius to die of + starvation; for he himself, convinced, had selected Claude Lantier’s + crudest works, which he hung by the side of his Delacroix, predicting an + equal fortune for them. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + HUGON (MADAME), mother of Philippe and Georges Hugon. She was the widow of + a notary, and lived quietly at Fondettes, an old family property near + Orleans, but had retained a house in Paris in Rue de Richelieu. She had + been an old friend of the Marquise de Chouard, and was on intimate terms + with her daughter, the Comtesse Sabine. A woman of high principles, she + believed that one should overlook much in others in order that something + might be pardoned in oneself. In this she contrasted strongly with her old + friend the Marquis de Chouard, who professed the most rigorous virtue + while he secretly lived a shameful life. She was, however, unable to bear + with equanimity the eccentricities of Nana, her neighbour in the country, + who led Philippe Hugon into dishonour, and his brother Georges to suicide. + Nana. + </p> + <p> + HUGON (GEORGES), the younger son of Madame Hugon. At seventeen years of + age he became infatuated with Nana, and a liaison with her followed. His + mother, having discovered the state of affairs, interfered, and kept him + at Fondettes for some months after Nana had returned to Paris, but he + ultimately followed her there. Though he was not affected by the knowledge + that Nana had other lovers, he was driven to frenzy when he learned that + his brother Philippe had become one of the number. He implored Nana to + marry him, and when she refused to take his offer seriously he plunged a + pair of her scissors into his breast. The injury was not immediately + fatal, but he died a few months afterwards; some said as the result of the + wound reopening, while others spoke of a second and successful attempt at + suicide. Nana. + </p> + <p> + HUGON (PHILIPPE), the elder son of Madame Hugon. A tall, handsome youth, + he quickly attained the rank of lieutenant in the army, and was stationed + first in the garrison at Bourges, and afterwards at Vincennes. His mother + imprudently sent him to endeavour to release Georges from the toils of + Nana, with the result that he was himself ensnared. He had little money of + his own, and, as the demands of Nana were unceasing, he began to take + small sums from the regimental funds, of which he was treasurer. The + thefts went on for a considerable time, and when discovery was made they + amounted to twelve thousand francs. Philippe was arrested, and when he was + released from prison some months afterwards, dishonoured for ever, he was + only in time to join his mother at the death-bed of her other son, who was + also a victim to Nana’s unhappy influence. Nana. + </p> + <p> + HUGUENIN, held a sinecure worth six thousand francs at the Ministry of the + Interior. When he died Eugene Rougon, the Minister, gave the post to Leon + Bejuin. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + HUPEL DE LA NOUE (M.), <i>prefet</i> of the district for which M. Mareuil + was member. He arranged the <i>tableaux vivants</i> at the great party + given by Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + HURET, a member of the Chamber of Deputies who obtained his election + through the influence of Eugene Rougon. His very existence depended on the + favour of the Minister of State, towards whom he conducted himself as a + sort of general servant. “By following this calling for a couple of years + he had, thanks to bribes and pickings, prudently realized, been able to + increase his estates.” Having ascertained that Rougon would not oppose the + foundation of the Universal Bank, Huret became a director; later on, when + the shares had risen to their highest point, he sold out in the knowledge + that Rougon had decided to abandon his brother and that a catastrophe + would be inevitable. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + HUTIN, a salesman in the silk department of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” “He + had managed after eighteen months’ service to become one of the principal + salesmen, thanks to a natural flexibility of character, a continual flow + of caressing flattery under which was concealed a furious rage for + business.” Having conspired against Robineau, the “second hand” in his + department, he succeeded him, only to be conspired against in turn by his + own subordinates. When Denise Baudu first came to “The Ladies’ Paradise” + Hutin showed her some kindness, for which she was grateful, but ultimately + he made statements about her which were entirely without foundation. Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + HUTIN (MADAME), a woman who lived in the vicinity of the <i>Halles + Centrales</i>, and was spied on by Mademoiselle Saget, whose penetrating + eyes allowed none of her neighbours to escape notice. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + I + </h2> + <p> + ISABELLE, a character in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i> a piece by Fauchery, + played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Simonne + Cabiroche. Nana. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + J + </h2> + <p> + JABOUILLE, an herbalist, whose shop was situated in Rue de Cherche-Midi. + He was a widower, and married for the second time a woman named Mathilde. + His shop was at one time prosperous, but business fell away until what was + left was only that of an equivocal character. He died of syncope induced + by phthisis. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + JABOUILLE (MADAME MATHILDE), wife of the preceding. She was a woman of + about thirty, plain-looking, and exceedingly thin. From the time of her + marriage to Jabouille, his business began to decrease, and this, it would + appear, was due to her reputation, which alarmed the more respectable + customers. Her liaisons were numerous, and included Mahoudeau, Chaine, and + Jory, but after the death of her husband she married the last named, + settling down into respectability and ruling him with a rod of iron. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + JACOBY, a Jew from Bordeaux, between whom and Mazaud there was keen + rivalry. “Though of great experience and shrewdness, he was sorely + handicapped by his passion for speculation, and in spite of considerable + profits always seemed on the eve of a catastrophe. His money melted away + on settling days.” He acted as broker for Daigremont, and also for + Gundermann. The great gamble in the shares of the Universal Bank resolved + itself into a duel between Jacoby and Mazaud, the one selling on behalf of + Gundermann, and the other buying on behalf of Saccard; and the final + catastrophe was hastened by Jacoby warning Daigremont of Gundermann’s + determination to crush out the bank. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + JALAGUIER (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene + Rougon, the Minister, to increase the old lady’s pension considerably. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + JALAGUIER FILS, son of the preceding. Madame Correur took an interest in + him, and asked Eugene Rougon to secure a scholarship for him. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + JANTROU, an ex-professor of the University of Bordeaux, who in consequence + of some misconduct was obliged to leave for Paris, without caste or + position. At the age of twenty-eight, he landed at the Bourse, where for + ten years he dragged out existence as a <i>remisier</i> or broker’s tout. + At the time of the foundation of the Universal Bank he suggested to + Saccard the purchase of a newspaper to be employed in the interest of the + company. The purchase was carried out, and Jantrou was appointed editor. + Subsequently other papers were acquired, which he manipulated so as to + keep the bank continually before the public. He gave information to + Baroness Sandorff which she repeated to Gundermann, who was induced + thereby to continue his attack on the bank. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + JEANBERNAT, the caretaker of the deserted estate of Paradou in Provence. + He lived by himself with his niece Albine in an old house on the border of + the demesne. In an attic he had found a large number of books which had + been saved from a fire in the old mansion, and these he studied for twenty + years, imbibing from them the rationalistic theories of the eighteenth + century. He had no respect for religion, and particularly disliked Brother + Archangias, who insulted both him and his niece. After the death of Albine + he attacked Archangias, and cut off his right ear with a pocket-knife. La + Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + JENARD, a partner in the firm of Cornille and Jenard, which developed in + the eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + JESUS CHRIST, the sobriquet of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + JEUMONT (M. AND MADAME), were well known in society during the Second + Empire. The Emperor admired Madame Jeumont, and her husband was decorated + by him. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + JOBELIN (AUGUSTE), son of Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to regulations, Eugene + Rougon took him into the office of the Minister of the Interior without + the necessary bachelor’s degree. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + JOBELIN (COLONEL), a friend of Eugene Rougon, through whose aid he hoped + to secure a nomination as commander of the Legion of Honour, and an + appointment for his son. He was a cousin of M. Bouchard. After Rougon’s + return to office he received the appointment as commander. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + JOIRE (ABBE), Cure of Montsou. He pretended not to interest himself in + anything, so as not to vex either the workers or the masters. During the + strike he took his walks at night, to prevent himself from being + compromised by the miners. He obtained promotion, and was replaced by Abbe + Ranvier. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + JONCQUIER, a lover of Rose Mignon, who deserted her for a time in favour + of Laure. Nana. + </p> + <p> + JONCQUOY (MADAME DU), an old friend of the Muffats. Years ago she had met + Bismarck, who struck her as stupid; she was unable to understand his later + success. Nana. + </p> + <p> + JORDAN (PAUL), a journalist, whose father, a Marseilles banker, had + committed suicide in consequence of some disastrous speculations. He + married a daughter of M. Maugendre, to whom he had been betrothed in more + prosperous days. His wife brought him no dowry, as her parents were + against the marriage on the ground of Jordan’s occupation and want of + means. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, he received an appointment + on the staff of the newspaper purchased to support the policy of the + Universal Bank. He did not speculate, however, and remained in comparative + poverty, until the success of a novel which he had written put him in more + comfortable circumstances, and even enabled him to give assistance to his + wife’s parents after they were ruined by the failure of the bank. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + JORDAN (MADAME MARCELLE), wife of the preceding. She was the only child of + M. Maugendre, who was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + JORY (EDOUARD), was the son of a magistrate of Plassans, whom he drove + crazy by his profligate conduct. In the end he ran off with a music-hall + singer under the pretext of going to Paris to follow the literary + profession. Notwithstanding the fact that his profligacy went to even + greater lengths in the city, he was successful in journalism, and soon + earned between seven and eight thousand francs a year as a leader-writer + and art critic. His first success was gained in a series of articles in a + little newspaper called <i>Le Tambour</i>, in which he fell foul of the + accepted canons of art, and hailed Claude Lantier and his companions as + the founders of a new school. Later he claimed to have made Fagerolles by + his articles, in the same manner as he formerly took credit for making + Lantier. He gradually dropped his old friends, however, finding that the + public only laughed at their productions, and in excuse pleaded that he + had not a journal in which he could support their cause; but when, still + later, he became director of a great Art review, he preserved the same + silence. After innumerable love affairs, he ended by marrying Mathilde + Jabouille. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + JORY (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mathilde Jabouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSEPH, a butler in the employment of Nana at La Mignotte. Nana. + </p> + <p> + JOSEPH, an old soldier who secured a situation in “The Ladies’ Paradise” + through the influence of Lhomme, whose foster brother he was. He married + Mlle. de Fontenailles, a shop-girl in the establishment. Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + JOSEPH (MADAME), the concierge of the house on Quay Bourbon where Claude + Lantier lived. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + JOSSE (MADEMOISELLE) kept a little school for young children in Rue + Polonceau. Anna Coupeau was her pupil, and made herself such a nuisance + that twice Mademoiselle Josse sent her away, taking her back each time in + order not to lose the small fees. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + Nana in later years exchanged reminiscences with Satin, who, like herself, + had been a pupil at Mademoiselle Josse’s school. Nana. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND PERE, the father of Josserand, the cashier at the Saint-Joseph + glass-works. He was originally a solicitor at Clermont. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND, cashier at the St. Joseph glass-works. His salary was not a + large one, and in consequence of the determination of his wife to keep up + a greater style than they could afford, he was engaged in a continual + struggle to make ends meet; to gain a few extra francs he frequently spent + much of the night addressing circulars for a firm of publishers. Worn out + by hard work and by the continual bickerings of his wife and daughters, he + was not in a condition to stand the disgrace of his daughter Berthe’s + liaison with Octave Mouret, and he was struck down by paralysis, which + soon after resulted in his death. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND (MADAME ELEANORE), wife of the preceding. Her two objects in + life were to appear better off than she really was, and to secure husbands + for her daughters. In the latter quest she had many disappointments, and + her temper, never good, correspondingly suffered, her unfortunate husband + bearing the brunt. A marriage having ultimately been arranged between + Berthe Josserand and Auguste Vabre, Madame Josserand made a strong effort + to induce her brother, Narcisse Bachelard, to pay the dowry which he had + long ago promised to his niece. As he refused to do so, Madame Josserand + overcame the difficulty by a subterfuge of doubtful honesty. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND (BERTHE), second daughter of M. Josserand. After several + ineffectual efforts to secure a husband she became engaged to Auguste + Vabre, the elder son of her father’s landlord. Difficulties as to a dowry + followed, but these were surmounted by somewhat shady means, and the + marriage took place. Vabre’s health was not good, and Berthe soon became + discontented, a state of mind largely induced by the bad advice of her + mother. About this time Octave Mouret came to be assistant in Vabre’s + shop, and Berthe, carried away by his attentions, entered upon an + unfortunate liaison with him. Discovery by Vabre led to Berthe’s return to + her parents’ home, and it was only after a considerable time that a + reconciliation was brought about by the efforts of Abbe Mauduit. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND (HORTENSE), elder daughter of M. Josserand. Her mother + endeavoured to secure a husband for her, but she made her own choice, + selecting one Verdier, a lawyer. The marriage was put off from time to + time as Verdier had got entangled with a woman from whom he found + separation difficult. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND (LEON), elder son of M. Josserand. He was a young man of + ambition, who hoped to rise through the influence of Madame Dambreville, + whose lover he became. Ultimately she arranged a marriage between him and + her niece Raymonde, who brought him a large dowry. Soon afterwards by the + same means he was appointed <i>Maitre des Requetes</i>. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding. See Raymonde. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOSSERAND (SATURNIN), younger son of M. Josserand. He was a powerful young + man of twenty-five, whose mind had been seriously affected by an attack of + brain fever; though not actually insane, he was subject to fits of blind + fury whenever anybody annoyed him. When his sister Berthe was a little + girl, he nursed her through a long illness, and since he saved her life he + adored her with a deep, passionate devotion. The preparations for her + marriage to Auguste Vabre affected him so seriously that his removal to an + asylum became necessary, and he remained there for some time. On his + release he went to live with his sister and her husband, but domestic + trouble having arisen, his mind again became so unhinged that he made an + attempt on the life of his brother-in-law and had again to be taken to an + asylum. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JOUVE (ABBE), an officiating priest at Notre Dame de Grace, the parish + church of Passy. He had known M. Grandjean at Marseilles, and showed much + kindness to Helene after the death of her husband, assisting her in + settling up her affairs. Along with M. Rambaud, his half-brother, he was a + regular visitor at Helene’s house, and later endeavoured to arrange a + marriage between her and his brother. He was devoted to Jeanne Grandjean, + and helped to nurse her during her fatal illness. An amiable, kind-hearted + man, he was greatly beloved by his parishioners. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + JOUVE, a retired captain in the army, and afterwards one of the four + inspectors at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” In addition to acting as spy on the + staff he watched the customers, and it was he who detected Madame de Boves + in the act of stealing some fine lace. He made certain advances to Denis + Baudu which she resented, and in consequence he afterwards showed + considerable ill-will towards her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + JUILLERAT (DOCTOR), an old physician who attended most of the inhabitants + of the Rue de Choiseul. He was a man of only average abilities who had + built up a large practice by hard work. His views were somewhat advanced, + and he had many arguments with Abbe Mauduit, with whom he frequently came + in contact at the bedsides of his patients. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JULES, the lover of La Sarriette. He lived on her earnings as a + fruit-dealer. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + JULES, one of the soldiers sent to Montsou during the strike. He was born + at Plogof, where his mother and sister still resided. One night while he + was on guard at the Voreux mine he was murdered by Jeanlin Maheu, who with + the assistance of Etienne Lantier carried the body to a gallery of the + mine, where they buried it under a fall of rock. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + JULES (MADAME), Nana’s dresser at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + </p> + <p> + JULIE, cook in the employment of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + JULIEN, butler in the employment of Nana in the Avenue de Villiers. He + left the house with a large sum, as Comte Muffat, being jealous, wished to + be freed from his presence. Nana. + </p> + <p> + JUSSELIN (PIERRE-FRANCOIS), a protege of M. de Marsy. Eugene Rougon + refused to nominate him as an officer of the Legion of Honour, and gave + the decoration which had been intended for him to Bejuin. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + JEZEUR (MADAME), a neighbour of the Josserands in the Rue de Choiseul. Her + husband had left her after ten days of married life, and thenceforth she + lived alone in quiet lodgings. Very little was known of her circumstances + or mode of life. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + K + </h2> + <p> + KAHN (M.), son of a Jewish banker at Bordeaux; a deputy who was engaged in + a scheme for the construction of a railway from Niort to Angers. He was + chiefly anxious for this, as the proposed line would pass through + Bressure, where he had some blast-furnaces, the value of which it would + considerably increase. Rougon supported him energetically, and had almost + secured the grant when his retirement from office delayed the scheme for + some years. Soon after Rougon’s appointment as Minister of the Interior + the grant was obtained, and he accompanied Kahn to Niort to attend the + inauguration of the scheme. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + KAHN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She lived a very retired life at + Paris. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + KELLER (LES), well-known leaders of society in Paris. It was at their + house that Baroness Sandorff first met Gundermann. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + KOLB (M.), a banker whose business consisted to a large extent in gold + arbitrage, buying foreign coins, and melting them into gold bars. He was a + man of Jewish origin, and having heard that Daigremont was to be connected + with the Universal Bank, he readily agreed to become a director. Being a + cautious man, however, he sold all his shares before the final collapse. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + L + </h2> + <p> + LABORDETTE, a young man who was well known in racing circles, and was + specially popular with women, as he was always ready to render them little + services. Through his relations with the world of trainers and jockeys he + had always the latest information as to races. He made himself very useful + to Nana when she was setting up a stable of her own, and assisted her in + the selection of servants. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LACAILLE, a customer of Madame Francois, the market gardener. He attended + the Revolutionary meetings in Lebrigre’s cafe. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LACAMP. See Puech and Lacamp. + </p> + <p> + LACASSAGNE, a dealer in feathers and artificial flowers, whose business + was ruined by the competition of Octave Mouret’s establishment. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LACHESNAYE (DE), judge at the Rouen Court of appeal, was the husband of + Berthe Grandmorin, whom he somewhat resembled in character. He was a + little man, dry and yellow, who had been a judge at the Court of Appeal + from the age of thirty-six; he had been decorated, thanks to the influence + of his father-in-law, and to the services which his father had rendered on + the High Commissions at the time of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i>. He was + disliked by Denizet, the examining magistrate, in whose eyes he + represented the class of judicial functionary who attained position by + wealth and influence. Lachesnaye was incensed at the will of his + father-in-law, Grandmorin, who left fully half of his fortune to women of + all classes, most of them unknown to his family. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LACHESNAYE (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Grandmorin. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LACOUR (ZEPHYRIN), a young lad from the same village as Rosalie, whose + sweetheart he was. He was drawn in the conscription and sent to Paris, + where, by permission of Madame Grandjean, he came to see Rosalie, her + maid, every Sunday. He was a good-hearted lad, whose ambition was to get + out of the army, marry Rosalie, and return to his native village. Une Page + d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + LADICOURT (BARONNE DE), a lady who lived at Vouziers. Captain Beaudoin + lunched at her house on 26th August, 1870, at the hour when the Seventh + Army Corps was taking up its position for battle. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LADRICOURT (COMTE DE), father of the Baroness Sandorff. He was a confirmed + gambler, and a man of brutal manners. He died of apoplexy, completely + ruined, after a series of disgraceful failures. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LA FALOISE (HECTOR DE), a youth who came from the country to Paris in + order to complete his education. Thanks to the death of an uncle, he was + very rich, and his chief ambition was to be in everything ultra Parisian. + He posed as a man who had experienced everything, and who no longer + thought anything worthy of being taken seriously. Introduced behind the + scenes of the Theatre des Varietes by his cousin Fauchery, he met Nana, + who did him the honour of ruining him without much loss of time. When his + money was done, he returned to the country in the hope of marrying a + distant relation who was both ugly and pious. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LAFOUASSE, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Plassans, between the + old demesne of Paradou and the village of Artaud. He was treated by Dr. + Pascal Rougon for ataxy, but died after a hypodermic injection of a serum + with which the doctor was experimenting. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + LAGARDE (EDMOND), a sergeant in the 6th Regiment of the line. At the most + his age was twenty-three, but he did not appear more than eighteen. He + took part in the battle of Sedan, and was wounded in the left arm, which + was broken by a bullet. His father, who was a shopkeeper in Paris, was a + customer of Delaherche, and he was removed to the house of the + manufacturer, where he was treated as one of the family. A handsome lad, + he aroused the pity of Gilberte Delaherche, whose lover he became. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LAGRIFOUL (MARQUIS DE), the Legitimist Deputy for Plassans. His election + came as a severe blow to the Government, and to M. Pequeur des Saulaies, + the sub-prefect of Plassans, who was held responsible for it. In reality, + the election had been largely influenced by the clergy, combined with the + old nobility. It was to counteract this influence that the Government sent + Abbe Faujas to Plassans. The Marquis being a man of poor abilities, whose + public appearances were disappointing, his overthrow was rendered easier + and more complete. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + LA JOLIE DAME, a customer at Octave Mouret’s shop, <i>Au Bonheur des Dames</i>. + She was a favourite with all the salesmen, and as no one knew her name she + was always referred to as “The Pretty Lady.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LALUBIE, teacher of the sixth form at the college of Plassans. He found + one day his room transformed into a <i>chapelle ardente</i>, thanks to his + pupils led by Pouillard. After he recovered from his fright he set a heavy + punishment for the whole class. He married the daughter of Galissard, the + haberdasher at Plassans. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + LAMBERTHIER, an assistant at the <i>Halles Centrales</i>. Josephine Dejoie + was at one time cook in his house. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LAMBERTHON (M. DE), a Deputy who discussed with M. La Rouquette the wisdom + of the Emperor conceding the privilege of presenting an address to the + Crown. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LAMBOURDIEU, a shopkeeper at Cloyes, who sold Parisian novelties in all + the villages within a radius of five or six miles. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LANDOIS (AUGUSTE), assistant in Quenu’s business. He came to Paris from + Troyes to perfect himself in his trade, and having little money, intended + to set up for himself as a pork-butcher. He was engaged to his cousin + Augustine Landois, who was also employed by Quenu. He took a dislike to + Florent, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing him to the Prefect of + Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LANDOIS (AUGUSTINE) came to Quenu’s establishment to learn shop + management. She was engaged to her cousin Auguste Landois. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + LANGLADE (DE), Prefect of Deux-Sevres. He was accused of dissolute + conduct, and was superseded in his office by Du Poizat. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LANTIER (AUGUSTE), the lover of Gervaise Macquart; he accompanied her to + Paris, when she left home with their two children. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + Soon after their arrival in Paris, he deserted Gervaise for a girl named + Adele, with whom he lived for several years, during which he appears to + have done little work. After Adele left him he renewed friendship with + Gervaise and Coupeau, her husband, and induced them to take him into their + home as a lodger. Once established there, he paid nothing for his support, + and soon Gervaise was supporting him as well as her husband, who by this + time was doing nothing. Gervaise, having become disgusted with her + husband’s intemperance, resumed her old relations with Lantier, and these + continued till she was financially ruined, and her shop was taken over by + Virginie Poisson. Lantier, having transferred his affections to Virginie, + was allowed to retain his old position as lodger, and soon resumed his + former tactics of paying no rent and living off his landlord. In course of + time he succeeded in eating the Poissons’ stock of sweetmeats and bringing + them to ruin, and then began to look out for some one else to support him. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LANTIER (CLAUDE), son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier, was born + at Plassans in 1842. He was brought up by his paternal grandmother, but + when she died, in 1850, he was taken to Paris by his parents. La Fortune + des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + After Lantier’s desertion of Gervaise, and her subsequent marriage to + Coupeau, Claude continued to reside with his mother, but a few years later + an old gentleman of Plassans, a lover of pictures, who had been greatly + struck by some daubs done by the child, offered to pay for his education. + The offer was accepted, and Claude returned to Plassans. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + Some years later his benefactor died, leaving him an income of a thousand + francs a year, enough to prevent him dying of hunger in the artistic + career which he had decided to follow. Having come to Paris with an + intense hatred of romanticism, he was struck by the artistic possibilities + of the <i>Halles Centrales</i>, the great provision markets of Paris, + which he haunted in search of subjects for his brush. He was induced by + Florent to attend one of the republican meetings in Lebigre’s cafe, but + was not in sympathy with the movement, and declined to take part in it. He + occasionally visited his aunt, Madame Lisa Quenu, but revolted against her + complete indifference to art, and her middle-class selfishness. Le Ventre + de Paris. + </p> + <p> + He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had charge + of Pauline Quenu’s fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + He established himself in a studio near the roof of an old house close to + the river, and there lived the life of a Bohemian, with an absolute + disdain for everything not related to art. He revolted against the canons + of the schools, and tried to achieve truth in painting by adopting an + exaggerated realism. His hopes became centred in a large painting, which + he called <i>Plein Air</i>, intended for exhibition in the <i>Salon</i>. + The picture was rejected, and when shown at a minor exhibition was greeted + with derision by the public. About this period began his connection with + Christine Hallegrain, with whom he lived for several years, and ultimately + married. They took up house at Bennecourt in an old cottage, and there + some years passed happily enough, a son named Jacques Louis being born in + 1860. But Claude gradually became discontented, and the family returned to + Paris, where there began a long struggle against poverty, a struggle + beginning in high anticipation and ending in despair. After a long search + for a subject for a picture which was to be his masterpiece, Claude + selected a stretch of the river near Notre Dame, and into this he intended + to put all those new theories of art with which he hoped to revolutionize + the world. Everything was sacrificed to this picture; the small fortune + left him by his early benefactor was gradually realized to provide food, + and when it was exhausted there was little but starvation for the artist + and his dependants. The work was begun in a frenzy of genius, but was + constantly interrupted by doubts and indecision; it became a monomania, + and under its influence Claude’s mind gradually became unhinged; the + family virus was at last showing itself. Christine was wholly taken up + with her husband, and their child died of an illness due greatly to + neglect. By this time Claude was incapable of any real feeling save for + art, and the death of his child only served to give him a subject for a + picture. Having torn himself away from his intended masterpiece for a + time, he painted <i>L’Enfant Mort</i>, which was exhibited in the <i>Salon</i>, + and met with an even more contemptuous reception from the public than his + <i>Plein Air</i>. Christine used all her influence to prevent her husband + from returning to his task, but his brain had become obsessed by the great + idea, which his hand proved powerless to execute as his mind became + increasingly deranged. At length, in a moment of delirium, he hanged + himself in front of the picture which had proved the means of his undoing. + His genius was incomplete, and he was unable to carry out his own + theories, but they were adopted by other and less able successors with + better results. He was buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + LANTIER (MADAME CHRISTINE), wife of the preceding. See Christine + Hallegrain. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + LANTIER (ETIENNE), the youngest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise + Macquart, was born in 1846, and accompanied his parents to Paris in 1850. + La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + After his mother had been married to Coupeau for some time, and had + started her laundry, Etienne was found somewhat in the way, and on the + suggestion of Goujet was sent to work in the rivet-making factory where he + himself was employed. Later the boy was sent to Lille, where he was + apprenticed to an old master of Goujet, an engineer in that town. When + Gervaise had fallen into poverty, Etienne, who was by that time a stoker + on an engine, was able to send his mother a five-franc piece occasionally. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + In a moment of passion Etienne struck his chief, and was at once dismissed + from his employment. An industrial crisis existed at the time, and, + finding it impossible to get work, he tramped from place to place till + eventually he arrived at Montsou, worn out with fatigue and want. At the + Voreux pit he chanced to get work in a gang led by Maheu, and went + underground for the first time. The work was hard and distasteful to him, + but he was unwilling to give it up, and was perhaps influenced by the + bright eyes of Catherine Maheu, who toiled alongside him. He became more + and more impressed with the sense of the hardships of the miners’ lives, + and his mind was also influenced by Souvarine, a confessed anarchist, + beside whom he lodged. Gradually Etienne began to indoctrinate his + companions with a spirit of revolt, and when the great strike broke out he + became the leader. He did not, however, accept the extreme doctrines of + Souvarine, and endeavoured to dissuade the strikers from doing damage to + property. In this he was not altogether successful, and his influence + became considerably lessened, until he was blamed by his comrades for the + hardships they had to endure during the strike, and for its ultimate + collapse. He returned to work, and in the terrible catastrophe brought + about by Souvarine he was cut off at the bottom of the pit with Chaval and + Catherine Maheu. He had always loved Catherine, and notwithstanding their + peril, an old jealousy revived, and in a struggle with Chaval, Etienne + killed him. Days elapsed before rescue came, and by that time Catherine + was dead. After six weeks in hospital, Etienne left for Paris. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + At Paris, later on, he took part in the Communist rising, and was + condemned to death. He was respited, and transported to Noumea, where he + married, and became father of a little girl. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + LANTIER (JACQUES), the second son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste + Lantier, was born at Plassans in 1844. He was six years old when his + parents went to Paris with his brothers, Claude and Etienne, leaving him + with his godmother, Aunt Phasie, who sent him to the School of Arts and + Crafts. After two years passed on the Orleans Railway, he became an + engineer of the first-class on the Western Railway. At twenty-six he was a + tall, handsome man, with dark hair and a clear complexion. From childhood + he had suffered from a complaint which the doctors did not understand, a + pain in the head, behind the ears, accompanied by fever and an intense + melancholy, which tempted him to hide like a suffering animal. When about + sixteen years of age he became affected by a curious form of insanity, the + desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond. “On each occasion it + seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring thirst to + avenge some very ancient offence, the exact recollection of which escaped + him. Did it date from so far back, from the harm women had done to his + race, from the rancour laid up from male to male since the first + deceptions in the depths of the caverns?” Even with his cousin Flore, who + loved him from childhood, the same terrible instinct arose, and could only + be stilled by flight. + </p> + <p> + By chance, Jacques was a momentary witness of the murder of President + Grandmorin, and when suspicion fell upon the Roubauds he came to be of + opinion that it was well-founded, a belief which was confirmed by a + subsequent confession to him by Severine. This avowal by Severine placed + her in his mind in a different category from all other woman; she had + killed, and was a person sacred and apart, a woman he could love without + his lust for blood being evoked. At the request of Severine, Jacques + promised to kill Roubaud, her husband, whom she had come to hate; but, + though all the preparations were made, it was Severine herself whom he + killed, in an accession of that homicidal rage which he imagined he had + conquered. He escaped all suspicion, and calmly allowed Roubaud and + Cabuche to be punished for the crime. In order to see whether the murder + of Severine had cured him of his blood lust, he made love to Philomene + Sauvagnat, thereby arousing the jealousy of her lover, Pecqueux, who was + stoker on the engine driven by Lantier. A quarrel between the two men on + the footplate of the engine resulted in both of them falling off, and + being cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LANTIER (JACQUES LOUIS), born 1860, was the son of Claude Lantier and + Christine Hallegrain. He was allowed to grow up wild at Bennecourt until + he was two and a half years old, when his parents removed to Paris, taking + him with them. Life in the city did not agree with the child, who to make + matters worse was much neglected, his mother being wholly taken up with + her lover, and his father with art. He grew up puny, serious like a little + man; at five years his head had grown quite out of proportion to his + height, but as his skull increased in size his intelligence diminished. + His head alone continued to grow, verging on cretinism, until, in 1869, + the unfortunate child died of some obscure form of malnutrition. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + LAPOULLE, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line, in the squad of + Corporal Jean Macquart. He came from the Marshes of Sologne, and was so + ignorant that when he joined the regiment he asked to be shown the King. + He had great strength, and consequently all the heavy work of his company + was assigned to him. After the battle of Sedan, he was one of the + prisoners on the Isle d’Iges, where driven frantic by famine, and + instigated by Chouteau, he killed Pache, who had hidden some bread from + his companions. The following night he attempted to escape by swimming the + Meuse, but was killed by a bullet fired by a Prussian sentinel. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LAQUERRIERE (FLORENT), an unfortunate man who died of yellow fever in + Dutch Guiana in the arms of Florent. It was by the aid of his papers that + Florent, who had escaped from Cayenne, was able to return to France, and + to evade the notice of the police. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LA ROUQUETTE (M.), a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His sister, Madame + de Llorentz, was one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress Eugenie. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LA ROUQUETTE (MADEMOISELLE DE). See Madame de Llorentz. + </p> + <p> + LARSONNEAU, formerly a clerk at the Hotel de Ville along with Aristide + Saccard; he was dismissed for prying into the prefet’s private drawers. He + acted for Saccard in many of the shady transactions in which he could not + himself appear, and being entirely unscrupulous ultimately amassed such a + sum of money that he was able to start a small banking establishment. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + He became immensely rich. It was through him that Busch came to know the + past life of Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LAURE, an actress for whom Joncquier had an infatuation. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LAURE, a performer in a singing-hall at Montmartre. Hutin, one of Octave + Mouret’s salesmen, and his friend Lienard applauded her performance so + noisily that the police threatened to intervene. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LAURENT, a peasant in easy circumstances who lived near Artaud. Pere + Bambousse was anxious to have him as son-in-law. La Faute de l’Abbe + Mouret. + </p> + <p> + LAURENT, the recorder at the court of Rouen who assisted Denizet at the + inquiry into the murder of Grandmorin. He was skilful in selecting the + essential parts of evidence, so as not to put down anything useless. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LAURENT, a gardener at Bazeilles. He was a man of thirty years of age who + had recently lost his mother and his wife, who had both died of the same + fever. During the battle of 1st September, 1870, he took part in the + defence of Weiss’s house, and having only his own body to care for, he + determined to sell it dearly, and at each shot to bring down one of the + enemy. He continued firing till his ammunition was exhausted, when he was + taken prisoner by the Prussians, who finding that he was a civilian + removed him, along with Weiss, for instant execution. In the face of the + firing party he retained all his calmness, standing with his hands in his + pockets till the fatal shots were fired. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LAUWERENS (DE), a well-known financier who was both wealthy and + avaricious. He went the length of refusing to pay his wife’s milliner’s + bill. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + LAUWERENS (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. Notwithstanding certain + well-authenticated scandals, she managed to keep her high position in + society. She was a friend of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + LAVIGNIERE, was one of the auditors at the Universal Bank, Rousseau being + the other. Their duties were delicate, and in the circumstances useless. + Lavigniere was disposed to approve of everything, being consumed with a + desire to become a member of the board later on. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LA VIGNIERE (CHEVALIER DE), grandfather of Madame Chanteau. La Joie de + Vivre. + </p> + <p> + LA VIGNIERE (EUGENIE DE). See Madame Chanteau. + </p> + <p> + LA VILLARDIERE (DE), deputy for the department of the Cote d’Or. He was a + friend of La Rouquette. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LEA, a customer at the Cafe Anglais. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LEBEAU, a man of considerable influence in the Second Empire, whom + Clorinde Balbi was able to gain over to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LEBLEU, the cashier at Havre railway station. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LEBLEU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of forty-five, so + stout that she was in constant danger of choking. Between her and Severine + Roubaud there was ill-feeling of long standing, arising from a question of + their houses in the Station, the Lebleus occupying that which should by + rights have belonged to the Roubauds, who on account of the generosity of + their predecessor were relegated to rooms little more cheerful than a + prison. She had a mania for spying upon her neighbours, and in the end + caused so much irritation, that she was ordered to exchange houses with + the Roubauds, thus letting them have the one to which they were entitled. + The annoyance, and the change to a dismal house, proved fatal to Madame + Lebleu, and she died four months afterwards. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LEBIGRE, proprietor of the wine shop where Florent and his friends held + their meetings. He was a police spy. Ultimately he married Louise Mehudin. + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LEBIGRE (MADAME). See Louise Mehudin. + </p> + <p> + LEBOUCQ, Counsellor at the Court of Rouen. He was assessor at the trial of + Roubaud and Cabuche. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LEBOUCQ (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a handsome woman, for + whose receptions the barristers of Rouen were beginning to desert those of + Madame Bonnehon, her rival. It was said that to the influence of Madame + Leboucq was largely due the result of the trial of Roubaud, a result not + favourable to the family of President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LECOEUR (MADAME), a butter and cheese merchant at the <i>Halles Centrales</i>. + She was sister-in-law to Gavard, and had an idea of marrying him after the + death of his wife. He made no advances, however, and she subsequently + regarded him with bitter ill-will. Along with Mlle. Saget, she took an + active share in the gossip which partly led to the arrest of Florent and + Gavard, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing them to the police. + Accompanied by La Sarriette, her niece, she went to Gavard’s house after + his arrest, and took possession of his money, which they divided between + them. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LECOMTE (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + LEFEVRE (MADAME), wife of a manufacturer at Raucourt, whose house was + pillaged by the Prussians after the battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LEGOUGEUX, a miner at Joiselle. He was an associate of Pluchart. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEGRAIN (GENERAL), a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He was devoted to the + Emperor, and notwithstanding a severe attack of gout, attended at the + Chamber in order to vote the funds for the baptism of the Prince Imperial. + Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LEHONGRE (LES), grocers in Rue Neuve de la Goutte-d’Or. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LEHUDIER, a child to whom Charvet gave lessons. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LELORRAIN, a notary in Rue Sainte Anne. In his office was executed the + deed which established the joint-stock company of the Universal Bank. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LEMBALLEUSE, a family who lived in a ruined mill near the cathedral of + Beaumont. It consisted of a grandmother, her daughter, and three + granddaughters, all of whom lived by begging. Angelique did all she could + for them, giving them food and even clothes. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + LENFANT, the keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LENGAIGNE, a dealer in tobacco and tavern-keeper at Rogues. He cultivated + a small piece of land, while his wife weighed tobacco and looked after the + cellar. He also shaved and cut the hair of the village, a trade learned by + him when he was in the army. He professed strong Republican principles, + though he was afraid to express his opinions too strongly, in case of + losing his licence. An old rivalry subsisted between him and Macqueron, a + neighbouring tavern-keeper with whom he was always on the point of blows. + La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LENGAIGNE (MADAME FLORE), wife of the preceding. She was always + quarrelling with Coelina Macqueron. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LENGAIGNE (SUZANNE), daughter of the two preceding. She was apprenticed to + a dressmaker at Chateaudun, but after six months ran off to Paris where + she led a gay life. Her return to her native village clad in silks caused + quite a sensation, of which her parents were very proud. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LENGAIGNE (VICTOR), brother of Suzanne. Before he was drawn in the + conscription he was an awkward youth, but he returned a swaggering + braggart, who could hardly be recognized with his moustache and beard. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + LENORE, a racehorse; mother of Frangipane. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LEON, a lad of about fifteen years of age, apprentice to Quenu. He was a + gentle-looking lad, given to stealing stray bits of ham and sausage, which + he concealed under his pillow and ate during the night. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + LEONCE (MADAME), the door-keeper of the house where Gavard lived in the + Rue de la Cossonnerie. She acted also as Gavard’s housekeeper. Le Ventre + de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LEONIE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She left + her trade in order to be married. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LEONIE, aunt of Louise Thibaudier. Louise went to her house after leaving + Bonneville, driven away by Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + LEPALMEC, a peasant at Plogof, in Brittany. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEQUEU, the schoolmaster at Rogues. His parents were peasants, and he had + an intense hatred of the class from which he had sprung, looking upon them + as little better than barbarians. In politics he had advanced views, but + in consequence of his position he concealed them to a great extent. + Disappointed in the hope which he had long nourished of marrying Berthe + Macqueron, he ended by preaching the doctrines of anarchy. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LERAT (MADAME), nee Coupeau, was a sister of Coupeau and Madame Lorilleux. + She was a widow of thirty-six years of age, and was forewoman in the + manufactory of artificial flowers carried on by Madame Titreville. The + eldest of the Coupeau family, she was “a tall, skinny, mannish-looking + woman, who talked through her nose”; she lived a hard-working, cloisteral + existence, but she had a perfect mania for making improper allusions, so + very obscure that only she herself could understand them. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + For a long time she lost sight of her niece Nana, but later she found her + in a position of apparent wealth. Madame Lerat had abandoned her trade of + artificial-flower-maker and lived upon her savings, scraped together sou + by sou. Nana rented a small house for her aunt, and gave her an allowance + of a hundred francs per month to look after her little son Louiset. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LERENARD, the keeper of a cafe in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEROI, alias CANON, a journeyman carpenter, who deserted Paris on account + of some trouble, and preferred to live in the country, tramping from + village to village, doing a week here and a week there, and offering his + services from one farm to another when his employer did not want him. When + there was a scarcity of work he begged on the high-roads, living partly on + the vegetables he stole. He professed strong revolutionary principles, + which he was fond of airing in village ale-shops. He was a friend of + Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LETELLIER, father of Madame Deberle and her sister Pauline. He owned an + extensive silk warehouse on the Boulevard des Capucines. “Since his wife’s + death he had been taking his younger daughter about everywhere, in search + of a rich husband for her.” Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + LETELLIER (JULIETTE). See Madame Deberle. + </p> + <p> + LETELLIER (PAULINE), the younger daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk + merchant, and sister of Madame Deberle. She was a giddy young girl who + went about everywhere with her father in the hope of securing a rich + husband, and was a constant visitor at the house of her sister. Une Page + d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + LETURC (MADAME), widow of a captain, was a protegee of Madame Correur, who + obtained a tobacco licence for her. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LEVAQUE, a neighbour of the Maheus. He was of intemperate habits, and beat + his wife on little provocation. During the strike he was among the most + reckless, and at the assault on the Voreux pit he was taken prisoner by + the troops. His arrest made him a sort of hero, and by the Paris + newspapers he was credited with a reply of antique sublimity to the + examining magistrate. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEVAQUE (ACHILLE), the eldest child of Zacharie Maheu and of Philomene + Levaque. He was three years old when his parents were married. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEVAQUE (BEBERT), son of the Levaques, was a little boy of twelve, who + already worked in the pit. Along with Lydie Pierron, he was a companion of + Jeanlin Maheu in many escapades. As Jeanlin became more daring and + unscrupulous, Bebert and Lydie were drawn together in an affection born of + their common fear of him. The three children were present at the attack on + the Voreux pit, and Bebert and Lydie, killed by the volley fired by the + troops, fell dead in one another’s arms. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEVAQUE (DESIREE), the youngest child of Philomene, aged nine months. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEVAQUE (PHILOMENE), daughter of the Levaques, had two children to + Zacharie Maheu before her marriage to him. She had a delicacy of the chest + and was unable to work underground. After the death of her husband she + left Montsou with her two children, in the company of a miner from the + Pas-de-Calais. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEVAQUE (LA), wife of Levaque the miner, and mother of Philomene and + Bebert. She was a bad housekeeper, and was roughly treated by her husband, + who, however, did not take exception to her relations with Bouteloup, + their lodger. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + LEVASSEUR (MADAME), an acquaintance of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + LEVASSEUR, chief clerk at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LEVASSEUR, a tax-collector at Chene Populeux. His father was one of the + heroes of the army of the first Napoleon. He married a peasant woman named + Fouchard, who died in bringing Maurice and his twin sister Henriette into + the world. He sacrificed everything to make his son a gentleman, and the + bad conduct of the lad hastened his end. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LEVASSEUR (HENRIETTE), daughter of the preceding, and twin sister of + Maurice. After the death of her father she gave up the whole of her share + of his property in order to retrieve to some extent the foolish conduct of + her brother. Fortunately she had the chance soon after to marry Weiss, + with whom she lived happily. On the morning of the battle of Sedan, + Henriette, fearing that her husband was in danger at Bazeilles, where he + had gone to look after a house he had recently bought, decided to follow + him there. By this time the fighting was going on fiercely, and when, + after the greatest difficulties and dangers, she arrived at Bazeilles, she + was only in time to see her husband shot before her eyes. She took refuge + at Remilly, at the house of her uncle Fouchard, and devoted herself to the + care of the wounded in the battle. Among these was Jean Macquart, who + along with Maurice had escaped from captivity. After the war with Prussia + was over, Maurice unfortunately threw in his lot with the Communists, and + when Henriette followed him to Paris it was to find that he had been + fatally wounded in the fighting there. By an extraordinary chance, the + wound was inflicted by his former comrade, Jean Macquart, who had remained + in the regular army when Maurice joined the Communist ranks. The death of + Maurice in this way put an end to the possibility of a dawning love idyll + between Henriette and Jean Macquart. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LEVASSEUR (MAURICE), twin brother of the preceding. Everything was + sacrificed by his father and sister in order that he might become an + advocate, but when he went to Paris to complete his education he took part + in every kind of foolishness and dissipation. In July, 1870, he had just + been admitted to the Bar, when the outbreak of war found him full of + enthusiasm, and he at once enlisted in the 106th Regiment of the line, + commanded by Colonel de Vineuil. He was put into the squad of Jean + Macquart, against whom he had at first an aversion. Later, the kindness of + Jean when he was worn out with fatigue practically saved his life, and + they became close comrades, Maurice in turn saving Jean by carrying him, + severely wounded, from the battlefield of Sedan. Maurice was of a highly + strung, nervous temperament, and the repeated disasters of the campaign + drove him to madness. He threw himself into the Communist struggle, and + sought for death when defeat became certain. It was Jean Macquart, his old + comrade, who, by an extraordinary chance, was fated to deliver the fatal + blow. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LEVEQUE (MADAME), sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LEVEQUE, a solicitor at Plassans. He interested himself in the affairs of + Dr. Pascal Rougon after Grandguillot absconded and was able to recover a + considerable sum which Pascal had believed to be entirely lost. Le Docteur + Pascal. + </p> + <p> + LEVEQUE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of the preceding, was an old friend of + Clotilde Rougon, who was three years older than her. She married Dr. + Ramond. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + LHOMME (M.), chief cashier at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” “Son of a + tax-collector at Chablis, he came to Paris as a clerk in the office of a + merchant of the Port-aux-Vins. Then, while lodging in Rue Cuvier, he + married the daughter of his concierge, and from that day he bowed + submissively before his wife, whose commercial ability filled him with + respect. She earned more than twenty thousand francs a year in the dress + department of ‘The Ladies’ Paradise,’ whilst he only drew a fixed salary + of five thousand francs.” The loss of his right arm in an omnibus accident + did not interfere with his work, and did not prevent him from playing upon + a specially constructed French horn, an instrument of which he was + passionately fond. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LHOMME (MADAME AURELIE), wife of the preceding. The daughter of a small + tailor, she had keen business instincts, and, as head of the dress + department at “The Ladies’ Paradise,” was able to make a large income. She + was far from friendly to Denise Baudu, but seeing ultimately that Mouret + was in love with the girl, she changed her methods in the hope of + rendering her own position more secure. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LHOMME (ALBERT), son of the preceding. He was an idle and vicious youth, + who could keep no position, and only got a post in the pay-desk of “The + Ladies’ Paradise” through the influence of his mother. He was careless in + his work, and was repeatedly reprimanded, causing his parents much + anxiety; ultimately it was discovered that he had conspired with some of + the salesmen in a long series of frauds, and his dismissal followed. Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LIARDIN, a relation of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline’s family + council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + LIENARD, son of a rich Angers draper, came to Paris and got a situation in + “The Ladies’ Paradise.” His spare time was spent in idleness and + debauchery, and when his father recalled him to Angers he refused to leave + Paris. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + LIEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan architect at Plassans. He was consulted by + Madame Mouret and Abbe Faujas regarding the Home for Girls which they + founded, and he subsequently prepared the plans for the building. La + Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + LIEVIN, a townsman of Plassans, who was amongst those enrolled and armed + by Pierre Rougon to rescue the Town Hall, which had been occupied by the + Republicans. He was so excited that he fired in the air without intending + to do so. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LILI, pet name of Amelie, the daughter of Gaga. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LINGUERLOT (LES), neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d’Or. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LIOTARD (VEUVE HENRI), a firm of shipowners who joined the transport + syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LISA, a peasant girl of Les Artaud. Like the others of her class, she was + void of any religious feeling, and when she came to decorate the church + for the festival of the Virgin, she engaged in all sorts of irreverent + pranks. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + LISA, a workwoman employed by Madame Titreville, the artificial-flower + maker. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LISA, Madame Campardon’s housemaid. She was active and intelligent, and + her conduct was regarded as irreproachable. This was, however, a somewhat + too favourable estimate, and her companionship was by no means beneficial + to the Campardons’ young daughter, Angele. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + LISON (LA), the name of the express engine driven by Jacques Lantier up to + the time of the terrible railway accident caused by Flore. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LLORENTZ (MADAME DE), one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress Eugenie + and sister of M. La Rouquette, was the widow of General de Llorentz. She + carried on an intrigue with De Massy, and was said to hold three + compromising letters from him regarding certain august personages. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + LOGRE, a fish auctioneer at the <i>Halles Centrales</i>. He attended the + revolutionary meetings at Lebigre’s wine shop, and made violent speeches + there, but was really an agent of the Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LOISEAU, a municipal councillor of Rognes. He was devoted to the Mayor, + Alexandre Hourdequin, on whose farm his son worked. He was an uncle of + Macqueron. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LONJUMEAU, a member of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + LORET (MADAME), a woman who lived in the neighbourhood of the <i>Halles + Centrales</i>. Mademoiselle Saget made ill-natured remarks regarding her. + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + LORILLEUX, a maker of gold chains, who was married to Coupeau’s sister. He + was a little man who looked much older than his age, and suffered from a + constant cough. Miserly and spiteful, he was jealous of the Coupeaus in + their success, and rejoiced at their downfall. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LORILLEUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a sister of Coupeau, who + married Gervaise Macquart. Along with her husband, she worked at the trade + of gold chain-making; like him, she was so avaricious that her custom was + to examine the soles of her visitors’ boots lest they should depart with + any adhering gold dust. From the first she resented her brother’s + marriage, and took every opportunity of being disagreeable to Gervaise. + Though she was willing to accept the Coupeaus’ hospitality in their + prosperous days, she refused to do anything to assist them after their + downfall. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LORILLON (LES), peasants at Rognes, who were said to have been cured of + illness by the bone-setter Sourdeau. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + LOUBET, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line; in the squad of + Corporal Jean Macquart. He was unwilling to fight, and during the battle + of 1st September, 1870, he assisted his comrade Chouteau to carry Sapin to + the ambulance, spending the rest of the day in a tavern. After the + capitulation of the French army, Loubet was made a prisoner. Along with + Chouteau he made a determined effort to escape, and would have done so had + not his companion treacherously tripped him up in order to increase his + own chance. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LOUHETTE, an elderly draper in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. He was the father + of Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + LOUHETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, and mother of Madame Theophile + Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + LOUHETTE (VALERIE). See Theophile Vabre. + </p> + <p> + LOUIS, Irma Becot’s butler at her house in the Avenue de Villiers. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + LOUIS, cousin of Cabuche, and, like him, a quarryman. He drove Cabuche’s + wagon on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LOUIS, an artillery gunner, in the same battery as Honore Fouchard and + Adolphe. He was mated with Adolphe, who was inclined to treat him as an + inferior. In the attack by the Prussians on the Calvary d’Illy Louis fell, + killed by the same shot as his comrade, and the two died entwined in one + another’s arms. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + LOUIS (LA MERE), a wine-seller, who was famous for her “hen feet.” + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + LOUISE, an actress at the Palais-Royal. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LOUISE, a young girl who was brought up in an Orphanage. At fifteen she + went as maid-servant to Madame Jazeur, but not proving satisfactory, was + sent back to the Orphanage. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + LOUISET, the pet name of Louis Coupeau, son of Nana, born 1867. Left at + first with a nurse in the country, he was afterwards taken charge of by + his aunt, Madame Lerat, who removed him to Batignolles. He was a delicate + child, pale and scrofulous, bearing a legacy of ill-health derived from an + unknown father. He died in July, 1870, of small-pox, which he communicated + to his mother, who had just returned from Russia. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LOUISETTE, the younger daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). She was a + fair and sweet child who had a strong affection for Cabuche, a man who was + regarded by nearly everyone as an outcast. As a maid-servant in the house + of Madame Bonnehon, she attracted the notice of President Grandmorin, and + fleeing from him, half-mad with fear, she came to the hut of Cabuche, who + tenderly nursed her till she died of brain fever a few days later. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LOULOU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LULU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + LUSIGNAN, a racehorse in the stable of Vandeuvres. Mounted by Gresham, it + was the favourite in the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + M + </h2> + <p> + MACQUART, a poacher and smuggler who lived at Plassans in a hovel + adjoining the Fouque property. His reputation was of the worst, and + “although no crimes had actually been brought home to him, the first + suspicions always fell upon him whenever a theft or murder had been + perpetrated in the country.” He frequently disappeared for long periods, + but during his short sojourns in the town he drank to great excess. He + became the lover of Adelaide Fouque in 1789, less than a year after the + death of her husband, and had two children by her, Antoine and Ursule + Macquart. A man of violent and unrestrained passions, and of incorrigibly + lazy habits, he retained complete influence over Adelaide, and they lived + in the same relationship for over twenty years. About 1810, Macquart was + killed on the frontier by a custom-house officer while he was endeavouring + to smuggle a cargo of Geneva watches into France. Adelaide was sole + legatee, the estate consisting of the hovel at Plassans and the carbine of + the deceased, which a smuggler loyally brought back to her. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (ANTOINE), born 1789, son of Macquart the smuggler and Adelaide + Fouque; was drawn in the conscription in 1809. On his return to Plassans, + he found that his half-brother Pierre had sold the family property and had + appropriated the proceeds. Being a confirmed drunkard, he was averse from + work of any kind, but in order to support himself he learned the trade of + basket-making. In 1826 he married Josephine Gavaudan, a market-woman, whom + he afterwards allowed to support him. They had three children, Lisa, + Gervaise, and Jean. His wife died in 1850, and soon after his daughter + Gervaise and his son Jean, who had assisted to keep him in idleness, ran + off. He had a bitter ill-will towards his brother Pierre Rougon, and, + chiefly with a view to his annoyance, expressed strong Republican + principles. For the same reason he took every opportunity of teaching + these principles to his young nephew Silvere Mouret. After the <i>Coup + d’Etat</i> he took an active share in the agitation which resulted in a + Republican rising. When the Insurgents left Plassans, he remained with a + few men to overawe the inhabitants. He and his whole band were, however, + taken prisoners by the citizens under the leadership of Pierre Rougon. He + was assisted to escape by Madame Felicite Rougon, who promised him a sum + of money on condition that he would bring about an attack on the Town Hall + by the Republicans. He did so the same night, and an ambush having been + prepared by the Rougons, a number of lives were sacrificed. He thereafter + left the country. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + Some time afterwards he returned to France, and bought a small house at + Les Tulettes, about three leagues from Plassans. He fitted up his + establishment by degrees, and even became possessed of a horse and trap. + Where the money came from no one knew, but it was believed that his + brother Pierre Rougon was keeping him. Notwithstanding this, he had great + ill-will towards the Rougons, and lost no opportunity of annoying them. + Partly with this object, and partly at the instigation of Abbe Fenil, who + wished to be revenged on Abbe Faujas, he contrived the escape of Francois + Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; as result, Mouret returned to + Plassans, and setting fire to his house, caused the death of Abbe Faujas, + himself perishing in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + Macquart lived to an old age at Les Tulettes, though he increasingly gave + way to drunkenness. His relations with the Rougons were friendly, but he + was hated by Felicite on account of his knowledge of the origin of the + family fortune. At eighty-four years of age he was still healthy, but his + flesh was so saturated with alcohol that it seemed to be preserved by it. + One day, as he was sitting helpless with drink and smoking his pipe, he + set fire to his clothes, and his body, soaked as it was with ardent + spirits, was burned to the last bone. Felicite Rougon chanced to enter the + house just as the conflagration began, but she did nothing to stop it, and + went silently away. The combustion was so complete that there was nothing + left to bury, and the family had to content itself with having masses said + for the repose of the dead. When Macquart’s will was opened, it was found + that he had left all his money for the erection of a magnificent tomb for + himself, with weeping angels at the head and foot. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (MADAME ANTOINE), wife of the preceding. See Josephine Gavaudan. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (GERVAISE), born 1828, was a daughter of Antoine Macquart, and + was slightly lame from birth. She was apprenticed to a laundress, but at + an early age had two children to a journeyman tanner named Lantier.[*] + </p> + <p> + Soon after the death of her mother, in 1850, she ran off to Paris with + Lantier and her children, Claude, a boy of eight, and Etienne, aged four. + La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + The party had only been in the city a few weeks when Lantier ran off with + a girl named Adele, leaving Gervaise and the children unprovided for. She + got work in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and not long after received + an offer of marriage from Coupeau, a respectable zinc-worker, which after + some hesitation she accepted. The marriage took place, and for a + considerable time things prospered, one child, a daughter named Nana being + born. An accident to Coupeau, who fell from a roof and was seriously + injured, led to a gradual change; formerly temperate and industrious, he + became unwilling to work, and began to spend his time in public-houses. + Gervaise had meantime taken a shop with money borrowed from the Goujets, + and had started a laundry in it. She was at first successful, but in time + grew lazy and fond of good living, while Coupeau continued idle and became + increasingly intemperate. Business began to go, and Gervaise became more + careless, even taking more drink occasionally than she had been wont to + do. About this time Lantier, her former lover, appeared again, and made + friends with Coupeau, who agreed to take him into the house as a lodger. + After that, the descent of Gervaise was rapid. Lantier never paid anything + for his support, Coupeau drank more heavily than ever, and Gervaise, who + was gradually drifting into intemperance, resumed her old connection with + her lover. All the time work was being neglected, and debts were + accumulating with alarming rapidity. Eventually Madame Virginie Poisson + took over the shop, and with it Lantier, who transferred his affections + along with the lease, and the Coupeaus removed into a small house high up + in the same building. Coupeau suffered from repeated attacks of delirium + tremens, and eventually died in an asylum. Gervaise continued to sink + still lower, until no work was too menial or too repulsive for her to + undertake for the price of drink, and one day in the winter of 1869 she + was found dead in a garret of that great tenement house where she had + passed so much of her life. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the pork-butcher, did not come to her assistance. + Lisa did not like people who were unfortunate, and she was ashamed that + Gervaise should have married a workman. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + Her son Etienne sent her small sums of money from time to time while he + was in a situation at Lille. Germinal. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + [*] These two are the only children of Gervaise and Lantier + mentioned by M. Zola in <i>La Fortune des Rougon</i>, + <i>L’Assommoir</i>, <i>L’Oeuvre</i>, and <i>Germinal</i>. In <i>La Bete + Humaine</i>, however, the hero, Jacques Lantier, is stated to + have been a child of these parents. +</pre> + <p> + MACQUART (JEAN), born 1811, son of Antoine Macquart, was apprenticed to a + carpenter. A quiet, industrious lad, Jean’s father took advantage of his + simple nature and made him give up his whole earnings to assist in keeping + him in idleness. Like his sister Gervaise, he ran off soon after the death + of his mother. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + He entered the army, and, after seven years of soldiering was discharged + in 1859. When he had left the ranks he turned up at Bazoches-le-Doyen with + a comrade, a joiner like himself; and he resumed his occupation with the + latter’s father, a master carpenter in the village. But his heart was no + longer in his work, and having been sent to La Borderie to make some + repairs, he stayed on to assist at the harvest, and eventually became a + regular farm servant. He was not popular, however, with the peasants, who + resented his having had a trade before he came back to the soil. He became + acquainted at Rognes with Mouche and his daughters, Lise and Francoise, + and eventually married the latter, in spite of the determined opposition + of her brother-in-law, Buteau. Notwithstanding his marriage, he remained a + stranger, and, after the death of his wife, went away, leaving everything + in the hands of her relatives. The war with Germany had just broken out, + and Jean, disgusted with his life, again enlisted in the service of his + country. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + He was made corporal in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by + Colonel Vineuil. An excellent soldier, and invaluable by reason of his + former experience, his want of education prevented him being promoted to + higher rank. Maurice Levasseur was in his company, and between the two men + there was at first deep antagonism, caused by difference of class and + education, but little by little Jean was able to gain over the other, till + the two men became close friends. In the fierce fighting at Sedan, each in + turn saved the other’s life. After the battle, they were made prisoners, + but escaped, Jean receiving a severe wound during their flight. They took + refuge at Remilly in the house of Fouchard, and Jean was nursed by + Henriette Weiss, Levasseur’s sister. Under her care, the wounded man came + to dream of the possibility of a life of happiness with this woman, so + tender, so sweet, and so active, whose fate had been so sad. But the + chances of war were too hard; Maxime returned to Paris, and after the + conclusion of the war took part in the Communist rising, which Jean + assisted to quell. By an extraordinary chance, the two men, loving one + another as brothers, came to be fighting on opposite sides, and it was the + hand of Jean that was fated to inflict the fatal wound upon his friend. He + had killed the brother of the woman he loved, and henceforth there could + be nothing between them, so he passed from her life, returning to assist + in that cultivation of the soil which was needed to rejuvenate his + country. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + He settled at Valqueyras, near Plassans, where he married Melanie Vial, + the only daughter of a peasant farmer in easy circumstances, whose land he + cultivated. Calm and sensible, always at his plough, his wife simple and + strong, he raised a large and healthy family to assist in replenishing the + soil exhausted by the horrors of war. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), first wife of the preceding. See Francoise Mouche. + La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), second wife of Jean Macquart. See Melanie Vial. Le + Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (LISA), born 1827, daughter of Antoine Macquart. When a child of + seven she was taken as maid-servant by the wife of the postmaster at + Plassans, whom she accompanied to Paris on her removal there in 1839. La + Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + The old lady became very much attached to the girl, and when she died left + her all her savings, amounting to ten thousand francs. Gradelle, a + pork-butcher, who had become acquainted with Lisa by seeing her in the + shop with her mistress, offered her a situation. She accepted, and soon + the whole place seemed to belong to her; she enslaved Gradelle, his nephew + Quenu, and even the smallest kitchen-boy. She became a beautiful woman, + with a love of ease and the determination to secure it by steady + application to duty. After the sudden death of Gradelle, she married + Quenu, who had succeeded to the business, and they had one daughter, + Pauline. Soon their affairs became so prosperous that Lisa induced her + husband to remove to a larger shop. On Florent’s return from exile, she + received him kindly, and at once proposed to hand over to him his share of + the money and property left by Gradelle, his uncle, which, however, he + refused to accept. After a time she became tired of always seeing her + brother-in-law about the house doing nothing, and was the means of making + him accept the situation as Inspector at the Fish Market. When she heard + of the Revolutionary meetings in Lebigre’s wine-shop and of the leading + part taken by Florent, she became greatly alarmed, more especially as + Quenu had begun to accompany his brother occasionally. She succeeded in + frightening her husband into giving up the meetings, and made it clear to + Florent that he was no longer welcome in her house. Alarmed by the gossip + of Mlle. Saget and others as to the progress of the conspiracy, she + determined, after consultation with Abbe Roustan, to secure the safety of + her husband and herself by informing the police of the plot. On going to + the prefect, however, she learned that he had all along known of Florent’s + presence in Paris, and of the meetings, and was only waiting a favourable + opportunity of arresting the plotters. She concealed the impending arrest + from her husband and from Florent. Notwithstanding her action in this + matter, Lisa was not an ill-natured or callous woman. She was only + determined that nothing should come between her and a life of ease. In her + there was much of her father’s nature, though she did not know it. She was + merely a steady, sensible Macquart with a logical desire for comfort, and + to procuring this she gave all her time and thought. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + She died in 1863 from decomposition of the blood. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + MACQUART (URSULE), born 1791, daughter of Macquart and Adelaide Fouque; + married in 1810 a hatter named Mouret and went to live at Marseilles. She + died of consumption in 1840, leaving three children. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MACQUERON, a grocer and tavern-keeper at Rognes. He was a municipal + councillor, and deputy Mayor. He made some money by speculating in wines, + and had since become incorrigibly lazy, spending his time in fishing and + shooting. Had his wife listened to him, they would have shut up the shop, + but she was so fiercely set on money-making that she would not do so. + There was a rivalry of long standing between the Macquerons and the + Lengaignes, which frequently broke out in open quarrels. Having succeeded + in undermining Hourdequin’s position as Mayor, Macqueron succeeded him, + but his triumph was of short duration, for some official scandal having + arisen, he was obliged to resign. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MACQUERON (MADAME COELINA), wife of the preceding, had a true passion for + money-making. She was continually quarrelling with her neighbour, Madame + Lengaigne. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MACQUERON (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was educated at a + boarding-school at Cloyes, and had learned to play the piano. She + tolerated the attentions of Lequeu, the schoolmaster, whom she heartily + disliked, as she felt flattered by the notice of the only man of education + whom she knew. She had a fancy for the son of a neighbouring wheelwright, + whom her parents would not allow her to see, and she ultimately + compromised herself so seriously with him that they had to consent to her + marriage. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MADELEINE, a little girl of ten years of age who was an inmate of the + institute founded by Princess d’Orviedo. Her mother was unable to look + after her properly, and placed her there in the hope that she would be + well cared for. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MADELINE (ABBE), was sent to Rognes, when that commune decided to have a + cure to itself. He came from a mountainous district, and disheartened by + the flatness of the vast plain of La Beauce, and especially by the + religious indifference of his parishioners, he soon fell into ill-health, + on one occasion fainting while he was saying Mass. At the end of two years + and a half he left Rognes in a dying state, and returned to his native + mountains. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MADINIER (M.) carried on business as a cardboard manufacturer in part of + the tenement occupied by the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. The business was + not prosperous, as he spent all his earnings on drink. He was one of + Coupeau’s witnesses on the occasion of his marriage to Gervaise Macquart, + and was present at the wedding dinner. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + MAFFRE (M.), a magistrate of Plassans and honorary Canon of + Saint-Saturnin’s church. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was a + friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house the party was in the habit of + meeting. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + MAFFRE (ALPHONSE), second son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged eighteen + years. Restrained too much by their father, the two brothers Maffre were + especially intimate with Guillaume Porquier, who frequently led them into + mischief. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + MAFFRE (AMBROISE), elder son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged twenty. + La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + MAGINOT, inspector of woods at Mezieres. He married Gilberte de Vineuil, + but died a few years afterwards. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + MAGINOT (MADAME), see Gilberte de Vineuil. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (ALZIRE), the fourth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged nine years. She + was deformed and delicate, but of precocious intelligence, and was able to + assist her mother in many ways, sacrificing herself always for others. She + died of cold and hunger during the strike at Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (CATHERINE), second child of Toussaint Maheu, worked as a putter in + the Voreux pit along with the other members of her family. She liked + Etienne Lantier, but became the mistress of Chaval, who treated her so + abominably that she eventually returned home. As a result of the terrible + catastrophe brought about by Souvarine, she was imprisoned at the bottom + of the pit along with Chaval and Etienne. A struggle between the two men + ensued, and Chaval was killed. Days elapsed before rescue arrived, but + before then Catherine had died in the arms of Etienne, whom she had really + loved all along. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (ESTELLE), seventh child of Toussaint Maheu, aged three months. Her + constant crying disturbed the household. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (GUILLAUME), great-grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. When a boy of + fifteen, he found rich coal at Requillart, the Montsou Company’s first + pit, and the seam he discovered was named after him. He died of old age at + sixty. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (HENRI), sixth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged four years. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (JEANLIN), third child of Toussaint Maheu, aged eleven years. He was + employed at the Voreux pit, and earned twenty sous a day. His nature was + vicious, and he forced his companions Bebert Levaque and Lydie Pierron to + commit petty thefts, with the proceeds of which he concealed himself in a + disused mine. His criminal tendencies increased until he was unable to + resist the inclination to kill one of the soldiers who guarded the Voreux + pit during the strike. He accordingly waited till night, and leaping on + the shoulders of Jules, a little soldier from Brittany, thrust a knife + into his throat and killed him. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (LENORE), fifth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged six years. She was + always fighting with her brother Henri, who was very like her in + appearance, both having large heads with light yellow hair. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (NICOLAS), grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. He was killed by a + landslip in the pit, when he was barely forty years old. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (TOUSSAINT), son of old Bonnemort, and husband of La Maheude. He was + considered one of the best workmen in the Voreux pit, did not drink, and + was liked and respected by all his companions. He had been for a + considerable time under the influence of the doctrines taught by Etienne + Lantier when he was selected by his comrades to place their views before + the officials of the company. In the great strike which followed he took + part, and in the attack on the troops sent to guard the pit he was driven + on by his wife to join the aggressors. He fell, shot through the heart, + after the fatal volley fired by the soldiers. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (VINCENT). See Bonnemort. + </p> + <p> + MAHEU (ZACHARIE), eldest child of Toussaint Maheu. He worked in the Voreux + pit along with his father, but was lazy and seized any opportunity of + pleasure. He was married to Philomene Levaque, by whom he already had two + children. The strike interested him very little, and he spent most of his + time playing <i>crosse</i> with Mouquet. But when his sister Catherine was + entombed in the pit he was one of the first to come forward to the rescue, + and he worked day and night with frantic energy. The ninth day, in his + haste, he was imprudent enough to open his lamp, and a sudden explosion of + gas reduced him to a calcined, unrecognizable mass. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHEUDE (LA), wife of Toussaint Maheu. She was at first against the + miners’ strike, but moved by the hardship of her lot and the poverty in + which she was forced to bring up her family, she ultimately urged her + husband to take an active part. Even after she had seen him killed by the + bullets of the soldiers, she was furious with those who talked of + submitting. But further tragedies broke her spirit; her son Zacharie was + killed in an attempt to rescue his sister, entombed at the bottom of the + Voreux pit. Out of charity the company allowed the afflicted woman to go + underground again, though she was past the usual age, and found employment + for her in the manipulation of a small ventilator. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAHOUDEAU, a sculptor. The son of a stonemason at Plassans, he attained + great success at the local art competitions, and came to Paris as the <i>laureat</i> + of his town, with an allowance of eight hundred francs per annum for four + years. In the capital, however, he found his level, failing in his + competitions at the School of Arts, and merely spending his allowance to + no purpose; so that in order to live he was obliged at the end of his term + to enter the employment of a manufacturer of church statues. Later, + however, he met with Claude Lantier and other companions from Plassans, + and under their influence his ambitions revived. He installed himself in a + studio in Rue du Cherche-Midi, and there set about the production of a + colossal work entitled <i>La Vendangeuse</i> (the Vintage Girl), for which + Madame Mathilde Jabouille served as model. For a time Chaine, who also + came from Plassans, lived with Mahoudeau, but they quarrelled over + Mathilde, and ultimately separated. After this Mahoudeau lived alone, in + considerable poverty, until he got employment from a manufacturer of + artistic bronzes. He then began to produce work which suited the popular + taste, and his productions began to be seen on middle-class + chimney-pieces. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MAIGRAT, the principal shop-keeper in Montsou. He was originally an + overseer at the Voreux pit, but, assisted by the company, started a + business which grew to such proportions that he ultimately crushed out + most of the other retail traders. He was a greedy, rapacious man, and + during the strike made the women furious by refusing credit. For other + reasons also they hated him, and his shop was one of the first places + attacked by the maddened strikers. In terror Maigrat took refuge on the + roof, but his foot slipped, and he was dashed to the ground, being killed + on the spot. Even this did not satisfy his assailants, for the frenzied + women, led by La Brule, rushed forward and mutilated the still quivering + body. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MAIGRAT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a pitiful creature who + passed all her days over a ledger without even daring to lift her head. On + the day of the attack by the strikers she was a witness of the death of + her husband and of the terrible events which followed. Up at the window + she stood motionless; but beneath the last gleams of the setting sun the + confused faults of the window-panes deformed her white face, which looked + as though it were laughing. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MALGRAS (LE PERE), a picture-dealer with whom Claude Lantier had frequent + dealings. He was a thick-set old man, with close-cropped white hair, and + wore a dirty old coat that made him look like an untidy cabman. Beneath + this disguise was concealed a keen knowledge of art, combined with a + ferocious skill in bargaining. As a superb liar, moreover, he was without + an equal. He was satisfied with a small profit, but never purchased in the + morning without knowing where to dispose of his purchase at night. He + viewed with disdain the modern methods of picture-dealing introduced by + Naudet, and like a cautious man he retired with a modest fortune to a + little house at Bois-Colombes. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MALIGNON (M.), a young stockbroker who was supposed to have a large + fortune and accordingly was received everywhere in society. He posed as a + critic of art, literature, and the drama, and pretended to be bored with + everything. Madame Deberle, being carried away by his attentions, was + foolish enough to promise to meet him at a flat which he had taken, but + Madame Helene Grandjean having warned her that Dr. Deberle had got wind of + the affair, the intended liaison came to nothing. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + MALIVERNE (ROSE). See Madame Rose Fouan. + </p> + <p> + MALIVOIRE, a coach-hirer at Arromanches. He was the owner of the omnibus + which ran between Arromanches and Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + MALOIR (MADAME), a respectable-looking elderly woman, was Nana’s friend, + chaperone, and companion, writing for her such letters as she required. + She was always ready to receive the secrets of others, but never told + anything about herself. It was said that she lived upon a mysterious + pension, but she never appeared to carry any money with her. She had a + mania for doing up all her hats afresh. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MAMAN NINI, the pet name given by Angelique to Francois Hamelin. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + MANGUELIN (MADAME), a young, retiring woman, who was to some extent + dependent on the bounty of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + MANOURY, a salesman at the Central Markets in Paris. He was the employer + of Logre and Clemence. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + MARCEL, a vegetable-dealer at the Paris <i>Halles Centrales</i>. Le Ventre + de Paris. + </p> + <p> + MARDIENNE FRERES, manufacturers of church ornaments in Rue Saint-Sulpice. + Mademoiselle Menu worked in their establishment. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + MARECHAL, a bookmaker who had formerly been coachman to Comte de + Vandeuvres. As the result of a racing swindle by Vandeuvres, Marechal lost + a large sum over a filly named Nana, and, his suspicions having been + aroused, he caused such a scandal that the Comte was disqualified by the + racing committee. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MARESCOT (M.), a cutler in the Rue de la Paix, who had once turned a + grindstone in the streets and was now said to be worth several millions. + He was a man of fifty-five, large, bony, with the huge hands of an old + workman; one of his delights was to carry off the knives and scissors of + his tenants, which he sharpened himself for his own amusement. He owned + the large tenement-house on the Rue Goutte d’Or, in which resided the + Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others, and though a fair landlord, would brook + no delay in payment of rent, turning out defaulters without mercy. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + MAREUIL (M. DE), a retired sugar-refiner of Havre whose real name was + Bonnet. After amassing a large fortune, he married a young girl of good + birth, whose name he assumed. He was ambitious and hoped to become a + member of the Corps Legislatif through the influence of his friend + Saccard, whose brother Eugene Rougon was a Minister of State. To secure + this he agreed to a marriage between his daughter and Maxime Saccard. He + was a man of solemn and imposing appearance, but was absolutely without + brains. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MAREUIL (MADAME HELENE DE), wife of the preceding. She came of a noble and + wealthy family, but lived such a fast life that she died young, worn out + by pleasure. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MAREUIL (LOUISE DE), daughter of a retired sugar-refiner of Havre. + Slightly deformed and plain-looking, but with fascinating manners, she + married Maxime Saccard, to whom she brought a large dowry. Six months + afterwards she died of consumption in Italy. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MAREUIL (COMTESSE), employed Clara Prunaire in her house to attend to the + mending of linen. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MARGAILLAN, a great building contractor, many times a millionaire, who + made his fortune out of the great public works of Paris, running up whole + boulevards on his own account. He was a man of remarkable activity, with a + great gift of administration, and an instinctive knowledge of the streets + to construct and the buildings to buy. Moved by the success of Dubuche at + the School of Art, and by the recommendations of his masters there, + Margaillan took the young architect into partnership, and agreed to his + marriage with his daughter Regine. Unfortunately, Dubuche showed + deplorable incapacity in carrying into practice the theories which he had + learned at the School of Art, and Margaillan, after losing considerable + sums, returned to his original methods of construction, thrusting his + son-in-law to one side. He possessed a magnificent estate named <i>La + Richaudiere</i>, near Bennecourt. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MARGAILLAN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a girl of the + middle-classes, whose family history was a bad one, and after suffering + for years from anemia, she ultimately died of phthisis. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MARGAILLAN (REGINE), daughter of the preceding, and wife of Louis Dubuche. + She was very delicate, and suffered from a phthisical tendency derived + from her mother, which in turn she handed to her two children, Gaston and + Alice. It was frequently necessary for her to leave home for the benefit + of her health, and during her absences the children were left at <i>La + Richaudiere</i> in charge of their father. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MARIA, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MARJOLIN, a boy who was found in a heap of cabbages at the Paris market. + It was never known who his parents were, and he became the adopted child + of the place, always finding a lodging with one or other of the + market-women. Later on he lived with Madame Chantemesse, who had adopted + Cadine, another foundling, and the two children grew up together, becoming + inseparable. Marjolin was always of slow intellect, and as the result of + an injury to his head he became practically an idiot. Gavard gave him + employment in the poultry market. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + MARSOULLIER, proprietor of the Hotel Boncoeur, where Gervaise Macquart and + Lantier put up when they came to Paris. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + MARTIN, coachman to Dr. Cazenove. He was an old man who formerly served in + the navy, and had his leg amputated by Cazenove. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + MARTINE, the old servant of Dr. Pascal, with whom she had been for thirty + years. She brought up Clotilde Rougon, whose affection for the doctor + excited her jealousy later on. Martine, who was devoted to her master, + desired to force him to be reconciled with the Church, but Clotilde, at + first her accomplice, escaped from religious influences and gave herself + entirely to Pascal, leaving Martine with no other resource but prayer. She + was extremely avaricious, but when the doctor was ruined, her devotion was + such that she used some of her own money to purchase the necessaries of + life for him. Distracted at the sudden death of her master, and in the + hope of saving him from damnation, she assisted Madame Felicite Rougon to + destroy his great work on heredity, which in her narrow-minded bigotry she + believed was intended to subvert true religion. The work of destruction + completed, she went away to live by herself at Sainte-Marthe, as she + refused to serve any other master than the one she had been with so many + years. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MARTINEAU (M.), a notary of Coulonges, and brother of Madame Correur. He + ignored his sister for many years, but his principles would not allow him + to disinherit her, and he made a will under which his property would be + divided between her and his wife. Soon thereafter, Madame Correur, knowing + him to be in bad health, denounced him as a dangerous Republican to + Rougon, then Minister of the Interior, and his arrest followed. The shock, + together with the unnecessary harshnesses displayed by Gilquin, the + commissary of police, caused Martineau’s death, and the subsequent popular + outcry had much to do with Rougon’s second resignation of office. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MARTINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MARSY (COMTE DE), Minister of the Interior before Eugene Rougon, who + succeeded him on his appointment as President of the Corps Legislatif. + Marsy, who was said to be the son of a queen, was brilliant, immoral, and + unscrupulous. He was the chief political opponent of Eugene Rougon and had + great influence at the Court of Napoleon III. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MARTY (M.), a master at the Lycee Bonaparte, who was being ruined by the + extravagance of his wife, and was obliged to double his salary by giving + private lessons, in order to meet the constantly growing household + expenses. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MARTY (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of about thirty-five + years of age, whose face, never beautiful, was now much marked by + small-pox. She had a perfect mania for spending money on clothes, and + never visited “The Ladies’ Paradise” without buying innumerable articles + for which she had no need. As a result of her extravagance, her husband + was nearly ruined, and was forced to increase his earnings by giving + private lessons. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MARTY (VALENTINE), daughter of the preceding, a young girl of fourteen + years of age, who was used by her mother as an excuse for some of her + extravagance, as she dressed her like herself, with all the fashionable + novelties of which she submitted to the irresistible seduction. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MASCART (PERE), a blind paralytic to whom Angelique showed much kindness. + Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + MASSACRE, one of the dogs of old Soulas, the shepherd. It shared the + hatred of its master of La Cognette. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MASSIAS, a frequenter of the Paris Bourse, where he gained a living by + bringing business to stockbrokers, from whom he received a commission on + each transaction. He was employed by Saccard after the foundation of the + Universal Bank, and by speculating in the shares he made a considerable + fortune. With the downfall of the institution, he lost everything, and + found himself in debt for a large sum. By borrowing from friends, and + pledging his entire life, he paid his debts and started afresh. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MASSICOT, a tradesman of Plassans who was enrolled and armed by Pierre + Rougon to deliver the Town Hall from the Republicans who had occupied it. + He was so excited that when he got into the building he fired in the air + without knowing he had done so. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MASSON (COLONEL), commander of the troops which crushed the Republican + rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MATHIAS, an old hunchback who worked on the farm of La Borderie. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MATHIEU, a large dog which belonged to the Chanteaus at Bonneville and was + a great favourite of the family. The death of this animal greatly + accelerated the unreasoning fear of inevitable mortality with which the + mind of Lazare Chanteau was becoming obsessed. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + MATHILDE, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MATIGNON, a draper in Paris, whose shop was near that of Baudu. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MAUDIT (ABBE), Vicar of Saint-Roch, Paris, he counted among his + parishioners the Josserands and the Duveyriers. Though well aware of the + immorality that went on in his parish, he recognized the impossibility of + stopping it, and did what he could to hide it under the cloak of religion. + When the scandal arose about Madame Auguste Vabre, he was approached by + her relations, and at their request acted as intermediary between the + husband and wife. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + MAUGENDRE (M.), father of Madame Jordan; was a retired awning manufacturer + who had made a considerable fortune from his business. He disapproved of + his daughter’s marriage, and refused to give her any dowry, on the pretext + that she would have his fortune intact when he was dead and gone. He was a + careful man, averse from speculation, but having on one occasion made a + small venture, he gradually became imbued with the craze. The phenomenal + success of the Universal Bank induced him to purchase its shares more and + more wildly, until, when the crash came, he was so deeply committed as to + be ruined. Jordan, who by this time had met with some success in + literature, came to his assistance. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MAUGENDRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was at first bitterly opposed + to the small speculations entered into by her husband. She soon got + infected with the craze, and became even more reckless than he, urging him + to involve himself more and more deeply in the fortunes of the Universal + Bank. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MAUGENDRE (MARCELLE). See Madame Marcelle Jordan. + </p> + <p> + MAURIAC (BARON DE), starter at the racecourse of Longchamp. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MAURIN, a hatter of Plassans, who was selected by the Republicans of that + town as their candidate. At the election he only received about fifteen + hundred votes against the rival candidate. M. Delangre. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + MAURIN, a notary at Tulettes, who was also Mayor of the Commune. It was he + who drew up the certificate of death of Antoine Macquart from spontaneous + combustion. + </p> + <p> + MAZAUD, a broker on the Paris Bourse, who succeeded on the death of his + uncle to one of the largest businesses in the city. He was young and + pleasant-looking, with such remarkable activity and intuition that he soon + came into the first rank. He was also assisted by the fact that he did + business with all the great bankers, and was reputed to have a second + cousin employed at the Havas News Agency. After the foundation of the + Universal Bank, he became the official broker of that institution, and the + great gamble in its shares resolved itself into a duel between him and + Jacoby, the one buying for Saccard and the other selling for Gundermann. + Mazaud did not speculate on his own account, but the failure of the bank + led to so many of his clients being unable to meet their differences that + he was ruined. After putting his affairs in order so far as possible, he + committed suicide. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MAZAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She married for love, and brought + to her husband a considerable fortune. She had two children, a girl and a + boy. The suicide of her husband completely overwhelmed her with grief. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MAZEL, a famous master at the School of Arts, and the last rampart of + elegant conventionality. The first year that the Hanging Committee of the + <i>Salon</i> was elected by the artists themselves, Mazel was chosen + president. In the selection of pictures he was susceptible to influence, + and was guided more by the name of the artist than by the quality of the + work. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MECHAIN, proprietor of a racing-stable. Hazard, one of his horses, ran in + the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MECHAIN (MADAME), a woman in the employment of Busch, the money-lender and + debt collector. She assisted him in tracing debtors, and in the purchase + of securities of bankrupt companies. She was a cousin of Rosalie + Chavaille, mother of Victor Saccard, on whose death she was left with the + boy to bring up. On discovering the paternity of Victor some years later, + she and Busch attempted to blackmail Saccard, but without success, though + they had previously got a considerable sum from Caroline Hamelin, who + wished to save Saccard from annoyance. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MEGOT (JUSTINE), a young maid-servant of Renee Saccard. She had a son to + Maxime Rougon in 1857, and was sent to live in the country with the child + on a small annuity. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + Three years later she married Anselme Thomas, a harness-maker at Plassans. + They had two children, and would have lived happily but for the husband’s + dislike to her eldest child, Charles Rougon. Her conduct after marriage + was exemplary in every way. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MEHUDIN (MADAME), originally came from Rouen to Paris, where she ever + afterwards remained in the fish trade. As her two daughters, Louise and + Claire, got on badly together, she ultimately divided her business between + them, Louise going to the general fish-market, while Claire installed + herself among the fresh-water fish. “From that time the old mother, + although she pretended to have retired from business altogether, would + flit from one stall to the other, still interfering in the selling of the + fish, and causing her daughters continual annoyance by the foul insolence + with which she at times spoke to customers.” Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + MEHUDIN (CLAIRE), the second daughter of Madame Mehudin, was an idle, + fair-complexioned girl, with a gentle manner. She had, however, a strong + will, and was invariably at loggerheads with others. When Florent became + Inspector at the Fish Market, Claire took his part against her mother and + sister, but afterwards went to the opposite extreme when his relations + with Louise had become friendly. It appeared that she had a real affection + for him, however, as after his arrest she assaulted her sister in the + belief that she had given information to the police. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + MEHUDIN (LOUISE), commonly called La Normande. She was a beautiful woman + who had at one time been engaged to be married to a clerk in the + corn-market. He was, however, accidentally killed, leaving Louise with a + son, who was known in the market by the nickname of <i>Muche</i>. When + Florent was first appointed Inspector in the Fish Market, Louise, who had + quarrelled with his sister-in-law, Lisa, did everything she could to annoy + him. Afterwards, partly gratified by his kindness to her son, and partly + to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu, she became reconciled to him. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + MEINHOLD (MADAME DE), a lady well-known in the Society of the Second + Empire. She was a friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + MELANIE, cook in the employment of the Gregoires, with whom she had been + for thirty years. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MELANIE, the servant of Denizet, the examining magistrate at Rouen. The + latter was anxious for promotion, in order that his old servant might be + better fed and consequently better tempered. La Bete Humane. + </p> + <p> + MELIE, niece of the Fancheurs. She was a girl from the village of + Bennecourt, who waited on Claude Lantier and Christine in their cottage + there, and greatly amused them by her stupidity. After the death of the + Fancheurs, the inn came into the possession of Melie, but soon lost favour + on account of its dirt and disorder. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MENU (MADEMOISELLE), aunt of Fanny Menu, who lived with her. She had been + an embroideress for thirty years, but her sight failed and she was obliged + to give up work. Fortunately she received a small legacy from a relative, + and on this, added to the earnings of her niece, she was able to live. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + MENU (FANNY), a young girl who was protected by Narcisse Bachelard. As he + on one occasion found her with Gueulin, his nephew, under compromising + circumstances, he insisted on their marriage, and gave her a handsome + dowry. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + MERLE, usher at the Council of State. He was appointed by Eugene Rougon, + through the influence of Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MES BOTTES, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau’s companions. He was a heavy + drinker and an enormous eater, and on account of the latter gift he was + occasionally asked by his friends to join such parties of pleasure as paid + by contract for their entertainment, in order that they might watch the + landlord’s face lengthen at the rapid disappearance of food. Chiefly for + this reason, he was asked to the Coupeaus’ wedding party. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + MEYER, owner of a Viennese bakery in Faubourg Poissonniere. The Coupeaus + bought their bread from him in order to please Lantier. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + MICHELIN (M.), a surveyor of the Municipal Council. “His wife, a pretty + woman, occasionally called to apologize to her husband’s chiefs for his + absence, when he stayed away through ill-health. He was often ill, but he + obtained promotion at each illness.” In order to secure Saccard’s + influence, Michelin assisted him in getting exorbitant prices for land + sold to the city. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MICHELIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. By means of her good looks and a + determination to get on at any cost, she secured the influence of her + husband’s superiors, and got rapid promotion for him in the office of the + Municipal Council. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MIETTE, the pet name of Marie Chantegreil. (q.v.). + </p> + <p> + MIETTE, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud who assisted to decorate + the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + MIGNON, a man who, beginning life as a bricklayer, had amassed a fortune + by speculations in building land during the early days of the Second + Empire. Along with Charrier, his partner, he had many business dealings + with Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MIGNON, husband of an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. When Rose + married him he was leader of the orchestra at a cafe concert where she + sang. They were the best of friends, and lived together on the earnings of + the wife, who exploited her beauty not less than her talents. Mignon was + always on the best of terms with his wife’s lovers, even assisting them + occasionally to deceive her, with the view of bringing them back in + penitence later on. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MIGNON (CHARLES), younger son of the preceding. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MIGNON (HENRI), elder son of Mignon. Along with his brother Charles he was + educated at a boarding-school. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MIGNON (ROSE), wife of Mignon, was a star actress at the Theatre des + Varietes, being a fine comedienne and an admirable singer. She was dark + and thin with that charming ugliness which is peculiar to the gamins of + Paris. It was she who, annoyed by the rivalry of Nana, one day made Comte + de Muffat aware of the liaison between his wife and Fauchery. She was, + however, a good-hearted woman, and when she learned that Nana had + contracted small-pox she arranged for her removal to the Grand Hotel, and + nursed her there till she died. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MIGNOT, one of the salesmen in the glove department at “The Ladies’ + Paradise.” He entered into a conspiracy with Albert Lhomme to defraud his + employer, and this was successful to a considerable extent before its + discovery; his dismissal followed, but there was no prosecution, as the + firm preferred not to bring its internal affairs before the public eye. He + afterwards got a situation as a traveller, and had even the boldness to + call at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MIMI-LA-MORT, a pupil at the College of Plassans, who was also nicknamed + <i>Le Squelette-Externe</i> (The Skeleton Day-Boarder) on account of his + extreme thinness. Against the regulations of the College, he used to bring + in snuff to the other scholars. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + MINOUCHE, a white cat which belonged to the Chanteaus. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + MISARD, signalman on the railway at Croix-de-Maufras, between Malaunay and + Barentin. He was a little puny man, with thin, discoloured hair and beard, + and a lean, hollow-cheeked face. His work was mechanical, and he seemed to + carry it through without thought or intelligence. His wife, a cousin of + Jacques Lantier, looked after the level-crossing which adjoined their + house until failing health prevented her from leaving the house. For this + little man, silently and without anger, was slowly poisoning his wife with + a powder which he placed in the salt which she ate. This crime, patient + and cunning, had for its cause a legacy of a thousand francs left to Aunt + Phasie by her father, a legacy which she had hidden, and refused to hand + over to Misard. But the old woman triumphed in the end, for though Misard + searched day and night for the treasure, he was never able to find it; she + died taking her secret with her. An old woman of the neighbourhood, La + Ducloux, whom he had employed to attend to the level-crossing after the + death of his wife, induced him to marry her by pretending that she had + discovered the secret hoard. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + MISARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Phasie (Aunt). + </p> + <p> + MORANGE (CHARLOT), son of Silvine Morange and of Goliath Steinberg. + Physically he resembled his father’s race, whom, however, he was brought + up to hate. Hidden behind his mother, he was at three years old a witness + of the murder of his father by the francs-tireurs. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + MORANGE (SILVINE), servant with Fouchard at Remilly. Her mother, who was a + worker in a factory at Raucourt, died when she was quite young, and her + godfather, Dr. Dalichamp, got her a situation with Fouchard. Honore + Fouchard fell in love with her, and they became engaged, but the + opposition of the old man was so great that Honore went away from home and + enlisted in the army. During his absence Silvine fell a victim to the + wiles of Goliath Steinberg, and a child, Charlot, was born, Steinberg + having previously disappeared. She had all along loved Honore, and when he + passed through Remilly on his way to fight the Prussians he forgave her, + and promised to marry her on his return. When she heard that he had been + killed in the battle of Sedan, she became nearly mad, and with Prosper + Sambuc made a wild search of the battlefield for her lover’s body. They + found it eventually, and brought it back in a cart for burial. Goliath + Steinberg, who was a German spy, again made advances to her, and, to save + herself and her friends, she betrayed him to the francs-tireurs, who + killed him in her presence. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + MORIZOT, a friend of Malignon, who took him to the children’s party at + Deberle’s house. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + MOSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was a short, yellow-skinned + man, who suffered from liver complaint and was continually lamenting, in + constant dread of some imminent catastrophe. In consequence of his views, + he was known on the Bourse as “bear” Moser. Speculating heavily against + the rise in the shares of the Universal Bank, he was at one time on the + verge of ruin, but the collapse of that institution left him with an + enormous fortune. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MOUCHE (LE PERE), the sobriquet of Michel Fouan, the third son of Joseph + Casimir Fouan, and brother of La Grande, Pere Fouan, and Laure Badeuil. + When his father’s estate was divided, he received the family + dwelling-house and some land, but was dissatisfied with his share and + continued to accuse his brother and sister, though forty years had + elapsed, of having robbed him when the lots were drawn. He had been long a + widower, and, a soured unlucky man, he lived alone with his two daughters, + Lise and Francoise. At sixty years of age he died of an attack of + apoplexy. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MOUCHE (FRANCOISE), younger daughter of Michel Fouan, alias Mouche. Her + mother died early, and she was brought up by her sister Lise, to whom she + was devotedly attached. She had a passion for justice, and when she had + said “that is mine and that is yours,” she would have been prepared to go + to the stake in support of her rights. This execration of injustice + gradually led to a change of feeling between the two sisters, for after + the marriage of Lise to Buteau a division of the land should have been + made. Buteau and his wife on various pretexts put off this division, and + it was only on the marriage of Francoise to Jean Macquart that it was + carried out. An entire estrangement between the two families followed, and + constant quarrels took place. After a shameful assault by Buteau upon + Francoise, his wife threw her upon a scythe which lay upon the ground near + by, and the unfortunate girl received injuries from which she died a few + hours later. A sense of loyalty to her family induced her to conceal the + cause of these injuries, which were attributed to accident. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MOUCHE (LISE), elder daughter of Pere Mouche, and sister of the preceding. + She had a son to her cousin Buteau, who, however, did not marry her for + three years afterwards, when the death of her father made her heiress to + some land. She was at first an amiable woman, but grew hardened under the + influence of her husband, and ultimately her whole desire was to avoid the + necessity of a division of her father’s estate between her sister and + herself. Moved by these feelings, her love for Francoise became + transformed into a hatred so intense that she did not hesitate to assist + her husband in attempting to bring about the girl’s ruin. In the end, + having assisted Buteau in a shameful assault on Francoise, she afterwards + threw her upon a scythe which was lying on the ground near by, inflicting + injuries which proved fatal. Pere Fouan, having been a witness of the + assault, was subsequently murdered by Lise and her husband, to ensure his + silence and their own safety. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + MOULIN, an assistant station-master at Havre along with Roubaud. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + MOULIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman, timid and + weak, who was seldom seen. She had a large family of young children. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + MOUNIER, a tenor singer at the Opera, who gave the cue to Madame + Daigremont at a performance in her house. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + MOUQUE, father of Mouquet and of Mouquette. He had charge of the horses in + the Voreux pit, and also acted as caretaker at a ruined mine known as the + Requillart, where the company had given him two rooms to live in. Almost + every evening he received a visit from his old comrade Bonnemort. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MOUQUET, son of the preceding, was an inseparable companion of Zacharie + Maheu, along with whom he worked at the Voreux pit. During the strike he + went out of curiosity to see the attack by the strikers on the soldiers + who were guarding the mines, and was killed by a stray ball which struck + him in the mouth. + </p> + <p> + MOUQUETTE, daughter of Mouque. She was a putter in the Voreux pit, and + lived with her father at the ruined mine of Requillart, where he was + caretaker. She was present at the attack by the strikers on the soldiers + guarding the Voreux, and when the fatal volley was fired she was killed, + in an instinctive attempt to save Catherine Maheu, before whom she placed + herself. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MOURET, a hatter of Plassans who married Ursule Macquart in 1810 and went + to live at Marseilles. He was devoted to his wife, and a year after her + death in 1839, he hanged himself in a cupboard where her dresses were + still suspended. He left three children, Helene, Francois, and Silvere. La + Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Ursule Macquart. La Fortune + des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (DESIREE), born 1844, daughter of Francois Mouret, and sister of + Octave and Serge. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + She was of feeble intellect, and when a girl of sixteen was still mentally + like a child of eight. When her mother fell under the influence of Abbe + Faujas, and began entirely to neglect her family, Francois Mouret removed + Desiree to the home of her old nurse, in whose custody she remained. La + Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + When her brother Serge was appointed priest of Les Artaud, she accompanied + him there. By that time she had grown to be a tall, handsome girl, but her + mind had never developed, and she was still like a young child. Her love + of animals had become a passion, and at her brother’s home she was able to + indulge it to the fullest extent, and to her complete happiness. La Faute + de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + She accompanied her brother to Saint Eutrope, where he became cure, and + she continued innocent and healthy, like a happy young animal. Le Docteur + Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (FRANCOIS), born in 1817, son of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his + wife. He got a situation in the business of his uncle, Pierre Rougon, + whose daughter Marthe he married in 1840. They had three children, Octave, + Serge, and Desiree. On the retirement of his uncle, Mouret returned to + Marseilles and established himself in business there. La Fortune de + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + During fifteen years of close application on the part of Mouret and his + wife, he made a fortune out of wines, oil, and almonds, and then retired + to Plassans, where he lived on his means, making an occasional deal in + wine or oil when a chance occurred. He was not on good terms with his + wife’s relations, and placed himself politically in opposition to them by + supporting the Legitimist candidate, the Marquis de Lagrifoul. In 1858, + having two vacant rooms in his house, he was induced by the Abbe Bourrette + to let them to Abbe Faujas, a priest who had been sent to Plassans by the + Government to undermine the existing clerical influence there, which had + been exercised in support of the Marquis de Lagrifoul. Mouret was a man of + narrow and restricted intellect, and his peculiarities became more and + more marked as the Abbe Faujas gradually came to dominate the household + and induce Madame Mouret to neglect her husband and family for the service + of the Church. By degrees Mouret came to be regarded as insane, and his + wife having had several epileptic attacks, he was accused of having caused + the injuries she had really inflicted on herself. His wrongful removal to + the asylum at Les Tulettes followed, and confinement soon confirmed the + insanity which before had only threatened. In 1864, his uncle, Antoine + Macquart, in order to annoy the Rougons contrived his escape from the + asylum, and he returned by night to his home at Plassans. Finding it in + the occupancy of Abbe Faujas and his relatives, he was overcome by the + fury of madness, and set fire to the house in several places. So + thoroughly did he do his work that all the inmates, including himself, + perished in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (MADAME MARTHE), wife of the preceding. See Marthe Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (HELENE), born 1824, daughter of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his + wife. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + When seventeen years old she married M. Grandjean, the son of a + sugar-refiner of Marseilles, whose family were bitterly opposed to the + match on account of her poverty. The wedding was a secret one, and the + young couple had difficulty making ends meet until an uncle died, leaving + them ten thousand francs a year. “It was then that Grandjean, within whom + an intense hatred of Marseilles was growing, had decided on coming to + Paris, to live there for good.” The day after their arrival Grandjean was + seized with illness, and after eight days he died, leaving his wife with + one daughter, a young girl of ten. Helene, who was a woman of singular + beauty, had no friends in Paris except Abbe Jouve and his half-brother M. + Rambaud, but from them she received much kindness. Her daughter Jeanne was + far from strong, having inherited much of the hereditary neurosis of her + mother’s family, along with a consumptive tendency from that of her + father. A sudden illness of the girl led to an acquaintance with Doctor + Deberle, and this ripened into love between him and Helene, though + considerations of duty kept them apart. Meantime, Helene had discovered + the beginnings of an intrigue between Madame Deberle and M. Malignon, and + in order to break it off was herself placed in such a compromising + position towards Doctor Deberle that he became her lover. The discovery of + the fact by Jeanne, whose jealous love of her mother amounted to a mania, + led to the child’s illness and death, and to her mother’s bitter + repentance. Two years later Helene married M. Rambaud, and went to live at + Marseilles. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + She lived for many years, very happy, and idolized by her husband, in a + house which he owned near Marseilles, close to the seashore. She had no + children by her second marriage. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (OCTAVE), born 1840, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + A young man of high spirits and somewhat idle habits, he made little + progress at college, and failed to pass the examinations for a degree. His + father was much annoyed at this, and sent him off to Marseilles to enter a + commercial business. The reports regarding him were, however, + unsatisfactory, as it appeared that he showed no inclination to settle to + hard work and was living a dissolute life.[*] La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + After the death of his parents, Serge Mouret, who was about to take Holy + Orders, renounced his share of his father’s fortune in favour of his + brother Octave. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had charge + of Pauline Quenu’s fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + After three years at Marseilles he came to Paris, where he secured an + appointment as assistant at “The Ladies’ Paradise” through the influence + of the Campardons, who were old friends of his mother. He formed the + project of advancing his prospects by making love to Madame Hedouin, wife + of his employer, but she gave him no encouragement. He resigned his + situation, and went as salesman to Auguste Vabre, a neighbouring silk + merchant. Vabre’s wife (nee Berthe Josserand) was not on good terms with + her husband, and a liaison was formed between her and Octave Mouret, which + subsisted for some time before it was discovered by Vabre, who received + information from Rachael, his maid-servant. Mouret returned to his former + employment at “The Ladies’ Paradise,” and M. Hedouin having died in the + interval, he married the widow a few months afterwards. He had developed + keen business ability, with large ideas, and under his management the shop + became one of the most important in the district. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + In Mouret’s hands the business of “The Ladies’ Paradise” continued to + grow, and repeated extensions of the building became necessary. While one + of these was in progress, Madame Mouret, who was inspecting the work, fell + into a hole, and as a result of her injuries died three days afterwards. + Mouret remained a widower, and devoted himself to the extension of his + business, though it was believed that a liaison with Madame Desforges was + not the only entanglement of its kind. On the introduction of Madame + Desforges he came to know Baron Hartmann, director of the Credit + Immobilier, who became interested in him, and eventually found the money + necessary to carry out the vast schemes of extension which he had long had + in mind. By this time Denise Baudu had come to “The Ladies’ Paradise” as a + saleswoman, and from the first Mouret had taken an interest in her. This + was probably increased by the fact that she resisted all his advances, and + refused all his offers. Ultimately he became so infatuated by her that he + asked her to marry him, which she agreed to do. By this time the success + of “The Ladies’ Paradise” had become triumphant, and the smaller traders + of the district were being crushed out of existence, and driven one by one + into bankruptcy. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + He assisted at the burial of his cousin, Claude Lantier the artist. By + this time he had become very rich, was decorated with the Legion of + Honour, and was desirous of giving the impression of an enlightened taste + for art. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + Octave Mouret, whose immense fortune continued to increase, had towards + the end of 1872 a second child by his wife Denise Baudu, whom he adored, + though he again began to lead a somewhat irregular life. Their little girl + was puny, but the younger child, a boy, took after his mother, and grew + magnificently. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + [*] It is interesting to note that by a curious oversight M. + Zola in <i>Pot-Bouille</i> refers to Octave Mouret as having + passed the examination for his bachelor’s degree before + leaving Plassans, and states that at Marseilles the lad + showed a passion for business life, being able during his + three years’ stay there to make a sum of five thousand + francs (two hundred pounds), which he took with him to + Paris. +</pre> + <p> + MOURET (MADAME CAROLINE), first wife of the preceding. See Madame Caroline + Hedouin. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (MADAME DENISE), second wife of Octave Mouret. See Denise Baudu. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (SERGE), born 1841, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + He was a young man of nervous temperament and of somewhat delicate health. + Educated at Plassans, he took his degree at the college there, and it was + intended that he should go to Paris to study for the bar. The state of his + health caused his departure to be delayed, and meantime he, like his + mother, fell under the influence of Abbe Faujas. Ultimately he decided to + abandon the study of the law in order to become a priest, and against the + wishes of his father he entered the Seminary at Plassans. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + After being ordained to the priesthood he was appointed cure of Les + Artaud, a small village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants he + ministered with small success. From his parents he had inherited the + family taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the form of morbid + religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever resulted, and + bodily recovery left the priest without a mental past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, + his uncle, in the hope of saving his reason, removed him to Paradou, the + neglected demesne of a ruined mansion, where he left him in the care of + Albine, the keeper’s niece. Here Serge slowly recovered his health, though + the memory of his past was gone, and his mental development was that of a + boy. In that enchanted garden, lush with foliage and with the scent of + flowers, the drama of life unfolded, and Serge, loving Albine, and + oblivious of his vows unwittingly broke them. A chance meeting with + Brother Archangais, and a glimpse of the world outside the Paradou, + recalled to Serge the recollection of his priesthood, and, filled with + horror, he tore himself from Albine and returned to his cure of souls. A + fierce struggle between love and duty followed, but in the end the Church + conquered, and Albine was left to die, while Serge threw himself even more + feverishly than before into the observances of his faith. La Faute de + l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + Sent later to Saint-Eutrope, at the bottom of a marshy gorge, he was + cloistered there with his sister Desiree. He showed a fine humility, + refusing all preferment from his bishop, waiting for death like a holy + man, averse to remedies, although he was already in the early stage of + phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + MOURET (SILVERE), born 1834, son of Mouret, the hatter, and Ursule + Macquart, his wife. After the death of his father, Silvere went to live + with his grandmother Adelaide Fouque. Though poorly educated, he was fond + of reading, and his lonely life with this old half-imbecile woman + increased his own tendency to visionary dreamings. “He was predisposed to + Utopian ideas by certain hereditary influences; his grandmother’s nervous + disorders became in him a chronic enthusiasm, striving after everything + that was grandiose and impossible.” His Uncle Antoine Macquart, who hoped + through him to annoy the Rougons, encouraged him in his Republican views, + and after the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> he joined the insurrection which then + arose. Miette Chantegreil, a young girl to whom he was tenderly devoted, + accompanied him, but was shot in the attack by regular troops. He was + taken prisoner, and having been brought back to Plassans, was executed + there. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MOUSSEAU (ABBE), a priest at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + MOURGUE, a peasant of Poujols, who, armed with a fork, had taken part in + the insurrectionary rising against the <i>Coup d’Etat</i>. He was made + prisoner, and was led to Plassans, tied by the arm to Silvere Mouret, who + had also been arrested. He was shot at the same time as Silvere by + Rengade, the gendarme. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MOUTON, a cat which belonged to the Quenus, and was a favourite of little + Pauline. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + MUCHE, the name by which Louise Mehudin’s son was known in the market. He + was befriended by Florent, who taught him to read and write. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + MUFFAT (MAMAN), wife of General Muffat de Beuville, who was created Comte + by Napoleon I. She was an insufferable old woman, who was always + hand-in-glove with the priests, and had an authoritative manner, which + bent every one to her will. Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse Sabine, was + entirely under her dominion, and was forced by her to lead an almost + cloistered existence. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTE), son of the preceding and of General Muffat de + Beuville. Brought up in the strictest manner by his mother, his life was + one of cold and severe propriety, and being regarded with favour at the + Court, he was appointed Chamberlain to the Empress. He married Sabine de + Chouard, by whom he had one daughter, Estelle. For seventeen years of + married life his career was a pattern of all the virtues, until a chance + meeting with Nana led to an infatuation amounting to mania. Everything was + sacrificed to her, and no degradation to his self-respect seemed too high + a price to pay for her favour. Disgusted for a time by her liaison with + Fontan, he left her, and turned for amusement to Rose Mignon, but the + infatuation for Nana reasserted itself, and he recovered her good graces + by inducing Bordenave to give her a part which she greatly desired in <i>La + Petite Duchesse</i>, a play by Fauchery. He spent vast sums upon Nana, + giving her a magnificent house in the Avenue de Villiers. Her influence + over him became complete, and he even accepted Daguenet, her former lover, + as his son-in-law. He overlooked too his wife’s numerous liaisons, as he + required her signature to enable him to raise still more money for Nana. + Muffat’s means were coming to an end, however, and the scandal reached + such a height that he was forced to resign his position at the Tuileries. + It was only when he learned that Nana was carrying on a liaison with his + own father-in-law, the aged Marquis de Chouard, that he finally broke with + her, and coming once more under the influence of Venot, he sought + forgetfulness of the past in an exaggerated devotion to the service of the + Church. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTESSE), wife of the preceding. See Sabine de + Chouard. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding. At sixteen she + was thin and insignificant, seldom speaking, but after her marriage to + Daguenet, she exhibited a will of iron, and completely dominated her + husband. Nana. + </p> + <p> + MULLER (BLANCHE), a favourite actress at the Theatre des Varietes. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + MUSSY (M. DE) was an admirer of Renee Saccard, and aspired to be her + lover. He received an appointment on the staff of the London embassy. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + N + </h2> + <h3> + NANA. See Anna Coupeau. + </h3> + <p> + NANA, name of a filly in the racing stable of Vandeuvres. She had been + beaten in several races, and when run for the Grand Prix de Paris was + looked on as an outsider. The success of the filly by fraudulent means led + to the disqualification of the owner. Nana. + </p> + <p> + NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French. Referred to in <i>Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon</i> and in <i>La Debacle</i>. + </p> + <p> + NATHANSOHN, a stockbroker. He came from Besancon, where his father was a + watchmaker. He was very fortunate in his speculations, and soon became a + man of consequence. His Jewish caution prevented him from becoming + involved with Saccard in the affairs of the Universal Bank, and when that + institution collapsed he was in a position to snatch a fortune from its + ruin. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + NAUD, a shoemaker in Rue d’Antin who felt severely the competition of + Octave Mouret’s great shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + NAUDET, a cousin of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline’s family + council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + NAUDET, a picture-dealer who for some years had been revolutionizing the + trade. He put aside the old cautious methods, the watching for pictures by + beginners, bought for ten francs and sold for fifteen. To judge by his + appearance he might have been a nobleman, and his habits were in keeping; + he was, in fact, a pure speculator in pictures, caring nothing for art. + But he unfailingly scented success; he guessed what artists ought to be + taken up, not the ones likely to develop the genius of a great painter, + but the one whose deceptive talent, set off by a pretended display of + audacity, would command a premium in the market. He speculated, in fact, + on the ignorance and vanity of amateurs. It was he who invented Fagerolles + as a fashion, and made large sums out of his works. His success in forcing + up the prices of pictures turned his head to some extent, and he even + talked of crushing out all the other dealers. The exaggerated rise in the + price of pictures came, as was inevitable, to an end, and in the fall + which followed Naudet was practically ruined. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + NEGREL (MADAME), sister of M. Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou mines. + She was married to a captain, and after she became a widow lived at + Avignon on a small income, contenting herself with little in order that + she might properly educate her son Paul. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + NEGREL (PAUL), son of the preceding. He was an engineer at the Voreux pit, + an appointment which he received from his uncle, M. Hennebeau, with whom + he lived, being treated as one of the family. Madame Hennebeau, + notwithstanding a liaison which subsisted between her and Negrel, planned + for him a marriage with Cecile Gregoire, an arrangement which was only + prevented by the murder of the girl by old Bonnemort. Negrel posed as + taking no interest in the affairs of practical life, but in the terrible + disaster at the Voreux pit he threw himself into the work of rescue with + an ardour beyond praise. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + NOEMI, an actress at the Vaudeville. Madame Deberle admired the realistic + manner in which she died in a piece she played. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + NORINE, a vendor of salted provisions, who went around the neighbourhood + of Cloyes. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + NORMANDE (LA), the sobriquet of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + NOUGAREDE, an old senator who was on the point of asking the hand of + Clorinde Balbi after having seen her at a ball in the character of Diana + the huntress. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + O + </h2> + <h3> + OCTAVE, the favourite lover of Blanche de Sivry. Nana. + </h3> + <p> + ORVIEDO (PRINCE D’), came to Paris from Spain with an immense fortune made + on the Stock Exchange. There were strange stories told regarding the + sources of his wealth; stories not more creditable than those told of the + armed bandits of former days, for his robberies, though less open, were + more dangerous. For twenty years he took his share of booty in all the + great financial swindles. He ultimately died of apoplexy. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + ORVIEDO (PRINCESS D’), was for a time one of the most curious notabilities + of the Second Empire. At the command of her mother, the Duchesse de + Combeville, she married the Prince in ignorance of the source of his regal + fortune, estimated at three hundred millions of francs (twelve millions + sterling). It was said that for twenty years the Prince had appropriated + the lion’s share of every great piece of financial rascality on the + Bourses of France and Spain. After his sudden death from a stroke of + apoplexy, the Princess shut up the great house in the Rue Saint-Lazare and + retired with a maid to three rooms on the second floor, where she lived + the life of a recluse. From thenceforth she lived solely for deeds of + charity on a colossal scale. During five years she founded the St. Mary’s + Infant Asylum, the St. Joseph’s Orphan Asylum, an Asylum for the aged at + Chatillon, a hospital in the suburbs of Paris, and an institution known as + <i>L’Oeuvre du Travail</i>, in which were boarded three hundred waifs and + strays from the streets of Paris. On these foundations, and on other + charities, she spent in five years over a hundred millions of francs. For + some time Saccard assisted her in a disinterested way in carrying out her + schemes, and later he rented from her the premises in which he started the + Universal Bank. As time went on, the Princess seemed to be swayed more and + more by the desire of restitution to the poor of the uttermost remnants of + her husband’s fortune. In the end, when she had divided it all, she + retired to a convent of Carmelites, walled off from the world. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + OZIL, a pointsman at the junction for Dieppe, between the tunnel and the + station of Malaunay. He was in love with Flore, who for a time seemed to + encourage him. He was dismissed from his post on account of grave + negligence caused by Flore, who distracted his attention in order that he + might allow the Havre express to dash into a train loaded with ballast. + The accident was only averted by a new automatic signalling apparatus. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + P + </h2> + <p> + PACHE, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, in the squad of + Corporal Jean Macquart. He brought from his native village strong + religious principles, and was in the regular habit of saying his prayers + outside his tent. The example of his companions, however, made him a bad + soldier, and during the battle of 1st September, 1870, he left the ranks, + and took refuge in a tavern. After the capitulation of Sedan, he was + imprisoned along with his regiment on the promontory of Iges. Moved by + famine, he concealed some bread from his companions; but having been + denounced by Chouteau, he refused to share the spoil, and was murdered by + Lapoulle, who stabbed him with a knife. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + PAILLOT, a farmer in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + PALETTE (LA MERE), a poultry-seller at the Central Markets in Paris. Le + Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + PALOQUE, a judge. He and his wife were said to be the ugliest couple in + Plassans, and in addition were far from popular. Madame Mouret having + asked the assistance of Madame Paloque in connection with the Home for + Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she agreed to act on the Committee, and + became Treasurer. At the opening ceremony, however, the Bishop omitted to + make reference to her services, and she took great offence, becoming + afterwards very irregular in her work, and declining to perform any duties + that she did not fancy. This ultimately led to the appointment of a paid + Secretary for the institution, Honore Trouche, the brother-in-law of Abbe + Faujas being selected. The Paloques were antagonistic to Faujas, but on + getting a hint from Madame de Condamin that he had the backing of the + Government and would see that they were rewarded, they came over to his + side, and assisted him in “the conquest of Plassans” by the Bonapartist + candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + PARABOULOMENOS, a name given by the pupils of the college of Plassans to + the youth who served in the kitchen. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + PARALLELUCA, the sobriquet given by the pupils of the College of Plassans + to a scullery-maid employed there. It was alleged that there was a + love-idyll between her and Paraboulomenos, both of whom were extremely + ugly. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + PASCAL (LE DOCTEUR). See Pascal Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PATOIR, a veterinary surgeon at Cloyes. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + PAUVRE ENFANT, a young trooper of the 5th regiment of the line, who was + fatally wounded at the battle of Sedan, and died in the ambulance at + Remilly. He received the name because he continually repeated the words + regarding himself, saying that his mother had always called him so. He + died in the arms of Henriette Weiss, whom in his delirium he named + “Mother.” La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + PAYAN, a stone-cutter from the South, whose friends had views of making + him an artist. He was a lover of Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered from her a + large quantity of furniture given her by Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + PECHARD (ANTOINE), a neighbour of the Fouans. He owned eighteen acres of + land when he married La Grande, who brought him seven acres more. He died + young, leaving one daughter. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + PECHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See La Grand. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + PECHARD (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of Antoine Pechard and Marianne Fouan, + his wife. As she insisted on marrying a poor youth named Vincent + Bouteroue, her mother cast her out. Misfortunes pursued the young couple, + both of whom died within a few years, leaving two children in profound + misery. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + PECQUEUX, a stoker in the employment of the Western Railway Company. He + was married to Mere Victoire, the old nurse of Severine Aubry. His + original intention was to qualify as an engine-driver, but time passed + without advancement, and later there was an insuperable barrier in his own + conduct, for he was given to drinking bouts which converted him for the + time into a savage animal, capable of any violence. His wife lived at + Paris, while Philomene Sauvagnat helped him to pass the hours he was + compelled to spend at Havre, an arrangement which had the concurrence of + Victoire. Pecqueux had the devotion of a dog for his comrade Jacques + Lantier, who concealed his vices and shared with him a love for their + engine, “La Lison.” Philomene, however, excited his jealousy by her + attentions to Lantier, and the former friendship of the two comrades + became changed to fierce enmity. At length it happened that one night, as + their engine was drawing eighteen trucks of soldiers towards the seat of + war in Prussia, Pecqueux in a sudden access of madness attacked Lantier, + and, after a fierce struggle on the narrow foot-plate, the two fell off, + and were cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + PEIROTTE, receiver of taxes at Plassans. He was taken as a hostage by the + Republican insurgents and was inadvertently shot by the troops which + crushed the rising. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PEQUEUR DES SAULAIES (M.), sub-prefect of Plassans. He fell into disfavour + with the Government on account of the election of a Legitimist Deputy. For + some time he was afraid to compromise himself with Abbe Faujas, but having + received a hint from Madame de Condamin, who had influential friends in + Paris, he allied himself with the Abbe. The result was the election of + Delangre, who though nominally independent, was actually the Government + candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + PEQUIGNOT, a friend of the Lorilleux. He was a furniture dealer. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + PERDIGUET, a singer known to Malignon, who promised to take him to the + children’s party at Deberle’s house. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + PERE COLOMBE, owner of the <i>Assommoir</i>, a public-house which was + largely the scene of the downfall of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, his + wife. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + PEROU (LA MERE), an old woman employed by Gourd, the concierge, to do + cleaning work. Terrorized by his brutality she agreed to accept less + wages. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + PHASIE (AUNT), was the wife of Misard, and the mother of Flore and + Louisette. She was a cousin of the Lantiers and was godmother to Jacques, + who was left in her charge when his parents went to Paris. Her first + husband died, leaving her with two daughters, and she married for a second + time Misard, a little man, cunning and avaricious, who was five years her + senior. Jacques found them later, living in Normandy at Croix-de-Maufras + on the line to Havre, where Misard was signalman, and his wife had charge + of the level crossing. It was a miserable existence, without neighbours or + any one to speak to, without even anything to look at, except the trains + constantly rushing past. Aunt Phasie, as she had always been called by + Jacques Lantier, was a tall, handsome woman, but since her second marriage + she had aged so rapidly that at forty-five she looked over sixty. The + truth was that between her and Misard there was going on a duel to the + death; Aunt Phasie had received a legacy of a thousand francs from her + father, and this she obstinately refused to allow her husband to share, + having indeed hidden the money to prevent him from taking it. Misard, + overcome by avarice, slowly killed his wife with poison placed in the + salt, but, though she had the strongest suspicions, she would nether take + action against him nor tell him the hiding-place of her little hoard. And + so she died, carrying the secret with her; but in the end she triumphed, + for search as he might, Misard never discovered the hidden treasure. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + PICHINETTE, a horse entered for the Grand Prix de Paris. It was withdrawn + before the race. Nana. + </p> + <p> + PICHON (JULES), a clerk who lived in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied + also by Octave Mouret. His means were small, and he was obliged to work + hard, frequently till late at night, his wife being necessarily left much + alone. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + PICHON (MARIE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of M. and Madame + Vuillaume, by whom she was strictly brought up. A dreamy unpractical + woman, she fell under the influence of Octave Mouret, her next-door + neighbour, and a liaison existed between them for a considerable time, + with results which caused much annoyance to her parents. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + PICHON (LILITTE), infant daughter of the preceding. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + PICHON (ROSALIE), Madame Helene Grandjean’s maid-servant. She was an + honest country girl who had been brought to Paris by Abbe Jouve on the + recommendation of a village priest, in whose house she had been brought + up. She served her mistress faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin Lacour, her + sweetheart, with a hand of iron. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + PICOT, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the first division of the + seventh Army Corps. After the defeats of Wissenbourg and Froeschwiller, + Picot, half dead with fatigue and slightly wounded, was left behind in a + ditch with his comrade Coutard of the first corps. They were only able to + rejoin the army at Rheims on 22nd August, 1870, arriving with their + clothes worn out and covered with mud, and having more the appearance of + bandits than of soldiers. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + PICOU (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the success + of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i>. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PIED-DE-CELERI, a friend of Coupeau. He had a wooden leg, from which he + received his nickname. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + PIEDEFER (LAURE), kept a cheap restaurant in Rue des Martyrs, which was + much frequented by a certain class of demi-mondaines. Laure appeared to be + on intimate terms with her customers, as they usually kissed her when they + entered. Nana. + </p> + <p> + PIEDEFER (ZOE), an artist’s model who lived in Rue Campagne-Premiere. She + was a tall brunette. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + PIERRE, Dr. Deberle’s butler. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + PIERRE, an employee at <i>Au Bonheur des Dames</i>. He was waiter in the + dining-room of the shop assistants. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + PIERRON, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. He was a widower with a + little girl aged eight, Lydie, when he married for the second time, the + daughter of La Brule. Though he took part in the strike he betrayed his + companions, giving information to the company through Dansaert, his wife’s + lover. After the attack on the pit Pierron was arrested by mistake, and + was taken off with handcuffs at his wrists as far as Marchiennes, to the + great amusement of his mates. He was subsequently promoted to be captain + of a gang, but his excessive zeal made him disliked by his men. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + PIERRON (LYDIE), daughter of the preceding, was a fragile child, who when + ten years old was already working in the pit. Her constant companions were + Jeanlin Maheu and Bebert Levaque, with whom she made many raids in search + of food during the strike. She was killed by the volley fired by the + troops at the strikers attacking the Voreux pit. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + PIERRONNE (LA), the second wife of Pierron, was a daughter of La Brule. + She was allowed by the Company to sell sweetmeats and biscuits, which were + a considerable source of revenue. Dansaert, the head captain of the Voreux + pit, was her lover, and through him she obtained various favours, giving + him in exchange information as to the intentions of the strikers. After + the strike she was enabled to acquire the little <i>Estaminet du Progres</i>. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + PIFARD, an usher at the college of Plassans, whose wonderful nose kept + betraying his presence behind doors when its owner went eavesdropping. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + PILLERAULT, a speculator on the Bourse, whose guiding principle was + recklessness; he declared that he plunged into catastrophes whenever he + paused to reflect. He was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + PIOT AND RIVOIRE, a firm of furniture-dealers, whose business was + seriously affected when Octave Mouret added a furniture department to “The + Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + PIQUETTE kept an <i>estaminet</i> at Montsou, where Chaval lodged. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + PLOUGUERN (M. DE) was a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the reign + of Louis Philippe. After the Revolution of February, 1848, he manifested a + sudden affection for the Republic, and later, when the Emperor granted him + the refuge of the Senate, he was a Bonapartist. He was a man of high birth + and breeding, and though a sceptic, defended religion and family life. + During a journey in Italy he met Comtesse Balbi, whose lover he remained + for thirty years. According to some, Clorinde Balbi was his daughter. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PLUCHART, a former workman who was now secretary of a branch of the + International Association of workers. He had been Etienne Lantier’s + foreman at Lille, and at his request came to Montsou to address the miners + there. As a result of his visit ten thousand miners joined the + International Association. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + POIRETTE (LE PERE), a countryman of Bennecourt, with small eyes and the + face of a wolf. He was the owner of an old cottage, which Claude Lantier + and Christine rented from him for two hundred and fifty francs a year. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + POISSON (M.), who was originally a cabinet-maker, served his time as a + soldier, and ultimately got a place as a policeman, which he considered + more certain and respectable. He married Virginie, who afterwards went + into business as a dealer in groceries and sweetmeats in the shop + previously occupied by Gervaise Coupeau. Auguste Lantier, who had for some + time lodged with the Coupeaus, remained with the Poissons, and lived at + their expense. M. Poisson affected not to observe the resulting liaison + between his wife and Lantier. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + POISSON (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Virginie. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + POLAND, a pet rabbit which belonged to Rasseneur, and was a favourite of + Souvarine. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + POMARE (LA REINE), a rag-picker, who had formerly been one of the + handsomest women in Paris. Now, for the sake of a laugh, the women of the + district made her drink absinthe, after which the street boys would chase + her and throw stones. Nana. + </p> + <p> + PORQUIER (DR.) the fashionable medical man of Plassans. He had + considerable influence, and this was secured by Abbe Faujas on behalf of + the Government’s candidate for the representation of Plassans by the + promise of an appointment for his son, Guillaume, a young man who had + hitherto given him much trouble. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + PORQUIER (GUILLAUME), son of Dr. Porquier, had been sent to Paris to + study, but did nothing there but get into debt. He caused his father much + distress, and was supposed to afford the worst possible example to the + youth of Plassans, whom he was believed to lead into all kinds of + mischief. Ultimately, as a reward to his father, who had supported + Delangre as representative of Plassans, Porquier was appointed chief clerk + at the post office. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + POUILLAUD, a fellow-pupil of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz at the + college of Plassans. While there he was an inveterate practical joker, one + of his escapades being the transformation of Professor Lalubie’s room into + a <i>chapelle ardente</i>. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + POWELL (MISS), second assistant in the corset department at <i>Au Bonheur + des Dames</i>. She was able to play the piano, a talent of which the other + assistants were jealous. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + POZZO (LUIGI), Secretary to the Sardinian Minister at Paris. “Diplomatist, + painter, musician, and lover.” A friend of Clorinde Balbi. Son Excellence + Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PRICE, an English jockey who mounted the filly Nana in the Grand Prix de + Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + PRINCE IMPERIAL. Referred to in <i>Son Excellence Eugene Rougon</i>. + </p> + <p> + PROUANE, a retired non-commissioned officer in the navy, who acted as + beadle to Abbe Harteur, as well as fulfilling the duties of Mayor’s clerk. + He eked out a livelihood by gathering shell-fish, but when he had any + money he was usually in a state of intoxication. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + PRULLIERE, an actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played in <i>La + Blonde Venus</i> and <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>. Nana. + </p> + <p> + PRUNAIRE (LE PERE), a maker of sabots, who lived at Vivet. Furious at the + conduct of his daughter Clara, he threatened to go to Paris and break her + bones with kicks of his sabots. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + PRUNAIRE (CLARA), daughter of a clog-maker in the forest of Vilet, came to + Paris and got a situation in “The Ladies’ Paradise.” She lived a fast + life, and, after alluring Colomban away from Genevieve Baudu, his intended + wife, she ultimately disappeared. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + PUECH, senior partner of the firm of Puech and Lacamp, oil-dealers in + Plassans; was father of Felicite Puech. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PUECH AND LACAMP, a firm of oil-dealers in Plassans, who were in financial + difficulties when Pierre Rougon married Felicite, the daughter of the + senior partner. The money put into the business by Rougon retrieved the + position of the firm, and, the two partners having retired soon + afterwards, he acquired the sole interest in it. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PUECH (FELICITE). See Madame Felicite Rougon. + </p> + <p> + PUTOIS (MADAME), one of the workwomen employed by Gervaise Coupeau in her + laundry. She was a little, lean woman of forty-five, “who worked at her + ironing table without even taking off her bonnet, a black bonnet trimmed + with green ribbons turning yellow.” In character she was severely + respectable. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Q + </h2> + <p> + QUANDIEU, the oldest captain of the Montsou mines. During the strike, the + energetic position taken up by him saved the Mirou pit from destruction by + the infuriated strikers. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + QUENU (MADAME) was a widow with one son when she married her second + husband, M. Quenu, a clerk in the sub-prefecture at Le Vigan. Three years + after, M. Quenu died, leaving a son. Madame Quenu lavished all her + affection on Florent, her elder son, and stinted herself to the verge of + starvation in order that he might continue his legal studies. Before these + were completed she succumbed to the hardship of her life. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + QUENU, the half-brother of Florent. After the death of his mother, he was + taken to Paris by Florent, who supported him by teaching. He was at first + idle and unsettled, but after Florent’s arrest he was taken in by his + uncle Gradelle, to whose business of pork-butcher, as well as to a + considerable sum of money, he ultimately succeeded. After his uncle’s + death he married Lisa Macquart, who had previously assisted in the shop, + and they had a daughter, Pauline. Business prospered, and the Quenus were + soon in a position to remove to larger premises. Florent on his return + from exile was kindly received by Quenu, who later on took no part in the + efforts made by his wife to induce his brother to leave voluntarily. He + was ignorant of his wife’s action with reference to the subsequent arrest + of Florent. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + He died of apoplexy in 1863, six months after the death of his wife, + leaving a will under which M. Chanteau, his cousin became the guardian of + his daughter Pauline. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + QUENU (MADAME LISA), wife of the preceding. See Lisa Macquart. + </p> + <p> + QUENU (PAULINE), born 1852, daughter of Quenu, the pork-butcher, and Lisa + Macquart, his wife. A quiet, amiable child, she unwittingly gave Mlle. + Saget, who bullied her, information regarding her uncle Florent’s history, + which led to the clamour against him in the Market, and ultimately to his + arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + After the death of her father, who left her a fortune of a hundred and + fifty thousand francs, Pauline went in 1863 to live at Bonneville with M. + Chanteau, her guardian. She soon endeared herself to her relatives, and + became much attached to her cousin Lazare. As she grew up and her nature + developed, it became more and more her pleasure to sacrifice herself to + her friends. She allowed her fortune to be squandered by the Chanteaus, + and though engaged to be married to Lazare, she released him in order that + he might marry another girl with whom he had become infatuated. After his + mania became acute, it was she who endeavoured to comfort him, and to + dispel his unreasoning fear of death. She never married. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + After the death of Chanteau, she remained at Bonneville, resolved never to + marry, in order that she might devote herself entirely to Lazare’s little + son, Paul. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + QUINETTE, a glover in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustine, whose business was + seriously affected by the competition of “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au + Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + QUITTARD (AUGUSTE), son of Francoise Quittard. He was a child of six years + of age, who was so ill of typhoid fever that he could not be removed from + Bazeilles when the place was attacked by the Prussians. Early in the day, + his mother was killed by a cannon ball, and the poor child lay for hours + tossing with fever and calling for her. He was burned to death in his bed, + as the Prussians, infuriated by the length of the struggle, wantonly set + fire to the village. La debacle. + </p> + <p> + QUITTARD (FRANCOISE), widow of a mason, and now caretaker of the dye-works + at Bazeilles, which belonged to Delaherche. Before the battle all the + workers made their escape into Belgium, but Francoise was unable to leave + on account of the illness of her little son. Early in the attack by the + Prussians, the unfortunate woman was killed by a cannon ball. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + R + </h2> + <p> + RABIER, a tanner of Beaumont. He was a brother of Madame Franchomme, and + after her death she left the child Angelique in the care of him and his + wife. They treated the girl with such cruelty that she ultimately ran + away, finding shelter with the Huberts. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + RACHAEL, the maid-servant in Auguste Vabre’s household. As Octave Mouret + and Madame Vabre did not bribe her sufficiently, she revealed their + intrigue to Vabre. She acted as his housekeeper for some time, but had to + leave after the reconciliation between him and his wife. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + RAMBAUD (M.), half-brother of Abbe Jouve, had a large business in the Rue + de Rambuteau, where he sold oil and other southern produce. Along with + Abbe Jouve he showed much kindness to Helene Grandjean after the death of + her husband, and was a constant visitor at her house. Later on, the Abbe + tried to arrange a marriage between Rambaud and Helene, but at her request + the decision was delayed. Meantime the love episode with Doctor Deberle + intervened, followed by the death of Jeanne. Two years afterwards the + marriage took place, Rambaud having previously sold his Paris business and + removed to Marseilles. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + He retired from business and went to live at Marseilles. Having by his + marriage become a cousin of Madame Lisa Quenu, he was appointed a member + of the family council which nominally had charge of her daughter’s + fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + Rambaud led a happy life with his wife, whom he adored. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + RAMBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + </p> + <p> + RAMOND (DR.), a pupil and fellow-practitioner of Dr. Pascal. He wished to + marry Clotilde Rougon, but she refused him, and he subsequently married + Mademoiselle Leveque. When Doctor Pascal was seized with an affection of + the heart, Ramond diagnosed the nature of the illness, and subsequently + attended him with unremitting care until his death. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + RAMOND (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Leveque. Le + Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + RANVIER (ABBE), succeeded Abbe Jouve as cure at Montsou. He was of + socialistic tendencies, and blamed the middle classes, who he said robbed + the Church, for all the horrors produced by the strike at Montsou. Upon + the troops who had been called on to fire upon the strikers, he called + down the anger of God, predicting an hour of justice in which fire would + descend from heaven to exterminate the bourgeoisie. He was finally removed + by the Bishop as too compromising. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + RASSENEUR kept a tavern with the sign <i>A l’Avantage</i> between the + settlement of the Deux-Cent-Quarante and the Voreux pit. He was formerly a + good workman, but as he was an excellent speaker, and placed himself at + the head of every strike, he was dismissed by the Mining Company. His wife + already held a licence, and when he was thrown out of work he became an + innkeeper himself. It was in his house that Etienne Lantier found lodgings + when he first came to Montsou, and Souvarine also lodged there. + Rasseneur’s readiness of speech gave him great influence with the miners, + but a rivalry arose between him and Lantier, whose new theories caught the + popular ear. This jealousy caused him to take a side against the strike, + solely because it had been proposed by Lantier, and this attitude made him + very unpopular. But after the failure of the strike, which he had all + along predicted, the inconstancy of the crowd turned in his favour and he + soon regained his old popularity. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + RASSENEUR (MADAME), wife of the preceding. At the time her husband was + dismissed from the pit, she already held a licence, and they subsequently + worked together to extend the business, in which they had considerable + success. She was much more radical in politics than her husband, but + during the strike trouble was careful to show extreme politeness to + everyone. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + RASTOIL, a neighbour of Francois Mouret. He was a rich man about sixty + years of age, who had been president of the civil tribunal of Plassans for + over twenty years. He was a Legitimist, and his house was used as a + convenient meeting-place for the party. For some time he refused to + compromise his political position with Abbe Faujas, who had all along + concealed his opinions. Ultimately, however, he supported the candidate + for the representation of Plassans proposed by Faujas, for which he was + rewarded by an appointment for his son. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + RASTOIL (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a listless and somewhat + prudish woman whose old entanglement with M. Delangre was still remembered + with amusement in the cafes. She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding + the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and ultimately agreed to act + on the committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + RASTOIL (ANGELINE), elder daughter of M. Rastoil, the president of the + civil tribunal of Plassans. Though twenty-six years old, and now very + yellow and shrewish-looking, she still adopted the role of a young girl, + and had hopes of securing a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + RASTOIL (AURELIE), second daughter of M. Rastoil. Like her sister + Angeline, she was plain-looking, and posed as a girl fresh from school, in + the uncertain hope of gaining a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + RASTOIL (SEVERIN), son of M. Rastoil, the president of the civil tribunal + of Plassans. “He was a tall young man of five and twenty, with a badly + shaped skull and a dull brain, who had been just called to the Bar, thanks + to the position which his father held. The latter was anxiously dreaming + of making him a substitute, despairing of his ever succeeding in winning + any practice for himself.” On the suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a + share in starting the Club for Young Men at Plassans. After the election + of M. Delangre as representative of Plassans, Rastoil received the + appointment of assistant public procurator at Faverolles. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + RAVAUD, a captain of the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by Colonel + de Vineuil. A young soldier in his company was the first of the wounded to + be taken to the ambulance in Delaherche’s house on 1st September, 1870. In + March, 1871, captain Ravaud was at Paris, in a regiment of recent + formation, the 124th of the line. Jean Macquart was corporal in his + company in this regiment. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + READING (LORD), proprietor of a racing stable. Bramah, one of his horses, + once gained the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + REBUFAT, a farmer whose land adjoined that inherited by Adelaide Fouque. + He purchased the Fouque property when it was sold by Pierre Rougon. After + the death of his wife Rebufat and his son Justin treated her niece Miette + Chantegreil very harshly. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + REBUFAT (MADAME EULALIE), wife of the preceding; “a big, dark, stubborn + shrew.” She was a sister of Chantegreil, and was therefore the aunt of + Miette, who lived with her after her father’s conviction. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + REBUFAT (JUSTIN), son of Rebufat. “A youth about twenty years old, a + sickly, squint-eyed creature, who cherished an implacable hatred against + his cousin Miette.” La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + REMANJOU (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who lived in the same tenement house + in Rue de la Goutte d’Or as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux, where she made + a scanty livelihood by dressing dolls. She was one of the guests at the + Coupeaus’ wedding party. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + RENAUDIN, a notary at Paris, who adjusted the Contract of Marriage between + Auguste Vabre and Berthe Josserand. He acted in concert with Duveyrier in + selling some heritable property to the loss of other members of the + family. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + RENAUDIN, a medical man at Grenelle. Josephine Dejoie was at one time cook + in his house. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + RENGADE, a gendarme whose eye was accidentally destroyed by Silvere Mouret + during a struggle for possession of a carbine after the entry of the + insurgents into Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + REUTHLINGUER (BARON DE), a banker, and possessor of one of the largest + fortunes in Europe. He was a friend of Clorinde Balbi, and from her + received valuable information on political subjects. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + RHADAMANTE, the sobriquet of a professor at the college of Plassans. He + was supposed never to have laughed. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + RICHOMME, one of the captains of the Voreux pit. He tried in vain to + prevent a collision between the strikers and the troops, and even when + bricks were being thrown he went between two parties, imploring one and + advising the other, careless of danger. He was one of the first to fall + when the troops ultimately fired. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + RIVOIRE, a member of the firm of Piot and Rivoire. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + ROBERT (MADAME), a regular customer at the restaurant Laure Piedefer. She + was jealous of Nana’s relations with Satin, and revenged herself by + writing anonymous letters to Muffat and to other lovers of her enemy. + Nana. + </p> + <p> + ROBIN-CHAGOT (VISCOUNT DE), vice-chairman of the board of directors of the + Universal Bank. He was selected for the position in the belief that he + would sign anything put before him without making too many inquiries. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + ROBINEAU, “second hand” in the silk department at “The Ladies’ Paradise.” + As the result of a conspiracy among his subordinates, he was dismissed, + and soon afterwards bought the business of M. Vincard, a silk merchant, + with money belonging to his wife. His capital was inadequate, but M. + Gaujean, a silk manufacturer who had quarrelled with Octave Mouret, + promised to give him unlimited credit. Robineau’s intention was to break + up the monopoly of the cheaper class of silks which Mouret had secured, + but he soon found that each reduction in price which he made was met by a + still larger one. As he had no other departments out of which to average + his profits, ruin inevitably followed, and he attempted to commit suicide + by throwing himself under an omnibus; his injuries were not serious, + however, and he ultimately recovered. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + ROBINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. “Daughter of an overseer in the + Department of Highways, entirely ignorant of business matters, she still + retained the charming awkwardness of a girl educated in a Blois convent.” + Her small fortune enabled her husband to buy the silk business of M. + Vincard, and she assisted him in carrying it on. Their subsequent ruin + affected her less than the attempted suicide of her husband, to whom she + was devoted. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + ROBINE, a regular attender at the revolutionary meetings in Lebigre’s + wine-shop. He sat for hours listening to arguments but never made any + remarks. He escaped arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + ROBINE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived with her husband in Rue + Saint-Denis. No one ever entered their house, and even her personal + appearance was unknown to her husband’s friends. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + ROBINOT (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + ROBIQUET, farmer of La Chamade. Being near the end of his lease, he ceased + to manure the land, allowing it to go to ruin. He was eventually turned + out as he did not pay his rent. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + ROCHART (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Faverolles. He upheld the Sisters of the + Holy Family in the matter of the succession to Chevassu’s estate, but was + beaten by Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, who supported the claim of + the Charbonnels. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ROCHAS, lieutenant in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by Colonel + de Vineuil. The son of a journeyman mason from Limousin, he was born in + Paris, and not caring for his father’s calling, enlisted when he was only + eighteen. He gained a corporal’s stripes in Algeria, rose to the rank of + sergeant at Sebastopol, and was promoted to a lieutenancy after Solferino. + Fifteen years of hardship and heroic bravery was the price he had paid to + be an officer, but his education was so defective that he could never be + made a captain. He held the old traditions that a defeat of the French + army was impossible, and all through the campaign against Germany in 1870 + he refused to believe in the repeated catastrophes. In the fierce attack + by the Prussians on the Hermitage, he fought desperately against an + overwhelming force, and up to the end encouraged his men by shouting that + the victory was theirs. In the end he fell, mowed down by a hail of + bullets. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + ROCHEFONTAINE, proprietor of a large factory at Chateaudun. He was + desirous of serving as a Deputy, but did not secure the support of the + Government, and, standing as an independent candidate, was defeated. + Later, in consequence of the disgrace of M. de Chedeville, he became the + official candidate, and in spite of a brusqueness of manner which made him + unpopular, he was elected. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + RODRIGUEZ, a distant relative of the Empress, who made a claim upon the + State for a large sum, which he said had been due since 1808. Eugene + Rougon, the Minister of State, gave great offence to the Empress by + opposing the claim. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ROGNES-BOUQUEVAL (LES), an ancient and noble family whose estate, already + much reduced by enforced sales, was declared national property in 1793, + and was purchased piece by piece by Isidore Hourdequin. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + ROIVILLE (LES), members of Parisian society at whose house Baroness + Sandorff occasionally met Gundermann. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + ROSALIE, an old chair-mender at Rognes. The poor woman lived all alone, + sick and without a copper. Abbe Godard came to her assistance. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + ROSE, a waitress in Lebigre’s wine-shop. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + ROSE, servant in the household of Francois Mouret, was an old woman of + crabbed nature and uncertain temper. She fell under the influence of Abbe + Faujas, and encouraged her mistress in the religious observances which led + to the neglect of her family. Later, when Madame Mouret’s health became + impaired, and she became subject to fits, it was chiefly Rose who threw + suspicion on her master, encouraging the belief that he was insane and had + inflicted injuries on his wife. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + ROSE, a peasant girl at Artaud; sister of Lisa. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + ROSE, maid-servant to Madame Hennebeau. She was not alarmed by the + violence of the strikers, as, belonging to that district, she knew the + miners, and believed them not to be wicked. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + ROSE, daughter of the concierge at the sub-prefecture at Sedan. She was a + worker in Delaherche’s factory, and he applied to her for information + regarding the course of the battle, as she was in a position to hear the + gossip of the officers and officials. When Napoleon III decided to request + an armistice from the Prussians, it was Rose who furnished a tablecloth to + be used as a white flag. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + ROSE, niece of Aristide Saccard’s hairdresser. She was a pretty girl of + about eighteen, whom Saccard sent to his son Maxime under the pretext of + nursing him, but in reality with a view to hastening the course of a + nervous disease from which the young man suffered. Aristide agreed to pay + her a percentage on the fortune which he hoped to acquire at his son’s + death. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUBAUD, assistant station-master at Havre. Born in the south of France, + at Plassans, he had a carter for father. He had quitted the army with the + stripes of a sergeant-major, and for a long time had been general porter + at the station at Nantes. He had been promoted head porter at Barentin, + and it was there that he first saw Severine Aubry, the god-daughter of + President Grandmorin, whom he married. This was the sole romance of his + existence, and it was coupled with fortune, for apart from Severine and + her marriage portion of ten thousand francs, the President, now a director + of the Western Railway Company, got him appointed assistant station-master + at Havre. He proved an excellent official, and the only thing against him + was a suspicion that he was affected by republican principles. For three + years Roubaud’s married life was a happy one, until a chance lie of his + wife’s gave him a clue to her former relations with Grandmorin. Driven + frantic by jealousy, he forced her to reveal the truth, afterwards + compelling her to become his accomplice in the murder of the President in + the Havre express. The Roubauds established an alibi, though slight + suspicion attached to them, and Denizet, the examining magistrate, + endeavoured to fasten the crime on Cabuche. For political reasons it was + not considered desirable that Grandmorin’s character should be publicly + discussed, and the inquiry regarding the murder was dropped. Roubaud was + aware, however, that Jacques Lantier had strong suspicions, and tried to + secure his silence by making him a friend; a friendship which soon + developed into a liaison between Lantier and Severine. With the murder of + Grandmorin, the disintegration of Roubaud’s character began; he gradually + became a confirmed gambler, and having lost all his own money began to use + that which he had taken from the body of his victim in order to establish + a false motive for the crime. The relations between him and his wife + became more and more strained, until they reached such a pitch that + Lantier and she planned his murder. The homicidal frenzy of Lantier, to + which Severine fell a victim, ended the plot, but Roubaud and Cabuche, who + arrived on the scene immediately after the murder, were arrested under + what appeared to be suspicious circumstances, and, after trial, were + sentenced to penal servitude for a crime which they did not commit. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + ROUBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Severine Aubry. La Bete + Humaine. + </p> + <p> + ROUDIER, a regular attender at the political meetings held in the Rougons’ + yellow drawing-room. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ROUGE D’AUNEAU (LE), lieutenant of Beau-Francois, leader of the band of + brigands. He wrote a complaint while in prison. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + ROUGETTE, a cow bought by the sisters Mouche at the market of Cloyes. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON, a young gardener who worked for the Fouque family, and afterwards + married Adelaide. Fifteen months afterwards he died from sunstroke, + leaving a son named Pierre. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON, alias SACCARD (ARISTIDE), born 1815, youngest son of Pierre + Rougon, was educated, like his brothers, at Plassans and Paris, but failed + to pass his examinations. His character was a combination of covetousness + and slyness: his greatest desire was the acquisition of rapid fortune, + gained without work. In 1836 he married Angele Sicardot, who brought him a + dowry of ten thousand francs. As Aristide did no work, and lived + extravagantly, the money was soon consumed, and he and his wife were in + such poverty that he was at last compelled to seek a situation. He + procured a place at the Sub-Prefecture, where he remained nearly ten + years, and only reached a salary of eighteen hundred francs. During that + time “he longed, with ever-increasing malevolence and rancour, for those + enjoyments of which he was deprived” by his lowly position. In 1848, when + his brother Eugene left for Paris, he had a faint idea of following him, + but remained in the hope of something turning up. In opposition to his + father, he expressed Republican principles, and edited a newspaper called + the <i>Independant</i>. At the time of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i>, he became + alarmed at the course of events, and pretended that an accident to his + hand prevented him from writing. His mother having given him private + information as to the success of the Bonapartist cause, he changed the + politics of his paper, and became reconciled to his parents. La Fortune + des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + Early in 1852 he went to Paris, taking with him his wife and daughter + Clotilde, then a child of four; his son Maxime he left at Plassans. + Through the influence of his brother Eugene, he got an appointment as + assistant surveying clerk at the <i>Hotel de Ville</i>, with a salary of + two thousand four hundred francs. Before entering on his duties, however, + he changed his name to Saccard on the suggestion of his brother, who + feared that he might be compromised by him. In 1853, Aristide was + appointed a surveying commissioner of roads, with an increased salary. At + this period great schemes of city improvement were under discussion, and + Aristide by spying and other shady means got early information as to the + position of the proposed new streets. Great chances of fortune were + arising, but he had no capital. The death of his wife enabled him to enter + into a plan proposed by his sister Sidonie, who had heard of a family + willing to make a considerable sacrifice to find a not too inquisitive + husband for their daughter. He accordingly married Renee Beraud du Chatel, + and gained control of a considerable sum of ready money, in addition to + the fortune settled on his wife. By means of a cleverly contrived swindle, + in which he was assisted by his friend Larsonneau, he got a fabulous price + for some property acquired by him, and the foundation of his fortune was + laid. From this time, he lived a life of the wildest extravagance, and, + though his gains were frequently enormous, his expenses were so great that + it was only with difficulty that he was able to prevent a catastrophe. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + He as appointed by Pauline Quenu’s family council to be her “surrogate + guardian.” La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + After a last and disastrous land speculation, Saccard was obliged to leave + his great house in the Parc Monceau, which he abandoned to his creditors. + At first undecided as to his movements, he took a flat in the mansion in + Rue Saint-Lazare, which belonged to Princess d’Orviedo. There he met + Hamelin, the engineer, and his sister Caroline, with whom he soon became + on intimate terms. Hamelin having spent much time in the East, had formed + many schemes for great financial ventures, and Saccard was so impressed + with these that he formed a syndicate for the purpose of carrying some of + them out. With this view the Universal Bank was formed, and was at first + very successful. By persistent advertising, and other means, the shares of + the Bank were forced to an undue price, and then Saccard began to + speculate in them on behalf of the Bank itself. The great financier + Gundermann, with whom Saccard had quarrelled, then began a persistent + attack on the Bank, selling its shares steadily day after day. Saccard + continued to buy as long as he was able; but the end came, the price + broke, and he, as well as the Bank, which was now one of its own largest + shareholders, was ruined. Since his previous failure, Saccard had not been + on friendly terms with his brother Eugene Rougon, and, some time before + the collapse of the Bank, had made violent attacks upon him in his + newspaper. Consequently Rougon did nothing to assist him in the criminal + proceedings which followed the final catastrophe; he did not, however, + wish to have a brother in jail, and arranged matters so that an appeal was + allowed. Next day Saccard escaped to Belgium. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + After the fall of the Second Empire, he returned to Paris, despite the + sentence he had incurred. Some complicated intrigue must have been at + work, for not only did he obtain a pardon, but once more took part in + promoting large undertakings, with a finger in every pie and a share of + every bribe. In 1872 he was actively engaged in journalism, having been + appointed Director of the <i>Epoque</i>, a Republican journal which made a + great success by publishing the papers found in the Tuileries. Covetous of + his son’s fortune, he hastened a disease from which Maxime suffered, by + encouraging him in vicious courses, and in the end got possession of the + whole estate. By a singular irony, Aristide, now returned to his original + Republicanism, was in a position to protect his brother Eugene, whom in + earlier days he had so often compromised. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (MADAME ANGELE), first wife of the preceding, was a daughter of + commander Sicardot. She brought her husband a dowry of ten thousand + francs. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + Along with her daughter Clotilde, she accompanied her husband to Paris in + 1852, and being an amiable woman without ambition she was quite satisfied + with the modest position he at first secured. She died in 1854 of + inflammation of the lungs. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON, alias SACCARD (MADAME RENEE), the second wife of Aristide Rougon, + alias Saccard, was the elder daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel, the last + representative of an old middle-class family. Having become seriously + compromised, she was hurriedly married to Saccard through the agency of + his sister Madame Sidonie, and a considerable sum of money as well as land + was settled upon her. Wholly given over to pleasure and extravagance, she + soon got deeply into debt, and her husband took advantage of this from + time to time by inducing her to make over to him her property, in order + that he might speculate with it. She engaged in a shameful liaison with + her husband’s son Maxime, which ultimately brought her great unhappiness, + and she died of acute meningitis at an early age. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (CHARLES), born 1857, son of Maxime Rougon, alias Saccard, and of + Justine Megot, a maid-servant of Madame Renee Saccard. The child and his + mother were sent to the country with a little annuity of twelve hundred + francs. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + At fifteen years of age he lived at Plassans with his mother, who had + married a saddler named Anselme Thomas. Charles was a degenerate who + reproduced at a distance of three generations his great-great-grandmother, + Adelaide Fouque. He did not look more than twelve years old, and his + intelligence was that of a child of five. There was in him a relaxation of + tissues, due to degeneracy, and the slightest exertion produced + hemorrhage. Charles was not kindly treated by his stepfather, and + generally lived with his great-grandmother Felicite Rougon. He was + frequently taken to visit the aged Adelaide Fouque in the asylum at Les + Tulettes, and on one occasion, in 1873, when he chanced to be left alone + with her he was seized with bleeding at the nose, and, under the fixed + eyes of his ancestress, he slowly bled to death. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (CLOTILDE), born 1847, daughter of Aristide Rougon, accompanied her + father and mother to Paris in 1852. After the death of her mother in 1854, + she was sent to live with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her uncle, who had frequently + offered to take her to enliven his silent scientific home. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + At Plassans Clotilde lived a quiet healthy life, much of it spent in the + open air. She was not highly educated, but having considerable artistic + talent was able to assist Doctor Pascal by making illustrations for his + great work on heredity. At one period she developed strong religious + tendencies under the influence of Martine, the doctor’s old servant, who + took her to church, and imbued the girl with her own bigoted ideas + regarding the salvation of Pascal. Her grandmother, Felicite Rougon, who + wished, for family reasons, to destroy Pascal’s manuscripts on the subject + of heredity, played on Clotilde’s feelings, and induced her to assist in a + search for the hated work. Rougon surprised them in the act, and + subsequently laid bare to Clotilde the whole facts of the terrible family + history. In time the mysticism of the Church gave place to passionate love + between Clotilde and Pascal. The doctor felt, however, that she was + sacrificing her youth for him, and sent her to Paris to live with her + brother Maxime. Soon afterwards, Pascal became ill, and died before she + was able to return. A child was born some months later. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (EUGENE), born 1811, eldest son of Pierre Rougon, was educated at + Plassans and Paris, and was called to the Bar. He practised in the local + Court for a number of years, but with little success. Though of lethargic + appearance, he was a man of ability, who “cherished lofty ambitions, + possessed domineering instincts, and showed a singular contempt for + trifling expedients and small fortunes.” With the Revolution of February, + 1848, Eugene felt that his opportunity had come, and he left for Paris + with scarcely five hundred francs in his pocket. He was able to give his + parents early information of the designs of the Bonapartes, and so + prepared the way for the events of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851, when + the family fortunes were made. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + During his early days in Paris Rougon resided at the Hotel Vanneau, kept + by Madame Correur, and while there he made the acquaintance of Gilquin and + Du Poizet, both of whom assisted him in spreading the Bonapartist + propaganda. By his exertions in this cause he established a claim for + reward, and he was appointed a member of the State Council, ultimately + becoming its President. He fell into disfavour, however, with the Court on + account of his opposition to a claim for two million francs by a distant + relative of the Empress Eugenie. Finding that his position was insecure, + he tendered his resignation to the Emperor, who accepted it. About this + time he met Clorinde Balbi, an Italian adventuress, who endeavoured to + induce him to marry her. Carried away for the time being, Rougon made + overtures to her which she resented, and he was on the point of offering + her marriage. Reflection on her somewhat equivocal position in society + induced him to think better of this, and he offered to arrange a marriage + between her and his friend Delestang. The offer was accepted, and the + marriage took place. Soon after, Rougon married Veronique + Beulin-d’Orchere. During his retirement Rougon was surrounded by a band of + followers, the Charbonnels, Du Poizet, Kahn, and others, who in the hope + of profiting by his return to office lost no chance of establishing a + claim upon him. After the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor, of + which Rougon had prior information through Gilquin, the need for a strong + man arose, and he was again called to office, being appointed Minister of + the Interior. His harshness in carrying out reprisals against the + Republican party, and even more, his recklessness in finding appointments + for his friends, led to a public outcry, and his position again became + undermined. Clorinde, who had never forgiven him for not marrying her, did + much to foment the disaffection, and even his own band of followers turned + against him. Always quick to act, Rougon again placed his resignation in + the hands of the Emperor, who to his surprise accepted it. Three years + later he was once more a member of the Corps Legislatif, and having + brought his principles into accordance with the more liberal views then + professed by the Emperor, he gave his strong support to the measures + giving effect to them. In consequence, he was appointed by the Emperor as + a Minister without department, and commissioned to defend the new Policy. + Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + When his brother Aristide came to Paris, Eugene found a situation for him, + but, fearing to be compromised by him, suggested that he should change his + name to Saccard which he did. There was no intimacy between the brothers, + but Eugene occasionally visited Aristide at the great house built by him + in the Parc Monceau. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + After Saccard’s bankruptcy, Eugene refused to have any further connection + with him, though he tacitly approved of the foundation of the Universal + Bank. The Bank having failed, however, he did nothing to stay legal + proceedings against his brother; but, after a sentence of imprisonment had + been passed, he connived at his escape from the country while the sentence + was under appeal. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + He continued to take a lively interest in Plassans, and it was by him that + Abbe Faujas was sent there to counteract the clerical influence, which at + that time was strongly Legitimist. He kept up a correspondence with his + mother, whom he advised as to each step she should take in political + matters. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + After the fall of the Empire, Eugene became a simple Deputy, and in the + Assembly remained to defend the old order of things which the downfall had + swept away. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (MADAME EUGENE), wife of the preceding. See Veronique + Beulin-d’Orchere. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (MARTHE), born 1820, daughter of Pierre Rougon; married in 1840 her + cousin Francois Rougon; had three children. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + She accompanied her husband to Marseilles, where by close attention to + business they accumulated a fortune in fifteen years, returning to + Plassans at the end of that period and settling down there. Her life at + Plassans was a happy one until the household fell under the influence of + Abbe Faujas. From the first she was in love with the priest, and as he + gave her no encouragement in this, she devoted herself to church services + to the entire neglect of her household and family. As time went on, her + passion for the Abbe grew more extreme, and her health became undermined + to a serious extent. She became subject to fits of an epileptic nature, + and having injured herself in some of these, she allowed the injuries to + be attributed to her husband, whom she had now grown to regard as an + encumbrance. Though she was aware that he was not insane, she allowed him + to be removed to an asylum, where confinement soon completed the work + begun by her own conduct. The Abbe Faujas having resolutely resisted her + advances, her health became still worse, and she died in her mother’s + house on the same night that her husband escaped from the asylum and + burned down their old home. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (MAXIME), born 1840, son of Aristide Rougon. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + When his father went to Paris in 1852, Maxime remained at school at + Plassans, not going to Paris till after his father’s second marriage. From + early youth he was of vicious character, and the idleness and extravagance + of the life in his father’s house only completed the training begun at + Plassans. After carrying on a disgraceful liaison with his father’s second + wife, he married Louise de Mareuil, through whom he got a considerable + dowry. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + After the death of his wife, six months after their marriage, he returned + to Paris, where he lived quietly upon the dowry brought to him by her. He + refused to join in any of his father’s schemes, or to assist him in any + way, and was consequently not affected by the failure of the Universal + Bank. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + After the war he re-established himself in his mansion in Avenue du + Bois-de-Boulogne, where he lived on the fortune left by his wife. “He had + become prudent, however, with the enforced restraint of a man whose marrow + is diseased, and who seeks by artifice to ward off the paralysis which + threatened him.” In the fear of this impending illness, he induced his + sister Clotilde to leave Doctor Pascal, and go to live with him in Paris, + but in his constant fear of being taken advantage of he soon began to be + suspicious of her, as he did of every one who served him. His father, who + wished to hasten his own inheritance, encouraged him in a renewal of his + vicious courses, and he died of <i>locomotor ataxy</i> at the age of + thirty-three. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (MADAME MAXIME). See Louise de Mareuil. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (PASCAL), born 1813, second son of Pierre Rougon, “had an + uprightness of spirit, a love of study, a retiring modesty which + contrasted strangely with the feverish ambitions and unscrupulous + intrigues of his family.” Having acquitted himself admirably in his + medical studies at Paris, he returned to Plassans, where he lived a life + of quiet study and work. He had few patients, but devoted himself to + research, particularly on the subject of heredity, with special reference + to its results on his own family. In the hope of alleviating suffering, he + followed the Republican insurgents in their march from Plassans in + December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + In 1854 his niece Clotilde, daughter of his brother Aristide, went to live + with him. He had frequently offered to take her, but nothing was arranged + till after the death of her mother, at which time she was about seven + years old. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + His practice as a medical man extended to Les Artaud, and he attended his + nephew Abbe Serge Mouret during an attack of brain fever. On the priest’s + partial recovery, he removed him to the Paradou, and left him in the care + of Albine, niece of old Jeanbernat, the caretaker of that neglected + demesne. Dr. Pascal was much attached to Albine, and deeply regretted the + sad love affair which resulted from Mouret’s forgetfulness of his past. He + had no religious beliefs himself, and he urged Mouret to return to Albine, + but the voice of the Church proved too strong in the end. La Faute de + l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + At sixty years of age Pascal was so fresh and vigorous that, though his + hair and beard were white, he might have been mistaken for a young man + with powdered locks. He had lived for seventeen years at La Souleiade, + near Plassans, with his niece Clotilde and his old servant Martine, having + amassed a little fortune, which was sufficient for his needs. He had + devoted his life to the study of heredity, finding typical examples in his + own family. He brought up Clotilde without imposing on her his own + philosophic creed, even allowing Martine to take her to church regularly. + But this tolerance brought about a serious misunderstanding between them, + for the girl fell under the influence of religious mysticism, and came to + look with horror on the savant’s scientific pursuits. Discovered by him in + an attempt to destroy his documents, he explained to Clotilde fully and + frankly the bearing of their terrible family history on his theory of + heredity, with the result that her outlook on life was entirely changed; + he had opposed the force of human truth against the shadows of mysticism. + The struggle between Pascal and Clotilde brought them to a knowledge of + mutual love, and an illicit relationship was established between them. He + would have married her (this being legal in France), but having lost most + of his money he was unwilling to sacrifice what he believed to be her + interests, and persuaded her to go to Paris to live with her brother + Maxime. Soon after her departure he was seized with an affection of the + heart, and, after some weeks of suffering, died only an hour before her + return. Immediately after his death his mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, + took possession of his papers, and in an immense <i>auto-da-fe</i> + destroyed in an hour the records of a lifetime of work. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (PIERRE), born 1787, legitimate son of Adelaide Fouque, was a + thrifty, selfish lad who saw that his mother by her improvident conduct + was squandering the estate to which he considered himself sole heir. His + aim was to induce his mother and her two illegitimate children to remove + from the house and land, and in this he was ultimately successful. Having + sold the property for fifty thousand francs, he induced his mother, who by + this time was of weak intellect, to sign a receipt for that sum, and was + so able to defraud his half-brother and sister of the shares to which they + would have been entitled. Soon thereafter he married Felicite Puech, the + daughter of an oil dealer in Plassans. The firm of Puech and Lacamp was + not prosperous, but the money brought by Pierre Rougon retrieved the + situation, and after a few years the two original partners retired. + Fortune, however, soon changed, and for thirty years there was a continual + struggle to make ends meet. Three sons and two daughters were born, and + their education was a heavy drain upon their parents’ means. In 1845 + Pierre and his wife retired from business with forty thousand francs at + the most. Instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant, they went in for + politics, and soon regular meetings of the reactionary party came to be + held in their “yellow drawing-room.” Advised, however, by their son + Eugene, they resolved to support the cause of the Bonapartes, and at the + time of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i> of 1851 Pierre was the leader of that party + in Plassans. Having concealed himself when the Republican insurgents + entered Plassans, he avoided capture, and after they retired he led the + band of citizens which recaptured the town hall. This bloodless victory + having been somewhat minimized by the townspeople, Pierre and his wife, + with a view to establishing a strong claim for subsequent reward, bribed + Antoine Macquart to lead the Republicans left in Plassans to an attack on + the town hall. To meet this he prepared a strong ambuscade, and the + Republicans were repulsed with considerable loss. As a result of this + treachery, Pierre was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the saviour of + the town, and the Government subsequently appointed him Receiver of Taxes, + decorating him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + He settled down quietly and took little part in public affairs, though his + wife continued to hold weekly receptions at which members of the different + political parties were represented. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + He became so corpulent that he was unable to move, and was carried off by + an attack of indigestion on the night of 3rd September, 1870, a few hours + after hearing of the catastrophe of Sedan. The downfall of the regime + which he prided himself on having helped to establish seemed to have + crushed him like a thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (MADAME FELICITE), wife of the preceding, and daughter of Puech, + the oil-dealer. She was married in 1810, and had three sons and two + daughters. A woman of strong ambitions, she hoped to better her social + position by the aid of her sons, on whose education she spent large sums. + Disappointed in this hope for many years, she and her husband retired from + business with barely sufficient means to keep themselves in comfort. She, + instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant (her putative father), urged her + husband to take part in politics, and meetings of the reactionary party + were regularly held in her “yellow drawing-room.” While the success of the + <i>Coup d’Etat</i> was in some doubt, she encouraged her husband in + maintaining the position he had taken up; and, having ascertained that the + success of the Bonapartists was assured she arranged with Antoine Macquart + for the attack on the town hall, the repulse of which led to the rise of + the family fortunes. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + After her husband’s appointment as Receiver of Taxes, she continued her + weekly receptions, but endeavoured to give them a non-political character + by inviting representatives of all parties. Her son Eugene, now a Minister + of State, kept her advised as to the course she should pursue, and on his + instructions she gave some assistance to Abbe Faujas in his political + “conquest of Plassans.” La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + In 1856 she interested herself in a lawsuit raised by M. Charbonnel, a + retired oil-merchant of Plassans, and requested her son Eugene, the + President of the Council of State, to use his influence on behalf of her + friend. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + After the disasters of the war, Plassans escaped from her dominion, and + she had to content herself with the role of dethroned queen of the old + regime. Her ruling passion was the defence of the glory of the Rougons, + and the obliteration of everything tending to reflect on the family name. + In this connection she welcomed the death of Adelaide Fouque, the common + ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts, and she did nothing to save + her old accomplice Antoine Macquart from the terrible fate which overtook + him. After these events, her only remaining trouble was the work on family + heredity which had for years occupied her son Pascal. Assisted by his + servant Martine, she eventually succeeded in burning the whole manuscript + to which Pascal had devoted his life. Her triumph was then secure, and in + order to raise a monument to the glory of the family she devoted a large + part of her fortune to the erection of an asylum for the aged, to be known + as the Rougon Asylum. At eighty-two years of age, she laid the foundation + stone of the building, and in doing so conquered Plassans for the third + time. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (SIDONIE), born 1818, daughter of Pierre Rougon. La Fortune des + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + She married at Plassans an attorney’s clerk, named Touche, and together + they went to Paris, setting up business in the Rue Saint-Honore, as + dealers in fruit from the south of France. The venture was unsuccessful, + and the husband soon disappeared. At the rise of the Second Empire, + Sidonie was thirty-five; but she dressed herself with so little care and + had so little of the woman in her manner that she looked much older. She + carried on business in lace and pianos, but did not confine herself to + these trades; when she had sold ten francs worth of lace she would + insinuate herself into her customer’s good graces and become her man of + business, attending attorneys, advocates, and judges on her behalf. The + confidences she everywhere received put her on the track of good strokes + of business, often of a nature more than equivocal, and it was she who + arranged the second marriage of her brother Aristide. She was a true + Rougon, who had inherited the hunger for money, the longing for intrigue, + which was the characteristic of the family. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + In 1851 she had a daughter by an unknown father. The child, who was named + Angelique Marie, was at once sent to the Foundling Hospital by her mother, + who never made any inquiry about her afterwards. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + She attended the funeral of her cousin, Claude Lantier, the artist. + Arrived at his house, “she went upstairs, turned round the studio, sniffed + at all its bare wretchedness, and then walked down again with a hard + mouth, irritated at having taken the trouble to come.” L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + “After a long disappearance from the scene, Sidonie, weary of the shady + callings she had plied, and now of a nunlike austerity, retired to the + gloomy shelter of a conventual kind of establishment, holding the + purse-strings of the Oeuvre du Sacrament, an institution founded with the + object of assisting seduced girls, who had become mothers, to secure + husbands.” Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (VICTOR), son of Aristide Saccard and Rosaline Chavaille. Brought + up in the gutter, he was from the first incorrigibly lazy and vicious. La + Mechain, his mother’s cousin, after discovering his paternity, told the + facts to Caroline Hamelin, who, to save Saccard annoyance, paid over a + considerable sum and removed the boy to <i>L’Oeuvre du Travail</i>, one of + the institutions founded by the Princess d’Orviedo. Here every effort was + made to reclaim him, but without success; vice and cunning had become his + nature. In the end he made a murderous attack upon Alice du Beauvilliers, + who was visiting the hospital, and having stolen her purse, made his + escape. Subsequent search proved fruitless; he had disappeared in the + under-world of crime. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + “In 1873, Victor had altogether vanished, living, no doubt, in the shady + haunts of crime—since he was in no penitentiary—let loose upon + the world like some brute foaming with the hereditary virus, whose every + bite would enlarge that existing evil—free to work out his own + future, his unknown destiny, which was perchance the scaffold.” Le Docteur + Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUGON (——-), the child of Doctor Pascal Rougon and of + Clotilde Rougon, born some months after his father’s death. Pascal a few + minutes before he died, drew towards him the genealogical tree of the + Rougon-Macquart family, over which he had spent so many years, and in a + vacant space wrote the words: “The unknown child, to be born in 1874. What + will it be?” Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + ROUSSE (LA), a peasant girl of Les Artaud, who assisted to decorate the + church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + ROUSSEAU, one of the auditors of the Universal Bank, an office which he + shared with Lavigniere, under whose influence he was to a great extent. + L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + ROUSSELOT (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Plassans, an amiable but weak man, who + was entirely under the influence of Abbe Fenil. Having got into disfavour + with the Government over the election of a Legitimist as Deputy, he was + anxious to retrieve his position, and with this object agreed to appoint + Abbe Faujas vicar of Saint-Saturnin’s church. This led to a quarrel with + Abbe Fenil, who, of course, resented the appointment. The Bishop being + still in some doubt as to the standing of Abbe Faujas with the Government, + went to Paris, where he interviewed Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. + Satisfied with the information which he received, he threw himself + heartily into the political struggle then proceeding at Plassans, giving + Faujas every assistance in carrying out his schemes on behalf of the + Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + ROUSSIE (LA), a woman who had formerly worked as a putter in the Voreux + pit. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + ROUSTAN (ABBE), one of the clergy of Sainte-Eustache church. Madame Lisa + Quenu consulted him as to her proposed course of action regarding Florent. + Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + ROUVET, an old peasant who lived in the same village as Zephyrin Lacour + and Rosalie Pichon. One of her pleasures consisted in calling to mind the + sayings of the old man. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + ROZAN (DUC DE), was a young man of dissolute life, who, after getting the + control of his fortune, soon went through the greater part of it. He was + the lover of Renee Saccard for a time. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + ROZAN (DUCHESSE DE), mother of the preceding. She kept her son so short of + money that, till he was thirty-five, he seldom had more than a dozen louis + at a time. Her death was largely occasioned by the knowledge of the + enormous amount of debts her son had incurred. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + RUSCONI (CHEVALIER), the Sardinian Minister at Paris, a friend of Comtesse + Balbi, and her daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0024" id="link2H_4_0024"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + S + </h2> + <p> + SABATANI, a native of the Levant, who appeared in Paris after defaulting + on some foreign Stock Exchange. He was a handsome man, and little by + little gained the confidence of the Bourse “by scrupulous correctness of + behaviour and an unremitting graciousness even towards the most + disreputable.” He began doing business with Mazard by depositing a small + sum as “cover” in the belief that the insignificance of the amount would + in time be forgotten; and “he evinced great prudence, increasing the + orders in a stealthy gradual fashion, pending the day when, with a heavy + settlement to meet, it would be necessary for him to disappear.” When + Saccard founded the Universal Bank, he selected Sabatani as the “man of + straw” in whose name the shares held by the Bank itself were to be taken + up. Sabatani soon increased his speculations to an enormous extent, + gaining large sums, but after the collapse of the Universal Bank he + disappeared without paying his “differences,” thereby contributing largely + to the ruin of Mazard. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SABOT, a vine-grower of Brinqueville. He was a renowned joker, who entered + into a competition with Hyacinthe Fouan, but was beaten by him. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + SACCARD, the name assumed by Aristide Rougon, on the suggestion of his + brother Eugene. See Rougon (Aristide). La Curee. + </p> + <p> + SACCARD (VICTOR). See Victor Rougon. + </p> + <p> + SAFFRE (DE), secretary to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + SAGET (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who had lived in the Rue Pirouette for + forty years. She never spoke about herself, but she spent her life in + getting information about her neighbours, carrying her prying curiosity so + far as to listen behind their doors and open their letters. She went about + all day pretending she was marketing, but in reality merely spreading + scandal and getting information. By bullying little Pauline Quenu, she got + a hint of Florent’s past history, which she promptly spread through the + markets, even going the length of writing an anonymous letter to the + Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + SAINT-FIRMIN (OSCAR DE), a character in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>, a play + by Fauchery. The part was played by Prulliere. Nana. + </p> + <p> + SAINT-GERMAIN (MADEMOISELLE DE), was the owner of a princely house in Rue + Saint-Lazare, which after her death became the property of Princess + d’Orviedo. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SAINTS-ANGES (LA MERE DES), superior of the Convent of the Visitation at + Clermont. She saved from the cloister Christine Hallegrain, who had not a + religious vocation, and obtained for her a situation to Madame de Vanzade. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + SALMON, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who passed for a man of + extraordinary acumen by listening to everyone and saying nothing. He + answered only by smiles, and one could never tell in what he was + speculating or whether he was speculating at all. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SALNEUVE (DE), a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, + whose influence was secured for Eugene Rougon by Clorinde Balbi. Son + Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + SAMBUC (GUILLAUME), one of the francs-tireurs who carried on a guerilla + warfare against the Germans in 1870. He was the worthy son of a family of + scoundrels, and lived by theft and rapine. He furnished most valuable + information to the French generals regarding the movement of the Prussians + to surprise Beaumont, but his information was disregarded till too late. + The francs-tireurs had a particular hatred against Goliath Steinberg, the + German spy, and, instigated by Silvine Morange, Sambuc arranged for his + capture, afterwards killing him by cutting his throat. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + SAMBUC (PROSPER), brother of the preceding. Of a nature docile and + hard-working, he hated the life of the woods, and would have liked to be a + farm labourer. He entered the army and became one of the Chasseurs + d’Afrique. Sent to France to take part in the war against Germany, he + shared in many weary marches, but saw no fighting, till the battle of + Sedan, when his horse, Zephir, which he loved like a brother, was killed + under him. He made his escape after the battle, and having been able to + change his uniform for the clothes of a countryman, he returned to Remilly + and got employment on the farm of Fouchard. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + SANDORFF, a member of the Austrian Embassy at Paris. He married Mlle. de + Ladricourt, who was much younger than he. He was very niggardly. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SANDORFF (BARONESS), wife of the Councillor to the Austrian Embassy, who + was thirty-five years older than herself. She was an inveterate + speculator, and, as her husband refused to assist her, she found it + necessary to have recourse to her lovers when her losses were greater than + usual. She stopped at nothing to gain information, and at one time was on + intimate terms with Saccard. Having quarrelled with him, she hastened the + downfall of the Universal Bank, by giving information to Gundermann which + caused him to continue his attack on the Bank. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SANDOZ (PERE), a Spaniard who took refuge in France in consequence of a + political disturbance in which he was involved. He started near Plassans a + paper mill with new machinery of his own invention. When he died, almost + heart-broken by the petty local jealousy that had sought to hamper him in + every way, his widow found herself in a position so involved, and burdened + with so many tangled lawsuits, that the whole of her remaining means were + swallowed up. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + SANDOZ MERE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a native of Burgundy. + Yielding to her hatred of the Provencals, whom she blamed for the death of + her husband, and even for the slow paralysis from which she herself was + suffering, she migrated to Paris, with her son Pierre, who then supported + her out of a clerk’s small salary. In Rue d’Enfer she occupied a single + room on the same flat as her son, and there, disabled by paralysis, lived + in morose and voluntary solitude, surrounded by his tender care. Later, + Pierre, who was now married, and was making a considerable income, took a + house in Rue Nollet, and there Madame Sandoz passed her remaining years. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + SANDOZ (PIERRE), a famous novelist whose youth was spent at Plassans, + where at school he was the inseparable companion of Claude Lantier and + Dubuche. The favourite amusement of the boys was walking, and together + they took long excursions, spending whole days in the country. After the + death of his father Sandoz went to Paris, where he got employment at a + small salary at the <i>Mairie</i> of the fifth arrondissement, in the + office for registration of births; he was chained there by the thought of + his mother, whom he had to support, and to whom he was tenderly attached. + Presently he published his first book: a series of mild sketches, brought + with him from Plassans, among which only a few rougher notes indicated the + mutineer, the lover of truth and power. He lived at this time with his + mother in a little house in Rue d’Enfer, and there he received each + Thursday evening his old friends from Plassans, Claude Lantier and + Dubuche, and with them Fagerolles, Mahoudeau, Jory, Gagniere, now reunited + at Paris, and all animated by the same passion for art. He was still + obsessed by a desire for literary glory, and had thoughts of writing a + poem on some vast subject, but at last he hit on a scheme which soon took + form in his mind. With reference to it he said, “I am going to take a + family, and I shall study its members, one by one, whence they come, + whither they go, how they react upon one another—in short, humanity + in a small compass, the way in which humanity grows and behaves. On the + other hand, I shall set my men and women in a determined period of + history, which will provide me with the necessary surroundings and + circumstances, a slice of history—you understand, eh? A series of + fifteen or twenty books, episodes that will cling together although having + each a separate framework, a suite of novels with which I shall be able to + build myself a house for my old age if they don’t crush me.” The first of + the novels met with some success, and Sandoz having resigned his + appointment, and put his trust entirely in literature, married a young + girl named Henriette, the daughter of middle-class parents, and removed + his house to Rue Nollet. In course of time his circumstances became still + more comfortable, and he again removed to a large house in Rue de Londres. + When Claude Lantier fell into misery and despair, a gradual separation + came about between him and his friends, but Sandoz remained true to the + old companionship. He was one of the few mourners who attended the funeral + of the unfortunate artist. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + SANDOZ (MADAME HENRIETTE), wife of the preceding. She was an orphan, the + daughter of a small shop-keeper, without a penny, but pretty and + intelligent. She occupied herself much with the affairs of the kitchen, + being specially proud of some of her dishes. Even later, when the family + was more prosperous and had removed to a large flat in Rue de Londres, + Henriette continued to take personal charge, out of affection for her + husband, whose only fault was a tendency to gluttony. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + SANQUIRINO (DUCHESSE), a lady of the Italian aristocracy, who resided at + Paris. She gave Eugene Rougon very unsatisfactory information regarding + Comtesse Balbi and her daughter Clorinde. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + SANS-POUCE, one of the brigands of the band of Beau-Francois. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + SAPIN, sergeant in Captain Beaudoin’s company of the 106th Regiment of the + line. “The son of a Lyons grocer in a small way of business, spoilt by his + mother, who was dead, and unable to get on with his father, he had + remained in the regiment disgusted with everything, but unwilling to be + bought out.” Later he became engaged to one of his cousins, who had a + small dowry, and began to take an interest in life. During the march to + Sedan, however, he became impressed with the idea that he would be killed, + and this belief was realized during the fighting on 1st September, 1870. + La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + SAPIN (LA), a disreputable old woman at Magnolles who performed illegal + operations and pretended to work magic. + </p> + <p> + SARRIET (MADAME), sister of Madame Lecoeur and of Madame Gavard; mother of + La Sarriette. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + SARRIET, usually called La Sarriette, was the niece of Madame Lecoeur. She + grew up in the markets and her sympathies were with the lower ranks of the + people. At twenty she set up in business as a fruit-dealer, and took as + her lover a young man named Jules, who was employed by her aunt as a + porter. After the arrest of Gavard, her uncle by marriage, La Sarriette + and her aunt divided his money between them. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + SARTEUR, a journeyman hatter at Plassans. He was afflicted with homicidal + mania, and was confined for a time in the asylum at Tulettes. While there + he was treated by Doctor Pascal Rougon, who affected a cure by hypodermic + injections of a substance with which he had long experimented. Sarteur was + released from the asylum, but the cure was not permanent, for a few months + afterwards the unfortunate man became conscious of a return of his + homicidal mania, and, to prevent its operation, hanged himself. Le Docteur + Pascal. + </p> + <p> + SATIN, a friend of Nana from childhood, having, like her, attended the + school of Mademoiselle Josse. She was a regular customer at Laure + Piedefer’s restaurant, where she met Madame Robert. She lived for a time + with Nana, of whom she was intensely jealous, and in time gained control + of the whole household. She died in the hospital of Lariboisiere. Nana. + </p> + <p> + SAUCISSE (LA PERE), an old peasant of Rognes, who owned an acre of land + which he sold to Pere Fouan for an annuity of fifteen sous a day. In order + to dupe the old man, he pretended to be in bad health. Later, terrorized + by Buteau, he cancelled the agreement, and repaid half the sums he had + received. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + SAUVAGNAT, a friend of Pluchart. He lived at Marchiennes. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + SAUVAGNAT, chief of the depot at Havre, lived in a cottage near the engine + depot, which his sister Philomene kept for him, but greatly neglected. He + was an obstinate man and a strict disciplinarian, greatly esteemed by his + superiors, but had met with the utmost vexation on account of his sister, + even to the point of being threatened with dismissal. If the Company bore + with her now on his account, he only kept her with him because of the + family tie; but this did not prevent him belabouring her so severely with + blows whenever he caught her at fault that he frequently left her half + dead on the floor. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + SAUVAGNAT (PHILOMENE), sister of the preceding, was a tall, thin woman of + thirty-two, who after numerous love-affairs had settled down with + Pecqueux, whose mistress she became. She had the reputation of drinking. A + subsequent intrigue between her and Jacques Lantier excited the jealousy + of Pecqueux to the point of murder. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + SAUVEUR (MADAME), a dress-maker, who numbered Madame Desforges among her + customers. She frequented Mouret’s shop, <i>Au Bonheur des Dames</i>, on + the occasions of great sales, purchasing large quantities of stuff which + she afterwards sold to her own customers at higher prices. Au Bonheur des + Dames. + </p> + <p> + SAUVIGNY (DE), judge of the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + SCHLOSSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was secretly associated + with Sabatani, with whom he carried out many schemes to their mutual + advantage. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SCOTS (H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF). See Ecosse. + </p> + <p> + SEDILLE, a native of Lyons, who established himself in Paris, and after + thirty years’ toil succeeded in making his silk business one of the best + known in the city. Unfortunately he acquired a passion for gambling, and a + couple of successful ventures made him altogether lose his head. From that + time he neglected his business, and ruin lay inevitably at the end. On the + invitation of Saccard he became a Director of the Universal Bank. Like the + other Directors, he speculated largely in the shares of the Bank; but, + unlike most of them, he did not sell in time, with the result that he was + completely ruined, and his bankruptcy followed. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SEDILLE (GUSTAVE), son of M. Sedille, the silk merchant. To the + disappointment of his father, he despised commercial pursuits, and cared + only for pleasure. In the hope that he might take an interest in finance, + he was given a situation in the office of Mazard, the stockbroker, where, + however, he did little work, and soon engaged in speculations on his own + account. The failure of the Universal Bank left him penniless, and deep in + debt. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SICARDOT (COMMANDER), the father-in-law of Aristide Rougon. He had the + strongest intellect of the politicians who met in Pierre Rougon’s yellow + drawing-room. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents at the time of the + <i>Coup d’Etat</i>. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + SICARDOT, the name of Aristide Rougon’s wife’s family. He adopted this + name when he went to Paris in 1851, using it for considerable time before + he again changed it to Saccard. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SICARDOT (ANGELE). See Madame Aristide Rougon. + </p> + <p> + SIDONIE (MADAME), the name by which Sidonie Rougon (q.v.) was generally + known. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + SIMON (LA MERE), an old woman who assisted Severine Roubaud in her + housework. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + SIMONNOT, a grocer at Raucourt. His premises were raided by the Bavarians + after the Battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + SIMPSON, an American who was attache at his country’s Embassy at Paris. He + was a frequent visitor at the house of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + SIVRY (BLANCHE DE), the name assumed by Jacqueline Baudu, a girl who came + to Paris from a village near Amiens. Magnificent in person, stupid and + untruthful in character, she gave herself out as the granddaughter of a + general, and never owned to her thirty-two summers. She was much annoyed + at the outbreak of war with Germany, because her lover, a young Prussian, + was expelled from the country. Nana. + </p> + <p> + SMELTEN, a baker at Montsou. He gave credit for some time during the + strike, in the hope of recovering some of his business taken away by + Maigrat. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + SMITHSON (MISS), Lucien Deberle’s English governess. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + SONNEVILLE, a manufacturer at Marchiennes. His business was seriously + affected by the strike of miners at Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + SOPHIE, a workwoman employed at Madame Titreville’s artificial + flower-making establishment. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + SOPHIE, an old waiting-maid in the service of the Duchesse de Combeville, + whose daughter, Princess d’Orviedo, she brought up. When the Princess shut + herself up from the world, Sophie remained with her. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + SOPHIE, daughter of Guiraude. Predestined to phthisis by heredity, she was + saved, thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon, who sent her to live with an aunt in + the country, where she was brought up in the open air. When she was + seventeen years old she married a young miller in the neighbourhood. Le + Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + SOULAS, an old shepherd at La Borderie, where he had been for half a + century. At sixty-five he had saved nothing, having been eaten up by a + drunken wife, “whom at last he had the pleasure of burying.” He had few + friends, except his two dogs, Emperor and Massacre, and he especially + hated Jacqueline Cognet with the jealous disgust of an old servant at her + rapid advancement. He was aware of her numerous liaisons, but said nothing + until she brought about his dismissal, when he told everything to his + master, Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + SOURDEAU, a bone-setter at Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was supposed to be + equally good for wounds. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + SOUVARINE, an engine-man at the Voreux pit, who lodged with the + Rasteneurs. He was a Russian of noble family, who had at first studied + medicine, until, carried away by social enthusiasm, he learned a trade in + order that he might mix with the people. It was by this trade that he now + lived, after having fled in consequence of an unsuccessful attempt against + the Czar’s life, an attempt which resulted in his mistress, Annouchka, and + many of his friends, being hanged. His principles were those of the most + violent anarchy, and he would have nothing to do with the strike at + Montsou, which he considered a merely childish affair. Disgusted at the + return of the miners to their work, he resolved to bring about the + destruction of the Voreux pit, by weakening the timbers which kept out a + vast accumulation of water. He accomplished that work of madness in a fury + of destruction in which he twenty times risked his life. And when the + torrent had invaded the mine, imprisoning the unfortunate workers, + Souvarine went calmly away into the unknown without a glance behind. + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + SPIRIT, an English horse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + SPONTINI, a master at the College of Plassans. He came originally from + Corsica, and used to show his knife, rusty with the blood of three + cousins. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + SQUELETTE-EXTERNE (LE). See Mimi-la-Mort. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + STADERINO (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of Comtesse + Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + STEINBERG (GOLIATH), a Prussian spy who was engaged in 1867 as a farm + servant by Fouchard at Remilly. He became the lover of Silvine Morange, + promising her marriage, but disappearing before the ceremony. It was said + that he served also on other farms in the neighbourhood of Beaumont and + Raucourt. During the war he was able to give important information to the + German forces. In trying to regain his former influence over Silvine, he + threatened to remove their child to Germany, and, to prevent his doing so, + she betrayed him to Guillaume Sambuc and the francs-tireurs of his band, + who killed him in the house of Fouchard, in the presence of Silvine, by + cutting his throat, and bleeding him in the same manner as a pig. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + STEINER, a banker in Paris. He was a German Jew, through whose hands had + passed millions. He spent vast sums upon Rose Mignon and Nana. Nana. + </p> + <p> + STERNICH (DUCHESSE DE), a celebrated leader of society in the Second + Empire. She dominated all her friends on the ground of a former intimacy + with the Emperor. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + STEWARD (LUCY), was the daughter of an engine-cleaner of English origin + who was employed at the Gare du Nord. She was not beautiful, but had such + a charm of manner that she was considered the smartest of the <i>demi-mondaines</i> + in Paris. Among her lovers had been a prince of the royal blood. She had a + son, Ollivier, before whom she posed as an actress. Nana. + </p> + <p> + STEWART (OLLIVIER), son of the preceding. He was a pupil at the naval + college, and had no suspicion of the calling of his mother. Nana. + </p> + <p> + SURIN (ABBE), secretary to the Bishop of Plassans, of whom he was a great + favourite. He was a constant visitor at the home of M. Rastoil, with whose + daughters he played battledore. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + SYLVIA, an actress who was admired by Maxime Saccard. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0025" id="link2H_4_0025"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + T + </h2> + <p> + TABOUREAU (MADAME), a baker in the Rue Turbigo. She was a recognized + authority on all subjects relating to her neighbours. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + TATIN (MADEMOISELLE), kept an under-linen warehouse in the Passage + Choiseul, and was so seriously affected by the competition of Octave + Mouret’s great store that she became bankrupt. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + TARDIVEAU (BARON DE), a character in <i>La Petite Duchesse</i>, a play by + Fauchery. The part was played by Fontan. + </p> + <p> + TATAN NENE, a young girl of great beauty who had herded cows in Champagne + before coming to Paris. She was one of Nana’s friends. Nana. + </p> + <p> + TAVERNIER, an old doctor of Orleans, who had ceased to practise. Georges + Hugon made a pretext of visiting him, in order to be able to join Nana at + La Mignotte. Nana. + </p> + <p> + TEISSIERE (MADAME), a <i>mondaine</i> of the Second Empire. She was a + friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + TESTANIERE (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who recommended her to + Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + TEUSE (LA), an elderly woman who acted as servant to Abbe Mouret. In + addition, she cleaned the church and kept the vestments in order; on + occasion, it was said, she had even served the Mass for the Abbe’s + predecessor. She was garrulous and ill-tempered, but was devoted to + Mouret, of whom she took the greatest care, and she was also kind to his + weak-minded sister, Desiree. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + THEODORE, a Belgian who gave lessons on the piano to Clarisse Bocquet, and + afterwards became her lover. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + THEODORE, son of a paste-board maker. He was to have married Nathalie + Dejoie, but wishing to establish himself in business, demanded a + considerable dowry. He afterwards married the daughter of a workman, who + brought him nearly eight thousand francs. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + THERESE, a former neighbour of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte d’Or. She + died of consumption, and the Lorilleux thought they saw a resemblance + between Gervaise and her. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + THIBAUDIER (M.), a banker at Caen. He had a daughter, Louise, but having + married again soon after the death of his first wife, he troubled little + about her, and was quite willing to consent to her marriage with Lazare + Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + THIBAUDIER (LOUISE), daughter of M. Thibaudier, a banker at Caen. She was + a slight, delicate girl, with an attractive manner, and Lazare Chanteau + fell in love with her, though he was at the time engaged to Pauline Quenu. + Pauline having magnanimously released him, they were married. Lazare’s + morbid mania having become more acute, and Louise being herself in poor + health, their relations became strained, and the marriage was not a happy + one. They had a son who was named Paul. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + Louise died young. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + THOMAS, keeper of an eating-house at Montmartre. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + THOMAS (ANSELME), a journeyman saddler at Plassans. He married Justine + Megot, tempted by the annuity of twelve hundred francs which she received + from Saccard. He disliked her child, the little Charles Rougon, who was + degenerate and weak-minded. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + THOMAS (MADAME ANSELME), wife of the preceding. See Justine Megot. Le + Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + TISON, keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + TISSOT (MADAME), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + TITREVILLE (MADAME) carried on the business of an artificial-flower maker, + of which Madame Lerat was forewoman, and where Nana Coupeau was a pupil. + She was a tall woman who never unbent, and the girls were all afraid of + her, pretending to be engrossed in work whenever she appeared. + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + TOUCHE (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the success + of the <i>Coup d’Etat</i>. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + TOUCHE, an Attorney’s clerk at Plassans. He married Sidonie Rougon in + 1838, and went with her to Paris, where he started business as a dealer in + the products of the South. He was not very successful, and died in 1850. + La Curee. + </p> + <p> + TOURMAL (LES), a family who resided at Bonneville and lived chiefly by + smuggling and stealing. The father and grandfather were sent to prison, + and the daughter, when shown kindness by Pauline Quenu, rewarded her by + attempting to steal such small articles of value as she could conceal. La + Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + TOUTIN-LAROCHE (M.), a retired candle-manufacturer; now a municipal + councillor, and a director of the Credit Viticole, the Societe Generale of + the Ports of Morocco, and other companies of doubtful standing. His + ambition was to enter the Senate, and he clung to Baron Gauraud and + Saccard in the belief that they could assist him. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + TRICON (LA), a well-known procuress, who numbered Nana among her clients. + She had a passion for racing, and at the Grand Prix seemed to dominate the + crowd. + </p> + <p> + TROMPETTE, one of the horses in the Voreux pit. It only lived a few months + after being taken underground. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + TRON, a labourer in the farm of La Borderie. He was one of Jacqueline + Cognet’s lovers, and exhibited jealousy amounting to insanity regarding + her. Having been dismissed by his master, he opened a trap-door through + which Hourdequin fell and was killed. When he found that Jacqueline would + not forgive him for this stupid murder, which ruined her prospects, he set + fire to the farm buildings. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + TROUCHE (HONORE), brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas. Having been unsuccessful + in business at Besancon, he followed Faujas to Plassans, where he went + with his wife to live in rooms rented by the Abbe from Francois Mouret. He + was of bad character and quite unscrupulous, but by the influence of + Faujas he was appointed Secretary to the Girls’ Home started by Madame + Mouret and other ladies of Plassans. Having got a footing in the Mourets’ + house, he soon began to take advantage of his position, and little by + little got possession of the whole premises. He did all he could to + encourage the idea of Francois Mouret’s madness, and after the unfortunate + man’s removal to the asylum was able with greater ease to carry out his + schemes. Mouret having ultimately escaped from the asylum, returned to his + home and set it on fire; Trouche perished in the flames. La Conquete de + Plassans. + </p> + <p> + TROUCHE (MADAME OLYMPE), wife of the preceding, and sister of Abbe Faujas. + She accompanied her husband to Plassans, and contributed largely to the + ruin of the Mouret family. Utterly heartless, she stopped at nothing, + robbing Madame Mouret of money, clothing, everything that came within her + power. Nemesis came with the return of Francois Mouret, who set fire to + his house, causing the death of Madame Trouche as well as that of her + husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + TROUILLE (LA), the nickname of Olympe Fouan. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + TRUBLOT (HECTOR), a young man whom Madame Josserand hoped at one time to + secure as a husband for her daughter. He had, however, no thoughts of + marriage, and as he was averse to any risk of complications, his habit was + to select his female friends from among the maid-servants of his + acquaintances. He was employed as correspondent in the office of Monsieur + Desmarquay, a money-changer. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0026" id="link2H_4_0026"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + V + </h2> + <p> + VABRE, a notary of Versailles who retired to Paris with a fortune, part of + which he invested in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied by the + Duveyriers, the Josserands, and others. He had unfortunately a hidden + passion for gambling in stocks and shares, and when he died it was found + that his whole fortune had been dissipated, even his house being heavily + mortgaged. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VABRE (AUGUSTE), eldest son of M. Vabre, carried on a silk merchant’s + business in part of the premises which belonged to his father. He married + Berthe Josserand, but as he suffered much from neuralgia, and was, in + addition, of a niggardly disposition, the marriage was not a happy one. An + intrigue between Madame Vabre and Octave Mouret followed, and on its + discovery she returned to her parents. For a considerable time Vabre + refused to forgive his wife, but a reconciliation was ultimately brought + about through the intervention of Abbe Mauduit. Vabre’s fortunes were + adversely affected by the extension of Madame Hedouin’s business, known as + “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + The rapid success of Octave Mouret’s business led to the ruin of Vabre, a + result to which the extravagance of his wife also contributed. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VABRE (MADAME AUGUSTE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Josserand. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VABRE (CAMILLE), son of Theophile Vabre and his wife Valerie Louhette. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VABRE (CLOTILDE), daughter of Vabre the notary, and wife of Duveyrier. She + did not get on well with her husband, whom she hated, and her only passion + was for music, which she practised to an inordinate extent. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VABRE (THEOPHILE), second son of M. Vabre, “a little old man of + twenty-eight, a victim to coughs and toothache, who first tried all sorts + of trades and then married the daughter of a neighbouring haberdasher.” + His life was shadowed by suspicions of his wife, with whom he constantly + quarrelled. He was with difficulty prevented from making a scene at the + marriage of his brother Auguste to Berthe Josserand. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VABRE (MADAME VALERIE), wife of the preceding, nee Louhette, was the + daughter of a wealthy haberdasher. She did not get on well with her + husband, who accused her, not entirely without reason, of carrying on a + liaison with some one whose name he was unable to discover. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VADON (MARGUERITE), daughter of a linen-draper at Grenoble, found it + desirable to come to Paris for a time, and got a situation at “The Ladies’ + Paradise.” She as a well-conducted girl, and ultimately returned to + Grenoble to take charge of her parents’ shop, and marry a cousin who was + waiting for her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VALENCAY (BARON DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He married the eldest + daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + VALENCAY (MADEMOISELLE PAULE DE), was very rich and extremely beautiful + when at nineteen years old she married the Marquis Jean XII de Hautecoeur. + She died within a year, leaving a son named Felicien. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + VALENTIN, son of Guiraude, and brother of Sophie. His father, a journeyman + tanner, died of phthisis, and Valentin, who had been in daily contact with + him, developed the disease. Doctor Pascal Rougon prolonged his life for + some time by hypodermic injections of a substance discovered by himself, + but the respite was only temporary, for at twenty-one years of age + Valentine died of hereditary phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + VALERIO II, a horse which belonged to M. Corbreuse and ran in the Grand + Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + VALLAGNOSC (MADAME DE), belonged to an old family of Plassans. Left a + widow with two daughters and one son, she found life difficult on the + small remains of a former fortune. In order to assist his mother, the son, + Paul, secured an appointment at Paris in a Government office. Au Bonheur + des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VALLAGNOSC (PAUL DE), an old friend of Octave Mouret, whom he had known at + Plassans. He belonged to an old family, but, being a younger son without + money, was obliged to select a profession. He studied law, but meeting + with no success, was obliged to accept an appointment in the Ministry of + the Interior. He married Mademoiselle de Boves. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VALLAGNOSC (MADAME PAUL DE), wife of the preceding. See Blanche de Boves. + </p> + <p> + VALQUEYRAS (COMTE DE), a relation of Marquis de Carnavant, who lived in + his house. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + He was a supporter of the Marquis de Lagrifoul, the Legitimist Deputy for + Plassans, who visited him for a fortnight before the election which was + dominated by Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + VALQUEYRAS (MARQUISE DE), in 1873, she was the only representative of a + very old family. She was a widow with a little daughter of six, very rich, + and equally parsimonious. When Doctor Pascal Rougon called on her to ask + payment of his fees, he allowed himself to be put off, and even gave + advice regarding the health of the child. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + VANDERGHAGEN, the medical man employed by the Mining Company of Montsou. + He was so much overworked that it was said he gave his consultations while + he was running from place to place. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + VANDEUVRES (COMTE XAVIER DE), the last member of a noble family, had gone + through a large fortune in Paris. His racing-stable was famous, as were + his losses at the Imperial Club, while his ruin was completed by the vast + sums which he spent on Nana. His final hope was centred on the race for + the Grand Prix de Paris in which he was running two horses, Lusignan and a + filly named Nana. Lusignan was the favourite, but Vandeuvres, having + arranged his betting, caused the horse to be pulled, so that the filly + might win. The ruse was successful, and Vandeuvres gained a large sum, but + suspicions having been aroused, he was warned off the turf and expelled + from the Imperial Club. Driven to madness, the Comte shut himself up in + his stable, and, having set it on fire, perished among his horses. Nana. + </p> + <p> + VANDORPE, the head stationmaster of the Western Railway Company at Paris. + La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + VANPOUILLE BROTHERS, a firm of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-Petits Champs, + who were practically ruined when Octave Mouret added a fur department to + “The Ladies’ Paradise.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VANSKA (COMTESSE), a well-known and rich <i>mondaine</i> of the Second + Empire. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + VANZADE (MADAME), the widow of a general. She was an old lady, rich, + nearly blind, and practically helpless. At Passy she lived, in a silent + old house, a life so retired and regular that it might have been actuated + by clockwork. As she required a companion, her old friend, La Mere des + Saints-Anges, recommended Christine Hallegrain to her; but the girl, + stifling in that dwelling of rigid piety, ended by running off with her + lover, Claude Lantier. Madame Vanzade died four years later, and the bulk + of her fortune went to charities. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + VAQUEZ (JUDITH), an artist’s model who lived in Rue du Rocher. She was a + Jewess, fresh enough in colouring but too thin. L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + VAUCOGNE (HECTOR), husband of Estelle Badeuil. At the time of his + marriage, Vaucogne was a junior officer of customs, but when his wife’s + parents retired he took over their <i>maison publique</i>. He left + everything to the care of his wife, and after her death the establishment + ceased to be prosperous. In the end he was turned out by his + father-in-law, and the business was given to his daughter Elodie, who + showed all the family capacity for management. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + VAUCOGNE (MADAME HECTOR), wife of the preceding. See Estelle Badeuil. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + VAUCOGNE (ELODIE), daughter of the preceding, and granddaughter of M. and + Madame Charles Badeuil. She was seven years old when her parents took over + the <i>maison publique</i> of her grandfather, and she was then sent to a + convent at Chateaudun to be educated by the Sisters of the Visitation. Her + holidays were spent with her grandparents, and she was supposed to be + under the impression that her parents were carrying on a large + confectionery business, but Victorine, a servant who had been dismissed + for misconduct, had made her aware of the facts, and when, at eighteen + years of age, she was asked in marriage by her cousin Ernest Delhomme, she + astonished her grandparents by joining with him in a desire to succeed to + the family establishment. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + VAUGELADE (DUC DE), at one time the master of Gourd, who was his valet. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VENOT (THEOPHILE), an old lawyer who made a speciality of ecclesiastical + cases, and had acquired a fortune by serving the Jesuits. He had retired + with a comfortable sum, and led an existence slightly mysterious; received + everywhere, saluted very low, even a little feared, as he represented a + great and unknown force which he had behind him. An intimate friend of the + Muffats, he did everything in his power to put an end to the liaison + between the Comte and Nana, and, though no success attended his efforts + for a considerable time, he was able when ruin seemed imminent to save + Muffat from scandal and to console him by a return to the practice of + religion. Nana. + </p> + <p> + VERDIER (BARON), proprietor of a racing-stable. Frangipane, one of his + horses, ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + </p> + <p> + VERDIER, a lawyer who had been for a long time engaged to Hortense + Josserand. The marriage was put off from time to time, as he had got + entangled with a woman from whom he found separation difficult. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VERDONCK, a grocer at Montsou. His business was much affected by the + competition of Maigrat, and he gave credit during the first week of the + strike in the hope of getting back some of his old customers. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + VERLAQUE, an inspector in the fish-market at the <i>Halles Centrales</i>. + Having fallen into bad health, he was allowed to find a substitute to keep + the place open for him in case he should recover. Florent was appointed, + and paid a considerable portion of the salary to Verlaque. Le Ventre de + Paris. + </p> + <p> + VERLAQUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Florent assisted her after the + death of her husband. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + VERNIER, an art critic who published an article on Fagerolles the artist. + L’Oeuvre. + </p> + <p> + VERONIQUE, maid-servant to the Chanteau family, was a tall, stout young + woman of unattractive appearance and uncertain temper. She had been in the + service of the Chanteaus for twenty years, and having become necessary to + them, took advantage of her position. From the first, Veronique resented + Pauline Quenu’s presence in the Chanteau household, and treated her as an + intruder. In course of time, however, she came to see that Pauline was + being despoiled of her means by Madame Chanteau, and her sense of justice + made her take the young girl’s part. The death of Madame Chanteau made a + deep impression on Veronique whose ill-will towards Pauline gradually + returned. Her mind, not strong at best, became unhinged, and in a fit of + temper she went into the orchard and hanged herself. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + VIAL (ABBE), one of the clergy of Plassans. When his appointment became + vacant it was promised to Abbe Bourrette, but was eventually given to Abbe + Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + </p> + <p> + VIAL (MELANIE), second wife of Jean Macquart, to whom she was married in + 1871. She was the only daughter of a peasant in easy circumstances, and + was of a fine robust physique. She had three healthy children in as many + years. Le Docteur Pascal. + </p> + <p> + VIAN, a wheelwright of Plassans, to whom Silvere Mouret was apprenticed. + La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + VICTOIRE, Madame Campardon’s cook. She had been in the service of her + master’s father when Campardon was a baby, and though now old, and not + over clean, they were unwilling to part with her. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VICTOIRE (LA MERE), wife of Pecqueux, the railway stoker. She had been the + nurse of Severine Aubry, and later, as the wife of Pecqueux, who spent all + his earnings on drink, she was leading a wretched existence in Paris by + the aid of a little sewing, when, happening to meet her foster-daughter, + the former intimacy had been renewed, and President Grandmorin took her + under his protection, obtaining for her the post of attendant at the + ladies’ cloakroom. She occupied a room in the Impasse d’Amsterdam, which + the Roubauds regarded as their head-quarters when they spent a day in + Paris. Having become helpless as the result of a sprain, she was obliged + to resign her post and seek admittance to a hospital. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + VICTORINE, cook in the employment of Nana. She married Francois, the + footman. Nana. + </p> + <p> + VICTORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils after they retired + to Rognes. She was dismissed for misconduct, and in revenge told Elodie + Vaucogne the occupation of her parents. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + VIGOUROUX, a coal merchant in Rue de la Goutte d’Or. He sold coke to + Gervaise at the same price as the Gas Company. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + VIGOUROUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman with + bright eyes who liked to laugh with the men. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + VIMEUX, a miserable little sheriff officer, who was celebrated in the + Canton for the bad usage he got from the peasants when he was obliged to + serve summonses upon them. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + VINCARD, a silk merchant, who, seeing that his business was likely to be + seriously affected by the competition of “The Ladies’ Paradise,” he sold + it to Robineau, and took a restaurant at Vincennes. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VINCENT, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + VINEUIL (COMMANDANT DE), father of Gilberte. Retired from active service + on account of his wounds, he was appointed Director of Customs at + Charleville. His wife died of consumption, and he sent his daughter, about + whose health he was alarmed, to reside for a time at a farm near + Chene-Populeux. He died soon after Gilberte’s marriage to Maginot, the + Inspector of State Forests. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + VINEUIL (COLONEL DE), brother of the preceding. In 1870 he commanded the + 106th Regiment of the line, which formed part of the Seventh Army corps. + He was a man of fine appearance and character, and bore his part bravely + through the disastrous campaign, until he was severely wounded on the + battlefield of Sedan. Notwithstanding his wound, he remained on his horse + till the end, when he was removed to the house of Delaherche, the husband + of his niece Gilberte. By December his wound was cured, but crushed by his + country’s defeats, his mental depression was so great that he remained in + a darkened room, refusing to hear news from the outer world, and + associating only with his old friend Madame Delaherche, the mother of his + niece’s husband. At the end of December he died suddenly, horror-struck by + an account of the surrender of Metz, which he chanced to read in an old + newspaper. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + VINEUIL (GILBERTE DE), daughter of Commandant de Vineuil. She was first + married to Maginot, and afterwards to Jules Delaherche. When she was nine + years old, her father, alarmed at a cough she had, sent her to live at a + farm, where she came to know Henriette Levasseur. Even at that age she was + a coquette, and when at twenty she married Maginot, the Inspector of the + State Forests at Mezieres, her character had not changed. Mezieres she + found dull, but her husband allowed her full liberty, and she found all + the gaiety she desired at Charleville. There she lived solely for + pleasure, and Captain Beaudoin became her lover. In 1869 she became a + widow, and in spite of the stories told about her she found a second + husband, Jules Delaherche. On the eve of the battle of Sedan she resumed + for the nonce her former relations with Beaudoin. Gay and irresponsible by + nature, she flirted with Captain von Gartlauben, a Prussian officer, who + was quartered on her husband after the capitulation of Sedan, while at the + same time she carried on a liaison with Edmond Lagarde, a young soldier + who had been wounded, and whom she had assisted to nurse. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + VIOLAINE (LOUISE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She took the + part in the <i>Blonde Venus</i> originally played by Nana, and secured a + great success. Nana. + </p> + <p> + VIRGINIE, sister of Adele, for whose sake Auguste Lantier deserted + Gervaise Macquart. Gervaise, meeting Virginie in a public washing-house, + was taunted by her on the subject of her lover, and a terrible fight + between the two women followed, Virginie being severely beaten. Gervaise + did not see her again for some years, by which time she had married M. + Poisson, an ex-soldier, who later became a policeman. She professed to + have overlooked the fight with Gervaise, but appears to have been not + without hope that an opportunity of repaying her injuries might eventually + arise. When the Coupeaus gave way to drink, Lantier, who had again + established friendly relations, suggested that Virginie should take the + Coupeaus’ shop and buy a stock of groceries and sweetmeats with a legacy + she had received from an aunt. Partly moved by a desire for revenge on + Gervaise, she did so, and Lantier retained with the Poissons the place as + a lodger he formerly occupied with the Coupeaus. Soon after, he became + Virginie’s lover, and, by paying nothing for his support, while he + gradually ate the contents of the shop, he accomplished the downfall of + the Poissons in much the same manner as he had already ruined the + Coupeaus. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + VISCARDI (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of Comtesse + Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + </p> + <p> + VOINCOURT (COMTESSE DE), mother of Claire de Voincourt. She occupied at + Beaumont a house adjoining the bishop’s palace. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + VOINCOURT (CLAIRE DE), the daughter of an old family of great wealth who + lived at Beaumont. Monseigneur d’Hautecoeur wished to arrange a marriage + between her and Felicien, his son; his plans were assisted by the belief + of Felicien that Angelique, with whom he had fallen in love, no longer + cared for him. This belief having proved false, the proposed marriage + between Felicien and Claire de Voincourt did not take place. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + VORIAU, a large black dog which belonged to Bambousse, the Mayor of + Artaud. La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + VUILLAUME (M. and MADAME), the parents of Madame Pichon, whom they visited + every Sunday afternoon. They were, later, much annoyed with the Pichons, + whose family became, they considered, too large for their means. + Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + VUILLAUME (MARIE). See Madame Marie Pichon. + </p> + <p> + VUILLET, a bookseller of Plassans, who published a biweekly journal, the + <i>Gazette de Plassans</i>, which was devoted exclusively to the interests + of the clergy. La Fortune des Rougon. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0027" id="link2H_4_0027"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + W + </h2> + <p> + WEISS, husband of Henriette Levasseur, and cousin of Otto Gunther. He got + a situation in the refinery at Chene-Populeux, almost in a menial + position, but he gradually educated himself, and by dint of hard work + raised himself to the position of accountant. A clear-headed man, he early + saw the causes that were to lead to the downfall of his country, and + expressed himself strongly regarding the unprepared state of the army. + Weiss lived at Sedan, but in 1870 he had just bought a little house at + Bazeilles, where he slept the night before the battle. He was frantic at + the idea that the Prussians might pillage and perhaps destroy the dwelling + so long desired and so hardly acquired, and when the attack was made he + took an active part in the fighting. Captured by the Prussians, and being + a civilian, he was at once condemned to be shot, and the sentence was + carried out before the eyes of his wife, who had come from Sedan to look + for him. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + WEISS (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Henriette Levasseur. La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + WORMS, a famous costumier, before whom the ladies of the Second Empire + bowed the knee. Renee Saccard was one of his customers, and when she died + owed him an account of two hundred and fifty-seven thousand francs. La + Curee. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0028" id="link2H_4_0028"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Z + </h2> + <p> + ZEPHIR, the horse ridden by Prosper Sambuc, who loved it like a brother. + The animal received a mortal wound at the battle of Sedan, and fell on its + rider, crushing under it his right leg. It lay upon him for some hours, + but eventually, on his speaking to it, moved with a great effort + sufficiently to allow him to escape. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + ZEPHYRIN, a worker on the farm of La Borderie. He laughed at the + agricultural machinery introduced by Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + ZIDORE, a youth of seventeen, who was an apprentice zinc-worker. He was + Coupeau’s assistant at one time. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + ZIZI, the pet name given by Nana to Georges Hugon. Nana. + </p> + <p> + ZOE, waiting-maid in the employment of Nana. She was entirely in Nana’s + confidence, and was always ready with shrewd advice, though there is no + doubt she arranged matters so that a great deal of money came into her own + hands. She ultimately took over the establishment of La Tricon, which she + had long coveted, and, having large ideas, proposed to extend the business + by renting a larger house. Nana. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0029" id="link2H_4_0029"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES + </h2> + <p> + ARROMANCHES, a small town on the Normandy coast, not far from Caen. It is + about six miles from Bonneville, the scene of La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + ARTAUD (LES), a small village a few miles from Plassans (q.v.). Abbe + Mouret was its priest during the events related in La Faute de l’Abbe + Mouret. + </p> + <p> + ASSOMMOIR (Pere Colombe’s) was situated at the corner of Rue des + Poissonniers and Boulevard de Rochechouart, which is a continuation of + Boulevard de Clichy, in the northern district of Paris. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + AUGUSTIN (RUE NEUVE SAINT), a street which joins the Avenue de l’Opera a + short distance from the Opera House. It is intersected by Rue Michodiere, + at the corner of which is situated Octave Mouret’s great drapery + establishment, known as “Au Bonheur des Dames.” Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + BARENTIN, a small town on the Western Railway of France, about twelve + miles from Rouen. It was at a point between Barentin and the previous + station, Malaunay, that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La + Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + BAZEILLES, a village about three miles south-east of Sedan (q.v.). It was + the scene of some of the most important events in La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + BEAUCE (LA), a fertile agricultural plain stretching between Chartres and + Orleans, and intersected by the road from the latter town to Chateaudun. + The district is the scene of La Terre. + </p> + <p> + BEAUMONT, a town of about 3000 inhabitants, picturesquely situated on a + height on the left bank of the Oise about twenty-five miles north of + Paris. Its church, the scene of some of the principal events in Le Reve, + is an interesting building, dating from the thirteenth century. Le Reve. + </p> + <p> + BONCOEUR (HOTEL) was situated in the Boulevard de la Chapelle (q.v.). + L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + BONNEVILLE, a village on the Normandy coast, about six miles from + Arromanches. It is in an extremely exposed position, and many houses have + been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. To prevent further damage, + Lazare Chanteau constructed a breakwater, which was, however, washed away + by the first storm. The inhabitants of the village were mostly engaged in + fishing. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + BORDERIE (LA), a farm on the plain of La Beauce, which belonged to + Alexandre Hourdequin, whose father bought it after the Revolution. La + Terre. + </p> + <p> + CAEN, a town of about 40,000 inhabitants, situated on the River Orne, + about nine miles from the Normandy coast. Chanteau pere carried on + business there before he retired and went to live at Bonneville, and his + son Lazare received his education at its college. La Joie de Vivre. + </p> + <p> + CHALONS, a town of about 24,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Marne 107 + miles east of Paris. It is the head-quarters of the Sixth Army Corps, and + was occupied by the Prussians in August, 1870. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + CHAPELLE (BOULEVARD DE LA) is a continuation of the Boulevard de Clichy, + in the Montmartre district of Paris. In it was situated the Hotel + Boncoeur, where Lantier and Gervaise Macquart found lodgings when they + first came to Paris. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + CHARLEVILLE, a town of about 17,000 inhabitants, situated about ten miles + north-west of Sedan. It is close to Mezieres, of which it really forms the + commercial and industrial portion. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + CHARTRES, an important and interesting town, situated on the left bank of + the Eure, fifty-five miles south-west of Paris. It is the principal town + in the grain-producing district of La Beauce, and reference is frequently + made to it in La Terre. In it M. and Madame Charles Badeuil carried on + business for a number of years with considerable success. La Terre. + </p> + <p> + CHATEAUDUN, a town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of the + Loire, about eighty-four miles south-west of Paris. It is in the district + of La Beauce, and is frequently referred to in La Terre. + </p> + <p> + CHOISEUL (RUE DE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Italiens, and + Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. It is parallel to Avenue de l’Opera and Rue + Michodiere, being slightly to the east of the latter. Pot-Bouille. + </p> + <p> + CLOYES, a market-town in the district of La Beauce, about seven miles from + Chateaudun and ninety-one miles south-west of Paris. It is frequently + referred to in La Terre. + </p> + <p> + CROIX DE MAUFRAS (LE), a level crossing on the Western Railway of France, + between Malaunay and Barentin, about nine miles west of Rouen. The + crossing, which was looked after by Misard and his daughter Flore, was the + scene of a terrible railway accident, and it was in the same vicinity that + President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + EAUX (PASSAGE DES), a steep lane which runs from Rue Raynouard at Passy + down to the Seine. In an old house which abutted on the passage lived Mere + Fetu, and in the same building was the room where Helene Grandjean went to + meet Doctor Deberle. Une Pate d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + GOUTTE D’OR (RUE DE LA), a street in the Montmartre district of Paris. It + enters from Rue des Poissonniers and runs parallel to and behind Boulevard + de la Chapelle, which is a continuation of Boulevard de Clichy. The + Coupeaus and the Lorilleux lived in Rue de la Goutte d’Or. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + HALLES CENTRALES (LES), the great provision markets of Paris, are situated + on the right bank of the river, and are directly north of the Pont Neuf, + from which they are not far distant. Le Ventre de Paris. + </p> + <p> + HAUSSMANN (BOULEVARD) runs from east to west a short distance behind the + Opera House. Its eastern end connects with the Boulevard des Italiens. + Nana. + </p> + <p> + HAVRE (LE), an important seaport, which forms the terminus of the Western + Railway of France, the line upon which Jacques Lantier was employed as an + engine-driver. The Roubauds lived at Le Havre, and many of the principal + scenes in La Bete Humaine were enacted there. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + LAZARE (RUE SAINT-), is in the neighbourhood of the railway station of the + same name. In it was situated the Orviedo mansion, in which Aristide + Saccard started the Universal Bank. L’Argent. + </p> + <p> + LILLE, an important manufacturing town in the north of France, near the + Belgian frontier. Etienne Lantier was at one time employed in the railway + workshop there. Germinal. + </p> + <p> + MALAUNAY, a station on the Western Railway of France, six miles from + Rouen, and about midway between that town and Barentin. It is referred to + in La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + MARBEUF (RUE), a street which connects the Avenue des Champs Elysees and + the Avenue de l’Alma. Eugene Rougon lived there. Son Excellence Eugene + Rougon. + </p> + <p> + MARCHIENNES, a town in the mining district of the north of France, about + thirty miles south-east of Lille. It is frequently referred to in + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + METZ, a town of 55,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Moselle, about 263 + miles east of Paris and about eighty miles south-east of Sedan. It was + surrendered to the Prussians on 27th October, 1870, and is now the capital + of German Lorraine. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + MEZIERES, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on a peninsula formed + by the Meuse about ten miles north-west of Sedan. Its situation has + prevented its extension, and the closely adjoining town of Charleville has + become its commercial and industrial quarter. Mezieres was three times + invested during the Franco-Prussian War, and surrendered on 2nd January, + 1871, after a bombardment of three days. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + MICHODIERE (RUE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Capucines and + the Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. At the corner where it joins the latter + street was situated Octave Mouret’s great drapery establishment, known as + “Au Bonheur des Dames,” and in it also Baudu carried on business. The + street is almost parallel to the Avenue de l’Opera. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + MOINES (RUE DES) was situated at Batignolles, in the extreme north-west of + Paris. Madame Lerat lived there. L’Assommoir. + </p> + <p> + MONCEAU (RUE), a street which runs northward from Rue du Faubourg St. + Honore. It is a short distance to the north-east of the Arc de Triomphe, + and in it was situated Aristide Saccard’s magnificent mansion. La Curee. + </p> + <p> + MONTSOU, a mining village in the north of France, about ten kilometres + from Marchiennes (q.v.). It is the scene of many of the chief events in + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + ORLEANS, an important town situated on the Loire, seventy-five miles south + of Paris. It is referred to in La Terre and Nana. + </p> + <p> + PARADOU, the name of a neglected demesne near Plassans (q.v.). It was the + scene of a large part of La Faute de l’Abbe Mouret. + </p> + <p> + PLASSANS, the name under which Zola disguised his native town of Aix. It + is a place of about 30,000 inhabitants, and is situated eighteen miles + north of Marseilles. Aix was at one time the capital of Provence, is the + seat of an archbishop, and contains a university and an Ecole des Art et + Metiers. + </p> + <p> + In the Rougon-Macquart novels Zola made Plassans the cradle of an + imaginary family, and throughout the whole series of books the town is + constantly referred to. La Fortune des Rougon, etc. + </p> + <p> + RAUCOURT, a small town about six miles south of Sedan. It is frequently + referred to in La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + REIMS, an important town of 98,000 inhabitants, situated about 100 miles + to the north-east of Paris. In 1870-71 it was occupied by the Prussians, + who laid heavy requisitions upon it. The town is frequently referred to in + La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + REMILLY, a village about five miles south of Sedan. Old Fouchard’s farm + was situated in its vicinity. La Debacle. + </p> + <p> + ROUEN, an important town of over 100,000 inhabitants, situated on the + Seine, about eighty-seven miles from Paris and fifty-seven miles from Le + Havre. It was the scene of the judicial inquiry regarding the murder of + President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + </p> + <p> + SEDAN, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated on the Meuse, about 170 + miles north-east of Paris. It was the scene of one of the chief battles of + the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and capitulated to the Prussian forces on + 2nd September of that year. The town is frequently referred to in La + Debacle. + </p> + <p> + VALOGNES, a small town in Normandy, not far from Cherbourg. It was the + birthplace of Denise Baudu and her brothers. Au Bonheur des Dames. + </p> + <p> + VINEUSE (RUE DE), a street in the Passy district of Paris, at the extreme + west end of the city. It is near the Trocadero Palace. Madame Helene + Grandjean and Doctor Deberle both lived in this street. Une Page d’Amour. + </p> + <p> + VOREUX, the name of a large coal-pit, situated about two kilometres from + Montsou, on the road between that village and Marchiennes (q.v.). + Germinal. + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + +***** This file should be named 5103-h.htm or 5103-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/5103/ + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Patterson + +Release Date: April 22, 2006 [EBook #5103] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + + + + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers + + + + + +A ZOLA DICTIONARY + +The Characters Of The Rougon-Macquart Novels Of Emile Zola + + +By J. G. Patterson + + + +With a Biographical and Critical Introduction, Synopses of the Plots, +Bibliographical Note, Map, Genealogy, etc. + + + + + +PREFATORY NOTE + +In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, relied for +information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely _Notes d'un +Ami_, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier); _Emile Zola, A biographical +and Critical Study_, by R. H. Sherrard (London, Chatto & Windus, 1893); +_Emile Zola, Novelist and Reformer_: An account of his Life and Work, +by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly (London, John Lane, 1904). Reference has also +been made to Mr. Arthur Symons' _Studies in Prose and Verse_, and +to articles in the _Fortnightly Review_ by Mr. Andrew Lang, in the +_Atlantic Monthly_ by Mr. Henry James, and in the _Contemporary +Review_ by M. Edouard Rod, as well as to articles in the _Encyclopaedia +Britannica_ and in the _Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains_. + +By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been possible to +include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree, which +appears in the Preface to their edition of _Doctor Pascal_, and to +make use of their translations in the preparation of the Dictionary. +In compiling the latter, Zola's own words have been adopted so far as +possible, though usually they have required such condensation as to make +direct quotation difficult. This difficulty was increased by the fact +that occasional use was made of different translations of the same book, +and that frequent references to the original were found necessary. + +The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the order in +which the books should be read, as indicated by their Author in _Le +Docteur Pascal_, and confirmed by his biographer, Mr. E. A. Vizetelly. + +EDINBURGH, May, 1912. J. G. P. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +Emile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father, Francois +Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not been a success, +though this was not due to any lack of energy or ability. Zola _pere_ +was of mixed nationality, his father being an Italian and his mother a +Greek, and it is not unlikely that his unrest and want of concentration +were due to the accident of his parentage. When quite a young man, +Francois fought under the great Napoleon, after whose fall he became a +civil engineer. He spent some time in Germany, where he was engaged +in the construction of the first tramway line in Europe, afterwards +visiting Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to have accompanied +him, for in 1831 he applied for and obtained an appointment, as +lieutenant in the Foreign Legion in Algeria. His career in Africa was, +however, of short duration; some irregularities were discovered, and he +disappeared for a time, though ultimately he came forward and made +up his accounts, paying the balance that was due. No prosecution took +place, and resignation of his commission was accepted. Nothing more was +heard of the matter till 1898, when his son Emile identified himself +with the cause of Dreyfus, and in the campaign of calumny that followed +had to submit to the vilest charges against the memory of his father. +The old dossier was produced by the French Ministry of War, the +officials of which did not hesitate to strengthen their case by the +forgery of some documents and the suppression of others. In view +of these proved facts, and of the circumstance that Francois Zola, +immediately after his resignation from the Foreign Legion, established +himself as a civil engineer at Marseilles and prepared a scheme for new +maritime docks there, and that in connection with this scheme he +visited Paris repeatedly, obtaining private audiences with the King and +interviewing statesmen, it must be held that the charges against him +were of a venial nature, in no way warranting the accusations brought +forward by the War Office nearly seventy years later to cast discredit +on his son. Nothing came of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same +fate attended subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola +_pere_, who by this time had married, then turned his attention to a +proposal to supply water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of +a reservoir and canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and +after many delays and disappointments ultimately signed an agreement for +the construction of the works. Even then further delays took place, and +it was not till three years later that the work could be commenced. But +the engineer's ill fortune still attended him, for one morning while he +was superintending his workmen the treacherous mistral began to blow, +and he took a chill, from the effects of which he died a few days +afterwards. + +The young widow, with her son Emile, then a child of seven, was left +in poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim against the +municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had some means, and came to +her assistance during the years of fruitless struggle to establish the +rights of her dead husband. Emile had up to this time been allowed +to run wild, and he had spent most of his time out of doors, where he +acquired a love of the country which he retained in later years. Even +when he was sent to school he was backward, only learning his letters +with difficulty and showing little inclination for study. It was not +till 1852, when he was twelve years sold, that his education really +began. By this time he was able to realize his mother's financial +position, and to see the sacrifices which were being made to send him +as a boarder to the _lycee_ at Aix. His progress then became rapid, and +during the next five years he gained many prizes. Throughout all these +years the struggle between Madame Zola and the municipality had gone +on, each year diminishing her chance of success. In the end her position +became desperate, and finding it impossible to continue to reside at +Aix, the little family removed to Paris in 1858. Fortunately Emile was +enabled by the intervention of certain friends of his late father to +continue his studies, and became a day pupil at the Lycee St. Louis, +on the Boulevard St. Michael. For some reason he made little progress +there, and when he presented himself for his _baccalaureat_ degree he +failed to pass the examination. A later attempt at the University of +Marseilles had the same result. As this examination is in France the +passport to all the learned professions, Zola's failure to pass it +placed him in a serious position. His mother's resources were by this +time entirely exhausted, and some means of support had to be sought +without delay. After many attempts, he got a place as clerk in a +business house at a salary of twenty-six pounds a year, but the work +proved so distasteful that after two months of drudgery he threw it +up. Then followed a period of deep misery, but a period which must +have greatly influenced the work of the future novelist. Wandering the +streets by day and, when he could find money to buy a candle, writing +poems and short stories by night, he was gaining that experience in the +school of life of which he was later to make such splendid use. Meantime +his wretchedness was deep. A miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient +food, inadequate clothing, and complete absence of fire may be an +incentive to high endeavour, but do not render easy the pathway of +fame. The position had become all but untenable when Zola received +an appointment in the publishing house of M. Hachette, of Paris, at +a salary beginning at a pound a week, but soon afterwards increased. +During the next two years he wrote a number of short stories which were +published later under the title _Contes a Ninon_. The book did not prove +a great success, though its undoubted ability attracted attention to the +writer and opened the way to some journalistic work. About this time he +appears to have been studying Balzac, and the recently published _Madame +Bovary_ of Flaubert, which was opening up a new world not only in French +fiction, but in the literature of Europe. He had also read the _Germinie +Lacerteux_ of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on which he wrote an +appreciative article, and this remarkable book cannot have been without +its influence on his work. The effect was indeed immediate, for in +1865 he published his next book, _La Confession de Claud_, which showed +strong traces of that departure from conventional fiction which he +was afterwards to make more pronounced. The book was not a financial +success, though it attracted attention, and produced many reviews, +some favourable, others merciless. Influenced by the latter, the +Public Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding the author to be made at +Hachette's, but nothing more was done, and it is indeed doubtful if any +successful prosecution could have been raised, even at a period when it +was thought necessary to indict the author of _Madame Bovary_. + +Zola's employers had, however, begun to look askance at his literary +work; they may have considered that it was occupying too much of the +time for which they paid, or, more probably, they were becoming alarmed +at their clerk's advanced views both on politics and literary art. As +Zola afterwards explained the matter, one of the partners said to him, +"You are earning two hundred francs a month here, which is ridiculous. +You have plenty of talent, and would do better to take up literature +altogether. You would find glory and profit there." The hint was a +direct one, and it was taken. The young author was again thrown upon +his own resources, but was no longer entirely unknown, for the not +unfavourable reception of his first book and the violent attacks on +his second had given him a certain position, even though it may to some +extent have partaken of the nature of a _succes de scandale_. As +he wrote at the time, he did not mean to pander to the likes or the +dislikes of the crowd; he intended to force the public to caress or +insult him. + +Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open, and Zola got an +appointment on the staff of a newspaper called _L'Evenement_, in which +he wrote articles on literary and artistic subjects. His views were +not tempered by moderation, and when he depreciated the members of the +_Salon_ in order to exalt Manet, afterwards an artist of distinction, +but then regarded as a dangerous revolutionary, the public outcry was +such that he was forced to discontinue publication of the articles. +He then began a second story called _Le Vaeu d'une Morte_ in the same +newspaper. It was intended to please the readers of _L'Evenement_, but +from the first failed to do so, and its publication was stopped before +it was half completed. Soon afterwards _L'Evenement_ was incorporated +with the _Figaro_, and Zola's connection with it terminated. A time of +hardship again began, and during the year 1867 the wolf was only kept +from the door by unremitting toil of the least agreeable kind. In the +midst of his difficulties Zola wrote two books simultaneously, one +supremely good and the other unquestionably bad. The one was _Therese +Raquin_, and the other _Les Mysteres de Marseille_. The latter, which +was pure hack-work, was written to the order of the publisher of a +Marseillaise newspaper, who supplied historical material from researches +made by himself at the Marseilles and Aix law courts, about the various +_causes celebres_ which during the previous fifty years had attracted +the most public attention. These were to be strung together, and by an +effort of legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a +novel. Zola, desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that might +have been anticipated. + +_Therese Raquin_ is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put the +best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest care. +It is a tale of Divine Justice, wherein a husband is murdered by his +wife and her lover, who, though safe from earthly consequence, are yet +separated by the horror of their deed, and come to hate each other for +the thing they have done. The book is one of remarkable power, and it is +interesting to note that in the preface to it Zola first made use of +the word _naturalisme_ as describing that form of fiction which he +was afterwards to uphold in and out of season. A violent attack in the +_Figaro_ gave opportunity for a vigorous reply, and the advertisement +so obtained assisted the sales of the book, which from the first was a +success. It was followed by _Madeleine Ferat_, which, however, was less +fortunate. The subject is unpleasant, and its treatment lacks the force +which made _Therese Raquin_ convincing. + +Up to this time Zola's life had been a steady struggle against poverty. +He was terribly in earnest, and was determined to create for himself +a place in literature; to accomplish this end he counted no labour +too arduous, no sacrifice too great. His habits were Spartan in their +simplicity; he was a slave to work and method, good equipment for the +vast task he was next to undertake. He had long been an earnest student +of Balzac, and there is no doubt that it was the example of the great +_Comedie Humaine_ which inspired his scheme for a series of novels +dealing with the life history of a family during a particular period; +as he described it himself, "the history natural and social of a family +under the Second Empire." It is possible that he was also influenced +by the financial success of the series of historical novels written by +Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the _Romans Nationaux_. It was not, however, +the past about which he proposed to write; no period was more suitable +for his purpose than that in which he lived, that Second Empire whose +regime began in blood and continued in corruption. He had there, +under his own eyes and within his personal knowledge, a suitable +_mise-en-scene_ wherein to further develop those theories of hereditary +influence which had already attracted his attention while he was writing +_Madeleine Ferat_. The scheme was further attractive in as much as it +lent itself readily to the system of treatment to which he had applied +the term _naturalisme_, to distinguish it from the crudities of the +realistic school. The scientific tendency of the period was to rely not +on previously accepted propositions, but on observation and experience, +or on facts and documents. To Zola the voice of science conveyed the +word of ultimate truth, and with desperate earnestness he set out to +apply its methods to literary production. His position was that the +novelist is, like the scientist, an observer and an experimentalist +combined. The observer, he says, gives the facts as he has observed +them, fixes the starting-point, lays the solid ground on which +his characters are to walk and his phenomena to develop. Then the +experimentalist appears and starts the experiment, that is to say, he +makes the personages in a particular story move, in order to show that +the succession of events will be just what the determinism of phenomena +together with study demand that they should be. The author must abstain +from comment, never show his own personality, and never turn to the +reader for sympathy; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, be as +cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought the application +of this method would raise the position of the novel to the level of +a science, and that it would become a medium for the expression of +established truths. The fallacy of the argument has been exposed by +more than one critic. It is self-evident that the "experiments" by the +novelist cannot be made on subjects apart from himself, but are made by +him and in him; so that they prove more regarding his own temperament +than about what he professes to regard as the inevitable actions of +his characters. The conclusion drawn by a writer from such actions must +always be open to the retort that he invented the whole himself and +that fiction is only fiction. But to Zola in the late sixties the theory +seemed unassailable and it was upon it that he founded the whole edifice +of _Les Rougon-Macquart_. The considerations then that influenced Zola +in beginning a series of novels connected by subject into one gigantic +whole were somewhat various. There was the example of Balzac's great +_Comedie Humaine_; there was the desire of working out the theories of +heredity in which he had become interested; there was the opportunity of +putting into operation the system which he had termed _naturalisme_; +and there was also the consideration that if he could get a publisher to +agree to his proposals he would secure a certain income for a number of +years. His original scheme was a series of twelve novels to be written +at the rate of two a year, and he entered into a contract with a +publisher named Lacroix, who was to pay him five hundred francs a month +as an advance. M. Lacroix would, however, only bind himself to publish +four out of the twelve novels. The arrangement could not be carried out, +and at the end of three years only two volumes of the Rougon-Macquart +series had been published, while Zola found that he had become indebted +to the publisher for a very considerable sum. + +The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not published +till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account of the war +with Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and seems to have regulated +his literary production with machinelike uniformity. As his friend and +biographer Paul Alexis writes: "Only four pages, but four pages every +day, every day without exception, the action of the drop of water always +falling on the same place, and in the end wearing out the hardest +stone. It seems nothing, but in course of time chapters follow chapters, +volumes follow upon volumes, and a whole life's work sprouts, multiplies +its branches, extends its foliage like a lofty oak, destined to +rise high into the air and to remain standing in the forest of human +productions." + +His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart series may +be conveniently summed up in a few words from an article which he had +only a month before written in the _Gaulois_: "If I kept a school of +morals," he says, "I would hasten to place in the hands of my pupils +_Madame Bovary_ or _Germinie Lacerteux_, persuaded that truth alone can +instruct and fortify generous souls." + +In _La Fortune des Rougon_, then, Zola set out to plant the roots of +the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during the next +twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the origin of +the family which he had selected for dissection in his series, and to +outline the various principal characters, members of that family. Mr. +Andrew Lang, writing on this subject in the _Fortnightly Review_, points +out that certain Arab tribes trace their descent from a female Dog, and +suggests that the Rougon-Macquart family might have claimed the same +ancestry. Adelaide Fouque came of a race of peasants who had long lived +at Plassans, a name invented by Zola to conceal the identity of Aix, +the town in Provence where his youth had been spent. She was highly +neurotic, with a tendency to epilepsy, but from the point of view of the +naturalistic novelist she offered many advantages. When a mere girl she +married a man named Rougon, who died soon afterwards, leaving her with +a son named Pierre, from whom descended the legitimate branch of the +family. Then followed a liaison with a drunken smuggler named Macquart, +as a result of which two children were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide's +original neurosis had by this time become more pronounced, and she +ultimately became insane. Pierre married and had five children, but his +financial affairs had not prospered, though by underhand methods he had +contrived to get possession of his mother's property, to the exclusion +of her other children. Then came the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, and +Pierre, quick to seize his opportunity, rendered such services to the +Bonapartist party as to lay the foundation of the family fortune, a +foundation which was, however, cemented with treachery and blood. It was +with these two families, then, both descended from a common ancestress, +and sometimes subsequently united by intermarriage, that the whole +series of novels was to deal. They do not form an edifying group, +these Rougon-Macquarts, but Zola, who had based his whole theory of the +experimental novel upon the analogy of medical research, was not on the +outlook for healthy subjects; he wanted social sores to probe. This is +a fact much too often overlooked by readers of detached parts of the +series, for it should always be kept in mind that the whole was written +with the express purpose of laying bare all the social evils of one of +the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the belief that through +publicity might come regeneration. Zola was all along a reformer as +well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in many a bitter newspaper +controversy. It has been urged against him that there were plenty of +virtuous people about whom he could have written, but these critics +appear to forget that he was in a sense a propagandist, and that it was +not his _metier_ to convert persons already in the odour of sanctity. + +_La Fortune des Rougon_ was not particularly successful on its +publication, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany was +barely concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola's financial +position was, however, by the arrangement with his publisher now more +secure, and he felt justified in marrying. This he did, and settled down +into the quiet bourgeois existence in which his life was spent. + +The next book was _La Curee_, a study of the mushroom society of the +Second Empire. The subject--the story of Phaedra adapted to modern +environment--is unpleasant and the treatment is daring; but despite a +slight _succes de scandale_, its reception by the public was no more +favorable than that of _La Fortune des Rougon_. + +_La Curee_ was followed by _Le Ventre de Paris_, which reached a second +edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing, but was +severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as the apotheosis +of gluttony, while they resented the transference of a pork butcher's +shop to literature and took particular exceptions to a certain "symphony +of cheeses." + +Next came _La Conquete de Plassans_, an excellent story, to be followed +by _La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret_, one of Zola's most romantic books, +and the first to attain any considerable success. He next wrote _Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon_, in which he dealt with the political side +of the Second Empire and sketched the life of the Imperial Court at +Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly well equipped, and the +book was only moderately successful. Then came _L'Assommoir_, and +with it fame and fortune for the writer. It is a terrible story of +working-class life in Paris, a study of the ravages wrought by drink. +Again to quote Mr. Andrew Lang, "It is a dreadful but not an immoral +book. It is the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written. As +M. Zola saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he once +lived, when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he describes, one +may fear that _L'Assommoir_ is a not untruthful picture of the lives of +many men and women in Paris." + +In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole +of _L'Assommoir_ in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its +coarseness and nothing of its force. For this alone he was attacked by +many critics, and from its publication onwards an unexampled controversy +arose regarding the author and his methods. Looking backwards it is +difficult to see why such an outcry should have arisen about such a +masterpiece of literature, but water has flowed beneath many bridges +since 1877, and, largely by the influence of Zola's own work, the limits +of convention have been widely extended. At the time, however, the +work was savagely attacked, and to the author the basest motives +were assigned, while libels on his own personal character were freely +circulated. Zola replied to these attacks in a manner so calm and so +convincing that quotation may be permitted. "It would be well," he said, +"to read my novels, to understand them, to see them clearly in their +entirety, before bringing forward the ready-made opinions, ridiculous +and odious, which are circulated concerning myself and my works. Ah! +if people only knew how my friends laugh at the appalling legend which +amuses the crowd! If they only knew how the blood-thirsty wretch, the +formidable novelist, is simply a respectable bourgeois, a man devoted to +study and to art, living quietly in his corner, whose sole ambition is +to leave as large and living a work as he can. I contradict no reports, +I work on, and I rely on time, and on the good faith of the public, to +discover me at last under the accumulation of nonsense that has been +heaped upon me." This statement is absolutely in accordance with fact, +and when it is realized that the writer of the Rougon-Macquart novels +was merely a hard-working, earnest man, filled with a determination to +complete the vast task which he had planned, and not to be turned +from his ideas by praise or blame, it will go far to promote a better +understanding of his aims and methods. It is necessary too, as has +already been said, that the various novels forming the Rougon-Macquart +series be considered not as separate entities, but as chapters of one +vast whole. + +_L'Assommoir_ was an immediate success with the public, and the sales +were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they amount to one +hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the original French alone. + +In 1878 Zola published _Une Page d'Amour_, the next volume of the +series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and romantic +descriptions of Paris. Then followed _Nana_, to which _L'Assommoir_ was +the prelude. _Nana_ dealt with the vast demimonde of Paris, and while it +was his greatest popular success, was in every sense his worst book. Of +no subject on which he wrote was Zola more ignorant than of this, and +the result is a laboured collection of scandals acquired at second-hand. +Mr. Arthur Symons, in his _Studies in Prose and Verse_, recounts how an +English paper once reported an interview in which the author of _Nana_, +indiscreetly questioned as to the amount of personal observation he had +put into the book, replied that he had once lunched with an actress +of the Varietes. "The reply was generally taken for a joke," says +Mr. Symons, "but the lunch was a reality, and it was assuredly a rare +experience in the life of a solitary diligence to which we owe so +many impersonal studies in life." The sales of the book were, however, +enormous, and Zola's financial position was now assured. + +Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on. +_Pot-Bouille_ a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel +_Au Bonheur des Dames_, a study of life in one of the great emporiums +which were beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers of Paris. _La +Joie de Vivre_, that drab story of hypochondria and self-sacrifice, was +succeeded by _Germinal_, the greatest, if not the only really great, +novel of labour that has ever been written in any language. After +_Germinal_ came _L'Oeuvre_, which deals with art life in Paris, and is +in part an autobiography of the author. We now come to _La Terre_ +around which the greatest controversy has raged. In parts the book is +Shakespearian in its strength and insight, but it has to be admitted at +once that the artistic quality of the work has been destroyed in large +measure by the gratuitous coarseness which the author has thought +necessary to put into it. Even allowing for the fact that the subject is +the brutishness and animality of French peasant life, and admitting that +the picture drawn may be a true one, the effect had been lessened by the +fact that nothing has been left to the imagination. On the other hand +there has, since Shakespeare, been nothing so fine as the treatment of +Pere Fouan, that peasant King Lear, by his ungrateful family. It has +been urged that Zola overdid the horrors of the situation and that no +parent would have been so treated by his children. By a singular chance +a complete answer to this objection may be found in a paragraph which +appeared in the _Daily Mail_ of 18th April, 1911. A few days before, a +peasant woman in France had entered her father's bedroom and struck him +nine times on the head with an axe, afterwards going home to bed. The +reason for the crime was that the old man two years previously had +divided his property between his two daughters on condition that they +paid him a monthly allowance. His elder daughter was always in arrear +with her share of the pension, and, after constant altercations between +father and daughter, the latter extinguished her liability in the manner +indicated. Now this tragedy in real life is the actual plot of _La +Terre_, which was written twenty-four years before it occurred. + +In accordance with the author's usual plan, whereby a heavy book was +followed by a light one, _La Terre_ was succeeded by _Le Reve_, a work +at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As _La Terre_ is of the +earth, earthy, so is _Le Reve_ spiritual and idyllic, the work of a man +enamoured of the refined and the beautiful. It has indeed been described +as the most beautiful work written in France during the whole of the +nineteenth century. + +_La Bete Humaine_, the next of the series, is a work of a different +class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola's +novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms, with a +background of constant interest in the railway life of Western France. +The motives are always obvious and strong, a criticism which can by no +means be invariably applied to French fiction. + +Next appeared _L'Argent_, which is the sequel to _La Curee_ and deals +with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the Union +Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indictment of the +law affecting joint-stock companies. To _L'Argent_ there succeeded _La +Debacle_, that prose epic of modern war, more complete and coherent +than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end all came _Le Docteur Pascal_, +winding up the series on a note of pure romance. + +Regarded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable to +the _Comedie Humaine_. It occupied nearly twenty-five years in writing, +consists of twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred characters, +and a number of words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly at two million +five hundred thousand. + +There can be little doubt that Zola's best work was expended on the +Rougon-Macquart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a reformer began +to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later books partake more of +the nature of active propaganda than of works of fiction. They comprise +two series: _Les Trois Villes_ (Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and _Les Quatre +Evangiles_, of which only three (Fecondite, Travail, and Verite) were +written before the author's death. Politics had begun to occupy his +attention, and from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested himself in +the Jewish question which culminated in the Dreyfus case. His sense of +justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the authorities and +on 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter, beginning with +the words _J'accuse_, a letter which altered the whole course of events +in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect of Zola's action +in this matter; he was attacked with a virulence almost unexampled, a +virulence which followed him beyond the grave. Four years later, on the +day after his death, the Paris correspondent of _The Times_ wrote: "It +is evident the passions of two or three years ago are still alive. Many +persons expressed their joy with such boisterous gestures as men indulge +in on learning of a victory, and some exclaimed savagely, 'It is none +too soon.' The unseemliness of this extraordinary spectacle evoked no +retort from the passers-by." The feeling of resentment is still alive in +France, and it is necessary to take it into account in the consideration +of any estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a +mistake to attribute Zola's campaign for the rehabilitation of Dreyfus +to mere lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly was +ambitious, but had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd he +would not have adopted a cause which was opposed by the majority of the +nation. As a result of the agitation, he was obliged to leave France +and take refuge in England, till such time as a change of circumstances +enabled him to return. + +On 29th September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that Emile Zola +had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the fumes of a +stove, and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying with him. A life of +incessant literary labour had been quenched. + +The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small +degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was +introduced to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry Vizetelly, +who between 1884 and 1889 published a number of translations of his +novels. The last of these was _The Soil_, a translation of _La Terre_, +which aroused such an outcry that a prosecution followed, and Mr. +Vizetelly was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Without raising +any question as to the propriety of this prosecution, it is difficult to +avoid pointing out that Mr. Vizetelly was singularly ill advised not to +have taken into account the essential differences between English +and French literature, and not have seen that the publication of this +particular book in its entirety was an impossibility under existing +conditions. It is regrettable also that Mr. Vizetelly, who though a +gentleman of the highest character, was no doubt anxious to make the +most possible out of his venture, did not duly appreciate that the +word "Realistic," which was blazoned on the covers of the various books +issued by him, was in the early eighties invariably interpreted +as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was further from Mr. +Vizetelly's wish--his defence at the trial was that the books were +literature of the highest kind--but it is unquestionable that the format +was such as to give the impression indicated, an impression deepened by +the extremely Gallic freedom of the illustrations. There can be little +doubt that had the works been issued in an unobtrusive form, without +illustrations, they would have attracted less attention of the +undesirable kind which they afterwards received. The use of the term +"Realistic" was the more remarkable as Zola had previously invented the +word _Naturalisme_ to distinguish his work from that of the Realistic +school. But if Zola's reputation in England suffered in this way, it +is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E. A. Vizetelly +under which the English public now lies. Some time after the prosecution +of his father, Mr. Vizetelly began to publish, through Messrs. Chatto +& Windus, a series of versions of Zola's works. The translations +were admirably done, and while it was found necessary to make certain +omissions, the task was so skilfully accomplished that in many cases +actual improvement has resulted. These versions are at present the chief +translations of Zola's works in circulation in this country; but while +their number has been added to from time to time, it has not been found +possible to include the whole of the Rougon-Macquart series. In 1894-5, +however, the Lutetian Society issued to its members a literal and +unabridged translation of six of the novels, made by writers of such +eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and Ernest Dowson. These +are the only translations of these works which are of any value to the +student, but they are unfortunately almost unobtainable, as the entire +edition was restricted to three hundred copies on hand-made paper and +ten on Japanese vellum. + +A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was a somewhat +ignorant person, who required to get up from textbooks every subject +upon which he wrote. Now there seems to be little doubt that it was in +the first instance due to the indiscretion of his biographer, M. Paul +Alexis, that this charge has arisen. Impressed by the vast industry of +his friend, M. Alexis said so much about "research" and "documents" +that less friendly critics seized the opportunity of exaggerating the +importance of these. Every novelist of any consequence has found it +necessary to "cram" his subjects, but says little about the fact. James +Payn, for instance, could not have written his admirable descriptions of +China in _By Proxy_ without much reading of many books, and Mr. +Rudyard Kipling has not been blamed for studying the technicalities of +engineering before he wrote _The Ship that found Herself_. It is open to +question even whether Mr. Robert Hichens acquired his intimate knowledge +of the conditions of life in Southern Europe and Northern Africa +entirely without the assistance of Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly +studied his subjects, but far too much has been made of the necessity +for his doing so. His equipment for the task he undertook was not less +complete than that of many another novelist, and, like Dickens, he +studied life in that school of a "stony-hearted stepmother," the streets +of a great city. + +Zola's literary method may be described as a piling up of detail upon +detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelming. He +lacked, however, a sense of proportion; he became so carried away by +his visions of human depravity, that his characters developed powers of +wickedness beyond mortal strength; he lay under an obsession regarding +the iniquities of mankind. In dealing with this it was unfortunately +his method to leave nothing to the imagination, and herein lies the most +serious blemish on his work. There is undoubtedly much coarseness in +some of his books, and the regrettable feature is that it is not only +unnecessary, but in some cases actually lessens the effect at which he +aimed. It is doubtful whether he was possessed of any sense of humour. +Mr. Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was absolute, a darkness that +can be felt; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the other hand, indicates that his +work "teems with quiet fun." On the whole, truth seems to lie with Mr. +Lang. M. and Madame Charles Badeuil, in _La Terre_ may seem Dickensian +to an English reader, but there is always the Gallic point of view to be +reckoned with, and it is doubtful if Zola did not regard these persons +merely as types of a virtuous bourgeoisie. + +It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly excelled; +there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the strikers in +_Germinal_ or the charges of the troops in _La Debacle_. Contrast him +with such a master of prose as George Meredith, and we see how immensely +strong the battle scenes in _La Debacle_ are when compared with those +in _Vittoria_; it is here that his method of piling detail on detail and +horror on horror is most effectual. "To make his characters swarm," said +Mr. Henry James in a critical article in the _Atlantic Monthly_ (August, +1903), "was the task he set himself very nearly from the first, that was +the secret he triumphantly mastered." + +"Naturalism" as a school had a comparatively brief existence--Zola +himself departed largely from its principles after the conclusion of the +Rougon-Macquart series--but its effects have been far-reaching on +the literature of many countries. In England the limits of literary +convention have been extended, and pathways have been opened up along +which later writers have not hesitated to travel, even while denying the +influence of the craftsman who had cleared the way. It is safe to say +that had _L'Assommoir_ never been written there would have been no _Jude +the Obscure_, and the same remark applies to much of the best modern +fiction. In America, Frank Norris, an able writer who unfortunately died +before the full fruition of his genius had obviously accepted Zola +as his master, and the same influence is also apparent in the work of +George Douglas, a brilliant young Scotsman whose premature death left +only one book, _The House with the Green Shutters_, as an indication +of what might have sprung from the methods of modified naturalism. +M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, writing in the _Contemporary Review_ +(1902), pointed out that the influence of Zola has transformed novel +writing in Italy, and that its effect in Germany has been not less +pronounced. The virtue of this influence on German letters was +undoubtedly great. It made an end of sentimentality, it shook literature +out of the sleepy rut into which it had fallen and forced it to face +universal problems. + +One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid offending +those prejudices which were so powerful in his time. The novelist who +adopts the method of the surgeon finds it necessary to expose many +painful sores, and is open to the taunt that he finds pleasure in the +task. On no one did this personal obloquy fall more hardly than on +Zola, and never with less reason. It may be that he accumulated unseemly +details and risky situations too readily; but he was an earnest man with +a definite aim in view, and had formulated for himself a system which +he allowed to work itself out with relentless fatality. The unredeemed +baseness and profligacy of the period with which he had to deal must +also be borne in mind. As to his personal character, it has been fitly +described by M. Anatole France, himself a distinguished novelist. +Zola, said he, "had the candour and sincerity of great souls. He was +profoundly moral. He has depicted vice with a rough and vigorous hand. +His apparent pessimism ill conceals a real optimism, a persistent faith +in the progress of intelligence and justice. In his romances, which +are social studies, he attacks with vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous +society, a base and noxious aristocracy. He combated social evil +wherever he encountered it. His work is comparable only in greatness +with that of Tolstoi. At the two extremities of European thought the +lyre has raised two vast cities. Both are generous and pacific; but +whereas Tolstoi's is the city of resignation, Zola's is the city of +work." + +It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value +of Zola's writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered +judgments; but their influence has been, and will continue to be, far +reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and have made +possible to others much that was formerly unattainable. + + + + +THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE. + + +First Generation: + +1. ADELAIDE FOUQUE, called AUNT DIDE, born in 1768, married in 1786 to +Rougon, a placid, lubberly gardener; bears him a son in 1787; loses her +husband in 1788; takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smuggler, addicted +to drink and half crazed; bears him a son in 1789, and a daughter in +1791; goes mad, and is sent to the Asylum of Les Tulettes in 1851; dies +there of cerebral congestion in 1873 at 105 years of age. Supplies the +original neurosis. + + +Second Generation: + +2. PIERRE ROUGON, born in 1787, married in 1810 to Felicite Puech, an +intelligent, active and healthy woman; has five children by her; dies +in 1870, on the morrow of Sedan, from cerebral congestion due to +overfeeding. An equilibrious blending of characteristics, the moral +average of his father and mother, resembles them physically. An oil +merchant, afterwards receiver of taxes. + +3. ANTOINE MACQUART, born in 1789; a soldier in 1809; married in 1829 +to a market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a vigorous, industrious, but +intemperate woman; has three children by her; loses her in 1851; +dies himself in 1873 from spontaneous combustion, brought about by +alcoholism. A fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and +physical likeness to his father. A soldier, then a basket-maker, +afterwards lives idle on his income. + +4. URSULE MACQUART, born in 1791; married in 1810 to a +journeyman-hatter, Mouret, a healthy man with a well-balanced mind. +Bears him three children, dies of consumption in 1840. An adjunction of +characteristics, her mother predominating morally and physically. + + +Third Generation: + +5. EUGENE ROUGON, born in 1811, married in 1857 to Veronique Beulin +d'Orcheres, by whom he has no children. A fusion of characteristics. +Prepotency and ambition of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. +A politician, at one time Cabinet Minister. Still alive in Paris, a +deputy. + +6. PASCAL ROUGON, born in 1813, never marries, has a posthumous child +by Clotilde Rougon in 1874; dies of heart disease on November 7, +1873. Innateness, a combination in which the physical and moral +characteristics of the parents are so blended that nothing of them +appears manifest in the offspring. A doctor. + +7. ARISTIDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1815, married in 1836 to +Angele Sicardot, the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an officer; has +by her a son in 1840, a daughter in 1847; loses his wife in 1854; has +a natural son in 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie Chavaille, counting +consumptives and epileptics among her forerunners; remarried in 1855 +to Renee Beraud Du Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An adjunction of +characteristics, moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness to +his mother. Her ambition, modified by his father's appetites. A clerk, +then a speculator. Still alive in Paris, directing a newspaper. + +8. SIDONIE ROUGON, born in 1818, married at Plassans in 1838 to a +solicitor's clerk, who dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger, in +1851, a daughter Angelique, whom she places in the foundling asylum. +Prepotency of her father, physical likeness to her mother. A commission +agent and procuress, dabbling in every shady calling; but eventually +becomes very austere. Still alive in Paris, treasurer to the OEuvre du +Sacrement. + +9. MARTHE ROUGON, born in 1820, married in 1840 to her cousin Francois +Mouret, bears him three children, dies in 1864 from a nervous disease. +Reverting heredity, skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral and +physical likeness to Adelaide Fouque. Resembles her husband. + +10. FRANCOIS MOURET, born in 1817, married in 1840 to Marthe Rougon, who +bears him three children; dies mad in 1864 in a conflagration kindled +by himself. Prepotency of his father. Physical likeness to his mother. +Resembles his wife. At first a wine-merchant, then lives on his income. + +11. HELENE MOURET, born in 1824, married in 1841 to Grandjean, a puny +man, inclined to phthisis, who dies in 1853; has a daughter by him in +1842; remarried in 1857 to M. Rambaud, by whom she has no children. +Innateness as in Pascal Rougon's case. Still living, at Marseilles, in +retirement with her second husband. + +12. SILVERE MOURET, born in 1834; shot dead by a gendarme in +1851. Prepotency of his mother. Innateness with regard to physical +resemblance. + +13. LISA MACQUART, born in 1827, married in 1852 to Quenu, a healthy +man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him a daughter, dies in 1863 from +decomposition of the blood. Prepotency of and physical likeness to her +mother. Keeps a large pork-butcher's shop at the Paris markets. + +14. GERVAISE MACQUART, born in 1828, has three sons by her lover +Lantier, who counts paralytics among his ancestors; is taken to Paris, +and there deserted by him; is married in 1852 to a workman, Coupeau, who +comes of an alcoholic stock; has a daughter by him; dies of misery and +drink in 1869. Prepotency of her father. Conceived in drunkenness. Is +lame. A washerwoman. + +15. JEAN MACQUART, born in 1831, married in 1867 to Francoise Mouche, +who dies childless in 1870; remarried in 1871 to Melanie Vial, a sturdy, +healthy peasant-girl, by whom he has a son, and who is again _enceinte_. +Innateness, as with Pascal and Helene. First a peasant, then a soldier, +then peasant again. Still alive at Valqueyras. + + +Fourth Generation: + +16. MAXIME ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1840, has a son in 1857 by +a servant, Justine Megot, the chlorotic daughter of drunken parents; +married in 1863 to Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the same year; +succumbs to ataxia in 1873. A dissemination of characteristics. Moral +prepotency of his father, physical likeness to his mother. Idle, +inclined to spending unearned money. + +17. CLOTILDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1847, has a son by Pascal +Rougon in 1874. Prepotency of her mother. Reverting heredity, the moral +and physical characteristics of her maternal grandfather preponderant. +Still alive at Plassans. + +18. VICTOR ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1853. Adjunction of +characteristics. Physical resemblance to his father. Has disappeared. + +19. ANGELIQUE ROUGON, born in 1851, married in 1869 to Felicien de +Hautecoeur, and dies the same day of a complaint never determined. +Innateness: no resemblance to her mother or forerunners on the maternal +side. No information as to her father. + +20. OCTAVE MOURET, born in 1840, married in 1865 to Madame Hedouin, who +dies the same year; remarried in 1869 to Denise Baudu, a healthy girl +with a well-balanced mind, by whom he has a boy and a girl, still too +young to be classified. Prepotency of his father. Physical resemblance +to his uncle, Eugene Rougon. Indirect heredity. Establishes and directs +"The Ladies' Paradise." Still alive in Paris. + +21. SERGE MOURET, born in 1841. A dissemination of characteristics; +moral and physical resemblance to his mother. Has his father's brain, +influenced by the diseased condition of his mother. Heredity of a form +of neurosis developing into mysticism. A priest, still alive at St. +Eutrope. + +22. DESIREE MOURET, born in 1844. Prepotency of and physical likeness to +her mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into idiocy. Still +alive at St. Eutrope with her brother Serge. + +23. JEANNE GRANDJEAN, born in 1842, dies of a nervous complaint in +1855. Reverting heredity, skipping two generations. Physical and moral +resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. + +24. Pauline Quenu, born in 1852, never marries. An equilibrious blending +of characteristics. Moral and physical resemblance to her father and +mother. An example of honesty. Still alive at Bonneville. + +25. CLAUDE LANTIER, born in 1842, married in 1865 to Caroline +Hallegrain, whose father succumbed to paraplegia; has by her, prior to +marriage, a son, Jacques, who dies in 1869; hangs himself in 1870. A +fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical resemblance +to his mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into genius. A +painter. + +26. JACQUES LANTIER, born in 1844, killed in an accident in 1870. +Prepotency of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. Heredity of +alcoholism, developing into homicidal mania. An example of crime. An +engine-driver. + +27. ETIENNE LANTIER, born in 1846. A dissemination of characteristics. +Physical resemblance, first to his mother, afterwards to his father. A +miner. Still alive, transported to Noumea, there married, with children, +it is said, who cannot, however, be classified. + +28. ANNA COUPEAU, alias NANA, born in 1852, gives birth to a child, +Louis, in 1867, loses him in 1870, dies herself of small-pox a few days +later. A blending of characteristics. Moral prepotency of her father. +Physical resemblance to her mother's first lover, Lantier. Heredity of +alcoholism developing into mental and physical perversion. An example of +vice. + + +Fifth Generation: + +29. CHARLES ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1857, dies of hemorrhage in +1873. Reverting heredity skipping three generations. Physical and moral +resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. The last outcome of an exhausted stock. + +30. JACQUES LOUIS LANTIER, born in 1860, a case of hydrocephalus, dies +in 1869. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + +31. LOUIS COUPEAU, called LOUISET, born in 1867, dies of small-pox in +1870. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + +32. THE UNKNOWN CHILD will be born in 1874. What will it be? + + + + +SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS + + +La Fortune des Rougon. + +In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity, +and the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great series +which deals with the life history of a family and its descendants during +the second empire. + +The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was Adelaide +Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to nervous seizures. +From her father she inherited a small farm, and at the age of eighteen +married one of her own labourers, a man named Rougon, who died fifteen +months afterwards, leaving her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly after +her husband's death she fell completely under the influence of Macquart, +a drunken smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time she had a +son named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became more and more +subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind was completely +unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was a man of strong will +inherited from his father, and he early saw that his mother's property +was being squandered by the Macquarts. By means approximating to fraud +he induced his mother, who was then facile, to sell her property and +hand over the proceeds to him. Soon after he married Felicite Peuch, a +woman of great shrewdness and keen intelligence, by whom he had three +sons (Eugene, Aristide, and Pascal) and two daughters (Marthe and +Sidonie). Pierre Rougon was not particularly prosperous, but his eldest +son, Eugene, went to Paris and became mixed up in the Bonapartist plots +which led to the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851. He was consequently able to give +his parents early information as to the probable course of events, and +the result of their action was to lay the foundations of the family +fortune. + +The scene of the book is the Provencal town of Plassans, and the tragic +events attending the rising of the populace against the _Coup d'Etat_ +are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a charming love idyll +between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Macquart, and a young girl named +Miette, both of whom fall as victims in the rising which followed the +_Coup d'Etat_. + +Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his introduction to the English translation of +_The Conquest of Plassans_ (London: Chatto & Windus), points out that +almost every incident in _The Fortune of the Rougons_ is based upon +historical fact. "For instance," he says, "Miette had a counterpart +in Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of the young woman who, +carrying the insurgents' blood-red banner, was hailed by them as the +Goddess of Liberty on their dramatic march. And in like way the tragic +death of Silvere, linked to another hapless prisoner, was founded by +M. Zola on an incident that followed the rising, as recorded by an +eye-witness." + + +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of Pierre +Rougon (_La Fortune des Rougon_), who went to Paris from Plassans, +becoming involved in the plots which resulted in the _Coup d'Etat_ of +1851 and the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial power. The future +career of Rougon was assured; his services had been too important to be +overlooked, and he ultimately became Minister of State and practically +Vice-Emperor. He fell for a time under the influence of Clorinde Balbi, +the daughter of an Italian adventuress, but realizing the risk of +compromising himself, he shook himself free, and married a lady whose +position in society tended to make his own still more secure. The novel +gives an excellent account of the political and social life of the +Second Empire, and of the cynical corruption which characterized the +period. + +In a preface to the English translation (_His Excellency_. London: +Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion, +"with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject, _Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon_ is the one existing French novel which gives +the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in political spheres at +an important period of the Empire. But His Excellency Eugene Rougon +is not, as many critics and others have supposed, a mere portrait or +caricature of His Excellency Eugene Rouher, the famous Vice-Emperor of +history. Symbolism is to be found in every one of Zola's novels, and +Rougon, in his main lines, is but the symbol of a principle, or, to be +accurate, the symbol of a certain form of the principle of authority. +His face is Rouher's, like his build and his favorite gesture; but with +Rouher's words, actions, opinions, and experiences are blended those of +half a dozen other personages. He is the incarnation of that craving, +that lust for power which impelled so many men of ability to throw +all principle to the winds and become the instruments of an abominable +system of government. And his transformation at the close of the story +is in strict accordance with historical facts." + + +La Curee. + +In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene to Paris +in the hope of sharing the spoils of the Second Empire (_La Fortune des +Rougon_), was successful in amassing a vast fortune by speculation in +building-sites. His first wife having died, he married Renee Beraud du +Chatel, a lady of good family, whose dowry first enabled him to throw +himself into the struggle of financial life. In a magnificent mansion +which he built in the Parc Monceau a life of inconceivable extravagance +began. The mushroom society of Paris was at this period the most corrupt +in Europe, and the Saccards soon came to be regarded as leaders in every +form of pleasure. Vast though their fortune was, their expenses were +greater, and a catastrophe was frequently imminent. Renee, satisfied +with prodigality of every kind, entered on an infamous liaison with her +husband's son, a liaison which Aristide condoned in order to extract +money from his wife. Rene ultimately died, leaving her husband immersed +in his feverish speculations. + +The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of Parisian society +in the period which followed the restoration of the Empire in 1851. + + +L'Argent. + +After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard (_La Fortune des +Rougon_ and _La Curee_) was forced to sell his mansion in the Parc +Monceau and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune. Chance +made him acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose residence in the +East had suggested to him financial schemes which at once attracted +the attention of Saccard. With a view to financing these schemes +the Universal Bank was formed, and by force of advertising became +immediately successful. Emboldened by success, Saccard launched into +wild speculation, involving the bank, which ultimately became insolvent, +and so caused the ruin of thousands of depositors. The scandal was so +serious that Saccard was forced to disappear from France and to take +refuge in Belgium. + +The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation and +fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of directors, and +the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with the shady underwoods +of the financial world. + +Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation (_Money_. +London: Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in sketching Saccard, +that daring and unscrupulous financier, "must have bethought himself of +Mires, whose name is so closely linked to the history of Second Empire +finance. Mires, however, was a Jew, whereas Saccard was a Jew-hater, and +outwardly, at all events, a zealous Roman Catholic. In this respect he +reminds one of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety, just as Hamelin the +engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux's associate. Indeed, the history +of M. Zola's Universal Bank is much the history of the Union General. +The latter was solemnly blessed by the Pope, and in a like way Zola +shows us the Universal receiving the Papal benediction. Moreover, the +second object of the Union General was to undermine the financial power +of the Jews, and in the novel we find a similar purpose ascribed to +Saccard's Bank. The union, we know, was eventually crushed by the great +Israelite financiers, and this again is the fate which overtakes +the institution whose meteor-like career is traced in the pages of +_L'Argent_." + + +La Reve. + +Written as a "passport to the Academy," this novel stands alone among +the Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic grace. Angelique, +a daughter of Sidonie Rougon (_Le Curee_), had been deserted by her +mother, and was adopted by a maker of ecclesiastical embroideries, who +with his wife lived and worked under the shadow of an ancient cathedral. +In this atmosphere the child grew to womanhood, and as she fashioned the +rich embroideries of the sacred vestments she had a vision of love and +happiness which was ultimately realized, though the realization proved +too much for her frail strength, and she died in its supreme moment. The +vast cathedral with its solemn ritual dominates the book and colours the +lives of its characters. + + +La Conquete de Plassans. + +The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter of +Pierre and Felicite Rougon (_La Fortune des Rougon_), who had inherited +much of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother Adelaide Fouque. She +married her cousin, Francois Mouret. Plassans, where the Mourets lived, +was becoming a stronghold of the clerical party, when Abbe Faujas, a +wily and arrogant priest, was sent to win it back for the Government. +This powerful and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly set aside every +obstacle to his purpose, and in the course of his operations wrecked the +home of the Mourets. Marthe having become infatuated with the priest, +ruined her family for him and died neglected. Francois Mouret, her +husband, who by the machinations of Faujas was confined in an asylum as +a lunatic, became insane in fact, and having escaped, brought about +a conflagration in which he perished along with the disturber of his +domestic peace. + +The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and intrigues +of a country town, and of the political movements which followed the +_Coup d'Etat_ of 1851. + + +Pot-Bouille. + +A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of Francois +Mouret, has come to the city, where he has got a situation in "The +Ladies' Paradise," a draper's shop carried on by Madame Hedouin, a lady +whom he ultimately marries. The interest of the book centres in a house +in Rue de Choiseul which is let in flats to various tenants, the Vabres, +Duvreyiers, and Josserands among others. The inner lives of these +people, their struggles, their jealousies and their sins, are shown +with an unsparing hand. Under the thin skin of an intense respectability +there is a seething mass of depravity, and with ruthless art Zola has +laid his subjects upon the dissecting-table. Of plot there is little, +but as a terrible study in realism the book is a masterpiece. + + +An Bonheur des Dames. + +Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin, greatly increased +the business of "The Ladies' Paradise," which he hoped would ultimately +rival the _Bon Marche_ and other great drapery establishments in Paris. +While an addition to the shop was in progress Madame Mouret met with an +accident which resulted in her death, and her husband remained a widower +for a number of years. During this time his business grew to such an +extent that his employees numbered many hundreds, among whom was Denise +Baudu, a young girl who had come from the provinces. Mouret fell in +love with her, and she, after resisting his advances for some time, +ultimately married him. The book deals chiefly with life among the +assistants in a great drapery establishment, their petty rivalries +and their struggles; it contains some pathetic studies of the small +shopkeepers of the district, crushed out of existence under the wheels +of Mouret's moneymaking machine. + + +La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +Serge Mouret, the younger son of Francois Mouret (see _La Conquete de +Plassans_), was ordained to the priesthood and appointed cure of Les +Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants +he ministered with small encouragement. He had inherited the family +taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the same form as in the +case of his mother--a morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. +Brain fever followed, and bodily recovery left the priest without a +mental past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save his reason, +removed him from his accustomed surroundings and left him at the +Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house near Les +Artaud, where he was nursed by Albine, niece of the caretaker. The Abbe +fell in love with Albine, and, oblivious of his vows, broke them. A +meeting with Archangias, a Christian Brother with whom he had been +associated, and a chance glimpse of the world beyond the Paradou, served +to restore his memory, and, filled with horror at himself, he fled from +that enchanted garden. A long mental struggle followed, but in the end +the Church was victorious, and the Abbe returned to her service with +even more feverish devotion than before. Albine, broken-hearted, died +among her loved flowers in the Paradou. + +The tale is to some extend an indictment of the celibacy of the +priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put quite +fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse, in entire +forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book contains some +of Zola's best work, and is both poetical and convincing. + + +Une Page d'Amour. + +A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene +Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret (_La +Fortune des Rougon_) and Francois Mouret (_La Conquete de Plassans_). +Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar-refiner of +Marseilles, whose family opposed the marriage on the ground of her +poverty. The marriage was a secret one, and some years of hardship +had followed, when an uncle of M. Grandjean died, leaving his nephew +a substantial income. The couple then moved to Paris with their young +daughter Jeanne, but the day after their arrival Grandjean was seized +with illness from which he died. Helene remained in Paris, though she +had at first no friends there except Abbe Jouve and his half-brother M. +Rambaud. Jeanne had inherited much of the family neurosis, along with +a consumptive tendency derived from her father, and one of her sudden +illnesses caused her mother to make the acquaintance of Doctor Deberle. +An intimacy between the two families followed, which ripened into love +between the doctor and Helene. Events were precipitated by an attempt +on the part of Helene to save Madame Deberle from the consequences of +an indiscretion in arranging an assignation with M. Malignon, with the +result that she was herself seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor +Deberle and for the first and only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose +jealous affection for her mother amounted to mania, was so affected by +the belief that she was not longer the sole object of her mother's love +that she became dangerously ill and died soon afterwards. This bitter +punishment for her brief lapse killed Helene's love for Doctor Deberle, +and two years later she married M. Rambaud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has +observed, Helene was a good and pure woman, upon whom the fate of her +family fell. + +In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to make all +Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study in realism, it +contains much that is truly pathetic. The descriptions of Paris under +varying atmospheric aspects, with which each section of the book closes, +are wholly admirable. + + +Le Ventre de Paris. + +A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central markets +of Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine Macquart (_La +Fortune des Rougon_). She has become prosperous, and with prosperity her +selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-law Florent had escaped from +penal servitude in Cayenne and lived for a short time in her house, but +she became tired of his presence and ultimately denounced him to the +police. The book contains vivid pictures of the markets, bursting with +the food of a great city, and of the vast population which lives +by handling and distributing it. "But it also embraces a powerful +allegory," writes Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his preface to the English +translation (_The Fat and the Thin_. London: Chatto & Windus), "the +prose song of the eternal battle between the lean of this world and the +fat--a battle in which, as the author shows, the latter always come off +successful. M. Zola had a distinct social aim in writing this book." + + +La Joie de Vivre. + +Pauline Quenu (_Le Ventre de Paris_), having been left an orphan, was +sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast. It was +a bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their drab, +hopeless lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death. The Chanteaus, +Pauline's guardians, took advantage of her in every way, and Lazare +Chanteau, her cousin, with whom she fell in love, got from her large +sums of money to carry out wild schemes which he devised. The character +of Pauline is a fine conception; basely wronged and treated with +heartless ingratitude, her hopes blighted and her heart broken, she +found consolation in the complete renunciation of herself for the sake +of those who had so greatly injured her. + +"The title selected by M. Zola for this book," says Mr. E. A. Vizetelly +in his preface to the English translation (_The Joy of Life_. London: +Chatto & Windus), "is to be taken in an ironical or sarcastic sense. +There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters whom he portrays +in it. The story of the hero is one of mental weakness, poisoned by a +constantly recurring fear of death; whilst that of his father is one +of intense physical suffering, blended with an eager desire to continue +living, even at the cost of yet greater torture. Again, the story of the +heroine is one of blighted affections, the wrecking of all which might +have made her life worth living." + + +L'Assommoir. + +A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social +condition of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no other +work of fiction in which the effects of intemperance are shown with such +grimness of realism and uncompromising force. + +Gervaise Macquart, daughter of Antoine Macquart (_La Fortune des +Rougon_), having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris, taking with her +their two children, was deserted by him a few weeks after their arrival +in the city. She got employment in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and +a few months later married Coupeau, a zinc-worker, who, though the son +of drunken parents, was himself steady and industrious. For a while +everything prospered with the Coupeaus; by hard work they were able to +save a little money, and in time a daughter (Nana) was born to them. +Then an accident to Coupeau, who fell from the roof of a house, +brought about a change. His recovery was slow, and left him with +an unwillingness to work and an inclination to pass his time in +neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime Gervaise, with money borrowed from +Goujet, a man who loved her with almost idyllic affection, had started +a laundry of her own. She was successful for a time, in spite of her +husband's growing intemperance and an increasing desire in herself +for ease and good living; but deterioration had begun, and with the +reappearance of Lantier, her old lover, it became rapid. Coupeau was by +this time a confirmed loafer and drunkard, while Gervaise was growing +careless and ease-loving. Lantier, having become a lodger with the +Coupeaus, ceased doing any work, and as he never paid anything for his +board, his presence not unnaturally hastened the downfall of his hosts. +Circumstances conspired to renew the old relations between Gervaise and +Lantier, and by easy stages she descended that somewhat slippery stair +which leads to ruin. The shop was given up, and she again got employment +in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, though she was no longer the +capable workwoman of former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious from +childhood, had taken to evil courses; her husband had at least one +attack of delirium tremens; and she herself was fast giving way +to intemperance. The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of +Sainte-Anne after an illness the description of which is for pure horror +unparalleled in fiction; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest +depths of degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret. The +tragedy of it all is that Gervaise, despite her early lapse with +Lantier, was a good and naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin was +wrought by circumstances and by the operation of the relentless laws of +heredity. + +It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in _L'Assommoir_ +that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842, and Etienne, +born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844), not elsewhere +mentioned, the hero of _La Bete Humaine_, a subsequent work in the +Rougon-Macquart series. + + +L'Oeuvre. + +A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of the +Second Empire. + +Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise Macquart +(_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L'Assommoir_), had been educated at +Plassans by an old gentleman who was interested in his childish skill in +drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a sum which yielded an annual +income of a thousand francs, and he came to Paris to follow an artistic +career. There he met Dubuche, Pierre Sandoz, and others of his former +schoolboy friends, and the little band formed a coterie of revolutionary +spirits, whose aim was to introduce new ideas and drastic changes into +the accepted canons of art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a +picture which he called _Plein Air_ ("Open Air") in which he went direct +to nature for inspiration, and threw aside all recognized conventions. +The picture was refused by the committee of the _Salon_, and when +subsequently shown at a minor exhibition was greeted with derision by +the public. The artist was in despair, and left Paris with +Christine Hallegrain, a young girl between whom and himself a chance +acquaintanceship had ripened into love. They lived happily in a little +cottage in the country for several years, a son being born to them, but +Claude became restless, and they returned to Paris. Here he gradually +became obsessed by an idea for a great picture, which would show the +truth of his theories and cover his detractors with confusion. By this +time there is no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated +disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to manifest +itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this picture; his little +fortune was gradually encroached on, and his wife and child (he had +married Christine some time after their return to Paris) were frequently +without the necessaries of life. Christine was, however, devoted to her +husband, and did all she could to induce him to leave the picture, which +she saw was increasing his mental disturbance. This was becoming more +serious, and in the death of his child he saw only the subject of a +picture, _L'Enfant Mort_, which was exhibited at the _Salon_ and was +received with even more contempt than _Plein Air_. Despite all the +efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended masterpiece, and +one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged himself in front +of the fatal picture. + +As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is +little doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by that +of Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist school, with +whom Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also certain that Pierre +Sandoz, the journalist with an idea for a vast series of novels dealing +with the life history of a family, was the prototype of Zola himself. + + +La Bete Humaine. + +A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close of the +Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second son of Gervaise +Macquart and August Lantier (_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L'Assommoir_). +When his parents went to Paris with his two brothers, he remained at +Plassans with his godmother, "Aunt Phasie," who afterwards married +Misard, a railway signalman, by whom she was slowly poisoned to secure +a small legacy which she had concealed. After Jacques had passed +through the School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans he became a railway +engine-driver, and entered the service of the Western Railway Company, +regularly driving the express train between Paris and Havre. He was a +steady man and a competent engineer, but from his early youth he had +been affected by a curious form of insanity, the desire to murder any +woman of whom he became fond. "It seemed like a sudden outburst of blind +rage, an ever-recurring thirst to avenge some very ancient offences, +the exact recollection of which escaped him." There was also in the +employment of the railway company, as assistant station-master at Havre, +a compatriot of Lantier named Roubaud, who had married Severine Aubry, +the godchild of President Grandmorin, a director of the company. A +chance word of Severine's roused the suspicions of Roubaud regarding her +former relations with the President, and, driven to frenzy by jealousy, +he compelled her to become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in +an express train between Paris and Havre. + +Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able to +prove an alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired that +Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, the inquiry into +the murder was dropped. By a singular chance, however, Jacques Lantier +had been a momentary witness of the crime, and the Roubauds became aware +of his suspicions. To secure his silence they invited him constantly to +their house, and a liaison with Severine followed. For the first time +Lantier's blood lust was not aroused; the knowledge that this woman +had killed seemed to constitute her a being apart and sacred. After the +murder of Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of Roubaud's character set +in, and he became in time a confirmed gambler. His relations with his +wife were ultimately so strained that she induced Lantier to promise to +murder him, in order that they might fly together to America with +the proceeds of a small legacy she had received from Grandmorin. The +arrangements were made, but at the last moment Lantier's frenzy overtook +him, and it was Severine who was struck down by the knife destined for +her husband. Lantier escaped without suspicion; but Roubaud, who +was found on the scene of the crime under circumstances considered +compromising, was tried, and along with a companion equally innocent, +was sentenced to penal servitude for life. But Nemesis was not distant; +Jacques had aroused the jealous fury of his fireman, Pecqueux, who, one +night in 1870, attacked him as they were driving a train loaded with +soldiers bound for the war. A fierce struggle followed, and in the end +the two men fell from the engine and were cut in pieces beneath the +wheels of the train, which, no longer under control, rushed on into the +darkness with its living freight. + + +Germinal. + +A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation to +coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France at a +time preceding and during a great strike; the hero is Etienne Lantier +(_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L'Assommoir_). In a moment of passion +Lantier had struck one of his superiors, and having been dismissed from +his employment as an engineer, found it difficult to get work, till, +after drifting from place to place, he eventually became a coal-miner. +The hardships of the life and its miserable remuneration impressed +him deeply, and he began to indoctrinate his comrades with a spirit of +revolt. His influence grew, and he became the acknowledged leader of the +strike which followed. The result was disastrous. After weeks of misery +from cold and hunger the infuriated workmen attempted to destroy one of +the pits, and were fired upon by soldiers sent to guard it. Many were +killed, and the survivors, with their spirits crushed, returned to work. +But worse was yet to come. Souvarine, an Anarchist, disgusted with the +ineffectual struggle, brought about an inundation of the pit, whereby +many of his comrades were entombed. Among them was Lantier, who was, +however, eventually rescued. + +As a study of the ever-lasting struggle between capital and labour the +work has no rival in fiction; the miseries and degradation of the mining +class, their tardy revolt against their employers, and their sufferings +from hunger during its futile course, these are the theme, and the +result is a picture of gloom, horrible and without relief. + + +Nana. + +A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the +daughter of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife (_L'Assommoir_), has +been given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des Varietes, and +though she can neither sing nor act, achieves by the sheer force of +her beauty an overwhelming success. All Paris is at her feet, and she +selects her lovers from among the wealthiest and best born. But her +extravagance knows no bounds, and ruin invariably overtakes those who +yield to her fascination. After squandering vast sums she goes to the +East, and stories spread that she had captivated a viceroy and gained a +great fortune in Russia. Her return to Paris is speedily followed by her +death from small-pox. In this novel the life of the courtesan class is +dealt with by Zola with unhesitating frankness; there are many vivid +studies of theatrical manners; and the racecourse also comes within its +scope. The work was intended to lay bare the canker which was eating +into the social life of the Second Empire and ultimately led to the +_debacle_ of 1870. + + +La Terre. + +This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural life in +France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent downfall of the +Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most powerful of all Zola's +novels, but in dealing with the subject he unfortunately thought it +necessary to introduce incidents and expressions which, from their +nature, must always render it impossible to submit the book in its +entirety to the general English reader. + +Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat slight. Jean +Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (_La Fortune +des Rougon_), having served his time in the Army, came to the plain +of La Beauce, and became an agricultural labourer on the farm of La +Borderie, which belonged to Alexandre Hourdequin. He fell in love with +Lise Mouche, who, however, married Buteau, and Macquart subsequently +married her sister Francoise. Constant quarrels now arose between the +two sisters as to the division of their father's property, and in +the end Francoise was murdered by her sister. Macquart, tired of the +struggle, decided to rejoin the army, which he did immediately after the +outbreak of war. + +The interest of the book is, however, largely connected with the history +of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member of which, having +grown old, divided his land among his three children. The intense and +brutish rapacity of these peasants, their utter lack of any feeling +of morality or duty, their perfect selfishness, not stopping short of +parricide, form a picture of horror unequalled in fiction. It is only to +be regretted that the author, in leaving nothing to the imagination, has +produced a work suitable only for the serious student of sociology. + + +La Debacle. + +In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had dealt with +every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in this novel he tells +the story of that terrific land-slide which overwhelmed the regime. It +is a story of war, grim and terrible; of a struggle to the death between +two great nations. In it the author has put much of his finest work, and +the result is one of the masterpieces of literature. The hero is Jean +Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (_La Fortune +des Rougon_). After the terrible death of his wife, as told in _La +Terre_, Jean enlisted for the second time in the army, and went through +the campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After the capitulation he was +made prisoner, and in escaping was wounded. When he returned to active +service he took part in crushing the excesses of the Commune in Paris, +and by a strange chance it was his hand that killed his dearest friend, +Maurice Levasseur, who had joined the Communist ranks. _La Debacle_ +has been described as "a prose epic of modern war," and vast though the +subject be, it is treated in a manner that is powerful, painful, and +pathetic. + +In the preface to the English translation (_The Downfall_. London: +Chatto & Windus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview with Zola +regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says, "contains, or +may be made to contain, everything; and it is because that is my creed +that I am a novelist. I have, to my thinking, certain contributions to +make to the thought of the world on certain subjects, and I have chosen +the novel as the best way of communicating these contributions to the +world. Thus _La Debacle_, in the form of a very precise and accurate +relation of a series of historical facts--in other words, in the form of +a realistic historical novel--is a document on the psychology of France +in 1870. This will explain the enormous number of characters which +figure in the book. Each character represents one _etat d'ame +psychologique_ of the France of the day. If my work be well done, the +reader will be able to understand what was in men's minds and what was +the bent of men's minds--what they thought and how they thought at that +period." + + +Le Docteur Pascal. + +In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon-Macquart series, Zola +gathers together the threads of the preceding volumes and makes a +vigorous defence of his theories of heredity. The story in the book is +both simple and sad. Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical man at Plassans and +a distinguished student of heredity, had brought up his niece Clotilde +(daughter of Aristide Rougon alias Saccard) from childhood. Years +afterwards they found that they passionately loved one another, but they +did not marry, as Pascal, who had lost money, thought that by doing so +she would sacrifice her interests. (In this connection it is right to +mention that marriage between an uncle and a niece is legal in France, +and is not uncommon.) With fine self-sacrifice Pascal persuaded Clotilde +to go to Paris to live with her brother who was wealthy and wanted her +to nurse him. Soon after her departure Pascal showed symptoms of a +fatal affection of the heart, and after some weeks of great suffering +telegraphed for Clotilde to come back. One hour before her return he +died. His mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, who feared that his researches +on heredity might bring scandal on the family, burned all his papers, +and in one hour destroyed the work of a lifetime. A child was born to +Clotilde seven months after the death of Doctor Pascal; a child which +he intensely desired, in the hope that through it might come the +regeneration and rejuvenation of his race. + +Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface to +his translation of _Le Docteur Pascal_ (London: Chatto & Windus), states +that in this book he has been able to defend himself against all the +accusations which have been brought against him. "Pascal's works on the +members of his family," says Zola, "is, in small, what I have attempted +to do on humanity, _to show all so that all may be cured_. It is not a +book which, like _La Debacle_, will stir the passions of the mob. It +is a scientific work, the logical deduction and conclusion of all my +preceding novels, and at the same time it is my speech in defence of all +that I have done before the court of public opinion." + + + + + +THE ZOLA DICTIONARY + + + + +A + +ADELE, the girl for whom Auguste Lantier deserted Gervaise Macquart. +They lived together for seven years, a life of constant bickerings and +quarrels, accompanied, not infrequently, by blows, until the connection +was ended by Adele running away. Her sister was Virginie, with whom +Gervaise fought in the public washing-house on the day of her desertion +by Lantier. L'Assommoir. + +ADELE, maid-servant to the Josserands, and one of Hector Trublot's +friends. Pot-Bouille. + +ADELE, an assistant in the shop of Quenu, the pork-butcher. It was +she who took charge of the shop on the sudden death of her master. And +subsequently sent Pauline Quenu to Madame Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +ADOLPHE, an artillery driver in the same battery as Honore Fouchard. In +accordance with a rule of the French artillery, under which a driver and +a gunner are coupled, he messed with Louis, the gunner, whom, however, +he was inclined to treat as a servant. At the battle of Sedan, before +the Calvary d'Illy, where the French were almost exterminated by the +Prussian artillery, Adolphe fell, killed by a wound in the chest; in a +last convulsion he clasped in his arms Louis, who had fallen at the same +moment, killed by the same shot. La Debacle. + +ALBINE, niece of Jeanbernat, keeper of the Paradou, a neglected demesne +in Provence. Her father had ruined himself and committed suicide when +she was nine years old, and she then came to live with her uncle. She +grew up in that vast garden of flowers, herself its fairest, almost in +ignorance of the world outside, and when Abbe Mouret came to the Paradou +forgetful of his past, she loved him unconsciously from the first. As +she nursed him towards health, and his mind began again to grow from +that fresh starting-point to which it had been thrown back, there +developed an idyll as beautiful and as innocent as that which had its +place in another and an earlier garden. The awakening of Abbe Mouret to +the recollections of his priesthood ended the romance, for the call +of his training was too strong for his love. One effort Albine made +to bring him back, and it was successful in so much that one day he +returned to the Paradou. Again there followed the struggle between the +flesh and the Church, and again the Church prevailed. Broken-hearted, +Albine passed for the last time through her loved garden, gathering as +she went vast heaps of flowers. More and more she gathered, till her +room was nearly full; then, closing the door and windows, she lay down +amongst the flowers, and allowed herself to be suffocated by their +overpowering perfume. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +ALEXANDRE, a porter at the Halles Centrales, where he became a friend +of Claude Lantier. He was involved along with Florent and Gavard in the +revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine-shop, and was sentenced to two +years' imprisonment. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ALEXANDRE, one of the warders at the asylum of Les Tulettes. He was a +friend of Antoine Macquart, and at his request allowed Francois Mouret +to escape from the asylum, with disastrous results to Abbe Faujas and +his relations. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ALEXANDRE, a boy employed in the shop known as _Au Bonheur des Dames_. +Pot-Bouille. + +AMADIEU, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who made a fortune by a rash +purchase of mining stock. He went into the affair without calculation +or knowledge, but his success made him revered by the entire Bourse. +He placed no more orders, however, but seemed to be satisfied with his +single victory. L'Argent. + +AMANDA, one of the singers at a cafe concert in Boulevard Rochechouart. +L'Assommoir. + +AMELIE, a _demi-mondaine_ who lodged at the Hotel Vanneau, which was +kept by Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +AMELIE, wife of a journeyman carpenter who occupied a little room at the +top of Vabre's tenement-house in Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille. + +ANDRE (LE PERE), an old countryman at Chavanoz, the village where Miette +spent her childhood. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ANGELE (SISTER), a nun attached to the infirmary of the college of +Plassans. Her Madonna-like face turned the heads of all the older +pupils, and one morning she disappeared with Hermeline, a student of +rhetoric. L'Oeuvre. + +ANGELIQUE MARIE, born 1851, was the daughter of Sidonie Rougon, by an +unknown father. Soon after her birth she was taken to the Foundling +Hospital by a nurse, Madame Foucart, and no further inquiries were ever +made about her. She was at first boarded with Francoise Hamelin, by whom +she was not unkindly treated, and subsequently went to Paris with +Louis Franchomme and his wife, who wished to teach her the trade of +artificial-flower making. Franchomme having died three months later, +his widow went to reside at Beaumont with her brother, Rabier, taking +Angelique with her. Unfortunately, Madame Franchomme died a few months +afterwards, leaving Angelique to the care of the Rabiers, who used +her badly, not even giving her enough to eat. In consequence of their +treatment, she ran away on Christmas Day, 1860, and the following +morning was found in a fainting condition by Hubert, the chasuble-maker, +who noticed her lying in the snow within the porch of the cathedral +of Beaumont. Hubert and his wife took the child into their home, and, +becoming attached to her, ultimately adopted her as their daughter, +teaching her the art of embroidering vestments, in which she became +very skilful. Angelique, though an amiable girl, was at first liable +to violent attacks of temper, and it was only by the exercise of much +patience and tact on the part of Madame Hubert that this tendency was +overcome. The girl was always a dreamer, and her cloistered life with +the Huberts, along with constant reading of the lives of the saints, +brought out all that was mystic in her nature. A chance meeting between +Angelique and a young man named Felicien led to their falling in +love, she being in entire ignorance of the fact that he was the son of +Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur, and a member of one of the oldest and proudest +families in France. Felicien's father having refused his consent to a +marriage, and a personal appeal to him by Angelique having failed, +the lovers were separated for a time. The girl gradually fell into +ill-health, and seemed at the point of death when Monseigneur +himself came to administer the last rites of the Church. Having been +miraculously restored to a measure of health, Angelique was married to +Felicien d'Hautecoeur in the great cathedral of Beaumont. She was very +feeble, and as she was leaving the church on the arm of her husband she +sank to the ground. In the midst of her happiness she died; quietly and +gently as she had lived. Le Reve. + +ANGLARS (IRMA D'), a _demi-mondaine_ of former times who had been +celebrated under the First Empire. In her later years she retired to a +house which she owned at Chamont, where she lived a simple yet stately +life, treated with the greatest respect by all the neighbourhood. Nana. + +ANNOUCHKA, mistress of Souvarine, and implicated with him in a political +plot. Disguised as a countryman, she assisted in the undermining of a +railway over which an imperial train was to pass, and it was she +who eventually lit the fuse. She was captured along with others, and +Souvarine, who had escaped, was present at her trial during six long +days. When she came to be executed, she looked in vain among the crowd +for her lover, till Souvarine mounted on a stone, and, their eyes having +met, remained fixed in one long gaze till the end. Germinal. + +ANTONIA, waiting-maid to Clorinde Balbi, with whom she was on familiar +terms. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ARCHANGLAS (BROTHER), a Christian Brother, who lived at Les Artaud, and +taught children there. He was a coarse-minded man of violent temper, +whose hatred of women led him to make the gravest charges against them. +He constituted himself a spy on the actions of Abbe Mouret, and was +partly the means of calling back the priest's memory of his sacred +calling. He insulted Jeanbernat and Albine so grossly, that after the +girl's death the old man attacked him and cut off his right ear with a +pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +AUBERTOT (MADAME ELIZABETH), sister of M. Beraud du Chatel, and aunt +of Renee and Christine. She gave a large sum of money to Saccard on his +marriage to Renee. La Curee. + +AUBRY (SEVERINE), youngest daughter of a gardener in the employment of +Grandmorin. Her mother died when she was in infancy, and she was only +thirteen when she lost her father also. President Grandmorin, who was +her godfather, took charge of her, and brought her up with his daughter +Berthe. The two girls were sent to the same school at Rouen, and spent +their holidays together at Doinville. Ignorant and facile, Severine +yielded to the designs of the old President, who subsequently arranged +a marriage for her with Roubaud, an employee of the Western Railway +Company. For three years the couple lived happily, but a moment of +forgetfulness, a trifling lie which she neglected to sustain, revealed +everything to Roubaud. In an accession of jealous fury he forced his +wife to become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin, and it +was she who threw herself across the limbs of the President while her +husband struck the fatal blow. Suspicions fell upon the Roubauds, +and indeed the truth was known to M. Camy-Lamotte, but political +considerations made it desirable that the character of President +Grandmorin should not be publicly discussed, and the inquiry into the +murder was dropped. The domestic relations between the Roubauds were +becoming more and more strained, and Severine became entirely enamoured +of Jacques Lantier. In order to free herself from her husband, she +persuaded Lantier to murder Roubaud and fly with her to America. The +arrangements were completed when Lantier was seized with one of the +homicidal frenzies to which he was subject, and it was Severine herself +who fell under his knife instead of their intended victim. La Bete +Humaine. + +AUGUSTE, keeper of an eating-house known as _Le Moulin d'Argent_ on +Boulevard de la Chapelle. The wedding party of Coupeau and Gervaise was +given there. L'Assommoir. + +AUGUSTE, a waiter at the Cafe des Varietes. Nana. + +AUGUSTE, a young swine-herd at La Borderie. He assisted Soulas, the old +shepherd, to look after the sheep. La Terre. + +AUGUSTINE, a young girl who assisted Gervaise Coupeau in her laundry. +She was squint-eyed and mischievous, and was always making trouble with +the other employees. As she was the least qualified and therefore the +worst-paid assistant in the laundry, she was kept on after decreasing +business caused the others to leave. L'Assommoir. + +AUGUSTINE, an artificial-flower maker who was employed by Madame +Titreville. L'Assommoir. + +AURELIE (MADEMOISELLE), an elderly friend of Madame Deberle, at whose +house she was a frequent visitor. She was in straitened circumstances. +Une Page d'Amour. + +AURELIE (MADAME). See Madame Aurelie Lhomme. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +AURIGNY (LAURE D'), a celebrated _demi-mondaine_ of the Second Empire. +At a sale of her effects, Aristide Saccard bought a diamond necklace and +aigrette for his second wife. La Curee. + + + + +B + +BABET, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud, who came to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin. She was a hunchback. La Faute de +l'Abbe Mouret. + +BACHELARD (PERE), brother of Narcisse Bachelard and uncle of Madame +Josserand. He conducted for forty years a boarding-school known as the +Institution-Bachelard. Pot-Bouille. + +BACHELARD (ELEONORE). See Madame Josserand. Pot-Bouille. + +BACHELARD (NARCISSE), a commission agent, whose keen business instincts +were not blunted by his intemperate habits. He was a brother of Madame +Josserand, and had at one time promised to give a dowry to her daughter +Berthe; this promise he was unwilling to implement, and when spoken to +on the subject usually feigned intoxication; eventually he suggested +the somewhat dishonest plan by which Berthe's intended husband was +hoodwinked into the belief that the dowry would be duly forthcoming. His +protegee, Fifi, having compromised herself with Gueulin, his nephew, +he insisted on their marriage, and presented the girl with a dowry. +Pot-Bouille. + +BADEUIL (CHARLES), married Laure Fouan, and went to live at Chartres. He +tried commerce without much success, and, haunted by a desire for rapid +fortune, acquired a _maison publique_ which had fallen into bad repute +through mismanagement. Thanks to the firm control of Badeuil, and the +extraordinary activity of his wife, the establishment prospered, and in +less than twenty-five years the couple had saved three hundred thousand +francs. They were then able to realize the dream of their life, and +to retire to the country, where they purchased a property named +Roseblanche, near Madame Badeuil's native place. M. Badeuil was a +handsome man, sixty-five years of age, with a solemn face, and the air +of a retired magistrate. He was respected by his neighbours, and held +the strictest views on morality. The old couple lived in complete +happiness, their only worry being that Vaucogne, who had married their +daughter Estelle and taken over the property in Chartres, was not +managing it properly. La Terre. + +BADEUIL (MADAME LAURE), wife of the preceding, was the youngest daughter +of Joseph Casimir Fouan. She was the sister of La Grande, of Pere Fouan, +and of Michel Fouan, known as Mouche. When her father's estate was +divided, she got no land, but received an indemnity in money instead. +After she and her husband acquired the establishment in Chartres, she +assisted ably in its management. At the time of their retirement to +the country, she was a woman of sixty-two years of age, of respectable +appearance and an air of religious seclusion. She set a good example by +going regularly to Mass, and paid great attention to the education of +her granddaughter, Elodie, whom she endeavoured to bring up in entire +ignorance of life. She had, however, still a passion for active life, +and in busy seasons frequently returned to Chartres to assist her +daughter, who had taken over the establishment there. Madame Badeuil +received the greatest surprise of her life when she found that her +granddaughter whom she had brought up in the innocence of ignorance, was +quite aware of the source of the family fortune, and was ready to take +up the work begun by her grandparents. La Terre. + +BADEUIL (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding, was educated by the +Sisters of the Visitation at Chateaudun, and at eighteen was married to +Hector Vaucogne, by whom she had one daughter, Elodie. She was thirty +years of age before she had any suspicion of the calling of her parents, +and at that time she took over the management of their establishment. +She proved a capable manager, and in spite of the laziness of her +husband, was able to keep up the reputation of the house, though in a +few years she killed herself with hard work. La Terre. + +BADINGUET, a popular nickname for Napoleon III. It was the name of the +workman whose clothes he wore when he escaped from the fortress of Ham. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BAILLEHACHE, a notary at Cloyes, was born in 1805, and succeeded to +several generations of lawyers. He had a large business amongst the +peasantry, in whose quarrels he mediated with professional calmness. He +arranged the division of Fouan's property between the various members of +the old man's family. La Terre. + +BAILLEHACHE (MADEMOISELLE), eldest sister of the preceding, was born in +1799. She was plain-looking, but good-natured, and at thirty-two married +Alexandre Hourdequin, to whom she brought a considerable dowry. She had +two children, a son and a daughter, and died in 1855. La Terre. + +BALBI (CLORINDE), daughter of Comtesse Balbi, was a lady of great +beauty, but of eccentric habits. Her position in society being +precarious, she determined to establish it by a good marriage, and used +every endeavour to induce Eugene Rougon to make her his wife. Having +become fascinated by her beauty and charm, he made overtures which she +resisted in the belief that he would be the more certain to marry her. +He practically decided to do so, but reflection convinced him that +marriage with Clorinde Balbi would only injure his prospects of +political success. He suggested to her that she should marry his friend +Delestang, who was a man of wealth and position, and had expressed +admiration for her. Though naturally piqued at such a suggestion coming +from Rougon, she consented, and soon after was married. She remained on +outwardly friendly terms with Rougon, who was still infatuated by her, +but was determined to make him regret the slight he had put upon her. +After Rougon's return to office, Delestang, her husband, was, at her +request, appointed Minister of Commerce and Agriculture. She had not, +however, forgiven Rougon, and privately took a leading part in the +agitation against his administration. Having become on somewhat +equivocal terms with the Emperor, she was able to secure the acceptance +of Rougon's second resignation, and the office of Minister of the +Interior for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BALBI (COMTESSE LENORA), an Italian lady who lived in Paris with her +daughter Clorinde. Little was known of her past, and it was generally +believed that she was in the employment of the Sardinian Government. +After her daughter's marriage to Delestang, she left Paris for some +time, the eccentricity of her habits having begun to excite remark. M. +De Plouguern, who had originally met her in Italy, remained her lover +for thirty years. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BALTHAZER, the old horse driven by Madame Francois between Nanterre and +Paris. Le Ventre de Paris. + +BAMBOUSSE, mayor of the commune of Les Artaud, was more prosperous than +the others of his class, as he owned several fields of corn, olives, +and vines. His daughter Rosalie having become compromised with Fortune +Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly urged him to consent to a marriage between +them, but this he at first refused, as he would lose the services of his +daughter, and Fortune was too poor to make him any return. He ultimately +consented, and the marriage was solemnized by Abbe Mouret. La Faute de +l'Abbe Mouret. + +BAMBOUSSE (CATHERINE), younger daughter of the preceding, was always in +disgrace with Brother Archangias on account of her idle habits and her +friendship for Vincent Brichet. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BAMBOUSSE (ROSALIE), elder daughter of the preceding. As she had become +compromised by Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret urged her father to consent +to their marriage, but this he refused to do, though he ultimately +consented and the wedding took place. Her child died, and was buried on +the same day as Albine. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BAPTISTE, Aristide Saccard's footman. La Curee. + +BAPTISTIN, a clerk in the employment of Larsonneau, who made him play +the part of principal in a scheme whereby he intended to blackmail +Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +BAQUET (LA MERE), a wine dealer who sold the wines of Orleans at a cheap +rate. L'Assommoir. + +BARILLOT, "call-boy" at the Theatre des Varietes, where he had been for +thirty years. He was a little, sallow man, with a shrill voice. Nana. + +BASTIAN, a drummer in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. During the retreat on Sedan, after the battle was +over, he had the misfortune to be struck by a stray bullet. He was +removed to an ambulance at the house of M. Delaherche, where he died +during the division of treasure of the Seventh Army Corps. The gold +coins which the sergeant put into his dying hands rolled on to the +ground, and were picked up by a wounded companion. La Debacle. + +BATAILLE, an old white horse, which had been for six years in the +coal-pit at Voreux. It was killed by the flooding of the mine. Germinal. + +BAUDEQUIN, a draughtsman who lived on the first floor of the house in +which lived the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was a confirmed sponger +who was in debt all round, but spent his time in smoking and talking +with his friends. L'Assommoir. + +BAUDEQUIN, the proprietor of a cafe in the Boulevard des Batignolles, +which was the resort on Sunday evenings during many years of Claude +Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Dubuche, Mahoudeau, and their friends, a band +of youths devoted to art and determined to conquer Paris. Gradually, +however, the little company became submerged by a flood of newcomers, +and in time the meetings ceased. The cafe changed hands three times, and +when, after some years, Claude and Sandoz chanced to return, they found +everything completely altered. L'Oeuvre. + +BAUDU (M.), proprietor of a drapery shop opposite "The Ladies' +Paradise." The business had been in existence for many years and M. +Baudu conducted it on such old-fashioned lines that in competition +with Mouret's great establishment it was rapidly disappearing. He had +acquired it from his father-in-law, and in turn he proposed to hand it +to Colomban, his shopman, who was engaged to be married to Genevieve, +his only daughter. Baudu postponed the marriage, however, from time to +time, as he did not wish to hand over the business in a worse state +than that in which he himself got it. Meanwhile Colomban had become +infatuated with Clara Prunaire, who ultimately induced him to run off. +Genevieve, who was in bad health, died soon afterwards, and before long +her mother died also. The business had gone from bad to worse, and, in +the end, Baudu lost everything, only avoiding bankruptcy by a complete +surrender. Like many of his neighbours, he was crushed out of existence +by Octave Mouret's triumphant success. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (MADAME ELIZABETH), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +draper whose business she brought to her husband. Her health was broken +down by worry, and by anxiety regarding her daughter Genevieve, whose +death she did not long survive. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (CAPTAIN), son of Baudu, the draper. He went to Mexico. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +BAUDU (DENISE) was the daughter of a dyer at Valognes. The death of her +father left her with two young brothers dependent on her, and, the elder +having got a situation in Paris, she determined to accompany him. M. +Baudu, her uncle, had formerly promised assistance, but when Denise +arrived she found that his business was rapidly being ruined by +the steady extension of "The Ladies' Paradise," an enormous drapery +establishment belonging to Octave Mouret. In these circumstances she +could not be dependent on her uncle, and, to his annoyance, she applied +for and got a situation in this rival business. On account of petty +jealousies, her life there was not happy, and, having incurred the +enmity of Jouve, one of the inspectors, she was dismissed on a false +accusation. A time of great hardship followed, only lightened by the +kindness of old Bourras, in whose house she had rented a room for +herself and her young brother Pepe. She next got a situation with +Robineau, who had bought a silk merchant's business and she remained +there for some time. While Denise was at "The Ladies' Paradise" she had +attracted the attention of Octave Mouret, and, chancing to meet her one +day, he asked her to return. As she found that Robineau's business was +not prospering, she consented, and from that time her position in "The +Ladies' Paradise" was assured. Mouret had fallen in love with her, and +she with him, but she had sufficient strength of mind to refuse his +proposals. Ultimately he asked her to marry him, and to this she agreed. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +Madame Denise Mouret had two children, the elder being a girl and the +younger a boy. These resembled their mother, and grew magnificently. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +BAUDU (GENEVIEVE), daughter of Baudu, the draper. She was engaged for a +number of years to Colomban, her father's shopman, but in consequence of +the state of trade the marriage was put off from time to time. Genevieve +ultimately learned that her fiance had become infatuated with Clara +Prunaire, one of the shop-girls in "The Ladies' Paradise." Her health, +never good, suffered greatly, and soon after Colomban's disappearance +she died. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (JACQUELINE). See Blanche de Sivry. + +BAUDU (JEAN), the elder brother of Denise. He worked for a time with +a cabinet-maker in Valognes, but earned nothing, though he learned to +carve so well that a gentleman promised to find a place for him with an +ivory-carver in Paris. He accepted the offer, and came to the city with +his sister and young brother. At first he earned only his board and +lodging, and, as he was good-looking and a favourite with women, he made +heavy inroads on his sister's small purse. Ultimately, when he did get a +wage, he took the earliest opportunity of getting married, inducing his +sister, as usual, to give him what little money she had been able to +save. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (PEPE), the youngest brother of Denise. He was a mere child when +the family came to Paris, and it was only by the greatest self-sacrifice +that Denise was able to support him. When she went to "The Ladies' +Paradise" he was boarded with Madame Gras, and after his sister's +dismissal he went with her to Bourras, who showed great kindness to both +of them. After Denise returned to "The Ladies' Paradise," Pepe again +went to live with Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (THERESE), wife of Jean Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUGE, who was the younger son of a grocer at Dunkerque, came to Paris +and got a situation in the linen department of the "Bon Marche," where +he was able to make a fairly good income. He became the lover of Pauline +Cugnot, whom he afterwards married, and, in order to be near her, left +the "Bon Marche" and took an appointment in "The Ladies' Paradise." Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUGE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Pauline Cugnot. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +BAVOUX, a salesman in Octave Mouret's shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAZOUGE, an undertaker's assistant who lived in an attic of the same +tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was generally drunk +and made ribald jests about his dismal calling. It was he who buried +Gervaise Coupeau after she was found dead in an attic adjoining his own. +L'Assommoir. + +BEAUCHAMP (FLORE), an artist's model, who lived in Rue de Laval. She was +fresh in colouring, but too thin. L'Oeuvre. + +BEAUDOIN, a friend of the Hamelins whom they had known at Beyrout, where +he lived. He promised to marry Caroline Hamelin after the death of her +husband, but instead of waiting for that event he obtained the hand of a +young and rich girl, the daughter of an English Consul. L'Argent. + +BEAUDOIN, Captain of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and having a fine +tenor voice and good manners, along with Bonapartist principles, he was +early marked for advancement. With his men he was unpopular, and, not +caring for his profession, he did not readily adapt himself to the +necessities of war. In the march to the Meuse he lost his baggage, and +arrived at Sedan in a pitiable condition, his uniform soiled, his face +and hands dirty. In former days at Charleville he had been on intimate +terms with Gilberte Maginot, whom he now found at Sedan, married to +Jules Delaherche. Their former relations were renewed for the moment, +and next day Beaudoin rejoined his company, astonishing every one by +the neatness of his attire. At the attack on the Calvary d'Illy he +was severely wounded, and having been removed to the ambulance at +Delaherche's house, his arm was amputated; but the hemorrhage had been +too great, and he did not survive. La Debacle. + +BEAU-FRANCOIS (LE), chief of a band of brigands, whose terrible exploits +were still recounted at La Beauce. La Terre. + +BEAURIVAGE (DUC DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a piece staged +by Fauchery at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Bosc. +Nana. + +BEAUVILLIERS (COMTE CHARLES DE), a man of dissipated habits, who +succeeded to the immense fortune of the Beauvilliers, which he +completely squandered in a few years. He was killed in an accident of +the chase, some said by the vengeance of a keeper. They found later a +document signed by him in 1854 undertaking to pay ten thousand francs to +a girl named Leonie Cron. L'Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (COMTESSE DE), an old lady who lived with her daughter +Alice in a house in the Rue Saint-Lazare, adjoining the Orviedo mansion. +The family had at one time possessed large estates, but these had all +gone, and the Comtesse and her daughter had barely sufficient to live +upon, though they endeavoured to keep up before their neighbours as +much as possible of their ancient state. Having made the acquaintance +of Saccard, the Comtesse invested a small sum in the Universal Bank, +increasing it from time to time until her whole means were involved. By +the failure of the bank she was entirely ruined, and, to complete the +catastrophe, Busch, who had become possessor of some papers compromising +the honour of her dead husband, took the opportunity of blackmailing +her. When she had handed over her jewels to him, she was left penniless. +L'Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (ALICE), daughter of Comtesse de Beauvilliers. The +extravagance of her father had dissipated the family estates, and she +and her mother were left with barely sufficient to keep up appearances. +She was plain-looking, and had reached the age of twenty-five years +without any offers of marriage. It was, however, in the hope of +providing a suitable dowry for her, that the Comtesse invested her +money in the Universal Bank, with disastrous results. Alice, who had few +amusements, interested herself in charities, and frequently visited the +institutions founded by Princess d'Orviedo. On a visit to _L'Oeuvre du +Travail_ she was attacked and robbed of a small sum by Victor Saccard, +who was at that time an inmate. Her injuries were severe, and a serious +illness followed. The failure of the Universal Bank left her and her +mother in poverty. L'Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (FERDINANDE DE), son of Comte Beauvilliers. He was for +a time the cause of anxiety to his mother on account of some youthful +extravagances, but early settled down, and having received a commission +in the Papal troops, served with distinction. He was delicate, however, +and died of fever in Rome. L'Argent. + +BECKER, a jeweller in Paris. He supplied a set of sapphires for the +mistress of Comte de Muffat. Nana. + +BECOT, a grocer in Rue Montorgueil. Having become a widower, he took +to dissolute courses, and his shop was gradually swallowed up, with its +dried vegetables, jars, and drawers of sweetstuff. Eventually the place +was sold up and Becot died of apoplexy soon afterwards. L'Oeuvre. + +BECOT (IRMA), daughter of the preceding. After her father's death she +went to live with an aunt, but soon afterwards ran off with a young +fellow who lived across the street. She did not remain long with him, +but, having a passion for artists, experienced in turn a caprice for +Fagerolles, Gagniere, and many others. A young and foolish Marquis +furnished a flat for her, and later she occupied a house in Rue de +Moscou, the rent of which was twenty thousand francs. In the end she +realized her dream of a princely house in the Avenue de Villiers; +the site was bought by one lover, the house built by another, and the +furniture provided by a third. But fortune did not alter her tastes; +behind the backs of her serious lovers she still retained her fancy +for Art, in the person of Henri Fagerolles, one of her early admirers. +L'Oeuvre. + +BEC-SALE, alias BOIT-SANS-SOIF, a rivet-maker employed in the same +factory as Goujet. He drank enormous quantities of brandy, and was a +boon companion of Coupeau. On the occasion of Gervaise Coupeau's first +visit to the factory to see her son Etienne, Bec-Sale entered into a +contest of strength with Goujet in which he was beaten. L'Assommoir. + +BECU, gamekeeper and bell-ringer at Rognes, was a man of fifty years of +age who had at one time been in the army. He was an intense Bonapartist, +and pretended that he had met the Emperor. Himself a confirmed +drunkard, he was on friendly terms with Hyacinthe Fouan, whose poaching +expeditions he overlooked. La Terre. + +BECU (LA), wife of the preceding, was on intimate terms with Hyacinthe +Fouan. Her chief amusement was to throw Celine Macqueron and Flore +Lengaigne against one another under the pretext of reconciling them. +Though she was not devout, she made ardent intercessions to Heaven to +reserve for her son a lucky number in the drawing for the conscription, +but, after the event, turned her anger against the Deity because her +prayers had not been answered. La Terre. + +BECU (DELPHIN), son of the preceding, was a strong lad who, on leaving +school, went to work as a farm labourer. He was much averse to leaving +home, and, having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he +chopped off with a cleaver the first finger of his right hand, in order +that he might be unfit for service. La Terre. + +BECU (MICHEL), uncle of Delphin. He died at Orleans. La Terre. + +BEDORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon, whose business was ruined by the +extension of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BEJUIN (LEON), a Member of the Corps Legislatif, and a supporter of +Eugene Rougon. He was proprietor of the Saint-Florent Cut-Glass Works. +"A very worthy fellow, votes straight, never speaks, is very patient and +waits contentedly till you think of him, but he is always on the spot +to take care that you don't forget him." He received the Cross of the +Legion of Honour after Rougon's return to office, and an appointment as +Inspector. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BEJUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BELLOMBRE, a neighbour of Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade. He was a +retired Professor, sixty-six years of age, who lived in his little house +with no other company than his gardener, a man as old and crabbed as +himself. His interests were solely centred in himself, and his egotism +was a constant subject of irritation with Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +BELLOQUE (LE PERE), the first art-master of Claude Lantier. A retired +infantry captain, with one arm, he had for a quarter of a century +taught drawing to the youths of Plassans, in one of the galleries of the +museum. L'Oeuvre. + +BENARD, one of the tenants of the house in which Madame Coupeau carried +on her laundry business. Benard and his wife were of intemperate +habits, and few days passed without their fighting with one another. +L'Assommoir. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (M.) was the last representative of an old middle-class +family. A staunch Republican, he had grown old in the Magistracy, which +he resigned at the time of the _Coup d'Etat_. Since then he lived in +retirement in his house on the Ile Saint-Louis with his sister Madame +Aubertot and his young daughter Christine. His elder daughter Renee, +who was educated at a convent, was married to Aristide Saccard, and the +circumstances which led to her marriage came as a severe blow to the +stern old man. Though on nominally friendly terms with his daughter +after her marriage, he never visited her, but when she died he paid her +debts. La Curee. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (CHRISTINE), the second daughter of M. Beraud du +Chatel, and sister of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (RENEE). See Madame Renee Rougon, alias Saccard. + +BERGASSE, a second-hand dealer in Plassans. He supplied the old +furniture bought by Madame Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +BERGERET (MADAME), concierge of the house at Plassy occupied by Helene +Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour. + +BERLINGOT, a horse which belonged to M. Mechain and gained the Prix +d'Ispahan. Nana. + +BERLOQUE, alias CHICOT, a miner who was killed by a landslip in the pit +at Voreux. Germinal. + +BERNHEIM (LES FRERES), proprietors of the glass-works of Saint-Joseph +where Josserand was employed as cashier. Pot-Bouille. + +BERTHIER (MADAME), was a friend of Madame Deberle, and took part in the +amateur theatricals arranged by that lady. Une Page d'Amour. + +BERTHIER, authorized clerk to Mazaud, the stockbroker. L'Argent. + +BERTHOU, the celebrated painter of _Nero in the Arena_. Claude Lantier +took lessons from him for six months, but their ideas were not in +sympathy, and repeatedly the master told Claude that he would never do +anything good. L'Oeuvre. + +BERTRAND, a large dog which belonged to Sandoz. It barked furiously +at visitors, until it recognized a friend of its master, whom it would +greet with joyous welcome. L'Oeuvre. + +BESNUS (CLARISSE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes, where she +played the part of Iris in the _Blonde Venus_, and Geraldine in the +_Petite Duchesse_. She was mistress of Hector de la Faloise for a time. +Nana. + +BESSIERE, station-master at Barentin. He saw the Roubauds in the Havre +express on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin, and his +evidence confirmed their alibi. La Bete Humaine. + +BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (M.) was a member of a legal family. After being public +prosecutor at Orleans and advocate-general at Rouen, he came to Paris as +counsellor at the Appeal Court, of which he afterwards became president. +His sister Veronique married Eugene Rougon. He was appointed first +president of the Court of Paris after Rougon's return to office. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (VERONIQUE), a quiet, subdued woman about thirty-six +years of age, who lived with her brother and seldom went out except to +attend Low Mass at Saint-Sulpice. She married Eugene Rougon, to whom she +brought a considerable fortune. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BIBI-LA-GRILLADE, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's fellow-workmen, +with whom he was on intimate terms. He was one of the party at Coupeau's +wedding with Gervaise Macquart. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD, a drunken locksmith, who killed his wife by systematic +ill-usage. On the rare occasions when he worked, he always had a +bottle of alcohol beside him, from which he took large draughts every +half-hour. After the death of his wife, he transferred his cruelty to +his little daughter Lalie, who did not long survive. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (MADAME) lived with her husband and their children in the same +tenement as the Coupeaus and Lorilleux. She was a hard-working woman who +did washing for Gervaise Coupeau's laundry, but her husband, a drunken +brute, abused her to such an extent that she ultimately died of injuries +received at his hands, or, more accurately, feet. The poor woman, in +order to save her husband from the scaffold, said before she died that +she had hurt herself by falling on the edge of a tub. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (LALIE), daughter of the preceding, a child of eight when her +mother died, had acted as the little mother of the family. "Without a +word said, quite of her own accord, she took the dead woman's place, to +such an extent that her foolish brute of a father, to make the likeness +complete, battered about the daughter now as he had battered the mother +before. When he came in drunk, he felt the need of a woman to attack. He +did not even notice what a tiny little thing Lalie was; he hit her as he +would have hit a grown woman. He beat her shamelessly, he kicked her for +a yes or no; and she took it all with a resigned look in her beautiful +eyes, without a murmur. Then when her father was tired of kicking her +from corner to corner of the room, she waited until she had the strength +to pick herself up, and then went back to her work. It was part of her +daily task to be beaten." As the result of this infamous treatment +the child died, but again the man unfortunately escaped punishment. +L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (HENRIETTE), second daughter of Bijard. She was five years old at +the time of her mother's death. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (JULES), third child of Bijard. When his mother died he was three +years old. L'Assommoir. + +BIJOU, the pet dog of Nana. He excited the jealousy of Comte de Muffat. +Nana. + +BILLECOQ (HERMINIE), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene +Rougon to provide a dowry, in order that she might marry an officer who +had compromised her. The officer did not, however, fulfill his promise, +but went off with the dowry, of which he had obtained possession. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BLACHET, a deputy. He desired leave of absence. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +BLAISOT, a banker at Paris. L'Argent. + +BLANCHETTE, a cow which belonged to Lise and Francoise Fouan. La Terre. + +BLERIOT (M. DE), prefect of the department in which Plassans is +situated. He accompanied Colonel Masson and the troops which crushed the +Republican rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BLEUZE, a rope-walk at Montsou which was ruined by the miners' strike. +Germinal. + +BLOND (MARIA), a young girl of fifteen who had grown up on the pavements +of Paris. She frequented the restaurant kept by Laure Piedefer. Nana. + +BOCHE (M.) the concierge of the large tenement-house in which resided +the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others. He and his wife were friendly with +the various tenants in turn, sometimes siding with one and sometimes +with another in the quarrels which so frequently arose. In the presence +of the landlord, of whom they were afraid, they assumed an air of great +importance, and affected not to know the tenants. They were present at +Gervaise Coupeau's birthday party. L'Assommoir. + +BOCHE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. L'Assommoir. + +Nana informed Satin that Madame Boche is dead. Nana. + +BOCHE (PAULINE), daughter of the preceding, was a girl of about the same +age as Nana Coupeau, whose companion she was in all kinds of mischief. +L'Assommoir. + +BOCQUET (MADAME), mother of Clarisse. Pot-Bouille. + +BOCQUET (CLARISSE), a woman on whom Duveyrier squandered large sums of +money. She ultimately gained such complete influence over him, and made +him so unhappy, that he attempted to commit suicide. Pot-Bouille. + +BODIN (DOCTOR) was the regular medical attendant of Madame Helene +Grandjean and her daughter Jeanne. A sudden illness of Jeanne made it +necessary to call in Doctor Deberle, who subsequently met the older man +in consultation from time to time. Une Page d'Amour. + +BOHAIN (MARQUIS DE), an elderly nobleman whose presence and manners were +of a kind to adorn a board of directors, and whose illustrious name was +of value on a prospectus. He was in consequence always in demand by new +companies. Since he began living by speculation, he and his wife had +been legally separated, so far as estate went, and he lived with her +only as a lodger, with nothing of his own except his clothes. "On two +occasions already he had refused to pay up what he owed; he pocketed as +long as he won, but as soon as he lost he did not pay." At the request +of Saccard, the Marquis became a director of the Universal Bank. When +the great gamble in the shares of the bank began, the Marquis followed +his usual plan; having played through Mazaud for a rise, he refused to +pay his losses, though he had gained two million francs through Jacoby, +through whom he had played for a fall. L'Argent. + +BONGRAND, a great artist, painter of the _Village Wedding_. He was a +stout man, forty-five years old, with an expressive face and long grey +hair; recently he had become a member of the Institute and an officer +of the Legion of Honour. The grandson of a farmer in the Beauce country, +the son of a man risen to the middle classes, with peasant blood in his +veins, owing his culture to a mother of very artistic tastes, he was +rich, had no need to sell his pictures, and retained many tastes and +opinions of Bohemian life. His masterpiece, the _Village Wedding_, had +brought about a revolution in art only parallel with Courbet, and he +was acknowledged as Master by all the artists of the young school. The +picture remained, however, his greatest work, though he objected to have +it so designated, in the fear that it might be thought his powers were +failing. A later picture called the _Village Funeral_ was intended to +surpass it, but failed to arrest attention, and was indeed only an echo +of the earlier work. He was one of the few mourners at the funeral of +Claude Lantier. L'Oeuvre. + +BONHOMME, the horse which for a quarter of a century had carried Doctor +Pascal on his visits to his patients. Latterly the old Bonhomme became +blind, and was no longer being driven, but being much loved by his +master, was tenderly cared for until his death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +BONNAUD, formerly head of the counting-house of a railway company. +Pot-Bouille. + +BONNEHON (MADAME), sister of President Grandmorin. She was married to a +wealthy manufacturer, who left her a widow at the age of thirty. In the +mansion-house of Doinville, which belonged to her, she led a pleasant +life, not without occasional affairs of the heart, but so correct in +every way that she remained a leader of society in Rouen. She was a +handsome woman, and in spite of her fifty years still retained much +of her former charm. Among her friends she included Chaumette and +Desbazeilles, both officials of the court at Rouen. Madame Bonnehon +had a good opinion of the Roubauds, and did not approve of the position +taken up by her niece Berthe regarding the legacy left to them by +President Grandmorin. For the honour of her family she desired that the +inquiry as to the murder of the President should not be continued. La +Bete Humaine. + +BONNEMORT, the sobriquet of Vincent Maheu. His family had been miners +for generations, and he himself had worked in the pit since he was eight +years old. After forty-five years of work underground he was given a +post as fireman, and for five years worked each night at the Voreux pit +for a wage of forty sous. He suffered greatly from rheumatism, which +eventually turned into a form of dropsy, while his mind became affected +to some extent by the sufferings occasioned by the great strike which +took place at Voreux and other neighbouring pits. After the terrible +scenes at Montsou, he could only sit in his chair before the fireless +grate, with fixed and unseeing eyes, but in a sudden accession of +madness he found strength to strangle Cecile Gregoire, who chanced to be +left alone with him for a few moments. Germinal. + +BONNET. See De Mareuil. + +BORDENAVE, manager of the Theatre des Varietes. He was a coarse man, +with cynical views as to the stage, and cared nothing as to the means by +which a popular success might be secured. Though he was well aware that +Nana could neither sing nor act, he saw that her beauty was of a type +likely to attract the Parisian public, and accordingly gave her the +chief part in the _Blonde Venus_. It was he who showed H.R.H. The Prince +of Scots the honours of "behind the scenes." Nana. + +BORGNE-DE-JOUY, one of the band of brigands which was led by +Beau-Francois. He betrayed his companions. La Terre. + +BOSC, an old actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played the +part of Jupiter in the _Blonde Venus_, and the Duc de Beaurivage in +the _Petite Duchesse_. He had a good-natured but somewhat drunken +appearance. He treated women with disdain, and the idea that any man +should trouble himself about them raised in him the only indignation of +which he was capable. Nana. + +BOUCHARD (M.), head-clerk in the office of the Minister of Interior. +His house was the first thrown open to Eugene Rougon on his arrival +in Paris. Later on, Bouchard inherited his father's property, and at +fifty-four years of age married Adele Desvignes. He was appointed head +of a department after Rougon's return to office. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +BOUCHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +respectable family at Rambouillet. M. Bouchard "had been anxious to +marry a young lady from the provinces, because he made a point of having +a steady wife. However, the fair and adorable little Adele, with her +innocent blue eyes, had in less than four years proved to be a great +deal more than a mere flirt." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BOULAND(MADAME), the nurse who attended Madame Lazare Chanteau. La Joie +de Vivre. + +BOUM, a horse which belonged to M. Gasc and ran in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +BOURDELAIS, an upper clerk in the office of the Minister of Finance. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURDELAIS (MADAME) was a short, fair woman of thirty, with a delicate +nose and sparkling eyes, who had married a chief clerk in the Treasury. +She was an old schoolfellow of Madame Desforges. Belonging to a good +middle-class family, she managed her household and three children with +an excellent knowledge of practical life. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURDEU (M.), formerly Prefect of the Drome, but turned out of office +by the Revolution of 1848. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was +a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house his party was in the habit of +meeting. At one time he was suggested as a likely candidate for the +representation of Plassans, but he retired after Delangre had been +brought forward through the machinations of Abbe Faujas. Madame de +Condamin promised him, however, that through her influence he would be +rewarded with a prefecture. La Conquete de Plassans. + +BOURDONCLE, the son of a poor farmer near Limoges, started at "The +Ladies' Paradise" at the same time as Octave Mouret. He was very active +and intelligent, but he lacked that touch of genius possessed by his +companion, before whom he had bowed from the first. Acting on Mouret's +advice, he put all his savings into the business, and, after passing +through the various grades, he became in time one of the six persons who +assisted Mouret to govern "The Ladies' Paradise," exercising a general +control of the whole staff. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURGAIN-DESFEUILLES (GENERAL). During the war of 1870 he was at the +head of a brigade of infantry, of which the 106th regiment of the +line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil, formed part. Like so many other +officers he proved himself incompetent, and after the capitulation he, +alone among the generals, took advantage of the pretext of illness to +sign an undertaking to the Germans not to take any further part in the +war. La Debacle. + +BOURGUIGNON, a master zinc-worker from whom Coupeau got employment. +L'Assommoir. + +BOUROCHE (SURGEON-MAJOR), of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded +by Colonel Vineuil. During the battle of Sedan he installed an +ambulance in a factory belonging to Jules Delaherche, where he was soon +overwhelmed with work. With untiring energy he performed one operation +after another until the place became like a slaughter-house. Behind +a clump of trees were thrown the bodies of the dead, and the limbs +amputated from the living. Depressed for a moment by the vastness of his +task, Bouroche nearly lost heart, exclaiming, "What is the use?" but +his instincts of discipline recalled him to work, and he continued to +operate even after the supply of chloroform was exhausted. During +the insurrection at Paris he served with the army of Versailles, but +consented to treat one of his old soldiers, Maurice Levasseur, who had +been mortally wounded in the ranks of the Commune. La Debacle. + +BOURRAS, an old man who sold umbrellas and walking-sticks in a +tumble-down house which adjoined "The Ladies' Paradise." His business +was ruined by the growth of that concern, and he expressed bitter hatred +towards Octave Mouret, its proprietor. Denise Baudu rented a room from +him after her dismissal from "The Ladies' Paradise," and he showed much +kindness to her and Pepe, her young brother. He refused several offers +by Mouret, who wished to purchase his lease in order to extend his +own shop, and ultimately, having become bankrupt, was forced to leave +without a penny. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURRETTE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the church of Saint-Saturnin at +Plassans. He did duty as vicar during the illness of Abbe Compan, +and had been led to expect the reversion of the appointment. Pressure +brought to bear on Bishop Rousselot led to the selection of Abbe Faujas, +and Bourrette was put off with vague promises for the future. He was +a simple-minded, amiable man, who accepted his disappointment without +murmuring, and continued on friendly terms with Faujas. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +BOUTAREL, a doctor who attended Nana. He was a handsome man, still +young, who had a large practice in the demi-monde. Always gay and +laughing, he was popular with his patients, but took care not to +compromise himself with any of them. Nana. + +BOUTAREL (MADAME), a lady who lived in the country and economized for +months at a time, only coming to Paris occasionally. When she came, she +made straight for "The Ladies' Paradise" and spent all her savings in an +afternoon. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTELOUP (LOUIS), a workman at the Voreux pit. He lodged with Madame +Levaque, whose lover he became. Germinal. + +BOUTEROUE (HILARION), second child of Vincent Bouteroue, and grandson of +Marianne Fouan (La Grande). The latter had never forgiven the marriage +of her daughter, and would do nothing to assist the two children after +the death of their parents. Hilarion, who was of weak intellect, was +looked after from childhood by his sister Palmyre, who wore herself out +in his service. After Palmyre's death his grandmother gave him shelter, +but took advantage of his great strength by employing him at work of the +hardest kind. Ultimately Hilarion committed a serious assault on the +old woman, and in defending herself she struck him on the head with a +bill-hook, inflicting a wound from which he died. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (PALMYRE), sister of the preceding, worked like a slave to +support her brother, and died completely worn out by toil and hardship +at the age of thirty-five. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (VINCENT), a poor peasant, whom the daughter of the Pechards +insisted on marrying despite the opposition of her mother. They both +died of want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (MADAME VINCENT), see Mademoiselle Pechard. + +BOUTHEMENT PERE, a shopkeeper at Montpellier, who sent his son to Paris +to learn business. He was disgusted to find that the simple salesman in +Paris could earn three times as much as he himself could make, and he +was stupefied on seeing the vast emporium in which his son served. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTHEMONT, manager of the silk department at "The Ladies' Paradise." +Noisy and too fond of company, he was not much good for sales, but for +buying he had not his equal. Nearly every month he went to Lyons, living +at the best hotels, with authority to treat the manufacturers with +open purse. He had, moreover, liberty to buy what he liked, provided he +increased the sales of his department in a certain proportion settled +beforehand; and it was on this proportion that his commission was based. +Eventually, however, his position was undermined, and Madame Desforges, +having become jealous of Mouret, and wishing to injure him, introduced +Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him money to start an opposition +establishment called "The Four Seasons." This was burned down three +weeks after its opening, but the enormous loss was covered by insurance. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTIGNY, Lazare Chanteau's partner in the chemical business, into which +he put thirty thousand francs. After the failure of the venture, he took +over the whole concern, and began to manufacture potash from seaweed by +the old methods. He was very successful in this, and by degrees began to +employ on a small scale the scientific systems which had before proved +disastrous. In a few years he amassed a considerable fortune. La Joie de +Vivre. + +BOUTIN, a retired artist's-model who kept a studio in Rue de la +Huchette, which was frequented by Claude Lantier, who went there for +purposes of study. A subscription of twenty francs enabled young artists +to have the free use of models. L'Oeuvre. + +BOUTIN, an old epileptic attended by Doctor Pascal at Plassans. He died +in one of his fits. Le Docteur Pascal. + +BOVES (COMTE DE), Inspector-General of the Imperial Stud, a +tall, handsome man who had married his wife for her great beauty. +Notwithstanding this, he carried on a liaison with Madame Guibal, whose +demands upon his purse were so heavy that he was obliged to economize in +his own establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOVES (COMTESSE DE), wife of the preceding, was a beautiful woman of +about forty years of age. She was a constant customer at "The Ladies' +Paradise," but as her husband kept her very short of money, was seldom +able to buy anything. Eventually temptation proved too strong for her, +and she was caught in the act of stealing some valuable lace. The matter +was, however, kept quiet, and a scandal avoided. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOVES (BLANCHE DE), daughter of the preceding. She usually accompanied +her mother on her shopping expeditions to "The Ladies' Paradise," and, +it is to be feared, was not unaware of the theft of lace by her. She +married Paul de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BRAMAH, an English horse which won the Grand Prix de Paris. It belonged +to Lord Reading. Nana. + +BRAMBILLA (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BRETIGNY (COMTESSE DE). Auguste Lantier, reading the news from a +journal to his friends Coupeau and Mes-Bottes, announced that the eldest +daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny was to be married to Baron de +Valencay, aide-de-camp to His Majesty the Emperor. L'Assommoir. + +BRETON-LE-CUL-SEC, one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +BRICHET, the father of Fortune, Rosalie Bambousse's lover. He was a +little man, withered by age, and with a cringing manner. He tilled a +small piece of stony land near Les Artaud, and was very poor. La Faute +de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (MADAME), wife of the preceding, a tall, lachrymose woman, was +the one solitary devotee of the village of Les Artaud. Whenever she +had been to communion, she hung about the parsonage, knowing that the +priest's servant always kept a couple of loaves for her from the last +baking. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (FORTUNE), son of the preceding, was a largely built, +bold-looking young fellow of about twenty-five years of age, who had +been the lover of Rosalie Bambousse for some time before Abbe Mouret was +able to induce the girl's parents to consent to her marriage. La Faute +de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (VINCENT), brother of Fortune, was the boy who assisted Abbe +Mouret in serving Mass. He was an idle young scamp, and constantly +incurred the chastisement of Brother Archangias, who predicted a bad end +for him on account of his friendship for Catherine Bambousse. La Faute +de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRIQUET, a peasant of Rognes. His son drew the number 13 for the +conscription. La Terre. + +BRON (MADAME), concierge at the Theatre des Varietes. She sold liquor to +the employees at the theatre. Nana. + +BRU, an old house-painter who lived in a garret in the same +tenement-house as the Coupeaus, where he starved with cold and hunger. +He had lost three sons in the Crimea, and he lived on what he could +pick up, now that for two years past he could hold a brush no longer. +Gervaise Coupeau showed him some kindness and asked him to her famous +birthday party. Things having gone from bad to worse with him, he was +found one morning lying dead in his garret. L'Assommoir. + +BRULE (LA), mother of La Pierronne. She was the widow of a miner who had +been killed in the pit, and lived with her daughter at the settlement +known as the Deux-Cent-Quarante. A terrible old woman, frantic to +revenge on the masters the death of her husband, she was the leader in +the outrages perpetrated by the strikers in the Montsou district. It was +she who gave the signal for the attack on the troops, but at the first +volley fired by the soldiers she fell back stiff and crackling like +a bundle of dry faggots, stammering one last oath in the gurgling of +blood. Germinal. + +BRUNET (LES), a bourgeois family in the new quarter of Plassans, of whom +Madame Felicite Rougon was jealous. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BUDIN (LES), peasants of Rognes, whose daughter was said to have been +cured of a fever by Sourdeau, who cut a live pigeon in two, and applied +the halves to her head. La Terre. + +BUQUIN-LECOMTE, a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He desired leave of +absence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BURGAT, a blacksmith, one of the band of insurgents which entered +Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BURNE, an English jockey who rode a horse called Spirit in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +BUSCH, a man of German origin who came to Paris, and engaged in business +of a shady character on the fringe of the Bourse. "In addition to usury +and a secret traffic in jewels and precious stones, he particularly +occupied himself with the purchase of 'bad debts.'" In pursuit of +creditors he was unsparing, and his methods were not infrequently of the +nature of blackmail. Jordon, Madame de Beauvilliers, and Saccard himself +fell into his power, though Saccard refused to submit to extortion. +Another of Busch's lines of business was the purchase of depreciated +shares and debentures, thousands of which he collected together, +selling them to bankrupts who found difficulty in accounting for real or +imaginary losses. His one redeeming feature was his extraordinary love +for his brother Sigismond, whom he nursed with the greatest care until +his death. L'Argent. + +BUSCH (SIGISMOND), brother of Busch, the money-lender, was an able man, +educated at a German University, and speaking several languages. He had +met Carl Marx at Cologne in 1849, and became a contributor to the _New +Rhenish Gazette_. "From that time he professed Socialism with an ardent +faith, giving his entire being to the idea of an approaching social +renovation, which would assure the happiness of the poor and humble." +After his master was banished from Germany, Sigismond, engrossed in +his dreams, was so careless of his material affairs that he would have +perished of hunger had his brother not taken him to live with him. From +this time the elder Busch, ferocious as a wolf towards a debtor, looked +after his brother with almost maternal care, and was heart-broken when +Sigismond died of consumption a few years later. L'Argent. + +BUTEAU, second son of Pere Fouan; brother of Hyacinthe and of Fanny +Delhomme; cousin and husband of Lise Mouche; father of Jules and Laure. +From early youth he was of violent temper, and having drawn a lucky +number in the conscription, he went away from home, and got work, first +at the farm of La Borderie and later at La Chamade. He was a true son +of the soil, knowing nothing of the world beyond the narrow district in +which he was born, and possessing that fierce passion for the land +which is the characteristic of so many peasants. When Pere Fouan made a +division of his property among his family, Buteau was dissatisfied with +the lot which he drew, and refused to take possession of it. In this +attitude he persisted for two years, until the formation of a new road +gave a greatly increased value to his share. In the same way he refused +to marry his cousin Lise Mouche, by whom he already had a son, until, +after her father's death, she had inherited a share of his property. +Buteau's chief anxiety then became to prevent a division of this land +between his wife and her sister Francoise, and when, after the girl's +marriage to Jean Macquart, this became imminent, he and his wife +eventually murdered her. His father had been a witness of the crime, and +as his silence was essential, he too was cruelly done to death. After +these terrible events Buteau was able to sleep calmly, for the land, his +overwhelming passion in life, was his beyond possibility of dispute. La +Terre. + +BUTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Lise Mouche. La Terre. + +BUTEAU (JULES), the eldest child of the preceding, who were not married +till three years after his birth. At nine years old he was the sole +friend of old Fouan, but he soon came to neglect the old man. La Terre. + +BUTEAU (LAURE), the second child of the Buteaus. At four years old +she had already the hard eyes of her family, and was hostile to her +grandfather, old Fouan. By jealousy she detached from him her brother +Jules. La Terre. + + + + +C + +CABASSE, a franc-tireur of the woods of Dieulet. He was the favourite +companion of Ducat, and along with Guillaume Sambuc formed part of the +band which so greatly embarrassed the Prussians in the neighbourhood of +Sedan. He took part in the execution of Goliath Steinberg, the German +spy. La Debacle. + +CABIN (MADAME), the woman who looked after the bedrooms occupied by the +saleswomen in "The Ladies' Paradise." In consideration of small bribes, +she allowed numerous breaches of the strict rules of the establishment. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CABIROCHE (SIMONNE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She was the +daughter of a furniture dealer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and had +been educated at a boarding-school in order that she might become a +governess. She played the part of Isabelle in the _Petite Duchesse_. +Nana. + +CABUCHE, a quarryman at Becourt, who lived alone in a hut in the middle +of the forest. He was condemned to five years' imprisonment for having +killed a man in a tavern brawl, but on account of his good conduct was +liberated at the end of four years. From that time he was avoided by +every one, and lived like a savage in the woods. Louisette, the younger +daughter of Madame Misard, who was then fourteen years old, met him one +day in the forest, and a strange friendship was formed between them, the +rough man almost adoring this child, who alone was not afraid to speak +to him. The girl afterwards went as a servant to Madame Bonnehon, but +one evening Cabuche found her at his door, half mad with fright and on +the verge of brain fever. He nursed her tenderly, but she died a few +days later. The conduct of President Grandmorin was believed to be the +cause of Louisette's flight from Doinville, and Cabuche was overheard to +say in ungovernable rage that he would "bleed the pig." This remark led +Denizet, the examining magistrate, to attribute to him the murder of +the President, which was committed soon afterwards by the Roubauds, +and still later he had the misfortune to be found beside the body of +Severine Roubaud, who had been murdered by Jacques Lantier. He was +found guilty of the two crimes, neither of which he committed, and was +sentenced to imprisonment for life. It was Cabuche's wagon, loaded with +huge blocks of stone, that Flore stopped in front of an express train in +order to cause an accident. La Bete Humaine. + +CADET-CASSIS, the sobriquet of Coupeau. L'Assommoir. + +CADINE, a young girl who when only two years old was found by Madame +Chantemesse and adopted by her. She was brought up along with Marjolin, +and the two became inseparable companions and lovers. When she was +eleven years old she set up as a dealer in birds' food, but in a year or +two became a flower-seller. After the accident to Marjolin by which his +intellect was affected, Cadine looked after him, and the two were seldom +found apart. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CAFFIN (ABBE), the predecessor of Abbe Mouret as cure at Les Artaud. He +was originally from Normandy, and had a large face which always seemed +laughing. His history was bad, and he had been sent in disgrace to this +hot and dusty corner of Provence. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +CAMPARDON (ACHILLE), an architect, in whose house Octave Mouret boarded +when he first came to Paris. His views on religion were somewhat +free, but having been appointed diocesan architect he gradually became +orthodox, though this did not prevent him from carrying on an intrigue +with Gasparine, his wife's cousin, who ultimately came to live with the +family. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPARDON (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Rose Domergue. Born at +Plassans, she was an old friend of Madame Mouret, and when Octave Mouret +came to Paris he boarded with the Campardons. After the birth of her +child, Madame Campardon was an invalid, and was obliged to spend much +of her time in bed, amusing herself by reading the works of Dickens. +She tacitly accepted the liaison between her husband and Gasparine, her +cousin, whom she ultimately asked to live with the family and manage the +household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPARDON (ANGELE), daughter of the preceding. She was brought up at +home by her parents, in order that she might remain ignorant of +the realities of life, but intercourse with the servants in a large +tenement-house early developed her unnatural precocity. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPENON, an incapable person to whom M. de Marsy gave a post as +prefect, which Eugene Rougon had promised to Du Poizat. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +CAMY-LAMOTTE, secretary to the Minister of Justice, an office of great +influence. It was his duty to prepare the list of promotions, and he was +in constant communication with the Tuileries. He was a handsome man, who +started his career as a substitute; but through his connections and his +wife he had been elected deputy and made grand officer of the Legion of +Honour. In examining the papers of President Grandmorin, he discovered +the identity of the murderers, but knowing the probability of serious +scandal arising in the event of public inquiry, he said nothing, and +later, struck by the courage and charm of Severine Roubaud, who threw +herself on his protection, he gave instructions that all proceedings +were to be stopped. He rewarded Denizet, the examining magistrate, with +a decoration and the promise of early promotion. La Bete Humaine. + +CANIVET, an old peasant, of whom Zephyrin Lacour announced the death to +Rosalie Pichon. Une Page d'Amour. + +CARNAVANT (MARQUIS DE), a nobleman of Plassans. Said to have been +intimate with the mother of Felicite Puech during the early period of +her married life. He visited Pierre Rougon and his wife occasionally, +and after their retirement from business he interested them in politics. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +CAROLINE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She +was very unhappy at home. L'Assommoir. + +CAROLINE (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + +CAROUBLE, a baker at Montsou. His business was threatened by the +competition of Maigrat. Germinal. + +CASIMIR, a liquor-dealer on the road to Montsou. Germinal. + +CASSOUTE, an inhabitant of Plassans, who formed one of the group of +insurgents which accompanied Antoine Macquart to the Rougons' house. He +was left there to signal the return of Pierre Rougon, but not being +very intelligent, allowed himself to be sent by Rougon to the Town Hall, +where he was arrested. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CATHERINE, servant to Granoux. She talked for a long time before letting +in Pierre Rougon and Roudier, who came to seek her master to save +Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CAUCHE, the commissary of police attached to the railway station at +Havre. He was a former officer who considered his present occupation as +practically a sinecure, spending much of his time at the cafe. He was a +confirmed gambler, who could lose or win without change of expression. A +room on the first floor of the Cafe du Commerce was his usual haunt, and +there Roubaud frequently spent half the night playing cards with him. +Later, it fell to him to arrest Roubaud on the charge of murdering +President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + +CAZENOVE (DOCTOR), a man of fifty-four years of age, of a vigorous and +lean habit, who after thirty years' service in the navy settled down +at Arromanches, where an uncle of his had left him a house. He affected +scepticism of the power of medicine, but was unremitting in the care of +his patients. Among the earliest of these was Madame Chanteau, and +he became on intimate terms with the family, for some time acting as +trustee to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + +CECILE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of a butcher in the neighbourhood of the +_Halles Centrales_. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CELESTE, lady's maid and confidante of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +CELESTINE, a friend of Clemence. She was neurotic, and had a horror of +the hair of cats, seeing it everywhere, and even turning her tongue in +the belief that some of it had got into her mouth. L'Assommoir. + +CESAR, a bull at the farm of La Borderie. La Terre. + +CHADEUIL (MADAME), a milliner in the Rue Sainte-Anne. Octave Mouret's +shop, "The Ladies' Paradise," ruined her within two years. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +CHAINE, the companion of Mahoudeau, the sculptor. He was born at +Saint-Firmin, a village about six miles from Plassans, where he served +as a cowboy until he was drawn in the conscription. Unfortunately for +him, a gentleman of the district who admired the walking-stick handles +which he carved out of roots with his knife, persuaded Chaine that he +was a rustic genius, and with extreme foolishness persuaded him to go +in for painting. Having forty pounds, he went to Paris, where his small +fortune lasted him for a year. Then, as he had only twenty francs left, +he took up his quarters with his friend Mahoudeau. He had no talent, +but had a certain skill in copying pictures with extreme exactness. +The relations of Chaine and Mahoudeau with Mathilde Jabouille led to a +coldness between the two friends, and ultimately they ceased to be on +speaking terms, though they continued to live together, and even to +sleep in the same bed. Some time afterwards Chaine gave up art, and +started a booth at country fairs, in which he ran a wheel-of-fortune +for trifling prizes. The booth was decorated with some of his alleged +masterpieces. L'Oeuvre. + +CHAMBOUVARD, a celebrated sculptor. He was said to be the son of a +veterinary surgeon of Amiens, and at forty-five had already produced +twenty masterpieces. He had, however, a complete lack of critical +acumen, and was unable to distinguish between the most glorious +offspring of his hands and the detestably grotesque figures which he +happened to put together now and then. At one _Salon_ he exhibited a +_Sower_, admirable in every way, while at another he showed an execrable +_Reaping Woman_, so bad that it seemed like a hoax; but he was no less +pleased with the later work, feeling sure that he had turned out yet +another masterpiece. L'Oeuvre. + +CHAMPION, a master hatter at Montrouge. Auguste Lantier pretended to +have left his employment because they had not the same political views. +L'Assommoir. + +CHAMPION, a retired sergeant, who was afterwards delivery manager at +"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CHANTEAU PERE, came originally from the south of France, beginning +his life as a journeyman carpenter. He created a considerable timber +business at Caen, but being somewhat daring in his speculation, he left +it rather embarrassed at the time of his death. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (M.), a cousin of M. Quenu, by whom he was nominated guardian +of his daughter Pauline Quenu. On the death of his father, he succeeded +to the timber business at Caen. Being an inactive man, unaspiring and +careful, he contented himself with putting his affairs on a safe basis, +and living on a moderate but sure profit. He married Eugenie de la +Vigniere, who was an ambitious woman and hoped to rouse his indolent +nature. Her schemes were, however, frustrated by the ill-health of her +husband, who suffered from gout to such a degree that he ultimately +sold his business to Devoine, and retired to Bonneville, where he had +a house. His sufferings from gout gradually became more and more severe +until he was a complete invalid. His ward Pauline Quenu showed him much +kindness, and the Abbe Horteur played draughts with him regularly. La +Joie de Vivre. + +Until the end of his life he was taken care of by Pauline. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +CHANTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Eugenie de la Vigniere, +was the orphan of one of the ruined squireens of the Cotentin. An +ambitious woman, she hoped to induce her husband to overcome his +indolent nature, but her plans were upset by the ill-health into which +he fell, and she transferred to her son her hopes for the family's rise +in life. From this source she had nothing but disappointment, as one +after another of Lazare's schemes failed. To enable him to get money to +start his chemical works, she encouraged the idea of marriage between +him and Pauline Quenu, her husband's ward, who thereupon lent him thirty +thousand francs. Little by little, Madame Chanteau got possession for +the family use of nearly all Pauline's fortunes, but with each fresh +loan her feelings towards the girl became more embittered until her +affection for her had turned to hate. From this time, she discouraged +her son's marriage with Pauline, and endeavoured to turn his thoughts +towards Louise Thibaudier, who had a considerable fortune. She died of +dropsy after a short illness. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (LAZARE), born 1844, son of M. Chanteau, was educated at the +college of Caen, where he took his bachelor's degree. He was undecided +as to what profession he would adopt, and for some time his inclination +turned towards music. Under the influence of Pauline Quenu he decided on +medicine, and went to Paris, where at first he made good progress in his +studies. Unfortunately he tired of this, and led a life of extravagance +and dissipation, failing to pass his examinations. Having chanced to +make the acquaintance of Herbelin, a celebrated chemist, Lazare entered +his laboratory as an assistant. From him he got the idea of turning +seaweed to profitable account by the extraction of chemicals by a new +method. With a view to the commercial employment of this process he +borrowed thirty thousand francs from Pauline Quenu, and entered into +partnership with an old college friend named Boutigny who invested +a similar sum in the business. Lazare was quite carried away by his +enthusiasm, and the works were built on much too large a scale, the cost +greatly exceeding the original estimates. More money was required, and a +marriage having already been arranged between Lazare and Pauline Quenu, +she at once lent him another ten thousand francs. Some slight success +was at first attained, but this only led to fresh extravagances in the +way of apparatus, and before long a hundred thousand francs of Pauline's +money had been expended. By this time it was evident that the process +could not be worked on a commercial scale, and Lazare, utterly +discouraged, handed over his share to Boutigny for a trifling sum. A +scheme for the protection of Bonneville against the inroads of the sea +was the next subject to attract him, and he entered into it with his +usual enthusiasm. More money was, of course, required, and, as before, +this was found by Pauline. Failure again met his efforts; the barricade +was washed away by the first high sea. All along Lazare had been subject +to fits of morbid depression, accompanied by a frenzied fear of death, +and after the death of his mother this mental disturbance became even +more acute. The marriage with Pauline had been put off on one excuse or +another, and ultimately she saw that his affections had been transferred +to Louise Thibaudier. With noble self-sacrifice, she released him from +his engagement, and his marriage to Louise followed. He went to Paris +as manager of an insurance company, but soon tiring of business, he +returned to Bonneville, where he lived so tormented by the fear of death +that life itself had little charm for him. La Joie de Vivre. + +Having become a widower, he left his son with Pauline Quenu, and went to +America to seek his fortune. Le Docteur Pascal. + +CHANTEAU (MADAME LAZARE), wife of the preceding. See Louise Thibaudier. +La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (PAUL), the infant son of Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTECAILLE (i.e. SINGSMALL), an usher at the college of Plassans. +He was so good-natured that he allowed the pupils to smoke when out +walking. L'Oeuvre. + +CHANTEGREIL, a poacher, who was sent to the galleys for shooting a +gendarme. He was the father of Miette. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CHANTEGREIL (MARIE), known as Miette, born 1838, daughter of +Chantegreil, the poacher, who was sentenced to the galleys for murder. +She went to live with her aunt, the wife of Rebufat, farmer at Plassans. +Here she met Silvere Mouret, and an idyllic love affair followed. When +Silvere joined the Republican Insurrection in 1861, Miette, fired by his +enthusiasm, accompanied him, and carried the banner of revolt. In the +attack by the regular troops, which soon followed, she fell mortally +wounded. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CHANTEGREIL (EULALIE). See Madame Eulalie Rebufat. + +CHANTEMESSE (MADAME), a customer of Madame Francois, the +market-gardener. It was she who brought up the two foundling children, +Marjolin and Cadine. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CHANTEREAU (MADAME), wife of an ironmaster. She was a cousin of the +Fougerays, and a friend of the Muffats. With Madame du Joncquoy +and Madame Hugon she gave an air of severe respectability to the +drawing-room of Comtesse Sabine de Muffat. Her husband owned a foundry +in Alsace, where war with Germany was feared, and she caused much +amusement to her friends by expressing the opinion that Bismarck would +make war with France and would conquer. Nana. + +CHARBONNEL (M.), a retired oil-merchant of Plassans. His cousin +Chevassu, a lawyer, died leaving his fortune of five hundred thousand +francs to the Sisters of the Holy Family. Charbonnel, being next heir, +contested the will on the ground of undue influence; and the Sisterhood +having petitioned the Council of State to authorize the payment of the +bequest to them, he went to Paris, accompanied by his wife, in order to +secure the influence of Eugene Rougon. The matter dragged on for some +months, and was then indefinitely delayed by Rougon's resignation of +the Presidency of the Council of State. After Rougon's appointment as +Minister of the Interior, he induced the Council of State to refuse the +petition of the Sisterhood, and M. Charbonnel accordingly succeeded to +the estate. Subsequently the Charbonnels accused the Sisters of having +removed some of Chevassu's silver plate, and Rougon ordered the police +to make a search in the convent. This caused a scandal in the town, and +brought the Charbonnels, as well as Rougon, into popular disfavour. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARBONNEL (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She accompanied her husband +to Paris to assist him in looking after their interests in the estate of +his cousin Chevassu. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARDON (ABBE), the candidate favoured by Abbe Fenil for the vacancy in +the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CHARDON (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Melanie Correur. The State having +refused to accept some furnishings supplied by her, Eugene Rougon, the +Minister, arranged the matter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARLES, a waiter at the Cafe Riche. It was he who served supper to +Maxime Saccard and Renee in the White Salon. La Curee. + +CHARLES, the attendant at the public washing-house where Gervaise +Macquart had her great fight with Virginie. L'Assommoir. + +CHARLES, a butcher whose shop was in Rue Polonceau. The Coupeaus dealt +with him. L'Assommoir. + +CHARLES, coachman in the service of Nana. He left her after a violent +scene, in the course of which he called her a slut. Nana. + +CHARLES, a cousin of the little soldier Jules from Plogof. Germinal. + +CHARLES, coachman to Aristide Saccard. He was discovered stealing oats, +and was dismissed. In revenge, he disclosed to Madame Caroline the +relations between his master and the Baroness Sandorff. L'Argent. + +CHARLES, (MONSIEUR AND MADAME), see Badeuil. + +CHARPIER, a grain merchant at Vendome. He became bankrupt, and his +papers having been purchased by Fayeux on behalf of Busch, the latter +found among them a document signed by Comte de Beauvilliers, undertaking +payment of a large sum to Leonie Cron. L'Argent. + +CHARRIER, a bricklayer who amassed a fortune by speculations in +building-sites during the early days of the Second Empire. Along +with Mignon, his partner, he had many business dealings with Aristide +Saccard. La Curee. + +CHARVET, one of the party which met at Lebigre's wine-shop to discuss +revolutionary subjects. He was the best educated of the coterie, and his +flood of bitter words generally crushed his adversaries. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +CHASSAGNE (DOCTEUR), director of the asylum at Moulineaux, where +Saturnin Josserand was confined for a time. Pot-Bouille. + +CHAUMETTE, counsellor at the court of Rouen. At the trial of Roubaud he +acted as assessor to the assizes. La Bete Humaine. + +CHAUMETTE FILS, son of the preceding, was a substitute at Rouen. He was +the latest fancy of Madame Bonnehon, who did all she could to secure his +advancement. La Bete Humaine. + +CHAVAILLE (ROSALIE), cousin of La Mechain, and mother of Victor Saccard. +She fell into a life of vice and poverty, and died at the age of +twenty-six. L'Argent. + +CHAVAL, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. From the first he had an +instinctive hatred towards Etienne Lantier, caused partly by jealousy +regarding Catherine Maheu, whose lover he became. He treated the girl +very badly, and she ultimately left him. During the strike he took up a +position antagonistic to Lantier, who was one of the leaders, and +even undertook the direction of a party of Belgians brought in by the +mine-owners to work the pits. By a strange chance, Chaval met Lantier +and Catherine in a gallery of the pit after a terrible accident, which +resulted in its being flooded; a struggle followed, and Chaval was +killed, his body being thrown into the water. But the rise of the flood +brought him back time after time to the feet of the others, as if his +jealousy continued even after death. Germinal. + +CHAVE (CAPTAIN), brother of Madame Maugendre, and uncle of Madame +Jordan. He was a petty gambler of a class who frequent the Bourse daily, +in order to make an almost certain profit of fifteen or twenty francs, +which must be realized before the day's operations are over. He said +he was forced to speculate, as the pension which he received from the +Government was not sufficient to keep him from starvation. L'Argent. + +CHAVIGNAT, an employee at the Ministry of Public Education. Pot-Bouille. + +CHEDEVILLE (DE), deputy for Eure-et-Loire under the Empire. He was an +old beau who had flourished in the reign of Louis Philippe, and +was still supposed to have Orleanist sympathies, though his reputed +friendship with the Emperor was sufficient to secure his success at the +polls. He had gone through all his money, and had now only the farm of +La Chamade left. His political career was cut short by a scandal which +gave offence at the Tuileries, and he was defeated by Rochefontaine, who +was nominated by Government as the official candidate. La Terre. + +CHERMETTE (MADAME DE), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +CHEVASSU, a lawyer at Faverolles, who died leaving his fortune to the +Sisters of the Holy Family. His cousin, M. Charbonnel, got the will +reduced on the ground of undue influence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHEZELLES (MADAME LEONIDE DE), a school friend of Comtesse Muffat, who +was five years her senior. She was the wife of a magistrate. "It was +rumoured that she deceived him quite openly, but people pardoned her +offence, and received her just the same, because, said they, 'She's not +answerable for her actions.'" Nana. + +CHIBRAY (COMTE DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He was for a time the +lover of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +CHOUARD (MARQUIS DE), father of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de Beuville. +He was a Councillor of State and Chamberlain to the Empress, but, +notwithstanding this, had kept up his relations with the Legitimist +party; he was known for his piety, and expressed the belief that his +class should show an example in morals to the lower orders. In secret, +however, his life was vicious, and many damaging stories were known +of him. He was one of Nana's admirers, and after a visit to her he was +struck by sudden imbecility and semi-paralysis, the result of sixty +years of debauchery. Nana. + +CHOUARD (SABINE DE), daughter of the preceding and wife of Comte Muffat +de Beuville. She was married at seventeen, and ever since had led a +cloistered existence with a pious husband and a dictatorial stepmother. +The death of her stepmother made little difference, and the family +continued to live in an atmosphere of frigid respectability. At +thirty-four Sabine looked little older than her own daughter, and would +not have been taken for more than twenty-eight. About this time Comte +Muffat fell entirely under the influence of Nana, and a change came +over the household. Sabine accepted the attentions of Fauchery, +whose mistress she became, and soon after launched into a course of +extravagance which in the end went far to complete the ruin to which her +husband was himself contributing. Other lovers followed Fauchery, and +in the end she ran off with the manager of a large drapery store. +Ultimately she returned, and was pardoned by her husband, who had lost +his own self-respect as a result of his intrigue with Nana. Nana. + +CHOUTEAU, an old man of over ninety years of age, who with his wife +lived in a little hut in Beaumont, furnished for them by Angelique with +articles taken from the attic of her adopted parents. She, as well as +Felicien d'Hautecoeur, showed them much kindness. Le Reve. + +CHOUTEAU, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. He belonged to the squad of Corporal Jean Macquart. +Originally a housepainter of Montmartre, his time was almost expired +when the outbreak of war prevented his leaving the army. A revolutionary +in his ideas, he was the leader in every breach of discipline among +his companions, suggesting to them that they should throw away their +knapsacks and guns; on the plateau of Floing, in front of the enemy, +he declared that as he had not eaten he would not fight. Sergeant Sapin +having been severely wounded, Chouteau offered, along with Loubet, +to remove him to the ambulance, and the two men disappeared from the +battlefield. After the defeat of the French Army he was made prisoner +at Iges, where he continued to advise his companions in committing all +kinds of excesses, going the length of handing a knife to Lapoulle in +order that he might kill Pache, who had hidden some provisions from him. +Along with Loubet he made an attempt to escape from the Germans, and +in this he attained success by treacherously sacrificing his comrade. +During the Commune he took an active part in the excesses which were +then committed; but during the sanguinary repression which followed +he was seen in the blouse of an honest workman applauding the massacre +which ensued. La Debacle. + +CHRISTINE. See Christine Hallegrain. + +CHUCHU (MADEMOISELLE), an actress at the Varietes. A liaison between her +and Flory led to the ruin of the latter on the Stock Exchange. L'Argent. + +CLARISSE, waiting-maid in the service of Baroness Sandorff. She betrayed +to Delcambre the confidences of her mistress. L'Argent. + +CLEMENCE, a clerk at the fish auction. She attended the meetings in +Lebigre's wine-shop along with Charvet, with whom she lived. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +CLEMENCE (MADEMOISELLE), occupied a room in the same tenement-house as +the Coupeaus and Lorilleux, where she took in ironing, as well as added +to her income by less reputable means. When Gervaise Coupeau's laundry +was at the height of its success Clemence got regular employment there, +but when business began to go she had to leave. L'Assommoir. + +CLEMENCE, lady's maid to Madame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +CLORINDE. See Clorinde Balbi. + +CLOU, Municipal Councillor at Rognes. He played the trombone at choral +services in church. La Terre. + +COEUR (GERMAINE), a _demi-mondaine_ who was on intimate terms with many +members of the Paris Bourse. L'Argent. + +COGNET, a roadman at Rognes. He was an old drunkard, who beat his +daughter unmercifully. La Terre. + +COGNET (JACQUELINE), alias LA COGNETTE, daughter of the preceding. She +went to La Borderie at the age of twelve years, and before long had +several lovers. She made her fortune, however, by resisting her master, +Alexandre Hourdequin, for six months, and when she ultimately became +his mistress she had made her position so secure that he was afterwards +unable to part with her. Notwithstanding her relations with Hourdequin, +she had other lovers, and the old shepherd Soulas, from motives of +revenge, informed Hourdequin of her intimacy with one of them, a man +named Tron. The latter, having been dismissed, killed Hourdequin and +burned down the farm, so that Jacqueline was compelled to leave La +Borderie no richer than she had come. La Terre. + +COLICHE (LA), a fine cow which belonged to the Mouche family and was a +great favourite with them. La Terre. + +COLIN, a notary at Havre. It was in his presence that the Roubauds made +a mutual will, leaving everything to the last survivor. La Bete Humaine. + +COLOMBAN PERE, a veterinary surgeon known to all in the district of +Seine-et-Oise. He was of dissolute habits. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +COLOMBAN, a shopman who had been for many years in the employment of +M. Baudu. He was engaged to his master's daughter Genevieve, but the +marriage was put off from time to time as Baudu's business was not +prosperous. Meantime, Colomban had become infatuated by Clara Prunaire, +a girl employed in "The Ladies' Paradise," and his affection for +Genevieve rapidly cooled. Ultimately he went off with Clara, thereby +hastening the death of Genevieve, who had been in bad health for some +time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +COLOMBE. See Pere Colombe. + +COMBELOT (M. DE), an Imperial Chamberlain whom the Department of the +Landes had chosen as deputy upon the formally expressed desire of the +Emperor. He was a tall, handsome man, with a very white skin, and an +inky black beard, which had been the means of winning him great +favour among the ladies. He was married to a sister of Delestang. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +COMBELOT (MADAME DE), see Henriette Delestang. + +COMBETTE, a chemist at Chene-Populeux. He was assessor to the mayor, +and the information which he received on the night of 27th August, 1870, +satisfied him of the unhappy state of the Army of Chalons, which was +then on its way to the front. La Debacle. + +COMBETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. It was she who on the evening +of 27th August, 1870, offered hospitality to the soldier Maurice +Levasseur, who was worn out with fatigue and with the pain of his foot, +which had been injured by the long march. La Debacle. + +COMBEVILLE (DUCHESSE DE), mother of Princess d'Orviedo. L'Argent. + +COMBOREL ET CIE, a firm of ship-owners who entered into the great +transport syndicate founded by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +COMPAN (ABBE), vicar of the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He was +on bad terms with Abbe Fenil, and consequently the other priests were +afraid to have any intercourse with him, Abbe Bourrette alone visiting +him during his last illness. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CONDAMIN (M. DE), commissioner of woods and rivers for the district of +Plassans. He was an elderly man, whose morality was looked upon with +some suspicion by the respectable inhabitants of Plassans. He married +a young wife, whom he brought from no one knew where, but who had +evidently influential friends at Paris, as it was she who got her +husband and Dr. Porquier decorated. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CONDAMIN (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was at first received +with some suspicion at Plassans, nothing being known of her past +history, but by the charm of her manner she soon overcame prejudice. +Madame Mouret having asked her assistance in connection with the Home +for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she entered heartily into the +scheme and used her influence on its behalf. Acting on advice from her +influential friends at Paris, she assisted Faujas in the schemes which +resulted in the election of M. Delangre as deputy for Plassans. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +CONIN, a stationer at the corner of Rue Feydeau, who supplied note-books +to most members of the Bourse. He was assisted in the business by his +wife, and seldom came out of the back shop. L'Argent. + +CONIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was on too friendly terms +with many of her customers, but was so discreet that no scandal arose. +L'Argent. + +COQUART (LES), proprietors of the farm of Saint-Juste, which, however, +they were forced by bad times to sell. The family consisted of the +father, mother, three sons and two daughters. La Terre. + +COQUETS, neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d'Or. They took +a fancy to light their cooking-stove on the stair-landing, and, as +they also owed their term's rent, they were given notice to quit. +L'Assommoir. + +CORBIERE (COMTE DE), proprietor of the Paradou, an estate near Artaud. +When he died, the care of the property was confided to Jeanbernat, a +foster-brother of the Comte. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +CORBREUSE (DUC DE), proprietor of a racing-stable. Nana. + +CORNAILLE, the principal draper in Valognes. Denise Baudu served her +apprenticeship to him. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CORNEMUSE, a racehorse which was the prize of the City of Paris. Nana. + +CORNILLE, a member of the firm of Cornille and Jenard, who held in the +eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle, which was joined +in 1760 to two neighbouring concessions, those of Comte de Cougny and of +Baron Desrumaux, in order to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. +Germinal. + +CORNILLE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the cathedral of Beaumont. He +accompanied Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur when the latter came to administer +the last rites of the Church to Angelique. Le Reve. + +CORREUR (MADAME MELANIE), was the daughter of a notary of Coulonges, a +town in the district of Niort. When she was twenty-four years old she +eloped with a journeyman butcher, and thereafter lived in Paris, ignored +by her family. For some time she kept a boarding-house at the Hotel +Vanneau in the Rue Vanneau, where among her lodgers were Eugene Rougon, +Du Poizet, and Theodore Gilquin. She established a claim on Rougon's +gratitude, and he assisted a number of her friends in obtaining pensions +and appointments. Having ascertained that her brother, M. Martineau, had +made a will by which she would benefit, she, knowing him to be in bad +health, denounced him to Rougon as a dangerous Republican. His arrest +and sudden death followed. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +COSINUS, a racehorse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +COSSARD (LE PERE), prompter at the Theatre des Varietes. He was a little +hunchback. + +COUDELOUP (MADAME), a baker in Rue des Poissonniers. She supplied the +Coupeaus until Lantier decided that they must have finer bread from a +Viennese bakery. L'Assommoir. + +COUGNY (COMTE DE), owner in the eighteenth century of the mining +concession of Cougny, which in 1760 was joined to two neighbouring +concessions to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +COUILLOT (LES), peasants at Rognes. Their son got the number 206 in the +drawing for the conscription. La Terre. + +COUPEAU, a zinc-worker, who married Gervaise Macquart after her +desertion by Lantier. He was the son of a drunken father, but was +himself steady and industrious until a serious accident caused by a fall +from a roof brought about a change. After that he became unwilling to +work and began to spend his time in public-houses; his days of work +became fewer and fewer, until, a confirmed drunkard, he lived entirely +on his wife's earnings. Attacks of delirium tremens followed, and in the +end he died in the Asylum of Sainte-Anne after an attack of more than +usual violence. L'Assommoir. + +COUPEAU (MADAME GERVAISE), wife of the preceding. See Gervaise Macquart. +L'Assommoir. + +COUPEAU (ANNA, known as NANA), born 1852, was the only child of Coupeau +and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. Almost from infancy she was allowed to +run wild in the gutters of Paris, and even in childhood her instincts +were vicious. At thirteen years of age she was sent to learn +artificial-flower making in the establishment of Madame Titreville, +whose forewoman was Madame Lerat, Nana's aunt. She had been there some +time when she began to receive attentions from an elderly gentleman who +had noticed her going to work. Meantime her father and mother had taken +to drink so seriously that home life had become intolerable, and, after +one of innumerable quarrels, Nana ran away to her venerable admirer. +After a few months she tired of him and left, to spend her time amongst +the low-class dancing-halls, in one of which she was found by her +father, who brought her home, where she remained for a fortnight, and +then ran off again. From time to time she returned, but her visits +gradually became less frequent till they ceased. L'Assommoir. + +At sixteen years of age she had a child by an unknown father, and two +years later was installed in a flat in Boulevard Haussmann by a rich +merchant of Moscow, who had come to pass the winter in Paris. Bordenave, +the director of the Theatre des Varietes, gave her a part in a play +called _La Blonde Venus_, and though her voice was poor and she +was ignorant of acting, she was by the sheer force of her beauty an +immediate and overwhelming success. All Paris was at her feet; Comte +Muffat, Steiner, the Prince of Scots himself, came in turn to offer +homage. It seemed as if this girl, born of four or five generations of +drunkards and brought up on the pavements of Paris, was to revenge her +race upon the idle rich by the wild extravagances into which she dragged +them. Muffat and Steiner were her lovers, and ruined themselves by +the vast sums which she squandered; Georges Hugon killed himself from +jealousy of his brother Philippe, who embezzled for her sake, and +brought himself to imprisonment and disgrace; Vandeuvres too, after +courting dishonour, met death at his own hand; and Foucarmont, stripped +bare and cast off, went to perish in the China seas. The procession was +unending; more money was always required. After a successful appearance +in a play called _Melusine_, Nana suddenly left Paris and went to the +East. Strange stories were told of her--the conquest of a viceroy, a +colossal fortune acquired in Russia--but nothing definite was known. +When she returned to Paris in 1870 she found that her son Louiset had +been attacked by small-pox, and she herself contracted the disease from +him. A few days later she died in a room in the Grand Hotel, nursed only +by Rose Mignon, who had come to her in her trouble. The war with Germany +had just broken out, and as she lay dying the passing crowds were +shouting ceaselessly, "A Berlin, A Berlin." Nana. + +COUPEAU (LOUIS). See Louiset. + +COUPEAU (MADAME), mother of Coupeau the zinc-worker. She was an old +woman, and, her sight having given way, was unable to support herself. +Her daughter, Madame Lorilleux, refused anything but the most trifling +assistance, and ultimately Gervaise Coupeau took the old woman into her +own home and supported her till her death, which occurred some years +later. L'Assommoir. + +COURAJOD, a great landscape painter, whose masterpiece, the _Pool at +Gagny_, is in the Luxembourg. Long before his death he disappeared from +the world of art, and lived in a little house at Montmartre surrounded +by his hens, ducks, rabbits, and dogs. He refused to speak of his former +fame, and when Claude Lantier called on him the old man seemed to be +entering into a second childhood, forgetful of his past. L'Oeuvre. + +COUTARD, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the Second Division of +the First Army Corps, which was defeated at Wissembourg on 4th August, +1870. He and his companion Picot were slightly wounded, and were left +behind, not being able to rejoin their regiments for three weeks, +most of which they spent tramping the country through wet and mud, +endeavouring to overtake the vanquished army of France. La Debacle. + +CRASSE (LA), i.e. "The Dirty." Sobriquet of a professor at the college +of Plassans, so called by the pupils as he marked by the constant +rubbing of his head the back of every chair he occupied. L'Oeuvre. + +CREVECOEUR, a lace merchant in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche left his +employment, and entered Octave Mouret's shop on the same day as Denise +Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CRON, a carter at Vendome. He was the father of Leonie Cron. L'Argent. + +CRON (LEONIE), the girl to whom the Comte de Beauvilliers gave the +document which afterwards came into the hands of Busch, and was used by +him as a means of blackmailing the widow of the Comte. L'Argent. + +CUCHE, a family of fisher people who resided at Bonneville. They were +ruined by their house being washed away by the sea. The father and +mother lived extremely dissolute lives, and their son grew up little +better than a savage. Pauline Quenu made great efforts to reform him, +but he refused all attempts to make him settle down. La Joie de Vivre. + +CUDORGE (MADAME), a seller of umbrellas in the Rue Neuve de la Goutte +d'Or, where she was a neighbour of Gervaise Lantier. L'Assommoir. + +CUGNOT (PAULINE), daughter of a miller at Chartres who was ruined by +a lawsuit. She came to Paris, and eventually got a situation at "The +Ladies' Paradise," where she showed much kindness to Denise Baudu, who +was at first badly treated by the other employees there. Later on she +married Bauge, her lover, but was allowed to retain her situation. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + + + + +D + +DABADIE, chief station-master at Havre. He was a handsome man, with +the bearing of a commercial magnate engrossed in business. Indeed, +he willingly left the passenger department of the station to his +assistants, in order that he might give particular attention to the +enormous transit of merchandise at the docks. It is said that he was +on friendly terms with Mademoiselle Guichon, the office-keeper at the +station. La Bete Humaine. + +DAGUENET (PAUL), the favoured lover of Nana. His father who was highly +esteemed by Louis Philippe, occupied a prefecture up to the time of his +death. As for himself, he had gone through three hundred thousand francs +in eighteen months in the pursuit of pleasure, and was only able to +keep going by small speculations on the Stock Exchange. Attracted by +the fortune of Estelle Muffat, he decided to marry her, and with the +assistance of Nana obtained the consent of Count Muffat. Become serious +after marriage, Daguenet came under the influence of Theophile Venot, +and was ruled with a rod of iron by his wife, who now exhibited a +character entirely unsuspected before. He now went to Mass, and was +furious with his father-in-law, who was ruining the family on account of +Nana. Nana. + +DAGUENET (MADAME). See Estelle Muffat de Beuville. + +DAIGREMONT, a Paris financier who was possessed of an enormous fortune. +It was said that his fidelity was not quite reliable, and that on one +occasion at least he played his allies false and swept away the profits. +He was approached by Saccard before the foundation of the Universal +Bank, and being assured that Eugene Rougon was to back up his brother, +he agreed to become one of the directors. He supported Saccard during +the great gamble in the shares of the bank, and even on the day of the +collapse had promised to come on the market and buy so heavily as to put +up the price of the shares. Having received information through +Jacoby that Gundermann was determined at any cost to break the market, +Daigremont deserted Saccard, and instead of buying, sold all the shares +he had, thereby bringing about the final collapse. L'Argent. + +DAIGREMONT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was celebrated for her +beauty and for her fine singing. L'Argent. + +DALICHAMP, a doctor at Raucourt, six kilometres from Remilly. He was a +man of brusque manner, but of excellent heart, who showed much kindness +to his patients. In the middle of August, 1870, he established an +ambulance at Raucourt, and after Jean Macquart, severely wounded, had +arrived at the house of Pere Fouchard, Dalichamp attended him secretly +till his recovery. It was through him that Henriette Weiss and Jean +gained their knowledge of the disasters which were everywhere overtaking +the French army. La Debacle. + +DAMBREVILLE, a Government official who married in order to secure +promotion through the influence of his wife. Pot-Bouille. + +DAMBREVILLE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. An elderly woman with a +passion for Leon Josserand, whose appointment as Maitre des Requetes +she procured by her influence. She promised to secure a wealthy wife for +him, but delayed to do so until he insisted on a match being arranged +between him and her niece Raymonde. Her friendly relations with him +continued to subsist even after his marriage. Pot-Bouille. + +DAMBREVILLE (RAYMONDE), niece of Dambreville. See Madame Leon Josserand. + +DANSAERT, a head captain in the Voreux pit. He was brutal and +overbearing with the workmen, but humble in the presence of his +superiors. Though it was well known that he was the lover of La +Pierronne, he was friendly with her husband, and got information from +him regarding the progress of the strike. On the day of the accident +in the pit he became mad with fear, and leaped into one of the cages, +leaving his men at the bottom. This action, together with the scandals +regarding him, caused the company to decide on his dismissal. Germinal. + +DASTE (MADAME), a friend of the Saccards and of Madame de Lauwerens. La +Curee. + +DAUVERGNE, deputy station-master for the main lines at the Gare +Saint-Lazare. He occupied with his family, Claire, Henri, and Sophie, +a house belonging to the railway company in the Impasse d'Amsterdam. La +Bete Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (CLAIRE), daughter of the preceding and sister of Sophie. +The two sisters were both charming blondes, one eighteen and the other +twenty, who, amidst a constant stream of gaiety, looked after the +housekeeping with the six thousand francs earned by the two men. The +elder one would be heard laughing, while the younger sang, and a cage +full of exotic birds rivalled one another in roulades. La Bete Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (HENRI), a chief guard in the service of the Western Railway +Company. He was in love with Severine Roubaud, but was aware of her +liaison with Jacques Lantier. He was injured in the railway accident at +Croix-de-Maufras, and having been removed to a house which belonged to +Severine, he was nursed by her there. In a hallucination of illness, +he believed that he heard, outside his window, Roubaud arranging with +Cabuche for the murder of Severine: his mistaken evidence was greatly +instrumental in leading to the conviction of the two men. La Bete +Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (SOPHIE), the elder of the two sisters. La Bete Humaine. + +DAVOINE, the purchaser of Chanteau's timber business at Caen. When +Chanteau became incapacitated by gout, he sold his business to Davoine +for a hundred thousand francs, of which one-half was to be paid in +cash and the balance to remain in the business. Davoine was, however, +constantly launching into speculations, and the consequence was that +the profits were drained away, and the balance sheet generally showed a +loss. He ultimately became bankrupt, and Chanteau lost all the money he +had left in the business. La Joie de Vivre. + +DEBERLE (DOCTOR HENRI), a medical man of Passy who inherited from his +father a large fortune and an excellent practice. A chance call to +attend Jeanne Grandjean led to an intimacy with her mother, which +resulted in the fleeting love episode which forms the subject of +the novel. Deberle, deceived by the circumstances under which Helene +Grandjean prevented an assignation between his wife and M. Malignon, +believed that Helene had arranged an assignation with himself, and she +found it impossible to enlighten him without compromising his wife. The +brief liaison was terminated by the illness and death of Jeanne. Une +Page d'Amour. + +DEBERLE (MADAME JULIETTE), wife of the preceding, was the elder daughter +of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk merchant of Paris. Empty-headed and fond +of gaiety, she was carried away by the attentions of M. Malignon, an +idle young man who went everywhere in Paris society, and to whom she was +foolish enough on one occasion to grant an assignation. Madame Helene +Grandjean, who was on intimate terms with the family, warned Madame +Deberle that her husband's suspicions had been aroused, and that lady, +seeing in time the folly of her action, broke off the intrigue. Une Page +d'Amour. + +DEBERLE (LUCIEN), the young son of Doctor Deberle. He was a playmate of +Jeanne Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour. + +DECKER (BARONNE), a friend of the Marquis de Chouard, who occasionally +visited her at Viroflay. Nana. + +DEJOIE, a man who was appointed by Saccard to be attendant at the +offices of the newspaper purchased in the interest of the Universal +Bank. He had a small sum of money, intended for the dowry of his +daughter, and to increase this he invested it in shares of the bank. On +the rise of the shares he gained a large sum, but, refusing to sell, he +lost everything in the final catastrophe. L'Argent. + +DEJOIE (JOSEPHINE), wife of Dejoie, who first knew her when she was +cook with Madame Leveque, sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. She was +afterwards with Dr. Renaudin, and then in a shop in Rue Rambuteau. The +husband and wife were never fortunate enough to get employment in +one place. Josephine died when her daughter was fourteen years old. +L'Argent. + +DEJOIE (NATHALIE), daughter of the preceding. In order to provide a +dowry for her, her father invested all his savings in shares of the +Universal Bank, losing everything after its failure. She was a pretty +girl, but absolutely heartless, and after the downfall of the bank she +ran away from home, leaving her old father in his poverty. L'Argent. + +DELAHERCHE (MADAME), mother of Jules Delaherche. Her husband's gay life +rendered her unhappy, and after she became a widow she trembled lest her +son should take to the same courses as his father; so, after marrying +him to a woman who was devout and of simple tastes, she sought to keep +him in a dependent state as though he were a mere youth. At fifty years +of age, his wife having died, Delaherche determined to marry a young +widow about whom there had been much gossip, and did so in spite of all +the remonstrances of his mother. After that she only lived on in silent +remonstrance, spending most of her time shut up in her own room. The +miseries of war told severely on the old woman, and to these were +added domestic troubles, for she became aware of her daughter-in-law's +relations with Captain Baudoin and Edmond Lagarde. After the occupation +of Sedan by the Prussians she devoted herself to nursing her old friend +Colonel Vineuil, who had been brought to the house severely wounded. She +remained with him till his death, shut up from the world, and refusing +to hear of the defeats daily accumulating against their unhappy country. +La Debacle. + +DELAHERCHE (JULES), one of the principal cloth manufacturers of Sedan. +He owned a large factory in Rue Maqua, which had been the property of +the family for a hundred and sixty years; in the rear of the building +was a palatial courtyard shaded with old trees, gigantic elms dating +from the foundation of the establishment. Jules, married to a woman dull +and plain-looking, had been kept by his mother in the dependent position +of a mere boy, but at fifty years of age, his wife being dead, he became +enamoured of Gilberte Maginot, a pretty young widow of Charleville, +and married her in spite of the determined opposition of his mother. +An ardent Bonapartist, he was much excited by a chance meeting with +Napoleon III, but after the repeated defeats of the army in the war with +Prussia his loyalty cooled, and he ultimately charged the Emperor with +all the miseries which ensued. After the battle of Sedan an ambulance +was established in the courtyard of his factory, and the wounded Colonel +Vineuil was removed to his house. La Debacle. + +DELAHERCHE (MADAME JULES). See Gilberte Vineuil. La Debacle. + +DELANGRE (M.), mayor of Plassans. He was the son of a bricklayer, and +when he passed as a lawyer had to be content with petty suits that no +one else would take up. It was said that he became the lover of Madame +Rastoil, and it was certainly through her influence that he won his +first cases. He was shrewd enough to show no particular political +proclivities; so after the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, when they were looking +out for a mayor, his name was at once thought of. He was elected, +and from that time everything prospered with him. As a result of much +scheming by Abbe Faujas, Delangre was adopted as candidate for the +representation of Plassans, and was elected by a triumphant majority +over Maurin, the Republican candidate. After his election, he voted +steadily with the Government, thus accomplishing the object for which +Faujas was sent to the town. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELANGRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "She was a tame little woman +of a servant-like meekness, whose dissoluteness had remained a matter +of legend in Plassans." She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding +the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and agreed to act on the +Committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELANGRE (LUCIEN), son of M. Delangre, mayor of Plassans. He was a young +barrister of four-and-twenty, short and sharp-eyed, with a crafty +brain, and pleaded with all the coolness of an old practitioner. On the +suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a leading part in starting the Club +for Young Men at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELAROCQUE, a stockbroker who was married to the sister of Jacoby. +L'Argent. + +DELCAMBRE, Public Prosecutor, afterwards Minister of Justice. Having +been for some time the lover of Baroness Sandorff, he was much annoyed +at her subsequent intimacy with Saccard, and after the failure of the +Universal Bank he instigated the proceedings which led to the conviction +of its officials. L'Argent. + +DELESTANG (M.), son of a wine merchant at Bercy, was himself a retired +attorney and owner of a model farm. He was a man of great wealth, but of +foolish and shallow character. Having got into political trouble at +the time of the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, he was helped out of an awkward +position by Eugene Rougon. Acting on the suggestion of Rougon, he +married Clorinde Balbi, and soon after was appointed Minister of +Commerce and Agriculture. After Rougon's second retirement from office +Delestang was appointed to succeed him as Minister of the Interior. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DELESTANG (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Clorinde Balbi. + +DELESTANG (HENRIETTE), sister of Delestang, the Minister, and wife of +M. de Combelot, Chamberlain to Napoleon III. She had a passion for the +Emperor, who, however, would not look at her. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DELEUZE founded, along with his brother, in 1822, the drapers' shop +in Paris known as _Au Bonheur des Dames_. When he died, his daughter +Caroline, who was married to Hedouin, succeeded to his share in the +business. Pot-Bouille. + +The beginning of the business was exceedingly modest; there was only +one window in the shop, and the stock was a small one. At that time the +principal shop in the neighbourhood was the _Vieil Elbeuf_, of which +Baudu afterwards became proprietor. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELEUZE (UNCLE), one of the founders of the shop known as _Au Bonheur +des Dames_. After the death of his elder brother he continued the +business along with his niece Madame Hedouin. He became much affected +by rheumatism, and left the management in the hands of Hedouin. +Pot-Bouille. + +DELEUZE (CAROLINE). See Caroline Hedouin. + +DELHOMME was the son-in-law of Pere Fouan, whose daughter Fanny he +married. He was the owner of a small farm, which he managed so well that +he became one of the richest of the peasant proprietors at Rognes. +He was a man of calm, upright nature, and was frequently selected as +arbiter in petty disputes. In his own affairs, however, he allowed +himself to be much influenced by his wife. He was a municipal +councillor, and ultimately became mayor. La Terre. + +DELHOMME (MADAME), nee Fanny Fouan, wife of the preceding. At first a +not unamiable woman, she became hardened, and eventually the cleanliness +of her house became a mania with her. She was unkind to her father, with +whose little weaknesses she had no patience, and her persecution of him +was carried to such an extent that he ceased to live with her and her +husband. She was so annoyed at this that she refused to speak to him +again, and her ill-will was not even terminated by his death. When her +husband became mayor her conceit knew no bounds. La Terre. + +DELHOMME (ERNEST), known as Nenesse, son of the preceding. From +childhood he had a fancy for dressing himself up and aping the city +lads, and as he had always a horror of the land he went to Chartres to +assist in a restaurant, with which was connected a public dancing-hall. +His parents effected an insurance against him being drawn in the +conscription; but he drew a lucky number, and the loss of the money +caused his mother considerable annoyance. He proposed to take over +the _maison de tolerance_ at Chartres which belonged to his grand-aunt +Madame Badeuil and her husband, and he eventually did so by marrying +their granddaughter Elodie Vaucogne. La Terre. + +DELOCHE, a bailiff in needy circumstances who resided at Briquebec. He +treated his son Henri very badly. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELOCHE (HENRI), a young man who got employment at "The Ladies' +Paradise" at the same time as Denise Baudu. He fell in love with Denise, +but though she refused to marry him, they remained on friendly +terms, and on one occasion he threw a glass of wine at Favier, a +fellow-shopman, who repeated a slander about her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELORME, a relation of the Quenus. On the suggestion of Madame Chanteau +he was nominated a member of the family council of Pauline Quenu. He +consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +DENEULIN, a cousin of the Gregoires. Like his cousin, he inherited +a denier in the Montsou mines, but being an enterprising engineer, +tormented by the desire for a royal fortune, he had hastened to sell +out when the value of the denier reached a million francs. His wife +possessed through an uncle the little concession of Vandame, on which +were two abandoned pits--Jean-Bart and Gaston-Marie--and he invested all +his money in the reopening of these pits. He was a bad manager, however, +and after his wife's death he was pillaged by every one. The great +strike at Montsou completed his ruin, and he was ultimately compelled +to sell his pits to the great company which had already acquired all +the neighbouring mines, himself receiving a situation as divisional +engineer. Germinal. + +DENEULIN (JEANNE), second daughter of the preceding. Having lost their +mother when very young, she and her sister were brought up alone, +somewhat badly, being spoiled by their father. Jeanne was fond of +painting, and had already had three landscapes refused by the _Salon_. +Her sister and she remained cheerful in the midst of their father's loss +of fortune, and proved themselves excellent managers. Germinal. + +DENEULIN (LUCIE), elder daughter of Deneulin. She was fond of music, and +at one time talked of going on the stage. Like her sister, she showed an +admirable spirit at the time of her father's downfall. Germinal. + +DENIZET, examining magistrate (_juge d'instruction_) at Rouen. The +son of a cattle-breeder, he studied law at Caen, but had entered the +judicial department of the Government late in life; and his peasant +origin, aggravated by his father's bankruptcy, made his promotion slow. +After being substitute in various places he was sent to Rouen, where he +acted as examining magistrate. He was fond of his profession, and at the +beginning of the inquiry into the murder of President Grandmorin allowed +himself to be carried away by his desire to elicit the facts of the +case. He received, however, a hint from Camy-Lamotte, the secretary to +the Minister of Justice, that caution must be exercised, and his desire +to be decorated and removed to Paris was so great that he sacrificed the +interests of justice, and caused the case to be hushed up. Later, the +murder of Severine Roubaud reopened the Grandmorin inquiry, and Denizet +was allowed a free hand in dealing with the affair. By a masterpiece +of logical deduction he set out to prove the complicity of Cabuche and +Roubaud, a complicity, however, which had no existence in fact, and the +demonstration of which by Denizet produced a gross error of justice. La +Bete Humaine. + +DEQUERSONNIERE, an architect with whom Louis Dubuche served his +apprenticeship. He was a former winner of the Grand Prize, and was +architect of the Civil Branch of Public Works, an officer of the Legion +of Honour, and a member of the Institute. His principal production was +the church of Saint-Mathieu, a building which shared the characteristics +of a pastry-cook's mould and a clock in the style of the First Empire. +L'Oeuvre. + +DESBAZEILLES, President of the Assize Court at Rouen on the occasion +of the trial of Roubaud. He was a bachelor, and an old friend of Madame +Bonnehon; a friendship which still continued, notwithstanding his sixty +years. He was the literary glory of the Court, and his cleverly turned +sonnets were well known. La Bete Humaine. + +DESFORGES, a stock-broker. The friendship of his wife with Hartmann, the +great financier, had been very useful to him. He died leaving a fortune, +the amount of which was minimized by some and exaggerated by others. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DESFORGES (MADAME HENRIETTE), daughter of a Councillor of State and +widow of a stock-broker, who left her a small fortune. "Even during her +husband's lifetime, people said she had shown herself grateful towards +Baron Hartmann, whose financial tips had proved very useful to them; +and later on, after her husband's death, the acquaintance had probably +continued, but always discreetly." Octave Mouret, having met her at +the house of a mutual friend, made love to her, chiefly with a view +to gaining Baron Hartmann's assistance through her influence. Madame +Desforges was extremely jealous when she learned of Mouret's affection +for Denise Baudu and the probability of his marrying her. In order to +injure him, she introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him +money to start an opposition establishment called "The Four Seasons." Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DESIR (VEUVE), an elderly woman who kept a ball-room known as +Bon-Joyeux. She called all the miners her children, and grew tender +at the thought of the flood of beer which she had poured out for them +during the last thirty years. She gave her ball-room to the miners to +hold a meeting during the strike, and when the police arrived to break +it up she held the door long enough to allow those present to escape. +Germinal. + +DESLIGNIERES, a toy-seller in Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DESMARQUAY, a money-changer in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot was employed in +his office. Pot-Bouille. + +DESROCHES, a notary at Chene-Populeux. His house there was requisitioned +for the Emperor on 27th August, 1870, during the march of the army of +MacMahon. La Debacle. + +DESROCHES (MADAME), mother of the preceding. Their house adjoined the +early home of Maurice Levasseur, and she had been good to him when he +was a child. When the house was requisitioned for the Emperor, she had +to give up her room to him and take refuge in the garret. La Debacle. + +DESRUMAUX (BARON), one of the founders of the coal industry in the north +of France. For forty years he struggled without yielding, in the midst +of continual obstacles, and when at last his pits began to yield a small +profit, two neighbouring concessions, that of Cougny, belonging to the +Comte de Cougny, and that of Joiselle, belonging to the Cornille and +Jenard Company, nearly overwhelmed him with their competition. Happily, +on 25th August, 1760, a treaty was made between the three concessions, +uniting them into a single one known as the Montsou Mining Company. +Germinal. + +DESVIGNES (ADELE), see Madame Bouchard. + +DIDE (AUNT). See Adelaide Fouque. + +DIEUDONNE (MADAME), wife of a small farmer at Seguiranne. She brought up +her niece Sophie, who was cured of phthisis by Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +DOMERGUE was formerly Director of Roads and Bridges at Plassans. He was +the father of Madame Campardon. Pot-Bouille. + +DOMERGUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived a retired life at +Plassans with her husband. She introduced Octave Mouret to her daughter, +Madame Campardon, when he came to Paris. Pot-Bouille. + +DOMERGUE (ROSE). See Madame Achille Campardon. + +DROUARD (MADAME), an old actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She played +the part of Juno in the _Blonde Venus_. Nana. + +DUBREUIL, a cousin of the Levasseurs. He was sub-manager of the sugar +refinery at Chene-Populeux at the time Weiss was employed there; then, +in 1868, he retired to a little property near Sedan which had come to +his wife as a legacy. On the evening before the battle, foreseeing the +disaster, he removed his wife and children to Bouillon, and next day the +house was completely destroyed during the struggle. La Debacle. + +DUBRUEL, a pork-butcher at Plassans who took part in the attack on the +Town Hall. Three days later he was killed in the ambush arranged by +Pierre Rougon against the Republicans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +DUBUCHE (ALICE), daughter of Louis Dubuche and of Regine Margaillan, his +wife. She was so delicate that at six years old she was still unable to +walk. Her father endeavoured to strengthen her muscles by occasionally +making her hold on to the bar of a trapeze for a few moments, but the +exercise only seemed to produce extreme terror in the unfortunate child. +L'Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (GASTON), the elder child of Louis Dubuche and of Regine +Margaillan, his wife. At the age of ten he had the feeble limbs of a +little child, and though he regularly exercised on a trapeze, he was +unable to raise himself on his wrists, the least exertion producing +profuse perspiration. L'Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (LOUIS), eldest son of a baker of Plassans, and companion from +childhood of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz. His mother, who was +very ambitious, sent him to Paris, where he studied architecture at the +School of Art. His reverence for established formulas caused him to be +out of sympathy with the advanced school of painting advocated by Claude +Lantier and his friends, though he expressed large ideals regarding his +own profession. In time he became a first-class pupil at the school, and +with infinite trouble gained the regulation "honourable mention." But +his parents no longer sent him any money; it became necessary for him +to gain his living, and he was already tired of earning a few francs by +assisting an architect incapable of drawing his own plans. By the aid of +his master, Dequersonniere, he gained a medal for a plan of a villa, and +this brought him prominently under the notice of Margaillan, a wealthy +building contractor, whose daughter Regine he married soon afterwards. +The marriage was not a success; his wife was always ailing, and the two +children which were born to them were so delicate as to cause constant +anxiety. His business relations with his father-in-law were a failure, +some of his ventures resulting in heavy loss, and Margaillan soon thrust +him aside. His only satisfaction was that he had been able to repay +to his parents the money they advanced for his education in Paris. +L'Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (MADAME LOUIS), wife of the preceding. See Regine Margaillan. +L'Oeuvre. + +DUCAT, a franc-tireur of the woods at Dieulet. He was formerly a bailiff +at Blainville, but had to leave on account of a criminal charge against +him. He was a friend of Cabasse and of Guillaume Sambuc, and took part +in the murder of Goliath Steinberg. La Debacle. + +DUCHESNE (GEORGES), a lover of Madame Bouchard, for whom she asked +the patronage of Eugene Rougon, which he refused on the ground of his +respect for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DUCLOUX (LA), an old woman who lived in the neighbourhood of Croix de +Maufras, having formerly been servant in an inn. Misard was authorized +to employ her as gatekeeper on the railway after the death of Flore. She +was anxious to marry Misard, and seeing him constantly searching for +the little hoard of money which had been hidden by his deceased wife, +La Ducloux cleverly led him to believe that she knew where the money was +hidden. After she became the second Madame Misard she became infected +with the feverish anxiety of her husband, and joined with him in his +untiring search. La Bete Humaine. + +DUMONTEIL, a rich silk manufacturer at Lyons. He supplied to Octave +Mouret a special make of silk with which he achieved great success. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DU POIZAT PERE, an old bailiff at Coulonges. He was an old miser who +refused any money to his son Leopold, and even threatened him with +a pistol when he tried to borrow from him. He lived alone in an old +ruinous house with a loaded gun behind the door. His son, having become +a prefect, and wishing to dazzle the old man with his fine position, +attempted to force the door; then followed a drama mysterious and +without witness, at the end of which the old man was found lying at the +foot of his staircase, with his head split open. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DU POIZAT (LEOPOLD), son of a process-server at Coulonges, a little town +in the district of Niort. His father, who had amassed a considerable +fortune by usury, sent him to study law in Paris, giving him an +allowance of only a hundred francs a month. Some months before the +revolution of February, 1848, he became acquainted with Eugene Rougon, +who, like himself, was boarding at that time with Madame Correur at the +Hotel Vanneau. During the Bonapartist intrigues he assisted Rougon in +some risky undertakings, and later on worked energetically to secure his +election to the Legislative Assembly as member for Deux-Sevres. After +the _Coup d'Etat_ Rougon used his influence on behalf of Du Poizat, and +got him appointed sub-prefect at Bressuire. He resigned this appointment +on the advice of Rougon after the resignation of the latter as President +of the State Council. After Rougon's return to office he was appointed +prefect at Niort. His extreme harshness and overbearing conduct produced +a public scandal, and the sudden death of his father, under peculiar +circumstances, still further increased his unpopularity. He was at +his own request transferred to another prefecture by Delestang, who +succeeded Rougon as Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DURIEU, a wealthy brewer who, carried away by the charm of Caroline +Hamelin, married her. He became an alcoholic maniac, and on one occasion +pursued his wife with a knife. A separation was arranged, and Durieu +ultimately died in an asylum. L'Argent. + +DURIEU (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + +DURIEU (LE PERE), a messenger at Plassans. He was a taciturn old +Provencal. Le Docteur Pascal. + +DUTILLEUL. A flour-miller at Montsou whose mills were stopped by the +strike. Germinal. + +DUVEYRIER (ALPHONSE), a counsellor at the Court of Appeal; married +Clotilde, daughter of M. Vabre. He was a man of dissolute habits, to +whom his wife's cold nature and love of music were repugnant, and he +spent much of his time away from home. He squandered large sums of money +on a woman named Clarisse Bocquet, who afterwards left him. Having found +her again, he fell under her influence so completely as to allow her +to treat him abominably. So unhappy did he become, that he attempted +to commit suicide by shooting himself; the wound was, however, not a +serious one, and he recovered. Pot-Bouille. + +DUVEYRIER (MADAME CLOTILDE), wife of the preceding, was the only +daughter of M. Vabre, a notary of Versailles. She did not get on well +with her husband, who found her cold nature irksome, and, perhaps even +more so, her love of piano-playing. Her musical evenings were attended +by Octave Mouret, the Josserands, and others of the same circle. +Pot-Bouille. + +DUVEYRIER (GUSTAVE), son of the preceding, a thin, precocious boy of +sixteen, who was being educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille. + +DUVILLARD, the owner of a large house bought by Octave Mouret for the +enlargement of his shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + + + + +E + +ECOSSE (S.A.R. LE PRINCE D'), the son of a queen and heir to a throne. +He was tall and strong, with a fair beard and a fresh complexion. He was +an habitue of the Theatre des Varietes, and an admirer of Nana, whom +he wished to bring to London as a singer. Later, Nana spoke of him with +little respect. Nana. + +ECREVISSE (L'), a celebrated _demi-mondaine_ of the Second Empire. La +Curee. + +EMPEREUR, one of the dogs of the shepherd Soulas. He was a fierce +animal, and, like his master, hated Jacqueline Cognet. La Terre. + +ERNESTINE, a woman who once occupied a room in Bourras's house, and had +written her name in candle-smoke on the ceiling. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ESCORAILLES (MARQUIS D'), father of Jules d'Escorailles. "The +Escorailles family was one of the oldest in Plassans, where it was +treated with the utmost respect; and Rougon, who in former days had +often dragged his worn-down boots past the old Marquis's house, took a +pride in protecting and assisting the young man. The family retained an +enthusiastic devotion for Henri V, though it allowed its heir to serve +the Empire." The Marquis and his wife visited Paris specially to ask +the assistance of Rougon in furthering the interests of their son. After +Rougon's proceedings against the Sisters of the Holy Family, in the +interest of the Charbonnels, they again visited Paris to insist on their +son retiring from the administration, as they said they could not allow +him to be mixed up in any persecution of the Church. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +ESCORAILLES (MARQUISE D'), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +ESCORAILLES (JULES D'), son of the Marquis d'Escorailles, a nobleman of +Plassans, at whose request Rougon got Jules an appointment as auditor +at the Council of State. After Rougon's return to office he appointed M. +Escorailles his private secretary. He carried on an intrigue with Madame +Bouchard. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ESPANET (MARQUIS D'), husband of the Marquise Adeline. He was made +aide-de-camp to the Emperor, but by his riotous conduct scandalized the +older nobility. He never appeared in society with his wife. La Curee. + +ESPANET (MARQUISE D'), one of the most prominent leaders of society +of the Second Empire, was the inseparable companion of Madame Haffner, +whose name was always associated with hers by the public. They were both +schoolfellows and friends of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +EUGENIE, cook for a short time to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +EUGENIE, a child buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen, +where Bongard and Sandoz read the inscription on a poor cross, without +railing, set up slantingly across a path, "Eugenie, three days." +L'Oeuvre. + +EUGENIE (EMPRESS), referred to in Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, and La +Debacle. + +EULALIE, a laundress who lived in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin, when visiting +her, chanced to overhear in an adjoining room a conversation between +some Italians who had come to Paris to assassinate the Emperor. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +EULALIE, a fish-seller, mistress of Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-soif. +L'Assommoir. + +EULALIE (LA MERE), a vegetable seller at Montmartre. She lodged with +Madame Mechain. L'Argent. + +EUSEBE, a choir-boy in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He +accompanied Abbe Bourrette to the deathbed of Abbe Compan. La Conquete +de Plassans. + + + + +F + +FAGEROLLES PERE, a manufacturer of zinc objects of art who lived in +a gloomy old house in Rue Vieille-du-Temple. His workshop was on the +ground floor, above it was a warehouse, and still higher, facing a +courtyard, were the rooms in which he lived with his son Henri. He +intended to bring up Henri as a designer of ornaments for his own trade, +and when the boy showed higher ambitions, taking to painting proper and +talking about the School of Art, there were quarrels, blows, a series of +falling-outs and reconciliations. Even when the young man had achieved +some success, the manufacturer of artistic zincwork, while resigned +to letting him have his will, treated him harshly, like a lad who was +spoiling his career. Later, in the desire of a decoration for himself, +the merchant forgot his former opposition; he held out his son, who +had now arrived at notoriety, as an additional claim for his own +distinction. L'Oeuvre. + +FAGEROLLES (HENRI), son of the preceding. In the gloomy house of his +father he grew up like a true child of the Paris pavements. Though his +father desired him to become a designer of ornaments for use in his +trade, the lad had higher ambitions, and desiring to study painting, +became a student at the School of Art. Notwithstanding this orthodox +training, he was a disciple of Claude Lantier and his somewhat +revolutionary band, whom he delighted by sly attacks upon his professors +and praise of themselves. He paid particular court to Claude, under +whose artistic influence he had come, and though he continued to paint +with tricky skill, he no longer talked in anything but the jargon of the +new open-air school. This did not prevent him, however, from elsewhere +making fun of the adepts of that school, whom he accused of doing +their work with a kitchen ladle. He made a success with a picture of an +actress before her glass, which caught the popular taste, and afterwards +appeared as an engraving. Taken up by Naudet, the picture-dealer, he +began to receive large prices for his work, and by doing everything in +his power to make his way in society his position soon became secure. +He was elected a member of the Hanging Committee of the _Salon_, and +secured the admission of Claude Lantier's picture _L'Enfant Mort_. He +made large sums of money, in the spending of which he was assisted by +Irma Becot. L'Oeuvre. + +FANNY (MADEMOISELLE), a work-girl in the neighbourhood of Octave +Mouret's shop, who was sent there by her employer to match some merinos. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FAUCHERY (LEON), a journalist and dramatic author, who wrote a piece +for the Theatre des Varietes called _La Petite Duchesse_. After numerous +liaisons he became for a time the lover of Comtesse Sabine Muffat, and +under the pressure of Comte Muffat was forced to give to Nana a leading +part in _La Petite Duchesse_. Fauchery's liaison with the Comtesse +Muffat merely interrupted for a time one of older standing with Rose +Mignon, whose husband appeared to be content with the position of +major-domo in a _menage a trois_. Nana. + +FAUCHEUR (LE PERE) kept at Bennecourt a small country inn much +frequented by artists. In connection with the tavern he carried on a +small business in groceries. After the death of the Faucheurs the inn +was carried on by their niece Melie. L'Oeuvre. + +FAUCHEUR (LA MERE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of old +Poirette. L'Oeuvre. + +FAUCONNIER (MADAME), carried on a laundry business in Paris, and gave +employment to Gervaise Macquart after her desertion by Lantier. She +continued on friendly terms with Gervaise after the latter's marriage +to Coupeau, at which she was present. When drink had brought about +the Coupeaus' ruin, Madame Fauconnier again took Gervaise into her +employment, giving her work until her increasing carelessness and +intemperance made her dismissal necessary. L'Assommoir. + +FAUCONNIER (VICTOR), the young son of Madame Fauconnier. He was an idle +scamp about four years older than Nana Coupeau, and was her constant +playfellow and companion in all kinds of mischief. L'Assommoir. + +Nana, in talking over with Satin the events of her childhood, referred +to Victor as a youth who had always shown vicious tendencies. Nana. + +FAUJAS (ABBE), a priest of Besancon who, having got into some trouble +there, was sent to Plassans by the Government with the view of +undermining the political influence of the clergy, who were strongly +Legitimist in their views. At Plassans he took up his residence, along +with his mother, in the house of Francois Mouret. At first he kept +entirely in the background, but assisted by Madame Mouret, who had +fallen in love with him, and by Madame Felicite Rougon, acting under +instructions from her son Eugene, the Minister of State, Faujas soon +began to make himself felt in Plassans. He appeared to take no interest +in politics, but little by little he gained power, until "the conquest +of Plassans" was accomplished and a supporter of the Government was +elected as deputy. Meantime his influence over Madame Mouret had become +complete, and he had practically taken possession of the Mourets' house, +his sister and her husband, as well as his mother, living there with +him. Thrust aside and neglected, Francois Mouret was wrongfully removed +to the asylum at Les Tulettes, where confinement soon unhinged his +not over-strong intellect. The Abbe now became even more arrogant, and +Madame Mouret was barely tolerated in her own house. Ultimately Francois +Mouret escaped from the asylum, and returning by night to his home, +set fire to it; along with him, the Abbe Faujas and all his relations +perished in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FAUJAS (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She accompanied the Abbe to +Plassans and took up house with him there. Absolutely devoted to her +son, she made herself his slave, and sacrificed everything and every one +to his interests. It was largely through her that the gradual ousting of +the Mourets from their own home became possible; and to accomplish her +ends she stopped short at nothing; seldom speaking, but always watching, +she was ready to grasp each opportunity as it arose. Retribution came +with the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum, and Madame Faujas +perished along with the other members of her family in the conflagration +raised by him. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FAUJAS (OLYMPE). See Madame Olympe Trouche. + +FAUQUENOIX, an associate of Baron Desrumaux in the department of the +mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +FAUVELLE, a sugar-refinery at Montsou, which suffered on account of the +strike of miners. Germinal. + +FAVIER, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise." +He had for some reason an ill-will towards Denise Baudu and spread +scandalous stories about her. Henri Deloche, her friend, hearing him do +so on one occasion, threw a glass of wine in his face. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +FAYEUX, a collector of rents at Vendome. He did business in connection +with Busch, and also with La Mechain, whose cousin he was said to be. He +speculated on the bourse through Mazaud, and after the downfall of +the Universal Bank it was found that he had embezzled large sums from +persons employing him. L'Argent. + +FENIL (ABBE), head of the theological seminary at Plassans. He was a +keen ecclesiastic, with strong Legitimist principles, and from the first +took up a position antagonistic to Abbe Faujas. Having great influence +with the Bishop of Plassans, he was for some time able to prevent Faujas +from receiving preferment; a hint from Government, however, caused the +Bishop to change his views, and Abbe Fenil was for the time routed. It +was suspected that he ultimately induced Antoine Macquart to plan the +escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; an escape +which led to the death of Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FERAUD-GIRAUD FRERES, a firm of ship-owners who joined the great +transport syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +FERNAND, a student of chemistry with Combette at Chene Populeux. He +was a cowardly lad, whom fear of the Prussians drove into a fever. La +Debacle. + +FERNANDE, a chorus-girl at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +FETU (MERE), an old woman whom Helene Grandjean visited at the request +of Abbe Jouve. At her house Helen frequently met Dr. Deberle, who was +attending her professionally at the same time. Below this house was the +flat taken by M. Malignon, who had appointed Mere Fetu caretaker, and +it was through her that Helene came to know of the assignation between +Malignon and Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +FIFI, the sobriquet of Fanny Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille. + +FINE, the sobriquet of Josephine Gavaudan. La Fortune des Rougon. + +FINET (ARISTIDE), the founder of the drapery business known as the +_Vieil Elbeuf_, in Paris. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of +Hauchecorne. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FINET (DESIREE), daughter of the preceding. She married Hauchecorne, her +father's principal salesman, who carried on the business. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +FINET, a doctor of medicine who resided at Cloyes. He was disgusted by +the brutality of his patients, whom he accused of always sending for him +when it was too late. His indifference became such that he did not make +any inquiries about the death of Rose Fouan, whose end was hastened by +her son Buteau, or that of Pere Fouan, who was burned alive. La Terre. + +FIRMIN, chief huntsman to Napoleon III at Compiegne. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +FLAMINIO, the Comtesse Balbi's man-servant, "with a face like a +brigand's, and a long black beard." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +FLEUR D'EPINE, a celebrated chief of brigands who preceded +Beau-Francois. La Terre. + +FLEURANCE, a putter in the Voreux pit who worked along with the Maheus. +She was found dead in her bed, and the vacancy created in the pit was +filled by Etienne Lantier. Germinal. + +FLORE, the elder daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). After illness +rendered her mother unfit for work, Flore replaced her as gatekeeper at +the railway crossing at Croix-de-Maufras. She was a tall and strong girl +of eighteen, with a magnificent head of fair hair; disdainful of the +male, she had thrashed at least one would-be lover. When she was quite +little she had loved Jacques Lantier, and now it was to him alone she +would have given herself. Jacques did not care for her, however, and she +came to know that he had a mistress, Severine Roubaud. Convinced of +her own right to be loved, for she was stronger and handsomer than the +other, the girl was tortured by jealousy; and each Friday, as she saw +the express rush past, bearing the two lovers to Paris, was seized +with an imperious desire to end everything, and by causing their death +prevent them from passing any more. She accordingly brought about a +terrible railway accident, in which a large number of persons were +killed; but the crime was useless, for Severine and Jacques escaped with +trifling injuries. The thought that Jacques knew her guilt, and must in +future regard her as a monster, rendered life hateful to Flore, and to +meet death she set out on a walk of heroic determination through the +tunnel of Malaunay, allowing herself to be cut in pieces by an express +train. La Bete Humaine. + +FLORENCE, an actress at the variety theatres. Marsy offered her a +valuable house. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +Pauline Letellier met her one day on the boulevards accompanied by +Malignon. Juliette Deberle, who was a little jealous, assured her that +Florence was at least forty and very plain-looking. Une Page d'Amour. + +FLORENT, elder son of a widow who took as her second husband M. Quenu, +who, however, died three years later, leaving a son. Florent was a +gentle, studious youth, and his mother lavished all her affection on +him, dying in the end from hardships endured in her struggle to keep +him at college in Paris. After her death Florent took young Quenu, +his half-brother, to live with him in Paris, giving up all thought of +continuing to attend the Law School, and taking pupils in order to find +means of sustenance. Years of hardship followed, and Florent became +imbued with Republican ideas. Two days after the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, +while the military were firing on the mob in the Boulevard Montmartre, +he was knocked down and stunned. When he recovered, he found that he was +lying beside the body of a young woman, whose blood had oozed from her +wounds on to his hands. He was horrified at the sight, and rushed away +to join a party of men who were throwing up barricades in an adjoining +street. Worn out with fatigue, he fell asleep, and on awakening found +himself in the hands of the police. His hands were still stained with +the blood of the young woman, and the authorities assumed that he was a +dangerous character. The semblance of a trial followed; he was condemned +and transported to Cayenne. After incredible hardships and sufferings, +he escaped and returned to France. Famished and exhausted, he tramped +towards Paris, and had fallen in a faint on the road when he was +overtaken by Madame Francois, who took him the rest of the journey on +her cart. During his long absence his brother Quenu had at first been +taken in by Gradelle, a brother of his mother, to whose business of +pork-butcher he ultimately succeeded. Florent on his return from exile +was warmly received by his brother and Madame Quenu, who told him that +Gradelle, his uncle, had died, leaving a considerable sum, and that as +there was no will he was entitled to a half-share. He refused to accept +this, but agreed to live with the Quenus. This arrangement answered +well at first, but Madame Quenu got tired of seeing him always about the +house, and let him see that he must secure employment. After some time +he got an appointment as deputy inspector at the Fish Market. He was +introduced by Gavard to a small revolutionary circle which met nightly +in a cafe kept by M. Lebigre, and of which he soon became the leader. +Meantime, Mlle. Saget, who from a chance word of Pauline, the little +daughter of Quenu, had learned Florent's past history, spread the story +in the markets, and a strong feeling was awakened against him. His +sister-in-law, Lisa, alarmed lest her husband should be compromised by +the revolutionary conspiracy, thought it her duty to inform the police. +She learned, however, that Florent's history had all along been known, +Lebigre being a police spy, and that only a favourable opportunity was +being awaited to arrest the whole gang of conspirators. The blow fell +soon afterwards, and Florent was again sentenced to transportation to +Cayenne. Le Ventre de Paris. + +FLORY was born at Saintes, his father being employed in the local +registry office. He came to Paris and entered the office of Mazaud, the +stockbroker. At first he did his duties well, but was soon led astray +and got into debt. Having started speculation on his own account, he +became deeply involved in the Universal bank, and on the failure of that +concern was left with a liability of a hundred thousand francs, to +meet which he had not a single sou. Subsequently he was arrested +and imprisoned for embezzling a large sum from Mazaud, his employer. +L'Argent. + +FONTAN (ACHILLE), an actor at the Theatre des Varietes who played parts +in _La Blonde Venus_ and _La Petite Duchesse_. He became for a time the +lover of Nana, but treated her so abominably that she left him. Nana. + +FONTENAILLES (MLLE. DE), was descended from an aristocratic family, but +was in great poverty when a situation was found for her in "The +Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of Madame Desforges. She proved +incapable of anything but the most menial work, and ultimately married +Joseph, one of the porters in the establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FOUAN, alias BUTEAU. See Buteau. + +FOUAN (FANNY). See Madame Delhomme. + +FOUAN (HYACINTHE), the elder son of Pere Fouan and Rose Maliverne, his +wife. He was an idler and drunkard, who, when he had left the army, +after having seen service in Africa, had taken to tramp the fields, +refusing to do any regular work, but living by theft and poaching, as +though he were still looting a trembling nation of Bedouins. Withal +there looked out of his fine, sunken eyes a merriment that was not +altogether evil, the open heart of good-humoured drunkenness. He lived +with his daughter in a ruined hut amongst some rocks near Rognes. After +the division of land by his father, Hyacinthe soon mortgaged his share +and drank the proceeds, never paying to his parents any part of the +rent which had been agreed upon. For a time he sheltered his father, +but frightened the old man by searching for some bonds which he had +concealed. He had, however, neither the cold rapacity of his sister +Fanny nor the murderous instincts of his brother Buteau. La Terre. + +FOUAN (JOSEPH CASIMIR), the father of Marianne, Louis, Michel, and +Laure. Born in 1766, he belonged to a family of peasant proprietors +which for centuries had owned land, in varying quantities, in +the neighbourhood of Rognes. They were originally serfs of the +Roques-Bouqueval family. Bit by bit they acquired their land, until, +when the Revolution of 1789 arrived, the Fouan of that day, Joseph +Casimir, was the owner of twenty-one acres--the conquest of four +centuries from the seigneurial territory. When, in 1793, the rest of the +estate was declared national property and sold in lots by auction, +he was too timid to purchase any, and had the mortification to see La +Borderie sold to Isidore Hourdequin, a citizen of Chateaudun, for a +fifth of its value. When he became old he divided his twenty-one acres +between three of his family, Marianne, Louis, and Michel, and gave a +corresponding sum of money to his younger daughter Laure, who had been +brought up as a sempstress and was in service at Chateaudun. La Terre. + +FOUAN (LAURE), younger daughter of the preceding. See Madame Charles +Badeuil. + +FOUAN (LOUIS), known as Pere Fouan. He was the son of Joseph Casimir +Fouan, and married Rose Maliverne, by whom he had three children, +Hyacinthe, Buteau, and Fanny. He received seven acres of land from +his father, and his wife brought him twelve acres more. This land +he cultivated well, and with a passion for the soil, as such, which +amounted to frenzy. It alone had his love, and his wife and children +trembled before him under a rude despotism. At seventy years of age +he was still healthy, but his limbs were failing, and he reluctantly +decided to divide his land between his children. He retained his +house and garden, which had come to him with his wife, and his family +undertook to pay him a rent for the land handed over to them. Upon this, +along with a nest-egg of three hundred francs per annum, known to no +one, the old people would be able to live comfortably. The division +made, the family soon became rapacious; Hyacinthe never paid anything, +Buteau only a part, and Delhomme, Fanny's husband, alone fulfilled his +obligation. Mere Fouan died, and the old man lived alone for a year; +after that he went to his daughter Fanny Delhomme, but her unkindness +made his life miserable, and he accepted in turn the hospitality of his +two sons, Buteau and Hyacinthe, both of whom had come to suspect the +existence of his nest-egg and were anxious to secure it. In this sordid +aim Buteau was eventually successful, and his subsequent treatment of +the old man was even more infamous than it had been before. From this +time Pere Fouan lived in isolation; he spoke to none and looked at none; +as far as appearances went, he might have been blind and dumb. But even +worse was to follow. He had seen the assault on Francoise Mouche which +resulted in her death, and to ensure his silence he was murdered by +Buteau and Lise, his son and daughter-in-law, who attempted to suffocate +him, and subsequently burned him alive in his bed. La Terre. + +FOUAN (MADAME ROSE), wife of the preceding, nee Maliverne. She worked on +the farm like a man, rising first and going to bed last, her only reward +being that she had lived. Stupid, and reduced by labour to the level of +an animal, she had always trembled before the despotic authority of her +husband. She brought up her family without love, and as if she resented +their requiring even the simple necessaries of life. She did not +long survive the division of land by her husband. Her favouritism for +Hyacinthe, her elder son, excited the jealousy of Buteau, who in the +course of a quarrel threw her to the ground, when she received such +injuries that she died a few hours afterwards. La Terre. + +FOUAN (MARIANNE). See La Grande. + +FOUAN (MICHEL). See Pere Mouche. + +FOUAN (OLYMPE), daughter of Hyacinthe. Her mother, who was a tramp, ran +off when the child was three years old, leaving her to grow up as best +she could. She was passionately fond of geese, of which she had a large +flock. When little more than a child, she had as her lovers Delphin Becu +and Nenesse Delhomme. La Terre. + +FOUCARMONT, a naval officer who in ten years saved some money which he +proposed to invest in the United States. He fell into the hands of Nana, +however, and was soon completely ruined. When she turned him out of +doors penniless, she merely advised him to go back to his ship. He was +drowned later in the China seas. Nana. + +FOUCART, the owner of a cheap restaurant frequented by Jory, Mahoudeau, +and their band. L'Oeuvre. + +FOUCART (MADAME), the nurse who attended Sidonie Rougon at the birth +of Angelique and left the child at the foundling hospital. She assisted +Sidonie both by taking her into her house and lending her money, but +when Madame Foucart herself fell into difficulties Sidonie did nothing +for her, not even paying back what she owed. It was from Madame Foucart +that Hubert subsequently got information regarding the parentage of +Angelique. Le Reve. + +FOUCHARD, father of Honore Fouchard, and uncle, on the mother's side, of +Henriette and Maurice Levasseur. He was a small farmer at Remilly, who +to make money more quickly took up the trade of butcher also. Avaricious +to the last degree, and with a nature of unpitying hardness, he opposed +the marriage of Honore with his servant Silvine Morange. At the end of +two years of waiting Honore went off, after a terrible scene with his +father, though the old man still kept the girl, with whom he was +well pleased. When the French troops were marching to Sedan, Fouchard +concealed all the animals on his farm, burying even his supply of bread +and wine, in the hope of being able to sell to better advantage later +on. The death of his son, who was killed in the battle, cost him a few +tears, but he was quickly consoled by some good purchases of horses +stolen from the battlefield. He took Prosper Sambuc as farm-worker, +because the soldier, being liable to imprisonment by the Prussians, +could not ask him for any wages. He began to do a considerable trade +in butcher-meat with the conquering army, selling them all the diseased +animals that he could secure. A suspicion of being concerned in the +death of Goliath Steinberg led to his arrest, but he was released soon +afterwards, thanks to the intervention of Captain von Gartlauben, a +friend of the Delaherches. La Debacle. + +FOUCHARD (HONORE), only son of the preceding. At twenty years of age, in +1867, he drew a good number for the conscription, but on account of +the opposition of his father to his marriage with Silvine Morange, he +enlisted, and was sent to Africa, in the artillery. When he heard that +Silvine had become the mistress of Goliath Steinberg he became so +ill that he had to remain in hospital for three months. He afterwards +received a letter from Silvine saying that she had never loved any one +but him, and when passing through Remilly on his way to the front, he +saw her and forgave everything. His battery was among those which on 1st +September, 1870, defended the Calvary d'Illy, but was cut to pieces by +the terrible fire of the Prussians. Honore was killed, and fell +across his gun, firmly grasping the letter from Silvine, which in his +death-struggle he had drawn from his bosom. La Debacle. + +FOUGERAY (MADEMOISELLE DE), eldest daughter of the Baronne de Fougeray. +She entered a convent, because it was said, a young man with whom she +was in love had died. The event created much talk in all classes of +society in Paris. Nana. + +FOUQUE (ADELAIDE), generally known as Aunt Dide, the common ancestress +of the Rougon-Macquarts, born at Plassans in 1768, was the last +representative of a family who had owned a market-garden there for +several generations. "This girl, whose father died insane, was a long, +lank, pale creature, with a scared look and strange gait." In 1786, +six months after the death of her father, she married one of her own +workmen, named Rougon, "a rough-hewn peasant from the Basses Alpes." +Rougon died fifteen months after his marriage, leaving a son named +Pierre. Scarcely a year had elapsed before the widow took as her lover a +man named Macquart, who lived in a hovel adjoining her own property, and +two children were born. The legitimate son, Pierre Rougon, was brought +up along with his half brother and sister, Antoine and Ursule, with +whom, however, he was not on good terms. From her eighteenth year +Adelaide was subject to nervous fits, which brought on convulsions, and +though she was not yet insane, these repeated shocks produced cerebral +disorders. "She lived from day to day like a child; like a fawning +animal yielding to its instincts." These conditions continued for about +twenty years, till the death of Macquart, and the children grew up as +best they could. By this time Pierre realized the situation, and playing +upon his mother's mental weakness, he brought her completely under +his sway. On the death of Macquart, Adelaide went to live in the +hovel bequeathed to her by him, and Pierre sold the family property, +appropriating the price. Living at first entirely alone, her intellect +became more and more affected by the recurring convulsive fits. +Subsequently her grandson Silvere Mouret lived with her, but after +his execution, of which she was a witness, she became quite insane. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +She was always under restraint, and remained a living sore to the +family. The little property which belonged to her son Antoine Macquart +was close to the asylum where she was confined, and Pierre Rougon seemed +to have placed him there to look after her. Adelaide seldom spoke, +and for twelve years had never moved from her chair. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +At 104 years old she was still living in the asylum at Les Tulettes. +She was little better than a skeleton, and in her long, thin face it +was only in the eyes that there was any sign of life. Immovable in her +chair, she remained from year to year like a spectre, calling up the +horrors of her family history. A sudden accident, the death of little +Charles Saccard from nasal hemorrhage, wakened in her sleeping brain +recollections of years before; she saw again the murder of Silvere, +killed by a pistol-shot, and she saw also her lover Macquart, the +smuggler, killed like a dog by the gendarmes. The shock proved too much +for her feeble strength, and she died the following day (in 1873), aged +105 years, three months, and seven days. Le Docteur Pascal. + +FOUSSET (LE PERE), tenant of the farm of Millouard, in the Canton +of Orgeres. He was a victim of the band of brigands commanded by +Beau-Francois. La Terre. + +FRANCHOMME (LOUIS), a cousin of Francoise Hamelin and her brother, with +whom he went to reside for a time when recovering from a fever. His +wife having become fond of Angelique Marie, who lived at that time with +Francoise Hamelin, he obtained permission to take her to Paris, where +she could be taught the trade of making flowers. Unfortunately, however, +he died three months later. Le Reve. + +FRANCHOMME (THERESE), wife of the preceding. After the death of her +husband, she, being in delicate health, was obliged to leave the city +and go to live with her brother Rabier, a tanner, who was settled at +Beaumont. She died a few months afterwards, leaving to the care of the +Rabiers the child Angelique, whom she had brought with her from Paris. +Le Reve. + +FRANCIS, the hairdresser of Nana. He was in the habit of lending money +to his customers, and on one occasion he found, with the assistance of +Labordette, a hundred thousand francs for Comte Muffat, who required the +money for Nana. Nana. + +FRANCIS, coachman to the Gregoires. He also did the heavy work of the +household. Germinal. + +FRANCOIS, a wine-merchant whose shop was situated at the corner of Rue +des Poissonniers and of Rue de la Goutte d'Or. Coupeau frequently spent +whole days there. L'Assommoir. + +FRANCOIS, concierge and footman in Nana's establishment. He was the +husband of Victorine, the cook. He received visitors in the hall, +wearing a gorgeous livery. Nana. + +FRANCOIS (MADAME), a market-gardener of Nanterre. She drove regularly +to Paris in the early morning with her vegetables, and on one occasion +found Florent lying on the road from want and exhaustion. She took him +to town in her cart, and subsequently showed kindness to him and Claude +Lantier. Le Ventre de Paris. + +FRANCOISE, housemaid to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +FRANCOISE, the servant of M. and Madame Sandoz in their little house in +Rue Nollet. L'Oeuvre. + +FRANGIPANE, a horse which belonged to Baron Verdier and ran in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +FREDERICK (MADAME), a widow who held the position of "second hand" in +the dress department of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FIRMAT, an old peasant of Rognes who was a neighbour of Mouche. He +became paralysed. La Terre. + +FIRMAT (LA), wife of the preceding. She was well known in the village +for her knowledge of animals, and was frequently consulted when it +would otherwise have been necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon. She +worked hard to support her invalid husband, to whom she was devoted, and +wept at the thought that he was soon to die. La Terre. + + + + +G + +GABET (MERE), an old woman who assisted the Huberts with their washing. +She became ill, and being in great poverty, was assisted by Angelique, +and later by Felicien. Le Reve. + +GAGA, an elderly _demi-mondaine_ who had flourished in the reign of +Louis Philippe, and was still notorious in the Second Empire. She had +a daughter named Lili, who became the mistress of the Marquis Chouard. +Nana. + +GAGEBOIS, glass-works at Montsou. The strike of miners led to the fires +being extinguished. Germinal. + +GAGNIERE, an artist, one of the band of Claude Lantier. He belonged to +Melun, where his well-to-do parents, who were both dead, had left him +two houses; and he had learned painting, unassisted, in the forest +of Fontainebleau. His landscapes were conscientious and excellent in +intent, but his real passion was music. Becoming more and more engrossed +in this, he took lessons in playing the piano from a middle-aged lady +whom he married soon afterwards. He established himself at Melun in one +of his two houses, going to Paris two or three times a month to attend a +concert, and he continued to exhibit each year at the _Salon_ one of his +little studies of the banks of the Seine. L'Oeuvre. + +GALISSARD, a haberdasher of Plassans, whose daughter married Professor +Lalubie. She was a pretty girl to whom Claude Lantier and Sandoz used to +sing serenades. + +GARCONNET, a Legitimist who was Mayor of Plassans at the time of the +_Coup d'Etat_. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GARTLAUBEN (VON), captain in the Prussian Army. During the occupation of +Sedan he was billeted on Delaherche. He was a person of some importance, +as his uncle had been made Governor-General at Rheims, and exercised +sovereign power over the district. Fascinated by Gilberte Delaherche, +his chief wish was to be taken for a man of refinement, and not for +a barbarous soldier. He was able to render some services to the +Delaherches, and to make the Prussian occupation easier for them. La +Debacle. + +GASC, proprietor of a racing-stable. One of his horses, named Boum, ran +in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +GASPARINE, a tall, handsome girl of Plassans, with whom Achille +Campardon fell in love. She had no money, however, and he married her +cousin Rose Domergue, who had a dowry of thirty thousand francs. Tears +and recriminations followed, and Gasparine went to Paris, where for some +time she had a situation in the shop of Madame Hedouin. Madame Campardon +having fallen into ill-health, her husband returned to his first love, +and a liaison existed between him and Gasparine for a considerable +time. Ultimately she went to live with the Campardons, and managed their +household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + +GASTON was the son of a general, and was the same age as the Prince +Imperial, though much stronger than he. The Emperor frequently made +inquiries regarding the child. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GAUDE, bugler in the 106th regiment of the line. "He was a big, skinny, +sorrowful, taciturn man, without a hair on his chin, and blew his +instrument with the lungs of a whirlwind." On the 1st September, during +the defence of the Hermitage, he became seized with the madness of +heroism, and continued to blow after his comrades had been slain and +until he himself was shot down. La Debacle. + +GAUDIBERT (ISIDORE), Mayor of Barbeville since 1850, wrote some poetry +on political subjects, and was decorated by the Minister of State, +Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GAUDRON, husband of Madame Gaudron. He was described as having the +sluggishness of a beast. L'Assommoir. + +GAUDRON (MADAME), a wool-carder who lived with her husband and their +large family in the same tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the +Lorilleux. She was one of the guests at the Coupeaus' wedding. +L'Assommoir. + +GAUDRON FILS, the eldest child of the Gaudrons, was a journeyman +carpenter. L'Assommoir. + +GAUJEAN (M.), a silk manufacturer of Lyons who was dissatisfied with +the monopoly created by the large establishments, such as that of Octave +Mouret, and thought it could be broken by the creation of special shops +in the neighbourhood, where the public could find a large and varied +choice of articles. With this object he assisted Robineau to purchase +Vincard's business by giving him credit to a large amount; the scheme +was not successful, and he lost heavily. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GAUTIER, a wine-grower at Saint-Eutrope, with whom Francois Mouret had +dealings at one time. La Conquete de Plassans. + +GAVARD, originally kept a rotisserie or poultry-roasting establishment +in the Rue Saint-Jacques, at which time he became acquainted with +Florent and Quenu. In 1856 he retired from this business, and to amuse +himself took a stall in the poultry-market. "Thenceforth he lived amidst +ceaseless tittle-tattle, acquainted with every little scandal in the +neighbourhood." Gavard was a leading spirit in the revolutionary circle +which met in Lebigre's wine-shop, and was the means of bringing Florent +to attend the meetings there. He was arrested at the same time as +Florent and was transported. Le Ventre de Paris. + +GAVAUDAN (JOSEPHINE), a market-woman of Plassans who married Antoine +Macquart in 1826. She was much addicted to drink, but worked in order to +keep her husband in idleness. She died in 1850. La Fortune des Rougon. + +GEDEON, an ass which belonged to Mouche. It was very mischievous, and +on one occasion got access to a vat of new wine, with the result that it +became extremely drunk. La Terre. + +GEORGES, a young man whose acquaintance Renee Saccard made by chance +while walking one day on the Quai Saint-Paul. Her fancy for him passed +without her ever having asked his family name. La Curee. + +GERALDINE, a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, played by Clarisse +Besnus at the Theatre des Varietes. It was originally intended that the +part should be played by Nana. Nana. + +GILQUIN (THEODORE), a lodger at Madame Correur's hotel at the same +time as Eugene Rougon and Du Poizat. A man of shady character, he was +frequently employed by Rougon, and by a fortunate accident was able to +give him warning of the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor. He +was rewarded with the appointment of Commissary of Police at Niort. On +the order of Rougon, he arrested Martineau, Madame Correur's brother. He +was removed from his position on account of having compromised himself +by taking a bribe to procure a conscript exemption from service. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GIRAUD (TATA) kept at Plassans a boarding-school for children, where the +sculptor Mahoudeau had known Pierre Sandoz and other comrades who met +later in Paris. L'Oeuvre. + +GODARD (ABBE), cure of Bazoches-le-Doyen. The authorities of Rognes, +which was in his parish, refused to provide for a priest of their own, +and Abbe Godard, in order to perform Mass, had to walk each Sunday the +three kilometres which separated the two communes. He was a short, +stout man of hasty temper, who was disgusted with the indifference and +irreligion of his parishioners, and his services were the shortest and +baldest possible. In spite of his temper, he had, however, a passion for +the miserable, and to these he gave everything--his money, his linen, +almost the clothes off his back. La Terre. + +GODEBOEUF, a seller of herbs who occupied the shop in Rue Pirouette +which formerly belonged to Gradelle, the pork-butcher. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +GODEMARD, a pupil of Dequersonniere, the architect. See Gorju. L'Oeuvre. + +GOMARD, the keeper of a working-man's cafe in Rue de la Femme-sans-Tete, +under the sign _Au Chien de Montargis_. Claude Lantier occasionally took +his meals there. L'Oeuvre. + +GONIN, a family of fisher-folks who lived at Bonneville. It consisted of +Gonin, his wife, and one little girl. A cousin of the wife, named Cuche, +came to live with them after his house had been washed away by the sea. +Gonin soon after fell into bad health, and his wife and Cuche treated +him so badly that the police talked of an inquiry. Pauline Quenu tried +to reform the little girl, who had been allowed to grow up wild. La Joie +de Vivre. + +GORJU, a pupil of Dequersonniere, and himself a future architect. On one +of the walls of the studio one could read this brief statement: "The 7th +June, Gorju has said that he cared nothing for Rome. Signed, Godemard." +L'Oeuvre. + +GOUJET, a blacksmith from the Departement du Nord, who came to Paris and +got employment in a manufactory of bolts. "Behind the silent quietude +of his life lay buried a great sorrow: his father in a moment of drunken +madness had killed a fellow-workman with a crowbar, and after arrest had +hanged himself in his cell with a pocket-handkerchief." Goujet and his +mother, who lived with him, always seemed to feel this horror weighing +upon them, and did their best to redeem it by strict uprightness. "He +was a giant of twenty-three, with rosy cheeks and blue eyes, and the +strength of a Hercules. In the workshop he was known as Gueule d'Or, +on account of his yellow beard. With his square head, his heavy frame, +torpid after the hard work at the anvil, he was like a great animal, +dull of intellect and good of heart." For a time the Coupeaus were +his neighbours, and he came to love Gervaise with a perfectly innocent +affection, which survived all disillusionments, and subsisted up to the +time of her death. It was he who lent her money to start a laundry, and +afterwards repeatedly assisted her when in difficulties. L'Assommoir. + +GOUJET (MADAME), mother of the preceding, was a lace-mender, and lived +with her son in part of the house first occupied by the Coupeaus. She +showed much kindness to them, though she was distressed by her son's +infatuation for Gervaise, and did not altogether approve of his lending +her money to start a laundry. Notwithstanding this, she continued to +assist Gervaise until neglect of work entrusted made it impossible to do +so longer. She died in October, 1868, of acute rheumatism. L'Assommoir. + +GOURAUD (BARON), was made a Baron by Napoleon I, and was a Senator under +Napoleon III. "With his vast bulk, his bovine face, his elephantine +movements, he boasted a delightful rascality; he sold himself +majestically, and committed the greatest infamies in the name of duty +and conscience." La Curee. + +GOURD (M.), at one time valet to the Duc de Vaugelade, and afterwards +doorkeeper in the tenement-house in Rue de Choiseul which belonged to M. +Vabre, and was occupied by the Campardons, the Josserands, and others. +He spent much of his time spying on the tenants, and posed as guardian +of the morals of the establishment. Pot-Bouille. + +GOURD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was the widow of a bailiff at +Mort-la-Ville, and she and her present husband owned a house there. She +was exceedingly stout, and suffered from an affection of the legs which +prevented her from walking. Pot-Bouille. + +GRADELLE, brother of Madame Quenu, senr., and uncle of Florent and +Quenu. He was a prosperous pork-butcher in Paris, and after Florent's +arrest he took young Quenu into his business. He died suddenly, +without leaving a will, and Quenu succeeded to the business, and to +a considerable sum of money which was found hidden at the bottom of a +salting-tub. Le Ventre de Paris. + +GRAND-DRAGON (LE), one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +GRANDE (LA), elder daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan, and sister of Pere +Fouan, Michel Mouche, and Laure Badeuil. Married to a neighbour, Antoine +Pechard, she brought to him seven acres of land against eighteen which +he had of his own. Early left a widow, she turned out her only daughter, +who, against her mother's will, wished to marry a poor lad named Vincent +Bouteroue. The girl and her husband died of want, leaving two children, +Palmyre and Hilarion, whom their grandmother refused to assist. At +eighty years of age, respected and feared by the Fouan family, not for +her age but for her fortune, she exacted the obedience of all, and still +directed the management of her land. She bitterly reproached her brother +Louis for dividing his property between his children, and warned him +that he need not come to her when they had turned him into the street, a +threat which she carried into effect. She took delight in the squabbles +of the Fouan family, exciting their cupidity by promising them a share +of her property at her death. Meantime she made a will which was so +complicated that she hoped it would lead to endless lawsuits amongst her +heirs. La Terre. + +GRANDGUILLOT, a notary at Plassans. He embezzled large sums belonging +to his clients, among whom was Dr. Pascal Rougon, and thereafter fled to +Switzerland. Le Docteur Pascal. + +GRANDJEAN (M.), son of a sugar-refiner of Marseilles. He fell in love +with Helene Mouret, a young girl of great beauty, but without fortune; +his friends bitterly opposed the match, and a secret marriage followed, +the young couple finding it difficult to make ends meet, till the +death of an uncle brought them ten thousand francs a year. By this time +Grandjean had taken an intense dislike for Marseilles, and decided to +remove to Paris. The day after his arrival there he was seized with +illness, and eight days later he died, leaving his wife with one +daughter, a young girl of ten. Une Page d'Amour. + +GRANDJEAN (MADAME HELENE), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + +GRANDJEAN (JEANNE), born 1842, was the daughter of M. Grandjean and +Helene Mouret, his wife. She inherited much of the neurosis of her +mother's family along with a consumptive tendency derived from her +father, and from an early age had been subject to fits and other nervous +attacks. One of these illnesses, more sudden and severe than usual, +caused her mother to summon Doctor Deberle, and thus led to an intimacy +which had disastrous results. Jeanne's jealous affection for her mother +amounted almost to a mania, and when she came to suspect that Dr. +Deberle had become in a sense her rival, she worked herself into such +a nervous state that she exposed herself to a chill, and having become +seriously ill, died in a few days, at the age of thirteen. Une Page +d'Amour. + +GRANDMORIN (LE PRESIDENT), one of the directors of the Western Railway +Company. "Born in 1804, substitute at Digne on the morrow of the events +in 1830, then at Fontainebleau, then at Paris, he had afterwards filled +the posts of procurator at Troyes, advocate-general at Rennes, and +finally first president at Rouen. A multi-millionaire, he had been +member of the County Council since 1855, and on the day he retired he +had been made Commander of the Legion of Honour." He owned a mansion +at Paris in Rue du Rocher, and often resided with his sister, Madame +Bonnehon, at Doinville. His private life was not unattended by scandal, +and his relations with Louisette, the younger daughter of Madame Misard, +led to her death. A somewhat similar connection with Severine Aubry, +a ward of his own, had less immediately serious consequences, as +he arranged for her marriage to Roubaud, an employee of the railway +company, whom he took under his protection. Three years later Roubaud +learned the truth by chance, and murdered Grandmorin in the Havre +express between Malaunay and Barentin. The President left a fortune of +over three and a half million francs, among other legacies being one +to Severine Roubaud of the mansion-house of Croix-de-Maufras. La Bete +Humaine. + +GRANDMORIN (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was the wife of a +magistrate, M. de Lachesnaye. She was a narrow-minded and avaricious +woman, who affected ignorance of her father's real character, and the +influence of her husband tended to increase her meanness. After the +murder of President Grandmorin, when vague suspicions fell on Roubaud, +Berthe took up a position antagonistic to her old play-fellow Severine +Roubaud, in the hope that a legacy left by Grandmorin to her would be +cut down. La Bete Humaine. + +GRANDSIRE (M.), the justice of peace who assisted the Huberts in making +the necessary arrangements for their adoption of Angelique. Le Reve. + +GRANOUX (ISIDORE), one of the group of conservatives who met in Pierre +Rougon's yellow room to declaim against the Republic. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GRAS (MADAME), an old lady living in the Rue des Orties, who boarded and +lodged young children for a small sum. When Denise Baudu got a situation +in "The Ladies' Paradise," she put her young brother Pepe under the +charge of Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GREGOIRE (CECILE), daughter of Leon Gregoire. Her parents were devoted +to her, and brought her up in happy ignorance, allowing her to do much +as she liked. They taught her to be charitable, and made her dispense +their little gifts to the poor; these were always in kind, as they held +that money was likely to be misused. When the great strike broke out at +Montsou, Cecile could comprehend nothing of the revolt of the poor, or +the fury with which they regarded those better off than themselves, +and when she fell into the hands of a fierce crowd was almost paralysed +under the attack of La Brule and of Pere Bonnemort, from which she +escaped with difficulty. A little later she chanced to call on a +charitable errand at Maheu's house, and unfortunately was left alone for +a few moments with Bonnemort, who was now supposed to be helpless. The +sight of her seemed, however, to waken memories in the old man, for in +an accession of madness he found strength to throw himself upon the poor +girl and strangle her. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (EUGENE), grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He inherited the share +in the Montsou mine bought by his father, but the dividends at that +time were small, and as he had foolishly invested the remainder of +the paternal fortune in a company that came to grief, he lived meanly +enough. The share passed to his son Felicien. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (FELICIEN), son of the preceding and father of Leon Gregoire. +The family fortune began with him, for the value of the share in +the Montsou mine had greatly increased, and he was able to buy the +dismembered estate of Piolaine, which he acquired as national property +for a ludicrous sum. However, bad years followed; it was necessary to +await the conclusion of the revolutionary catastrophes, and afterwards +Napoleon's bloody fall. The little fortune of Felicien Gregoire passed +to his son Leon. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (HONORE), great-grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He was in 1760 +steward on the estate of Piolaine, a property which belonged to Baron +Desrumaux. When the Montsou treaty was made, Honore, who had laid up +savings to the amount of some fifty thousand francs, yielded tremblingly +to his master's unshakable faith. He gave up ten thousand francs, and +took a share in the Montsou Company, though with the fear of robbing his +children of that sum. When he died his share passed to his son Eugene. +Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (LEON), great-grandson of Honore Gregoire. It was he who +profited at a stupefying rate of progress by the timid investment of his +ancestor. Those poor ten thousand francs grew and multiplied with the +company's prosperity. Since 1820 they had brought in cent for cent ten +thousand francs. In 1844 they had produced twenty thousand; in 1850, +forty. During two years the dividend had reached the prodigious figure +of fifty thousand francs; the value of the share, quoted at the Lille +Bourse at a million, had centrupled in a century. Six months later an +industrial crisis broke out; the share fell to six hundred thousand +francs. But Leon refused to be alarmed, for he maintained an obstinate +faith in the mine. When the great strike broke out he would not be +persuaded of its seriousness, and refused to admit any danger, until he +saw his daughter struck by a stone and savagely assaulted by the crowd. +Afterwards he desired to show the largeness of his views, and spoke of +forgetting and forgiving everything. With his wife and daughter Cecile +he went to carry assistance to the Maheus, a family who had suffered +sadly in the strike. Cecile was unfortunately left alone with old +Bonnemort, Maheu's father, who in a sudden frenzy attacked the girl +and strangled her. This terrible blow entirely shadowed the lives of +Gregoire and his wife. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of +a druggist at Marchiennes. She was a plain, penniless girl, whom he +adored, and who repaid him with happiness. She shut herself up in her +household, having no other will but her husband's. No difference +of tastes separated them, their desires were mingled in one idea of +comfort; and they had thus lived for forty years, in affection and +little mutual services. Germinal. + +GRESHAM, a jockey who, it was said, had always bad luck. He rode +Lusignan in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +GROGNET, a perfumer in Rue de Grammont, whose business was ruined by the +growth of Octave Mouret's great establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GROSBOIS, a Government surveyor who had also a small farm at Magnolles, +a little village near Rognes. Liable to be summoned from Orgeres to +Beaugency for purposes of survey, he left the management of his own land +to his wife, and in the course of these constant excursions he acquired +such a habit of drinking that he was never seen sober. That mattered +little, however; the more drunk he was the better he seemed to see; +he never made a wrong measurement or an error in calculation. People +listened to him with respect, for he had the reputation of being a sly, +acute man. La Terre. + +GUENDE (MADAME DE), a friend of the Saccards. She was a woman well known +in the society of the Second Empire. La Curee. + +GUEULE-D'OR, the sobriquet of Goujet. L'Assommoir. + +GUEULIN, nephew of Narcisse Bachelard, was a clerk in an insurance +office. Directly after office hours he used to meet his uncle, and never +left him, going the round of all the cafes in his wake. "Behind the +huge, ungainly figure of the one you were sure to see the pale, wizened +features of the other." He said that he avoided all love affairs, as +they invariably led to trouble and complications, but he was ultimately +caught by his uncle in compromising circumstances with Mademoiselle +Fifi, who was a protegee of the old man. Bachelard insisted on their +marriage, and gave the girl a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille. + +GUIBAL (MADAME), wife of a barrister well known at the Palais de +Justice, who led, it was said, a somewhat free life. The husband and +wife were never seen together, and Madame Guibal consoled herself with +M. De Boves, from whom she derived such large sums of money that he +found difficulty in carrying on his own establishment. She was a tall, +thin woman, with red hair, and a somewhat cold, selfish expression. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +GUICHON (MADEMOISELLE), the office-keeper at the railway station at +Havre. She was a slim, fair woman about thirty years of age, who owed +her post to M. Dabadie, the chief station-master, with whom it was +generally believed she was on intimate terms. Nevertheless Madame +Lebleu, who lived on the same corridor and kept perpetual watch, had +never been able to discover anything. La Bete Humaine. + +GUIGNARD, a peasant who belonged to the same village as Zephyrin Lacour. +He desired to sell his house, and Zephyrin and Rosalie, his sweetheart, +looked forward to buying it. Une Page d'Amour. + +GUILLAUME, a peasant of Rognes. He owned a piece of land beside the +hovel of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +GUILLAUME, a young swineherd at La Borderie. He afterwards became a +soldier. La Terre. + +GUIRAUD (M. DE), a magistrate of Paris, who was a friend of Doctor +Deberle and visited at his house. Une Page d'Amour. + +GUIRAUD (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was on intimate terms +with Madame Deberle, and took part in the amateur theatricals arranged +by that lady. Une Page d'Amour. + +GUIRAUDE (MADAME), mother of Sophie and Valentin, patients of Dr. +Pascal. Her husband died of phthisis, and she herself suffered from a +slow decomposition of the blood. She died soon after her son Valentin. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +GUNDERMANN, the great Jew banker, master of the Bourse and of the +financial world. He was a man of over sixty years of age, who had long +suffered from ill-health. Constantly engaged in business of the +greatest magnitude, he never went to the Bourse himself; indeed, he even +pretended that he sent no official representatives there. He was not on +friendly terms with Saccard, and when the Universal Bank was started +he placed himself in antagonism towards it. The wild speculation in the +shares of the bank gave him his chance; his principle was that when +a share rose above its true value a reaction was bound to follow. +Accordingly, when the bank shares rose to two thousand francs he began +to sell, and though Saccard by steady buying forced them to over three +thousand francs, he continued to sell. His losses meantime were, of +course, enormous, but having got information through Baroness Sandorff +that Saccard's resources were at an end, he made a final effort, with +the result that a panic ensued, the price of the shares broke, and +Saccard, along with the bank, was ruined. L'Argent. + +GUNTHER (OTTO), captain in the Prussian Guard. He was a cousin of Weiss +on the mother's side. His feelings were strongly anti-French, and he +refused to give any assistance to Henriette Weiss after the death of her +husband, when she was searching for his body. La Debacle. + +GUSTAVE, Maxime Saccard's hairdresser. La Curee. + +GUTMANN, a soldier in the Prussian Army, who took part in the attack +on Bazeilles. It was he who tore Henriette Weiss from the arms of her +husband, who, being a civilian, was about to be executed for firing +upon the Prussian troops. Henriette found him later in the ambulance +at Remilly. He was unable to speak, a ball having carried away half his +tongue, and they could only guess from the sounds he made that his name +was Gutmann. Henriette, moved by pity, remained with him to the end, and +she alone followed him to the place of burial. La Debacle. + +GUYOT (ABBE), a priest of Saint-Eutrope. He took duty temporarily at +Artaud while Abbe Mouret was ill. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +GUYOT-LAPLANCHE, a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, +whom Clorinde Balbi gained to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + + + + +H + +HAFFNER, a well-known manufacturer, at Colmar. He was a +multi-millionaire, and became a politician during the time of the Second +Empire. He was the husband of Suzanne Haffner. La Curee. + +HAFFNER (MADAME SUZANNE), wife of a celebrated manufacturer of Colmar, +a millionaire twenty times over, whom the Empire was transforming into a +politician. She was the inseparable companion of the Marquise d'Espanet, +and had been a schoolfellow of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +HALLEGRAIN (CAPTAIN JACQUES), the father of Christine. He was a Gascon +from Montauban. A stroke of paralysis in the legs caused his retirement +from the army, and he settled at Clermont with his wife and daughter. +One day, when they were at church, he died of a second attack of +paralysis. L'Oeuvre. + +HALLEGRAIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She survived him for five +years, remaining at Clermont, managing as well as she could on her +scanty pension, which she eked out by painting fans, in order to bring +up her daughter as a lady. During these five years Madame Hallegrain +became each day paler and thinner, until she was only a shadow; one +morning she could not rise, and she died, looking sadly at Christine, +with her eyes full of great tears. L'Oeuvre. + +HALLEGRAIN (CHRISTINE), daughter of the preceding, was born at +Strasburg. Her father died when she was twelve years old, and her +mother, who had a severe struggle to make a living for herself and her +child, only survived him five years. Christine was left penniless +and unprotected, without a friend, save La Mere des Saints-Anges, the +Superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, who kept her in the convent +until she got a situation as reader and companion to Madame Vanzade, an +old lady who lived in Paris. Chance led to a meeting between Christine +and Claude Lantier on the evening of her arrival in the city, and the +acquaintanceship ripened into love. Ultimately she ran off with him, and +they took up house at Bennecourt, where they lived happily for several +years, a son being born to them in 1860. She was devoted to Claude, +who was engrossed in his art, and when she saw that he was becoming +discontented in the country she urged his return to Paris. There he +became obsessed by the idea of a masterpiece, by means of which he +was to revolutionize the world of art, and Christine allowed him to +sacrifice their child and herself to his hopes of fame. They began to +encroach on the principal of their small fortune, and while this lasted +were not unhappy, though Claude's increasing mental disturbance already +gave cause for anxiety. Their marriage had taken place some time +previously, and this had tended to make her position more comfortable. +The exhaustion of their means was followed by great hardships, but +Christine continued to sacrifice everything to her husband. The death of +their child drew him away from his task for a time, but he again took +it up, his mind becoming more and more unhinged. Christine made a last +effort to detach him, but the call of his masterpiece was too strong, +and one morning she found him hanging in front of the picture, dead. She +fell on the floor in a faint, and lay there to all appearance as dead as +her husband, both of them crushed by the sovereignty of art. L'Oeuvre. + +HAMELIN (CAROLINE), sister of Georges Hamelin, accompanied him to Paris +after the death of their father. She took a situation as governess, and +soon after married a millionaire brewer in whose house she was employed. +After a few years of married life, she was obliged to apply for a +separation in order to avoid being killed by her husband, a drunkard +who pursued her with a knife in fits of insane jealousy. Living with +her brother, in the flat of the Orviedo mansion above that occupied by +Saccard, she made the acquaintance of the latter, becoming after a time +his housekeeper and subsequently his mistress. During the absence of her +brother in the East, after the foundation of the Universal Bank, she +did everything she could to protect his interests, and tried to persuade +Saccard to discontinue the gambling in the shares of the bank which +ultimately led to its ruin. Like her brother, she sold all her shares in +the bank, and after the final crash divested herself of all her means in +the assistance of ruined shareholders. She followed her brother in his +flight to Rome. L'Argent. + +HAMELIN (GEORGES), son of a Montpellier physician, a remarkable savant, +an enthusiastic Catholic, who had died poor. After his father's death +he came to Paris, along with his sister Caroline, and entered the +Polytechnic school. He became an engineer, and having received +an appointment in connection with the Suez Canal, went to Egypt. +Subsequently he went to Syria, where he remained some years, laying out +a carriage road from Beyrout to Damascus. He was an enthusiast, and +his portfolio was full of schemes of far-reaching magnitude. Having met +Saccard in Paris, he joined with him in the formation of the Universal +Bank, which was intended to furnish the means of carrying out some at +least of his schemes. Against his wish, Hamelin was made chairman of the +bank, and he thus became liable for the actions of the other directors, +though he was himself absent in the East forming the companies in which +the bank was interested. He was a man of high honour, and when the +gamble in the shares of the bank reached an excessive point, he did all +he could to restrain it, even selling his own shares. The money received +for these was subsequently used in relieving other shareholders who lost +their all. When the crash came, Hamelin was arrested along with Saccard, +and, after trial, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and a fine +of three thousand francs. By a technicality of law they were allowed a +month to appeal, during which they were at liberty. With the connivance +of Eugene Rougon, they fled the country, Hamelin going to Rome, where he +secured a situation as an engineer. L'Argent. + +HAMELIN (FRANCOISE), sister of M. Hamelin, a farmer, who lived at +Soulanges. She brought up Angelique Marie, who was handed over to her by +the Foundling Hospital when only a few days old. Angelique remained with +her until she went to Paris with Madame Franchomme, some years later. Le +Reve. + +HARDY, tax-collector at Cloyes. La Terre. + +HARTMANN (BARON), Director of the Credit Immobilier, a concern which +had large interests in property immediately adjoining "The Ladies' +Paradise." The Baron had been a lover of Madame Desforges, and through +her influence he agreed to give financial support to Octave Mouret, +thereby enabling him to carry out the large schemes of extension to +which he had long looked forward. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HAUCHECORNE, principal assistant in the draper's shop known as _Vieil +Elbeuf_. He married Desiree, the daughter of his employer, and succeeded +to the business, which he ultimately handed over to Baudu, his own +son-in-law. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HAUCHECORNE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Desiree Finet. + +HAUCHECORNE (ELIZABETH), daughter of the preceding. See Madame Baudu. + +HAUTECOEUR (MONSEIGNEUR JEAN D') was a member of one of the oldest and +proudest families in France. He was for some time in the army, and +until he was forty years of age he led an adventurous life, travelling +everywhere and having many strange experiences. At last he chanced +to meet Mademoiselle Pauline, daughter of the Comte de Valencay, very +wealthy, marvellously beautiful, and scarcely nineteen years of age. +They were married, but at the end of a year Pauline had a son and died. +A fortnight later M. d'Hautecoeur entered into Holy Orders, and soon +became a priest; twenty years afterwards he was made a bishop. During +all that time he refused to see Felicien, his son, who had been brought +up by an old abbot, a relation of his wife. He intended to have his son +brought up as a priest, but the lad having no vocation, he gave up the +idea and brought him to live at Beaumont. There Felicien met and fell +in love with Angelique, but the Bishop sternly forbade any thought of +marriage between them, and even went the length of arranging a marriage +between his son and Claire de Voincourt. A touching personal appeal +by Angelique had no effect in gaining the Bishop's consent, but he was +secretly much moved, and when she fell into ill-health he himself came +to administer the last rites of the Church. Her semi-miraculous recovery +led to the Bishop consenting to his son's marriage, which was celebrated +a few months later in the cathedral of Beaumont. Le Reve. + +HAUTECOEUR (MARQUISE JEAN XII DE). See Paule de Valencay. + +HAUTECOEUR (ANGELIQUE DE). See Angelique Marie. + +HAUTECOEUR (FELICIEN D'), only child of Jean d'Hautecoeur, who was +afterwards Bishop of Beaumont. Felicien's mother having died at his +birth, his father took Holy Orders, and refused to see him for over +twenty years. Having ultimately come to live with his father at +Beaumont, Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, the adopted +daughter of Hubert, the chasuble-maker. The Bishop having absolutely +refused to consent to the marriage, the Huberts endeavoured to separate +the lovers by persuading Angelique that Felicien no longer cared for +her. They were aided in this by a rumour that Felicien was to marry +Claire de Voincourt. A meeting between Angelique and Felicien cleared +away the mists, but by this time the girl had fallen into ill-health and +appeared to be dying. The Bishop, who had formerly been secretly moved +by an appeal made to him by Angelique, came to administer to her the +last rites of the Church. A semi-miraculous recovery followed, and, +the Bishop having consented, Felicien was married to Angelique in the +cathedral of Beaumont. The recovery had, however, been a mere spark of +an expiring fire, for as Felicien led his new-made wife to the cathedral +porch, she slipped from his arm, and in a few moments was dead. Le Reve. + +HAZARD, a horse in the Mechain stable. It ran in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +HEDOUIN (CHARLES), originally a salesman in the draper's shop known +as _Au Bonheur des Dames_, he became a partner by marrying Caroline +Deleuze, a daughter of one of the proprietors. He fell into ill-health, +but when he died the business was left in a flourishing condition. +Pot-Bouille. + +HEDOUIN (MADAME CAROLINE), wife of M. Hedouin, the proprietor of a +draper's shop in Paris known as "The Ladies' Paradise." She was a +handsome woman with strong commercial capabilities, and during the +frequent absences of her husband she undertook the management of the +business. When Octave Mouret came to Paris, he first got employment at +"The Ladies' Paradise," and with a view to establishing his position he +conceived the idea of becoming Madame Hedouin's lover. She discouraged +his advances, however, and he gave up his situation. M. Hedouin died +soon afterwards, and his widow, finding the responsibilities of business +too heavy, invited Octave Mouret to return; a few months afterwards they +were married. Pot-Bouille. + +After her marriage with Octave Mouret the business extended rapidly, and +an enlargement of the shop soon became necessary. While the work was in +progress she met with an accident which resulted in her death three days +later. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HELENE (DUCHESSE), the principal character in _La Petite Duchesse_, +a piece by Fauchery played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was +originally given to Rose Mignon, but was played by Nana, who was a +complete failure in it. Nana. + +HELOISE, an actress at the Folies. She was plain-looking, but very +amusing. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HENNEBEAU, general manager of the Montsou Mining Company, was born in +the Ardennes. In his early life he had undergone the hardships of a poor +boy thrown as an orphan on the Paris streets. After having followed +the courses of the Ecole des Mines, at the age of twenty-four he became +engineer to the Sainte-Barbe mine, and three years later he became +divisional engineer in the Pas-de-Calais, at the Marles mines. When +there he married the daughter of the rich owner of a spinning factory at +Arras. For fifteen years they lived in the same small provincial town, +and no event broke the monotony of existence, not even the birth of +a child. An increasing irritation detached Madame Hennebeau, who +was disdainful of this husband who gained a small salary with such +difficulty. The misunderstandings between them became more pronounced, +but with the view of pleasing his wife Hennebeau accepted a situation in +an office in Paris. But Paris only completed their separation, for she +immediately threw herself into all the luxurious follies of the period. +During the ten years spent there she carried on an open intrigue with +a man whose desertion nearly killed her. It was then that her husband +accepted the management of the Montsou mines, still hoping that his wife +might be changed down there in that desolate black country. When the +great strike of miners broke out he at first minimized its seriousness, +thinking that it would not last a week. By his lack of decided action +he forfeited to some extent the confidence of his directors, but he +regained this by the subsequent measures taken by him for bringing the +strike to an end, and ultimately received the decoration of an officer +of the Legion of Honour. His domestic life was, however, once more +embittered by the discovery of a liaison between his wife and his +nephew, Paul Negrel. Germinal. + +HENNEBEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a rich +spinner at Arras. She did not get on well with her husband, whom she +despised for his small success, and after she accompanied him to +Paris she entered into a notorious liaison with a man whose subsequent +desertion nearly killed her. For a time after their removal to +Montsou she seemed more contented, but this did not last long, and she +ultimately consoled herself with her husband's nephew, Paul Negrel. +She was angry at the strikers, as they interfered with the arrival +of provisions for a dinner-party which she was giving; but she was +incapable of understanding the sufferings of the miners and their +families in the hardships they were forced to undergo. Germinal. + +HEQUET (CAROLINE), a well-known _demi-mondaine_ in Paris. Her father, +who was a clerk in Bordeaux, was long since dead, and her mother, +accepting the situation, looked after Caroline's financial affairs with +the strictest regularity. She bought the estate known as _La Mignotte_ +after Nana tired of it. Nana. + +HEQUET (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She was a model of +orderliness, who kept her daughter's accounts with severe precision. She +managed the whole household from some small lodgings two stories above +her daughter's, where, moreover, she had established a work-room for +dressmaking and plain sewing. Nana. + +HERBELIN, a great chemist whose discoveries revolutionized that +science. Lazare Chanteau, who was for some time in his laboratory as an +assistant, got from him the idea of extracting chemicals from seaweed by +a new process. La Joie de Vivre. + +HERMELINE, a student of rhetoric at the college of Plassans. He was in +love with Sister Angele, and once went the length of cutting his hands +with his penknife to get an opportunity of seeing and speaking to her +while she dressed his self-inflicted hurts. In the end the student and +the Sister ran off together. L'Oeuvre. + +HIPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +HIPPOLYTE, valet to Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou Mining +Company. Germinal. + +HOMME NOIR (L'), an apparition said to haunt the Voreux pit. It was said +to take the form of an old miner who twisted the necks of bad girls. +Germinal. + +HONORINE, a maid-servant with the Gregoires. She was a girl of some +twenty years, who had been taken in as a child and brought up in the +house. Germinal. + +HONORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils. When dismissed +for misconduct she became insolent. + +HORN (LEA DE), a Parisian _demi-mondaine_ whose drawing-room was +frequented by some of the old ministers of Louis Philippe. Nana. + +HORTEUR (ABBE), parish priest of Bonneville, was a thick-set man of +peasant-like build whose red hair was still unsilvered by his fifty +years. Much of his time was spent in cultivating a small plot of ground +in the churchyard, which he had enclosed as a vegetable garden. With +regard to religion, he had come to be contented with the observance of +outward ceremonies, and his tolerance had degenerated into a state of +indifference as to the spiritual condition of his flock. He was on good +terms with Chanteau, with whom it was his custom to play draughts every +Saturday. La Joie de Vivre. + +HOTON, a sugar-refinery at Montsou. Its prosperity was greatly affected +by the strike of miners. Germinal. + +HOURDEQUIN (ALEXANDRE), born 1804, was the only son of Isidore +Hourdequin. He studied at the college of Chateaudun, but made little +progress, as his only interest was in farming, for which he had an +absolute passion. On the death of his father he became master of La +Borderie, which he cultivated on the latest principles of agriculture, +spending large sums upon it. He married a sister of Baillehache, the +notary, who brought him a considerable sum, which also went into the +land. His wife died in a few years, leaving him with two children, a +son named Leon, who to his great disappointment became a soldier, and a +daughter who died young. In spite of these misfortunes he retained all +his passion for the land, and in it he gradually sunk all his fortune, +getting little from it in return. A liaison with Jacqueline Cognet, +followed, and she gradually acquired complete influence over him. He +died as the result of an accident brought about by Tron, one of his own +servants, who was also a lover of Jacqueline. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle +Baillehache. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (ISIDORE), born 1767, was the descendant of an old peasant +family of Cloyes, which had educated and elevated itself into a +middle-class position in the sixteenth century. They had all been +employed in the administration of the salt monopoly, and Isidore, +who had been left an orphan, was worth sixty thousand francs, when at +twenty-six, the Revolution cost him his post. As a speculation he bought +the farm of La Borderie for a fifth of its value, but the depreciation +of real estate continued, and he was unable to resell it at the profit +of which he had dreamed. He therefore determined to farm it himself, and +about this time he married the daughter of a neighbour, who brought +him an additional hundred and twenty acres of land. He had one son, +Alexandre, and died in 1831. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (LEON), son of Alexandre Hourdequin. He had an intense +hatred of the soil and became a soldier, being promoted Captain after +Solferino. He did not visit his home more than once a year, and was +much annoyed to discover the liaison between his father and Jacqueline +Cognet. He endeavoured to get the latter into disgrace, but the only +effect was to make a complete breach between his father and himself. La +Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (MADEMOISELLE), the second child of Alexandre Hourdequin. She +was a delicate and charming girl, tenderly loved by her father. She died +young, a short time after her mother. La Terre. + +HOUTELARD, a fisherman of Bonneville, whose house was washed away after +the destruction by the sea of the barricade erected by Lazare Chanteau. +La Joie de Vivre. + +HUBERT, a chasuble-maker who lived in a house immediately adjoining +the cathedral of Beaumont. "For four hundred years the line of Huberts, +embroiderers from father to son, had lived in this house." At twenty +years of age he fell in love with a young girl of sixteen, Hubertine, +and as her mother refused to give her consent to their union they ran +away and were married. On the morning after Christmas, 1860, he found +the child Angelique lying in a fainting condition in the snow outside +the cathedral door. Having taken her into his house, he and his wife +soon became attached to her, and as they had no children, ultimately +adopted her as their daughter. Le Reve. + +HUBERTINE, wife of the preceding. At the age of sixteen she fell in +love with Hubert, the chasuble-maker, and as her mother, widow of a +magistrate, would not give her consent, they ran away and were married. +A year later she went to the deathbed of her mother, who, however, +disinherited her and gave her her curse. "So affected was she by the +terrible scene that her infant, born soon after, died." The Huberts had +no other children, and after twenty-four years they still mourned the +little one they had lost. She warmly approved of the adoption by her +husband and herself of the foundling child Angelique, whom she treated +with the greatest kindness. From the bitterness of her own experience +she had a horror of disobedience to parents, and when she found that the +consent of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur could not be obtained to a marriage +between his son Felicien and Angelique, she did all she could to sever +the lovers. In this she was successful for a time, until the illness of +Angelique, and her miraculous recovery, induced the Bishop to give his +consent. Le Reve. + +HUE (M.) a retired Government official, who was a sincere lover of art. +He was unfortunately not rich enough to be always buying pictures, and +could only bewail the blindness of the public which allowed a genius +to die of starvation; for he himself, convinced, had selected Claude +Lantier's crudest works, which he hung by the side of his Delacroix, +predicting an equal fortune for them. L'Oeuvre. + +HUGON (MADAME), mother of Philippe and Georges Hugon. She was the widow +of a notary, and lived quietly at Fondettes, an old family property near +Orleans, but had retained a house in Paris in Rue de Richelieu. She had +been an old friend of the Marquise de Chouard, and was on intimate terms +with her daughter, the Comtesse Sabine. A woman of high principles, she +believed that one should overlook much in others in order that something +might be pardoned in oneself. In this she contrasted strongly with +her old friend the Marquis de Chouard, who professed the most rigorous +virtue while he secretly lived a shameful life. She was, however, unable +to bear with equanimity the eccentricities of Nana, her neighbour in the +country, who led Philippe Hugon into dishonour, and his brother Georges +to suicide. Nana. + +HUGON (GEORGES), the younger son of Madame Hugon. At seventeen years of +age he became infatuated with Nana, and a liaison with her followed. His +mother, having discovered the state of affairs, interfered, and kept him +at Fondettes for some months after Nana had returned to Paris, but +he ultimately followed her there. Though he was not affected by the +knowledge that Nana had other lovers, he was driven to frenzy when +he learned that his brother Philippe had become one of the number. +He implored Nana to marry him, and when she refused to take his offer +seriously he plunged a pair of her scissors into his breast. The injury +was not immediately fatal, but he died a few months afterwards; some +said as the result of the wound reopening, while others spoke of a +second and successful attempt at suicide. Nana. + +HUGON (PHILIPPE), the elder son of Madame Hugon. A tall, handsome +youth, he quickly attained the rank of lieutenant in the army, and was +stationed first in the garrison at Bourges, and afterwards at Vincennes. +His mother imprudently sent him to endeavour to release Georges from +the toils of Nana, with the result that he was himself ensnared. He had +little money of his own, and, as the demands of Nana were unceasing, +he began to take small sums from the regimental funds, of which he +was treasurer. The thefts went on for a considerable time, and when +discovery was made they amounted to twelve thousand francs. Philippe was +arrested, and when he was released from prison some months afterwards, +dishonoured for ever, he was only in time to join his mother at the +death-bed of her other son, who was also a victim to Nana's unhappy +influence. Nana. + +HUGUENIN, held a sinecure worth six thousand francs at the Ministry of +the Interior. When he died Eugene Rougon, the Minister, gave the post to +Leon Bejuin. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +HUPEL DE LA NOUE (M.), _prefet_ of the district for which M. Mareuil was +member. He arranged the _tableaux vivants_ at the great party given by +Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +HURET, a member of the Chamber of Deputies who obtained his election +through the influence of Eugene Rougon. His very existence depended on +the favour of the Minister of State, towards whom he conducted himself +as a sort of general servant. "By following this calling for a couple +of years he had, thanks to bribes and pickings, prudently realized, been +able to increase his estates." Having ascertained that Rougon would not +oppose the foundation of the Universal Bank, Huret became a director; +later on, when the shares had risen to their highest point, he sold out +in the knowledge that Rougon had decided to abandon his brother and that +a catastrophe would be inevitable. L'Argent. + +HUTIN, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise." +"He had managed after eighteen months' service to become one of the +principal salesmen, thanks to a natural flexibility of character, a +continual flow of caressing flattery under which was concealed a furious +rage for business." Having conspired against Robineau, the "second hand" +in his department, he succeeded him, only to be conspired against in +turn by his own subordinates. When Denise Baudu first came to "The +Ladies' Paradise" Hutin showed her some kindness, for which she was +grateful, but ultimately he made statements about her which were +entirely without foundation. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HUTIN (MADAME), a woman who lived in the vicinity of the _Halles +Centrales_, and was spied on by Mademoiselle Saget, whose penetrating +eyes allowed none of her neighbours to escape notice. Le Ventre de +Paris. + + + + +I + +ISABELLE, a character in _La Petite Duchesse_ a piece by Fauchery, +played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Simonne +Cabiroche. Nana. + + + + +J + +JABOUILLE, an herbalist, whose shop was situated in Rue de Cherche-Midi. +He was a widower, and married for the second time a woman named +Mathilde. His shop was at one time prosperous, but business fell away +until what was left was only that of an equivocal character. He died of +syncope induced by phthisis. L'Oeuvre. + +JABOUILLE (MADAME MATHILDE), wife of the preceding. She was a woman of +about thirty, plain-looking, and exceedingly thin. From the time of +her marriage to Jabouille, his business began to decrease, and this, +it would appear, was due to her reputation, which alarmed the more +respectable customers. Her liaisons were numerous, and included +Mahoudeau, Chaine, and Jory, but after the death of her husband she +married the last named, settling down into respectability and ruling him +with a rod of iron. L'Oeuvre. + +JACOBY, a Jew from Bordeaux, between whom and Mazaud there was keen +rivalry. "Though of great experience and shrewdness, he was sorely +handicapped by his passion for speculation, and in spite of considerable +profits always seemed on the eve of a catastrophe. His money melted +away on settling days." He acted as broker for Daigremont, and also +for Gundermann. The great gamble in the shares of the Universal Bank +resolved itself into a duel between Jacoby and Mazaud, the one selling +on behalf of Gundermann, and the other buying on behalf of Saccard; +and the final catastrophe was hastened by Jacoby warning Daigremont of +Gundermann's determination to crush out the bank. L'Argent. + +JALAGUIER (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene +Rougon, the Minister, to increase the old lady's pension considerably. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JALAGUIER FILS, son of the preceding. Madame Correur took an interest +in him, and asked Eugene Rougon to secure a scholarship for him. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JANTROU, an ex-professor of the University of Bordeaux, who in +consequence of some misconduct was obliged to leave for Paris, without +caste or position. At the age of twenty-eight, he landed at the Bourse, +where for ten years he dragged out existence as a _remisier_ or broker's +tout. At the time of the foundation of the Universal Bank he suggested +to Saccard the purchase of a newspaper to be employed in the interest +of the company. The purchase was carried out, and Jantrou was appointed +editor. Subsequently other papers were acquired, which he manipulated so +as to keep the bank continually before the public. He gave information +to Baroness Sandorff which she repeated to Gundermann, who was induced +thereby to continue his attack on the bank. L'Argent. + +JEANBERNAT, the caretaker of the deserted estate of Paradou in Provence. +He lived by himself with his niece Albine in an old house on the border +of the demesne. In an attic he had found a large number of books which +had been saved from a fire in the old mansion, and these he studied +for twenty years, imbibing from them the rationalistic theories of the +eighteenth century. He had no respect for religion, and particularly +disliked Brother Archangias, who insulted both him and his niece. After +the death of Albine he attacked Archangias, and cut off his right ear +with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +JENARD, a partner in the firm of Cornille and Jenard, which developed in +the eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle. Germinal. + +JESUS CHRIST, the sobriquet of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +JEUMONT (M. AND MADAME), were well known in society during the Second +Empire. The Emperor admired Madame Jeumont, and her husband was +decorated by him. L'Argent. + +JOBELIN (AUGUSTE), son of Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to regulations, +Eugene Rougon took him into the office of the Minister of the Interior +without the necessary bachelor's degree. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JOBELIN (COLONEL), a friend of Eugene Rougon, through whose aid he hoped +to secure a nomination as commander of the Legion of Honour, and an +appointment for his son. He was a cousin of M. Bouchard. After +Rougon's return to office he received the appointment as commander. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JOIRE (ABBE), Cure of Montsou. He pretended not to interest himself in +anything, so as not to vex either the workers or the masters. During +the strike he took his walks at night, to prevent himself from being +compromised by the miners. He obtained promotion, and was replaced by +Abbe Ranvier. Germinal. + +JONCQUIER, a lover of Rose Mignon, who deserted her for a time in favour +of Laure. Nana. + +JONCQUOY (MADAME DU), an old friend of the Muffats. Years ago she had +met Bismarck, who struck her as stupid; she was unable to understand his +later success. Nana. + +JORDAN (PAUL), a journalist, whose father, a Marseilles banker, had +committed suicide in consequence of some disastrous speculations. He +married a daughter of M. Maugendre, to whom he had been betrothed in +more prosperous days. His wife brought him no dowry, as her parents were +against the marriage on the ground of Jordan's occupation and want +of means. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, he received an +appointment on the staff of the newspaper purchased to support the +policy of the Universal Bank. He did not speculate, however, and +remained in comparative poverty, until the success of a novel which he +had written put him in more comfortable circumstances, and even enabled +him to give assistance to his wife's parents after they were ruined by +the failure of the bank. L'Argent. + +JORDAN (MADAME MARCELLE), wife of the preceding. She was the only child +of M. Maugendre, who was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank. +L'Argent. + +JORY (EDOUARD), was the son of a magistrate of Plassans, whom he drove +crazy by his profligate conduct. In the end he ran off with a music-hall +singer under the pretext of going to Paris to follow the literary +profession. Notwithstanding the fact that his profligacy went to even +greater lengths in the city, he was successful in journalism, and soon +earned between seven and eight thousand francs a year as a leader-writer +and art critic. His first success was gained in a series of articles +in a little newspaper called _Le Tambour_, in which he fell foul of the +accepted canons of art, and hailed Claude Lantier and his companions as +the founders of a new school. Later he claimed to have made Fagerolles +by his articles, in the same manner as he formerly took credit for +making Lantier. He gradually dropped his old friends, however, finding +that the public only laughed at their productions, and in excuse pleaded +that he had not a journal in which he could support their cause; +but when, still later, he became director of a great Art review, he +preserved the same silence. After innumerable love affairs, he ended by +marrying Mathilde Jabouille. L'Oeuvre. + +JORY (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mathilde Jabouille. + +JOSEPH, a butler in the employment of Nana at La Mignotte. Nana. + +JOSEPH, an old soldier who secured a situation in "The Ladies' Paradise" +through the influence of Lhomme, whose foster brother he was. He married +Mlle. de Fontenailles, a shop-girl in the establishment. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +JOSEPH (MADAME), the concierge of the house on Quay Bourbon where Claude +Lantier lived. L'Oeuvre. + +JOSSE (MADEMOISELLE) kept a little school for young children in Rue +Polonceau. Anna Coupeau was her pupil, and made herself such a nuisance +that twice Mademoiselle Josse sent her away, taking her back each time +in order not to lose the small fees. L'Assommoir. + +Nana in later years exchanged reminiscences with Satin, who, like +herself, had been a pupil at Mademoiselle Josse's school. Nana. + +JOSSERAND PERE, the father of Josserand, the cashier at the Saint-Joseph +glass-works. He was originally a solicitor at Clermont. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND, cashier at the St. Joseph glass-works. His salary was not a +large one, and in consequence of the determination of his wife to keep +up a greater style than they could afford, he was engaged in a continual +struggle to make ends meet; to gain a few extra francs he frequently +spent much of the night addressing circulars for a firm of publishers. +Worn out by hard work and by the continual bickerings of his wife +and daughters, he was not in a condition to stand the disgrace of his +daughter Berthe's liaison with Octave Mouret, and he was struck down by +paralysis, which soon after resulted in his death. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (MADAME ELEANORE), wife of the preceding. Her two objects +in life were to appear better off than she really was, and to +secure husbands for her daughters. In the latter quest she had many +disappointments, and her temper, never good, correspondingly suffered, +her unfortunate husband bearing the brunt. A marriage having ultimately +been arranged between Berthe Josserand and Auguste Vabre, Madame +Josserand made a strong effort to induce her brother, Narcisse +Bachelard, to pay the dowry which he had long ago promised to his niece. +As he refused to do so, Madame Josserand overcame the difficulty by a +subterfuge of doubtful honesty. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (BERTHE), second daughter of M. Josserand. After several +ineffectual efforts to secure a husband she became engaged to Auguste +Vabre, the elder son of her father's landlord. Difficulties as to a +dowry followed, but these were surmounted by somewhat shady means, and +the marriage took place. Vabre's health was not good, and Berthe soon +became discontented, a state of mind largely induced by the bad advice +of her mother. About this time Octave Mouret came to be assistant in +Vabre's shop, and Berthe, carried away by his attentions, entered upon +an unfortunate liaison with him. Discovery by Vabre led to Berthe's +return to her parents' home, and it was only after a considerable time +that a reconciliation was brought about by the efforts of Abbe Mauduit. +Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (HORTENSE), elder daughter of M. Josserand. Her mother +endeavoured to secure a husband for her, but she made her own choice, +selecting one Verdier, a lawyer. The marriage was put off from time +to time as Verdier had got entangled with a woman from whom he found +separation difficult. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (LEON), elder son of M. Josserand. He was a young man of +ambition, who hoped to rise through the influence of Madame Dambreville, +whose lover he became. Ultimately she arranged a marriage between him +and her niece Raymonde, who brought him a large dowry. Soon afterwards +by the same means he was appointed _Maitre des Requetes_. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding. See Raymonde. +Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (SATURNIN), younger son of M. Josserand. He was a powerful +young man of twenty-five, whose mind had been seriously affected by an +attack of brain fever; though not actually insane, he was subject to +fits of blind fury whenever anybody annoyed him. When his sister Berthe +was a little girl, he nursed her through a long illness, and since +he saved her life he adored her with a deep, passionate devotion. The +preparations for her marriage to Auguste Vabre affected him so seriously +that his removal to an asylum became necessary, and he remained there +for some time. On his release he went to live with his sister and her +husband, but domestic trouble having arisen, his mind again became so +unhinged that he made an attempt on the life of his brother-in-law and +had again to be taken to an asylum. Pot-Bouille. + +JOUVE (ABBE), an officiating priest at Notre Dame de Grace, the parish +church of Passy. He had known M. Grandjean at Marseilles, and showed +much kindness to Helene after the death of her husband, assisting her in +settling up her affairs. Along with M. Rambaud, his half-brother, he was +a regular visitor at Helene's house, and later endeavoured to arrange +a marriage between her and his brother. He was devoted to Jeanne +Grandjean, and helped to nurse her during her fatal illness. An amiable, +kind-hearted man, he was greatly beloved by his parishioners. Une Page +d'Amour. + +JOUVE, a retired captain in the army, and afterwards one of the four +inspectors at "The Ladies' Paradise." In addition to acting as spy on +the staff he watched the customers, and it was he who detected Madame de +Boves in the act of stealing some fine lace. He made certain advances to +Denis Baudu which she resented, and in consequence he afterwards showed +considerable ill-will towards her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +JUILLERAT (DOCTOR), an old physician who attended most of the +inhabitants of the Rue de Choiseul. He was a man of only average +abilities who had built up a large practice by hard work. His views were +somewhat advanced, and he had many arguments with Abbe Mauduit, with +whom he frequently came in contact at the bedsides of his patients. +Pot-Bouille. + +JULES, the lover of La Sarriette. He lived on her earnings as a +fruit-dealer. Le Ventre de Paris. + +JULES, one of the soldiers sent to Montsou during the strike. He was +born at Plogof, where his mother and sister still resided. One night +while he was on guard at the Voreux mine he was murdered by Jeanlin +Maheu, who with the assistance of Etienne Lantier carried the body to +a gallery of the mine, where they buried it under a fall of rock. +Germinal. + +JULES (MADAME), Nana's dresser at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +JULIE, cook in the employment of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille. + +JULIEN, butler in the employment of Nana in the Avenue de Villiers. He +left the house with a large sum, as Comte Muffat, being jealous, wished +to be freed from his presence. Nana. + +JUSSELIN (PIERRE-FRANCOIS), a protege of M. de Marsy. Eugene Rougon +refused to nominate him as an officer of the Legion of Honour, and gave +the decoration which had been intended for him to Bejuin. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +JEZEUR (MADAME), a neighbour of the Josserands in the Rue de Choiseul. +Her husband had left her after ten days of married life, and thenceforth +she lived alone in quiet lodgings. Very little was known of her +circumstances or mode of life. Pot-Bouille. + + + + +K + +KAHN (M.), son of a Jewish banker at Bordeaux; a deputy who was engaged +in a scheme for the construction of a railway from Niort to Angers. He +was chiefly anxious for this, as the proposed line would pass through +Bressure, where he had some blast-furnaces, the value of which it would +considerably increase. Rougon supported him energetically, and had +almost secured the grant when his retirement from office delayed the +scheme for some years. Soon after Rougon's appointment as Minister of +the Interior the grant was obtained, and he accompanied Kahn to Niort to +attend the inauguration of the scheme. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +KAHN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She lived a very retired life at +Paris. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +KELLER (LES), well-known leaders of society in Paris. It was at their +house that Baroness Sandorff first met Gundermann. L'Argent. + +KOLB (M.), a banker whose business consisted to a large extent in gold +arbitrage, buying foreign coins, and melting them into gold bars. He +was a man of Jewish origin, and having heard that Daigremont was to +be connected with the Universal Bank, he readily agreed to become a +director. Being a cautious man, however, he sold all his shares before +the final collapse. L'Argent. + + + + +L + +LABORDETTE, a young man who was well known in racing circles, and was +specially popular with women, as he was always ready to render them +little services. Through his relations with the world of trainers +and jockeys he had always the latest information as to races. He made +himself very useful to Nana when she was setting up a stable of her own, +and assisted her in the selection of servants. Nana. + +LACAILLE, a customer of Madame Francois, the market gardener. He +attended the Revolutionary meetings in Lebrigre's cafe. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +LACAMP. See Puech and Lacamp. + +LACASSAGNE, a dealer in feathers and artificial flowers, whose business +was ruined by the competition of Octave Mouret's establishment. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +LACHESNAYE (DE), judge at the Rouen Court of appeal, was the husband +of Berthe Grandmorin, whom he somewhat resembled in character. He was a +little man, dry and yellow, who had been a judge at the Court of +Appeal from the age of thirty-six; he had been decorated, thanks to the +influence of his father-in-law, and to the services which his father had +rendered on the High Commissions at the time of the _Coup d'Etat_. He +was disliked by Denizet, the examining magistrate, in whose eyes he +represented the class of judicial functionary who attained position +by wealth and influence. Lachesnaye was incensed at the will of his +father-in-law, Grandmorin, who left fully half of his fortune to women +of all classes, most of them unknown to his family. La Bete Humaine. + +LACHESNAYE (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Grandmorin. La +Bete Humaine. + +LACOUR (ZEPHYRIN), a young lad from the same village as Rosalie, whose +sweetheart he was. He was drawn in the conscription and sent to Paris, +where, by permission of Madame Grandjean, he came to see Rosalie, her +maid, every Sunday. He was a good-hearted lad, whose ambition was to get +out of the army, marry Rosalie, and return to his native village. Une +Page d'Amour. + +LADICOURT (BARONNE DE), a lady who lived at Vouziers. Captain Beaudoin +lunched at her house on 26th August, 1870, at the hour when the Seventh +Army Corps was taking up its position for battle. La Debacle. + +LADRICOURT (COMTE DE), father of the Baroness Sandorff. He was a +confirmed gambler, and a man of brutal manners. He died of apoplexy, +completely ruined, after a series of disgraceful failures. L'Argent. + +LA FALOISE (HECTOR DE), a youth who came from the country to Paris in +order to complete his education. Thanks to the death of an uncle, he +was very rich, and his chief ambition was to be in everything ultra +Parisian. He posed as a man who had experienced everything, and who +no longer thought anything worthy of being taken seriously. Introduced +behind the scenes of the Theatre des Varietes by his cousin Fauchery, +he met Nana, who did him the honour of ruining him without much loss of +time. When his money was done, he returned to the country in the hope of +marrying a distant relation who was both ugly and pious. Nana. + +LAFOUASSE, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Plassans, between the +old demesne of Paradou and the village of Artaud. He was treated by +Dr. Pascal Rougon for ataxy, but died after a hypodermic injection of a +serum with which the doctor was experimenting. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LAGARDE (EDMOND), a sergeant in the 6th Regiment of the line. At the +most his age was twenty-three, but he did not appear more than eighteen. +He took part in the battle of Sedan, and was wounded in the left arm, +which was broken by a bullet. His father, who was a shopkeeper in Paris, +was a customer of Delaherche, and he was removed to the house of the +manufacturer, where he was treated as one of the family. A handsome lad, +he aroused the pity of Gilberte Delaherche, whose lover he became. La +Debacle. + +LAGRIFOUL (MARQUIS DE), the Legitimist Deputy for Plassans. His election +came as a severe blow to the Government, and to M. Pequeur des Saulaies, +the sub-prefect of Plassans, who was held responsible for it. In +reality, the election had been largely influenced by the clergy, +combined with the old nobility. It was to counteract this influence that +the Government sent Abbe Faujas to Plassans. The Marquis being a man +of poor abilities, whose public appearances were disappointing, +his overthrow was rendered easier and more complete. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +LA JOLIE DAME, a customer at Octave Mouret's shop, _Au Bonheur des +Dames_. She was a favourite with all the salesmen, and as no one knew +her name she was always referred to as "The Pretty Lady." Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +LALUBIE, teacher of the sixth form at the college of Plassans. He found +one day his room transformed into a _chapelle ardente_, thanks to his +pupils led by Pouillard. After he recovered from his fright he set +a heavy punishment for the whole class. He married the daughter of +Galissard, the haberdasher at Plassans. L'Oeuvre. + +LAMBERTHIER, an assistant at the _Halles Centrales_. Josephine Dejoie +was at one time cook in his house. L'Argent. + +LAMBERTHON (M. DE), a Deputy who discussed with M. La Rouquette the +wisdom of the Emperor conceding the privilege of presenting an address +to the Crown. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LAMBOURDIEU, a shopkeeper at Cloyes, who sold Parisian novelties in all +the villages within a radius of five or six miles. La Terre. + +LANDOIS (AUGUSTE), assistant in Quenu's business. He came to Paris +from Troyes to perfect himself in his trade, and having little money, +intended to set up for himself as a pork-butcher. He was engaged to +his cousin Augustine Landois, who was also employed by Quenu. He took a +dislike to Florent, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing him to the +Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LANDOIS (AUGUSTINE) came to Quenu's establishment to learn shop +management. She was engaged to her cousin Auguste Landois. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +LANGLADE (DE), Prefect of Deux-Sevres. He was accused of dissolute +conduct, and was superseded in his office by Du Poizat. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +LANTIER (AUGUSTE), the lover of Gervaise Macquart; he accompanied her +to Paris, when she left home with their two children. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +Soon after their arrival in Paris, he deserted Gervaise for a girl named +Adele, with whom he lived for several years, during which he appears to +have done little work. After Adele left him he renewed friendship with +Gervaise and Coupeau, her husband, and induced them to take him into +their home as a lodger. Once established there, he paid nothing for his +support, and soon Gervaise was supporting him as well as her husband, +who by this time was doing nothing. Gervaise, having become disgusted +with her husband's intemperance, resumed her old relations with Lantier, +and these continued till she was financially ruined, and her shop +was taken over by Virginie Poisson. Lantier, having transferred his +affections to Virginie, was allowed to retain his old position as +lodger, and soon resumed his former tactics of paying no rent and living +off his landlord. In course of time he succeeded in eating the Poissons' +stock of sweetmeats and bringing them to ruin, and then began to look +out for some one else to support him. L'Assommoir. + +LANTIER (CLAUDE), son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier, was born +at Plassans in 1842. He was brought up by his paternal grandmother, but +when she died, in 1850, he was taken to Paris by his parents. La Fortune +des Rougon. + +After Lantier's desertion of Gervaise, and her subsequent marriage to +Coupeau, Claude continued to reside with his mother, but a few years +later an old gentleman of Plassans, a lover of pictures, who had been +greatly struck by some daubs done by the child, offered to pay for his +education. The offer was accepted, and Claude returned to Plassans. +L'Assommoir. + +Some years later his benefactor died, leaving him an income of a +thousand francs a year, enough to prevent him dying of hunger in the +artistic career which he had decided to follow. Having come to Paris +with an intense hatred of romanticism, he was struck by the artistic +possibilities of the _Halles Centrales_, the great provision markets +of Paris, which he haunted in search of subjects for his brush. He was +induced by Florent to attend one of the republican meetings in Lebigre's +cafe, but was not in sympathy with the movement, and declined to take +part in it. He occasionally visited his aunt, Madame Lisa Quenu, but +revolted against her complete indifference to art, and her middle-class +selfishness. Le Ventre de Paris. + +He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had +charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +He established himself in a studio near the roof of an old house close +to the river, and there lived the life of a Bohemian, with an absolute +disdain for everything not related to art. He revolted against the +canons of the schools, and tried to achieve truth in painting by +adopting an exaggerated realism. His hopes became centred in a large +painting, which he called _Plein Air_, intended for exhibition in the +_Salon_. The picture was rejected, and when shown at a minor exhibition +was greeted with derision by the public. About this period began his +connection with Christine Hallegrain, with whom he lived for several +years, and ultimately married. They took up house at Bennecourt in an +old cottage, and there some years passed happily enough, a son +named Jacques Louis being born in 1860. But Claude gradually became +discontented, and the family returned to Paris, where there began a long +struggle against poverty, a struggle beginning in high anticipation and +ending in despair. After a long search for a subject for a picture which +was to be his masterpiece, Claude selected a stretch of the river near +Notre Dame, and into this he intended to put all those new theories +of art with which he hoped to revolutionize the world. Everything was +sacrificed to this picture; the small fortune left him by his early +benefactor was gradually realized to provide food, and when it was +exhausted there was little but starvation for the artist and his +dependants. The work was begun in a frenzy of genius, but was constantly +interrupted by doubts and indecision; it became a monomania, and under +its influence Claude's mind gradually became unhinged; the family virus +was at last showing itself. Christine was wholly taken up with her +husband, and their child died of an illness due greatly to neglect. By +this time Claude was incapable of any real feeling save for art, and +the death of his child only served to give him a subject for a picture. +Having torn himself away from his intended masterpiece for a time, he +painted _L'Enfant Mort_, which was exhibited in the _Salon_, and met +with an even more contemptuous reception from the public than his _Plein +Air_. Christine used all her influence to prevent her husband from +returning to his task, but his brain had become obsessed by the great +idea, which his hand proved powerless to execute as his mind became +increasingly deranged. At length, in a moment of delirium, he hanged +himself in front of the picture which had proved the means of his +undoing. His genius was incomplete, and he was unable to carry out his +own theories, but they were adopted by other and less able successors +with better results. He was buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at +Saint-Ouen. L'Oeuvre. + +LANTIER (MADAME CHRISTINE), wife of the preceding. See Christine +Hallegrain. L'Oeuvre. + +LANTIER (ETIENNE), the youngest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise +Macquart, was born in 1846, and accompanied his parents to Paris in +1850. La Fortune des Rougon. + +After his mother had been married to Coupeau for some time, and had +started her laundry, Etienne was found somewhat in the way, and on the +suggestion of Goujet was sent to work in the rivet-making factory where +he himself was employed. Later the boy was sent to Lille, where he was +apprenticed to an old master of Goujet, an engineer in that town. When +Gervaise had fallen into poverty, Etienne, who was by that time a +stoker on an engine, was able to send his mother a five-franc piece +occasionally. L'Assommoir. + +In a moment of passion Etienne struck his chief, and was at once +dismissed from his employment. An industrial crisis existed at the time, +and, finding it impossible to get work, he tramped from place to place +till eventually he arrived at Montsou, worn out with fatigue and want. +At the Voreux pit he chanced to get work in a gang led by Maheu, and +went underground for the first time. The work was hard and distasteful +to him, but he was unwilling to give it up, and was perhaps influenced +by the bright eyes of Catherine Maheu, who toiled alongside him. He +became more and more impressed with the sense of the hardships of +the miners' lives, and his mind was also influenced by Souvarine, a +confessed anarchist, beside whom he lodged. Gradually Etienne began to +indoctrinate his companions with a spirit of revolt, and when the great +strike broke out he became the leader. He did not, however, accept the +extreme doctrines of Souvarine, and endeavoured to dissuade the strikers +from doing damage to property. In this he was not altogether successful, +and his influence became considerably lessened, until he was blamed by +his comrades for the hardships they had to endure during the strike, +and for its ultimate collapse. He returned to work, and in the terrible +catastrophe brought about by Souvarine he was cut off at the bottom of +the pit with Chaval and Catherine Maheu. He had always loved Catherine, +and notwithstanding their peril, an old jealousy revived, and in a +struggle with Chaval, Etienne killed him. Days elapsed before rescue +came, and by that time Catherine was dead. After six weeks in hospital, +Etienne left for Paris. Germinal. + +At Paris, later on, he took part in the Communist rising, and was +condemned to death. He was respited, and transported to Noumea, where he +married, and became father of a little girl. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LANTIER (JACQUES), the second son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste +Lantier, was born at Plassans in 1844. He was six years old when his +parents went to Paris with his brothers, Claude and Etienne, leaving him +with his godmother, Aunt Phasie, who sent him to the School of Arts +and Crafts. After two years passed on the Orleans Railway, he became an +engineer of the first-class on the Western Railway. At twenty-six he +was a tall, handsome man, with dark hair and a clear complexion. From +childhood he had suffered from a complaint which the doctors did not +understand, a pain in the head, behind the ears, accompanied by fever +and an intense melancholy, which tempted him to hide like a suffering +animal. When about sixteen years of age he became affected by a curious +form of insanity, the desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond. +"On each occasion it seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an +ever-recurring thirst to avenge some very ancient offence, the exact +recollection of which escaped him. Did it date from so far back, from +the harm women had done to his race, from the rancour laid up from male +to male since the first deceptions in the depths of the caverns?" Even +with his cousin Flore, who loved him from childhood, the same terrible +instinct arose, and could only be stilled by flight. + +By chance, Jacques was a momentary witness of the murder of President +Grandmorin, and when suspicion fell upon the Roubauds he came to be +of opinion that it was well-founded, a belief which was confirmed by a +subsequent confession to him by Severine. This avowal by Severine placed +her in his mind in a different category from all other woman; she had +killed, and was a person sacred and apart, a woman he could love without +his lust for blood being evoked. At the request of Severine, Jacques +promised to kill Roubaud, her husband, whom she had come to hate; but, +though all the preparations were made, it was Severine herself whom he +killed, in an accession of that homicidal rage which he imagined he +had conquered. He escaped all suspicion, and calmly allowed Roubaud and +Cabuche to be punished for the crime. In order to see whether the murder +of Severine had cured him of his blood lust, he made love to Philomene +Sauvagnat, thereby arousing the jealousy of her lover, Pecqueux, who was +stoker on the engine driven by Lantier. A quarrel between the two men +on the footplate of the engine resulted in both of them falling off, and +being cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + +LANTIER (JACQUES LOUIS), born 1860, was the son of Claude Lantier and +Christine Hallegrain. He was allowed to grow up wild at Bennecourt until +he was two and a half years old, when his parents removed to Paris, +taking him with them. Life in the city did not agree with the child, who +to make matters worse was much neglected, his mother being wholly taken +up with her lover, and his father with art. He grew up puny, serious +like a little man; at five years his head had grown quite out of +proportion to his height, but as his skull increased in size his +intelligence diminished. His head alone continued to grow, verging on +cretinism, until, in 1869, the unfortunate child died of some obscure +form of malnutrition. L'Oeuvre. + +LAPOULLE, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line, in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He came from the Marshes of Sologne, and was so +ignorant that when he joined the regiment he asked to be shown the +King. He had great strength, and consequently all the heavy work of his +company was assigned to him. After the battle of Sedan, he was one of +the prisoners on the Isle d'Iges, where driven frantic by famine, and +instigated by Chouteau, he killed Pache, who had hidden some bread from +his companions. The following night he attempted to escape by swimming +the Meuse, but was killed by a bullet fired by a Prussian sentinel. La +Debacle. + +LAQUERRIERE (FLORENT), an unfortunate man who died of yellow fever in +Dutch Guiana in the arms of Florent. It was by the aid of his papers +that Florent, who had escaped from Cayenne, was able to return to +France, and to evade the notice of the police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LA ROUQUETTE (M.), a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His sister, +Madame de Llorentz, was one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress +Eugenie. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LA ROUQUETTE (MADEMOISELLE DE). See Madame de Llorentz. + +LARSONNEAU, formerly a clerk at the Hotel de Ville along with Aristide +Saccard; he was dismissed for prying into the prefet's private drawers. +He acted for Saccard in many of the shady transactions in which he could +not himself appear, and being entirely unscrupulous ultimately +amassed such a sum of money that he was able to start a small banking +establishment. La Curee. + +He became immensely rich. It was through him that Busch came to know the +past life of Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +LAURE, an actress for whom Joncquier had an infatuation. Nana. + +LAURE, a performer in a singing-hall at Montmartre. Hutin, one of Octave +Mouret's salesmen, and his friend Lienard applauded her performance so +noisily that the police threatened to intervene. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LAURENT, a peasant in easy circumstances who lived near Artaud. Pere +Bambousse was anxious to have him as son-in-law. La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +LAURENT, the recorder at the court of Rouen who assisted Denizet at the +inquiry into the murder of Grandmorin. He was skilful in selecting the +essential parts of evidence, so as not to put down anything useless. La +Bete Humaine. + +LAURENT, a gardener at Bazeilles. He was a man of thirty years of age +who had recently lost his mother and his wife, who had both died of the +same fever. During the battle of 1st September, 1870, he took part in +the defence of Weiss's house, and having only his own body to care for, +he determined to sell it dearly, and at each shot to bring down one of +the enemy. He continued firing till his ammunition was exhausted, +when he was taken prisoner by the Prussians, who finding that he was a +civilian removed him, along with Weiss, for instant execution. In the +face of the firing party he retained all his calmness, standing with his +hands in his pockets till the fatal shots were fired. La Debacle. + +LAUWERENS (DE), a well-known financier who was both wealthy and +avaricious. He went the length of refusing to pay his wife's milliner's +bill. La Curee. + +LAUWERENS (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. Notwithstanding certain +well-authenticated scandals, she managed to keep her high position in +society. She was a friend of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +LAVIGNIERE, was one of the auditors at the Universal Bank, Rousseau +being the other. Their duties were delicate, and in the circumstances +useless. Lavigniere was disposed to approve of everything, being +consumed with a desire to become a member of the board later on. +L'Argent. + +LA VIGNIERE (CHEVALIER DE), grandfather of Madame Chanteau. La Joie de +Vivre. + +LA VIGNIERE (EUGENIE DE). See Madame Chanteau. + +LA VILLARDIERE (DE), deputy for the department of the Cote d'Or. He was +a friend of La Rouquette. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEA, a customer at the Cafe Anglais. Nana. + +LEBEAU, a man of considerable influence in the Second Empire, whom +Clorinde Balbi was able to gain over to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEBLEU, the cashier at Havre railway station. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBLEU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of forty-five, +so stout that she was in constant danger of choking. Between her and +Severine Roubaud there was ill-feeling of long standing, arising from +a question of their houses in the Station, the Lebleus occupying that +which should by rights have belonged to the Roubauds, who on account of +the generosity of their predecessor were relegated to rooms little more +cheerful than a prison. She had a mania for spying upon her neighbours, +and in the end caused so much irritation, that she was ordered to +exchange houses with the Roubauds, thus letting them have the one to +which they were entitled. The annoyance, and the change to a dismal +house, proved fatal to Madame Lebleu, and she died four months +afterwards. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBIGRE, proprietor of the wine shop where Florent and his friends +held their meetings. He was a police spy. Ultimately he married Louise +Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LEBIGRE (MADAME). See Louise Mehudin. + +LEBOUCQ, Counsellor at the Court of Rouen. He was assessor at the trial +of Roubaud and Cabuche. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBOUCQ (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a handsome woman, for +whose receptions the barristers of Rouen were beginning to desert those +of Madame Bonnehon, her rival. It was said that to the influence of +Madame Leboucq was largely due the result of the trial of Roubaud, a +result not favourable to the family of President Grandmorin. La Bete +Humaine. + +LECOEUR (MADAME), a butter and cheese merchant at the _Halles +Centrales_. She was sister-in-law to Gavard, and had an idea of marrying +him after the death of his wife. He made no advances, however, and she +subsequently regarded him with bitter ill-will. Along with Mlle. Saget, +she took an active share in the gossip which partly led to the arrest of +Florent and Gavard, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing them to +the police. Accompanied by La Sarriette, her niece, she went to Gavard's +house after his arrest, and took possession of his money, which they +divided between them. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LECOMTE (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour. + +LEFEVRE (MADAME), wife of a manufacturer at Raucourt, whose house was +pillaged by the Prussians after the battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + +LEGOUGEUX, a miner at Joiselle. He was an associate of Pluchart. +Germinal. + +LEGRAIN (GENERAL), a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He was devoted to +the Emperor, and notwithstanding a severe attack of gout, attended at +the Chamber in order to vote the funds for the baptism of the Prince +Imperial. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEHONGRE (LES), grocers in Rue Neuve de la Goutte-d'Or. L'Assommoir. + +LEHUDIER, a child to whom Charvet gave lessons. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LELORRAIN, a notary in Rue Sainte Anne. In his office was executed the +deed which established the joint-stock company of the Universal Bank. +L'Argent. + +LEMBALLEUSE, a family who lived in a ruined mill near the cathedral +of Beaumont. It consisted of a grandmother, her daughter, and three +granddaughters, all of whom lived by begging. Angelique did all she +could for them, giving them food and even clothes. Le Reve. + +LENFANT, the keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + +LENGAIGNE, a dealer in tobacco and tavern-keeper at Rogues. He +cultivated a small piece of land, while his wife weighed tobacco and +looked after the cellar. He also shaved and cut the hair of the village, +a trade learned by him when he was in the army. He professed strong +Republican principles, though he was afraid to express his opinions +too strongly, in case of losing his licence. An old rivalry subsisted +between him and Macqueron, a neighbouring tavern-keeper with whom he was +always on the point of blows. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (MADAME FLORE), wife of the preceding. She was always +quarrelling with Coelina Macqueron. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (SUZANNE), daughter of the two preceding. She was apprenticed +to a dressmaker at Chateaudun, but after six months ran off to Paris +where she led a gay life. Her return to her native village clad in +silks caused quite a sensation, of which her parents were very proud. La +Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (VICTOR), brother of Suzanne. Before he was drawn in the +conscription he was an awkward youth, but he returned a swaggering +braggart, who could hardly be recognized with his moustache and beard. +La Terre. + +LENORE, a racehorse; mother of Frangipane. Nana. + +LEON, a lad of about fifteen years of age, apprentice to Quenu. He was +a gentle-looking lad, given to stealing stray bits of ham and sausage, +which he concealed under his pillow and ate during the night. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +LEONCE (MADAME), the door-keeper of the house where Gavard lived in the +Rue de la Cossonnerie. She acted also as Gavard's housekeeper. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +LEONIE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She +left her trade in order to be married. L'Assommoir. + +LEONIE, aunt of Louise Thibaudier. Louise went to her house after +leaving Bonneville, driven away by Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + +LEPALMEC, a peasant at Plogof, in Brittany. Germinal. + +LEQUEU, the schoolmaster at Rogues. His parents were peasants, and he +had an intense hatred of the class from which he had sprung, looking +upon them as little better than barbarians. In politics he had advanced +views, but in consequence of his position he concealed them to a great +extent. Disappointed in the hope which he had long nourished of marrying +Berthe Macqueron, he ended by preaching the doctrines of anarchy. La +Terre. + +LERAT (MADAME), nee Coupeau, was a sister of Coupeau and Madame +Lorilleux. She was a widow of thirty-six years of age, and was +forewoman in the manufactory of artificial flowers carried on by Madame +Titreville. The eldest of the Coupeau family, she was "a tall, skinny, +mannish-looking woman, who talked through her nose"; she lived a +hard-working, cloisteral existence, but she had a perfect mania for +making improper allusions, so very obscure that only she herself could +understand them. L'Assommoir. + +For a long time she lost sight of her niece Nana, but later she found +her in a position of apparent wealth. Madame Lerat had abandoned her +trade of artificial-flower-maker and lived upon her savings, scraped +together sou by sou. Nana rented a small house for her aunt, and gave +her an allowance of a hundred francs per month to look after her little +son Louiset. Nana. + +LERENARD, the keeper of a cafe in the neighbourhood of Montsou. +Germinal. + +LEROI, alias CANON, a journeyman carpenter, who deserted Paris on +account of some trouble, and preferred to live in the country, tramping +from village to village, doing a week here and a week there, and +offering his services from one farm to another when his employer did not +want him. When there was a scarcity of work he begged on the high-roads, +living partly on the vegetables he stole. He professed strong +revolutionary principles, which he was fond of airing in village +ale-shops. He was a friend of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +LETELLIER, father of Madame Deberle and her sister Pauline. He owned +an extensive silk warehouse on the Boulevard des Capucines. "Since his +wife's death he had been taking his younger daughter about everywhere, +in search of a rich husband for her." Une Page d'Amour. + +LETELLIER (JULIETTE). See Madame Deberle. + +LETELLIER (PAULINE), the younger daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy +silk merchant, and sister of Madame Deberle. She was a giddy young girl +who went about everywhere with her father in the hope of securing a rich +husband, and was a constant visitor at the house of her sister. Une Page +d'Amour. + +LETURC (MADAME), widow of a captain, was a protegee of Madame Correur, +who obtained a tobacco licence for her. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEVAQUE, a neighbour of the Maheus. He was of intemperate habits, and +beat his wife on little provocation. During the strike he was among +the most reckless, and at the assault on the Voreux pit he was taken +prisoner by the troops. His arrest made him a sort of hero, and by the +Paris newspapers he was credited with a reply of antique sublimity to +the examining magistrate. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (ACHILLE), the eldest child of Zacharie Maheu and of Philomene +Levaque. He was three years old when his parents were married. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (BEBERT), son of the Levaques, was a little boy of twelve, who +already worked in the pit. Along with Lydie Pierron, he was a companion +of Jeanlin Maheu in many escapades. As Jeanlin became more daring and +unscrupulous, Bebert and Lydie were drawn together in an affection born +of their common fear of him. The three children were present at the +attack on the Voreux pit, and Bebert and Lydie, killed by the volley +fired by the troops, fell dead in one another's arms. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (DESIREE), the youngest child of Philomene, aged nine months. +Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (PHILOMENE), daughter of the Levaques, had two children to +Zacharie Maheu before her marriage to him. She had a delicacy of the +chest and was unable to work underground. After the death of her husband +she left Montsou with her two children, in the company of a miner from +the Pas-de-Calais. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (LA), wife of Levaque the miner, and mother of Philomene and +Bebert. She was a bad housekeeper, and was roughly treated by her +husband, who, however, did not take exception to her relations with +Bouteloup, their lodger. Germinal. + +LEVASSEUR (MADAME), an acquaintance of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +LEVASSEUR, chief clerk at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LEVASSEUR, a tax-collector at Chene Populeux. His father was one of the +heroes of the army of the first Napoleon. He married a peasant woman +named Fouchard, who died in bringing Maurice and his twin sister +Henriette into the world. He sacrificed everything to make his son a +gentleman, and the bad conduct of the lad hastened his end. La Debacle. + +LEVASSEUR (HENRIETTE), daughter of the preceding, and twin sister of +Maurice. After the death of her father she gave up the whole of her +share of his property in order to retrieve to some extent the foolish +conduct of her brother. Fortunately she had the chance soon after to +marry Weiss, with whom she lived happily. On the morning of the +battle of Sedan, Henriette, fearing that her husband was in danger +at Bazeilles, where he had gone to look after a house he had recently +bought, decided to follow him there. By this time the fighting was going +on fiercely, and when, after the greatest difficulties and dangers, +she arrived at Bazeilles, she was only in time to see her husband shot +before her eyes. She took refuge at Remilly, at the house of her uncle +Fouchard, and devoted herself to the care of the wounded in the battle. +Among these was Jean Macquart, who along with Maurice had escaped from +captivity. After the war with Prussia was over, Maurice unfortunately +threw in his lot with the Communists, and when Henriette followed him +to Paris it was to find that he had been fatally wounded in the fighting +there. By an extraordinary chance, the wound was inflicted by his +former comrade, Jean Macquart, who had remained in the regular army when +Maurice joined the Communist ranks. The death of Maurice in this way put +an end to the possibility of a dawning love idyll between Henriette and +Jean Macquart. La Debacle. + +LEVASSEUR (MAURICE), twin brother of the preceding. Everything was +sacrificed by his father and sister in order that he might become an +advocate, but when he went to Paris to complete his education he took +part in every kind of foolishness and dissipation. In July, 1870, he had +just been admitted to the Bar, when the outbreak of war found him full +of enthusiasm, and he at once enlisted in the 106th Regiment of the +line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil. He was put into the squad of Jean +Macquart, against whom he had at first an aversion. Later, the kindness +of Jean when he was worn out with fatigue practically saved his life, +and they became close comrades, Maurice in turn saving Jean by carrying +him, severely wounded, from the battlefield of Sedan. Maurice was of a +highly strung, nervous temperament, and the repeated disasters of the +campaign drove him to madness. He threw himself into the Communist +struggle, and sought for death when defeat became certain. It was Jean +Macquart, his old comrade, who, by an extraordinary chance, was fated to +deliver the fatal blow. La Debacle. + +LEVEQUE (MADAME), sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. L'Argent. + +LEVEQUE, a solicitor at Plassans. He interested himself in the affairs +of Dr. Pascal Rougon after Grandguillot absconded and was able to +recover a considerable sum which Pascal had believed to be entirely +lost. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LEVEQUE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of the preceding, was an old friend +of Clotilde Rougon, who was three years older than her. She married Dr. +Ramond. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LHOMME (M.), chief cashier at "The Ladies' Paradise." "Son of a +tax-collector at Chablis, he came to Paris as a clerk in the office of +a merchant of the Port-aux-Vins. Then, while lodging in Rue Cuvier, +he married the daughter of his concierge, and from that day he bowed +submissively before his wife, whose commercial ability filled him with +respect. She earned more than twenty thousand francs a year in the dress +department of 'The Ladies' Paradise,' whilst he only drew a fixed +salary of five thousand francs." The loss of his right arm in an omnibus +accident did not interfere with his work, and did not prevent him from +playing upon a specially constructed French horn, an instrument of which +he was passionately fond. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LHOMME (MADAME AURELIE), wife of the preceding. The daughter of a small +tailor, she had keen business instincts, and, as head of the dress +department at "The Ladies' Paradise," was able to make a large income. +She was far from friendly to Denise Baudu, but seeing ultimately that +Mouret was in love with the girl, she changed her methods in the hope of +rendering her own position more secure. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LHOMME (ALBERT), son of the preceding. He was an idle and vicious youth, +who could keep no position, and only got a post in the pay-desk of "The +Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of his mother. He was careless +in his work, and was repeatedly reprimanded, causing his parents much +anxiety; ultimately it was discovered that he had conspired with some of +the salesmen in a long series of frauds, and his dismissal followed. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +LIARDIN, a relation of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family +council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +LIENARD, son of a rich Angers draper, came to Paris and got a situation +in "The Ladies' Paradise." His spare time was spent in idleness and +debauchery, and when his father recalled him to Angers he refused to +leave Paris. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LIEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan architect at Plassans. He was consulted by +Madame Mouret and Abbe Faujas regarding the Home for Girls which they +founded, and he subsequently prepared the plans for the building. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +LIEVIN, a townsman of Plassans, who was amongst those enrolled and armed +by Pierre Rougon to rescue the Town Hall, which had been occupied by +the Republicans. He was so excited that he fired in the air without +intending to do so. La Fortune des Rougon. + +LILI, pet name of Amelie, the daughter of Gaga. Nana. + +LINGUERLOT (LES), neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d'Or. +L'Assommoir. + +LIOTARD (VEUVE HENRI), a firm of shipowners who joined the transport +syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +LISA, a peasant girl of Les Artaud. Like the others of her class, she +was void of any religious feeling, and when she came to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin, she engaged in all sorts of +irreverent pranks. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +LISA, a workwoman employed by Madame Titreville, the artificial-flower +maker. L'Assommoir. + +LISA, Madame Campardon's housemaid. She was active and intelligent, +and her conduct was regarded as irreproachable. This was, however, a +somewhat too favourable estimate, and her companionship was by no means +beneficial to the Campardons' young daughter, Angele. Pot-Bouille. + +LISON (LA), the name of the express engine driven by Jacques Lantier up +to the time of the terrible railway accident caused by Flore. La Bete +Humaine. + +LLORENTZ (MADAME DE), one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress +Eugenie and sister of M. La Rouquette, was the widow of General de +Llorentz. She carried on an intrigue with De Massy, and was said to hold +three compromising letters from him regarding certain august personages. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LOGRE, a fish auctioneer at the _Halles Centrales_. He attended the +revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine shop, and made violent speeches +there, but was really an agent of the Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LOISEAU, a municipal councillor of Rognes. He was devoted to the Mayor, +Alexandre Hourdequin, on whose farm his son worked. He was an uncle of +Macqueron. La Terre. + +LONJUMEAU, a member of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +LORET (MADAME), a woman who lived in the neighbourhood of the _Halles +Centrales_. Mademoiselle Saget made ill-natured remarks regarding her. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +LORILLEUX, a maker of gold chains, who was married to Coupeau's sister. +He was a little man who looked much older than his age, and suffered +from a constant cough. Miserly and spiteful, he was jealous of the +Coupeaus in their success, and rejoiced at their downfall. L'Assommoir. + +LORILLEUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a sister of Coupeau, who +married Gervaise Macquart. Along with her husband, she worked at the +trade of gold chain-making; like him, she was so avaricious that her +custom was to examine the soles of her visitors' boots lest they should +depart with any adhering gold dust. From the first she resented her +brother's marriage, and took every opportunity of being disagreeable to +Gervaise. Though she was willing to accept the Coupeaus' hospitality in +their prosperous days, she refused to do anything to assist them after +their downfall. L'Assommoir. + +LORILLON (LES), peasants at Rognes, who were said to have been cured of +illness by the bone-setter Sourdeau. La Terre. + +LOUBET, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line; in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He was unwilling to fight, and during the battle +of 1st September, 1870, he assisted his comrade Chouteau to carry Sapin +to the ambulance, spending the rest of the day in a tavern. After the +capitulation of the French army, Loubet was made a prisoner. Along with +Chouteau he made a determined effort to escape, and would have done so +had not his companion treacherously tripped him up in order to increase +his own chance. La Debacle. + +LOUHETTE, an elderly draper in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. He was the +father of Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUHETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, and mother of Madame Theophile +Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUHETTE (VALERIE). See Theophile Vabre. + +LOUIS, Irma Becot's butler at her house in the Avenue de Villiers. +L'Oeuvre. + +LOUIS, cousin of Cabuche, and, like him, a quarryman. He drove Cabuche's +wagon on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin. La Bete +Humaine. + +LOUIS, an artillery gunner, in the same battery as Honore Fouchard and +Adolphe. He was mated with Adolphe, who was inclined to treat him as +an inferior. In the attack by the Prussians on the Calvary d'Illy Louis +fell, killed by the same shot as his comrade, and the two died entwined +in one another's arms. La Debacle. + +LOUIS (LA MERE), a wine-seller, who was famous for her "hen feet." +L'Assommoir. + +LOUISE, an actress at the Palais-Royal. Nana. + +LOUISE, a young girl who was brought up in an Orphanage. At fifteen she +went as maid-servant to Madame Jazeur, but not proving satisfactory, was +sent back to the Orphanage. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUISET, the pet name of Louis Coupeau, son of Nana, born 1867. Left at +first with a nurse in the country, he was afterwards taken charge of +by his aunt, Madame Lerat, who removed him to Batignolles. He was a +delicate child, pale and scrofulous, bearing a legacy of ill-health +derived from an unknown father. He died in July, 1870, of small-pox, +which he communicated to his mother, who had just returned from Russia. +Nana. + +LOUISETTE, the younger daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). She was +a fair and sweet child who had a strong affection for Cabuche, a man who +was regarded by nearly everyone as an outcast. As a maid-servant in +the house of Madame Bonnehon, she attracted the notice of President +Grandmorin, and fleeing from him, half-mad with fear, she came to the +hut of Cabuche, who tenderly nursed her till she died of brain fever a +few days later. La Bete Humaine. + +LOULOU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + +LULU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + +LUSIGNAN, a racehorse in the stable of Vandeuvres. Mounted by Gresham, +it was the favourite in the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + + + + +M + +MACQUART, a poacher and smuggler who lived at Plassans in a hovel +adjoining the Fouque property. His reputation was of the worst, and +"although no crimes had actually been brought home to him, the first +suspicions always fell upon him whenever a theft or murder had been +perpetrated in the country." He frequently disappeared for long periods, +but during his short sojourns in the town he drank to great excess. He +became the lover of Adelaide Fouque in 1789, less than a year after the +death of her husband, and had two children by her, Antoine and +Ursule Macquart. A man of violent and unrestrained passions, and of +incorrigibly lazy habits, he retained complete influence over Adelaide, +and they lived in the same relationship for over twenty years. About +1810, Macquart was killed on the frontier by a custom-house officer +while he was endeavouring to smuggle a cargo of Geneva watches into +France. Adelaide was sole legatee, the estate consisting of the hovel +at Plassans and the carbine of the deceased, which a smuggler loyally +brought back to her. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MACQUART (ANTOINE), born 1789, son of Macquart the smuggler and +Adelaide Fouque; was drawn in the conscription in 1809. On his return +to Plassans, he found that his half-brother Pierre had sold the family +property and had appropriated the proceeds. Being a confirmed drunkard, +he was averse from work of any kind, but in order to support himself +he learned the trade of basket-making. In 1826 he married Josephine +Gavaudan, a market-woman, whom he afterwards allowed to support him. +They had three children, Lisa, Gervaise, and Jean. His wife died in +1850, and soon after his daughter Gervaise and his son Jean, who had +assisted to keep him in idleness, ran off. He had a bitter ill-will +towards his brother Pierre Rougon, and, chiefly with a view to his +annoyance, expressed strong Republican principles. For the same reason +he took every opportunity of teaching these principles to his young +nephew Silvere Mouret. After the _Coup d'Etat_ he took an active +share in the agitation which resulted in a Republican rising. When the +Insurgents left Plassans, he remained with a few men to overawe the +inhabitants. He and his whole band were, however, taken prisoners by +the citizens under the leadership of Pierre Rougon. He was assisted to +escape by Madame Felicite Rougon, who promised him a sum of money on +condition that he would bring about an attack on the Town Hall by +the Republicans. He did so the same night, and an ambush having +been prepared by the Rougons, a number of lives were sacrificed. He +thereafter left the country. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Some time afterwards he returned to France, and bought a small house +at Les Tulettes, about three leagues from Plassans. He fitted up his +establishment by degrees, and even became possessed of a horse and trap. +Where the money came from no one knew, but it was believed that his +brother Pierre Rougon was keeping him. Notwithstanding this, he had +great ill-will towards the Rougons, and lost no opportunity of annoying +them. Partly with this object, and partly at the instigation of Abbe +Fenil, who wished to be revenged on Abbe Faujas, he contrived the escape +of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; as result, Mouret +returned to Plassans, and setting fire to his house, caused the death of +Abbe Faujas, himself perishing in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +Macquart lived to an old age at Les Tulettes, though he increasingly +gave way to drunkenness. His relations with the Rougons were friendly, +but he was hated by Felicite on account of his knowledge of the origin +of the family fortune. At eighty-four years of age he was still healthy, +but his flesh was so saturated with alcohol that it seemed to be +preserved by it. One day, as he was sitting helpless with drink and +smoking his pipe, he set fire to his clothes, and his body, soaked as +it was with ardent spirits, was burned to the last bone. Felicite Rougon +chanced to enter the house just as the conflagration began, but she +did nothing to stop it, and went silently away. The combustion was so +complete that there was nothing left to bury, and the family had to +content itself with having masses said for the repose of the dead. When +Macquart's will was opened, it was found that he had left all his money +for the erection of a magnificent tomb for himself, with weeping angels +at the head and foot. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MACQUART (MADAME ANTOINE), wife of the preceding. See Josephine +Gavaudan. + +MACQUART (GERVAISE), born 1828, was a daughter of Antoine Macquart, and +was slightly lame from birth. She was apprenticed to a laundress, but at +an early age had two children to a journeyman tanner named Lantier.[*] + +Soon after the death of her mother, in 1850, she ran off to Paris with +Lantier and her children, Claude, a boy of eight, and Etienne, aged +four. La Fortune des Rougon. + +The party had only been in the city a few weeks when Lantier ran off +with a girl named Adele, leaving Gervaise and the children unprovided +for. She got work in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and not long +after received an offer of marriage from Coupeau, a respectable +zinc-worker, which after some hesitation she accepted. The marriage +took place, and for a considerable time things prospered, one child, a +daughter named Nana being born. An accident to Coupeau, who fell from +a roof and was seriously injured, led to a gradual change; formerly +temperate and industrious, he became unwilling to work, and began to +spend his time in public-houses. Gervaise had meantime taken a shop with +money borrowed from the Goujets, and had started a laundry in it. She +was at first successful, but in time grew lazy and fond of good living, +while Coupeau continued idle and became increasingly intemperate. +Business began to go, and Gervaise became more careless, even taking +more drink occasionally than she had been wont to do. About this +time Lantier, her former lover, appeared again, and made friends with +Coupeau, who agreed to take him into the house as a lodger. After that, +the descent of Gervaise was rapid. Lantier never paid anything for his +support, Coupeau drank more heavily than ever, and Gervaise, who was +gradually drifting into intemperance, resumed her old connection +with her lover. All the time work was being neglected, and debts were +accumulating with alarming rapidity. Eventually Madame Virginie Poisson +took over the shop, and with it Lantier, who transferred his affections +along with the lease, and the Coupeaus removed into a small house high +up in the same building. Coupeau suffered from repeated attacks of +delirium tremens, and eventually died in an asylum. Gervaise continued +to sink still lower, until no work was too menial or too repulsive for +her to undertake for the price of drink, and one day in the winter of +1869 she was found dead in a garret of that great tenement house where +she had passed so much of her life. L'Assommoir. + +Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the pork-butcher, did not come to her +assistance. Lisa did not like people who were unfortunate, and she was +ashamed that Gervaise should have married a workman. Le Ventre de Paris. + +Her son Etienne sent her small sums of money from time to time while he +was in a situation at Lille. Germinal. + + [*] These two are the only children of Gervaise and Lantier + mentioned by M. Zola in _La Fortune des Rougon_, + _L'Assommoir_, _L'Oeuvre_, and _Germinal_. In _La Bete + Humaine_, however, the hero, Jacques Lantier, is stated to + have been a child of these parents. + +MACQUART (JEAN), born 1811, son of Antoine Macquart, was apprenticed to +a carpenter. A quiet, industrious lad, Jean's father took advantage of +his simple nature and made him give up his whole earnings to assist in +keeping him in idleness. Like his sister Gervaise, he ran off soon after +the death of his mother. La Fortune des Rougon. + +He entered the army, and, after seven years of soldiering was discharged +in 1859. When he had left the ranks he turned up at Bazoches-le-Doyen +with a comrade, a joiner like himself; and he resumed his occupation +with the latter's father, a master carpenter in the village. But his +heart was no longer in his work, and having been sent to La Borderie to +make some repairs, he stayed on to assist at the harvest, and eventually +became a regular farm servant. He was not popular, however, with the +peasants, who resented his having had a trade before he came back to the +soil. He became acquainted at Rognes with Mouche and his daughters, +Lise and Francoise, and eventually married the latter, in spite of the +determined opposition of her brother-in-law, Buteau. Notwithstanding his +marriage, he remained a stranger, and, after the death of his wife, went +away, leaving everything in the hands of her relatives. The war with +Germany had just broken out, and Jean, disgusted with his life, again +enlisted in the service of his country. La Terre. + +He was made corporal in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel Vineuil. An excellent soldier, and invaluable by reason of his +former experience, his want of education prevented him being promoted to +higher rank. Maurice Levasseur was in his company, and between the two +men there was at first deep antagonism, caused by difference of class +and education, but little by little Jean was able to gain over the +other, till the two men became close friends. In the fierce fighting at +Sedan, each in turn saved the other's life. After the battle, they were +made prisoners, but escaped, Jean receiving a severe wound during their +flight. They took refuge at Remilly in the house of Fouchard, and Jean +was nursed by Henriette Weiss, Levasseur's sister. Under her care, the +wounded man came to dream of the possibility of a life of happiness with +this woman, so tender, so sweet, and so active, whose fate had been so +sad. But the chances of war were too hard; Maxime returned to Paris, and +after the conclusion of the war took part in the Communist rising, which +Jean assisted to quell. By an extraordinary chance, the two men, loving +one another as brothers, came to be fighting on opposite sides, and it +was the hand of Jean that was fated to inflict the fatal wound upon his +friend. He had killed the brother of the woman he loved, and henceforth +there could be nothing between them, so he passed from her life, +returning to assist in that cultivation of the soil which was needed to +rejuvenate his country. La Debacle. + +He settled at Valqueyras, near Plassans, where he married Melanie Vial, +the only daughter of a peasant farmer in easy circumstances, whose land +he cultivated. Calm and sensible, always at his plough, his wife +simple and strong, he raised a large and healthy family to assist +in replenishing the soil exhausted by the horrors of war. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), first wife of the preceding. See Francoise +Mouche. La Terre. + +MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), second wife of Jean Macquart. See Melanie Vial. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +MACQUART (LISA), born 1827, daughter of Antoine Macquart. When a child +of seven she was taken as maid-servant by the wife of the postmaster at +Plassans, whom she accompanied to Paris on her removal there in 1839. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +The old lady became very much attached to the girl, and when she died +left her all her savings, amounting to ten thousand francs. Gradelle, a +pork-butcher, who had become acquainted with Lisa by seeing her in the +shop with her mistress, offered her a situation. She accepted, and soon +the whole place seemed to belong to her; she enslaved Gradelle, his +nephew Quenu, and even the smallest kitchen-boy. She became a beautiful +woman, with a love of ease and the determination to secure it by steady +application to duty. After the sudden death of Gradelle, she married +Quenu, who had succeeded to the business, and they had one daughter, +Pauline. Soon their affairs became so prosperous that Lisa induced her +husband to remove to a larger shop. On Florent's return from exile, she +received him kindly, and at once proposed to hand over to him his share +of the money and property left by Gradelle, his uncle, which, however, +he refused to accept. After a time she became tired of always seeing +her brother-in-law about the house doing nothing, and was the means of +making him accept the situation as Inspector at the Fish Market. When +she heard of the Revolutionary meetings in Lebigre's wine-shop and of +the leading part taken by Florent, she became greatly alarmed, more +especially as Quenu had begun to accompany his brother occasionally. She +succeeded in frightening her husband into giving up the meetings, and +made it clear to Florent that he was no longer welcome in her house. +Alarmed by the gossip of Mlle. Saget and others as to the progress of +the conspiracy, she determined, after consultation with Abbe Roustan, to +secure the safety of her husband and herself by informing the police of +the plot. On going to the prefect, however, she learned that he had all +along known of Florent's presence in Paris, and of the meetings, and +was only waiting a favourable opportunity of arresting the plotters. +She concealed the impending arrest from her husband and from Florent. +Notwithstanding her action in this matter, Lisa was not an ill-natured +or callous woman. She was only determined that nothing should come +between her and a life of ease. In her there was much of her father's +nature, though she did not know it. She was merely a steady, sensible +Macquart with a logical desire for comfort, and to procuring this she +gave all her time and thought. Le Ventre de Paris. + +She died in 1863 from decomposition of the blood. La Joie de Vivre. + +MACQUART (URSULE), born 1791, daughter of Macquart and Adelaide Fouque; +married in 1810 a hatter named Mouret and went to live at Marseilles. +She died of consumption in 1840, leaving three children. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +MACQUERON, a grocer and tavern-keeper at Rognes. He was a municipal +councillor, and deputy Mayor. He made some money by speculating in +wines, and had since become incorrigibly lazy, spending his time in +fishing and shooting. Had his wife listened to him, they would have shut +up the shop, but she was so fiercely set on money-making that she would +not do so. There was a rivalry of long standing between the Macquerons +and the Lengaignes, which frequently broke out in open quarrels. Having +succeeded in undermining Hourdequin's position as Mayor, Macqueron +succeeded him, but his triumph was of short duration, for some official +scandal having arisen, he was obliged to resign. La Terre. + +MACQUERON (MADAME COELINA), wife of the preceding, had a true passion +for money-making. She was continually quarrelling with her neighbour, +Madame Lengaigne. La Terre. + +MACQUERON (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was educated at a +boarding-school at Cloyes, and had learned to play the piano. She +tolerated the attentions of Lequeu, the schoolmaster, whom she heartily +disliked, as she felt flattered by the notice of the only man of +education whom she knew. She had a fancy for the son of a neighbouring +wheelwright, whom her parents would not allow her to see, and she +ultimately compromised herself so seriously with him that they had to +consent to her marriage. La Terre. + +MADELEINE, a little girl of ten years of age who was an inmate of the +institute founded by Princess d'Orviedo. Her mother was unable to look +after her properly, and placed her there in the hope that she would be +well cared for. L'Argent. + +MADELINE (ABBE), was sent to Rognes, when that commune decided to have a +cure to itself. He came from a mountainous district, and disheartened +by the flatness of the vast plain of La Beauce, and especially by +the religious indifference of his parishioners, he soon fell into +ill-health, on one occasion fainting while he was saying Mass. At +the end of two years and a half he left Rognes in a dying state, and +returned to his native mountains. La Terre. + +MADINIER (M.) carried on business as a cardboard manufacturer in part +of the tenement occupied by the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. The business +was not prosperous, as he spent all his earnings on drink. He was one +of Coupeau's witnesses on the occasion of his marriage to Gervaise +Macquart, and was present at the wedding dinner. L'Assommoir. + +MAFFRE (M.), a magistrate of Plassans and honorary Canon of +Saint-Saturnin's church. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was +a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house the party was in the habit of +meeting. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAFFRE (ALPHONSE), second son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged +eighteen years. Restrained too much by their father, the two brothers +Maffre were especially intimate with Guillaume Porquier, who frequently +led them into mischief. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAFFRE (AMBROISE), elder son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged twenty. +La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAGINOT, inspector of woods at Mezieres. He married Gilberte de Vineuil, +but died a few years afterwards. La Debacle. + +MAGINOT (MADAME), see Gilberte de Vineuil. + +MAHEU (ALZIRE), the fourth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged nine years. +She was deformed and delicate, but of precocious intelligence, and was +able to assist her mother in many ways, sacrificing herself always +for others. She died of cold and hunger during the strike at Montsou. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (CATHERINE), second child of Toussaint Maheu, worked as a putter +in the Voreux pit along with the other members of her family. She liked +Etienne Lantier, but became the mistress of Chaval, who treated her +so abominably that she eventually returned home. As a result of the +terrible catastrophe brought about by Souvarine, she was imprisoned at +the bottom of the pit along with Chaval and Etienne. A struggle between +the two men ensued, and Chaval was killed. Days elapsed before rescue +arrived, but before then Catherine had died in the arms of Etienne, whom +she had really loved all along. Germinal. + +MAHEU (ESTELLE), seventh child of Toussaint Maheu, aged three months. +Her constant crying disturbed the household. Germinal. + +MAHEU (GUILLAUME), great-grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. When a boy of +fifteen, he found rich coal at Requillart, the Montsou Company's first +pit, and the seam he discovered was named after him. He died of old age +at sixty. Germinal. + +MAHEU (HENRI), sixth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged four years. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (JEANLIN), third child of Toussaint Maheu, aged eleven years. He +was employed at the Voreux pit, and earned twenty sous a day. His nature +was vicious, and he forced his companions Bebert Levaque and Lydie +Pierron to commit petty thefts, with the proceeds of which he concealed +himself in a disused mine. His criminal tendencies increased until he +was unable to resist the inclination to kill one of the soldiers who +guarded the Voreux pit during the strike. He accordingly waited till +night, and leaping on the shoulders of Jules, a little soldier from +Brittany, thrust a knife into his throat and killed him. Germinal. + +MAHEU (LENORE), fifth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged six years. She +was always fighting with her brother Henri, who was very like her in +appearance, both having large heads with light yellow hair. Germinal. + +MAHEU (NICOLAS), grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. He was killed by a +landslip in the pit, when he was barely forty years old. Germinal. + +MAHEU (TOUSSAINT), son of old Bonnemort, and husband of La Maheude. He +was considered one of the best workmen in the Voreux pit, did not drink, +and was liked and respected by all his companions. He had been for a +considerable time under the influence of the doctrines taught by Etienne +Lantier when he was selected by his comrades to place their views before +the officials of the company. In the great strike which followed he +took part, and in the attack on the troops sent to guard the pit he was +driven on by his wife to join the aggressors. He fell, shot through the +heart, after the fatal volley fired by the soldiers. Germinal. + +MAHEU (VINCENT). See Bonnemort. + +MAHEU (ZACHARIE), eldest child of Toussaint Maheu. He worked in +the Voreux pit along with his father, but was lazy and seized any +opportunity of pleasure. He was married to Philomene Levaque, by whom he +already had two children. The strike interested him very little, and +he spent most of his time playing _crosse_ with Mouquet. But when his +sister Catherine was entombed in the pit he was one of the first to come +forward to the rescue, and he worked day and night with frantic energy. +The ninth day, in his haste, he was imprudent enough to open his lamp, +and a sudden explosion of gas reduced him to a calcined, unrecognizable +mass. Germinal. + +MAHEUDE (LA), wife of Toussaint Maheu. She was at first against the +miners' strike, but moved by the hardship of her lot and the poverty in +which she was forced to bring up her family, she ultimately urged her +husband to take an active part. Even after she had seen him killed by +the bullets of the soldiers, she was furious with those who talked of +submitting. But further tragedies broke her spirit; her son Zacharie was +killed in an attempt to rescue his sister, entombed at the bottom of the +Voreux pit. Out of charity the company allowed the afflicted woman to +go underground again, though she was past the usual age, and found +employment for her in the manipulation of a small ventilator. Germinal. + +MAHOUDEAU, a sculptor. The son of a stonemason at Plassans, he attained +great success at the local art competitions, and came to Paris as the +_laureat_ of his town, with an allowance of eight hundred francs per +annum for four years. In the capital, however, he found his level, +failing in his competitions at the School of Arts, and merely spending +his allowance to no purpose; so that in order to live he was obliged at +the end of his term to enter the employment of a manufacturer of church +statues. Later, however, he met with Claude Lantier and other companions +from Plassans, and under their influence his ambitions revived. He +installed himself in a studio in Rue du Cherche-Midi, and there set +about the production of a colossal work entitled _La Vendangeuse_ (the +Vintage Girl), for which Madame Mathilde Jabouille served as model. For +a time Chaine, who also came from Plassans, lived with Mahoudeau, but +they quarrelled over Mathilde, and ultimately separated. After this +Mahoudeau lived alone, in considerable poverty, until he got employment +from a manufacturer of artistic bronzes. He then began to produce work +which suited the popular taste, and his productions began to be seen on +middle-class chimney-pieces. L'Oeuvre. + +MAIGRAT, the principal shop-keeper in Montsou. He was originally an +overseer at the Voreux pit, but, assisted by the company, started a +business which grew to such proportions that he ultimately crushed out +most of the other retail traders. He was a greedy, rapacious man, and +during the strike made the women furious by refusing credit. For other +reasons also they hated him, and his shop was one of the first places +attacked by the maddened strikers. In terror Maigrat took refuge on +the roof, but his foot slipped, and he was dashed to the ground, being +killed on the spot. Even this did not satisfy his assailants, for the +frenzied women, led by La Brule, rushed forward and mutilated the still +quivering body. Germinal. + +MAIGRAT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a pitiful creature who +passed all her days over a ledger without even daring to lift her head. +On the day of the attack by the strikers she was a witness of the death +of her husband and of the terrible events which followed. Up at the +window she stood motionless; but beneath the last gleams of the setting +sun the confused faults of the window-panes deformed her white face, +which looked as though it were laughing. Germinal. + +MALGRAS (LE PERE), a picture-dealer with whom Claude Lantier had +frequent dealings. He was a thick-set old man, with close-cropped +white hair, and wore a dirty old coat that made him look like an untidy +cabman. Beneath this disguise was concealed a keen knowledge of art, +combined with a ferocious skill in bargaining. As a superb liar, +moreover, he was without an equal. He was satisfied with a small profit, +but never purchased in the morning without knowing where to dispose +of his purchase at night. He viewed with disdain the modern methods of +picture-dealing introduced by Naudet, and like a cautious man he retired +with a modest fortune to a little house at Bois-Colombes. L'Oeuvre. + +MALIGNON (M.), a young stockbroker who was supposed to have a large +fortune and accordingly was received everywhere in society. He posed as +a critic of art, literature, and the drama, and pretended to be bored +with everything. Madame Deberle, being carried away by his attentions, +was foolish enough to promise to meet him at a flat which he had taken, +but Madame Helene Grandjean having warned her that Dr. Deberle had +got wind of the affair, the intended liaison came to nothing. Une Page +d'Amour. + +MALIVERNE (ROSE). See Madame Rose Fouan. + +MALIVOIRE, a coach-hirer at Arromanches. He was the owner of the omnibus +which ran between Arromanches and Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre. + +MALOIR (MADAME), a respectable-looking elderly woman, was Nana's friend, +chaperone, and companion, writing for her such letters as she required. +She was always ready to receive the secrets of others, but never told +anything about herself. It was said that she lived upon a mysterious +pension, but she never appeared to carry any money with her. She had a +mania for doing up all her hats afresh. Nana. + +MAMAN NINI, the pet name given by Angelique to Francois Hamelin. Le +Reve. + +MANGUELIN (MADAME), a young, retiring woman, who was to some extent +dependent on the bounty of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +MANOURY, a salesman at the Central Markets in Paris. He was the employer +of Logre and Clemence. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MARCEL, a vegetable-dealer at the Paris _Halles Centrales_. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +MARDIENNE FRERES, manufacturers of church ornaments in Rue +Saint-Sulpice. Mademoiselle Menu worked in their establishment. +Pot-Bouille. + +MARECHAL, a bookmaker who had formerly been coachman to Comte de +Vandeuvres. As the result of a racing swindle by Vandeuvres, Marechal +lost a large sum over a filly named Nana, and, his suspicions having +been aroused, he caused such a scandal that the Comte was disqualified +by the racing committee. Nana. + +MARESCOT (M.), a cutler in the Rue de la Paix, who had once turned a +grindstone in the streets and was now said to be worth several millions. +He was a man of fifty-five, large, bony, with the huge hands of an old +workman; one of his delights was to carry off the knives and scissors of +his tenants, which he sharpened himself for his own amusement. He owned +the large tenement-house on the Rue Goutte d'Or, in which resided the +Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others, and though a fair landlord, would +brook no delay in payment of rent, turning out defaulters without mercy. +L'Assommoir. + +MAREUIL (M. DE), a retired sugar-refiner of Havre whose real name was +Bonnet. After amassing a large fortune, he married a young girl of good +birth, whose name he assumed. He was ambitious and hoped to become +a member of the Corps Legislatif through the influence of his friend +Saccard, whose brother Eugene Rougon was a Minister of State. To secure +this he agreed to a marriage between his daughter and Maxime Saccard. He +was a man of solemn and imposing appearance, but was absolutely without +brains. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (MADAME HELENE DE), wife of the preceding. She came of a noble +and wealthy family, but lived such a fast life that she died young, worn +out by pleasure. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (LOUISE DE), daughter of a retired sugar-refiner of Havre. +Slightly deformed and plain-looking, but with fascinating manners, she +married Maxime Saccard, to whom she brought a large dowry. Six months +afterwards she died of consumption in Italy. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (COMTESSE), employed Clara Prunaire in her house to attend to +the mending of linen. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARGAILLAN, a great building contractor, many times a millionaire, who +made his fortune out of the great public works of Paris, running +up whole boulevards on his own account. He was a man of remarkable +activity, with a great gift of administration, and an instinctive +knowledge of the streets to construct and the buildings to buy. Moved by +the success of Dubuche at the School of Art, and by the recommendations +of his masters there, Margaillan took the young architect into +partnership, and agreed to his marriage with his daughter Regine. +Unfortunately, Dubuche showed deplorable incapacity in carrying into +practice the theories which he had learned at the School of Art, and +Margaillan, after losing considerable sums, returned to his original +methods of construction, thrusting his son-in-law to one side. He +possessed a magnificent estate named _La Richaudiere_, near Bennecourt. +L'Oeuvre. + +MARGAILLAN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a girl of the +middle-classes, whose family history was a bad one, and after suffering +for years from anemia, she ultimately died of phthisis. L'Oeuvre. + +MARGAILLAN (REGINE), daughter of the preceding, and wife of Louis +Dubuche. She was very delicate, and suffered from a phthisical tendency +derived from her mother, which in turn she handed to her two children, +Gaston and Alice. It was frequently necessary for her to leave home for +the benefit of her health, and during her absences the children were +left at _La Richaudiere_ in charge of their father. L'Oeuvre. + +MARIA, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +MARJOLIN, a boy who was found in a heap of cabbages at the Paris market. +It was never known who his parents were, and he became the adopted +child of the place, always finding a lodging with one or other of the +market-women. Later on he lived with Madame Chantemesse, who had adopted +Cadine, another foundling, and the two children grew up together, +becoming inseparable. Marjolin was always of slow intellect, and as the +result of an injury to his head he became practically an idiot. Gavard +gave him employment in the poultry market. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MARSOULLIER, proprietor of the Hotel Boncoeur, where Gervaise Macquart +and Lantier put up when they came to Paris. L'Assommoir. + +MARTIN, coachman to Dr. Cazenove. He was an old man who formerly served +in the navy, and had his leg amputated by Cazenove. La Joie de Vivre. + +MARTINE, the old servant of Dr. Pascal, with whom she had been for +thirty years. She brought up Clotilde Rougon, whose affection for the +doctor excited her jealousy later on. Martine, who was devoted to her +master, desired to force him to be reconciled with the Church, but +Clotilde, at first her accomplice, escaped from religious influences and +gave herself entirely to Pascal, leaving Martine with no other resource +but prayer. She was extremely avaricious, but when the doctor was +ruined, her devotion was such that she used some of her own money to +purchase the necessaries of life for him. Distracted at the sudden +death of her master, and in the hope of saving him from damnation, she +assisted Madame Felicite Rougon to destroy his great work on heredity, +which in her narrow-minded bigotry she believed was intended to subvert +true religion. The work of destruction completed, she went away to live +by herself at Sainte-Marthe, as she refused to serve any other master +than the one she had been with so many years. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MARTINEAU (M.), a notary of Coulonges, and brother of Madame Correur. +He ignored his sister for many years, but his principles would not allow +him to disinherit her, and he made a will under which his property would +be divided between her and his wife. Soon thereafter, Madame Correur, +knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him as a dangerous Republican +to Rougon, then Minister of the Interior, and his arrest followed. The +shock, together with the unnecessary harshnesses displayed by Gilquin, +the commissary of police, caused Martineau's death, and the subsequent +popular outcry had much to do with Rougon's second resignation of +office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MARTINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MARSY (COMTE DE), Minister of the Interior before Eugene Rougon, who +succeeded him on his appointment as President of the Corps Legislatif. +Marsy, who was said to be the son of a queen, was brilliant, immoral, +and unscrupulous. He was the chief political opponent of Eugene Rougon +and had great influence at the Court of Napoleon III. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +MARTY (M.), a master at the Lycee Bonaparte, who was being ruined by the +extravagance of his wife, and was obliged to double his salary by giving +private lessons, in order to meet the constantly growing household +expenses. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARTY (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of about thirty-five +years of age, whose face, never beautiful, was now much marked by +small-pox. She had a perfect mania for spending money on clothes, and +never visited "The Ladies' Paradise" without buying innumerable articles +for which she had no need. As a result of her extravagance, her husband +was nearly ruined, and was forced to increase his earnings by giving +private lessons. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARTY (VALENTINE), daughter of the preceding, a young girl of fourteen +years of age, who was used by her mother as an excuse for some of her +extravagance, as she dressed her like herself, with all the fashionable +novelties of which she submitted to the irresistible seduction. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MASCART (PERE), a blind paralytic to whom Angelique showed much +kindness. Le Reve. + +MASSACRE, one of the dogs of old Soulas, the shepherd. It shared the +hatred of its master of La Cognette. La Terre. + +MASSIAS, a frequenter of the Paris Bourse, where he gained a living by +bringing business to stockbrokers, from whom he received a commission on +each transaction. He was employed by Saccard after the foundation of the +Universal Bank, and by speculating in the shares he made a considerable +fortune. With the downfall of the institution, he lost everything, and +found himself in debt for a large sum. By borrowing from friends, +and pledging his entire life, he paid his debts and started afresh. +L'Argent. + +MASSICOT, a tradesman of Plassans who was enrolled and armed by Pierre +Rougon to deliver the Town Hall from the Republicans who had occupied +it. He was so excited that when he got into the building he fired in the +air without knowing he had done so. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MASSON (COLONEL), commander of the troops which crushed the Republican +rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MATHIAS, an old hunchback who worked on the farm of La Borderie. La +Terre. + +MATHIEU, a large dog which belonged to the Chanteaus at Bonneville and +was a great favourite of the family. The death of this animal greatly +accelerated the unreasoning fear of inevitable mortality with which the +mind of Lazare Chanteau was becoming obsessed. La Joie de Vivre. + +MATHILDE, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +MATIGNON, a draper in Paris, whose shop was near that of Baudu. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MAUDIT (ABBE), Vicar of Saint-Roch, Paris, he counted among his +parishioners the Josserands and the Duveyriers. Though well aware of the +immorality that went on in his parish, he recognized the impossibility +of stopping it, and did what he could to hide it under the cloak of +religion. When the scandal arose about Madame Auguste Vabre, he was +approached by her relations, and at their request acted as intermediary +between the husband and wife. Pot-Bouille. + +MAUGENDRE (M.), father of Madame Jordan; was a retired awning +manufacturer who had made a considerable fortune from his business. +He disapproved of his daughter's marriage, and refused to give her any +dowry, on the pretext that she would have his fortune intact when he was +dead and gone. He was a careful man, averse from speculation, but having +on one occasion made a small venture, he gradually became imbued with +the craze. The phenomenal success of the Universal Bank induced him to +purchase its shares more and more wildly, until, when the crash came, +he was so deeply committed as to be ruined. Jordan, who by this time had +met with some success in literature, came to his assistance. L'Argent. + +MAUGENDRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was at first bitterly opposed +to the small speculations entered into by her husband. She soon got +infected with the craze, and became even more reckless than he, urging +him to involve himself more and more deeply in the fortunes of the +Universal Bank. L'Argent. + +MAUGENDRE (MARCELLE). See Madame Marcelle Jordan. + +MAURIAC (BARON DE), starter at the racecourse of Longchamp. Nana. + +MAURIN, a hatter of Plassans, who was selected by the Republicans of +that town as their candidate. At the election he only received about +fifteen hundred votes against the rival candidate. M. Delangre. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +MAURIN, a notary at Tulettes, who was also Mayor of the Commune. It +was he who drew up the certificate of death of Antoine Macquart from +spontaneous combustion. + +MAZAUD, a broker on the Paris Bourse, who succeeded on the death of his +uncle to one of the largest businesses in the city. He was young and +pleasant-looking, with such remarkable activity and intuition that he +soon came into the first rank. He was also assisted by the fact that +he did business with all the great bankers, and was reputed to have a +second cousin employed at the Havas News Agency. After the foundation of +the Universal Bank, he became the official broker of that institution, +and the great gamble in its shares resolved itself into a duel between +him and Jacoby, the one buying for Saccard and the other selling for +Gundermann. Mazaud did not speculate on his own account, but the failure +of the bank led to so many of his clients being unable to meet their +differences that he was ruined. After putting his affairs in order so +far as possible, he committed suicide. L'Argent. + +MAZAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She married for love, and +brought to her husband a considerable fortune. She had two children, a +girl and a boy. The suicide of her husband completely overwhelmed her +with grief. L'Argent. + +MAZEL, a famous master at the School of Arts, and the last rampart of +elegant conventionality. The first year that the Hanging Committee of +the _Salon_ was elected by the artists themselves, Mazel was chosen +president. In the selection of pictures he was susceptible to influence, +and was guided more by the name of the artist than by the quality of the +work. L'Oeuvre. + +MECHAIN, proprietor of a racing-stable. Hazard, one of his horses, ran +in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +MECHAIN (MADAME), a woman in the employment of Busch, the money-lender +and debt collector. She assisted him in tracing debtors, and in the +purchase of securities of bankrupt companies. She was a cousin of +Rosalie Chavaille, mother of Victor Saccard, on whose death she was left +with the boy to bring up. On discovering the paternity of Victor some +years later, she and Busch attempted to blackmail Saccard, but without +success, though they had previously got a considerable sum from Caroline +Hamelin, who wished to save Saccard from annoyance. L'Argent. + +MEGOT (JUSTINE), a young maid-servant of Renee Saccard. She had a son +to Maxime Rougon in 1857, and was sent to live in the country with the +child on a small annuity. La Curee. + +Three years later she married Anselme Thomas, a harness-maker at +Plassans. They had two children, and would have lived happily but for +the husband's dislike to her eldest child, Charles Rougon. Her conduct +after marriage was exemplary in every way. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MEHUDIN (MADAME), originally came from Rouen to Paris, where she ever +afterwards remained in the fish trade. As her two daughters, Louise +and Claire, got on badly together, she ultimately divided her business +between them, Louise going to the general fish-market, while Claire +installed herself among the fresh-water fish. "From that time the old +mother, although she pretended to have retired from business altogether, +would flit from one stall to the other, still interfering in the selling +of the fish, and causing her daughters continual annoyance by the foul +insolence with which she at times spoke to customers." Le Ventre de +Paris. + +MEHUDIN (CLAIRE), the second daughter of Madame Mehudin, was an idle, +fair-complexioned girl, with a gentle manner. She had, however, a strong +will, and was invariably at loggerheads with others. When Florent became +Inspector at the Fish Market, Claire took his part against her mother +and sister, but afterwards went to the opposite extreme when his +relations with Louise had become friendly. It appeared that she had a +real affection for him, however, as after his arrest she assaulted her +sister in the belief that she had given information to the police. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MEHUDIN (LOUISE), commonly called La Normande. She was a beautiful +woman who had at one time been engaged to be married to a clerk in the +corn-market. He was, however, accidentally killed, leaving Louise with +a son, who was known in the market by the nickname of _Muche_. When +Florent was first appointed Inspector in the Fish Market, Louise, who +had quarrelled with his sister-in-law, Lisa, did everything she could to +annoy him. Afterwards, partly gratified by his kindness to her son, +and partly to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu, she became reconciled to him. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MEINHOLD (MADAME DE), a lady well-known in the Society of the Second +Empire. She was a friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La +Curee. + +MELANIE, cook in the employment of the Gregoires, with whom she had been +for thirty years. Germinal. + +MELANIE, the servant of Denizet, the examining magistrate at Rouen. The +latter was anxious for promotion, in order that his old servant might be +better fed and consequently better tempered. La Bete Humane. + +MELIE, niece of the Fancheurs. She was a girl from the village of +Bennecourt, who waited on Claude Lantier and Christine in their cottage +there, and greatly amused them by her stupidity. After the death of +the Fancheurs, the inn came into the possession of Melie, but soon lost +favour on account of its dirt and disorder. L'Oeuvre. + +MENU (MADEMOISELLE), aunt of Fanny Menu, who lived with her. She had +been an embroideress for thirty years, but her sight failed and she was +obliged to give up work. Fortunately she received a small legacy from a +relative, and on this, added to the earnings of her niece, she was able +to live. Pot-Bouille. + +MENU (FANNY), a young girl who was protected by Narcisse Bachelard. +As he on one occasion found her with Gueulin, his nephew, under +compromising circumstances, he insisted on their marriage, and gave her +a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille. + +MERLE, usher at the Council of State. He was appointed by Eugene Rougon, +through the influence of Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MES BOTTES, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's companions. He was a heavy +drinker and an enormous eater, and on account of the latter gift he was +occasionally asked by his friends to join such parties of pleasure as +paid by contract for their entertainment, in order that they might watch +the landlord's face lengthen at the rapid disappearance of food. +Chiefly for this reason, he was asked to the Coupeaus' wedding party. +L'Assommoir. + +MEYER, owner of a Viennese bakery in Faubourg Poissonniere. The Coupeaus +bought their bread from him in order to please Lantier. L'Assommoir. + +MICHELIN (M.), a surveyor of the Municipal Council. "His wife, a pretty +woman, occasionally called to apologize to her husband's chiefs for his +absence, when he stayed away through ill-health. He was often ill, but +he obtained promotion at each illness." In order to secure Saccard's +influence, Michelin assisted him in getting exorbitant prices for land +sold to the city. La Curee. + +MICHELIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. By means of her good looks and +a determination to get on at any cost, she secured the influence of her +husband's superiors, and got rapid promotion for him in the office of +the Municipal Council. La Curee. + +MIETTE, the pet name of Marie Chantegreil. (q.v.). + +MIETTE, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud who assisted to decorate +the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +MIGNON, a man who, beginning life as a bricklayer, had amassed a fortune +by speculations in building land during the early days of the Second +Empire. Along with Charrier, his partner, he had many business dealings +with Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +MIGNON, husband of an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. When Rose +married him he was leader of the orchestra at a cafe concert where she +sang. They were the best of friends, and lived together on the earnings +of the wife, who exploited her beauty not less than her talents. Mignon +was always on the best of terms with his wife's lovers, even assisting +them occasionally to deceive her, with the view of bringing them back in +penitence later on. Nana. + +MIGNON (CHARLES), younger son of the preceding. Nana. + +MIGNON (HENRI), elder son of Mignon. Along with his brother Charles he +was educated at a boarding-school. Nana. + +MIGNON (ROSE), wife of Mignon, was a star actress at the Theatre des +Varietes, being a fine comedienne and an admirable singer. She was dark +and thin with that charming ugliness which is peculiar to the gamins +of Paris. It was she who, annoyed by the rivalry of Nana, one day made +Comte de Muffat aware of the liaison between his wife and Fauchery. She +was, however, a good-hearted woman, and when she learned that Nana had +contracted small-pox she arranged for her removal to the Grand Hotel, +and nursed her there till she died. Nana. + +MIGNOT, one of the salesmen in the glove department at "The Ladies' +Paradise." He entered into a conspiracy with Albert Lhomme to defraud +his employer, and this was successful to a considerable extent before +its discovery; his dismissal followed, but there was no prosecution, as +the firm preferred not to bring its internal affairs before the public +eye. He afterwards got a situation as a traveller, and had even the +boldness to call at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MIMI-LA-MORT, a pupil at the College of Plassans, who was also nicknamed +_Le Squelette-Externe_ (The Skeleton Day-Boarder) on account of his +extreme thinness. Against the regulations of the College, he used to +bring in snuff to the other scholars. L'Oeuvre. + +MINOUCHE, a white cat which belonged to the Chanteaus. La Joie de Vivre. + +MISARD, signalman on the railway at Croix-de-Maufras, between Malaunay +and Barentin. He was a little puny man, with thin, discoloured hair and +beard, and a lean, hollow-cheeked face. His work was mechanical, and he +seemed to carry it through without thought or intelligence. His wife, +a cousin of Jacques Lantier, looked after the level-crossing which +adjoined their house until failing health prevented her from leaving +the house. For this little man, silently and without anger, was slowly +poisoning his wife with a powder which he placed in the salt which she +ate. This crime, patient and cunning, had for its cause a legacy of a +thousand francs left to Aunt Phasie by her father, a legacy which +she had hidden, and refused to hand over to Misard. But the old woman +triumphed in the end, for though Misard searched day and night for the +treasure, he was never able to find it; she died taking her secret with +her. An old woman of the neighbourhood, La Ducloux, whom he had employed +to attend to the level-crossing after the death of his wife, induced him +to marry her by pretending that she had discovered the secret hoard. La +Bete Humaine. + +MISARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Phasie (Aunt). + +MORANGE (CHARLOT), son of Silvine Morange and of Goliath Steinberg. +Physically he resembled his father's race, whom, however, he was brought +up to hate. Hidden behind his mother, he was at three years old a +witness of the murder of his father by the francs-tireurs. La Debacle. + +MORANGE (SILVINE), servant with Fouchard at Remilly. Her mother, who was +a worker in a factory at Raucourt, died when she was quite young, and +her godfather, Dr. Dalichamp, got her a situation with Fouchard. +Honore Fouchard fell in love with her, and they became engaged, but the +opposition of the old man was so great that Honore went away from home +and enlisted in the army. During his absence Silvine fell a victim +to the wiles of Goliath Steinberg, and a child, Charlot, was born, +Steinberg having previously disappeared. She had all along loved Honore, +and when he passed through Remilly on his way to fight the Prussians +he forgave her, and promised to marry her on his return. When she heard +that he had been killed in the battle of Sedan, she became nearly mad, +and with Prosper Sambuc made a wild search of the battlefield for her +lover's body. They found it eventually, and brought it back in a cart +for burial. Goliath Steinberg, who was a German spy, again made advances +to her, and, to save herself and her friends, she betrayed him to the +francs-tireurs, who killed him in her presence. La Debacle. + +MORIZOT, a friend of Malignon, who took him to the children's party at +Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour. + +MOSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was a short, yellow-skinned +man, who suffered from liver complaint and was continually lamenting, +in constant dread of some imminent catastrophe. In consequence of his +views, he was known on the Bourse as "bear" Moser. Speculating heavily +against the rise in the shares of the Universal Bank, he was at one time +on the verge of ruin, but the collapse of that institution left him with +an enormous fortune. L'Argent. + +MOUCHE (LE PERE), the sobriquet of Michel Fouan, the third son of Joseph +Casimir Fouan, and brother of La Grande, Pere Fouan, and Laure +Badeuil. When his father's estate was divided, he received the family +dwelling-house and some land, but was dissatisfied with his share and +continued to accuse his brother and sister, though forty years had +elapsed, of having robbed him when the lots were drawn. He had been +long a widower, and, a soured unlucky man, he lived alone with his +two daughters, Lise and Francoise. At sixty years of age he died of an +attack of apoplexy. La Terre. + +MOUCHE (FRANCOISE), younger daughter of Michel Fouan, alias Mouche. Her +mother died early, and she was brought up by her sister Lise, to whom +she was devotedly attached. She had a passion for justice, and when she +had said "that is mine and that is yours," she would have been prepared +to go to the stake in support of her rights. This execration of +injustice gradually led to a change of feeling between the two sisters, +for after the marriage of Lise to Buteau a division of the land should +have been made. Buteau and his wife on various pretexts put off this +division, and it was only on the marriage of Francoise to Jean Macquart +that it was carried out. An entire estrangement between the two families +followed, and constant quarrels took place. After a shameful assault by +Buteau upon Francoise, his wife threw her upon a scythe which lay upon +the ground near by, and the unfortunate girl received injuries from +which she died a few hours later. A sense of loyalty to her family +induced her to conceal the cause of these injuries, which were +attributed to accident. La Terre. + +MOUCHE (LISE), elder daughter of Pere Mouche, and sister of the +preceding. She had a son to her cousin Buteau, who, however, did not +marry her for three years afterwards, when the death of her father made +her heiress to some land. She was at first an amiable woman, but grew +hardened under the influence of her husband, and ultimately her whole +desire was to avoid the necessity of a division of her father's estate +between her sister and herself. Moved by these feelings, her love for +Francoise became transformed into a hatred so intense that she did not +hesitate to assist her husband in attempting to bring about the girl's +ruin. In the end, having assisted Buteau in a shameful assault on +Francoise, she afterwards threw her upon a scythe which was lying on +the ground near by, inflicting injuries which proved fatal. Pere Fouan, +having been a witness of the assault, was subsequently murdered by Lise +and her husband, to ensure his silence and their own safety. La Terre. + +MOULIN, an assistant station-master at Havre along with Roubaud. La Bete +Humaine. + +MOULIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman, timid +and weak, who was seldom seen. She had a large family of young children. +La Bete Humaine. + +MOUNIER, a tenor singer at the Opera, who gave the cue to Madame +Daigremont at a performance in her house. L'Argent. + +MOUQUE, father of Mouquet and of Mouquette. He had charge of the horses +in the Voreux pit, and also acted as caretaker at a ruined mine known +as the Requillart, where the company had given him two rooms to live in. +Almost every evening he received a visit from his old comrade Bonnemort. +Germinal. + +MOUQUET, son of the preceding, was an inseparable companion of Zacharie +Maheu, along with whom he worked at the Voreux pit. During the strike he +went out of curiosity to see the attack by the strikers on the soldiers +who were guarding the mines, and was killed by a stray ball which struck +him in the mouth. + +MOUQUETTE, daughter of Mouque. She was a putter in the Voreux pit, and +lived with her father at the ruined mine of Requillart, where he was +caretaker. She was present at the attack by the strikers on the soldiers +guarding the Voreux, and when the fatal volley was fired she was killed, +in an instinctive attempt to save Catherine Maheu, before whom she +placed herself. Germinal. + +MOURET, a hatter of Plassans who married Ursule Macquart in 1810 and +went to live at Marseilles. He was devoted to his wife, and a year after +her death in 1839, he hanged himself in a cupboard where her dresses +were still suspended. He left three children, Helene, Francois, and +Silvere. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOURET (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Ursule Macquart. La Fortune +des Rougon. + +MOURET (DESIREE), born 1844, daughter of Francois Mouret, and sister of +Octave and Serge. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She was of feeble intellect, and when a girl of sixteen was still +mentally like a child of eight. When her mother fell under the influence +of Abbe Faujas, and began entirely to neglect her family, Francois +Mouret removed Desiree to the home of her old nurse, in whose custody +she remained. La Conquete de Plassans. + +When her brother Serge was appointed priest of Les Artaud, she +accompanied him there. By that time she had grown to be a tall, handsome +girl, but her mind had never developed, and she was still like a young +child. Her love of animals had become a passion, and at her brother's +home she was able to indulge it to the fullest extent, and to her +complete happiness. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +She accompanied her brother to Saint Eutrope, where he became cure, +and she continued innocent and healthy, like a happy young animal. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (FRANCOIS), born in 1817, son of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his +wife. He got a situation in the business of his uncle, Pierre Rougon, +whose daughter Marthe he married in 1840. They had three children, +Octave, Serge, and Desiree. On the retirement of his uncle, Mouret +returned to Marseilles and established himself in business there. La +Fortune de Rougon. + +During fifteen years of close application on the part of Mouret and his +wife, he made a fortune out of wines, oil, and almonds, and then retired +to Plassans, where he lived on his means, making an occasional deal in +wine or oil when a chance occurred. He was not on good terms with his +wife's relations, and placed himself politically in opposition to them +by supporting the Legitimist candidate, the Marquis de Lagrifoul. In +1858, having two vacant rooms in his house, he was induced by the Abbe +Bourrette to let them to Abbe Faujas, a priest who had been sent to +Plassans by the Government to undermine the existing clerical influence +there, which had been exercised in support of the Marquis de +Lagrifoul. Mouret was a man of narrow and restricted intellect, and his +peculiarities became more and more marked as the Abbe Faujas gradually +came to dominate the household and induce Madame Mouret to neglect her +husband and family for the service of the Church. By degrees Mouret +came to be regarded as insane, and his wife having had several epileptic +attacks, he was accused of having caused the injuries she had really +inflicted on herself. His wrongful removal to the asylum at Les Tulettes +followed, and confinement soon confirmed the insanity which before had +only threatened. In 1864, his uncle, Antoine Macquart, in order to annoy +the Rougons contrived his escape from the asylum, and he returned by +night to his home at Plassans. Finding it in the occupancy of Abbe +Faujas and his relatives, he was overcome by the fury of madness, and +set fire to the house in several places. So thoroughly did he do his +work that all the inmates, including himself, perished in the flames. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +MOURET (MADAME MARTHE), wife of the preceding. See Marthe Rougon. + +MOURET (HELENE), born 1824, daughter of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his +wife. La Fortune des Rougon. + +When seventeen years old she married M. Grandjean, the son of a +sugar-refiner of Marseilles, whose family were bitterly opposed to the +match on account of her poverty. The wedding was a secret one, and +the young couple had difficulty making ends meet until an uncle died, +leaving them ten thousand francs a year. "It was then that Grandjean, +within whom an intense hatred of Marseilles was growing, had decided on +coming to Paris, to live there for good." The day after their arrival +Grandjean was seized with illness, and after eight days he died, leaving +his wife with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Helene, who was a woman +of singular beauty, had no friends in Paris except Abbe Jouve and his +half-brother M. Rambaud, but from them she received much kindness. +Her daughter Jeanne was far from strong, having inherited much of the +hereditary neurosis of her mother's family, along with a consumptive +tendency from that of her father. A sudden illness of the girl led to an +acquaintance with Doctor Deberle, and this ripened into love between +him and Helene, though considerations of duty kept them apart. Meantime, +Helene had discovered the beginnings of an intrigue between Madame +Deberle and M. Malignon, and in order to break it off was herself placed +in such a compromising position towards Doctor Deberle that he became +her lover. The discovery of the fact by Jeanne, whose jealous love of +her mother amounted to a mania, led to the child's illness and death, +and to her mother's bitter repentance. Two years later Helene married M. +Rambaud, and went to live at Marseilles. Une Page d'Amour. + +She lived for many years, very happy, and idolized by her husband, in a +house which he owned near Marseilles, close to the seashore. She had no +children by her second marriage. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (OCTAVE), born 1840, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +A young man of high spirits and somewhat idle habits, he made little +progress at college, and failed to pass the examinations for a degree. +His father was much annoyed at this, and sent him off to Marseilles to +enter a commercial business. The reports regarding him were, however, +unsatisfactory, as it appeared that he showed no inclination to +settle to hard work and was living a dissolute life.[*] La Conquete de +Plassans. + +After the death of his parents, Serge Mouret, who was about to take Holy +Orders, renounced his share of his father's fortune in favour of his +brother Octave. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had +charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +After three years at Marseilles he came to Paris, where he secured an +appointment as assistant at "The Ladies' Paradise" through the influence +of the Campardons, who were old friends of his mother. He formed the +project of advancing his prospects by making love to Madame Hedouin, +wife of his employer, but she gave him no encouragement. He resigned his +situation, and went as salesman to Auguste Vabre, a neighbouring silk +merchant. Vabre's wife (nee Berthe Josserand) was not on good terms with +her husband, and a liaison was formed between her and Octave Mouret, +which subsisted for some time before it was discovered by Vabre, who +received information from Rachael, his maid-servant. Mouret returned to +his former employment at "The Ladies' Paradise," and M. Hedouin having +died in the interval, he married the widow a few months afterwards. He +had developed keen business ability, with large ideas, and under his +management the shop became one of the most important in the district. +Pot-Bouille. + +In Mouret's hands the business of "The Ladies' Paradise" continued to +grow, and repeated extensions of the building became necessary. While +one of these was in progress, Madame Mouret, who was inspecting the +work, fell into a hole, and as a result of her injuries died three +days afterwards. Mouret remained a widower, and devoted himself to the +extension of his business, though it was believed that a liaison with +Madame Desforges was not the only entanglement of its kind. On the +introduction of Madame Desforges he came to know Baron Hartmann, +director of the Credit Immobilier, who became interested in him, and +eventually found the money necessary to carry out the vast schemes of +extension which he had long had in mind. By this time Denise Baudu +had come to "The Ladies' Paradise" as a saleswoman, and from the first +Mouret had taken an interest in her. This was probably increased by the +fact that she resisted all his advances, and refused all his offers. +Ultimately he became so infatuated by her that he asked her to marry +him, which she agreed to do. By this time the success of "The Ladies' +Paradise" had become triumphant, and the smaller traders of the +district were being crushed out of existence, and driven one by one into +bankruptcy. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +He assisted at the burial of his cousin, Claude Lantier the artist. +By this time he had become very rich, was decorated with the Legion +of Honour, and was desirous of giving the impression of an enlightened +taste for art. L'Oeuvre. + +Octave Mouret, whose immense fortune continued to increase, had towards +the end of 1872 a second child by his wife Denise Baudu, whom he adored, +though he again began to lead a somewhat irregular life. Their little +girl was puny, but the younger child, a boy, took after his mother, and +grew magnificently. Le Docteur Pascal. + + [*] It is interesting to note that by a curious oversight M. + Zola in _Pot-Bouille_ refers to Octave Mouret as having + passed the examination for his bachelor's degree before + leaving Plassans, and states that at Marseilles the lad + showed a passion for business life, being able during his + three years' stay there to make a sum of five thousand + francs (two hundred pounds), which he took with him to + Paris. + +MOURET (MADAME CAROLINE), first wife of the preceding. See Madame +Caroline Hedouin. + +MOURET (MADAME DENISE), second wife of Octave Mouret. See Denise Baudu. + +MOURET (SERGE), born 1841, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +He was a young man of nervous temperament and of somewhat delicate +health. Educated at Plassans, he took his degree at the college there, +and it was intended that he should go to Paris to study for the bar. The +state of his health caused his departure to be delayed, and meantime he, +like his mother, fell under the influence of Abbe Faujas. Ultimately he +decided to abandon the study of the law in order to become a priest, and +against the wishes of his father he entered the Seminary at Plassans. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +After being ordained to the priesthood he was appointed cure of Les +Artaud, a small village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants +he ministered with small success. From his parents he had inherited +the family taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the form of +morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever resulted, +and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental past. Dr. Pascal +Rougon, his uncle, in the hope of saving his reason, removed him to +Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion, where he left him in +the care of Albine, the keeper's niece. Here Serge slowly recovered +his health, though the memory of his past was gone, and his mental +development was that of a boy. In that enchanted garden, lush with +foliage and with the scent of flowers, the drama of life unfolded, and +Serge, loving Albine, and oblivious of his vows unwittingly broke them. +A chance meeting with Brother Archangais, and a glimpse of the +world outside the Paradou, recalled to Serge the recollection of his +priesthood, and, filled with horror, he tore himself from Albine and +returned to his cure of souls. A fierce struggle between love and duty +followed, but in the end the Church conquered, and Albine was left to +die, while Serge threw himself even more feverishly than before into the +observances of his faith. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +Sent later to Saint-Eutrope, at the bottom of a marshy gorge, he was +cloistered there with his sister Desiree. He showed a fine humility, +refusing all preferment from his bishop, waiting for death like a holy +man, averse to remedies, although he was already in the early stage of +phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (SILVERE), born 1834, son of Mouret, the hatter, and Ursule +Macquart, his wife. After the death of his father, Silvere went to live +with his grandmother Adelaide Fouque. Though poorly educated, he was +fond of reading, and his lonely life with this old half-imbecile woman +increased his own tendency to visionary dreamings. "He was predisposed +to Utopian ideas by certain hereditary influences; his grandmother's +nervous disorders became in him a chronic enthusiasm, striving after +everything that was grandiose and impossible." His Uncle Antoine +Macquart, who hoped through him to annoy the Rougons, encouraged him +in his Republican views, and after the _Coup d'Etat_ he joined the +insurrection which then arose. Miette Chantegreil, a young girl to whom +he was tenderly devoted, accompanied him, but was shot in the attack by +regular troops. He was taken prisoner, and having been brought back to +Plassans, was executed there. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOUSSEAU (ABBE), a priest at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MOURGUE, a peasant of Poujols, who, armed with a fork, had taken part +in the insurrectionary rising against the _Coup d'Etat_. He was made +prisoner, and was led to Plassans, tied by the arm to Silvere Mouret, +who had also been arrested. He was shot at the same time as Silvere by +Rengade, the gendarme. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOUTON, a cat which belonged to the Quenus, and was a favourite of +little Pauline. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MUCHE, the name by which Louise Mehudin's son was known in the market. +He was befriended by Florent, who taught him to read and write. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MUFFAT (MAMAN), wife of General Muffat de Beuville, who was created +Comte by Napoleon I. She was an insufferable old woman, who was always +hand-in-glove with the priests, and had an authoritative manner, which +bent every one to her will. Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse Sabine, was +entirely under her dominion, and was forced by her to lead an almost +cloistered existence. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTE), son of the preceding and of General Muffat +de Beuville. Brought up in the strictest manner by his mother, his life +was one of cold and severe propriety, and being regarded with favour +at the Court, he was appointed Chamberlain to the Empress. He married +Sabine de Chouard, by whom he had one daughter, Estelle. For seventeen +years of married life his career was a pattern of all the virtues, until +a chance meeting with Nana led to an infatuation amounting to mania. +Everything was sacrificed to her, and no degradation to his self-respect +seemed too high a price to pay for her favour. Disgusted for a time by +her liaison with Fontan, he left her, and turned for amusement to Rose +Mignon, but the infatuation for Nana reasserted itself, and he recovered +her good graces by inducing Bordenave to give her a part which she +greatly desired in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by Fauchery. He spent +vast sums upon Nana, giving her a magnificent house in the Avenue de +Villiers. Her influence over him became complete, and he even accepted +Daguenet, her former lover, as his son-in-law. He overlooked too his +wife's numerous liaisons, as he required her signature to enable him to +raise still more money for Nana. Muffat's means were coming to an end, +however, and the scandal reached such a height that he was forced to +resign his position at the Tuileries. It was only when he learned that +Nana was carrying on a liaison with his own father-in-law, the aged +Marquis de Chouard, that he finally broke with her, and coming once more +under the influence of Venot, he sought forgetfulness of the past in an +exaggerated devotion to the service of the Church. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTESSE), wife of the preceding. See Sabine de +Chouard. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding. At sixteen she +was thin and insignificant, seldom speaking, but after her marriage to +Daguenet, she exhibited a will of iron, and completely dominated her +husband. Nana. + +MULLER (BLANCHE), a favourite actress at the Theatre des Varietes. La +Curee. + +MUSSY (M. DE) was an admirer of Renee Saccard, and aspired to be her +lover. He received an appointment on the staff of the London embassy. La +Curee. + + + + +N + +NANA. See Anna Coupeau. + +NANA, name of a filly in the racing stable of Vandeuvres. She had been +beaten in several races, and when run for the Grand Prix de Paris was +looked on as an outsider. The success of the filly by fraudulent means +led to the disqualification of the owner. Nana. + +NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French. Referred to in _Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon_ and in _La Debacle_. + +NATHANSOHN, a stockbroker. He came from Besancon, where his father was a +watchmaker. He was very fortunate in his speculations, and soon became +a man of consequence. His Jewish caution prevented him from becoming +involved with Saccard in the affairs of the Universal Bank, and when +that institution collapsed he was in a position to snatch a fortune from +its ruin. L'Argent. + +NAUD, a shoemaker in Rue d'Antin who felt severely the competition of +Octave Mouret's great shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +NAUDET, a cousin of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family +council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +NAUDET, a picture-dealer who for some years had been revolutionizing the +trade. He put aside the old cautious methods, the watching for pictures +by beginners, bought for ten francs and sold for fifteen. To judge by +his appearance he might have been a nobleman, and his habits were in +keeping; he was, in fact, a pure speculator in pictures, caring nothing +for art. But he unfailingly scented success; he guessed what artists +ought to be taken up, not the ones likely to develop the genius of +a great painter, but the one whose deceptive talent, set off by a +pretended display of audacity, would command a premium in the market. He +speculated, in fact, on the ignorance and vanity of amateurs. It was +he who invented Fagerolles as a fashion, and made large sums out of his +works. His success in forcing up the prices of pictures turned his +head to some extent, and he even talked of crushing out all the other +dealers. The exaggerated rise in the price of pictures came, as was +inevitable, to an end, and in the fall which followed Naudet was +practically ruined. L'Oeuvre. + +NEGREL (MADAME), sister of M. Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou +mines. She was married to a captain, and after she became a widow lived +at Avignon on a small income, contenting herself with little in order +that she might properly educate her son Paul. Germinal. + +NEGREL (PAUL), son of the preceding. He was an engineer at the Voreux +pit, an appointment which he received from his uncle, M. Hennebeau, with +whom he lived, being treated as one of the family. Madame Hennebeau, +notwithstanding a liaison which subsisted between her and Negrel, +planned for him a marriage with Cecile Gregoire, an arrangement which +was only prevented by the murder of the girl by old Bonnemort. Negrel +posed as taking no interest in the affairs of practical life, but in the +terrible disaster at the Voreux pit he threw himself into the work of +rescue with an ardour beyond praise. Germinal. + +NOEMI, an actress at the Vaudeville. Madame Deberle admired the +realistic manner in which she died in a piece she played. Une Page +d'Amour. + +NORINE, a vendor of salted provisions, who went around the neighbourhood +of Cloyes. La Terre. + +NORMANDE (LA), the sobriquet of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + +NOUGAREDE, an old senator who was on the point of asking the hand of +Clorinde Balbi after having seen her at a ball in the character of Diana +the huntress. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + +O + +OCTAVE, the favourite lover of Blanche de Sivry. Nana. + +ORVIEDO (PRINCE D'), came to Paris from Spain with an immense fortune +made on the Stock Exchange. There were strange stories told regarding +the sources of his wealth; stories not more creditable than those told +of the armed bandits of former days, for his robberies, though less +open, were more dangerous. For twenty years he took his share of booty +in all the great financial swindles. He ultimately died of apoplexy. +L'Argent. + +ORVIEDO (PRINCESS D'), was for a time one of the most curious +notabilities of the Second Empire. At the command of her mother, the +Duchesse de Combeville, she married the Prince in ignorance of the +source of his regal fortune, estimated at three hundred millions of +francs (twelve millions sterling). It was said that for twenty years +the Prince had appropriated the lion's share of every great piece of +financial rascality on the Bourses of France and Spain. After his sudden +death from a stroke of apoplexy, the Princess shut up the great house +in the Rue Saint-Lazare and retired with a maid to three rooms on the +second floor, where she lived the life of a recluse. From thenceforth +she lived solely for deeds of charity on a colossal scale. During five +years she founded the St. Mary's Infant Asylum, the St. Joseph's Orphan +Asylum, an Asylum for the aged at Chatillon, a hospital in the suburbs +of Paris, and an institution known as _L'Oeuvre du Travail_, in which +were boarded three hundred waifs and strays from the streets of Paris. +On these foundations, and on other charities, she spent in five years +over a hundred millions of francs. For some time Saccard assisted her +in a disinterested way in carrying out her schemes, and later he rented +from her the premises in which he started the Universal Bank. As time +went on, the Princess seemed to be swayed more and more by the desire +of restitution to the poor of the uttermost remnants of her husband's +fortune. In the end, when she had divided it all, she retired to a +convent of Carmelites, walled off from the world. L'Argent. + +OZIL, a pointsman at the junction for Dieppe, between the tunnel and the +station of Malaunay. He was in love with Flore, who for a time seemed +to encourage him. He was dismissed from his post on account of grave +negligence caused by Flore, who distracted his attention in order +that he might allow the Havre express to dash into a train loaded with +ballast. The accident was only averted by a new automatic signalling +apparatus. La Bete Humaine. + + + + +P + +PACHE, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He brought from his native village strong +religious principles, and was in the regular habit of saying his prayers +outside his tent. The example of his companions, however, made him a +bad soldier, and during the battle of 1st September, 1870, he left the +ranks, and took refuge in a tavern. After the capitulation of Sedan, he +was imprisoned along with his regiment on the promontory of Iges. Moved +by famine, he concealed some bread from his companions; but having been +denounced by Chouteau, he refused to share the spoil, and was murdered +by Lapoulle, who stabbed him with a knife. La Debacle. + +PAILLOT, a farmer in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + +PALETTE (LA MERE), a poultry-seller at the Central Markets in Paris. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +PALOQUE, a judge. He and his wife were said to be the ugliest couple in +Plassans, and in addition were far from popular. Madame Mouret having +asked the assistance of Madame Paloque in connection with the Home for +Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she agreed to act on the Committee, and +became Treasurer. At the opening ceremony, however, the Bishop omitted +to make reference to her services, and she took great offence, becoming +afterwards very irregular in her work, and declining to perform any +duties that she did not fancy. This ultimately led to the appointment of +a paid Secretary for the institution, Honore Trouche, the brother-in-law +of Abbe Faujas being selected. The Paloques were antagonistic to Faujas, +but on getting a hint from Madame de Condamin that he had the backing of +the Government and would see that they were rewarded, they came over +to his side, and assisted him in "the conquest of Plassans" by the +Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PARABOULOMENOS, a name given by the pupils of the college of Plassans to +the youth who served in the kitchen. L'Oeuvre. + +PARALLELUCA, the sobriquet given by the pupils of the College of +Plassans to a scullery-maid employed there. It was alleged that there +was a love-idyll between her and Paraboulomenos, both of whom were +extremely ugly. L'Oeuvre. + +PASCAL (LE DOCTEUR). See Pascal Rougon. + +PATOIR, a veterinary surgeon at Cloyes. La Terre. + +PAUVRE ENFANT, a young trooper of the 5th regiment of the line, who was +fatally wounded at the battle of Sedan, and died in the ambulance at +Remilly. He received the name because he continually repeated the words +regarding himself, saying that his mother had always called him so. +He died in the arms of Henriette Weiss, whom in his delirium he named +"Mother." La Debacle. + +PAYAN, a stone-cutter from the South, whose friends had views of making +him an artist. He was a lover of Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered from her +a large quantity of furniture given her by Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +PECHARD (ANTOINE), a neighbour of the Fouans. He owned eighteen acres +of land when he married La Grande, who brought him seven acres more. He +died young, leaving one daughter. La Terre. + +PECHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See La Grand. La Terre. + +PECHARD (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of Antoine Pechard and Marianne +Fouan, his wife. As she insisted on marrying a poor youth named Vincent +Bouteroue, her mother cast her out. Misfortunes pursued the young +couple, both of whom died within a few years, leaving two children in +profound misery. La Terre. + +PECQUEUX, a stoker in the employment of the Western Railway Company. +He was married to Mere Victoire, the old nurse of Severine Aubry. His +original intention was to qualify as an engine-driver, but time passed +without advancement, and later there was an insuperable barrier in his +own conduct, for he was given to drinking bouts which converted him for +the time into a savage animal, capable of any violence. His wife lived +at Paris, while Philomene Sauvagnat helped him to pass the hours he was +compelled to spend at Havre, an arrangement which had the concurrence +of Victoire. Pecqueux had the devotion of a dog for his comrade Jacques +Lantier, who concealed his vices and shared with him a love for their +engine, "La Lison." Philomene, however, excited his jealousy by her +attentions to Lantier, and the former friendship of the two comrades +became changed to fierce enmity. At length it happened that one night, +as their engine was drawing eighteen trucks of soldiers towards the +seat of war in Prussia, Pecqueux in a sudden access of madness attacked +Lantier, and, after a fierce struggle on the narrow foot-plate, the two +fell off, and were cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + +PEIROTTE, receiver of taxes at Plassans. He was taken as a hostage by +the Republican insurgents and was inadvertently shot by the troops which +crushed the rising. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PEQUEUR DES SAULAIES (M.), sub-prefect of Plassans. He fell into +disfavour with the Government on account of the election of a Legitimist +Deputy. For some time he was afraid to compromise himself with Abbe +Faujas, but having received a hint from Madame de Condamin, who had +influential friends in Paris, he allied himself with the Abbe. The +result was the election of Delangre, who though nominally independent, +was actually the Government candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PEQUIGNOT, a friend of the Lorilleux. He was a furniture dealer. +L'Assommoir. + +PERDIGUET, a singer known to Malignon, who promised to take him to the +children's party at Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour. + +PERE COLOMBE, owner of the _Assommoir_, a public-house which was largely +the scene of the downfall of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. +L'Assommoir. + +PEROU (LA MERE), an old woman employed by Gourd, the concierge, to do +cleaning work. Terrorized by his brutality she agreed to accept less +wages. Pot-Bouille. + +PHASIE (AUNT), was the wife of Misard, and the mother of Flore and +Louisette. She was a cousin of the Lantiers and was godmother to +Jacques, who was left in her charge when his parents went to Paris. Her +first husband died, leaving her with two daughters, and she married for +a second time Misard, a little man, cunning and avaricious, who was +five years her senior. Jacques found them later, living in Normandy at +Croix-de-Maufras on the line to Havre, where Misard was signalman, and +his wife had charge of the level crossing. It was a miserable existence, +without neighbours or any one to speak to, without even anything to look +at, except the trains constantly rushing past. Aunt Phasie, as she had +always been called by Jacques Lantier, was a tall, handsome woman, but +since her second marriage she had aged so rapidly that at forty-five she +looked over sixty. The truth was that between her and Misard there was +going on a duel to the death; Aunt Phasie had received a legacy of a +thousand francs from her father, and this she obstinately refused to +allow her husband to share, having indeed hidden the money to prevent +him from taking it. Misard, overcome by avarice, slowly killed his +wife with poison placed in the salt, but, though she had the strongest +suspicions, she would nether take action against him nor tell him the +hiding-place of her little hoard. And so she died, carrying the secret +with her; but in the end she triumphed, for search as he might, Misard +never discovered the hidden treasure. La Bete Humaine. + +PICHINETTE, a horse entered for the Grand Prix de Paris. It was +withdrawn before the race. Nana. + +PICHON (JULES), a clerk who lived in the house in Rue de Choiseul +occupied also by Octave Mouret. His means were small, and he was obliged +to work hard, frequently till late at night, his wife being necessarily +left much alone. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (MARIE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of M. +and Madame Vuillaume, by whom she was strictly brought up. A dreamy +unpractical woman, she fell under the influence of Octave Mouret, +her next-door neighbour, and a liaison existed between them for a +considerable time, with results which caused much annoyance to her +parents. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (LILITTE), infant daughter of the preceding. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (ROSALIE), Madame Helene Grandjean's maid-servant. She was an +honest country girl who had been brought to Paris by Abbe Jouve on the +recommendation of a village priest, in whose house she had been brought +up. She served her mistress faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin Lacour, her +sweetheart, with a hand of iron. Une Page d'Amour. + +PICOT, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the first division of the +seventh Army Corps. After the defeats of Wissenbourg and Froeschwiller, +Picot, half dead with fatigue and slightly wounded, was left behind in +a ditch with his comrade Coutard of the first corps. They were only able +to rejoin the army at Rheims on 22nd August, 1870, arriving with their +clothes worn out and covered with mud, and having more the appearance of +bandits than of soldiers. La Debacle. + +PICOU (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the +success of the _Coup d'Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PIED-DE-CELERI, a friend of Coupeau. He had a wooden leg, from which he +received his nickname. L'Assommoir. + +PIEDEFER (LAURE), kept a cheap restaurant in Rue des Martyrs, which was +much frequented by a certain class of demi-mondaines. Laure appeared to +be on intimate terms with her customers, as they usually kissed her when +they entered. Nana. + +PIEDEFER (ZOE), an artist's model who lived in Rue Campagne-Premiere. +She was a tall brunette. L'Oeuvre. + +PIERRE, Dr. Deberle's butler. Une Page d'Amour. + +PIERRE, an employee at _Au Bonheur des Dames_. He was waiter in the +dining-room of the shop assistants. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PIERRON, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. He was a widower with a +little girl aged eight, Lydie, when he married for the second time, the +daughter of La Brule. Though he took part in the strike he betrayed +his companions, giving information to the company through Dansaert, +his wife's lover. After the attack on the pit Pierron was arrested +by mistake, and was taken off with handcuffs at his wrists as far as +Marchiennes, to the great amusement of his mates. He was subsequently +promoted to be captain of a gang, but his excessive zeal made him +disliked by his men. Germinal. + +PIERRON (LYDIE), daughter of the preceding, was a fragile child, +who when ten years old was already working in the pit. Her constant +companions were Jeanlin Maheu and Bebert Levaque, with whom she made +many raids in search of food during the strike. She was killed by the +volley fired by the troops at the strikers attacking the Voreux pit. +Germinal. + +PIERRONNE (LA), the second wife of Pierron, was a daughter of La Brule. +She was allowed by the Company to sell sweetmeats and biscuits, which +were a considerable source of revenue. Dansaert, the head captain of the +Voreux pit, was her lover, and through him she obtained various favours, +giving him in exchange information as to the intentions of the strikers. +After the strike she was enabled to acquire the little _Estaminet du +Progres_. Germinal. + +PIFARD, an usher at the college of Plassans, whose wonderful nose kept +betraying his presence behind doors when its owner went eavesdropping. +L'Oeuvre. + +PILLERAULT, a speculator on the Bourse, whose guiding principle was +recklessness; he declared that he plunged into catastrophes whenever he +paused to reflect. He was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank. +L'Argent. + +PIOT AND RIVOIRE, a firm of furniture-dealers, whose business was +seriously affected when Octave Mouret added a furniture department to +"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PIQUETTE kept an _estaminet_ at Montsou, where Chaval lodged. Germinal. + +PLOUGUERN (M. DE) was a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the +reign of Louis Philippe. After the Revolution of February, 1848, he +manifested a sudden affection for the Republic, and later, when the +Emperor granted him the refuge of the Senate, he was a Bonapartist. He +was a man of high birth and breeding, and though a sceptic, defended +religion and family life. During a journey in Italy he met Comtesse +Balbi, whose lover he remained for thirty years. According to some, +Clorinde Balbi was his daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +PLUCHART, a former workman who was now secretary of a branch of the +International Association of workers. He had been Etienne Lantier's +foreman at Lille, and at his request came to Montsou to address the +miners there. As a result of his visit ten thousand miners joined the +International Association. Germinal. + +POIRETTE (LE PERE), a countryman of Bennecourt, with small eyes and the +face of a wolf. He was the owner of an old cottage, which Claude Lantier +and Christine rented from him for two hundred and fifty francs a year. +L'Oeuvre. + +POISSON (M.), who was originally a cabinet-maker, served his time as a +soldier, and ultimately got a place as a policeman, which he considered +more certain and respectable. He married Virginie, who afterwards +went into business as a dealer in groceries and sweetmeats in the shop +previously occupied by Gervaise Coupeau. Auguste Lantier, who had for +some time lodged with the Coupeaus, remained with the Poissons, and +lived at their expense. M. Poisson affected not to observe the resulting +liaison between his wife and Lantier. L'Assommoir. + +POISSON (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Virginie. L'Assommoir. + +POLAND, a pet rabbit which belonged to Rasseneur, and was a favourite of +Souvarine. Germinal. + +POMARE (LA REINE), a rag-picker, who had formerly been one of the +handsomest women in Paris. Now, for the sake of a laugh, the women of +the district made her drink absinthe, after which the street boys would +chase her and throw stones. Nana. + +PORQUIER (DR.) the fashionable medical man of Plassans. He had +considerable influence, and this was secured by Abbe Faujas on behalf +of the Government's candidate for the representation of Plassans by the +promise of an appointment for his son, Guillaume, a young man who had +hitherto given him much trouble. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PORQUIER (GUILLAUME), son of Dr. Porquier, had been sent to Paris to +study, but did nothing there but get into debt. He caused his father +much distress, and was supposed to afford the worst possible example to +the youth of Plassans, whom he was believed to lead into all kinds +of mischief. Ultimately, as a reward to his father, who had supported +Delangre as representative of Plassans, Porquier was appointed chief +clerk at the post office. La Conquete de Plassans. + +POUILLAUD, a fellow-pupil of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz at the +college of Plassans. While there he was an inveterate practical joker, +one of his escapades being the transformation of Professor Lalubie's +room into a _chapelle ardente_. L'Oeuvre. + +POWELL (MISS), second assistant in the corset department at _Au Bonheur +des Dames_. She was able to play the piano, a talent of which the other +assistants were jealous. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +POZZO (LUIGI), Secretary to the Sardinian Minister at Paris. +"Diplomatist, painter, musician, and lover." A friend of Clorinde Balbi. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +PRICE, an English jockey who mounted the filly Nana in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +PRINCE IMPERIAL. Referred to in _Son Excellence Eugene Rougon_. + +PROUANE, a retired non-commissioned officer in the navy, who acted as +beadle to Abbe Harteur, as well as fulfilling the duties of Mayor's +clerk. He eked out a livelihood by gathering shell-fish, but when he had +any money he was usually in a state of intoxication. La Joie de Vivre. + +PRULLIERE, an actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played in _La +Blonde Venus_ and _La Petite Duchesse_. Nana. + +PRUNAIRE (LE PERE), a maker of sabots, who lived at Vivet. Furious at +the conduct of his daughter Clara, he threatened to go to Paris and +break her bones with kicks of his sabots. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PRUNAIRE (CLARA), daughter of a clog-maker in the forest of Vilet, came +to Paris and got a situation in "The Ladies' Paradise." She lived a +fast life, and, after alluring Colomban away from Genevieve Baudu, his +intended wife, she ultimately disappeared. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PUECH, senior partner of the firm of Puech and Lacamp, oil-dealers in +Plassans; was father of Felicite Puech. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PUECH AND LACAMP, a firm of oil-dealers in Plassans, who were in +financial difficulties when Pierre Rougon married Felicite, the daughter +of the senior partner. The money put into the business by Rougon +retrieved the position of the firm, and, the two partners having retired +soon afterwards, he acquired the sole interest in it. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +PUECH (FELICITE). See Madame Felicite Rougon. + +PUTOIS (MADAME), one of the workwomen employed by Gervaise Coupeau in +her laundry. She was a little, lean woman of forty-five, "who worked +at her ironing table without even taking off her bonnet, a black +bonnet trimmed with green ribbons turning yellow." In character she was +severely respectable. L'Assommoir. + + + + +Q + +QUANDIEU, the oldest captain of the Montsou mines. During the strike, +the energetic position taken up by him saved the Mirou pit from +destruction by the infuriated strikers. Germinal. + +QUENU (MADAME) was a widow with one son when she married her second +husband, M. Quenu, a clerk in the sub-prefecture at Le Vigan. Three +years after, M. Quenu died, leaving a son. Madame Quenu lavished all her +affection on Florent, her elder son, and stinted herself to the verge +of starvation in order that he might continue his legal studies. Before +these were completed she succumbed to the hardship of her life. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +QUENU, the half-brother of Florent. After the death of his mother, he +was taken to Paris by Florent, who supported him by teaching. He was at +first idle and unsettled, but after Florent's arrest he was taken in by +his uncle Gradelle, to whose business of pork-butcher, as well as to a +considerable sum of money, he ultimately succeeded. After his uncle's +death he married Lisa Macquart, who had previously assisted in the shop, +and they had a daughter, Pauline. Business prospered, and the Quenus +were soon in a position to remove to larger premises. Florent on his +return from exile was kindly received by Quenu, who later on took no +part in the efforts made by his wife to induce his brother to leave +voluntarily. He was ignorant of his wife's action with reference to the +subsequent arrest of Florent. Le Ventre de Paris. + +He died of apoplexy in 1863, six months after the death of his wife, +leaving a will under which M. Chanteau, his cousin became the guardian +of his daughter Pauline. La Joie de Vivre. + +QUENU (MADAME LISA), wife of the preceding. See Lisa Macquart. + +QUENU (PAULINE), born 1852, daughter of Quenu, the pork-butcher, and +Lisa Macquart, his wife. A quiet, amiable child, she unwittingly gave +Mlle. Saget, who bullied her, information regarding her uncle Florent's +history, which led to the clamour against him in the Market, and +ultimately to his arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + +After the death of her father, who left her a fortune of a hundred and +fifty thousand francs, Pauline went in 1863 to live at Bonneville with +M. Chanteau, her guardian. She soon endeared herself to her relatives, +and became much attached to her cousin Lazare. As she grew up and her +nature developed, it became more and more her pleasure to sacrifice +herself to her friends. She allowed her fortune to be squandered by the +Chanteaus, and though engaged to be married to Lazare, she released +him in order that he might marry another girl with whom he had become +infatuated. After his mania became acute, it was she who endeavoured +to comfort him, and to dispel his unreasoning fear of death. She never +married. La Joie de Vivre. + +After the death of Chanteau, she remained at Bonneville, resolved never +to marry, in order that she might devote herself entirely to Lazare's +little son, Paul. Le Docteur Pascal. + +QUINETTE, a glover in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustine, whose business was +seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +QUITTARD (AUGUSTE), son of Francoise Quittard. He was a child of six +years of age, who was so ill of typhoid fever that he could not be +removed from Bazeilles when the place was attacked by the Prussians. +Early in the day, his mother was killed by a cannon ball, and the poor +child lay for hours tossing with fever and calling for her. He was +burned to death in his bed, as the Prussians, infuriated by the length +of the struggle, wantonly set fire to the village. La debacle. + +QUITTARD (FRANCOISE), widow of a mason, and now caretaker of the +dye-works at Bazeilles, which belonged to Delaherche. Before the battle +all the workers made their escape into Belgium, but Francoise was unable +to leave on account of the illness of her little son. Early in the +attack by the Prussians, the unfortunate woman was killed by a cannon +ball. La Debacle. + + + + +R + +RABIER, a tanner of Beaumont. He was a brother of Madame Franchomme, and +after her death she left the child Angelique in the care of him and his +wife. They treated the girl with such cruelty that she ultimately ran +away, finding shelter with the Huberts. Le Reve. + +RACHAEL, the maid-servant in Auguste Vabre's household. As Octave Mouret +and Madame Vabre did not bribe her sufficiently, she revealed their +intrigue to Vabre. She acted as his housekeeper for some time, but had +to leave after the reconciliation between him and his wife. Pot-Bouille. + +RAMBAUD (M.), half-brother of Abbe Jouve, had a large business in the +Rue de Rambuteau, where he sold oil and other southern produce. Along +with Abbe Jouve he showed much kindness to Helene Grandjean after the +death of her husband, and was a constant visitor at her house. Later on, +the Abbe tried to arrange a marriage between Rambaud and Helene, but +at her request the decision was delayed. Meantime the love episode with +Doctor Deberle intervened, followed by the death of Jeanne. Two years +afterwards the marriage took place, Rambaud having previously sold his +Paris business and removed to Marseilles. Une Page d'Amour. + +He retired from business and went to live at Marseilles. Having by his +marriage become a cousin of Madame Lisa Quenu, he was appointed a member +of the family council which nominally had charge of her daughter's +fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +Rambaud led a happy life with his wife, whom he adored. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +RAMBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + +RAMOND (DR.), a pupil and fellow-practitioner of Dr. Pascal. He wished +to marry Clotilde Rougon, but she refused him, and he subsequently +married Mademoiselle Leveque. When Doctor Pascal was seized with an +affection of the heart, Ramond diagnosed the nature of the illness, +and subsequently attended him with unremitting care until his death. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +RAMOND (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Leveque. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +RANVIER (ABBE), succeeded Abbe Jouve as cure at Montsou. He was of +socialistic tendencies, and blamed the middle classes, who he said +robbed the Church, for all the horrors produced by the strike at +Montsou. Upon the troops who had been called on to fire upon the +strikers, he called down the anger of God, predicting an hour of justice +in which fire would descend from heaven to exterminate the bourgeoisie. +He was finally removed by the Bishop as too compromising. Germinal. + +RASSENEUR kept a tavern with the sign _A l'Avantage_ between the +settlement of the Deux-Cent-Quarante and the Voreux pit. He was formerly +a good workman, but as he was an excellent speaker, and placed himself +at the head of every strike, he was dismissed by the Mining Company. +His wife already held a licence, and when he was thrown out of work he +became an innkeeper himself. It was in his house that Etienne Lantier +found lodgings when he first came to Montsou, and Souvarine also lodged +there. Rasseneur's readiness of speech gave him great influence with the +miners, but a rivalry arose between him and Lantier, whose new theories +caught the popular ear. This jealousy caused him to take a side against +the strike, solely because it had been proposed by Lantier, and this +attitude made him very unpopular. But after the failure of the strike, +which he had all along predicted, the inconstancy of the crowd turned in +his favour and he soon regained his old popularity. Germinal. + +RASSENEUR (MADAME), wife of the preceding. At the time her husband +was dismissed from the pit, she already held a licence, and they +subsequently worked together to extend the business, in which they had +considerable success. She was much more radical in politics than her +husband, but during the strike trouble was careful to show extreme +politeness to everyone. Germinal. + +RASTOIL, a neighbour of Francois Mouret. He was a rich man about sixty +years of age, who had been president of the civil tribunal of Plassans +for over twenty years. He was a Legitimist, and his house was used as +a convenient meeting-place for the party. For some time he refused to +compromise his political position with Abbe Faujas, who had all along +concealed his opinions. Ultimately, however, he supported the candidate +for the representation of Plassans proposed by Faujas, for which he was +rewarded by an appointment for his son. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a listless and somewhat +prudish woman whose old entanglement with M. Delangre was still +remembered with amusement in the cafes. She was consulted by Madame +Mouret regarding the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and +ultimately agreed to act on the committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (ANGELINE), elder daughter of M. Rastoil, the president of the +civil tribunal of Plassans. Though twenty-six years old, and now very +yellow and shrewish-looking, she still adopted the role of a young girl, +and had hopes of securing a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (AURELIE), second daughter of M. Rastoil. Like her sister +Angeline, she was plain-looking, and posed as a girl fresh from school, +in the uncertain hope of gaining a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (SEVERIN), son of M. Rastoil, the president of the civil +tribunal of Plassans. "He was a tall young man of five and twenty, with +a badly shaped skull and a dull brain, who had been just called to +the Bar, thanks to the position which his father held. The latter was +anxiously dreaming of making him a substitute, despairing of his ever +succeeding in winning any practice for himself." On the suggestion +of Abbe Faujas he took a share in starting the Club for Young Men +at Plassans. After the election of M. Delangre as representative +of Plassans, Rastoil received the appointment of assistant public +procurator at Faverolles. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RAVAUD, a captain of the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. A young soldier in his company was the first of +the wounded to be taken to the ambulance in Delaherche's house on 1st +September, 1870. In March, 1871, captain Ravaud was at Paris, in a +regiment of recent formation, the 124th of the line. Jean Macquart was +corporal in his company in this regiment. La Debacle. + +READING (LORD), proprietor of a racing stable. Bramah, one of his +horses, once gained the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +REBUFAT, a farmer whose land adjoined that inherited by Adelaide Fouque. +He purchased the Fouque property when it was sold by Pierre Rougon. +After the death of his wife Rebufat and his son Justin treated her niece +Miette Chantegreil very harshly. La Fortune des Rougon. + +REBUFAT (MADAME EULALIE), wife of the preceding; "a big, dark, stubborn +shrew." She was a sister of Chantegreil, and was therefore the aunt of +Miette, who lived with her after her father's conviction. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +REBUFAT (JUSTIN), son of Rebufat. "A youth about twenty years old, a +sickly, squint-eyed creature, who cherished an implacable hatred against +his cousin Miette." La Fortune des Rougon. + +REMANJOU (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who lived in the same tenement +house in Rue de la Goutte d'Or as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux, where +she made a scanty livelihood by dressing dolls. She was one of the +guests at the Coupeaus' wedding party. L'Assommoir. + +RENAUDIN, a notary at Paris, who adjusted the Contract of Marriage +between Auguste Vabre and Berthe Josserand. He acted in concert with +Duveyrier in selling some heritable property to the loss of other +members of the family. Pot-Bouille. + +RENAUDIN, a medical man at Grenelle. Josephine Dejoie was at one time +cook in his house. L'Argent. + +RENGADE, a gendarme whose eye was accidentally destroyed by Silvere +Mouret during a struggle for possession of a carbine after the entry of +the insurgents into Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +REUTHLINGUER (BARON DE), a banker, and possessor of one of the largest +fortunes in Europe. He was a friend of Clorinde Balbi, and from her +received valuable information on political subjects. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +RHADAMANTE, the sobriquet of a professor at the college of Plassans. He +was supposed never to have laughed. L'Oeuvre. + +RICHOMME, one of the captains of the Voreux pit. He tried in vain to +prevent a collision between the strikers and the troops, and even when +bricks were being thrown he went between two parties, imploring one and +advising the other, careless of danger. He was one of the first to fall +when the troops ultimately fired. Germinal. + +RIVOIRE, a member of the firm of Piot and Rivoire. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ROBERT (MADAME), a regular customer at the restaurant Laure Piedefer. +She was jealous of Nana's relations with Satin, and revenged herself by +writing anonymous letters to Muffat and to other lovers of her enemy. +Nana. + +ROBIN-CHAGOT (VISCOUNT DE), vice-chairman of the board of directors of +the Universal Bank. He was selected for the position in the belief that +he would sign anything put before him without making too many inquiries. +L'Argent. + +ROBINEAU, "second hand" in the silk department at "The Ladies' +Paradise." As the result of a conspiracy among his subordinates, he was +dismissed, and soon afterwards bought the business of M. Vincard, a silk +merchant, with money belonging to his wife. His capital was inadequate, +but M. Gaujean, a silk manufacturer who had quarrelled with Octave +Mouret, promised to give him unlimited credit. Robineau's intention was +to break up the monopoly of the cheaper class of silks which Mouret had +secured, but he soon found that each reduction in price which he made +was met by a still larger one. As he had no other departments out of +which to average his profits, ruin inevitably followed, and he attempted +to commit suicide by throwing himself under an omnibus; his injuries +were not serious, however, and he ultimately recovered. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +ROBINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "Daughter of an overseer in +the Department of Highways, entirely ignorant of business matters, she +still retained the charming awkwardness of a girl educated in a Blois +convent." Her small fortune enabled her husband to buy the silk business +of M. Vincard, and she assisted him in carrying it on. Their subsequent +ruin affected her less than the attempted suicide of her husband, to +whom she was devoted. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ROBINE, a regular attender at the revolutionary meetings in Lebigre's +wine-shop. He sat for hours listening to arguments but never made any +remarks. He escaped arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROBINE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived with her husband in Rue +Saint-Denis. No one ever entered their house, and even her personal +appearance was unknown to her husband's friends. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROBINOT (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour. + +ROBIQUET, farmer of La Chamade. Being near the end of his lease, he +ceased to manure the land, allowing it to go to ruin. He was eventually +turned out as he did not pay his rent. La Terre. + +ROCHART (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Faverolles. He upheld the Sisters of +the Holy Family in the matter of the succession to Chevassu's estate, +but was beaten by Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, who supported +the claim of the Charbonnels. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROCHAS, lieutenant in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. The son of a journeyman mason from Limousin, he was +born in Paris, and not caring for his father's calling, enlisted when +he was only eighteen. He gained a corporal's stripes in Algeria, rose +to the rank of sergeant at Sebastopol, and was promoted to a lieutenancy +after Solferino. Fifteen years of hardship and heroic bravery was the +price he had paid to be an officer, but his education was so defective +that he could never be made a captain. He held the old traditions that +a defeat of the French army was impossible, and all through the +campaign against Germany in 1870 he refused to believe in the repeated +catastrophes. In the fierce attack by the Prussians on the Hermitage, +he fought desperately against an overwhelming force, and up to the end +encouraged his men by shouting that the victory was theirs. In the end +he fell, mowed down by a hail of bullets. La Debacle. + +ROCHEFONTAINE, proprietor of a large factory at Chateaudun. He was +desirous of serving as a Deputy, but did not secure the support of the +Government, and, standing as an independent candidate, was defeated. +Later, in consequence of the disgrace of M. de Chedeville, he became the +official candidate, and in spite of a brusqueness of manner which made +him unpopular, he was elected. La Terre. + +RODRIGUEZ, a distant relative of the Empress, who made a claim upon the +State for a large sum, which he said had been due since 1808. Eugene +Rougon, the Minister of State, gave great offence to the Empress by +opposing the claim. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROGNES-BOUQUEVAL (LES), an ancient and noble family whose estate, +already much reduced by enforced sales, was declared national property +in 1793, and was purchased piece by piece by Isidore Hourdequin. La +Terre. + +ROIVILLE (LES), members of Parisian society at whose house Baroness +Sandorff occasionally met Gundermann. L'Argent. + +ROSALIE, an old chair-mender at Rognes. The poor woman lived all alone, +sick and without a copper. Abbe Godard came to her assistance. La Terre. + +ROSE, a waitress in Lebigre's wine-shop. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROSE, servant in the household of Francois Mouret, was an old woman of +crabbed nature and uncertain temper. She fell under the influence of +Abbe Faujas, and encouraged her mistress in the religious observances +which led to the neglect of her family. Later, when Madame Mouret's +health became impaired, and she became subject to fits, it was chiefly +Rose who threw suspicion on her master, encouraging the belief that +he was insane and had inflicted injuries on his wife. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +ROSE, a peasant girl at Artaud; sister of Lisa. La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +ROSE, maid-servant to Madame Hennebeau. She was not alarmed by the +violence of the strikers, as, belonging to that district, she knew the +miners, and believed them not to be wicked. Germinal. + +ROSE, daughter of the concierge at the sub-prefecture at Sedan. She was +a worker in Delaherche's factory, and he applied to her for information +regarding the course of the battle, as she was in a position to hear +the gossip of the officers and officials. When Napoleon III decided to +request an armistice from the Prussians, it was Rose who furnished a +tablecloth to be used as a white flag. La Debacle. + +ROSE, niece of Aristide Saccard's hairdresser. She was a pretty girl of +about eighteen, whom Saccard sent to his son Maxime under the pretext +of nursing him, but in reality with a view to hastening the course of +a nervous disease from which the young man suffered. Aristide agreed +to pay her a percentage on the fortune which he hoped to acquire at his +son's death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUBAUD, assistant station-master at Havre. Born in the south of France, +at Plassans, he had a carter for father. He had quitted the army with +the stripes of a sergeant-major, and for a long time had been general +porter at the station at Nantes. He had been promoted head porter +at Barentin, and it was there that he first saw Severine Aubry, the +god-daughter of President Grandmorin, whom he married. This was the sole +romance of his existence, and it was coupled with fortune, for apart +from Severine and her marriage portion of ten thousand francs, the +President, now a director of the Western Railway Company, got him +appointed assistant station-master at Havre. He proved an excellent +official, and the only thing against him was a suspicion that he was +affected by republican principles. For three years Roubaud's married +life was a happy one, until a chance lie of his wife's gave him a clue +to her former relations with Grandmorin. Driven frantic by jealousy, he +forced her to reveal the truth, afterwards compelling her to become +his accomplice in the murder of the President in the Havre express. The +Roubauds established an alibi, though slight suspicion attached to them, +and Denizet, the examining magistrate, endeavoured to fasten the crime +on Cabuche. For political reasons it was not considered desirable that +Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, and the inquiry +regarding the murder was dropped. Roubaud was aware, however, that +Jacques Lantier had strong suspicions, and tried to secure his silence +by making him a friend; a friendship which soon developed into a +liaison between Lantier and Severine. With the murder of Grandmorin, +the disintegration of Roubaud's character began; he gradually became a +confirmed gambler, and having lost all his own money began to use that +which he had taken from the body of his victim in order to establish +a false motive for the crime. The relations between him and his wife +became more and more strained, until they reached such a pitch that +Lantier and she planned his murder. The homicidal frenzy of Lantier, to +which Severine fell a victim, ended the plot, but Roubaud and Cabuche, +who arrived on the scene immediately after the murder, were arrested +under what appeared to be suspicious circumstances, and, after trial, +were sentenced to penal servitude for a crime which they did not commit. +La Bete Humaine. + +ROUBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Severine Aubry. La Bete +Humaine. + +ROUDIER, a regular attender at the political meetings held in the +Rougons' yellow drawing-room. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ROUGE D'AUNEAU (LE), lieutenant of Beau-Francois, leader of the band of +brigands. He wrote a complaint while in prison. La Terre. + +ROUGETTE, a cow bought by the sisters Mouche at the market of Cloyes. La +Terre. + +ROUGON, a young gardener who worked for the Fouque family, and +afterwards married Adelaide. Fifteen months afterwards he died from +sunstroke, leaving a son named Pierre. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ROUGON, alias SACCARD (ARISTIDE), born 1815, youngest son of Pierre +Rougon, was educated, like his brothers, at Plassans and Paris, but +failed to pass his examinations. His character was a combination of +covetousness and slyness: his greatest desire was the acquisition of +rapid fortune, gained without work. In 1836 he married Angele Sicardot, +who brought him a dowry of ten thousand francs. As Aristide did no work, +and lived extravagantly, the money was soon consumed, and he and his +wife were in such poverty that he was at last compelled to seek a +situation. He procured a place at the Sub-Prefecture, where he remained +nearly ten years, and only reached a salary of eighteen hundred francs. +During that time "he longed, with ever-increasing malevolence and +rancour, for those enjoyments of which he was deprived" by his lowly +position. In 1848, when his brother Eugene left for Paris, he had a +faint idea of following him, but remained in the hope of something +turning up. In opposition to his father, he expressed Republican +principles, and edited a newspaper called the _Independant_. At the time +of the _Coup d'Etat_, he became alarmed at the course of events, and +pretended that an accident to his hand prevented him from writing. His +mother having given him private information as to the success of the +Bonapartist cause, he changed the politics of his paper, and became +reconciled to his parents. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Early in 1852 he went to Paris, taking with him his wife and daughter +Clotilde, then a child of four; his son Maxime he left at Plassans. +Through the influence of his brother Eugene, he got an appointment as +assistant surveying clerk at the _Hotel de Ville_, with a salary of two +thousand four hundred francs. Before entering on his duties, however, he +changed his name to Saccard on the suggestion of his brother, who feared +that he might be compromised by him. In 1853, Aristide was appointed +a surveying commissioner of roads, with an increased salary. At this +period great schemes of city improvement were under discussion, and +Aristide by spying and other shady means got early information as to +the position of the proposed new streets. Great chances of fortune were +arising, but he had no capital. The death of his wife enabled him to +enter into a plan proposed by his sister Sidonie, who had heard of +a family willing to make a considerable sacrifice to find a not too +inquisitive husband for their daughter. He accordingly married Renee +Beraud du Chatel, and gained control of a considerable sum of ready +money, in addition to the fortune settled on his wife. By means of +a cleverly contrived swindle, in which he was assisted by his friend +Larsonneau, he got a fabulous price for some property acquired by him, +and the foundation of his fortune was laid. From this time, he lived a +life of the wildest extravagance, and, though his gains were frequently +enormous, his expenses were so great that it was only with difficulty +that he was able to prevent a catastrophe. La Curee. + +He as appointed by Pauline Quenu's family council to be her "surrogate +guardian." La Joie de Vivre. + +After a last and disastrous land speculation, Saccard was obliged to +leave his great house in the Parc Monceau, which he abandoned to his +creditors. At first undecided as to his movements, he took a flat in the +mansion in Rue Saint-Lazare, which belonged to Princess d'Orviedo. There +he met Hamelin, the engineer, and his sister Caroline, with whom he soon +became on intimate terms. Hamelin having spent much time in the East, +had formed many schemes for great financial ventures, and Saccard was +so impressed with these that he formed a syndicate for the purpose of +carrying some of them out. With this view the Universal Bank was formed, +and was at first very successful. By persistent advertising, and other +means, the shares of the Bank were forced to an undue price, and then +Saccard began to speculate in them on behalf of the Bank itself. The +great financier Gundermann, with whom Saccard had quarrelled, then began +a persistent attack on the Bank, selling its shares steadily day after +day. Saccard continued to buy as long as he was able; but the end came, +the price broke, and he, as well as the Bank, which was now one of +its own largest shareholders, was ruined. Since his previous failure, +Saccard had not been on friendly terms with his brother Eugene Rougon, +and, some time before the collapse of the Bank, had made violent attacks +upon him in his newspaper. Consequently Rougon did nothing to assist him +in the criminal proceedings which followed the final catastrophe; he did +not, however, wish to have a brother in jail, and arranged matters +so that an appeal was allowed. Next day Saccard escaped to Belgium. +L'Argent. + +After the fall of the Second Empire, he returned to Paris, despite the +sentence he had incurred. Some complicated intrigue must have been at +work, for not only did he obtain a pardon, but once more took part in +promoting large undertakings, with a finger in every pie and a share of +every bribe. In 1872 he was actively engaged in journalism, having been +appointed Director of the _Epoque_, a Republican journal which made a +great success by publishing the papers found in the Tuileries. Covetous +of his son's fortune, he hastened a disease from which Maxime suffered, +by encouraging him in vicious courses, and in the end got possession +of the whole estate. By a singular irony, Aristide, now returned to his +original Republicanism, was in a position to protect his brother Eugene, +whom in earlier days he had so often compromised. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME ANGELE), first wife of the preceding, was a daughter +of commander Sicardot. She brought her husband a dowry of ten thousand +francs. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Along with her daughter Clotilde, she accompanied her husband to Paris +in 1852, and being an amiable woman without ambition she was quite +satisfied with the modest position he at first secured. She died in 1854 +of inflammation of the lungs. La Curee. + +ROUGON, alias SACCARD (MADAME RENEE), the second wife of Aristide +Rougon, alias Saccard, was the elder daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel, +the last representative of an old middle-class family. Having become +seriously compromised, she was hurriedly married to Saccard through the +agency of his sister Madame Sidonie, and a considerable sum of money +as well as land was settled upon her. Wholly given over to pleasure +and extravagance, she soon got deeply into debt, and her husband took +advantage of this from time to time by inducing her to make over to him +her property, in order that he might speculate with it. She engaged in a +shameful liaison with her husband's son Maxime, which ultimately brought +her great unhappiness, and she died of acute meningitis at an early age. +La Curee. + +ROUGON (CHARLES), born 1857, son of Maxime Rougon, alias Saccard, and of +Justine Megot, a maid-servant of Madame Renee Saccard. The child and his +mother were sent to the country with a little annuity of twelve hundred +francs. La Curee. + +At fifteen years of age he lived at Plassans with his mother, +who had married a saddler named Anselme Thomas. Charles was a +degenerate who reproduced at a distance of three generations his +great-great-grandmother, Adelaide Fouque. He did not look more than +twelve years old, and his intelligence was that of a child of five. +There was in him a relaxation of tissues, due to degeneracy, and the +slightest exertion produced hemorrhage. Charles was not kindly treated +by his stepfather, and generally lived with his great-grandmother +Felicite Rougon. He was frequently taken to visit the aged Adelaide +Fouque in the asylum at Les Tulettes, and on one occasion, in 1873, when +he chanced to be left alone with her he was seized with bleeding at the +nose, and, under the fixed eyes of his ancestress, he slowly bled to +death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (CLOTILDE), born 1847, daughter of Aristide Rougon, accompanied +her father and mother to Paris in 1852. After the death of her mother +in 1854, she was sent to live with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her uncle, who had +frequently offered to take her to enliven his silent scientific home. La +Curee. + +At Plassans Clotilde lived a quiet healthy life, much of it spent in the +open air. She was not highly educated, but having considerable artistic +talent was able to assist Doctor Pascal by making illustrations for his +great work on heredity. At one period she developed strong religious +tendencies under the influence of Martine, the doctor's old servant, +who took her to church, and imbued the girl with her own bigoted ideas +regarding the salvation of Pascal. Her grandmother, Felicite Rougon, +who wished, for family reasons, to destroy Pascal's manuscripts on the +subject of heredity, played on Clotilde's feelings, and induced her to +assist in a search for the hated work. Rougon surprised them in the act, +and subsequently laid bare to Clotilde the whole facts of the terrible +family history. In time the mysticism of the Church gave place to +passionate love between Clotilde and Pascal. The doctor felt, however, +that she was sacrificing her youth for him, and sent her to Paris to +live with her brother Maxime. Soon afterwards, Pascal became ill, and +died before she was able to return. A child was born some months later. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (EUGENE), born 1811, eldest son of Pierre Rougon, was educated at +Plassans and Paris, and was called to the Bar. He practised in the +local Court for a number of years, but with little success. Though of +lethargic appearance, he was a man of ability, who "cherished lofty +ambitions, possessed domineering instincts, and showed a singular +contempt for trifling expedients and small fortunes." With the +Revolution of February, 1848, Eugene felt that his opportunity had come, +and he left for Paris with scarcely five hundred francs in his pocket. +He was able to give his parents early information of the designs of the +Bonapartes, and so prepared the way for the events of the _Coup d'Etat_ +of 1851, when the family fortunes were made. La Fortune des Rougon. + +During his early days in Paris Rougon resided at the Hotel Vanneau, kept +by Madame Correur, and while there he made the acquaintance of Gilquin +and Du Poizet, both of whom assisted him in spreading the Bonapartist +propaganda. By his exertions in this cause he established a claim for +reward, and he was appointed a member of the State Council, ultimately +becoming its President. He fell into disfavour, however, with the Court +on account of his opposition to a claim for two million francs by a +distant relative of the Empress Eugenie. Finding that his position was +insecure, he tendered his resignation to the Emperor, who accepted +it. About this time he met Clorinde Balbi, an Italian adventuress, who +endeavoured to induce him to marry her. Carried away for the time being, +Rougon made overtures to her which she resented, and he was on the point +of offering her marriage. Reflection on her somewhat equivocal position +in society induced him to think better of this, and he offered to +arrange a marriage between her and his friend Delestang. The offer +was accepted, and the marriage took place. Soon after, Rougon married +Veronique Beulin-d'Orchere. During his retirement Rougon was surrounded +by a band of followers, the Charbonnels, Du Poizet, Kahn, and others, +who in the hope of profiting by his return to office lost no chance of +establishing a claim upon him. After the Orsini plot against the life of +the Emperor, of which Rougon had prior information through Gilquin, the +need for a strong man arose, and he was again called to office, being +appointed Minister of the Interior. His harshness in carrying out +reprisals against the Republican party, and even more, his recklessness +in finding appointments for his friends, led to a public outcry, and his +position again became undermined. Clorinde, who had never forgiven him +for not marrying her, did much to foment the disaffection, and even his +own band of followers turned against him. Always quick to act, Rougon +again placed his resignation in the hands of the Emperor, who to his +surprise accepted it. Three years later he was once more a member of the +Corps Legislatif, and having brought his principles into accordance with +the more liberal views then professed by the Emperor, he gave his strong +support to the measures giving effect to them. In consequence, he +was appointed by the Emperor as a Minister without department, and +commissioned to defend the new Policy. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +When his brother Aristide came to Paris, Eugene found a situation for +him, but, fearing to be compromised by him, suggested that he should +change his name to Saccard which he did. There was no intimacy between +the brothers, but Eugene occasionally visited Aristide at the great +house built by him in the Parc Monceau. La Curee. + +After Saccard's bankruptcy, Eugene refused to have any further +connection with him, though he tacitly approved of the foundation of the +Universal Bank. The Bank having failed, however, he did nothing to +stay legal proceedings against his brother; but, after a sentence of +imprisonment had been passed, he connived at his escape from the country +while the sentence was under appeal. L'Argent. + +He continued to take a lively interest in Plassans, and it was by him +that Abbe Faujas was sent there to counteract the clerical influence, +which at that time was strongly Legitimist. He kept up a correspondence +with his mother, whom he advised as to each step she should take in +political matters. La Conquete de Plassans. + +After the fall of the Empire, Eugene became a simple Deputy, and in the +Assembly remained to defend the old order of things which the downfall +had swept away. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME EUGENE), wife of the preceding. See Veronique +Beulin-d'Orchere. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROUGON (MARTHE), born 1820, daughter of Pierre Rougon; married in 1840 +her cousin Francois Rougon; had three children. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She accompanied her husband to Marseilles, where by close attention +to business they accumulated a fortune in fifteen years, returning to +Plassans at the end of that period and settling down there. Her life at +Plassans was a happy one until the household fell under the influence of +Abbe Faujas. From the first she was in love with the priest, and as +he gave her no encouragement in this, she devoted herself to church +services to the entire neglect of her household and family. As time went +on, her passion for the Abbe grew more extreme, and her health became +undermined to a serious extent. She became subject to fits of an +epileptic nature, and having injured herself in some of these, she +allowed the injuries to be attributed to her husband, whom she had now +grown to regard as an encumbrance. Though she was aware that he was not +insane, she allowed him to be removed to an asylum, where confinement +soon completed the work begun by her own conduct. The Abbe Faujas having +resolutely resisted her advances, her health became still worse, and she +died in her mother's house on the same night that her husband escaped +from the asylum and burned down their old home. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ROUGON (MAXIME), born 1840, son of Aristide Rougon. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +When his father went to Paris in 1852, Maxime remained at school at +Plassans, not going to Paris till after his father's second marriage. +From early youth he was of vicious character, and the idleness and +extravagance of the life in his father's house only completed the +training begun at Plassans. After carrying on a disgraceful liaison with +his father's second wife, he married Louise de Mareuil, through whom he +got a considerable dowry. La Curee. + +After the death of his wife, six months after their marriage, he +returned to Paris, where he lived quietly upon the dowry brought to him +by her. He refused to join in any of his father's schemes, or to assist +him in any way, and was consequently not affected by the failure of the +Universal Bank. L'Argent. + +After the war he re-established himself in his mansion in Avenue du +Bois-de-Boulogne, where he lived on the fortune left by his wife. "He +had become prudent, however, with the enforced restraint of a man whose +marrow is diseased, and who seeks by artifice to ward off the paralysis +which threatened him." In the fear of this impending illness, he induced +his sister Clotilde to leave Doctor Pascal, and go to live with him +in Paris, but in his constant fear of being taken advantage of he soon +began to be suspicious of her, as he did of every one who served him. +His father, who wished to hasten his own inheritance, encouraged him in +a renewal of his vicious courses, and he died of _locomotor ataxy_ at +the age of thirty-three. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME MAXIME). See Louise de Mareuil. + +ROUGON (PASCAL), born 1813, second son of Pierre Rougon, "had an +uprightness of spirit, a love of study, a retiring modesty which +contrasted strangely with the feverish ambitions and unscrupulous +intrigues of his family." Having acquitted himself admirably in his +medical studies at Paris, he returned to Plassans, where he lived a life +of quiet study and work. He had few patients, but devoted himself +to research, particularly on the subject of heredity, with special +reference to its results on his own family. In the hope of alleviating +suffering, he followed the Republican insurgents in their march from +Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +In 1854 his niece Clotilde, daughter of his brother Aristide, went to +live with him. He had frequently offered to take her, but nothing was +arranged till after the death of her mother, at which time she was about +seven years old. La Curee. + +His practice as a medical man extended to Les Artaud, and he attended +his nephew Abbe Serge Mouret during an attack of brain fever. On the +priest's partial recovery, he removed him to the Paradou, and left him +in the care of Albine, niece of old Jeanbernat, the caretaker of that +neglected demesne. Dr. Pascal was much attached to Albine, and deeply +regretted the sad love affair which resulted from Mouret's forgetfulness +of his past. He had no religious beliefs himself, and he urged Mouret to +return to Albine, but the voice of the Church proved too strong in the +end. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +At sixty years of age Pascal was so fresh and vigorous that, though his +hair and beard were white, he might have been mistaken for a young man +with powdered locks. He had lived for seventeen years at La Souleiade, +near Plassans, with his niece Clotilde and his old servant Martine, +having amassed a little fortune, which was sufficient for his needs. He +had devoted his life to the study of heredity, finding typical examples +in his own family. He brought up Clotilde without imposing on her his +own philosophic creed, even allowing Martine to take her to church +regularly. But this tolerance brought about a serious misunderstanding +between them, for the girl fell under the influence of religious +mysticism, and came to look with horror on the savant's scientific +pursuits. Discovered by him in an attempt to destroy his documents, he +explained to Clotilde fully and frankly the bearing of their terrible +family history on his theory of heredity, with the result that her +outlook on life was entirely changed; he had opposed the force of human +truth against the shadows of mysticism. The struggle between Pascal +and Clotilde brought them to a knowledge of mutual love, and an illicit +relationship was established between them. He would have married her +(this being legal in France), but having lost most of his money he +was unwilling to sacrifice what he believed to be her interests, and +persuaded her to go to Paris to live with her brother Maxime. Soon after +her departure he was seized with an affection of the heart, and, +after some weeks of suffering, died only an hour before her return. +Immediately after his death his mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, took +possession of his papers, and in an immense _auto-da-fe_ destroyed in an +hour the records of a lifetime of work. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (PIERRE), born 1787, legitimate son of Adelaide Fouque, was a +thrifty, selfish lad who saw that his mother by her improvident conduct +was squandering the estate to which he considered himself sole heir. His +aim was to induce his mother and her two illegitimate children to remove +from the house and land, and in this he was ultimately successful. +Having sold the property for fifty thousand francs, he induced his +mother, who by this time was of weak intellect, to sign a receipt for +that sum, and was so able to defraud his half-brother and sister of +the shares to which they would have been entitled. Soon thereafter he +married Felicite Puech, the daughter of an oil dealer in Plassans. The +firm of Puech and Lacamp was not prosperous, but the money brought by +Pierre Rougon retrieved the situation, and after a few years the two +original partners retired. Fortune, however, soon changed, and for +thirty years there was a continual struggle to make ends meet. Three +sons and two daughters were born, and their education was a heavy drain +upon their parents' means. In 1845 Pierre and his wife retired from +business with forty thousand francs at the most. Instigated by the +Marquis de Carnavant, they went in for politics, and soon regular +meetings of the reactionary party came to be held in their "yellow +drawing-room." Advised, however, by their son Eugene, they resolved +to support the cause of the Bonapartes, and at the time of the _Coup +d'Etat_ of 1851 Pierre was the leader of that party in Plassans. Having +concealed himself when the Republican insurgents entered Plassans, he +avoided capture, and after they retired he led the band of citizens +which recaptured the town hall. This bloodless victory having been +somewhat minimized by the townspeople, Pierre and his wife, with a view +to establishing a strong claim for subsequent reward, bribed Antoine +Macquart to lead the Republicans left in Plassans to an attack on +the town hall. To meet this he prepared a strong ambuscade, and the +Republicans were repulsed with considerable loss. As a result of this +treachery, Pierre was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the saviour +of the town, and the Government subsequently appointed him Receiver of +Taxes, decorating him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. La Fortune +des Rougon. + +He settled down quietly and took little part in public affairs, though +his wife continued to hold weekly receptions at which members of the +different political parties were represented. La Conquete de Plassans. + +He became so corpulent that he was unable to move, and was carried off +by an attack of indigestion on the night of 3rd September, 1870, a few +hours after hearing of the catastrophe of Sedan. The downfall of the +regime which he prided himself on having helped to establish seemed to +have crushed him like a thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME FELICITE), wife of the preceding, and daughter of Puech, +the oil-dealer. She was married in 1810, and had three sons and two +daughters. A woman of strong ambitions, she hoped to better her social +position by the aid of her sons, on whose education she spent large +sums. Disappointed in this hope for many years, she and her husband +retired from business with barely sufficient means to keep themselves +in comfort. She, instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant (her putative +father), urged her husband to take part in politics, and meetings of +the reactionary party were regularly held in her "yellow drawing-room." +While the success of the _Coup d'Etat_ was in some doubt, she encouraged +her husband in maintaining the position he had taken up; and, having +ascertained that the success of the Bonapartists was assured she +arranged with Antoine Macquart for the attack on the town hall, the +repulse of which led to the rise of the family fortunes. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +After her husband's appointment as Receiver of Taxes, she continued +her weekly receptions, but endeavoured to give them a non-political +character by inviting representatives of all parties. Her son Eugene, +now a Minister of State, kept her advised as to the course she should +pursue, and on his instructions she gave some assistance to Abbe Faujas +in his political "conquest of Plassans." La Conquete de Plassans. + +In 1856 she interested herself in a lawsuit raised by M. Charbonnel, +a retired oil-merchant of Plassans, and requested her son Eugene, the +President of the Council of State, to use his influence on behalf of her +friend. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +After the disasters of the war, Plassans escaped from her dominion, and +she had to content herself with the role of dethroned queen of the old +regime. Her ruling passion was the defence of the glory of the Rougons, +and the obliteration of everything tending to reflect on the family +name. In this connection she welcomed the death of Adelaide Fouque, the +common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts, and she did nothing +to save her old accomplice Antoine Macquart from the terrible fate which +overtook him. After these events, her only remaining trouble was the +work on family heredity which had for years occupied her son Pascal. +Assisted by his servant Martine, she eventually succeeded in burning the +whole manuscript to which Pascal had devoted his life. Her triumph was +then secure, and in order to raise a monument to the glory of the family +she devoted a large part of her fortune to the erection of an asylum for +the aged, to be known as the Rougon Asylum. At eighty-two years of age, +she laid the foundation stone of the building, and in doing so conquered +Plassans for the third time. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (SIDONIE), born 1818, daughter of Pierre Rougon. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +She married at Plassans an attorney's clerk, named Touche, and together +they went to Paris, setting up business in the Rue Saint-Honore, as +dealers in fruit from the south of France. The venture was unsuccessful, +and the husband soon disappeared. At the rise of the Second Empire, +Sidonie was thirty-five; but she dressed herself with so little care and +had so little of the woman in her manner that she looked much older. She +carried on business in lace and pianos, but did not confine herself +to these trades; when she had sold ten francs worth of lace she would +insinuate herself into her customer's good graces and become her man of +business, attending attorneys, advocates, and judges on her behalf. The +confidences she everywhere received put her on the track of good strokes +of business, often of a nature more than equivocal, and it was she who +arranged the second marriage of her brother Aristide. She was a +true Rougon, who had inherited the hunger for money, the longing for +intrigue, which was the characteristic of the family. La Curee. + +In 1851 she had a daughter by an unknown father. The child, who was +named Angelique Marie, was at once sent to the Foundling Hospital by her +mother, who never made any inquiry about her afterwards. Le Reve. + +She attended the funeral of her cousin, Claude Lantier, the artist. +Arrived at his house, "she went upstairs, turned round the studio, +sniffed at all its bare wretchedness, and then walked down again with a +hard mouth, irritated at having taken the trouble to come." L'Oeuvre. + +"After a long disappearance from the scene, Sidonie, weary of the shady +callings she had plied, and now of a nunlike austerity, retired to +the gloomy shelter of a conventual kind of establishment, holding the +purse-strings of the Oeuvre du Sacrament, an institution founded with +the object of assisting seduced girls, who had become mothers, to secure +husbands." Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (VICTOR), son of Aristide Saccard and Rosaline Chavaille. Brought +up in the gutter, he was from the first incorrigibly lazy and vicious. +La Mechain, his mother's cousin, after discovering his paternity, told +the facts to Caroline Hamelin, who, to save Saccard annoyance, paid over +a considerable sum and removed the boy to _L'Oeuvre du Travail_, one of +the institutions founded by the Princess d'Orviedo. Here every effort +was made to reclaim him, but without success; vice and cunning had +become his nature. In the end he made a murderous attack upon Alice +du Beauvilliers, who was visiting the hospital, and having stolen her +purse, made his escape. Subsequent search proved fruitless; he had +disappeared in the under-world of crime. L'Argent. + +"In 1873, Victor had altogether vanished, living, no doubt, in the shady +haunts of crime--since he was in no penitentiary--let loose upon the +world like some brute foaming with the hereditary virus, whose every +bite would enlarge that existing evil--free to work out his own future, +his unknown destiny, which was perchance the scaffold." Le Docteur +Pascal. + +ROUGON (-----), the child of Doctor Pascal Rougon and of Clotilde +Rougon, born some months after his father's death. Pascal a few +minutes before he died, drew towards him the genealogical tree of the +Rougon-Macquart family, over which he had spent so many years, and in +a vacant space wrote the words: "The unknown child, to be born in 1874. +What will it be?" Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUSSE (LA), a peasant girl of Les Artaud, who assisted to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +ROUSSEAU, one of the auditors of the Universal Bank, an office which he +shared with Lavigniere, under whose influence he was to a great extent. +L'Argent. + +ROUSSELOT (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Plassans, an amiable but weak man, +who was entirely under the influence of Abbe Fenil. Having got into +disfavour with the Government over the election of a Legitimist as +Deputy, he was anxious to retrieve his position, and with this object +agreed to appoint Abbe Faujas vicar of Saint-Saturnin's church. This led +to a quarrel with Abbe Fenil, who, of course, resented the appointment. +The Bishop being still in some doubt as to the standing of Abbe Faujas +with the Government, went to Paris, where he interviewed Eugene Rougon, +the Minister of State. Satisfied with the information which he received, +he threw himself heartily into the political struggle then proceeding at +Plassans, giving Faujas every assistance in carrying out his schemes on +behalf of the Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ROUSSIE (LA), a woman who had formerly worked as a putter in the Voreux +pit. Germinal. + +ROUSTAN (ABBE), one of the clergy of Sainte-Eustache church. Madame +Lisa Quenu consulted him as to her proposed course of action regarding +Florent. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROUVET, an old peasant who lived in the same village as Zephyrin Lacour +and Rosalie Pichon. One of her pleasures consisted in calling to mind +the sayings of the old man. Une Page d'Amour. + +ROZAN (DUC DE), was a young man of dissolute life, who, after getting +the control of his fortune, soon went through the greater part of it. He +was the lover of Renee Saccard for a time. La Curee. + +ROZAN (DUCHESSE DE), mother of the preceding. She kept her son so short +of money that, till he was thirty-five, he seldom had more than a dozen +louis at a time. Her death was largely occasioned by the knowledge of +the enormous amount of debts her son had incurred. La Curee. + +RUSCONI (CHEVALIER), the Sardinian Minister at Paris, a friend of +Comtesse Balbi, and her daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + +S + +SABATANI, a native of the Levant, who appeared in Paris after defaulting +on some foreign Stock Exchange. He was a handsome man, and little by +little gained the confidence of the Bourse "by scrupulous correctness +of behaviour and an unremitting graciousness even towards the most +disreputable." He began doing business with Mazard by depositing a small +sum as "cover" in the belief that the insignificance of the amount would +in time be forgotten; and "he evinced great prudence, increasing the +orders in a stealthy gradual fashion, pending the day when, with a heavy +settlement to meet, it would be necessary for him to disappear." When +Saccard founded the Universal Bank, he selected Sabatani as the "man of +straw" in whose name the shares held by the Bank itself were to be taken +up. Sabatani soon increased his speculations to an enormous extent, +gaining large sums, but after the collapse of the Universal Bank he +disappeared without paying his "differences," thereby contributing +largely to the ruin of Mazard. L'Argent. + +SABOT, a vine-grower of Brinqueville. He was a renowned joker, who +entered into a competition with Hyacinthe Fouan, but was beaten by him. +La Terre. + +SACCARD, the name assumed by Aristide Rougon, on the suggestion of his +brother Eugene. See Rougon (Aristide). La Curee. + +SACCARD (VICTOR). See Victor Rougon. + +SAFFRE (DE), secretary to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. La +Curee. + +SAGET (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who had lived in the Rue Pirouette for +forty years. She never spoke about herself, but she spent her life in +getting information about her neighbours, carrying her prying curiosity +so far as to listen behind their doors and open their letters. She +went about all day pretending she was marketing, but in reality merely +spreading scandal and getting information. By bullying little Pauline +Quenu, she got a hint of Florent's past history, which she promptly +spread through the markets, even going the length of writing an +anonymous letter to the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +SAINT-FIRMIN (OSCAR DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by +Fauchery. The part was played by Prulliere. Nana. + +SAINT-GERMAIN (MADEMOISELLE DE), was the owner of a princely house in +Rue Saint-Lazare, which after her death became the property of Princess +d'Orviedo. L'Argent. + +SAINTS-ANGES (LA MERE DES), superior of the Convent of the Visitation at +Clermont. She saved from the cloister Christine Hallegrain, who had +not a religious vocation, and obtained for her a situation to Madame de +Vanzade. L'Oeuvre. + +SALMON, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who passed for a man of +extraordinary acumen by listening to everyone and saying nothing. +He answered only by smiles, and one could never tell in what he was +speculating or whether he was speculating at all. L'Argent. + +SALNEUVE (DE), a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, +whose influence was secured for Eugene Rougon by Clorinde Balbi. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +SAMBUC (GUILLAUME), one of the francs-tireurs who carried on a guerilla +warfare against the Germans in 1870. He was the worthy son of a family +of scoundrels, and lived by theft and rapine. He furnished most valuable +information to the French generals regarding the movement of the +Prussians to surprise Beaumont, but his information was disregarded till +too late. The francs-tireurs had a particular hatred against Goliath +Steinberg, the German spy, and, instigated by Silvine Morange, Sambuc +arranged for his capture, afterwards killing him by cutting his throat. +La Debacle. + +SAMBUC (PROSPER), brother of the preceding. Of a nature docile and +hard-working, he hated the life of the woods, and would have liked to +be a farm labourer. He entered the army and became one of the Chasseurs +d'Afrique. Sent to France to take part in the war against Germany, he +shared in many weary marches, but saw no fighting, till the battle of +Sedan, when his horse, Zephir, which he loved like a brother, was killed +under him. He made his escape after the battle, and having been able +to change his uniform for the clothes of a countryman, he returned to +Remilly and got employment on the farm of Fouchard. La Debacle. + +SANDORFF, a member of the Austrian Embassy at Paris. He married Mlle. +de Ladricourt, who was much younger than he. He was very niggardly. +L'Argent. + +SANDORFF (BARONESS), wife of the Councillor to the Austrian Embassy, +who was thirty-five years older than herself. She was an inveterate +speculator, and, as her husband refused to assist her, she found it +necessary to have recourse to her lovers when her losses were greater +than usual. She stopped at nothing to gain information, and at one time +was on intimate terms with Saccard. Having quarrelled with him, she +hastened the downfall of the Universal Bank, by giving information +to Gundermann which caused him to continue his attack on the Bank. +L'Argent. + +SANDOZ (PERE), a Spaniard who took refuge in France in consequence of a +political disturbance in which he was involved. He started near Plassans +a paper mill with new machinery of his own invention. When he died, +almost heart-broken by the petty local jealousy that had sought to +hamper him in every way, his widow found herself in a position so +involved, and burdened with so many tangled lawsuits, that the whole of +her remaining means were swallowed up. L'Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ MERE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a native of Burgundy. +Yielding to her hatred of the Provencals, whom she blamed for the death +of her husband, and even for the slow paralysis from which she herself +was suffering, she migrated to Paris, with her son Pierre, who then +supported her out of a clerk's small salary. In Rue d'Enfer she occupied +a single room on the same flat as her son, and there, disabled by +paralysis, lived in morose and voluntary solitude, surrounded by his +tender care. Later, Pierre, who was now married, and was making a +considerable income, took a house in Rue Nollet, and there Madame Sandoz +passed her remaining years. L'Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ (PIERRE), a famous novelist whose youth was spent at Plassans, +where at school he was the inseparable companion of Claude Lantier and +Dubuche. The favourite amusement of the boys was walking, and together +they took long excursions, spending whole days in the country. After the +death of his father Sandoz went to Paris, where he got employment at a +small salary at the _Mairie_ of the fifth arrondissement, in the office +for registration of births; he was chained there by the thought of his +mother, whom he had to support, and to whom he was tenderly attached. +Presently he published his first book: a series of mild sketches, +brought with him from Plassans, among which only a few rougher notes +indicated the mutineer, the lover of truth and power. He lived at this +time with his mother in a little house in Rue d'Enfer, and there he +received each Thursday evening his old friends from Plassans, Claude +Lantier and Dubuche, and with them Fagerolles, Mahoudeau, Jory, +Gagniere, now reunited at Paris, and all animated by the same passion +for art. He was still obsessed by a desire for literary glory, and had +thoughts of writing a poem on some vast subject, but at last he hit on +a scheme which soon took form in his mind. With reference to it he said, +"I am going to take a family, and I shall study its members, one by one, +whence they come, whither they go, how they react upon one another--in +short, humanity in a small compass, the way in which humanity grows and +behaves. On the other hand, I shall set my men and women in a determined +period of history, which will provide me with the necessary surroundings +and circumstances, a slice of history--you understand, eh? A series +of fifteen or twenty books, episodes that will cling together although +having each a separate framework, a suite of novels with which I shall +be able to build myself a house for my old age if they don't crush +me." The first of the novels met with some success, and Sandoz having +resigned his appointment, and put his trust entirely in literature, +married a young girl named Henriette, the daughter of middle-class +parents, and removed his house to Rue Nollet. In course of time his +circumstances became still more comfortable, and he again removed to a +large house in Rue de Londres. When Claude Lantier fell into misery and +despair, a gradual separation came about between him and his friends, +but Sandoz remained true to the old companionship. He was one of the few +mourners who attended the funeral of the unfortunate artist. L'Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ (MADAME HENRIETTE), wife of the preceding. She was an orphan, +the daughter of a small shop-keeper, without a penny, but pretty and +intelligent. She occupied herself much with the affairs of the kitchen, +being specially proud of some of her dishes. Even later, when the family +was more prosperous and had removed to a large flat in Rue de Londres, +Henriette continued to take personal charge, out of affection for her +husband, whose only fault was a tendency to gluttony. L'Oeuvre. + +SANQUIRINO (DUCHESSE), a lady of the Italian aristocracy, who resided at +Paris. She gave Eugene Rougon very unsatisfactory information regarding +Comtesse Balbi and her daughter Clorinde. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +SANS-POUCE, one of the brigands of the band of Beau-Francois. La Terre. + +SAPIN, sergeant in Captain Beaudoin's company of the 106th Regiment of +the line. "The son of a Lyons grocer in a small way of business, spoilt +by his mother, who was dead, and unable to get on with his father, he +had remained in the regiment disgusted with everything, but unwilling to +be bought out." Later he became engaged to one of his cousins, who had a +small dowry, and began to take an interest in life. During the march +to Sedan, however, he became impressed with the idea that he would +be killed, and this belief was realized during the fighting on 1st +September, 1870. La Debacle. + +SAPIN (LA), a disreputable old woman at Magnolles who performed illegal +operations and pretended to work magic. + +SARRIET (MADAME), sister of Madame Lecoeur and of Madame Gavard; mother +of La Sarriette. Le Ventre de Paris. + +SARRIET, usually called La Sarriette, was the niece of Madame Lecoeur. +She grew up in the markets and her sympathies were with the lower ranks +of the people. At twenty she set up in business as a fruit-dealer, and +took as her lover a young man named Jules, who was employed by her +aunt as a porter. After the arrest of Gavard, her uncle by marriage, +La Sarriette and her aunt divided his money between them. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +SARTEUR, a journeyman hatter at Plassans. He was afflicted with +homicidal mania, and was confined for a time in the asylum at Tulettes. +While there he was treated by Doctor Pascal Rougon, who affected a +cure by hypodermic injections of a substance with which he had long +experimented. Sarteur was released from the asylum, but the cure was +not permanent, for a few months afterwards the unfortunate man became +conscious of a return of his homicidal mania, and, to prevent its +operation, hanged himself. Le Docteur Pascal. + +SATIN, a friend of Nana from childhood, having, like her, attended +the school of Mademoiselle Josse. She was a regular customer at Laure +Piedefer's restaurant, where she met Madame Robert. She lived for a time +with Nana, of whom she was intensely jealous, and in time gained control +of the whole household. She died in the hospital of Lariboisiere. Nana. + +SAUCISSE (LA PERE), an old peasant of Rognes, who owned an acre of land +which he sold to Pere Fouan for an annuity of fifteen sous a day. In +order to dupe the old man, he pretended to be in bad health. Later, +terrorized by Buteau, he cancelled the agreement, and repaid half the +sums he had received. La Terre. + +SAUVAGNAT, a friend of Pluchart. He lived at Marchiennes. Germinal. + +SAUVAGNAT, chief of the depot at Havre, lived in a cottage near the +engine depot, which his sister Philomene kept for him, but greatly +neglected. He was an obstinate man and a strict disciplinarian, greatly +esteemed by his superiors, but had met with the utmost vexation on +account of his sister, even to the point of being threatened with +dismissal. If the Company bore with her now on his account, he only kept +her with him because of the family tie; but this did not prevent him +belabouring her so severely with blows whenever he caught her at fault +that he frequently left her half dead on the floor. La Bete Humaine. + +SAUVAGNAT (PHILOMENE), sister of the preceding, was a tall, thin woman +of thirty-two, who after numerous love-affairs had settled down with +Pecqueux, whose mistress she became. She had the reputation of drinking. +A subsequent intrigue between her and Jacques Lantier excited the +jealousy of Pecqueux to the point of murder. La Bete Humaine. + +SAUVEUR (MADAME), a dress-maker, who numbered Madame Desforges among her +customers. She frequented Mouret's shop, _Au Bonheur des Dames_, on the +occasions of great sales, purchasing large quantities of stuff which she +afterwards sold to her own customers at higher prices. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +SAUVIGNY (DE), judge of the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +SCHLOSSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was secretly associated +with Sabatani, with whom he carried out many schemes to their mutual +advantage. L'Argent. + +SCOTS (H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF). See Ecosse. + +SEDILLE, a native of Lyons, who established himself in Paris, and after +thirty years' toil succeeded in making his silk business one of the best +known in the city. Unfortunately he acquired a passion for gambling, and +a couple of successful ventures made him altogether lose his head. From +that time he neglected his business, and ruin lay inevitably at the end. +On the invitation of Saccard he became a Director of the Universal Bank. +Like the other Directors, he speculated largely in the shares of the +Bank; but, unlike most of them, he did not sell in time, with the result +that he was completely ruined, and his bankruptcy followed. L'Argent. + +SEDILLE (GUSTAVE), son of M. Sedille, the silk merchant. To the +disappointment of his father, he despised commercial pursuits, and +cared only for pleasure. In the hope that he might take an interest +in finance, he was given a situation in the office of Mazard, the +stockbroker, where, however, he did little work, and soon engaged in +speculations on his own account. The failure of the Universal Bank left +him penniless, and deep in debt. L'Argent. + +SICARDOT (COMMANDER), the father-in-law of Aristide Rougon. He had the +strongest intellect of the politicians who met in Pierre Rougon's yellow +drawing-room. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents at the time of the +_Coup d'Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon. + +SICARDOT, the name of Aristide Rougon's wife's family. He adopted this +name when he went to Paris in 1851, using it for considerable time +before he again changed it to Saccard. L'Argent. + +SICARDOT (ANGELE). See Madame Aristide Rougon. + +SIDONIE (MADAME), the name by which Sidonie Rougon (q.v.) was generally +known. La Curee. + +SIMON (LA MERE), an old woman who assisted Severine Roubaud in her +housework. La Bete Humaine. + +SIMONNOT, a grocer at Raucourt. His premises were raided by the +Bavarians after the Battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + +SIMPSON, an American who was attache at his country's Embassy at Paris. +He was a frequent visitor at the house of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +SIVRY (BLANCHE DE), the name assumed by Jacqueline Baudu, a girl who +came to Paris from a village near Amiens. Magnificent in person, stupid +and untruthful in character, she gave herself out as the granddaughter +of a general, and never owned to her thirty-two summers. She was much +annoyed at the outbreak of war with Germany, because her lover, a young +Prussian, was expelled from the country. Nana. + +SMELTEN, a baker at Montsou. He gave credit for some time during the +strike, in the hope of recovering some of his business taken away by +Maigrat. Germinal. + +SMITHSON (MISS), Lucien Deberle's English governess. Une Page d'Amour. + +SONNEVILLE, a manufacturer at Marchiennes. His business was seriously +affected by the strike of miners at Montsou. Germinal. + +SOPHIE, a workwoman employed at Madame Titreville's artificial +flower-making establishment. L'Assommoir. + +SOPHIE, an old waiting-maid in the service of the Duchesse de +Combeville, whose daughter, Princess d'Orviedo, she brought up. When +the Princess shut herself up from the world, Sophie remained with her. +L'Argent. + +SOPHIE, daughter of Guiraude. Predestined to phthisis by heredity, she +was saved, thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon, who sent her to live with an +aunt in the country, where she was brought up in the open air. When she +was seventeen years old she married a young miller in the neighbourhood. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +SOULAS, an old shepherd at La Borderie, where he had been for half a +century. At sixty-five he had saved nothing, having been eaten up by a +drunken wife, "whom at last he had the pleasure of burying." He had few +friends, except his two dogs, Emperor and Massacre, and he especially +hated Jacqueline Cognet with the jealous disgust of an old servant at +her rapid advancement. He was aware of her numerous liaisons, but said +nothing until she brought about his dismissal, when he told everything +to his master, Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + +SOURDEAU, a bone-setter at Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was supposed to be +equally good for wounds. La Terre. + +SOUVARINE, an engine-man at the Voreux pit, who lodged with the +Rasteneurs. He was a Russian of noble family, who had at first studied +medicine, until, carried away by social enthusiasm, he learned a trade +in order that he might mix with the people. It was by this trade that he +now lived, after having fled in consequence of an unsuccessful attempt +against the Czar's life, an attempt which resulted in his mistress, +Annouchka, and many of his friends, being hanged. His principles were +those of the most violent anarchy, and he would have nothing to do with +the strike at Montsou, which he considered a merely childish affair. +Disgusted at the return of the miners to their work, he resolved to +bring about the destruction of the Voreux pit, by weakening the timbers +which kept out a vast accumulation of water. He accomplished that work +of madness in a fury of destruction in which he twenty times risked +his life. And when the torrent had invaded the mine, imprisoning the +unfortunate workers, Souvarine went calmly away into the unknown without +a glance behind. Germinal. + +SPIRIT, an English horse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +SPONTINI, a master at the College of Plassans. He came originally from +Corsica, and used to show his knife, rusty with the blood of three +cousins. L'Oeuvre. + +SQUELETTE-EXTERNE (LE). See Mimi-la-Mort. L'Oeuvre. + +STADERINO (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +STEINBERG (GOLIATH), a Prussian spy who was engaged in 1867 as a farm +servant by Fouchard at Remilly. He became the lover of Silvine Morange, +promising her marriage, but disappearing before the ceremony. It was +said that he served also on other farms in the neighbourhood of Beaumont +and Raucourt. During the war he was able to give important information +to the German forces. In trying to regain his former influence over +Silvine, he threatened to remove their child to Germany, and, to +prevent his doing so, she betrayed him to Guillaume Sambuc and the +francs-tireurs of his band, who killed him in the house of Fouchard, in +the presence of Silvine, by cutting his throat, and bleeding him in the +same manner as a pig. La Debacle. + +STEINER, a banker in Paris. He was a German Jew, through whose hands had +passed millions. He spent vast sums upon Rose Mignon and Nana. Nana. + +STERNICH (DUCHESSE DE), a celebrated leader of society in the Second +Empire. She dominated all her friends on the ground of a former intimacy +with the Emperor. La Curee. + +STEWARD (LUCY), was the daughter of an engine-cleaner of English origin +who was employed at the Gare du Nord. She was not beautiful, but had +such a charm of manner that she was considered the smartest of the +_demi-mondaines_ in Paris. Among her lovers had been a prince of the +royal blood. She had a son, Ollivier, before whom she posed as an +actress. Nana. + +STEWART (OLLIVIER), son of the preceding. He was a pupil at the naval +college, and had no suspicion of the calling of his mother. Nana. + +SURIN (ABBE), secretary to the Bishop of Plassans, of whom he was a +great favourite. He was a constant visitor at the home of M. Rastoil, +with whose daughters he played battledore. La Conquete de Plassans. + +SYLVIA, an actress who was admired by Maxime Saccard. La Curee. + + + + +T + +TABOUREAU (MADAME), a baker in the Rue Turbigo. She was a recognized +authority on all subjects relating to her neighbours. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +TATIN (MADEMOISELLE), kept an under-linen warehouse in the Passage +Choiseul, and was so seriously affected by the competition of Octave +Mouret's great store that she became bankrupt. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +TARDIVEAU (BARON DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by +Fauchery. The part was played by Fontan. + +TATAN NENE, a young girl of great beauty who had herded cows in +Champagne before coming to Paris. She was one of Nana's friends. Nana. + +TAVERNIER, an old doctor of Orleans, who had ceased to practise. Georges +Hugon made a pretext of visiting him, in order to be able to join Nana +at La Mignotte. Nana. + +TEISSIERE (MADAME), a _mondaine_ of the Second Empire. She was a friend +of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La Curee. + +TESTANIERE (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who recommended her +to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +TEUSE (LA), an elderly woman who acted as servant to Abbe Mouret. In +addition, she cleaned the church and kept the vestments in order; on +occasion, it was said, she had even served the Mass for the Abbe's +predecessor. She was garrulous and ill-tempered, but was devoted to +Mouret, of whom she took the greatest care, and she was also kind to his +weak-minded sister, Desiree. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +THEODORE, a Belgian who gave lessons on the piano to Clarisse Bocquet, +and afterwards became her lover. Pot-Bouille. + +THEODORE, son of a paste-board maker. He was to have married Nathalie +Dejoie, but wishing to establish himself in business, demanded a +considerable dowry. He afterwards married the daughter of a workman, who +brought him nearly eight thousand francs. L'Argent. + +THERESE, a former neighbour of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte +d'Or. She died of consumption, and the Lorilleux thought they saw a +resemblance between Gervaise and her. L'Assommoir. + +THIBAUDIER (M.), a banker at Caen. He had a daughter, Louise, but having +married again soon after the death of his first wife, he troubled little +about her, and was quite willing to consent to her marriage with Lazare +Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +THIBAUDIER (LOUISE), daughter of M. Thibaudier, a banker at Caen. She +was a slight, delicate girl, with an attractive manner, and Lazare +Chanteau fell in love with her, though he was at the time engaged to +Pauline Quenu. Pauline having magnanimously released him, they were +married. Lazare's morbid mania having become more acute, and Louise +being herself in poor health, their relations became strained, and the +marriage was not a happy one. They had a son who was named Paul. La Joie +de Vivre. + +Louise died young. Le Docteur Pascal. + +THOMAS, keeper of an eating-house at Montmartre. L'Assommoir. + +THOMAS (ANSELME), a journeyman saddler at Plassans. He married Justine +Megot, tempted by the annuity of twelve hundred francs which she +received from Saccard. He disliked her child, the little Charles Rougon, +who was degenerate and weak-minded. Le Docteur Pascal. + +THOMAS (MADAME ANSELME), wife of the preceding. See Justine Megot. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +TISON, keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + +TISSOT (MADAME), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +TITREVILLE (MADAME) carried on the business of an artificial-flower +maker, of which Madame Lerat was forewoman, and where Nana Coupeau was +a pupil. She was a tall woman who never unbent, and the girls were all +afraid of her, pretending to be engrossed in work whenever she appeared. +L'Assommoir. + +TOUCHE (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the +success of the _Coup d'Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon. + +TOUCHE, an Attorney's clerk at Plassans. He married Sidonie Rougon in +1838, and went with her to Paris, where he started business as a dealer +in the products of the South. He was not very successful, and died in +1850. La Curee. + +TOURMAL (LES), a family who resided at Bonneville and lived chiefly by +smuggling and stealing. The father and grandfather were sent to prison, +and the daughter, when shown kindness by Pauline Quenu, rewarded her by +attempting to steal such small articles of value as she could conceal. +La Joie de Vivre. + +TOUTIN-LAROCHE (M.), a retired candle-manufacturer; now a municipal +councillor, and a director of the Credit Viticole, the Societe Generale +of the Ports of Morocco, and other companies of doubtful standing. His +ambition was to enter the Senate, and he clung to Baron Gauraud and +Saccard in the belief that they could assist him. La Curee. + +TRICON (LA), a well-known procuress, who numbered Nana among her +clients. She had a passion for racing, and at the Grand Prix seemed to +dominate the crowd. + +TROMPETTE, one of the horses in the Voreux pit. It only lived a few +months after being taken underground. Germinal. + +TRON, a labourer in the farm of La Borderie. He was one of Jacqueline +Cognet's lovers, and exhibited jealousy amounting to insanity regarding +her. Having been dismissed by his master, he opened a trap-door through +which Hourdequin fell and was killed. When he found that Jacqueline +would not forgive him for this stupid murder, which ruined her +prospects, he set fire to the farm buildings. La Terre. + +TROUCHE (HONORE), brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas. Having been +unsuccessful in business at Besancon, he followed Faujas to Plassans, +where he went with his wife to live in rooms rented by the Abbe from +Francois Mouret. He was of bad character and quite unscrupulous, but by +the influence of Faujas he was appointed Secretary to the Girls' Home +started by Madame Mouret and other ladies of Plassans. Having got a +footing in the Mourets' house, he soon began to take advantage of his +position, and little by little got possession of the whole premises. He +did all he could to encourage the idea of Francois Mouret's madness, and +after the unfortunate man's removal to the asylum was able with greater +ease to carry out his schemes. Mouret having ultimately escaped from the +asylum, returned to his home and set it on fire; Trouche perished in the +flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +TROUCHE (MADAME OLYMPE), wife of the preceding, and sister of Abbe +Faujas. She accompanied her husband to Plassans, and contributed largely +to the ruin of the Mouret family. Utterly heartless, she stopped at +nothing, robbing Madame Mouret of money, clothing, everything that came +within her power. Nemesis came with the return of Francois Mouret, who +set fire to his house, causing the death of Madame Trouche as well as +that of her husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +TROUILLE (LA), the nickname of Olympe Fouan. La Terre. + +TRUBLOT (HECTOR), a young man whom Madame Josserand hoped at one time +to secure as a husband for her daughter. He had, however, no thoughts of +marriage, and as he was averse to any risk of complications, his habit +was to select his female friends from among the maid-servants of +his acquaintances. He was employed as correspondent in the office of +Monsieur Desmarquay, a money-changer. Pot-Bouille. + + + + +V + +VABRE, a notary of Versailles who retired to Paris with a fortune, part +of which he invested in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied by the +Duveyriers, the Josserands, and others. He had unfortunately a hidden +passion for gambling in stocks and shares, and when he died it was found +that his whole fortune had been dissipated, even his house being heavily +mortgaged. Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (AUGUSTE), eldest son of M. Vabre, carried on a silk merchant's +business in part of the premises which belonged to his father. He +married Berthe Josserand, but as he suffered much from neuralgia, and +was, in addition, of a niggardly disposition, the marriage was not a +happy one. An intrigue between Madame Vabre and Octave Mouret followed, +and on its discovery she returned to her parents. For a considerable +time Vabre refused to forgive his wife, but a reconciliation was +ultimately brought about through the intervention of Abbe Mauduit. +Vabre's fortunes were adversely affected by the extension of Madame +Hedouin's business, known as "The Ladies' Paradise." Pot-Bouille. + +The rapid success of Octave Mouret's business led to the ruin of Vabre, +a result to which the extravagance of his wife also contributed. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +VABRE (MADAME AUGUSTE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Josserand. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (CAMILLE), son of Theophile Vabre and his wife Valerie Louhette. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (CLOTILDE), daughter of Vabre the notary, and wife of Duveyrier. +She did not get on well with her husband, whom she hated, and her only +passion was for music, which she practised to an inordinate extent. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (THEOPHILE), second son of M. Vabre, "a little old man of +twenty-eight, a victim to coughs and toothache, who first tried +all sorts of trades and then married the daughter of a neighbouring +haberdasher." His life was shadowed by suspicions of his wife, with whom +he constantly quarrelled. He was with difficulty prevented from making +a scene at the marriage of his brother Auguste to Berthe Josserand. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (MADAME VALERIE), wife of the preceding, nee Louhette, was the +daughter of a wealthy haberdasher. She did not get on well with her +husband, who accused her, not entirely without reason, of carrying on a +liaison with some one whose name he was unable to discover. Pot-Bouille. + +VADON (MARGUERITE), daughter of a linen-draper at Grenoble, found it +desirable to come to Paris for a time, and got a situation at "The +Ladies' Paradise." She as a well-conducted girl, and ultimately returned +to Grenoble to take charge of her parents' shop, and marry a cousin who +was waiting for her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VALENCAY (BARON DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He married the eldest +daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny. L'Assommoir. + +VALENCAY (MADEMOISELLE PAULE DE), was very rich and extremely beautiful +when at nineteen years old she married the Marquis Jean XII de +Hautecoeur. She died within a year, leaving a son named Felicien. Le +Reve. + +VALENTIN, son of Guiraude, and brother of Sophie. His father, a +journeyman tanner, died of phthisis, and Valentin, who had been in daily +contact with him, developed the disease. Doctor Pascal Rougon prolonged +his life for some time by hypodermic injections of a substance +discovered by himself, but the respite was only temporary, for at +twenty-one years of age Valentine died of hereditary phthisis. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +VALERIO II, a horse which belonged to M. Corbreuse and ran in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +VALLAGNOSC (MADAME DE), belonged to an old family of Plassans. Left a +widow with two daughters and one son, she found life difficult on the +small remains of a former fortune. In order to assist his mother, the +son, Paul, secured an appointment at Paris in a Government office. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +VALLAGNOSC (PAUL DE), an old friend of Octave Mouret, whom he had known +at Plassans. He belonged to an old family, but, being a younger son +without money, was obliged to select a profession. He studied law, but +meeting with no success, was obliged to accept an appointment in the +Ministry of the Interior. He married Mademoiselle de Boves. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +VALLAGNOSC (MADAME PAUL DE), wife of the preceding. See Blanche de +Boves. + +VALQUEYRAS (COMTE DE), a relation of Marquis de Carnavant, who lived in +his house. La Fortune des Rougon. + +He was a supporter of the Marquis de Lagrifoul, the Legitimist Deputy +for Plassans, who visited him for a fortnight before the election which +was dominated by Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +VALQUEYRAS (MARQUISE DE), in 1873, she was the only representative of +a very old family. She was a widow with a little daughter of six, very +rich, and equally parsimonious. When Doctor Pascal Rougon called on her +to ask payment of his fees, he allowed himself to be put off, and even +gave advice regarding the health of the child. Le Docteur Pascal. + +VANDERGHAGEN, the medical man employed by the Mining Company of Montsou. +He was so much overworked that it was said he gave his consultations +while he was running from place to place. Germinal. + +VANDEUVRES (COMTE XAVIER DE), the last member of a noble family, had +gone through a large fortune in Paris. His racing-stable was famous, as +were his losses at the Imperial Club, while his ruin was completed by +the vast sums which he spent on Nana. His final hope was centred on the +race for the Grand Prix de Paris in which he was running two horses, +Lusignan and a filly named Nana. Lusignan was the favourite, but +Vandeuvres, having arranged his betting, caused the horse to be pulled, +so that the filly might win. The ruse was successful, and Vandeuvres +gained a large sum, but suspicions having been aroused, he was warned +off the turf and expelled from the Imperial Club. Driven to madness, +the Comte shut himself up in his stable, and, having set it on fire, +perished among his horses. Nana. + +VANDORPE, the head stationmaster of the Western Railway Company at +Paris. La Bete Humaine. + +VANPOUILLE BROTHERS, a firm of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-Petits Champs, +who were practically ruined when Octave Mouret added a fur department to +"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VANSKA (COMTESSE), a well-known and rich _mondaine_ of the Second +Empire. La Curee. + +VANZADE (MADAME), the widow of a general. She was an old lady, rich, +nearly blind, and practically helpless. At Passy she lived, in a +silent old house, a life so retired and regular that it might have been +actuated by clockwork. As she required a companion, her old friend, La +Mere des Saints-Anges, recommended Christine Hallegrain to her; but the +girl, stifling in that dwelling of rigid piety, ended by running off +with her lover, Claude Lantier. Madame Vanzade died four years later, +and the bulk of her fortune went to charities. L'Oeuvre. + +VAQUEZ (JUDITH), an artist's model who lived in Rue du Rocher. She was a +Jewess, fresh enough in colouring but too thin. L'Oeuvre. + +VAUCOGNE (HECTOR), husband of Estelle Badeuil. At the time of his +marriage, Vaucogne was a junior officer of customs, but when his wife's +parents retired he took over their _maison publique_. He left everything +to the care of his wife, and after her death the establishment ceased +to be prosperous. In the end he was turned out by his father-in-law, and +the business was given to his daughter Elodie, who showed all the family +capacity for management. La Terre. + +VAUCOGNE (MADAME HECTOR), wife of the preceding. See Estelle Badeuil. La +Terre. + +VAUCOGNE (ELODIE), daughter of the preceding, and granddaughter of M. +and Madame Charles Badeuil. She was seven years old when her parents +took over the _maison publique_ of her grandfather, and she was then +sent to a convent at Chateaudun to be educated by the Sisters of the +Visitation. Her holidays were spent with her grandparents, and she was +supposed to be under the impression that her parents were carrying on +a large confectionery business, but Victorine, a servant who had been +dismissed for misconduct, had made her aware of the facts, and when, at +eighteen years of age, she was asked in marriage by her cousin Ernest +Delhomme, she astonished her grandparents by joining with him in a +desire to succeed to the family establishment. La Terre. + +VAUGELADE (DUC DE), at one time the master of Gourd, who was his valet. +Pot-Bouille. + +VENOT (THEOPHILE), an old lawyer who made a speciality of ecclesiastical +cases, and had acquired a fortune by serving the Jesuits. He had retired +with a comfortable sum, and led an existence slightly mysterious; +received everywhere, saluted very low, even a little feared, as he +represented a great and unknown force which he had behind him. An +intimate friend of the Muffats, he did everything in his power to put +an end to the liaison between the Comte and Nana, and, though no success +attended his efforts for a considerable time, he was able when ruin +seemed imminent to save Muffat from scandal and to console him by a +return to the practice of religion. Nana. + +VERDIER (BARON), proprietor of a racing-stable. Frangipane, one of his +horses, ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +VERDIER, a lawyer who had been for a long time engaged to Hortense +Josserand. The marriage was put off from time to time, as he had +got entangled with a woman from whom he found separation difficult. +Pot-Bouille. + +VERDONCK, a grocer at Montsou. His business was much affected by the +competition of Maigrat, and he gave credit during the first week of the +strike in the hope of getting back some of his old customers. Germinal. + +VERLAQUE, an inspector in the fish-market at the _Halles Centrales_. +Having fallen into bad health, he was allowed to find a substitute +to keep the place open for him in case he should recover. Florent was +appointed, and paid a considerable portion of the salary to Verlaque. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +VERLAQUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Florent assisted her after the +death of her husband. Le Ventre de Paris. + +VERNIER, an art critic who published an article on Fagerolles the +artist. L'Oeuvre. + +VERONIQUE, maid-servant to the Chanteau family, was a tall, stout young +woman of unattractive appearance and uncertain temper. She had been +in the service of the Chanteaus for twenty years, and having become +necessary to them, took advantage of her position. From the first, +Veronique resented Pauline Quenu's presence in the Chanteau household, +and treated her as an intruder. In course of time, however, she came to +see that Pauline was being despoiled of her means by Madame Chanteau, +and her sense of justice made her take the young girl's part. The death +of Madame Chanteau made a deep impression on Veronique whose ill-will +towards Pauline gradually returned. Her mind, not strong at best, became +unhinged, and in a fit of temper she went into the orchard and hanged +herself. La Joie de Vivre. + +VIAL (ABBE), one of the clergy of Plassans. When his appointment became +vacant it was promised to Abbe Bourrette, but was eventually given to +Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +VIAL (MELANIE), second wife of Jean Macquart, to whom she was married in +1871. She was the only daughter of a peasant in easy circumstances, and +was of a fine robust physique. She had three healthy children in as many +years. Le Docteur Pascal. + +VIAN, a wheelwright of Plassans, to whom Silvere Mouret was apprenticed. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +VICTOIRE, Madame Campardon's cook. She had been in the service of her +master's father when Campardon was a baby, and though now old, and not +over clean, they were unwilling to part with her. Pot-Bouille. + +VICTOIRE (LA MERE), wife of Pecqueux, the railway stoker. She had been +the nurse of Severine Aubry, and later, as the wife of Pecqueux, who +spent all his earnings on drink, she was leading a wretched existence +in Paris by the aid of a little sewing, when, happening to meet her +foster-daughter, the former intimacy had been renewed, and President +Grandmorin took her under his protection, obtaining for her the post of +attendant at the ladies' cloakroom. She occupied a room in the Impasse +d'Amsterdam, which the Roubauds regarded as their head-quarters when +they spent a day in Paris. Having become helpless as the result of a +sprain, she was obliged to resign her post and seek admittance to a +hospital. La Bete Humaine. + +VICTORINE, cook in the employment of Nana. She married Francois, the +footman. Nana. + +VICTORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils after they +retired to Rognes. She was dismissed for misconduct, and in revenge told +Elodie Vaucogne the occupation of her parents. La Terre. + +VIGOUROUX, a coal merchant in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. He sold coke to +Gervaise at the same price as the Gas Company. L'Assommoir. + +VIGOUROUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman with +bright eyes who liked to laugh with the men. L'Assommoir. + +VIMEUX, a miserable little sheriff officer, who was celebrated in the +Canton for the bad usage he got from the peasants when he was obliged to +serve summonses upon them. La Terre. + +VINCARD, a silk merchant, who, seeing that his business was likely to be +seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise," he +sold it to Robineau, and took a restaurant at Vincennes. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +VINCENT, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + +VINEUIL (COMMANDANT DE), father of Gilberte. Retired from active service +on account of his wounds, he was appointed Director of Customs at +Charleville. His wife died of consumption, and he sent his daughter, +about whose health he was alarmed, to reside for a time at a farm near +Chene-Populeux. He died soon after Gilberte's marriage to Maginot, the +Inspector of State Forests. La Debacle. + +VINEUIL (COLONEL DE), brother of the preceding. In 1870 he commanded the +106th Regiment of the line, which formed part of the Seventh Army corps. +He was a man of fine appearance and character, and bore his part bravely +through the disastrous campaign, until he was severely wounded on the +battlefield of Sedan. Notwithstanding his wound, he remained on his +horse till the end, when he was removed to the house of Delaherche, +the husband of his niece Gilberte. By December his wound was cured, but +crushed by his country's defeats, his mental depression was so great +that he remained in a darkened room, refusing to hear news from the +outer world, and associating only with his old friend Madame Delaherche, +the mother of his niece's husband. At the end of December he died +suddenly, horror-struck by an account of the surrender of Metz, which he +chanced to read in an old newspaper. La Debacle. + +VINEUIL (GILBERTE DE), daughter of Commandant de Vineuil. She was first +married to Maginot, and afterwards to Jules Delaherche. When she was +nine years old, her father, alarmed at a cough she had, sent her to live +at a farm, where she came to know Henriette Levasseur. Even at that +age she was a coquette, and when at twenty she married Maginot, the +Inspector of the State Forests at Mezieres, her character had not +changed. Mezieres she found dull, but her husband allowed her full +liberty, and she found all the gaiety she desired at Charleville. There +she lived solely for pleasure, and Captain Beaudoin became her lover. In +1869 she became a widow, and in spite of the stories told about her she +found a second husband, Jules Delaherche. On the eve of the battle of +Sedan she resumed for the nonce her former relations with Beaudoin. Gay +and irresponsible by nature, she flirted with Captain von Gartlauben, +a Prussian officer, who was quartered on her husband after the +capitulation of Sedan, while at the same time she carried on a liaison +with Edmond Lagarde, a young soldier who had been wounded, and whom she +had assisted to nurse. La Debacle. + +VIOLAINE (LOUISE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She took +the part in the _Blonde Venus_ originally played by Nana, and secured a +great success. Nana. + +VIRGINIE, sister of Adele, for whose sake Auguste Lantier deserted +Gervaise Macquart. Gervaise, meeting Virginie in a public washing-house, +was taunted by her on the subject of her lover, and a terrible fight +between the two women followed, Virginie being severely beaten. Gervaise +did not see her again for some years, by which time she had married M. +Poisson, an ex-soldier, who later became a policeman. She professed to +have overlooked the fight with Gervaise, but appears to have been +not without hope that an opportunity of repaying her injuries might +eventually arise. When the Coupeaus gave way to drink, Lantier, who had +again established friendly relations, suggested that Virginie should +take the Coupeaus' shop and buy a stock of groceries and sweetmeats with +a legacy she had received from an aunt. Partly moved by a desire for +revenge on Gervaise, she did so, and Lantier retained with the Poissons +the place as a lodger he formerly occupied with the Coupeaus. Soon +after, he became Virginie's lover, and, by paying nothing for +his support, while he gradually ate the contents of the shop, he +accomplished the downfall of the Poissons in much the same manner as he +had already ruined the Coupeaus. L'Assommoir. + +VISCARDI (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +VOINCOURT (COMTESSE DE), mother of Claire de Voincourt. She occupied at +Beaumont a house adjoining the bishop's palace. Le Reve. + +VOINCOURT (CLAIRE DE), the daughter of an old family of great wealth who +lived at Beaumont. Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur wished to arrange a marriage +between her and Felicien, his son; his plans were assisted by the belief +of Felicien that Angelique, with whom he had fallen in love, no longer +cared for him. This belief having proved false, the proposed marriage +between Felicien and Claire de Voincourt did not take place. Le Reve. + +VORIAU, a large black dog which belonged to Bambousse, the Mayor of +Artaud. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +VUILLAUME (M. and MADAME), the parents of Madame Pichon, whom they +visited every Sunday afternoon. They were, later, much annoyed with +the Pichons, whose family became, they considered, too large for their +means. Pot-Bouille. + +VUILLAUME (MARIE). See Madame Marie Pichon. + +VUILLET, a bookseller of Plassans, who published a biweekly journal, the +_Gazette de Plassans_, which was devoted exclusively to the interests of +the clergy. La Fortune des Rougon. + + + + +W + +WEISS, husband of Henriette Levasseur, and cousin of Otto Gunther. He +got a situation in the refinery at Chene-Populeux, almost in a menial +position, but he gradually educated himself, and by dint of hard work +raised himself to the position of accountant. A clear-headed man, he +early saw the causes that were to lead to the downfall of his country, +and expressed himself strongly regarding the unprepared state of the +army. Weiss lived at Sedan, but in 1870 he had just bought a little +house at Bazeilles, where he slept the night before the battle. He was +frantic at the idea that the Prussians might pillage and perhaps destroy +the dwelling so long desired and so hardly acquired, and when the +attack was made he took an active part in the fighting. Captured by the +Prussians, and being a civilian, he was at once condemned to be shot, +and the sentence was carried out before the eyes of his wife, who had +come from Sedan to look for him. La Debacle. + +WEISS (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Henriette Levasseur. La +Debacle. + +WORMS, a famous costumier, before whom the ladies of the Second Empire +bowed the knee. Renee Saccard was one of his customers, and when she +died owed him an account of two hundred and fifty-seven thousand francs. +La Curee. + + + + +Z + +ZEPHIR, the horse ridden by Prosper Sambuc, who loved it like a brother. +The animal received a mortal wound at the battle of Sedan, and fell on +its rider, crushing under it his right leg. It lay upon him for some +hours, but eventually, on his speaking to it, moved with a great effort +sufficiently to allow him to escape. La Debacle. + +ZEPHYRIN, a worker on the farm of La Borderie. He laughed at the +agricultural machinery introduced by Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + +ZIDORE, a youth of seventeen, who was an apprentice zinc-worker. He was +Coupeau's assistant at one time. L'Assommoir. + +ZIZI, the pet name given by Nana to Georges Hugon. Nana. + +ZOE, waiting-maid in the employment of Nana. She was entirely in Nana's +confidence, and was always ready with shrewd advice, though there is no +doubt she arranged matters so that a great deal of money came into her +own hands. She ultimately took over the establishment of La Tricon, +which she had long coveted, and, having large ideas, proposed to extend +the business by renting a larger house. Nana. + + + + + + +ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES + +ARROMANCHES, a small town on the Normandy coast, not far from Caen. It +is about six miles from Bonneville, the scene of La Joie de Vivre. + +ARTAUD (LES), a small village a few miles from Plassans (q.v.). Abbe +Mouret was its priest during the events related in La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +ASSOMMOIR (Pere Colombe's) was situated at the corner of Rue des +Poissonniers and Boulevard de Rochechouart, which is a continuation of +Boulevard de Clichy, in the northern district of Paris. L'Assommoir. + +AUGUSTIN (RUE NEUVE SAINT), a street which joins the Avenue de l'Opera +a short distance from the Opera House. It is intersected by Rue +Michodiere, at the corner of which is situated Octave Mouret's great +drapery establishment, known as "Au Bonheur des Dames." Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +BARENTIN, a small town on the Western Railway of France, about twelve +miles from Rouen. It was at a point between Barentin and the previous +station, Malaunay, that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La +Bete Humaine. + +BAZEILLES, a village about three miles south-east of Sedan (q.v.). It +was the scene of some of the most important events in La Debacle. + +BEAUCE (LA), a fertile agricultural plain stretching between Chartres +and Orleans, and intersected by the road from the latter town to +Chateaudun. The district is the scene of La Terre. + +BEAUMONT, a town of about 3000 inhabitants, picturesquely situated on +a height on the left bank of the Oise about twenty-five miles north of +Paris. Its church, the scene of some of the principal events in Le Reve, +is an interesting building, dating from the thirteenth century. Le Reve. + +BONCOEUR (HOTEL) was situated in the Boulevard de la Chapelle (q.v.). +L'Assommoir. + +BONNEVILLE, a village on the Normandy coast, about six miles from +Arromanches. It is in an extremely exposed position, and many houses +have been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. To prevent further +damage, Lazare Chanteau constructed a breakwater, which was, however, +washed away by the first storm. The inhabitants of the village were +mostly engaged in fishing. La Joie de Vivre. + +BORDERIE (LA), a farm on the plain of La Beauce, which belonged to +Alexandre Hourdequin, whose father bought it after the Revolution. La +Terre. + +CAEN, a town of about 40,000 inhabitants, situated on the River Orne, +about nine miles from the Normandy coast. Chanteau pere carried on +business there before he retired and went to live at Bonneville, and his +son Lazare received his education at its college. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHALONS, a town of about 24,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Marne +107 miles east of Paris. It is the head-quarters of the Sixth Army +Corps, and was occupied by the Prussians in August, 1870. La Debacle. + +CHAPELLE (BOULEVARD DE LA) is a continuation of the Boulevard de Clichy, +in the Montmartre district of Paris. In it was situated the Hotel +Boncoeur, where Lantier and Gervaise Macquart found lodgings when they +first came to Paris. L'Assommoir. + +CHARLEVILLE, a town of about 17,000 inhabitants, situated about ten +miles north-west of Sedan. It is close to Mezieres, of which it really +forms the commercial and industrial portion. La Debacle. + +CHARTRES, an important and interesting town, situated on the left bank +of the Eure, fifty-five miles south-west of Paris. It is the principal +town in the grain-producing district of La Beauce, and reference is +frequently made to it in La Terre. In it M. and Madame Charles Badeuil +carried on business for a number of years with considerable success. La +Terre. + +CHATEAUDUN, a town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of +the Loire, about eighty-four miles south-west of Paris. It is in the +district of La Beauce, and is frequently referred to in La Terre. + +CHOISEUL (RUE DE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Italiens, +and Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. It is parallel to Avenue de l'Opera and +Rue Michodiere, being slightly to the east of the latter. Pot-Bouille. + +CLOYES, a market-town in the district of La Beauce, about seven +miles from Chateaudun and ninety-one miles south-west of Paris. It is +frequently referred to in La Terre. + +CROIX DE MAUFRAS (LE), a level crossing on the Western Railway of +France, between Malaunay and Barentin, about nine miles west of Rouen. +The crossing, which was looked after by Misard and his daughter Flore, +was the scene of a terrible railway accident, and it was in the same +vicinity that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La Bete +Humaine. + +EAUX (PASSAGE DES), a steep lane which runs from Rue Raynouard at Passy +down to the Seine. In an old house which abutted on the passage lived +Mere Fetu, and in the same building was the room where Helene Grandjean +went to meet Doctor Deberle. Une Pate d'Amour. + +GOUTTE D'OR (RUE DE LA), a street in the Montmartre district of Paris. +It enters from Rue des Poissonniers and runs parallel to and behind +Boulevard de la Chapelle, which is a continuation of Boulevard de +Clichy. The Coupeaus and the Lorilleux lived in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. +L'Assommoir. + +HALLES CENTRALES (LES), the great provision markets of Paris, are +situated on the right bank of the river, and are directly north of the +Pont Neuf, from which they are not far distant. Le Ventre de Paris. + +HAUSSMANN (BOULEVARD) runs from east to west a short distance behind the +Opera House. Its eastern end connects with the Boulevard des Italiens. +Nana. + +HAVRE (LE), an important seaport, which forms the terminus of the +Western Railway of France, the line upon which Jacques Lantier was +employed as an engine-driver. The Roubauds lived at Le Havre, and many +of the principal scenes in La Bete Humaine were enacted there. La Bete +Humaine. + +LAZARE (RUE SAINT-), is in the neighbourhood of the railway station of +the same name. In it was situated the Orviedo mansion, in which Aristide +Saccard started the Universal Bank. L'Argent. + +LILLE, an important manufacturing town in the north of France, near +the Belgian frontier. Etienne Lantier was at one time employed in the +railway workshop there. Germinal. + +MALAUNAY, a station on the Western Railway of France, six miles from +Rouen, and about midway between that town and Barentin. It is referred +to in La Bete Humaine. + +MARBEUF (RUE), a street which connects the Avenue des Champs Elysees and +the Avenue de l'Alma. Eugene Rougon lived there. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +MARCHIENNES, a town in the mining district of the north of France, +about thirty miles south-east of Lille. It is frequently referred to in +Germinal. + +METZ, a town of 55,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Moselle, about +263 miles east of Paris and about eighty miles south-east of Sedan. It +was surrendered to the Prussians on 27th October, 1870, and is now the +capital of German Lorraine. La Debacle. + +MEZIERES, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on a peninsula +formed by the Meuse about ten miles north-west of Sedan. Its situation +has prevented its extension, and the closely adjoining town of +Charleville has become its commercial and industrial quarter. Mezieres +was three times invested during the Franco-Prussian War, and surrendered +on 2nd January, 1871, after a bombardment of three days. La Debacle. + +MICHODIERE (RUE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Capucines +and the Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. At the corner where it joins the +latter street was situated Octave Mouret's great drapery establishment, +known as "Au Bonheur des Dames," and in it also Baudu carried on +business. The street is almost parallel to the Avenue de l'Opera. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MOINES (RUE DES) was situated at Batignolles, in the extreme north-west +of Paris. Madame Lerat lived there. L'Assommoir. + +MONCEAU (RUE), a street which runs northward from Rue du Faubourg St. +Honore. It is a short distance to the north-east of the Arc de Triomphe, +and in it was situated Aristide Saccard's magnificent mansion. La Curee. + +MONTSOU, a mining village in the north of France, about ten kilometres +from Marchiennes (q.v.). It is the scene of many of the chief events in +Germinal. + +ORLEANS, an important town situated on the Loire, seventy-five miles +south of Paris. It is referred to in La Terre and Nana. + +PARADOU, the name of a neglected demesne near Plassans (q.v.). It was +the scene of a large part of La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +PLASSANS, the name under which Zola disguised his native town of Aix. It +is a place of about 30,000 inhabitants, and is situated eighteen miles +north of Marseilles. Aix was at one time the capital of Provence, is the +seat of an archbishop, and contains a university and an Ecole des Art et +Metiers. + +In the Rougon-Macquart novels Zola made Plassans the cradle of an +imaginary family, and throughout the whole series of books the town is +constantly referred to. La Fortune des Rougon, etc. + +RAUCOURT, a small town about six miles south of Sedan. It is frequently +referred to in La Debacle. + +REIMS, an important town of 98,000 inhabitants, situated about 100 miles +to the north-east of Paris. In 1870-71 it was occupied by the Prussians, +who laid heavy requisitions upon it. The town is frequently referred to +in La Debacle. + +REMILLY, a village about five miles south of Sedan. Old Fouchard's farm +was situated in its vicinity. La Debacle. + +ROUEN, an important town of over 100,000 inhabitants, situated on the +Seine, about eighty-seven miles from Paris and fifty-seven miles from Le +Havre. It was the scene of the judicial inquiry regarding the murder of +President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + +SEDAN, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated on the Meuse, about 170 +miles north-east of Paris. It was the scene of one of the chief battles +of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and capitulated to the Prussian +forces on 2nd September of that year. The town is frequently referred to +in La Debacle. + +VALOGNES, a small town in Normandy, not far from Cherbourg. It was the +birthplace of Denise Baudu and her brothers. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VINEUSE (RUE DE), a street in the Passy district of Paris, at the +extreme west end of the city. It is near the Trocadero Palace. Madame +Helene Grandjean and Doctor Deberle both lived in this street. Une Page +d'Amour. + +VOREUX, the name of a large coal-pit, situated about two kilometres +from Montsou, on the road between that village and Marchiennes (q.v.). +Germinal. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + +***** This file should be named 5103.txt or 5103.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/5103/ + +Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: A Zola Dictionary + +Author: J. G. Patterson + +Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5103] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 29, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + + + + +Etext prepared by Dagny, dagnypg@yahoo.com + and John Bickers, jbickers@ihug.co.nz + + + + +A ZOLA DICTIONARY +By J. G. Patterson + + + A ZOLA DICTIONARY + + THE CHARACTERS OF + THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS + OF EMILE ZOLA + + With a Biographical and Critical Introduction, + Synopses of the Plots, Bibliographical + Note, Map, Genealogy, etc. + + BY + + J. G. PATTERSON + + + + PREFATORY NOTE + + In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, relied + for information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely + /Notes d'un Ami/, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier); /Emile + Zola, A biographical and Critical Study/, by R. H. Sherrard + (London, Chatto & Windus, 1893); /Emile Zola, Novelist and + Reformer/: An account of his Life and Work, by Ernest Alfred + Vizetelly (London, John Lane, 1904). Reference has also been made + to Mr. Arthur Symons' /Studies in Prose and Verse/, and to + articles in the /Fortnightly Review/ by Mr. Andrew Lang, in the + /Atlantic Monthly/ by Mr. Henry James, and in the /Contemporary + Review/ by M. Edouard Rod, as well as to articles in the + /Encyclopaedia Britannica/ and in the /Dictionnaire Universel des + Contemporains/. + + By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been possible + to include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree, + which appears in the Preface to their edition of /Doctor Pascal/, + and to make use of their translations in the preparation of the + Dictionary. In compiling the latter, Zola's own words have been + adopted so far as possible, though usually they have required such + condensation as to make direct quotation difficult. This + difficulty was increased by the fact that occasional use was made + of different translations of the same book, and that frequent + references to the original were found necessary. + + The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the order + in which the books should be read, as indicated by their Author in + /Le Docteur Pascal/, and confirmed by his biographer, Mr. E. A. + Vizetelly. + + EDINBURGH, May, 1912. J. G. P. + + + + INTRODUCTION + +Emile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father, Francois +Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not been a success, +though this was not due to any lack of energy or ability. Zola /pere/ +was of mixed nationality, his father being an Italian and his mother a +Greek, and it is not unlikely that his unrest and want of +concentration were due to the accident of his parentage. When quite a +young man, Francois fought under the great Napoleon, after whose fall +he became a civil engineer. He spent some time in Germany, where he +was engaged in the construction of the first tramway line in Europe, +afterwards visiting Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to +have accompanied him, for in 1831 he applied for and obtained an +appointment, as lieutenant in the Foreign Legion in Algeria. His +career in Africa was, however, of short duration; some irregularities +were discovered, and he disappeared for a time, though ultimately he +came forward and made up his accounts, paying the balance that was +due. No prosecution took place, and resignation of his commission was +accepted. Nothing more was heard of the matter till 1898, when his son +Emile identified himself with the cause of Dreyfus, and in the +campaign of calumny that followed had to submit to the vilest charges +against the memory of his father. The old dossier was produced by the +French Ministry of War, the officials of which did not hesitate to +strengthen their case by the forgery of some documents and the +suppression of others. In view of these proved facts, and of the +circumstance that Francois Zola, immediately after his resignation +from the Foreign Legion, established himself as a civil engineer at +Marseilles and prepared a scheme for new maritime docks there, and +that in connection with this scheme he visited Paris repeatedly, +obtaining private audiences with the King and interviewing statesmen, +it must be held that the charges against him were of a venial nature, +in no way warranting the accusations brought forward by the War Office +nearly seventy years later to cast discredit on his son. Nothing came +of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same fate attended +subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola /pere/, who by +this time had married, then turned his attention to a proposal to +supply water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of a reservoir +and canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and after many +delays and disappointments ultimately signed an agreement for the +construction of the works. Even then further delays took place, and it +was not till three years later that the work could be commenced. But +the engineer's ill fortune still attended him, for one morning while +he was superintending his workmen the treacherous mistral began to +blow, and he took a chill, from the effects of which he died a few +days afterwards. + +The young widow, with her son Emile, then a child of seven, was left +in poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim against the +municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had some means, and came +to her assistance during the years of fruitless struggle to establish +the rights of her dead husband. Emile had up to this time been allowed +to run wild, and he had spent most of his time out of doors, where he +acquired a love of the country which he retained in later years. Even +when he was sent to school he was backward, only learning his letters +with difficulty and showing little inclination for study. It was not +till 1852, when he was twelve years sold, that his education really +began. By this time he was able to realize his mother's financial +position, and to see the sacrifices which were being made to send him +as a boarder to the /lycee/ at Aix. His progress then became rapid, +and during the next five years he gained many prizes. Throughout all +these years the struggle between Madame Zola and the municipality had +gone on, each year diminishing her chance of success. In the end her +position became desperate, and finding it impossible to continue to +reside at Aix, the little family removed to Paris in 1858. Fortunately +Emile was enabled by the intervention of certain friends of his late +father to continue his studies, and became a day pupil at the Lycee +St. Louis, on the Boulevard St. Michael. For some reason he made +little progress there, and when he presented himself for his +/baccalaureat/ degree he failed to pass the examination. A later +attempt at the University of Marseilles had the same result. As this +examination is in France the passport to all the learned professions, +Zola's failure to pass it placed him in a serious position. His +mother's resources were by this time entirely exhausted, and some +means of support had to be sought without delay. After many attempts, +he got a place as clerk in a business house at a salary of twenty-six +pounds a year, but the work proved so distasteful that after two +months of drudgery he threw it up. Then followed a period of deep +misery, but a period which must have greatly influenced the work of +the future novelist. Wandering the streets by day and, when he could +find money to buy a candle, writing poems and short stories by night, +he was gaining that experience in the school of life of which he was +later to make such splendid use. Meantime his wretchedness was deep. A +miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient food, inadequate clothing, +and complete absence of fire may be an incentive to high endeavour, +but do not render easy the pathway of fame. The position had become +all but untenable when Zola received an appointment in the publishing +house of M. Hachette, of Paris, at a salary beginning at a pound a +week, but soon afterwards increased. During the next two years he +wrote a number of short stories which were published later under the +title /Contes a Ninon/. The book did not prove a great success, though +its undoubted ability attracted attention to the writer and opened the +way to some journalistic work. About this time he appears to have been +studying Balzac, and the recently published /Madame Bovary/ of +Flaubert, which was opening up a new world not only in French fiction, +but in the literature of Europe. He had also read the /Germinie +Lacerteux/ of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on which he wrote an +appreciative article, and this remarkable book cannot have been +without its influence on his work. The effect was indeed immediate, +for in 1865 he published his next book, /La Confession de Claud/, +which showed strong traces of that departure from conventional fiction +which he was afterwards to make more pronounced. The book was not a +financial success, though it attracted attention, and produced many +reviews, some favourable, others merciless. Influenced by the latter, +the Public Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding the author to be made +at Hachette's, but nothing more was done, and it is indeed doubtful if +any successful prosecution could have been raised, even at a period +when it was thought necessary to indict the author of /Madame Bovary/. + +Zola's employers had, however, begun to look askance at his literary +work; they may have considered that it was occupying too much of the +time for which they paid, or, more probably, they were becoming +alarmed at their clerk's advanced views both on politics and literary +art. As Zola afterwards explained the matter, one of the partners said +to him, "You are earning two hundred francs a month here, which is +ridiculous. You have plenty of talent, and would do better to take up +literature altogether. You would find glory and profit there." The +hint was a direct one, and it was taken. The young author was again +thrown upon his own resources, but was no longer entirely unknown, for +the not unfavourable reception of his first book and the violent +attacks on his second had given him a certain position, even though it +may to some extent have partaken of the nature of a /succes de +scandale/. As he wrote at the time, he did not mean to pander to the +likes or the dislikes of the crowd; he intended to force the public to +caress or insult him. + +Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open, and Zola got +an appointment on the staff of a newspaper called /L'Evenement/, in +which he wrote articles on literary and artistic subjects. His views +were not tempered by moderation, and when he depreciated the members +of the /Salon/ in order to exalt Manet, afterwards an artist of +distinction, but then regarded as a dangerous revolutionary, the +public outcry was such that he was forced to discontinue publication +of the articles. He then began a second story called /Le Vaeu d'une +Morte/ in the same newspaper. It was intended to please the readers of +/L'Evenement/, but from the first failed to do so, and its publication +was stopped before it was half completed. Soon afterwards +/L'Evenement/ was incorporated with the /Figaro/, and Zola's +connection with it terminated. A time of hardship again began, and +during the year 1867 the wolf was only kept from the door by +unremitting toil of the least agreeable kind. In the midst of his +difficulties Zola wrote two books simultaneously, one supremely good +and the other unquestionably bad. The one was /Therese Raquin/, and +the other /Les Mysteres de Marseille/. The latter, which was pure +hack-work, was written to the order of the publisher of a Marseillaise +newspaper, who supplied historical material from researches made by +himself at the Marseilles and Aix law courts, about the various +/causes celebres/ which during the previous fifty years had attracted +the most public attention. These were to be strung together, and by an +effort of legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a +novel. Zola, desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that +might have been anticipated. + +/Therese Raquin/ is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put the +best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest care. +It is a tale of Divine Justice, wherein a husband is murdered by his +wife and her lover, who, though safe from earthly consequence, are yet +separated by the horror of their deed, and come to hate each other for +the thing they have done. The book is one of remarkable power, and it +is interesting to note that in the preface to it Zola first made use +of the word /naturalisme/ as describing that form of fiction which he +was afterwards to uphold in and out of season. A violent attack in the +/Figaro/ gave opportunity for a vigorous reply, and the advertisement +so obtained assisted the sales of the book, which from the first was a +success. It was followed by /Madeleine Ferat/, which, however, was +less fortunate. The subject is unpleasant, and its treatment lacks the +force which made /Therese Raquin/ convincing. + +Up to this time Zola's life had been a steady struggle against +poverty. He was terribly in earnest, and was determined to create for +himself a place in literature; to accomplish this end he counted no +labour too arduous, no sacrifice too great. His habits were Spartan in +their simplicity; he was a slave to work and method, good equipment +for the vast task he was next to undertake. He had long been an +earnest student of Balzac, and there is no doubt that it was the +example of the great /Comedie Humaine/ which inspired his scheme for a +series of novels dealing with the life history of a family during a +particular period; as he described it himself, "the history natural +and social of a family under the Second Empire." It is possible that +he was also influenced by the financial success of the series of +historical novels written by Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the /Romans +Nationaux/. It was not, however, the past about which he proposed to +write; no period was more suitable for his purpose than that in which +he lived, that Second Empire whose regime began in blood and continued +in corruption. He had there, under his own eyes and within his +personal knowledge, a suitable /mise-en-scene/ wherein to further +develop those theories of hereditary influence which had already +attracted his attention while he was writing /Madeleine Ferat/. The +scheme was further attractive in as much as it lent itself readily to +the system of treatment to which he had applied the term +/naturalisme/, to distinguish it from the crudities of the realistic +school. The scientific tendency of the period was to rely not on +previously accepted propositions, but on observation and experience, +or on facts and documents. To Zola the voice of science conveyed the +word of ultimate truth, and with desperate earnestness he set out to +apply its methods to literary production. His position was that the +novelist is, like the scientist, an observer and an experimentalist +combined. The observer, he says, gives the facts as he has observed +them, fixes the starting-point, lays the solid ground on which his +characters are to walk and his phenomena to develop. Then the +experimentalist appears and starts the experiment, that is to say, he +makes the personages in a particular story move, in order to show that +the succession of events will be just what the determinism of +phenomena together with study demand that they should be. The author +must abstain from comment, never show his own personality, and never +turn to the reader for sympathy; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has +observed, be as cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought +the application of this method would raise the position of the novel +to the level of a science, and that it would become a medium for the +expression of established truths. The fallacy of the argument has been +exposed by more than one critic. It is self-evident that the +"experiments" by the novelist cannot be made on subjects apart from +himself, but are made by him and in him; so that they prove more +regarding his own temperament than about what he professes to regard +as the inevitable actions of his characters. The conclusion drawn by a +writer from such actions must always be open to the retort that he +invented the whole himself and that fiction is only fiction. But to +Zola in the late sixties the theory seemed unassailable and it was +upon it that he founded the whole edifice of /Les Rougon-Macquart/. +The considerations then that influenced Zola in beginning a series of +novels connected by subject into one gigantic whole were somewhat +various. There was the example of Balzac's great /Comedie Humaine/; +there was the desire of working out the theories of heredity in which +he had become interested; there was the opportunity of putting into +operation the system which he had termed /naturalisme/; and there was +also the consideration that if he could get a publisher to agree to +his proposals he would secure a certain income for a number of years. +His original scheme was a series of twelve novels to be written at the +rate of two a year, and he entered into a contract with a publisher +named Lacroix, who was to pay him five hundred francs a month as an +advance. M. Lacroix would, however, only bind himself to publish four +out of the twelve novels. The arrangement could not be carried out, +and at the end of three years only two volumes of the Rougon-Macquart +series had been published, while Zola found that he had become +indebted to the publisher for a very considerable sum. + +The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not published +till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account of the war +with Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and seems to have +regulated his literary production with machinelike uniformity. As his +friend and biographer Paul Alexis writes: "Only four pages, but four +pages every day, every day without exception, the action of the drop +of water always falling on the same place, and in the end wearing out +the hardest stone. It seems nothing, but in course of time chapters +follow chapters, volumes follow upon volumes, and a whole life's work +sprouts, multiplies its branches, extends its foliage like a lofty +oak, destined to rise high into the air and to remain standing in the +forest of human productions." + +His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart series may +be conveniently summed up in a few words from an article which he had +only a month before written in the /Gaulois/: "If I kept a school of +morals," he says, "I would hasten to place in the hands of my pupils +/Madame Bovary/ or /Germinie Lacerteux/, persuaded that truth alone +can instruct and fortify generous souls." + +In /La Fortune des Rougon/, then, Zola set out to plant the roots of +the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during the +next twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the origin +of the family which he had selected for dissection in his series, and +to outline the various principal characters, members of that family. +Mr. Andrew Lang, writing on this subject in the /Fortnightly Review/, +points out that certain Arab tribes trace their descent from a female +Dog, and suggests that the Rougon-Macquart family might have claimed +the same ancestry. Adelaide Fouque came of a race of peasants who had +long lived at Plassans, a name invented by Zola to conceal the +identity of Aix, the town in Provence where his youth had been spent. +She was highly neurotic, with a tendency to epilepsy, but from the +point of view of the naturalistic novelist she offered many +advantages. When a mere girl she married a man named Rougon, who died +soon afterwards, leaving her with a son named Pierre, from whom +descended the legitimate branch of the family. Then followed a liaison +with a drunken smuggler named Macquart, as a result of which two +children were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide's original neurosis had by +this time become more pronounced, and she ultimately became insane. +Pierre married and had five children, but his financial affairs had +not prospered, though by underhand methods he had contrived to get +possession of his mother's property, to the exclusion of her other +children. Then came the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, and Pierre, quick to +seize his opportunity, rendered such services to the Bonapartist party +as to lay the foundation of the family fortune, a foundation which +was, however, cemented with treachery and blood. It was with these two +families, then, both descended from a common ancestress, and sometimes +subsequently united by intermarriage, that the whole series of novels +was to deal. They do not form an edifying group, these Rougon- +Macquarts, but Zola, who had based his whole theory of the +experimental novel upon the analogy of medical research, was not on +the outlook for healthy subjects; he wanted social sores to probe. +This is a fact much too often overlooked by readers of detached parts +of the series, for it should always be kept in mind that the whole was +written with the express purpose of laying bare all the social evils +of one of the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the belief +that through publicity might come regeneration. Zola was all along a +reformer as well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in many a +bitter newspaper controversy. It has been urged against him that there +were plenty of virtuous people about whom he could have written, but +these critics appear to forget that he was in a sense a propagandist, +and that it was not his /metier/ to convert persons already in the +odour of sanctity. + +/La Fortune des Rougon/ was not particularly successful on its +publication, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany was +barely concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola's financial +position was, however, by the arrangement with his publisher now more +secure, and he felt justified in marrying. This he did, and settled +down into the quiet bourgeois existence in which his life was spent. + +The next book was /La Curee/, a study of the mushroom society of the +Second Empire. The subject--the story of Phaedra adapted to modern +environment--is unpleasant and the treatment is daring; but despite a +slight /succes de scandale/, its reception by the public was no more +favorable than that of /La Fortune des Rougon/. + +/La Curee/ was followed by /Le Ventre de Paris/, which reached a +second edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing, but +was severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as the +apotheosis of gluttony, while they resented the transference of a pork +butcher's shop to literature and took particular exceptions to a +certain "symphony of cheeses." + +Next came /La Conquete de Plassans/, an excellent story, to be +followed by /La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret/, one of Zola's most romantic +books, and the first to attain any considerable success. He next wrote +/Son Excellence Eugene Rougon/, in which he dealt with the political +side of the Second Empire and sketched the life of the Imperial Court +at Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly well equipped, and +the book was only moderately successful. Then came /L'Assommoir/, and +with it fame and fortune for the writer. It is a terrible story of +working-class life in Paris, a study of the ravages wrought by drink. +Again to quote Mr. Andrew Lang, "It is a dreadful but not an immoral +book. It is the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written. +As M. Zola saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he +once lived, when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he +describes, one may fear that /L'Assommoir/ is a not untruthful picture +of the lives of many men and women in Paris." + +In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole of +/L'Assommoir/ in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its +coarseness and nothing of its force. For this alone he was attacked by +many critics, and from its publication onwards an unexampled +controversy arose regarding the author and his methods. Looking +backwards it is difficult to see why such an outcry should have arisen +about such a masterpiece of literature, but water has flowed beneath +many bridges since 1877, and, largely by the influence of Zola's own +work, the limits of convention have been widely extended. At the time, +however, the work was savagely attacked, and to the author the basest +motives were assigned, while libels on his own personal character were +freely circulated. Zola replied to these attacks in a manner so calm +and so convincing that quotation may be permitted. "It would be well," +he said, "to read my novels, to understand them, to see them clearly +in their entirety, before bringing forward the ready-made opinions, +ridiculous and odious, which are circulated concerning myself and my +works. Ah! if people only knew how my friends laugh at the appalling +legend which amuses the crowd! If they only knew how the blood-thirsty +wretch, the formidable novelist, is simply a respectable bourgeois, a +man devoted to study and to art, living quietly in his corner, whose +sole ambition is to leave as large and living a work as he can. I +contradict no reports, I work on, and I rely on time, and on the good +faith of the public, to discover me at last under the accumulation of +nonsense that has been heaped upon me." This statement is absolutely +in accordance with fact, and when it is realized that the writer of +the Rougon-Macquart novels was merely a hard-working, earnest man, +filled with a determination to complete the vast task which he had +planned, and not to be turned from his ideas by praise or blame, it +will go far to promote a better understanding of his aims and methods. +It is necessary too, as has already been said, that the various novels +forming the Rougon-Macquart series be considered not as separate +entities, but as chapters of one vast whole. + +/L'Assommoir/ was an immediate success with the public, and the sales +were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they amount to one +hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the original French alone. + +In 1878 Zola published /Une Page d'Amour/, the next volume of the +series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and +romantic descriptions of Paris. Then followed /Nana/, to which +/L'Assommoir/ was the prelude. /Nana/ dealt with the vast demimonde of +Paris, and while it was his greatest popular success, was in every +sense his worst book. Of no subject on which he wrote was Zola more +ignorant than of this, and the result is a laboured collection of +scandals acquired at second-hand. Mr. Arthur Symons, in his /Studies +in Prose and Verse/, recounts how an English paper once reported an +interview in which the author of /Nana/, indiscreetly questioned as to +the amount of personal observation he had put into the book, replied +that he had once lunched with an actress of the Varietes. "The reply +was generally taken for a joke," says Mr. Symons, "but the lunch was a +reality, and it was assuredly a rare experience in the life of a +solitary diligence to which we owe so many impersonal studies in +life." The sales of the book were, however, enormous, and Zola's +financial position was now assured. + +Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on. /Pot- +Bouille/ a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel /Au +Bonheur des Dames/, a study of life in one of the great emporiums +which were beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers of Paris. /La +Joie de Vivre/, that drab story of hypochondria and self-sacrifice, +was succeeded by /Germinal/, the greatest, if not the only really +great, novel of labour that has ever been written in any language. +After /Germinal/ came /L'Oeuvre/, which deals with art life in Paris, +and is in part an autobiography of the author. We now come to /La +Terre/ around which the greatest controversy has raged. In parts the +book is Shakespearian in its strength and insight, but it has to be +admitted at once that the artistic quality of the work has been +destroyed in large measure by the gratuitous coarseness which the +author has thought necessary to put into it. Even allowing for the +fact that the subject is the brutishness and animality of French +peasant life, and admitting that the picture drawn may be a true one, +the effect had been lessened by the fact that nothing has been left to +the imagination. On the other hand there has, since Shakespeare, been +nothing so fine as the treatment of Pere Fouan, that peasant King +Lear, by his ungrateful family. It has been urged that Zola overdid +the horrors of the situation and that no parent would have been so +treated by his children. By a singular chance a complete answer to +this objection may be found in a paragraph which appeared in the +/Daily Mail/ of 18th April, 1911. A few days before, a peasant woman +in France had entered her father's bedroom and struck him nine times +on the head with an axe, afterwards going home to bed. The reason for +the crime was that the old man two years previously had divided his +property between his two daughters on condition that they paid him a +monthly allowance. His elder daughter was always in arrear with her +share of the pension, and, after constant altercations between father +and daughter, the latter extinguished her liability in the manner +indicated. Now this tragedy in real life is the actual plot of /La +Terre/, which was written twenty-four years before it occurred. + +In accordance with the author's usual plan, whereby a heavy book was +followed by a light one, /La Terre/ was succeeded by /Le Reve/, a work +at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As /La Terre/ is of the +earth, earthy, so is /Le Reve/ spiritual and idyllic, the work of a +man enamoured of the refined and the beautiful. It has indeed been +described as the most beautiful work written in France during the +whole of the nineteenth century. + +/La Bete Humaine/, the next of the series, is a work of a different +class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola's +novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms, with a +background of constant interest in the railway life of Western France. +The motives are always obvious and strong, a criticism which can by no +means be invariably applied to French fiction. + +Next appeared /L'Argent/, which is the sequel to /La Curee/ and deals +with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the Union +Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indictment of the +law affecting joint-stock companies. To /L'Argent/ there succeeded /La +Debacle/, that prose epic of modern war, more complete and coherent +than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end all came /Le Docteur +Pascal/, winding up the series on a note of pure romance. + +Regarded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable to +the /Comedie Humaine/. It occupied nearly twenty-five years in +writing, consists of twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred +characters, and a number of words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly at +two million five hundred thousand. + +There can be little doubt that Zola's best work was expended on the +Rougon-Macquart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a reformer +began to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later books partake +more of the nature of active propaganda than of works of fiction. They +comprise two series: /Les Trois Villes/ (Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and +/Les Quatre Evangiles/, of which only three (Fecondite, Travail, and +Verite) were written before the author's death. Politics had begun to +occupy his attention, and from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested +himself in the Jewish question which culminated in the Dreyfus case. +His sense of justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the +authorities and on 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter, +beginning with the words /J'accuse/, a letter which altered the whole +course of events in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect +of Zola's action in this matter; he was attacked with a virulence +almost unexampled, a virulence which followed him beyond the grave. +Four years later, on the day after his death, the Paris correspondent +of /The Times/ wrote: "It is evident the passions of two or three +years ago are still alive. Many persons expressed their joy with such +boisterous gestures as men indulge in on learning of a victory, and +some exclaimed savagely, 'It is none too soon.' The unseemliness of +this extraordinary spectacle evoked no retort from the passers-by." +The feeling of resentment is still alive in France, and it is +necessary to take it into account in the consideration of any +estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a mistake +to attribute Zola's campaign for the rehabilitation of Dreyfus to mere +lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly was ambitious, but +had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd he would not have +adopted a cause which was opposed by the majority of the nation. As a +result of the agitation, he was obliged to leave France and take +refuge in England, till such time as a change of circumstances enabled +him to return. + +On 29th September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that Emile +Zola had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the fumes of a +stove, and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying with him. A life +of incessant literary labour had been quenched. + +The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small +degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was +introduced to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry Vizetelly, +who between 1884 and 1889 published a number of translations of his +novels. The last of these was /The Soil/, a translation of /La Terre/, +which aroused such an outcry that a prosecution followed, and Mr. +Vizetelly was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Without raising +any question as to the propriety of this prosecution, it is difficult +to avoid pointing out that Mr. Vizetelly was singularly ill advised +not to have taken into account the essential differences between +English and French literature, and not have seen that the publication +of this particular book in its entirety was an impossibility under +existing conditions. It is regrettable also that Mr. Vizetelly, who +though a gentleman of the highest character, was no doubt anxious to +make the most possible out of his venture, did not duly appreciate +that the word "Realistic," which was blazoned on the covers of the +various books issued by him, was in the early eighties invariably +interpreted as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was further +from Mr. Vizetelly's wish--his defence at the trial was that the books +were literature of the highest kind--but it is unquestionable that the +format was such as to give the impression indicated, an impression +deepened by the extremely Gallic freedom of the illustrations. There +can be little doubt that had the works been issued in an unobtrusive +form, without illustrations, they would have attracted less attention +of the undesirable kind which they afterwards received. The use of the +term "Realistic" was the more remarkable as Zola had previously +invented the word /Naturalisme/ to distinguish his work from that of +the Realistic school. But if Zola's reputation in England suffered in +this way, it is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E. +A. Vizetelly under which the English public now lies. Some time after +the prosecution of his father, Mr. Vizetelly began to publish, through +Messrs. Chatto & Windus, a series of versions of Zola's works. The +translations were admirably done, and while it was found necessary to +make certain omissions, the task was so skilfully accomplished that in +many cases actual improvement has resulted. These versions are at +present the chief translations of Zola's works in circulation in this +country; but while their number has been added to from time to time, +it has not been found possible to include the whole of the Rougon- +Macquart series. In 1894-5, however, the Lutetian Society issued to +its members a literal and unabridged translation of six of the novels, +made by writers of such eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and +Ernest Dowson. These are the only translations of these works which +are of any value to the student, but they are unfortunately almost +unobtainable, as the entire edition was restricted to three hundred +copies on hand-made paper and ten on Japanese vellum. + +A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was a +somewhat ignorant person, who required to get up from textbooks every +subject upon which he wrote. Now there seems to be little doubt that +it was in the first instance due to the indiscretion of his +biographer, M. Paul Alexis, that this charge has arisen. Impressed by +the vast industry of his friend, M. Alexis said so much about +"research" and "documents" that less friendly critics seized the +opportunity of exaggerating the importance of these. Every novelist of +any consequence has found it necessary to "cram" his subjects, but +says little about the fact. James Payn, for instance, could not have +written his admirable descriptions of China in /By Proxy/ without much +reading of many books, and Mr. Rudyard Kipling has not been blamed for +studying the technicalities of engineering before he wrote /The Ship +that found Herself/. It is open to question even whether Mr. Robert +Hichens acquired his intimate knowledge of the conditions of life in +Southern Europe and Northern Africa entirely without the assistance of +Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly studied his subjects, but far too much +has been made of the necessity for his doing so. His equipment for the +task he undertook was not less complete than that of many another +novelist, and, like Dickens, he studied life in that school of a +"stony-hearted stepmother," the streets of a great city. + +Zola's literary method may be described as a piling up of detail upon +detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelming. He +lacked, however, a sense of proportion; he became so carried away by +his visions of human depravity, that his characters developed powers +of wickedness beyond mortal strength; he lay under an obsession +regarding the iniquities of mankind. In dealing with this it was +unfortunately his method to leave nothing to the imagination, and +herein lies the most serious blemish on his work. There is undoubtedly +much coarseness in some of his books, and the regrettable feature is +that it is not only unnecessary, but in some cases actually lessens +the effect at which he aimed. It is doubtful whether he was possessed +of any sense of humour. Mr. Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was +absolute, a darkness that can be felt; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the +other hand, indicates that his work "teems with quiet fun." On the +whole, truth seems to lie with Mr. Lang. M. and Madame Charles +Badeuil, in /La Terre/ may seem Dickensian to an English reader, but +there is always the Gallic point of view to be reckoned with, and it +is doubtful if Zola did not regard these persons merely as types of a +virtuous bourgeoisie. + +It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly +excelled; there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the +strikers in /Germinal/ or the charges of the troops in /La Debacle/. +Contrast him with such a master of prose as George Meredith, and we +see how immensely strong the battle scenes in /La Debacle/ are when +compared with those in /Vittoria/; it is here that his method of +piling detail on detail and horror on horror is most effectual. "To +make his characters swarm," said Mr. Henry James in a critical article +in the /Atlantic Monthly/ (August, 1903), "was the task he set himself +very nearly from the first, that was the secret he triumphantly +mastered." + +"Naturalism" as a school had a comparatively brief existence--Zola +himself departed largely from its principles after the conclusion of +the Rougon-Macquart series--but its effects have been far-reaching on +the literature of many countries. In England the limits of literary +convention have been extended, and pathways have been opened up along +which later writers have not hesitated to travel, even while denying +the influence of the craftsman who had cleared the way. It is safe to +say that had /L'Assommoir/ never been written there would have been no +/Jude the Obscure/, and the same remark applies to much of the best +modern fiction. In America, Frank Norris, an able writer who +unfortunately died before the full fruition of his genius had +obviously accepted Zola as his master, and the same influence is also +apparent in the work of George Douglas, a brilliant young Scotsman +whose premature death left only one book, /The House with the Green +Shutters/, as an indication of what might have sprung from the methods +of modified naturalism. M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, writing in the +/Contemporary Review/ (1902), pointed out that the influence of Zola +has transformed novel writing in Italy, and that its effect in Germany +has been not less pronounced. The virtue of this influence on German +letters was undoubtedly great. It made an end of sentimentality, it +shook literature out of the sleepy rut into which it had fallen and +forced it to face universal problems. + +One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid +offending those prejudices which were so powerful in his time. The +novelist who adopts the method of the surgeon finds it necessary to +expose many painful sores, and is open to the taunt that he finds +pleasure in the task. On no one did this personal obloquy fall more +hardly than on Zola, and never with less reason. It may be that he +accumulated unseemly details and risky situations too readily; but he +was an earnest man with a definite aim in view, and had formulated for +himself a system which he allowed to work itself out with relentless +fatality. The unredeemed baseness and profligacy of the period with +which he had to deal must also be borne in mind. As to his personal +character, it has been fitly described by M. Anatole France, himself a +distinguished novelist. Zola, said he, "had the candour and sincerity +of great souls. He was profoundly moral. He has depicted vice with a +rough and vigorous hand. His apparent pessimism ill conceals a real +optimism, a persistent faith in the progress of intelligence and +justice. In his romances, which are social studies, he attacks with +vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous society, a base and noxious +aristocracy. He combated social evil wherever he encountered it. His +work is comparable only in greatness with that of Tolstoi. At the two +extremities of European thought the lyre has raised two vast cities. +Both are generous and pacific; but whereas Tolstoi's is the city of +resignation, Zola's is the city of work." + +It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value of +Zola's writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered +judgments; but their influence has been, and will continue to be, far +reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and have made +possible to others much that was formerly unattainable. + + + + THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE. + + +First Generation: + +1. ADELAIDE FOUQUE, called AUNT DIDE, born in 1768, married in 1786 to +Rougon, a placid, lubberly gardener; bears him a son in 1787; loses +her husband in 1788; takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smuggler, +addicted to drink and half crazed; bears him a son in 1789, and a +daughter in 1791; goes mad, and is sent to the Asylum of Les Tulettes +in 1851; dies there of cerebral congestion in 1873 at 105 years of +age. Supplies the original neurosis. + + +Second Generation: + +2. PIERRE ROUGON, born in 1787, married in 1810 to Felicite Puech, an +intelligent, active and healthy woman; has five children by her; dies +in 1870, on the morrow of Sedan, from cerebral congestion due to +overfeeding. An equilibrious blending of characteristics, the moral +average of his father and mother, resembles them physically. An oil +merchant, afterwards receiver of taxes. + +3. ANTOINE MACQUART, born in 1789; a soldier in 1809; married in 1829 +to a market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a vigorous, industrious, but +intemperate woman; has three children by her; loses her in 1851; dies +himself in 1873 from spontaneous combustion, brought about by +alcoholism. A fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and +physical likeness to his father. A soldier, then a basket-maker, +afterwards lives idle on his income. + +4. URSULE MACQUART, born in 1791; married in 1810 to a journeyman- +hatter, Mouret, a healthy man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him +three children, dies of consumption in 1840. An adjunction of +characteristics, her mother predominating morally and physically. + + +Third Generation: + +5. EUGENE ROUGON, born in 1811, married in 1857 to Veronique Beulin +d'Orcheres, by whom he has no children. A fusion of characteristics. +Prepotency and ambition of his mother. Physical likeness to his +father. A politician, at one time Cabinet Minister. Still alive in +Paris, a deputy. + +6. PASCAL ROUGON, born in 1813, never marries, has a posthumous child +by Clotilde Rougon in 1874; dies of heart disease on November 7, 1873. +Innateness, a combination in which the physical and moral +characteristics of the parents are so blended that nothing of them +appears manifest in the offspring. A doctor. + +7. ARISTIDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1815, married in 1836 to +Angele Sicardot, the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an officer; has +by her a son in 1840, a daughter in 1847; loses his wife in 1854; has +a natural son in 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie Chavaille, counting +consumptives and epileptics among her forerunners; remarried in 1855 +to Renee Beraud Du Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An adjunction +of characteristics, moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness +to his mother. Her ambition, modified by his father's appetites. A +clerk, then a speculator. Still alive in Paris, directing a newspaper. + +8. SIDONIE ROUGON, born in 1818, married at Plassans in 1838 to a +solicitor's clerk, who dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger, in +1851, a daughter Angelique, whom she places in the foundling asylum. +Prepotency of her father, physical likeness to her mother. A +commission agent and procuress, dabbling in every shady calling; but +eventually becomes very austere. Still alive in Paris, treasurer to +the OEuvre du Sacrement. + +9. MARTHE ROUGON, born in 1820, married in 1840 to her cousin Francois +Mouret, bears him three children, dies in 1864 from a nervous disease. +Reverting heredity, skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral and +physical likeness to Adelaide Fouque. Resembles her husband. + +10. FRANCOIS MOURET, born in 1817, married in 1840 to Marthe Rougon, +who bears him three children; dies mad in 1864 in a conflagration +kindled by himself. Prepotency of his father. Physical likeness to his +mother. Resembles his wife. At first a wine-merchant, then lives on +his income. + +11. HELENE MOURET, born in 1824, married in 1841 to Grandjean, a puny +man, inclined to phthisis, who dies in 1853; has a daughter by him in +1842; remarried in 1857 to M. Rambaud, by whom she has no children. +Innateness as in Pascal Rougon's case. Still living, at Marseilles, in +retirement with her second husband. + +12. SILVERE MOURET, born in 1834; shot dead by a gendarme in 1851. +Prepotency of his mother. Innateness with regard to physical +resemblance. + +13. LISA MACQUART, born in 1827, married in 1852 to Quenu, a healthy +man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him a daughter, dies in 1863 from +decomposition of the blood. Prepotency of and physical likeness to her +mother. Keeps a large pork-butcher's shop at the Paris markets. + +14. GERVAISE MACQUART, born in 1828, has three sons by her lover +Lantier, who counts paralytics among his ancestors; is taken to Paris, +and there deserted by him; is married in 1852 to a workman, Coupeau, +who comes of an alcoholic stock; has a daughter by him; dies of misery +and drink in 1869. Prepotency of her father. Conceived in drunkenness. +Is lame. A washerwoman. + +15. JEAN MACQUART, born in 1831, married in 1867 to Francoise Mouche, +who dies childless in 1870; remarried in 1871 to Melanie Vial, a +sturdy, healthy peasant-girl, by whom he has a son, and who is again +/enceinte/. Innateness, as with Pascal and Helene. First a peasant, +then a soldier, then peasant again. Still alive at Valqueyras. + + +Fourth Generation: + +16. MAXIME ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1840, has a son in 1857 by a +servant, Justine Megot, the chlorotic daughter of drunken parents; +married in 1863 to Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the same +year; succumbs to ataxia in 1873. A dissemination of characteristics. +Moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness to his mother. Idle, +inclined to spending unearned money. + +17. CLOTILDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1847, has a son by Pascal +Rougon in 1874. Prepotency of her mother. Reverting heredity, the +moral and physical characteristics of her maternal grandfather +preponderant. Still alive at Plassans. + +18. VICTOR ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1853. Adjunction of +characteristics. Physical resemblance to his father. Has disappeared. + +19. ANGELIQUE ROUGON, born in 1851, married in 1869 to Felicien de +Hautecoeur, and dies the same day of a complaint never determined. +Innateness: no resemblance to her mother or forerunners on the +maternal side. No information as to her father. + +20. OCTAVE MOURET, born in 1840, married in 1865 to Madame Hedouin, +who dies the same year; remarried in 1869 to Denise Baudu, a healthy +girl with a well-balanced mind, by whom he has a boy and a girl, still +too young to be classified. Prepotency of his father. Physical +resemblance to his uncle, Eugene Rougon. Indirect heredity. +Establishes and directs "The Ladies' Paradise." Still alive in Paris. + +21. SERGE MOURET, born in 1841. A dissemination of characteristics; +moral and physical resemblance to his mother. Has his father's brain, +influenced by the diseased condition of his mother. Heredity of a form +of neurosis developing into mysticism. A priest, still alive at St. +Eutrope. + +22. DESIREE MOURET, born in 1844. Prepotency of and physical likeness +to her mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into idiocy. +Still alive at St. Eutrope with her brother Serge. + +23. JEANNE GRANDJEAN, born in 1842, dies of a nervous complaint in +1855. Reverting heredity, skipping two generations. Physical and moral +resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. + +24. Pauline Quenu, born in 1852, never marries. An equilibrious +blending of characteristics. Moral and physical resemblance to her +father and mother. An example of honesty. Still alive at Bonneville. + +25. CLAUDE LANTIER, born in 1842, married in 1865 to Caroline +Hallegrain, whose father succumbed to paraplegia; has by her, prior to +marriage, a son, Jacques, who dies in 1869; hangs himself in 1870. A +fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical +resemblance to his mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing +into genius. A painter. + +26. JACQUES LANTIER, born in 1844, killed in an accident in 1870. +Prepotency of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. Heredity of +alcoholism, developing into homicidal mania. An example of crime. An +engine-driver. + +27. ETIENNE LANTIER, born in 1846. A dissemination of characteristics. +Physical resemblance, first to his mother, afterwards to his father. A +miner. Still alive, transported to Noumea, there married, with +children, it is said, who cannot, however, be classified. + +28. ANNA COUPEAU, alias NANA, born in 1852, gives birth to a child, +Louis, in 1867, loses him in 1870, dies herself of small-pox a few +days later. A blending of characteristics. Moral prepotency of her +father. Physical resemblance to her mother's first lover, Lantier. +Heredity of alcoholism developing into mental and physical perversion. +An example of vice. + + +Fifth Generation: + +29. CHARLES ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1857, dies of hemorrhage in +1873. Reverting heredity skipping three generations. Physical and +moral resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. The last outcome of an exhausted +stock. + +30. JACQUES LOUIS LANTIER, born in 1860, a case of hydrocephalus, dies +in 1869. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + +31. LOUIS COUPEAU, called LOUISET, born in 1867, dies of small-pox in +1870. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles. + +32. THE UNKNOWN CHILD will be born in 1874. What will it be? + + + + SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS + + +La Fortune des Rougon. + +In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity, +and the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great +series which deals with the life history of a family and its +descendants during the second empire. + +The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was Adelaide +Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to nervous seizures. +From her father she inherited a small farm, and at the age of eighteen +married one of her own labourers, a man named Rougon, who died fifteen +months afterwards, leaving her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly +after her husband's death she fell completely under the influence of +Macquart, a drunken smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time +she had a son named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became +more and more subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind +was completely unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was a man +of strong will inherited from his father, and he early saw that his +mother's property was being squandered by the Macquarts. By means +approximating to fraud he induced his mother, who was then facile, to +sell her property and hand over the proceeds to him. Soon after he +married Felicite Peuch, a woman of great shrewdness and keen +intelligence, by whom he had three sons (Eugene, Aristide, and Pascal) +and two daughters (Marthe and Sidonie). Pierre Rougon was not +particularly prosperous, but his eldest son, Eugene, went to Paris and +became mixed up in the Bonapartist plots which led to the /Coup +d'Etat/ of 1851. He was consequently able to give his parents early +information as to the probable course of events, and the result of +their action was to lay the foundations of the family fortune. + +The scene of the book is the Provencal town of Plassans, and the +tragic events attending the rising of the populace against the /Coup +d'Etat/ are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a charming love +idyll between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Macquart, and a young +girl named Miette, both of whom fall as victims in the rising which +followed the /Coup d'Etat/. + +Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his introduction to the English translation of +/The Conquest of Plassans/ (London: Chatto & Windus), points out that +almost every incident in /The Fortune of the Rougons/ is based upon +historical fact. "For instance," he says, "Miette had a counterpart in +Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of the young woman who, +carrying the insurgents' blood-red banner, was hailed by them as the +Goddess of Liberty on their dramatic march. And in like way the tragic +death of Silvere, linked to another hapless prisoner, was founded by +M. Zola on an incident that followed the rising, as recorded by an +eye-witness." + + +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of Pierre +Rougon (/La Fortune des Rougon/), who went to Paris from Plassans, +becoming involved in the plots which resulted in the /Coup d'Etat/ of +1851 and the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial power. The future +career of Rougon was assured; his services had been too important to +be overlooked, and he ultimately became Minister of State and +practically Vice-Emperor. He fell for a time under the influence of +Clorinde Balbi, the daughter of an Italian adventuress, but realizing +the risk of compromising himself, he shook himself free, and married a +lady whose position in society tended to make his own still more +secure. The novel gives an excellent account of the political and +social life of the Second Empire, and of the cynical corruption which +characterized the period. + +In a preface to the English translation (/His Excellency/. London: +Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion, +"with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject, +/Son Excellence Eugene Rougon/ is the one existing French novel which +gives the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in political +spheres at an important period of the Empire. But His Excellency +Eugene Rougon is not, as many critics and others have supposed, a mere +portrait or caricature of His Excellency Eugene Rouher, the famous +Vice-Emperor of history. Symbolism is to be found in every one of +Zola's novels, and Rougon, in his main lines, is but the symbol of a +principle, or, to be accurate, the symbol of a certain form of the +principle of authority. His face is Rouher's, like his build and his +favorite gesture; but with Rouher's words, actions, opinions, and +experiences are blended those of half a dozen other personages. He is +the incarnation of that craving, that lust for power which impelled so +many men of ability to throw all principle to the winds and become the +instruments of an abominable system of government. And his +transformation at the close of the story is in strict accordance with +historical facts." + + +La Curee. + +In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene to +Paris in the hope of sharing the spoils of the Second Empire (/La +Fortune des Rougon/), was successful in amassing a vast fortune by +speculation in building-sites. His first wife having died, he married +Renee Beraud du Chatel, a lady of good family, whose dowry first +enabled him to throw himself into the struggle of financial life. In a +magnificent mansion which he built in the Parc Monceau a life of +inconceivable extravagance began. The mushroom society of Paris was at +this period the most corrupt in Europe, and the Saccards soon came to +be regarded as leaders in every form of pleasure. Vast though their +fortune was, their expenses were greater, and a catastrophe was +frequently imminent. Renee, satisfied with prodigality of every kind, +entered on an infamous liaison with her husband's son, a liaison which +Aristide condoned in order to extract money from his wife. Rene +ultimately died, leaving her husband immersed in his feverish +speculations. + +The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of Parisian +society in the period which followed the restoration of the Empire in +1851. + + +L'Argent. + +After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard (/La Fortune des +Rougon/ and /La Curee/) was forced to sell his mansion in the Parc +Monceau and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune. +Chance made him acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose residence +in the East had suggested to him financial schemes which at once +attracted the attention of Saccard. With a view to financing these +schemes the Universal Bank was formed, and by force of advertising +became immediately successful. Emboldened by success, Saccard launched +into wild speculation, involving the bank, which ultimately became +insolvent, and so caused the ruin of thousands of depositors. The +scandal was so serious that Saccard was forced to disappear from +France and to take refuge in Belgium. + +The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation and +fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of directors, +and the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with the shady +underwoods of the financial world. + +Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation +(/Money/. London: Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in sketching +Saccard, that daring and unscrupulous financier, "must have bethought +himself of Mires, whose name is so closely linked to the history of +Second Empire finance. Mires, however, was a Jew, whereas Saccard was +a Jew-hater, and outwardly, at all events, a zealous Roman Catholic. +In this respect he reminds one of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety, +just as Hamelin the engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux's +associate. Indeed, the history of M. Zola's Universal Bank is much the +history of the Union General. The latter was solemnly blessed by the +Pope, and in a like way Zola shows us the Universal receiving the +Papal benediction. Moreover, the second object of the Union General +was to undermine the financial power of the Jews, and in the novel we +find a similar purpose ascribed to Saccard's Bank. The union, we know, +was eventually crushed by the great Israelite financiers, and this +again is the fate which overtakes the institution whose meteor-like +career is traced in the pages of /L'Argent/." + + +La Reve. + +Written as a "passport to the Academy," this novel stands alone among +the Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic grace. Angelique, a +daughter of Sidonie Rougon (/Le Curee/), had been deserted by her +mother, and was adopted by a maker of ecclesiastical embroideries, who +with his wife lived and worked under the shadow of an ancient +cathedral. In this atmosphere the child grew to womanhood, and as she +fashioned the rich embroideries of the sacred vestments she had a +vision of love and happiness which was ultimately realized, though the +realization proved too much for her frail strength, and she died in +its supreme moment. The vast cathedral with its solemn ritual +dominates the book and colours the lives of its characters. + + +La Conquete de Plassans. + +The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter of +Pierre and Felicite Rougon (/La Fortune des Rougon/), who had +inherited much of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother Adelaide +Fouque. She married her cousin, Francois Mouret. Plassans, where the +Mourets lived, was becoming a stronghold of the clerical party, when +Abbe Faujas, a wily and arrogant priest, was sent to win it back for +the Government. This powerful and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly +set aside every obstacle to his purpose, and in the course of his +operations wrecked the home of the Mourets. Marthe having become +infatuated with the priest, ruined her family for him and died +neglected. Francois Mouret, her husband, who by the machinations of +Faujas was confined in an asylum as a lunatic, became insane in fact, +and having escaped, brought about a conflagration in which he perished +along with the disturber of his domestic peace. + +The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and +intrigues of a country town, and of the political movements which +followed the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851. + + +Pot-Bouille. + +A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of +Francois Mouret, has come to the city, where he has got a situation in +"The Ladies' Paradise," a draper's shop carried on by Madame Hedouin, +a lady whom he ultimately marries. The interest of the book centres in +a house in Rue de Choiseul which is let in flats to various tenants, +the Vabres, Duvreyiers, and Josserands among others. The inner lives +of these people, their struggles, their jealousies and their sins, are +shown with an unsparing hand. Under the thin skin of an intense +respectability there is a seething mass of depravity, and with +ruthless art Zola has laid his subjects upon the dissecting-table. Of +plot there is little, but as a terrible study in realism the book is a +masterpiece. + + +An Bonheur des Dames. + +Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin, greatly +increased the business of "The Ladies' Paradise," which he hoped would +ultimately rival the /Bon Marche/ and other great drapery +establishments in Paris. While an addition to the shop was in progress +Madame Mouret met with an accident which resulted in her death, and +her husband remained a widower for a number of years. During this time +his business grew to such an extent that his employees numbered many +hundreds, among whom was Denise Baudu, a young girl who had come from +the provinces. Mouret fell in love with her, and she, after resisting +his advances for some time, ultimately married him. The book deals +chiefly with life among the assistants in a great drapery +establishment, their petty rivalries and their struggles; it contains +some pathetic studies of the small shopkeepers of the district, +crushed out of existence under the wheels of Mouret's moneymaking +machine. + + +La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +Serge Mouret, the younger son of Francois Mouret (see /La Conquete de +Plassans/), was ordained to the priesthood and appointed cure of Les +Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants +he ministered with small encouragement. He had inherited the family +taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the same form as in +the case of his mother--a morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on +hysteria. Brain fever followed, and bodily recovery left the priest +without a mental past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save +his reason, removed him from his accustomed surroundings and left him +at the Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house near +Les Artaud, where he was nursed by Albine, niece of the caretaker. The +Abbe fell in love with Albine, and, oblivious of his vows, broke them. +A meeting with Archangias, a Christian Brother with whom he had been +associated, and a chance glimpse of the world beyond the Paradou, +served to restore his memory, and, filled with horror at himself, he +fled from that enchanted garden. A long mental struggle followed, but +in the end the Church was victorious, and the Abbe returned to her +service with even more feverish devotion than before. Albine, broken- +hearted, died among her loved flowers in the Paradou. + +The tale is to some extend an indictment of the celibacy of the +priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put +quite fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse, in +entire forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book +contains some of Zola's best work, and is both poetical and +convincing. + + +Une Page d'Amour. + +A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene +Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret +(/La Fortune des Rougon/) and Francois Mouret (/La Conquete de +Plassans/). Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar- +refiner of Marseilles, whose family opposed the marriage on the ground +of her poverty. The marriage was a secret one, and some years of +hardship had followed, when an uncle of M. Grandjean died, leaving his +nephew a substantial income. The couple then moved to Paris with their +young daughter Jeanne, but the day after their arrival Grandjean was +seized with illness from which he died. Helene remained in Paris, +though she had at first no friends there except Abbe Jouve and his +half-brother M. Rambaud. Jeanne had inherited much of the family +neurosis, along with a consumptive tendency derived from her father, +and one of her sudden illnesses caused her mother to make the +acquaintance of Doctor Deberle. An intimacy between the two families +followed, which ripened into love between the doctor and Helene. +Events were precipitated by an attempt on the part of Helene to save +Madame Deberle from the consequences of an indiscretion in arranging +an assignation with M. Malignon, with the result that she was herself +seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor Deberle and for the first +and only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose jealous affection for +her mother amounted to mania, was so affected by the belief that she +was not longer the sole object of her mother's love that she became +dangerously ill and died soon afterwards. This bitter punishment for +her brief lapse killed Helene's love for Doctor Deberle, and two years +later she married M. Rambaud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, Helene +was a good and pure woman, upon whom the fate of her family fell. + +In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to make all +Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study in realism, it +contains much that is truly pathetic. The descriptions of Paris under +varying atmospheric aspects, with which each section of the book +closes, are wholly admirable. + + +Le Ventre de Paris. + +A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central markets +of Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine Macquart +(/La Fortune des Rougon/). She has become prosperous, and with +prosperity her selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-law Florent +had escaped from penal servitude in Cayenne and lived for a short time +in her house, but she became tired of his presence and ultimately +denounced him to the police. The book contains vivid pictures of the +markets, bursting with the food of a great city, and of the vast +population which lives by handling and distributing it. "But it also +embraces a powerful allegory," writes Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his +preface to the English translation (/The Fat and the Thin/. London: +Chatto & Windus), "the prose song of the eternal battle between the +lean of this world and the fat--a battle in which, as the author +shows, the latter always come off successful. M. Zola had a distinct +social aim in writing this book." + + +La Joie de Vivre. + +Pauline Quenu (/Le Ventre de Paris/), having been left an orphan, was +sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast. It was +a bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their drab, +hopeless lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death. The +Chanteaus, Pauline's guardians, took advantage of her in every way, +and Lazare Chanteau, her cousin, with whom she fell in love, got from +her large sums of money to carry out wild schemes which he devised. +The character of Pauline is a fine conception; basely wronged and +treated with heartless ingratitude, her hopes blighted and her heart +broken, she found consolation in the complete renunciation of herself +for the sake of those who had so greatly injured her. + +"The title selected by M. Zola for this book," says Mr. E. A. +Vizetelly in his preface to the English translation (/The Joy of +Life/. London: Chatto & Windus), "is to be taken in an ironical or +sarcastic sense. There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters +whom he portrays in it. The story of the hero is one of mental +weakness, poisoned by a constantly recurring fear of death; whilst +that of his father is one of intense physical suffering, blended with +an eager desire to continue living, even at the cost of yet greater +torture. Again, the story of the heroine is one of blighted +affections, the wrecking of all which might have made her life worth +living." + + +L'Assommoir. + +A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social +condition of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no other +work of fiction in which the effects of intemperance are shown with +such grimness of realism and uncompromising force. + +Gervaise Macquart, daughter of Antoine Macquart (/La Fortune des +Rougon/), having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris, taking with +her their two children, was deserted by him a few weeks after their +arrival in the city. She got employment in the laundry of Madame +Fauconnier, and a few months later married Coupeau, a zinc-worker, +who, though the son of drunken parents, was himself steady and +industrious. For a while everything prospered with the Coupeaus; by +hard work they were able to save a little money, and in time a +daughter (Nana) was born to them. Then an accident to Coupeau, who +fell from the roof of a house, brought about a change. His recovery +was slow, and left him with an unwillingness to work and an +inclination to pass his time in neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime +Gervaise, with money borrowed from Goujet, a man who loved her with +almost idyllic affection, had started a laundry of her own. She was +successful for a time, in spite of her husband's growing intemperance +and an increasing desire in herself for ease and good living; but +deterioration had begun, and with the reappearance of Lantier, her old +lover, it became rapid. Coupeau was by this time a confirmed loafer +and drunkard, while Gervaise was growing careless and ease-loving. +Lantier, having become a lodger with the Coupeaus, ceased doing any +work, and as he never paid anything for his board, his presence not +unnaturally hastened the downfall of his hosts. Circumstances +conspired to renew the old relations between Gervaise and Lantier, and +by easy stages she descended that somewhat slippery stair which leads +to ruin. The shop was given up, and she again got employment in the +laundry of Madame Fauconnier, though she was no longer the capable +workwoman of former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious from childhood, +had taken to evil courses; her husband had at least one attack of +delirium tremens; and she herself was fast giving way to intemperance. +The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of Sainte-Anne after an +illness the description of which is for pure horror unparalleled in +fiction; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest depths of +degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret. The tragedy of it +all is that Gervaise, despite her early lapse with Lantier, was a good +and naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin was wrought by circumstances +and by the operation of the relentless laws of heredity. + +It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in /L'Assommoir/ +that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842, and +Etienne, born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844), not +elsewhere mentioned, the hero of /La Bete Humaine/, a subsequent work +in the Rougon-Macquart series. + + +L'Oeuvre. + +A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of the +Second Empire. + +Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise +Macquart (/La Fortune des Rougon/ and /L'Assommoir/), had been +educated at Plassans by an old gentleman who was interested in his +childish skill in drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a sum +which yielded an annual income of a thousand francs, and he came to +Paris to follow an artistic career. There he met Dubuche, Pierre +Sandoz, and others of his former schoolboy friends, and the little +band formed a coterie of revolutionary spirits, whose aim was to +introduce new ideas and drastic changes into the accepted canons of +art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a picture which he +called /Plein Air/ ("Open Air") in which he went direct to nature for +inspiration, and threw aside all recognized conventions. The picture +was refused by the committee of the /Salon/, and when subsequently +shown at a minor exhibition was greeted with derision by the public. +The artist was in despair, and left Paris with Christine Hallegrain, a +young girl between whom and himself a chance acquaintanceship had +ripened into love. They lived happily in a little cottage in the +country for several years, a son being born to them, but Claude became +restless, and they returned to Paris. Here he gradually became +obsessed by an idea for a great picture, which would show the truth of +his theories and cover his detractors with confusion. By this time +there is no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated +disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to manifest +itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this picture; his +little fortune was gradually encroached on, and his wife and child (he +had married Christine some time after their return to Paris) were +frequently without the necessaries of life. Christine was, however, +devoted to her husband, and did all she could to induce him to leave +the picture, which she saw was increasing his mental disturbance. This +was becoming more serious, and in the death of his child he saw only +the subject of a picture, /L'Enfant Mort/, which was exhibited at the +/Salon/ and was received with even more contempt than /Plein Air/. +Despite all the efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended +masterpiece, and one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged +himself in front of the fatal picture. + +As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is +little doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by +that of Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist school, +with whom Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also certain that +Pierre Sandoz, the journalist with an idea for a vast series of novels +dealing with the life history of a family, was the prototype of Zola +himself. + + +La Bete Humaine. + +A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close of the +Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second son of Gervaise +Macquart and August Lantier (/La Fortune des Rougon/ and +/L'Assommoir/). When his parents went to Paris with his two brothers, +he remained at Plassans with his godmother, "Aunt Phasie," who +afterwards married Misard, a railway signalman, by whom she was slowly +poisoned to secure a small legacy which she had concealed. After +Jacques had passed through the School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans +he became a railway engine-driver, and entered the service of the +Western Railway Company, regularly driving the express train between +Paris and Havre. He was a steady man and a competent engineer, but +from his early youth he had been affected by a curious form of +insanity, the desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond. "It +seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring thirst +to avenge some very ancient offences, the exact recollection of which +escaped him." There was also in the employment of the railway company, +as assistant station-master at Havre, a compatriot of Lantier named +Roubaud, who had married Severine Aubry, the godchild of President +Grandmorin, a director of the company. A chance word of Severine's +roused the suspicions of Roubaud regarding her former relations with +the President, and, driven to frenzy by jealousy, he compelled her to +become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in an express train +between Paris and Havre. + +Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able to +prove an alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired that +Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, the inquiry into +the murder was dropped. By a singular chance, however, Jacques Lantier +had been a momentary witness of the crime, and the Roubauds became +aware of his suspicions. To secure his silence they invited him +constantly to their house, and a liaison with Severine followed. For +the first time Lantier's blood lust was not aroused; the knowledge +that this woman had killed seemed to constitute her a being apart and +sacred. After the murder of Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of +Roubaud's character set in, and he became in time a confirmed gambler. +His relations with his wife were ultimately so strained that she +induced Lantier to promise to murder him, in order that they might fly +together to America with the proceeds of a small legacy she had +received from Grandmorin. The arrangements were made, but at the last +moment Lantier's frenzy overtook him, and it was Severine who was +struck down by the knife destined for her husband. Lantier escaped +without suspicion; but Roubaud, who was found on the scene of the +crime under circumstances considered compromising, was tried, and +along with a companion equally innocent, was sentenced to penal +servitude for life. But Nemesis was not distant; Jacques had aroused +the jealous fury of his fireman, Pecqueux, who, one night in 1870, +attacked him as they were driving a train loaded with soldiers bound +for the war. A fierce struggle followed, and in the end the two men +fell from the engine and were cut in pieces beneath the wheels of the +train, which, no longer under control, rushed on into the darkness +with its living freight. + + +Germinal. + +A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation to +coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France at a +time preceding and during a great strike; the hero is Etienne Lantier +(/La Fortune des Rougon/ and /L'Assommoir/). In a moment of passion +Lantier had struck one of his superiors, and having been dismissed +from his employment as an engineer, found it difficult to get work, +till, after drifting from place to place, he eventually became a coal- +miner. The hardships of the life and its miserable remuneration +impressed him deeply, and he began to indoctrinate his comrades with a +spirit of revolt. His influence grew, and he became the acknowledged +leader of the strike which followed. The result was disastrous. After +weeks of misery from cold and hunger the infuriated workmen attempted +to destroy one of the pits, and were fired upon by soldiers sent to +guard it. Many were killed, and the survivors, with their spirits +crushed, returned to work. But worse was yet to come. Souvarine, an +Anarchist, disgusted with the ineffectual struggle, brought about an +inundation of the pit, whereby many of his comrades were entombed. +Among them was Lantier, who was, however, eventually rescued. + +As a study of the ever-lasting struggle between capital and labour the +work has no rival in fiction; the miseries and degradation of the +mining class, their tardy revolt against their employers, and their +sufferings from hunger during its futile course, these are the theme, +and the result is a picture of gloom, horrible and without relief. + + +Nana. + +A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the +daughter of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife (/L'Assommoir/), +has been given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des Varietes, +and though she can neither sing nor act, achieves by the sheer force +of her beauty an overwhelming success. All Paris is at her feet, and +she selects her lovers from among the wealthiest and best born. But +her extravagance knows no bounds, and ruin invariably overtakes those +who yield to her fascination. After squandering vast sums she goes to +the East, and stories spread that she had captivated a viceroy and +gained a great fortune in Russia. Her return to Paris is speedily +followed by her death from small-pox. In this novel the life of the +courtesan class is dealt with by Zola with unhesitating frankness; +there are many vivid studies of theatrical manners; and the racecourse +also comes within its scope. The work was intended to lay bare the +canker which was eating into the social life of the Second Empire and +ultimately led to the /debacle/ of 1870. + + +La Terre. + +This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural life in +France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent downfall of the +Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most powerful of all +Zola's novels, but in dealing with the subject he unfortunately +thought it necessary to introduce incidents and expressions which, +from their nature, must always render it impossible to submit the book +in its entirety to the general English reader. + +Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat slight. +Jean Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (/La +Fortune des Rougon/), having served his time in the Army, came to the +plain of La Beauce, and became an agricultural labourer on the farm of +La Borderie, which belonged to Alexandre Hourdequin. He fell in love +with Lise Mouche, who, however, married Buteau, and Macquart +subsequently married her sister Francoise. Constant quarrels now arose +between the two sisters as to the division of their father's property, +and in the end Francoise was murdered by her sister. Macquart, tired +of the struggle, decided to rejoin the army, which he did immediately +after the outbreak of war. + +The interest of the book is, however, largely connected with the +history of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member of +which, having grown old, divided his land among his three children. +The intense and brutish rapacity of these peasants, their utter lack +of any feeling of morality or duty, their perfect selfishness, not +stopping short of parricide, form a picture of horror unequalled in +fiction. It is only to be regretted that the author, in leaving +nothing to the imagination, has produced a work suitable only for the +serious student of sociology. + + +La Debacle. + +In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had dealt +with every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in this novel he +tells the story of that terrific land-slide which overwhelmed the +regime. It is a story of war, grim and terrible; of a struggle to the +death between two great nations. In it the author has put much of his +finest work, and the result is one of the masterpieces of literature. +The hero is Jean Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of +Gervaise (/La Fortune des Rougon/). After the terrible death of his +wife, as told in /La Terre/, Jean enlisted for the second time in the +army, and went through the campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After +the capitulation he was made prisoner, and in escaping was wounded. +When he returned to active service he took part in crushing the +excesses of the Commune in Paris, and by a strange chance it was his +hand that killed his dearest friend, Maurice Levasseur, who had joined +the Communist ranks. /La Debacle/ has been described as "a prose epic +of modern war," and vast though the subject be, it is treated in a +manner that is powerful, painful, and pathetic. + +In the preface to the English translation (/The Downfall/. London: +Chatto & Windus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview with +Zola regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says, +"contains, or may be made to contain, everything; and it is because +that is my creed that I am a novelist. I have, to my thinking, certain +contributions to make to the thought of the world on certain subjects, +and I have chosen the novel as the best way of communicating these +contributions to the world. Thus /La Debacle/, in the form of a very +precise and accurate relation of a series of historical facts--in +other words, in the form of a realistic historical novel--is a +document on the psychology of France in 1870. This will explain the +enormous number of characters which figure in the book. Each character +represents one /etat d'ame psychologique/ of the France of the day. If +my work be well done, the reader will be able to understand what was +in men's minds and what was the bent of men's minds--what they thought +and how they thought at that period." + + +Le Docteur Pascal. + +In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon-Macquart series, Zola +gathers together the threads of the preceding volumes and makes a +vigorous defence of his theories of heredity. The story in the book is +both simple and sad. Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical man at Plassans +and a distinguished student of heredity, had brought up his niece +Clotilde (daughter of Aristide Rougon alias Saccard) from childhood. +Years afterwards they found that they passionately loved one another, +but they did not marry, as Pascal, who had lost money, thought that by +doing so she would sacrifice her interests. (In this connection it is +right to mention that marriage between an uncle and a niece is legal +in France, and is not uncommon.) With fine self-sacrifice Pascal +persuaded Clotilde to go to Paris to live with her brother who was +wealthy and wanted her to nurse him. Soon after her departure Pascal +showed symptoms of a fatal affection of the heart, and after some +weeks of great suffering telegraphed for Clotilde to come back. One +hour before her return he died. His mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, +who feared that his researches on heredity might bring scandal on the +family, burned all his papers, and in one hour destroyed the work of a +lifetime. A child was born to Clotilde seven months after the death of +Doctor Pascal; a child which he intensely desired, in the hope that +through it might come the regeneration and rejuvenation of his race. + +Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface to +his translation of /Le Docteur Pascal/ (London: Chatto & Windus), +states that in this book he has been able to defend himself against +all the accusations which have been brought against him. "Pascal's +works on the members of his family," says Zola, "is, in small, what I +have attempted to do on humanity, /to show all so that all may be +cured/. It is not a book which, like /La Debacle/, will stir the +passions of the mob. It is a scientific work, the logical deduction +and conclusion of all my preceding novels, and at the same time it is +my speech in defence of all that I have done before the court of +public opinion." + + + + + + THE ZOLA DICTIONARY + + + + A + +ADELE, the girl for whom Auguste Lantier deserted Gervaise Macquart. +They lived together for seven years, a life of constant bickerings and +quarrels, accompanied, not infrequently, by blows, until the +connection was ended by Adele running away. Her sister was Virginie, +with whom Gervaise fought in the public washing-house on the day of +her desertion by Lantier. L'Assommoir. + +ADELE, maid-servant to the Josserands, and one of Hector Trublot's +friends. Pot-Bouille. + +ADELE, an assistant in the shop of Quenu, the pork-butcher. It was she +who took charge of the shop on the sudden death of her master. And +subsequently sent Pauline Quenu to Madame Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +ADOLPHE, an artillery driver in the same battery as Honore Fouchard. +In accordance with a rule of the French artillery, under which a +driver and a gunner are coupled, he messed with Louis, the gunner, +whom, however, he was inclined to treat as a servant. At the battle of +Sedan, before the Calvary d'Illy, where the French were almost +exterminated by the Prussian artillery, Adolphe fell, killed by a +wound in the chest; in a last convulsion he clasped in his arms Louis, +who had fallen at the same moment, killed by the same shot. La +Debacle. + +ALBINE, niece of Jeanbernat, keeper of the Paradou, a neglected +demesne in Provence. Her father had ruined himself and committed +suicide when she was nine years old, and she then came to live with +her uncle. She grew up in that vast garden of flowers, herself its +fairest, almost in ignorance of the world outside, and when Abbe +Mouret came to the Paradou forgetful of his past, she loved him +unconsciously from the first. As she nursed him towards health, and +his mind began again to grow from that fresh starting-point to which +it had been thrown back, there developed an idyll as beautiful and as +innocent as that which had its place in another and an earlier garden. +The awakening of Abbe Mouret to the recollections of his priesthood +ended the romance, for the call of his training was too strong for his +love. One effort Albine made to bring him back, and it was successful +in so much that one day he returned to the Paradou. Again there +followed the struggle between the flesh and the Church, and again the +Church prevailed. Broken-hearted, Albine passed for the last time +through her loved garden, gathering as she went vast heaps of flowers. +More and more she gathered, till her room was nearly full; then, +closing the door and windows, she lay down amongst the flowers, and +allowed herself to be suffocated by their overpowering perfume. La +Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +ALEXANDRE, a porter at the Halles Centrales, where he became a friend +of Claude Lantier. He was involved along with Florent and Gavard in +the revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine-shop, and was sentenced +to two years' imprisonment. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ALEXANDRE, one of the warders at the asylum of Les Tulettes. He was a +friend of Antoine Macquart, and at his request allowed Francois Mouret +to escape from the asylum, with disastrous results to Abbe Faujas and +his relations. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ALEXANDRE, a boy employed in the shop known as /Au Bonheur des Dames/. +Pot-Bouille. + +AMADIEU, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who made a fortune by a rash +purchase of mining stock. He went into the affair without calculation +or knowledge, but his success made him revered by the entire Bourse. +He placed no more orders, however, but seemed to be satisfied with his +single victory. L'Argent. + +AMANDA, one of the singers at a cafe concert in Boulevard +Rochechouart. L'Assommoir. + +AMELIE, a /demi-mondaine/ who lodged at the Hotel Vanneau, which was +kept by Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +AMELIE, wife of a journeyman carpenter who occupied a little room at +the top of Vabre's tenement-house in Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille. + +ANDRE (LE PERE), an old countryman at Chavanoz, the village where +Miette spent her childhood. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ANGELE (SISTER), a nun attached to the infirmary of the college of +Plassans. Her Madonna-like face turned the heads of all the older +pupils, and one morning she disappeared with Hermeline, a student of +rhetoric. L'Oeuvre. + +ANGELIQUE MARIE, born 1851, was the daughter of Sidonie Rougon, by an +unknown father. Soon after her birth she was taken to the Foundling +Hospital by a nurse, Madame Foucart, and no further inquiries were +ever made about her. She was at first boarded with Francoise Hamelin, +by whom she was not unkindly treated, and subsequently went to Paris +with Louis Franchomme and his wife, who wished to teach her the trade +of artificial-flower making. Franchomme having died three months +later, his widow went to reside at Beaumont with her brother, Rabier, +taking Angelique with her. Unfortunately, Madame Franchomme died a few +months afterwards, leaving Angelique to the care of the Rabiers, who +used her badly, not even giving her enough to eat. In consequence of +their treatment, she ran away on Christmas Day, 1860, and the +following morning was found in a fainting condition by Hubert, the +chasuble-maker, who noticed her lying in the snow within the porch of +the cathedral of Beaumont. Hubert and his wife took the child into +their home, and, becoming attached to her, ultimately adopted her as +their daughter, teaching her the art of embroidering vestments, in +which she became very skilful. Angelique, though an amiable girl, was +at first liable to violent attacks of temper, and it was only by the +exercise of much patience and tact on the part of Madame Hubert that +this tendency was overcome. The girl was always a dreamer, and her +cloistered life with the Huberts, along with constant reading of the +lives of the saints, brought out all that was mystic in her nature. A +chance meeting between Angelique and a young man named Felicien led to +their falling in love, she being in entire ignorance of the fact that +he was the son of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur, and a member of one of the +oldest and proudest families in France. Felicien's father having +refused his consent to a marriage, and a personal appeal to him by +Angelique having failed, the lovers were separated for a time. The +girl gradually fell into ill-health, and seemed at the point of death +when Monseigneur himself came to administer the last rites of the +Church. Having been miraculously restored to a measure of health, +Angelique was married to Felicien d'Hautecoeur in the great cathedral +of Beaumont. She was very feeble, and as she was leaving the church on +the arm of her husband she sank to the ground. In the midst of her +happiness she died; quietly and gently as she had lived. Le Reve. + +ANGLARS (IRMA D'), a /demi-mondaine/ of former times who had been +celebrated under the First Empire. In her later years she retired to a +house which she owned at Chamont, where she lived a simple yet stately +life, treated with the greatest respect by all the neighbourhood. +Nana. + +ANNOUCHKA, mistress of Souvarine, and implicated with him in a +political plot. Disguised as a countryman, she assisted in the +undermining of a railway over which an imperial train was to pass, and +it was she who eventually lit the fuse. She was captured along with +others, and Souvarine, who had escaped, was present at her trial +during six long days. When she came to be executed, she looked in vain +among the crowd for her lover, till Souvarine mounted on a stone, and, +their eyes having met, remained fixed in one long gaze till the end. +Germinal. + +ANTONIA, waiting-maid to Clorinde Balbi, with whom she was on familiar +terms. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ARCHANGLAS (BROTHER), a Christian Brother, who lived at Les Artaud, +and taught children there. He was a coarse-minded man of violent +temper, whose hatred of women led him to make the gravest charges +against them. He constituted himself a spy on the actions of Abbe +Mouret, and was partly the means of calling back the priest's memory +of his sacred calling. He insulted Jeanbernat and Albine so grossly, +that after the girl's death the old man attacked him and cut off his +right ear with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +AUBERTOT (MADAME ELIZABETH), sister of M. Beraud du Chatel, and aunt +of Renee and Christine. She gave a large sum of money to Saccard on +his marriage to Renee. La Curee. + +AUBRY (SEVERINE), youngest daughter of a gardener in the employment of +Grandmorin. Her mother died when she was in infancy, and she was only +thirteen when she lost her father also. President Grandmorin, who was +her godfather, took charge of her, and brought her up with his +daughter Berthe. The two girls were sent to the same school at Rouen, +and spent their holidays together at Doinville. Ignorant and facile, +Severine yielded to the designs of the old President, who subsequently +arranged a marriage for her with Roubaud, an employee of the Western +Railway Company. For three years the couple lived happily, but a +moment of forgetfulness, a trifling lie which she neglected to +sustain, revealed everything to Roubaud. In an accession of jealous +fury he forced his wife to become his accomplice in the murder of +Grandmorin, and it was she who threw herself across the limbs of the +President while her husband struck the fatal blow. Suspicions fell +upon the Roubauds, and indeed the truth was known to M. Camy-Lamotte, +but political considerations made it desirable that the character of +President Grandmorin should not be publicly discussed, and the inquiry +into the murder was dropped. The domestic relations between the +Roubauds were becoming more and more strained, and Severine became +entirely enamoured of Jacques Lantier. In order to free herself from +her husband, she persuaded Lantier to murder Roubaud and fly with her +to America. The arrangements were completed when Lantier was seized +with one of the homicidal frenzies to which he was subject, and it was +Severine herself who fell under his knife instead of their intended +victim. La Bete Humaine. + +AUGUSTE, keeper of an eating-house known as /Le Moulin d'Argent on +Boulevard de la Chapelle. The wedding party of Coupeau and Gervaise +was given there. L'Assommoir. + +AUGUSTE, a waiter at the Cafe des Varietes. Nana. + +AUGUSTE, a young swine-herd at La Borderie. He assisted Soulas, the +old shepherd, to look after the sheep. La Terre. + +AUGUSTINE, a young girl who assisted Gervaise Coupeau in her laundry. +She was squint-eyed and mischievous, and was always making trouble +with the other employees. As she was the least qualified and therefore +the worst-paid assistant in the laundry, she was kept on after +decreasing business caused the others to leave. L'Assommoir. + +AUGUSTINE, an artificial-flower maker who was employed by Madame +Titreville. L'Assommoir. + +AURELIE (MADEMOISELLE), an elderly friend of Madame Deberle, at whose +house she was a frequent visitor. She was in straitened circumstances. +Une Page d'Amour. + +AURELIE (MADAME). See Madame Aurelie Lhomme. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +AURIGNY (LAURE D'), a celebrated /demi-mondaine/ of the Second Empire. +At a sale of her effects, Aristide Saccard bought a diamond necklace +and aigrette for his second wife. La Curee. + + + + B + +BABET, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud, who came to decorate +the church for the festival of the Virgin. She was a hunchback. La +Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BACHELARD (PERE), brother of Narcisse Bachelard and uncle of Madame +Josserand. He conducted for forty years a boarding-school known as the +Institution-Bachelard. Pot-Bouille. + +BACHELARD (ELEONORE). See Madame Josserand. Pot-Bouille. + +BACHELARD (NARCISSE), a commission agent, whose keen business +instincts were not blunted by his intemperate habits. He was a brother +of Madame Josserand, and had at one time promised to give a dowry to +her daughter Berthe; this promise he was unwilling to implement, and +when spoken to on the subject usually feigned intoxication; eventually +he suggested the somewhat dishonest plan by which Berthe's intended +husband was hoodwinked into the belief that the dowry would be duly +forthcoming. His protegee, Fifi, having compromised herself with +Gueulin, his nephew, he insisted on their marriage, and presented the +girl with a dowry. Pot-Bouille. + +BADEUIL (CHARLES), married Laure Fouan, and went to live at Chartres. +He tried commerce without much success, and, haunted by a desire for +rapid fortune, acquired a /maison publique/ which had fallen into bad +repute through mismanagement. Thanks to the firm control of Badeuil, +and the extraordinary activity of his wife, the establishment +prospered, and in less than twenty-five years the couple had saved +three hundred thousand francs. They were then able to realize the +dream of their life, and to retire to the country, where they +purchased a property named Roseblanche, near Madame Badeuil's native +place. M. Badeuil was a handsome man, sixty-five years of age, with a +solemn face, and the air of a retired magistrate. He was respected by +his neighbours, and held the strictest views on morality. The old +couple lived in complete happiness, their only worry being that +Vaucogne, who had married their daughter Estelle and taken over the +property in Chartres, was not managing it properly. La Terre. + +BADEUIL (MADAME LAURE), wife of the preceding, was the youngest +daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan. She was the sister of La Grande, of +Pere Fouan, and of Michel Fouan, known as Mouche. When her father's +estate was divided, she got no land, but received an indemnity in +money instead. After she and her husband acquired the establishment in +Chartres, she assisted ably in its management. At the time of their +retirement to the country, she was a woman of sixty-two years of age, +of respectable appearance and an air of religious seclusion. She set a +good example by going regularly to Mass, and paid great attention to +the education of her granddaughter, Elodie, whom she endeavoured to +bring up in entire ignorance of life. She had, however, still a +passion for active life, and in busy seasons frequently returned to +Chartres to assist her daughter, who had taken over the establishment +there. Madame Badeuil received the greatest surprise of her life when +she found that her granddaughter whom she had brought up in the +innocence of ignorance, was quite aware of the source of the family +fortune, and was ready to take up the work begun by her grandparents. +La Terre. + +BADEUIL (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding, was educated by the +Sisters of the Visitation at Chateaudun, and at eighteen was married +to Hector Vaucogne, by whom she had one daughter, Elodie. She was +thirty years of age before she had any suspicion of the calling of her +parents, and at that time she took over the management of their +establishment. She proved a capable manager, and in spite of the +laziness of her husband, was able to keep up the reputation of the +house, though in a few years she killed herself with hard work. La +Terre. + +BADINGUET, a popular nickname for Napoleon III. It was the name of the +workman whose clothes he wore when he escaped from the fortress of +Ham. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BAILLEHACHE, a notary at Cloyes, was born in 1805, and succeeded to +several generations of lawyers. He had a large business amongst the +peasantry, in whose quarrels he mediated with professional calmness. +He arranged the division of Fouan's property between the various +members of the old man's family. La Terre. + +BAILLEHACHE (MADEMOISELLE), eldest sister of the preceding, was born +in 1799. She was plain-looking, but good-natured, and at thirty-two +married Alexandre Hourdequin, to whom she brought a considerable +dowry. She had two children, a son and a daughter, and died in 1855. +La Terre. + +BALBI (CLORINDE), daughter of Comtesse Balbi, was a lady of great +beauty, but of eccentric habits. Her position in society being +precarious, she determined to establish it by a good marriage, and +used every endeavour to induce Eugene Rougon to make her his wife. +Having become fascinated by her beauty and charm, he made overtures +which she resisted in the belief that he would be the more certain to +marry her. He practically decided to do so, but reflection convinced +him that marriage with Clorinde Balbi would only injure his prospects +of political success. He suggested to her that she should marry his +friend Delestang, who was a man of wealth and position, and had +expressed admiration for her. Though naturally piqued at such a +suggestion coming from Rougon, she consented, and soon after was +married. She remained on outwardly friendly terms with Rougon, who was +still infatuated by her, but was determined to make him regret the +slight he had put upon her. After Rougon's return to office, +Delestang, her husband, was, at her request, appointed Minister of +Commerce and Agriculture. She had not, however, forgiven Rougon, and +privately took a leading part in the agitation against his +administration. Having become on somewhat equivocal terms with the +Emperor, she was able to secure the acceptance of Rougon's second +resignation, and the office of Minister of the Interior for her +husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BALBI (COMTESSE LENORA), an Italian lady who lived in Paris with her +daughter Clorinde. Little was known of her past, and it was generally +believed that she was in the employment of the Sardinian Government. +After her daughter's marriage to Delestang, she left Paris for some +time, the eccentricity of her habits having begun to excite remark. M. +De Plouguern, who had originally met her in Italy, remained her lover +for thirty years. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BALTHAZER, the old horse driven by Madame Francois between Nanterre +and Paris. Le Ventre de Paris. + +BAMBOUSSE, mayor of the commune of Les Artaud, was more prosperous +than the others of his class, as he owned several fields of corn, +olives, and vines. His daughter Rosalie having become compromised with +Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly urged him to consent to a +marriage between them, but this he at first refused, as he would lose +the services of his daughter, and Fortune was too poor to make him any +return. He ultimately consented, and the marriage was solemnized by +Abbe Mouret. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BAMBOUSSE (CATHERINE), younger daughter of the preceding, was always +in disgrace with Brother Archangias on account of her idle habits and +her friendship for Vincent Brichet. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BAMBOUSSE (ROSALIE), elder daughter of the preceding. As she had +become compromised by Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret urged her father to +consent to their marriage, but this he refused to do, though he +ultimately consented and the wedding took place. Her child died, and +was buried on the same day as Albine. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BAPTISTE, Aristide Saccard's footman. La Curee. + +BAPTISTIN, a clerk in the employment of Larsonneau, who made him play +the part of principal in a scheme whereby he intended to blackmail +Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +BAQUET (LA MERE), a wine dealer who sold the wines of Orleans at a +cheap rate. L'Assommoir. + +BARILLOT, "call-boy" at the Theatre des Varietes, where he had been +for thirty years. He was a little, sallow man, with a shrill voice. +Nana. + +BASTIAN, a drummer in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. During the retreat on Sedan, after the battle was +over, he had the misfortune to be struck by a stray bullet. He was +removed to an ambulance at the house of M. Delaherche, where he died +during the division of treasure of the Seventh Army Corps. The gold +coins which the sergeant put into his dying hands rolled on to the +ground, and were picked up by a wounded companion. La Debacle. + +BATAILLE, an old white horse, which had been for six years in the +coal-pit at Voreux. It was killed by the flooding of the mine. +Germinal. + +BAUDEQUIN, a draughtsman who lived on the first floor of the house in +which lived the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was a confirmed sponger +who was in debt all round, but spent his time in smoking and talking +with his friends. L'Assommoir. + +BAUDEQUIN, the proprietor of a cafe in the Boulevard des Batignolles, +which was the resort on Sunday evenings during many years of Claude +Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Dubuche, Mahoudeau, and their friends, a band +of youths devoted to art and determined to conquer Paris. Gradually, +however, the little company became submerged by a flood of newcomers, +and in time the meetings ceased. The cafe changed hands three times, +and when, after some years, Claude and Sandoz chanced to return, they +found everything completely altered. L'Oeuvre. + +BAUDU (M.), proprietor of a drapery shop opposite "The Ladies' +Paradise." The business had been in existence for many years and M. +Baudu conducted it on such old-fashioned lines that in competition +with Mouret's great establishment it was rapidly disappearing. He had +acquired it from his father-in-law, and in turn he proposed to hand it +to Colomban, his shopman, who was engaged to be married to Genevieve, +his only daughter. Baudu postponed the marriage, however, from time to +time, as he did not wish to hand over the business in a worse state +than that in which he himself got it. Meanwhile Colomban had become +infatuated with Clara Prunaire, who ultimately induced him to run off. +Genevieve, who was in bad health, died soon afterwards, and before +long her mother died also. The business had gone from bad to worse, +and, in the end, Baudu lost everything, only avoiding bankruptcy by a +complete surrender. Like many of his neighbours, he was crushed out of +existence by Octave Mouret's triumphant success. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (MADAME ELIZABETH), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +draper whose business she brought to her husband. Her health was +broken down by worry, and by anxiety regarding her daughter Genevieve, +whose death she did not long survive. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (CAPTAIN), son of Baudu, the draper. He went to Mexico. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (DENISE) was the daughter of a dyer at Valognes. The death of +her father left her with two young brothers dependent on her, and, the +elder having got a situation in Paris, she determined to accompany +him. M. Baudu, her uncle, had formerly promised assistance, but when +Denise arrived she found that his business was rapidly being ruined by +the steady extension of "The Ladies' Paradise," an enormous drapery +establishment belonging to Octave Mouret. In these circumstances she +could not be dependent on her uncle, and, to his annoyance, she +applied for and got a situation in this rival business. On account of +petty jealousies, her life there was not happy, and, having incurred +the enmity of Jouve, one of the inspectors, she was dismissed on a +false accusation. A time of great hardship followed, only lightened by +the kindness of old Bourras, in whose house she had rented a room for +herself and her young brother Pepe. She next got a situation with +Robineau, who had bought a silk merchant's business and she remained +there for some time. While Denise was at "The Ladies' Paradise" she +had attracted the attention of Octave Mouret, and, chancing to meet +her one day, he asked her to return. As she found that Robineau's +business was not prospering, she consented, and from that time her +position in "The Ladies' Paradise" was assured. Mouret had fallen in +love with her, and she with him, but she had sufficient strength of +mind to refuse his proposals. Ultimately he asked her to marry him, +and to this she agreed. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +Madame Denise Mouret had two children, the elder being a girl and the +younger a boy. These resembled their mother, and grew magnificently. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +BAUDU (GENEVIEVE), daughter of Baudu, the draper. She was engaged for +a number of years to Colomban, her father's shopman, but in +consequence of the state of trade the marriage was put off from time +to time. Genevieve ultimately learned that her fiance had become +infatuated with Clara Prunaire, one of the shop-girls in "The Ladies' +Paradise." Her health, never good, suffered greatly, and soon after +Colomban's disappearance she died. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (JACQUELINE). See Blanche de Sivry. + +BAUDU (JEAN), the elder brother of Denise. He worked for a time with a +cabinet-maker in Valognes, but earned nothing, though he learned to +carve so well that a gentleman promised to find a place for him with +an ivory-carver in Paris. He accepted the offer, and came to the city +with his sister and young brother. At first he earned only his board +and lodging, and, as he was good-looking and a favourite with women, +he made heavy inroads on his sister's small purse. Ultimately, when he +did get a wage, he took the earliest opportunity of getting married, +inducing his sister, as usual, to give him what little money she had +been able to save. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (PEPE), the youngest brother of Denise. He was a mere child when +the family came to Paris, and it was only by the greatest self- +sacrifice that Denise was able to support him. When she went to "The +Ladies' Paradise" he was boarded with Madame Gras, and after his +sister's dismissal he went with her to Bourras, who showed great +kindness to both of them. After Denise returned to "The Ladies' +Paradise," Pepe again went to live with Madame Gras for a time. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUDU (THERESE), wife of Jean Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUGE, who was the younger son of a grocer at Dunkerque, came to Paris +and got a situation in the linen department of the "Bon Marche," where +he was able to make a fairly good income. He became the lover of +Pauline Cugnot, whom he afterwards married, and, in order to be near +her, left the "Bon Marche" and took an appointment in "The Ladies' +Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAUGE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Pauline Cugnot. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +BAVOUX, a salesman in Octave Mouret's shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BAZOUGE, an undertaker's assistant who lived in an attic of the same +tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was generally +drunk and made ribald jests about his dismal calling. It was he who +buried Gervaise Coupeau after she was found dead in an attic adjoining +his own. L'Assommoir. + +BEAUCHAMP (FLORE), an artist's model, who lived in Rue de Laval. She +was fresh in colouring, but too thin. L'Oeuvre. + +BEAUDOIN, a friend of the Hamelins whom they had known at Beyrout, +where he lived. He promised to marry Caroline Hamelin after the death +of her husband, but instead of waiting for that event he obtained the +hand of a young and rich girl, the daughter of an English Consul. +L'Argent. + +BEAUDOIN, Captain of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and having a fine +tenor voice and good manners, along with Bonapartist principles, he +was early marked for advancement. With his men he was unpopular, and, +not caring for his profession, he did not readily adapt himself to the +necessities of war. In the march to the Meuse he lost his baggage, and +arrived at Sedan in a pitiable condition, his uniform soiled, his face +and hands dirty. In former days at Charleville he had been on intimate +terms with Gilberte Maginot, whom he now found at Sedan, married to +Jules Delaherche. Their former relations were renewed for the moment, +and next day Beaudoin rejoined his company, astonishing every one by +the neatness of his attire. At the attack on the Calvary d'Illy he was +severely wounded, and having been removed to the ambulance at +Delaherche's house, his arm was amputated; but the hemorrhage had been +too great, and he did not survive. La Debacle. + +BEAU-FRANCOIS (LE), chief of a band of brigands, whose terrible +exploits were still recounted at La Beauce. La Terre. + +BEAURIVAGE (DUC DE), a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a piece +staged by Fauchery at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by +Bosc. Nana. + +BEAUVILLIERS (COMTE CHARLES DE), a man of dissipated habits, who +succeeded to the immense fortune of the Beauvilliers, which he +completely squandered in a few years. He was killed in an accident of +the chase, some said by the vengeance of a keeper. They found later a +document signed by him in 1854 undertaking to pay ten thousand francs +to a girl named Leonie Cron. L'Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (COMTESSE DE), an old lady who lived with her daughter +Alice in a house in the Rue Saint-Lazare, adjoining the Orviedo +mansion. The family had at one time possessed large estates, but these +had all gone, and the Comtesse and her daughter had barely sufficient +to live upon, though they endeavoured to keep up before their +neighbours as much as possible of their ancient state. Having made the +acquaintance of Saccard, the Comtesse invested a small sum in the +Universal Bank, increasing it from time to time until her whole means +were involved. By the failure of the bank she was entirely ruined, +and, to complete the catastrophe, Busch, who had become possessor of +some papers compromising the honour of her dead husband, took the +opportunity of blackmailing her. When she had handed over her jewels +to him, she was left penniless. L'Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (ALICE), daughter of Comtesse de Beauvilliers. The +extravagance of her father had dissipated the family estates, and she +and her mother were left with barely sufficient to keep up +appearances. She was plain-looking, and had reached the age of twenty- +five years without any offers of marriage. It was, however, in the +hope of providing a suitable dowry for her, that the Comtesse invested +her money in the Universal Bank, with disastrous results. Alice, who +had few amusements, interested herself in charities, and frequently +visited the institutions founded by Princess d'Orviedo. On a visit to +/L'Oeuvre du Travail/ she was attacked and robbed of a small sum by +Victor Saccard, who was at that time an inmate. Her injuries were +severe, and a serious illness followed. The failure of the Universal +Bank left her and her mother in poverty. L'Argent. + +BEAUVILLIERS (FERDINANDE DE), son of Comte Beauvilliers. He was for a +time the cause of anxiety to his mother on account of some youthful +extravagances, but early settled down, and having received a +commission in the Papal troops, served with distinction. He was +delicate, however, and died of fever in Rome. L'Argent. + +BECKER, a jeweller in Paris. He supplied a set of sapphires for the +mistress of Comte de Muffat. Nana. + +BECOT, a grocer in Rue Montorgueil. Having become a widower, he took +to dissolute courses, and his shop was gradually swallowed up, with +its dried vegetables, jars, and drawers of sweetstuff. Eventually the +place was sold up and Becot died of apoplexy soon afterwards. +L'Oeuvre. + +BECOT (IRMA), daughter of the preceding. After her father's death she +went to live with an aunt, but soon afterwards ran off with a young +fellow who lived across the street. She did not remain long with him, +but, having a passion for artists, experienced in turn a caprice for +Fagerolles, Gagniere, and many others. A young and foolish Marquis +furnished a flat for her, and later she occupied a house in Rue de +Moscou, the rent of which was twenty thousand francs. In the end she +realized her dream of a princely house in the Avenue de Villiers; the +site was bought by one lover, the house built by another, and the +furniture provided by a third. But fortune did not alter her tastes; +behind the backs of her serious lovers she still retained her fancy +for Art, in the person of Henri Fagerolles, one of her early admirers. +L'Oeuvre. + +BEC-SALE, alias BOIT-SANS-SOIF, a rivet-maker employed in the same +factory as Goujet. He drank enormous quantities of brandy, and was a +boon companion of Coupeau. On the occasion of Gervaise Coupeau's first +visit to the factory to see her son Etienne, Bec-Sale entered into a +contest of strength with Goujet in which he was beaten. L'Assommoir. + +BECU, gamekeeper and bell-ringer at Rognes, was a man of fifty years +of age who had at one time been in the army. He was an intense +Bonapartist, and pretended that he had met the Emperor. Himself a +confirmed drunkard, he was on friendly terms with Hyacinthe Fouan, +whose poaching expeditions he overlooked. La Terre. + +BECU (LA), wife of the preceding, was on intimate terms with Hyacinthe +Fouan. Her chief amusement was to throw Celine Macqueron and Flore +Lengaigne against one another under the pretext of reconciling them. +Though she was not devout, she made ardent intercessions to Heaven to +reserve for her son a lucky number in the drawing for the +conscription, but, after the event, turned her anger against the Deity +because her prayers had not been answered. La Terre. + +BECU (DELPHIN), son of the preceding, was a strong lad who, on leaving +school, went to work as a farm labourer. He was much averse to leaving +home, and, having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he +chopped off with a cleaver the first finger of his right hand, in +order that he might be unfit for service. La Terre. + +BECU (MICHEL), uncle of Delphin. He died at Orleans. La Terre. + +BEDORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon, whose business was ruined by the +extension of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BEJUIN (LEON), a Member of the Corps Legislatif, and a supporter of +Eugene Rougon. He was proprietor of the Saint-Florent Cut-Glass Works. +"A very worthy fellow, votes straight, never speaks, is very patient +and waits contentedly till you think of him, but he is always on the +spot to take care that you don't forget him." He received the Cross of +the Legion of Honour after Rougon's return to office, and an +appointment as Inspector. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BEJUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BELLOMBRE, a neighbour of Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade. He was a +retired Professor, sixty-six years of age, who lived in his little +house with no other company than his gardener, a man as old and +crabbed as himself. His interests were solely centred in himself, and +his egotism was a constant subject of irritation with Doctor Pascal. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +BELLOQUE (LE PERE), the first art-master of Claude Lantier. A retired +infantry captain, with one arm, he had for a quarter of a century +taught drawing to the youths of Plassans, in one of the galleries of +the museum. L'Oeuvre. + +BENARD, one of the tenants of the house in which Madame Coupeau +carried on her laundry business. Benard and his wife were of +intemperate habits, and few days passed without their fighting with +one another. L'Assommoir. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (M.) was the last representative of an old middle- +class family. A staunch Republican, he had grown old in the +Magistracy, which he resigned at the time of the /Coup d'Etat/. Since +then he lived in retirement in his house on the Ile Saint-Louis with +his sister Madame Aubertot and his young daughter Christine. His elder +daughter Renee, who was educated at a convent, was married to Aristide +Saccard, and the circumstances which led to her marriage came as a +severe blow to the stern old man. Though on nominally friendly terms +with his daughter after her marriage, he never visited her, but when +she died he paid her debts. La Curee. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (CHRISTINE), the second daughter of M. Beraud du +Chatel, and sister of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +BERAUD DU CHATEL (RENEE). See Madame Renee Rougon, alias Saccard. + +BERGASSE, a second-hand dealer in Plassans. He supplied the old +furniture bought by Madame Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +BERGERET (MADAME), concierge of the house at Plassy occupied by Helene +Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour. + +BERLINGOT, a horse which belonged to M. Mechain and gained the Prix +d'Ispahan. Nana. + +BERLOQUE, alias CHICOT, a miner who was killed by a landslip in the +pit at Voreux. Germinal. + +BERNHEIM (LES FRERES), proprietors of the glass-works of Saint-Joseph +where Josserand was employed as cashier. Pot-Bouille. + +BERTHIER (MADAME), was a friend of Madame Deberle, and took part in +the amateur theatricals arranged by that lady. Une Page d'Amour. + +BERTHIER, authorized clerk to Mazaud, the stockbroker. L'Argent. + +BERTHOU, the celebrated painter of /Nero in the Arena/. Claude Lantier +took lessons from him for six months, but their ideas were not in +sympathy, and repeatedly the master told Claude that he would never do +anything good. L'Oeuvre. + +BERTRAND, a large dog which belonged to Sandoz. It barked furiously at +visitors, until it recognized a friend of its master, whom it would +greet with joyous welcome. L'Oeuvre. + +BESNUS (CLARISSE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes, where she +played the part of Iris in the /Blonde Venus/, and Geraldine in the +/Petite Duchesse/. She was mistress of Hector de la Faloise for a +time. Nana. + +BESSIERE, station-master at Barentin. He saw the Roubauds in the Havre +express on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin, and his +evidence confirmed their alibi. La Bete Humaine. + +BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (M.) was a member of a legal family. After being +public prosecutor at Orleans and advocate-general at Rouen, he came to +Paris as counsellor at the Appeal Court, of which he afterwards became +president. His sister Veronique married Eugene Rougon. He was +appointed first president of the Court of Paris after Rougon's return +to office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (VERONIQUE), a quiet, subdued woman about thirty-six +years of age, who lived with her brother and seldom went out except to +attend Low Mass at Saint-Sulpice. She married Eugene Rougon, to whom +she brought a considerable fortune. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BIBI-LA-GRILLADE, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's fellow-workmen, +with whom he was on intimate terms. He was one of the party at +Coupeau's wedding with Gervaise Macquart. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD, a drunken locksmith, who killed his wife by systematic ill- +usage. On the rare occasions when he worked, he always had a bottle of +alcohol beside him, from which he took large draughts every half-hour. +After the death of his wife, he transferred his cruelty to his little +daughter Lalie, who did not long survive. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (MADAME) lived with her husband and their children in the same +tenement as the Coupeaus and Lorilleux. She was a hard-working woman +who did washing for Gervaise Coupeau's laundry, but her husband, a +drunken brute, abused her to such an extent that she ultimately died +of injuries received at his hands, or, more accurately, feet. The poor +woman, in order to save her husband from the scaffold, said before she +died that she had hurt herself by falling on the edge of a tub. +L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (LALIE), daughter of the preceding, a child of eight when her +mother died, had acted as the little mother of the family. "Without a +word said, quite of her own accord, she took the dead woman's place, +to such an extent that her foolish brute of a father, to make the +likeness complete, battered about the daughter now as he had battered +the mother before. When he came in drunk, he felt the need of a woman +to attack. He did not even notice what a tiny little thing Lalie was; +he hit her as he would have hit a grown woman. He beat her +shamelessly, he kicked her for a yes or no; and she took it all with a +resigned look in her beautiful eyes, without a murmur. Then when her +father was tired of kicking her from corner to corner of the room, she +waited until she had the strength to pick herself up, and then went +back to her work. It was part of her daily task to be beaten." As the +result of this infamous treatment the child died, but again the man +unfortunately escaped punishment. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (HENRIETTE), second daughter of Bijard. She was five years old +at the time of her mother's death. L'Assommoir. + +BIJARD (JULES), third child of Bijard. When his mother died he was +three years old. L'Assommoir. + +BIJOU, the pet dog of Nana. He excited the jealousy of Comte de +Muffat. Nana. + +BILLECOQ (HERMINIE), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene +Rougon to provide a dowry, in order that she might marry an officer +who had compromised her. The officer did not, however, fulfill his +promise, but went off with the dowry, of which he had obtained +possession. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BLACHET, a deputy. He desired leave of absence. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +BLAISOT, a banker at Paris. L'Argent. + +BLANCHETTE, a cow which belonged to Lise and Francoise Fouan. La +Terre. + +BLERIOT (M. DE), prefect of the department in which Plassans is +situated. He accompanied Colonel Masson and the troops which crushed +the Republican rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BLEUZE, a rope-walk at Montsou which was ruined by the miners' strike. +Germinal. + +BLOND (MARIA), a young girl of fifteen who had grown up on the +pavements of Paris. She frequented the restaurant kept by Laure +Piedefer. Nana. + +BOCHE (M.) the concierge of the large tenement-house in which resided +the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others. He and his wife were friendly +with the various tenants in turn, sometimes siding with one and +sometimes with another in the quarrels which so frequently arose. In +the presence of the landlord, of whom they were afraid, they assumed +an air of great importance, and affected not to know the tenants. They +were present at Gervaise Coupeau's birthday party. L'Assommoir. + +BOCHE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. L'Assommoir. + +Nana informed Satin that Madame Boche is dead. Nana. + +BOCHE (PAULINE), daughter of the preceding, was a girl of about the +same age as Nana Coupeau, whose companion she was in all kinds of +mischief. L'Assommoir. + +BOCQUET (MADAME), mother of Clarisse. Pot-Bouille. + +BOCQUET (CLARISSE), a woman on whom Duveyrier squandered large sums of +money. She ultimately gained such complete influence over him, and +made him so unhappy, that he attempted to commit suicide. Pot-Bouille. + +BODIN (DOCTOR) was the regular medical attendant of Madame Helene +Grandjean and her daughter Jeanne. A sudden illness of Jeanne made it +necessary to call in Doctor Deberle, who subsequently met the older +man in consultation from time to time. Une Page d'Amour. + +BOHAIN (MARQUIS DE), an elderly nobleman whose presence and manners +were of a kind to adorn a board of directors, and whose illustrious +name was of value on a prospectus. He was in consequence always in +demand by new companies. Since he began living by speculation, he and +his wife had been legally separated, so far as estate went, and he +lived with her only as a lodger, with nothing of his own except his +clothes. "On two occasions already he had refused to pay up what he +owed; he pocketed as long as he won, but as soon as he lost he did not +pay." At the request of Saccard, the Marquis became a director of the +Universal Bank. When the great gamble in the shares of the bank began, +the Marquis followed his usual plan; having played through Mazaud for +a rise, he refused to pay his losses, though he had gained two million +francs through Jacoby, through whom he had played for a fall. +L'Argent. + +BONGRAND, a great artist, painter of the /Village Wedding/. He was a +stout man, forty-five years old, with an expressive face and long grey +hair; recently he had become a member of the Institute and an officer +of the Legion of Honour. The grandson of a farmer in the Beauce +country, the son of a man risen to the middle classes, with peasant +blood in his veins, owing his culture to a mother of very artistic +tastes, he was rich, had no need to sell his pictures, and retained +many tastes and opinions of Bohemian life. His masterpiece, the +/Village Wedding/, had brought about a revolution in art only parallel +with Courbet, and he was acknowledged as Master by all the artists of +the young school. The picture remained, however, his greatest work, +though he objected to have it so designated, in the fear that it might +be thought his powers were failing. A later picture called the +/Village Funeral/ was intended to surpass it, but failed to arrest +attention, and was indeed only an echo of the earlier work. He was one +of the few mourners at the funeral of Claude Lantier. L'Oeuvre. + +BONHOMME, the horse which for a quarter of a century had carried +Doctor Pascal on his visits to his patients. Latterly the old Bonhomme +became blind, and was no longer being driven, but being much loved by +his master, was tenderly cared for until his death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +BONNAUD, formerly head of the counting-house of a railway company. +Pot-Bouille. + +BONNEHON (MADAME), sister of President Grandmorin. She was married to +a wealthy manufacturer, who left her a widow at the age of thirty. In +the mansion-house of Doinville, which belonged to her, she led a +pleasant life, not without occasional affairs of the heart, but so +correct in every way that she remained a leader of society in Rouen. +She was a handsome woman, and in spite of her fifty years still +retained much of her former charm. Among her friends she included +Chaumette and Desbazeilles, both officials of the court at Rouen. +Madame Bonnehon had a good opinion of the Roubauds, and did not +approve of the position taken up by her niece Berthe regarding the +legacy left to them by President Grandmorin. For the honour of her +family she desired that the inquiry as to the murder of the President +should not be continued. La Bete Humaine. + +BONNEMORT, the sobriquet of Vincent Maheu. His family had been miners +for generations, and he himself had worked in the pit since he was +eight years old. After forty-five years of work underground he was +given a post as fireman, and for five years worked each night at the +Voreux pit for a wage of forty sous. He suffered greatly from +rheumatism, which eventually turned into a form of dropsy, while his +mind became affected to some extent by the sufferings occasioned by +the great strike which took place at Voreux and other neighbouring +pits. After the terrible scenes at Montsou, he could only sit in his +chair before the fireless grate, with fixed and unseeing eyes, but in +a sudden accession of madness he found strength to strangle Cecile +Gregoire, who chanced to be left alone with him for a few moments. +Germinal. + +BONNET. See De Mareuil. + +BORDENAVE, manager of the Theatre des Varietes. He was a coarse man, +with cynical views as to the stage, and cared nothing as to the means +by which a popular success might be secured. Though he was well aware +that Nana could neither sing nor act, he saw that her beauty was of a +type likely to attract the Parisian public, and accordingly gave her +the chief part in the /Blonde Venus/. It was he who showed H.R.H. The +Prince of Scots the honours of "behind the scenes." Nana. + +BORGNE-DE-JOUY, one of the band of brigands which was led by Beau- +Francois. He betrayed his companions. La Terre. + +BOSC, an old actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played the +part of Jupiter in the /Blonde Venus/, and the Duc de Beaurivage in +the /Petite Duchesse/. He had a good-natured but somewhat drunken +appearance. He treated women with disdain, and the idea that any man +should trouble himself about them raised in him the only indignation +of which he was capable. Nana. + +BOUCHARD (M.), head-clerk in the office of the Minister of Interior. +His house was the first thrown open to Eugene Rougon on his arrival in +Paris. Later on, Bouchard inherited his father's property, and at +fifty-four years of age married Adele Desvignes. He was appointed head +of a department after Rougon's return to office. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +BOUCHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +respectable family at Rambouillet. M. Bouchard "had been anxious to +marry a young lady from the provinces, because he made a point of +having a steady wife. However, the fair and adorable little Adele, +with her innocent blue eyes, had in less than four years proved to be +a great deal more than a mere flirt." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BOULAND(MADAME), the nurse who attended Madame Lazare Chanteau. La +Joie de Vivre. + +BOUM, a horse which belonged to M. Gasc and ran in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +BOURDELAIS, an upper clerk in the office of the Minister of Finance. +Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURDELAIS (MADAME) was a short, fair woman of thirty, with a delicate +nose and sparkling eyes, who had married a chief clerk in the +Treasury. She was an old schoolfellow of Madame Desforges. Belonging +to a good middle-class family, she managed her household and three +children with an excellent knowledge of practical life. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +BOURDEU (M.), formerly Prefect of the Drome, but turned out of office +by the Revolution of 1848. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was +a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house his party was in the habit of +meeting. At one time he was suggested as a likely candidate for the +representation of Plassans, but he retired after Delangre had been +brought forward through the machinations of Abbe Faujas. Madame de +Condamin promised him, however, that through her influence he would be +rewarded with a prefecture. La Conquete de Plassans. + +BOURDONCLE, the son of a poor farmer near Limoges, started at "The +Ladies' Paradise" at the same time as Octave Mouret. He was very +active and intelligent, but he lacked that touch of genius possessed +by his companion, before whom he had bowed from the first. Acting on +Mouret's advice, he put all his savings into the business, and, after +passing through the various grades, he became in time one of the six +persons who assisted Mouret to govern "The Ladies' Paradise," +exercising a general control of the whole staff. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURGAIN-DESFEUILLES (GENERAL). During the war of 1870 he was at the +head of a brigade of infantry, of which the 106th regiment of the +line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil, formed part. Like so many other +officers he proved himself incompetent, and after the capitulation he, +alone among the generals, took advantage of the pretext of illness to +sign an undertaking to the Germans not to take any further part in the +war. La Debacle. + +BOURGUIGNON, a master zinc-worker from whom Coupeau got employment. +L'Assommoir. + +BOUROCHE (SURGEON-MAJOR), of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded +by Colonel Vineuil. During the battle of Sedan he installed an +ambulance in a factory belonging to Jules Delaherche, where he was +soon overwhelmed with work. With untiring energy he performed one +operation after another until the place became like a slaughter-house. +Behind a clump of trees were thrown the bodies of the dead, and the +limbs amputated from the living. Depressed for a moment by the +vastness of his task, Bouroche nearly lost heart, exclaiming, "What is +the use?" but his instincts of discipline recalled him to work, and he +continued to operate even after the supply of chloroform was +exhausted. During the insurrection at Paris he served with the army of +Versailles, but consented to treat one of his old soldiers, Maurice +Levasseur, who had been mortally wounded in the ranks of the Commune. +La Debacle. + +BOURRAS, an old man who sold umbrellas and walking-sticks in a tumble- +down house which adjoined "The Ladies' Paradise." His business was +ruined by the growth of that concern, and he expressed bitter hatred +towards Octave Mouret, its proprietor. Denise Baudu rented a room from +him after her dismissal from "The Ladies' Paradise," and he showed +much kindness to her and Pepe, her young brother. He refused several +offers by Mouret, who wished to purchase his lease in order to extend +his own shop, and ultimately, having become bankrupt, was forced to +leave without a penny. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOURRETTE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the church of Saint-Saturnin at +Plassans. He did duty as vicar during the illness of Abbe Compan, and +had been led to expect the reversion of the appointment. Pressure +brought to bear on Bishop Rousselot led to the selection of Abbe +Faujas, and Bourrette was put off with vague promises for the future. +He was a simple-minded, amiable man, who accepted his disappointment +without murmuring, and continued on friendly terms with Faujas. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +BOUTAREL, a doctor who attended Nana. He was a handsome man, still +young, who had a large practice in the demi-monde. Always gay and +laughing, he was popular with his patients, but took care not to +compromise himself with any of them. Nana. + +BOUTAREL (MADAME), a lady who lived in the country and economized for +months at a time, only coming to Paris occasionally. When she came, +she made straight for "The Ladies' Paradise" and spent all her savings +in an afternoon. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTELOUP (LOUIS), a workman at the Voreux pit. He lodged with Madame +Levaque, whose lover he became. Germinal. + +BOUTEROUE (HILARION), second child of Vincent Bouteroue, and grandson +of Marianne Fouan (La Grande). The latter had never forgiven the +marriage of her daughter, and would do nothing to assist the two +children after the death of their parents. Hilarion, who was of weak +intellect, was looked after from childhood by his sister Palmyre, who +wore herself out in his service. After Palmyre's death his grandmother +gave him shelter, but took advantage of his great strength by +employing him at work of the hardest kind. Ultimately Hilarion +committed a serious assault on the old woman, and in defending herself +she struck him on the head with a bill-hook, inflicting a wound from +which he died. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (PALMYRE), sister of the preceding, worked like a slave to +support her brother, and died completely worn out by toil and hardship +at the age of thirty-five. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (VINCENT), a poor peasant, whom the daughter of the Pechards +insisted on marrying despite the opposition of her mother. They both +died of want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion. La Terre. + +BOUTEROUE (MADAME VINCENT), see Mademoiselle Pechard. + +BOUTHEMENT PERE, a shopkeeper at Montpellier, who sent his son to +Paris to learn business. He was disgusted to find that the simple +salesman in Paris could earn three times as much as he himself could +make, and he was stupefied on seeing the vast emporium in which his +son served. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTHEMONT, manager of the silk department at "The Ladies' Paradise." +Noisy and too fond of company, he was not much good for sales, but for +buying he had not his equal. Nearly every month he went to Lyons, +living at the best hotels, with authority to treat the manufacturers +with open purse. He had, moreover, liberty to buy what he liked, +provided he increased the sales of his department in a certain +proportion settled beforehand; and it was on this proportion that his +commission was based. Eventually, however, his position was +undermined, and Madame Desforges, having become jealous of Mouret, and +wishing to injure him, introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who +lent him money to start an opposition establishment called "The Four +Seasons." This was burned down three weeks after its opening, but the +enormous loss was covered by insurance. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOUTIGNY, Lazare Chanteau's partner in the chemical business, into +which he put thirty thousand francs. After the failure of the venture, +he took over the whole concern, and began to manufacture potash from +seaweed by the old methods. He was very successful in this, and by +degrees began to employ on a small scale the scientific systems which +had before proved disastrous. In a few years he amassed a considerable +fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +BOUTIN, a retired artist's-model who kept a studio in Rue de la +Huchette, which was frequented by Claude Lantier, who went there for +purposes of study. A subscription of twenty francs enabled young +artists to have the free use of models. L'Oeuvre. + +BOUTIN, an old epileptic attended by Doctor Pascal at Plassans. He +died in one of his fits. Le Docteur Pascal. + +BOVES (COMTE DE), Inspector-General of the Imperial Stud, a tall, +handsome man who had married his wife for her great beauty. +Notwithstanding this, he carried on a liaison with Madame Guibal, +whose demands upon his purse were so heavy that he was obliged to +economize in his own establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BOVES (COMTESSE DE), wife of the preceding, was a beautiful woman of +about forty years of age. She was a constant customer at "The Ladies' +Paradise," but as her husband kept her very short of money, was seldom +able to buy anything. Eventually temptation proved too strong for her, +and she was caught in the act of stealing some valuable lace. The +matter was, however, kept quiet, and a scandal avoided. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +BOVES (BLANCHE DE), daughter of the preceding. She usually accompanied +her mother on her shopping expeditions to "The Ladies' Paradise," and, +it is to be feared, was not unaware of the theft of lace by her. She +married Paul de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +BRAMAH, an English horse which won the Grand Prix de Paris. It +belonged to Lord Reading. Nana. + +BRAMBILLA (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BRETIGNY (COMTESSE DE). Auguste Lantier, reading the news from a +journal to his friends Coupeau and Mes-Bottes, announced that the +eldest daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny was to be married to Baron +de Valencay, aide-de-camp to His Majesty the Emperor. L'Assommoir. + +BRETON-LE-CUL-SEC, one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. +La Terre. + +BRICHET, the father of Fortune, Rosalie Bambousse's lover. He was a +little man, withered by age, and with a cringing manner. He tilled a +small piece of stony land near Les Artaud, and was very poor. La Faute +de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (MADAME), wife of the preceding, a tall, lachrymose woman, was +the one solitary devotee of the village of Les Artaud. Whenever she +had been to communion, she hung about the parsonage, knowing that the +priest's servant always kept a couple of loaves for her from the last +baking. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (FORTUNE), son of the preceding, was a largely built, bold- +looking young fellow of about twenty-five years of age, who had been +the lover of Rosalie Bambousse for some time before Abbe Mouret was +able to induce the girl's parents to consent to her marriage. La Faute +de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRICHET (VINCENT), brother of Fortune, was the boy who assisted Abbe +Mouret in serving Mass. He was an idle young scamp, and constantly +incurred the chastisement of Brother Archangias, who predicted a bad +end for him on account of his friendship for Catherine Bambousse. La +Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +BRIQUET, a peasant of Rognes. His son drew the number 13 for the +conscription. La Terre. + +BRON (MADAME), concierge at the Theatre des Varietes. She sold liquor +to the employees at the theatre. Nana. + +BRU, an old house-painter who lived in a garret in the same tenement- +house as the Coupeaus, where he starved with cold and hunger. He had +lost three sons in the Crimea, and he lived on what he could pick up, +now that for two years past he could hold a brush no longer. Gervaise +Coupeau showed him some kindness and asked him to her famous birthday +party. Things having gone from bad to worse with him, he was found one +morning lying dead in his garret. L'Assommoir. + +BRULE (LA), mother of La Pierronne. She was the widow of a miner who +had been killed in the pit, and lived with her daughter at the +settlement known as the Deux-Cent-Quarante. A terrible old woman, +frantic to revenge on the masters the death of her husband, she was +the leader in the outrages perpetrated by the strikers in the Montsou +district. It was she who gave the signal for the attack on the troops, +but at the first volley fired by the soldiers she fell back stiff and +crackling like a bundle of dry faggots, stammering one last oath in +the gurgling of blood. Germinal. + +BRUNET (LES), a bourgeois family in the new quarter of Plassans, of +whom Madame Felicite Rougon was jealous. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BUDIN (LES), peasants of Rognes, whose daughter was said to have been +cured of a fever by Sourdeau, who cut a live pigeon in two, and +applied the halves to her head. La Terre. + +BUQUIN-LECOMTE, a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He desired leave of +absence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +BURGAT, a blacksmith, one of the band of insurgents which entered +Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +BURNE, an English jockey who rode a horse called Spirit in the Grand +Prix de Paris. Nana. + +BUSCH, a man of German origin who came to Paris, and engaged in +business of a shady character on the fringe of the Bourse. "In +addition to usury and a secret traffic in jewels and precious stones, +he particularly occupied himself with the purchase of 'bad debts.'" In +pursuit of creditors he was unsparing, and his methods were not +infrequently of the nature of blackmail. Jordon, Madame de +Beauvilliers, and Saccard himself fell into his power, though Saccard +refused to submit to extortion. Another of Busch's lines of business +was the purchase of depreciated shares and debentures, thousands of +which he collected together, selling them to bankrupts who found +difficulty in accounting for real or imaginary losses. His one +redeeming feature was his extraordinary love for his brother +Sigismond, whom he nursed with the greatest care until his death. +L'Argent. + +BUSCH (SIGISMOND), brother of Busch, the money-lender, was an able +man, educated at a German University, and speaking several languages. +He had met Carl Marx at Cologne in 1849, and became a contributor to +the /New Rhenish Gazette/. "From that time he professed Socialism with +an ardent faith, giving his entire being to the idea of an approaching +social renovation, which would assure the happiness of the poor and +humble." After his master was banished from Germany, Sigismond, +engrossed in his dreams, was so careless of his material affairs that +he would have perished of hunger had his brother not taken him to live +with him. From this time the elder Busch, ferocious as a wolf towards +a debtor, looked after his brother with almost maternal care, and was +heart-broken when Sigismond died of consumption a few years later. +L'Argent. + +BUTEAU, second son of Pere Fouan; brother of Hyacinthe and of Fanny +Delhomme; cousin and husband of Lise Mouche; father of Jules and +Laure. From early youth he was of violent temper, and having drawn a +lucky number in the conscription, he went away from home, and got +work, first at the farm of La Borderie and later at La Chamade. He was +a true son of the soil, knowing nothing of the world beyond the narrow +district in which he was born, and possessing that fierce passion for +the land which is the characteristic of so many peasants. When Pere +Fouan made a division of his property among his family, Buteau was +dissatisfied with the lot which he drew, and refused to take +possession of it. In this attitude he persisted for two years, until +the formation of a new road gave a greatly increased value to his +share. In the same way he refused to marry his cousin Lise Mouche, by +whom he already had a son, until, after her father's death, she had +inherited a share of his property. Buteau's chief anxiety then became +to prevent a division of this land between his wife and her sister +Francoise, and when, after the girl's marriage to Jean Macquart, this +became imminent, he and his wife eventually murdered her. His father +had been a witness of the crime, and as his silence was essential, he +too was cruelly done to death. After these terrible events Buteau was +able to sleep calmly, for the land, his overwhelming passion in life, +was his beyond possibility of dispute. La Terre. + +BUTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Lise Mouche. La Terre. + +BUTEAU (JULES), the eldest child of the preceding, who were not +married till three years after his birth. At nine years old he was the +sole friend of old Fouan, but he soon came to neglect the old man. La +Terre. + +BUTEAU (LAURE), the second child of the Buteaus. At four years old she +had already the hard eyes of her family, and was hostile to her +grandfather, old Fouan. By jealousy she detached from him her brother +Jules. La Terre. + + + + C + +CABASSE, a franc-tireur of the woods of Dieulet. He was the favourite +companion of Ducat, and along with Guillaume Sambuc formed part of the +band which so greatly embarrassed the Prussians in the neighbourhood +of Sedan. He took part in the execution of Goliath Steinberg, the +German spy. La Debacle. + +CABIN (MADAME), the woman who looked after the bedrooms occupied by +the saleswomen in "The Ladies' Paradise." In consideration of small +bribes, she allowed numerous breaches of the strict rules of the +establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CABIROCHE (SIMONNE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She was +the daughter of a furniture dealer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and +had been educated at a boarding-school in order that she might become +a governess. She played the part of Isabelle in the /Petite Duchesse/. +Nana. + +CABUCHE, a quarryman at Becourt, who lived alone in a hut in the +middle of the forest. He was condemned to five years' imprisonment for +having killed a man in a tavern brawl, but on account of his good +conduct was liberated at the end of four years. From that time he was +avoided by every one, and lived like a savage in the woods. Louisette, +the younger daughter of Madame Misard, who was then fourteen years +old, met him one day in the forest, and a strange friendship was +formed between them, the rough man almost adoring this child, who +alone was not afraid to speak to him. The girl afterwards went as a +servant to Madame Bonnehon, but one evening Cabuche found her at his +door, half mad with fright and on the verge of brain fever. He nursed +her tenderly, but she died a few days later. The conduct of President +Grandmorin was believed to be the cause of Louisette's flight from +Doinville, and Cabuche was overheard to say in ungovernable rage that +he would "bleed the pig." This remark led Denizet, the examining +magistrate, to attribute to him the murder of the President, which was +committed soon afterwards by the Roubauds, and still later he had the +misfortune to be found beside the body of Severine Roubaud, who had +been murdered by Jacques Lantier. He was found guilty of the two +crimes, neither of which he committed, and was sentenced to +imprisonment for life. It was Cabuche's wagon, loaded with huge blocks +of stone, that Flore stopped in front of an express train in order to +cause an accident. La Bete Humaine. + +CADET-CASSIS, the sobriquet of Coupeau. L'Assommoir. + +CADINE, a young girl who when only two years old was found by Madame +Chantemesse and adopted by her. She was brought up along with +Marjolin, and the two became inseparable companions and lovers. When +she was eleven years old she set up as a dealer in birds' food, but in +a year or two became a flower-seller. After the accident to Marjolin +by which his intellect was affected, Cadine looked after him, and the +two were seldom found apart. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CAFFIN (ABBE), the predecessor of Abbe Mouret as cure at Les Artaud. +He was originally from Normandy, and had a large face which always +seemed laughing. His history was bad, and he had been sent in disgrace +to this hot and dusty corner of Provence. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +CAMPARDON (ACHILLE), an architect, in whose house Octave Mouret +boarded when he first came to Paris. His views on religion were +somewhat free, but having been appointed diocesan architect he +gradually became orthodox, though this did not prevent him from +carrying on an intrigue with Gasparine, his wife's cousin, who +ultimately came to live with the family. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPARDON (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Rose Domergue. Born at +Plassans, she was an old friend of Madame Mouret, and when Octave +Mouret came to Paris he boarded with the Campardons. After the birth +of her child, Madame Campardon was an invalid, and was obliged to +spend much of her time in bed, amusing herself by reading the works of +Dickens. She tacitly accepted the liaison between her husband and +Gasparine, her cousin, whom she ultimately asked to live with the +family and manage the household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPARDON (ANGELE), daughter of the preceding. She was brought up at +home by her parents, in order that she might remain ignorant of the +realities of life, but intercourse with the servants in a large +tenement-house early developed her unnatural precocity. Pot-Bouille. + +CAMPENON, an incapable person to whom M. de Marsy gave a post as +prefect, which Eugene Rougon had promised to Du Poizat. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +CAMY-LAMOTTE, secretary to the Minister of Justice, an office of great +influence. It was his duty to prepare the list of promotions, and he +was in constant communication with the Tuileries. He was a handsome +man, who started his career as a substitute; but through his +connections and his wife he had been elected deputy and made grand +officer of the Legion of Honour. In examining the papers of President +Grandmorin, he discovered the identity of the murderers, but knowing +the probability of serious scandal arising in the event of public +inquiry, he said nothing, and later, struck by the courage and charm +of Severine Roubaud, who threw herself on his protection, he gave +instructions that all proceedings were to be stopped. He rewarded +Denizet, the examining magistrate, with a decoration and the promise +of early promotion. La Bete Humaine. + +CANIVET, an old peasant, of whom Zephyrin Lacour announced the death +to Rosalie Pichon. Une Page d'Amour. + +CARNAVANT (MARQUIS DE), a nobleman of Plassans. Said to have been +intimate with the mother of Felicite Puech during the early period of +her married life. He visited Pierre Rougon and his wife occasionally, +and after their retirement from business he interested them in +politics. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CAROLINE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. +She was very unhappy at home. L'Assommoir. + +CAROLINE (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + +CAROUBLE, a baker at Montsou. His business was threatened by the +competition of Maigrat. Germinal. + +CASIMIR, a liquor-dealer on the road to Montsou. Germinal. + +CASSOUTE, an inhabitant of Plassans, who formed one of the group of +insurgents which accompanied Antoine Macquart to the Rougons' house. +He was left there to signal the return of Pierre Rougon, but not being +very intelligent, allowed himself to be sent by Rougon to the Town +Hall, where he was arrested. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CATHERINE, servant to Granoux. She talked for a long time before +letting in Pierre Rougon and Roudier, who came to seek her master to +save Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CAUCHE, the commissary of police attached to the railway station at +Havre. He was a former officer who considered his present occupation +as practically a sinecure, spending much of his time at the cafe. He +was a confirmed gambler, who could lose or win without change of +expression. A room on the first floor of the Cafe du Commerce was his +usual haunt, and there Roubaud frequently spent half the night playing +cards with him. Later, it fell to him to arrest Roubaud on the charge +of murdering President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + +CAZENOVE (DOCTOR), a man of fifty-four years of age, of a vigorous and +lean habit, who after thirty years' service in the navy settled down +at Arromanches, where an uncle of his had left him a house. He +affected scepticism of the power of medicine, but was unremitting in +the care of his patients. Among the earliest of these was Madame +Chanteau, and he became on intimate terms with the family, for some +time acting as trustee to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + +CECILE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of a butcher in the neighbourhood of +the /Halles Centrales/. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CELESTE, lady's maid and confidante of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +CELESTINE, a friend of Clemence. She was neurotic, and had a horror of +the hair of cats, seeing it everywhere, and even turning her tongue in +the belief that some of it had got into her mouth. L'Assommoir. + +CESAR, a bull at the farm of La Borderie. La Terre. + +CHADEUIL (MADAME), a milliner in the Rue Sainte-Anne. Octave Mouret's +shop, "The Ladies' Paradise," ruined her within two years. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +CHAINE, the companion of Mahoudeau, the sculptor. He was born at +Saint-Firmin, a village about six miles from Plassans, where he served +as a cowboy until he was drawn in the conscription. Unfortunately for +him, a gentleman of the district who admired the walking-stick handles +which he carved out of roots with his knife, persuaded Chaine that he +was a rustic genius, and with extreme foolishness persuaded him to go +in for painting. Having forty pounds, he went to Paris, where his +small fortune lasted him for a year. Then, as he had only twenty +francs left, he took up his quarters with his friend Mahoudeau. He had +no talent, but had a certain skill in copying pictures with extreme +exactness. The relations of Chaine and Mahoudeau with Mathilde +Jabouille led to a coldness between the two friends, and ultimately +they ceased to be on speaking terms, though they continued to live +together, and even to sleep in the same bed. Some time afterwards +Chaine gave up art, and started a booth at country fairs, in which he +ran a wheel-of-fortune for trifling prizes. The booth was decorated +with some of his alleged masterpieces. L'Oeuvre. + +CHAMBOUVARD, a celebrated sculptor. He was said to be the son of a +veterinary surgeon of Amiens, and at forty-five had already produced +twenty masterpieces. He had, however, a complete lack of critical +acumen, and was unable to distinguish between the most glorious +offspring of his hands and the detestably grotesque figures which he +happened to put together now and then. At one /Salon/ he exhibited a +/Sower/, admirable in every way, while at another he showed an +execrable /Reaping Woman/, so bad that it seemed like a hoax; but he +was no less pleased with the later work, feeling sure that he had +turned out yet another masterpiece. L'Oeuvre. + +CHAMPION, a master hatter at Montrouge. Auguste Lantier pretended to +have left his employment because they had not the same political +views. L'Assommoir. + +CHAMPION, a retired sergeant, who was afterwards delivery manager at +"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CHANTEAU PERE, came originally from the south of France, beginning his +life as a journeyman carpenter. He created a considerable timber +business at Caen, but being somewhat daring in his speculation, he +left it rather embarrassed at the time of his death. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (M.), a cousin of M. Quenu, by whom he was nominated guardian +of his daughter Pauline Quenu. On the death of his father, he +succeeded to the timber business at Caen. Being an inactive man, +unaspiring and careful, he contented himself with putting his affairs +on a safe basis, and living on a moderate but sure profit. He married +Eugenie de la Vigniere, who was an ambitious woman and hoped to rouse +his indolent nature. Her schemes were, however, frustrated by the ill- +health of her husband, who suffered from gout to such a degree that he +ultimately sold his business to Devoine, and retired to Bonneville, +where he had a house. His sufferings from gout gradually became more +and more severe until he was a complete invalid. His ward Pauline +Quenu showed him much kindness, and the Abbe Horteur played draughts +with him regularly. La Joie de Vivre. + +Until the end of his life he was taken care of by Pauline. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +CHANTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Eugenie de la Vigniere, +was the orphan of one of the ruined squireens of the Cotentin. An +ambitious woman, she hoped to induce her husband to overcome his +indolent nature, but her plans were upset by the ill-health into which +he fell, and she transferred to her son her hopes for the family's +rise in life. From this source she had nothing but disappointment, as +one after another of Lazare's schemes failed. To enable him to get +money to start his chemical works, she encouraged the idea of marriage +between him and Pauline Quenu, her husband's ward, who thereupon lent +him thirty thousand francs. Little by little, Madame Chanteau got +possession for the family use of nearly all Pauline's fortunes, but +with each fresh loan her feelings towards the girl became more +embittered until her affection for her had turned to hate. From this +time, she discouraged her son's marriage with Pauline, and endeavoured +to turn his thoughts towards Louise Thibaudier, who had a considerable +fortune. She died of dropsy after a short illness. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (LAZARE), born 1844, son of M. Chanteau, was educated at the +college of Caen, where he took his bachelor's degree. He was undecided +as to what profession he would adopt, and for some time his +inclination turned towards music. Under the influence of Pauline Quenu +he decided on medicine, and went to Paris, where at first he made good +progress in his studies. Unfortunately he tired of this, and led a +life of extravagance and dissipation, failing to pass his +examinations. Having chanced to make the acquaintance of Herbelin, a +celebrated chemist, Lazare entered his laboratory as an assistant. +From him he got the idea of turning seaweed to profitable account by +the extraction of chemicals by a new method. With a view to the +commercial employment of this process he borrowed thirty thousand +francs from Pauline Quenu, and entered into partnership with an old +college friend named Boutigny who invested a similar sum in the +business. Lazare was quite carried away by his enthusiasm, and the +works were built on much too large a scale, the cost greatly exceeding +the original estimates. More money was required, and a marriage having +already been arranged between Lazare and Pauline Quenu, she at once +lent him another ten thousand francs. Some slight success was at first +attained, but this only led to fresh extravagances in the way of +apparatus, and before long a hundred thousand francs of Pauline's +money had been expended. By this time it was evident that the process +could not be worked on a commercial scale, and Lazare, utterly +discouraged, handed over his share to Boutigny for a trifling sum. A +scheme for the protection of Bonneville against the inroads of the sea +was the next subject to attract him, and he entered into it with his +usual enthusiasm. More money was, of course, required, and, as before, +this was found by Pauline. Failure again met his efforts; the +barricade was washed away by the first high sea. All along Lazare had +been subject to fits of morbid depression, accompanied by a frenzied +fear of death, and after the death of his mother this mental +disturbance became even more acute. The marriage with Pauline had been +put off on one excuse or another, and ultimately she saw that his +affections had been transferred to Louise Thibaudier. With noble self- +sacrifice, she released him from his engagement, and his marriage to +Louise followed. He went to Paris as manager of an insurance company, +but soon tiring of business, he returned to Bonneville, where he lived +so tormented by the fear of death that life itself had little charm +for him. La Joie de Vivre. + +Having become a widower, he left his son with Pauline Quenu, and went +to America to seek his fortune. Le Docteur Pascal. + +CHANTEAU (MADAME LAZARE), wife of the preceding. See Louise +Thibaudier. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTEAU (PAUL), the infant son of Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +CHANTECAILLE (i.e. SINGSMALL), an usher at the college of Plassans. He +was so good-natured that he allowed the pupils to smoke when out +walking. L'Oeuvre. + +CHANTEGREIL, a poacher, who was sent to the galleys for shooting a +gendarme. He was the father of Miette. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CHANTEGREIL (MARIE), known as Miette, born 1838, daughter of +Chantegreil, the poacher, who was sentenced to the galleys for murder. +She went to live with her aunt, the wife of Rebufat, farmer at +Plassans. Here she met Silvere Mouret, and an idyllic love affair +followed. When Silvere joined the Republican Insurrection in 1861, +Miette, fired by his enthusiasm, accompanied him, and carried the +banner of revolt. In the attack by the regular troops, which soon +followed, she fell mortally wounded. La Fortune des Rougon. + +CHANTEGREIL (EULALIE). See Madame Eulalie Rebufat. + +CHANTEMESSE (MADAME), a customer of Madame Francois, the market- +gardener. It was she who brought up the two foundling children, +Marjolin and Cadine. Le Ventre de Paris. + +CHANTEREAU (MADAME), wife of an ironmaster. She was a cousin of the +Fougerays, and a friend of the Muffats. With Madame du Joncquoy and +Madame Hugon she gave an air of severe respectability to the drawing- +room of Comtesse Sabine de Muffat. Her husband owned a foundry in +Alsace, where war with Germany was feared, and she caused much +amusement to her friends by expressing the opinion that Bismarck would +make war with France and would conquer. Nana. + +CHARBONNEL (M.), a retired oil-merchant of Plassans. His cousin +Chevassu, a lawyer, died leaving his fortune of five hundred thousand +francs to the Sisters of the Holy Family. Charbonnel, being next heir, +contested the will on the ground of undue influence; and the +Sisterhood having petitioned the Council of State to authorize the +payment of the bequest to them, he went to Paris, accompanied by his +wife, in order to secure the influence of Eugene Rougon. The matter +dragged on for some months, and was then indefinitely delayed by +Rougon's resignation of the Presidency of the Council of State. After +Rougon's appointment as Minister of the Interior, he induced the +Council of State to refuse the petition of the Sisterhood, and M. +Charbonnel accordingly succeeded to the estate. Subsequently the +Charbonnels accused the Sisters of having removed some of Chevassu's +silver plate, and Rougon ordered the police to make a search in the +convent. This caused a scandal in the town, and brought the +Charbonnels, as well as Rougon, into popular disfavour. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +CHARBONNEL (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She accompanied her +husband to Paris to assist him in looking after their interests in the +estate of his cousin Chevassu. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +CHARDON (ABBE), the candidate favoured by Abbe Fenil for the vacancy +in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CHARDON (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Melanie Correur. The State +having refused to accept some furnishings supplied by her, Eugene +Rougon, the Minister, arranged the matter. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +CHARLES, a waiter at the Cafe Riche. It was he who served supper to +Maxime Saccard and Renee in the White Salon. La Curee. + +CHARLES, the attendant at the public washing-house where Gervaise +Macquart had her great fight with Virginie. L'Assommoir. + +CHARLES, a butcher whose shop was in Rue Polonceau. The Coupeaus dealt +with him. L'Assommoir. + +CHARLES, coachman in the service of Nana. He left her after a violent +scene, in the course of which he called her a slut. Nana. + +CHARLES, a cousin of the little soldier Jules from Plogof. Germinal. + +CHARLES, coachman to Aristide Saccard. He was discovered stealing +oats, and was dismissed. In revenge, he disclosed to Madame Caroline +the relations between his master and the Baroness Sandorff. L'Argent. + +CHARLES, (MONSIEUR AND MADAME), see Badeuil. + +CHARPIER, a grain merchant at Vendome. He became bankrupt, and his +papers having been purchased by Fayeux on behalf of Busch, the latter +found among them a document signed by Comte de Beauvilliers, +undertaking payment of a large sum to Leonie Cron. L'Argent. + +CHARRIER, a bricklayer who amassed a fortune by speculations in +building-sites during the early days of the Second Empire. Along with +Mignon, his partner, he had many business dealings with Aristide +Saccard. La Curee. + +CHARVET, one of the party which met at Lebigre's wine-shop to discuss +revolutionary subjects. He was the best educated of the coterie, and +his flood of bitter words generally crushed his adversaries. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +CHASSAGNE (DOCTEUR), director of the asylum at Moulineaux, where +Saturnin Josserand was confined for a time. Pot-Bouille. + +CHAUMETTE, counsellor at the court of Rouen. At the trial of Roubaud +he acted as assessor to the assizes. La Bete Humaine. + +CHAUMETTE FILS, son of the preceding, was a substitute at Rouen. He +was the latest fancy of Madame Bonnehon, who did all she could to +secure his advancement. La Bete Humaine. + +CHAVAILLE (ROSALIE), cousin of La Mechain, and mother of Victor +Saccard. She fell into a life of vice and poverty, and died at the age +of twenty-six. L'Argent. + +CHAVAL, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. From the first he had an +instinctive hatred towards Etienne Lantier, caused partly by jealousy +regarding Catherine Maheu, whose lover he became. He treated the girl +very badly, and she ultimately left him. During the strike he took up +a position antagonistic to Lantier, who was one of the leaders, and +even undertook the direction of a party of Belgians brought in by the +mine-owners to work the pits. By a strange chance, Chaval met Lantier +and Catherine in a gallery of the pit after a terrible accident, which +resulted in its being flooded; a struggle followed, and Chaval was +killed, his body being thrown into the water. But the rise of the +flood brought him back time after time to the feet of the others, as +if his jealousy continued even after death. Germinal. + +CHAVE (CAPTAIN), brother of Madame Maugendre, and uncle of Madame +Jordan. He was a petty gambler of a class who frequent the Bourse +daily, in order to make an almost certain profit of fifteen or twenty +francs, which must be realized before the day's operations are over. +He said he was forced to speculate, as the pension which he received +from the Government was not sufficient to keep him from starvation. +L'Argent. + +CHAVIGNAT, an employee at the Ministry of Public Education. Pot- +Bouille. + +CHEDEVILLE (DE), deputy for Eure-et-Loire under the Empire. He was an +old beau who had flourished in the reign of Louis Philippe, and was +still supposed to have Orleanist sympathies, though his reputed +friendship with the Emperor was sufficient to secure his success at +the polls. He had gone through all his money, and had now only the +farm of La Chamade left. His political career was cut short by a +scandal which gave offence at the Tuileries, and he was defeated by +Rochefontaine, who was nominated by Government as the official +candidate. La Terre. + +CHERMETTE (MADAME DE), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +CHEVASSU, a lawyer at Faverolles, who died leaving his fortune to the +Sisters of the Holy Family. His cousin, M. Charbonnel, got the will +reduced on the ground of undue influence. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +CHEZELLES (MADAME LEONIDE DE), a school friend of Comtesse Muffat, who +was five years her senior. She was the wife of a magistrate. "It was +rumoured that she deceived him quite openly, but people pardoned her +offence, and received her just the same, because, said they, 'She's +not answerable for her actions.'" Nana. + +CHIBRAY (COMTE DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He was for a time the +lover of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +CHOUARD (MARQUIS DE), father of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de Beuville. He +was a Councillor of State and Chamberlain to the Empress, but, +notwithstanding this, had kept up his relations with the Legitimist +party; he was known for his piety, and expressed the belief that his +class should show an example in morals to the lower orders. In secret, +however, his life was vicious, and many damaging stories were known of +him. He was one of Nana's admirers, and after a visit to her he was +struck by sudden imbecility and semi-paralysis, the result of sixty +years of debauchery. Nana. + +CHOUARD (SABINE DE), daughter of the preceding and wife of Comte +Muffat de Beuville. She was married at seventeen, and ever since had +led a cloistered existence with a pious husband and a dictatorial +stepmother. The death of her stepmother made little difference, and +the family continued to live in an atmosphere of frigid +respectability. At thirty-four Sabine looked little older than her own +daughter, and would not have been taken for more than twenty-eight. +About this time Comte Muffat fell entirely under the influence of +Nana, and a change came over the household. Sabine accepted the +attentions of Fauchery, whose mistress she became, and soon after +launched into a course of extravagance which in the end went far to +complete the ruin to which her husband was himself contributing. Other +lovers followed Fauchery, and in the end she ran off with the manager +of a large drapery store. Ultimately she returned, and was pardoned by +her husband, who had lost his own self-respect as a result of his +intrigue with Nana. Nana. + +CHOUTEAU, an old man of over ninety years of age, who with his wife +lived in a little hut in Beaumont, furnished for them by Angelique +with articles taken from the attic of her adopted parents. She, as +well as Felicien d'Hautecoeur, showed them much kindness. Le Reve. + +CHOUTEAU, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. He belonged to the squad of Corporal Jean +Macquart. Originally a housepainter of Montmartre, his time was almost +expired when the outbreak of war prevented his leaving the army. A +revolutionary in his ideas, he was the leader in every breach of +discipline among his companions, suggesting to them that they should +throw away their knapsacks and guns; on the plateau of Floing, in +front of the enemy, he declared that as he had not eaten he would not +fight. Sergeant Sapin having been severely wounded, Chouteau offered, +along with Loubet, to remove him to the ambulance, and the two men +disappeared from the battlefield. After the defeat of the French Army +he was made prisoner at Iges, where he continued to advise his +companions in committing all kinds of excesses, going the length of +handing a knife to Lapoulle in order that he might kill Pache, who had +hidden some provisions from him. Along with Loubet he made an attempt +to escape from the Germans, and in this he attained success by +treacherously sacrificing his comrade. During the Commune he took an +active part in the excesses which were then committed; but during the +sanguinary repression which followed he was seen in the blouse of an +honest workman applauding the massacre which ensued. La Debacle. + +CHRISTINE. See Christine Hallegrain. + +CHUCHU (MADEMOISELLE), an actress at the Varietes. A liaison between +her and Flory led to the ruin of the latter on the Stock Exchange. +L'Argent. + +CLARISSE, waiting-maid in the service of Baroness Sandorff. She +betrayed to Delcambre the confidences of her mistress. L'Argent. + +CLEMENCE, a clerk at the fish auction. She attended the meetings in +Lebigre's wine-shop along with Charvet, with whom she lived. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +CLEMENCE (MADEMOISELLE), occupied a room in the same tenement-house as +the Coupeaus and Lorilleux, where she took in ironing, as well as +added to her income by less reputable means. When Gervaise Coupeau's +laundry was at the height of its success Clemence got regular +employment there, but when business began to go she had to leave. +L'Assommoir. + +CLEMENCE, lady's maid to Madame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +CLORINDE. See Clorinde Balbi. + +CLOU, Municipal Councillor at Rognes. He played the trombone at choral +services in church. La Terre. + +COEUR (GERMAINE), a /demi-mondaine/ who was on intimate terms with +many members of the Paris Bourse. L'Argent. + +COGNET, a roadman at Rognes. He was an old drunkard, who beat his +daughter unmercifully. La Terre. + +COGNET (JACQUELINE), alias LA COGNETTE, daughter of the preceding. She +went to La Borderie at the age of twelve years, and before long had +several lovers. She made her fortune, however, by resisting her +master, Alexandre Hourdequin, for six months, and when she ultimately +became his mistress she had made her position so secure that he was +afterwards unable to part with her. Notwithstanding her relations with +Hourdequin, she had other lovers, and the old shepherd Soulas, from +motives of revenge, informed Hourdequin of her intimacy with one of +them, a man named Tron. The latter, having been dismissed, killed +Hourdequin and burned down the farm, so that Jacqueline was compelled +to leave La Borderie no richer than she had come. La Terre. + +COLICHE (LA), a fine cow which belonged to the Mouche family and was a +great favourite with them. La Terre. + +COLIN, a notary at Havre. It was in his presence that the Roubauds +made a mutual will, leaving everything to the last survivor. La Bete +Humaine. + +COLOMBAN PERE, a veterinary surgeon known to all in the district of +Seine-et-Oise. He was of dissolute habits. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +COLOMBAN, a shopman who had been for many years in the employment of +M. Baudu. He was engaged to his master's daughter Genevieve, but the +marriage was put off from time to time as Baudu's business was not +prosperous. Meantime, Colomban had become infatuated by Clara +Prunaire, a girl employed in "The Ladies' Paradise," and his affection +for Genevieve rapidly cooled. Ultimately he went off with Clara, +thereby hastening the death of Genevieve, who had been in bad health +for some time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +COLOMBE. See Pere Colombe. + +COMBELOT (M. DE), an Imperial Chamberlain whom the Department of the +Landes had chosen as deputy upon the formally expressed desire of the +Emperor. He was a tall, handsome man, with a very white skin, and an +inky black beard, which had been the means of winning him great favour +among the ladies. He was married to a sister of Delestang. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +COMBELOT (MADAME DE), see Henriette Delestang. + +COMBETTE, a chemist at Chene-Populeux. He was assessor to the mayor, +and the information which he received on the night of 27th August, +1870, satisfied him of the unhappy state of the Army of Chalons, which +was then on its way to the front. La Debacle. + +COMBETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. It was she who on the +evening of 27th August, 1870, offered hospitality to the soldier +Maurice Levasseur, who was worn out with fatigue and with the pain of +his foot, which had been injured by the long march. La Debacle. + +COMBEVILLE (DUCHESSE DE), mother of Princess d'Orviedo. L'Argent. + +COMBOREL ET CIE, a firm of ship-owners who entered into the great +transport syndicate founded by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +COMPAN (ABBE), vicar of the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He +was on bad terms with Abbe Fenil, and consequently the other priests +were afraid to have any intercourse with him, Abbe Bourrette alone +visiting him during his last illness. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CONDAMIN (M. DE), commissioner of woods and rivers for the district of +Plassans. He was an elderly man, whose morality was looked upon with +some suspicion by the respectable inhabitants of Plassans. He married +a young wife, whom he brought from no one knew where, but who had +evidently influential friends at Paris, as it was she who got her +husband and Dr. Porquier decorated. La Conquete de Plassans. + +CONDAMIN (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was at first received +with some suspicion at Plassans, nothing being known of her past +history, but by the charm of her manner she soon overcame prejudice. +Madame Mouret having asked her assistance in connection with the Home +for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she entered heartily into the +scheme and used her influence on its behalf. Acting on advice from her +influential friends at Paris, she assisted Faujas in the schemes which +resulted in the election of M. Delangre as deputy for Plassans. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +CONIN, a stationer at the corner of Rue Feydeau, who supplied note- +books to most members of the Bourse. He was assisted in the business +by his wife, and seldom came out of the back shop. L'Argent. + +CONIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was on too friendly terms +with many of her customers, but was so discreet that no scandal arose. +L'Argent. + +COQUART (LES), proprietors of the farm of Saint-Juste, which, however, +they were forced by bad times to sell. The family consisted of the +father, mother, three sons and two daughters. La Terre. + +COQUETS, neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d'Or. They +took a fancy to light their cooking-stove on the stair-landing, and, +as they also owed their term's rent, they were given notice to quit. +L'Assommoir. + +CORBIERE (COMTE DE), proprietor of the Paradou, an estate near Artaud. +When he died, the care of the property was confided to Jeanbernat, a +foster-brother of the Comte. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +CORBREUSE (DUC DE), proprietor of a racing-stable. Nana. + +CORNAILLE, the principal draper in Valognes. Denise Baudu served her +apprenticeship to him. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CORNEMUSE, a racehorse which was the prize of the City of Paris. Nana. + +CORNILLE, a member of the firm of Cornille and Jenard, who held in the +eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle, which was +joined in 1760 to two neighbouring concessions, those of Comte de +Cougny and of Baron Desrumaux, in order to form the Company of the +Mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +CORNILLE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the cathedral of Beaumont. He +accompanied Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur when the latter came to +administer the last rites of the Church to Angelique. Le Reve. + +CORREUR (MADAME MELANIE), was the daughter of a notary of Coulonges, a +town in the district of Niort. When she was twenty-four years old she +eloped with a journeyman butcher, and thereafter lived in Paris, +ignored by her family. For some time she kept a boarding-house at the +Hotel Vanneau in the Rue Vanneau, where among her lodgers were Eugene +Rougon, Du Poizet, and Theodore Gilquin. She established a claim on +Rougon's gratitude, and he assisted a number of her friends in +obtaining pensions and appointments. Having ascertained that her +brother, M. Martineau, had made a will by which she would benefit, +she, knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him to Rougon as a +dangerous Republican. His arrest and sudden death followed. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +COSINUS, a racehorse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +COSSARD (LE PERE), prompter at the Theatre des Varietes. He was a +little hunchback. + +COUDELOUP (MADAME), a baker in Rue des Poissonniers. She supplied the +Coupeaus until Lantier decided that they must have finer bread from a +Viennese bakery. L'Assommoir. + +COUGNY (COMTE DE), owner in the eighteenth century of the mining +concession of Cougny, which in 1760 was joined to two neighbouring +concessions to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +COUILLOT (LES), peasants at Rognes. Their son got the number 206 in +the drawing for the conscription. La Terre. + +COUPEAU, a zinc-worker, who married Gervaise Macquart after her +desertion by Lantier. He was the son of a drunken father, but was +himself steady and industrious until a serious accident caused by a +fall from a roof brought about a change. After that he became +unwilling to work and began to spend his time in public-houses; his +days of work became fewer and fewer, until, a confirmed drunkard, he +lived entirely on his wife's earnings. Attacks of delirium tremens +followed, and in the end he died in the Asylum of Sainte-Anne after an +attack of more than usual violence. L'Assommoir. + +COUPEAU (MADAME GERVAISE), wife of the preceding. See Gervaise +Macquart. L'Assommoir. + +COUPEAU (ANNA, known as NANA), born 1852, was the only child of +Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. Almost from infancy she was +allowed to run wild in the gutters of Paris, and even in childhood her +instincts were vicious. At thirteen years of age she was sent to learn +artificial-flower making in the establishment of Madame Titreville, +whose forewoman was Madame Lerat, Nana's aunt. She had been there some +time when she began to receive attentions from an elderly gentleman +who had noticed her going to work. Meantime her father and mother had +taken to drink so seriously that home life had become intolerable, +and, after one of innumerable quarrels, Nana ran away to her venerable +admirer. After a few months she tired of him and left, to spend her +time amongst the low-class dancing-halls, in one of which she was +found by her father, who brought her home, where she remained for a +fortnight, and then ran off again. From time to time she returned, but +her visits gradually became less frequent till they ceased. +L'Assommoir. + +At sixteen years of age she had a child by an unknown father, and two +years later was installed in a flat in Boulevard Haussmann by a rich +merchant of Moscow, who had come to pass the winter in Paris. +Bordenave, the director of the Theatre des Varietes, gave her a part +in a play called /La Blonde Venus/, and though her voice was poor and +she was ignorant of acting, she was by the sheer force of her beauty +an immediate and overwhelming success. All Paris was at her feet; +Comte Muffat, Steiner, the Prince of Scots himself, came in turn to +offer homage. It seemed as if this girl, born of four or five +generations of drunkards and brought up on the pavements of Paris, was +to revenge her race upon the idle rich by the wild extravagances into +which she dragged them. Muffat and Steiner were her lovers, and ruined +themselves by the vast sums which she squandered; Georges Hugon killed +himself from jealousy of his brother Philippe, who embezzled for her +sake, and brought himself to imprisonment and disgrace; Vandeuvres +too, after courting dishonour, met death at his own hand; and +Foucarmont, stripped bare and cast off, went to perish in the China +seas. The procession was unending; more money was always required. +After a successful appearance in a play called /Melusine/, Nana +suddenly left Paris and went to the East. Strange stories were told of +her--the conquest of a viceroy, a colossal fortune acquired in Russia +--but nothing definite was known. When she returned to Paris in 1870 +she found that her son Louiset had been attacked by small-pox, and she +herself contracted the disease from him. A few days later she died in +a room in the Grand Hotel, nursed only by Rose Mignon, who had come to +her in her trouble. The war with Germany had just broken out, and as +she lay dying the passing crowds were shouting ceaselessly, "A Berlin, +A Berlin." Nana. + +COUPEAU (LOUIS). See Louiset. + +COUPEAU (MADAME), mother of Coupeau the zinc-worker. She was an old +woman, and, her sight having given way, was unable to support herself. +Her daughter, Madame Lorilleux, refused anything but the most trifling +assistance, and ultimately Gervaise Coupeau took the old woman into +her own home and supported her till her death, which occurred some +years later. L'Assommoir. + +COURAJOD, a great landscape painter, whose masterpiece, the /Pool at +Gagny/, is in the Luxembourg. Long before his death he disappeared +from the world of art, and lived in a little house at Montmartre +surrounded by his hens, ducks, rabbits, and dogs. He refused to speak +of his former fame, and when Claude Lantier called on him the old man +seemed to be entering into a second childhood, forgetful of his past. +L'Oeuvre. + +COUTARD, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the Second Division of +the First Army Corps, which was defeated at Wissembourg on 4th August, +1870. He and his companion Picot were slightly wounded, and were left +behind, not being able to rejoin their regiments for three weeks, most +of which they spent tramping the country through wet and mud, +endeavouring to overtake the vanquished army of France. La Debacle. + +CRASSE (LA), i.e. "The Dirty." Sobriquet of a professor at the college +of Plassans, so called by the pupils as he marked by the constant +rubbing of his head the back of every chair he occupied. L'Oeuvre. + +CREVECOEUR, a lace merchant in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche left his +employment, and entered Octave Mouret's shop on the same day as Denise +Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +CRON, a carter at Vendome. He was the father of Leonie Cron. L'Argent. + +CRON (LEONIE), the girl to whom the Comte de Beauvilliers gave the +document which afterwards came into the hands of Busch, and was used +by him as a means of blackmailing the widow of the Comte. L'Argent. + +CUCHE, a family of fisher people who resided at Bonneville. They were +ruined by their house being washed away by the sea. The father and +mother lived extremely dissolute lives, and their son grew up little +better than a savage. Pauline Quenu made great efforts to reform him, +but he refused all attempts to make him settle down. La Joie de Vivre. + +CUDORGE (MADAME), a seller of umbrellas in the Rue Neuve de la Goutte +d'Or, where she was a neighbour of Gervaise Lantier. L'Assommoir. + +CUGNOT (PAULINE), daughter of a miller at Chartres who was ruined by a +lawsuit. She came to Paris, and eventually got a situation at "The +Ladies' Paradise," where she showed much kindness to Denise Baudu, who +was at first badly treated by the other employees there. Later on she +married Bauge, her lover, but was allowed to retain her situation. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + + + + D + +DABADIE, chief station-master at Havre. He was a handsome man, with +the bearing of a commercial magnate engrossed in business. Indeed, he +willingly left the passenger department of the station to his +assistants, in order that he might give particular attention to the +enormous transit of merchandise at the docks. It is said that he was +on friendly terms with Mademoiselle Guichon, the office-keeper at the +station. La Bete Humaine. + +DAGUENET (PAUL), the favoured lover of Nana. His father who was highly +esteemed by Louis Philippe, occupied a prefecture up to the time of +his death. As for himself, he had gone through three hundred thousand +francs in eighteen months in the pursuit of pleasure, and was only +able to keep going by small speculations on the Stock Exchange. +Attracted by the fortune of Estelle Muffat, he decided to marry her, +and with the assistance of Nana obtained the consent of Count Muffat. +Become serious after marriage, Daguenet came under the influence of +Theophile Venot, and was ruled with a rod of iron by his wife, who now +exhibited a character entirely unsuspected before. He now went to +Mass, and was furious with his father-in-law, who was ruining the +family on account of Nana. Nana. + +DAGUENET (MADAME). See Estelle Muffat de Beuville. + +DAIGREMONT, a Paris financier who was possessed of an enormous +fortune. It was said that his fidelity was not quite reliable, and +that on one occasion at least he played his allies false and swept +away the profits. He was approached by Saccard before the foundation +of the Universal Bank, and being assured that Eugene Rougon was to +back up his brother, he agreed to become one of the directors. He +supported Saccard during the great gamble in the shares of the bank, +and even on the day of the collapse had promised to come on the market +and buy so heavily as to put up the price of the shares. Having +received information through Jacoby that Gundermann was determined at +any cost to break the market, Daigremont deserted Saccard, and instead +of buying, sold all the shares he had, thereby bringing about the +final collapse. L'Argent. + +DAIGREMONT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was celebrated for her +beauty and for her fine singing. L'Argent. + +DALICHAMP, a doctor at Raucourt, six kilometres from Remilly. He was a +man of brusque manner, but of excellent heart, who showed much +kindness to his patients. In the middle of August, 1870, he +established an ambulance at Raucourt, and after Jean Macquart, +severely wounded, had arrived at the house of Pere Fouchard, Dalichamp +attended him secretly till his recovery. It was through him that +Henriette Weiss and Jean gained their knowledge of the disasters which +were everywhere overtaking the French army. La Debacle. + +DAMBREVILLE, a Government official who married in order to secure +promotion through the influence of his wife. Pot-Bouille. + +DAMBREVILLE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. An elderly woman with a +passion for Leon Josserand, whose appointment as Maitre des Requetes +she procured by her influence. She promised to secure a wealthy wife +for him, but delayed to do so until he insisted on a match being +arranged between him and her niece Raymonde. Her friendly relations +with him continued to subsist even after his marriage. Pot-Bouille. + +DAMBREVILLE (RAYMONDE), niece of Dambreville. See Madame Leon +Josserand. + +DANSAERT, a head captain in the Voreux pit. He was brutal and +overbearing with the workmen, but humble in the presence of his +superiors. Though it was well known that he was the lover of La +Pierronne, he was friendly with her husband, and got information from +him regarding the progress of the strike. On the day of the accident +in the pit he became mad with fear, and leaped into one of the cages, +leaving his men at the bottom. This action, together with the scandals +regarding him, caused the company to decide on his dismissal. +Germinal. + +DASTE (MADAME), a friend of the Saccards and of Madame de Lauwerens. +La Curee. + +DAUVERGNE, deputy station-master for the main lines at the Gare Saint- +Lazare. He occupied with his family, Claire, Henri, and Sophie, a +house belonging to the railway company in the Impasse d'Amsterdam. La +Bete Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (CLAIRE), daughter of the preceding and sister of Sophie. +The two sisters were both charming blondes, one eighteen and the other +twenty, who, amidst a constant stream of gaiety, looked after the +housekeeping with the six thousand francs earned by the two men. The +elder one would be heard laughing, while the younger sang, and a cage +full of exotic birds rivalled one another in roulades. La Bete +Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (HENRI), a chief guard in the service of the Western Railway +Company. He was in love with Severine Roubaud, but was aware of her +liaison with Jacques Lantier. He was injured in the railway accident +at Croix-de-Maufras, and having been removed to a house which belonged +to Severine, he was nursed by her there. In a hallucination of +illness, he believed that he heard, outside his window, Roubaud +arranging with Cabuche for the murder of Severine: his mistaken +evidence was greatly instrumental in leading to the conviction of the +two men. La Bete Humaine. + +DAUVERGNE (SOPHIE), the elder of the two sisters. La Bete Humaine. + +DAVOINE, the purchaser of Chanteau's timber business at Caen. When +Chanteau became incapacitated by gout, he sold his business to Davoine +for a hundred thousand francs, of which one-half was to be paid in +cash and the balance to remain in the business. Davoine was, however, +constantly launching into speculations, and the consequence was that +the profits were drained away, and the balance sheet generally showed +a loss. He ultimately became bankrupt, and Chanteau lost all the money +he had left in the business. La Joie de Vivre. + +DEBERLE (DOCTOR HENRI), a medical man of Passy who inherited from his +father a large fortune and an excellent practice. A chance call to +attend Jeanne Grandjean led to an intimacy with her mother, which +resulted in the fleeting love episode which forms the subject of the +novel. Deberle, deceived by the circumstances under which Helene +Grandjean prevented an assignation between his wife and M. Malignon, +believed that Helene had arranged an assignation with himself, and she +found it impossible to enlighten him without compromising his wife. +The brief liaison was terminated by the illness and death of Jeanne. +Une Page d'Amour. + +DEBERLE (MADAME JULIETTE), wife of the preceding, was the elder +daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk merchant of Paris. Empty- +headed and fond of gaiety, she was carried away by the attentions of +M. Malignon, an idle young man who went everywhere in Paris society, +and to whom she was foolish enough on one occasion to grant an +assignation. Madame Helene Grandjean, who was on intimate terms with +the family, warned Madame Deberle that her husband's suspicions had +been aroused, and that lady, seeing in time the folly of her action, +broke off the intrigue. Une Page d'Amour. + +DEBERLE (LUCIEN), the young son of Doctor Deberle. He was a playmate +of Jeanne Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour. + +DECKER (BARONNE), a friend of the Marquis de Chouard, who occasionally +visited her at Viroflay. Nana. + +DEJOIE, a man who was appointed by Saccard to be attendant at the +offices of the newspaper purchased in the interest of the Universal +Bank. He had a small sum of money, intended for the dowry of his +daughter, and to increase this he invested it in shares of the bank. +On the rise of the shares he gained a large sum, but, refusing to +sell, he lost everything in the final catastrophe. L'Argent. + +DEJOIE (JOSEPHINE), wife of Dejoie, who first knew her when she was +cook with Madame Leveque, sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. She was +afterwards with Dr. Renaudin, and then in a shop in Rue Rambuteau. The +husband and wife were never fortunate enough to get employment in one +place. Josephine died when her daughter was fourteen years old. +L'Argent. + +DEJOIE (NATHALIE), daughter of the preceding. In order to provide a +dowry for her, her father invested all his savings in shares of the +Universal Bank, losing everything after its failure. She was a pretty +girl, but absolutely heartless, and after the downfall of the bank she +ran away from home, leaving her old father in his poverty. L'Argent. + +DELAHERCHE (MADAME), mother of Jules Delaherche. Her husband's gay +life rendered her unhappy, and after she became a widow she trembled +lest her son should take to the same courses as his father; so, after +marrying him to a woman who was devout and of simple tastes, she +sought to keep him in a dependent state as though he were a mere +youth. At fifty years of age, his wife having died, Delaherche +determined to marry a young widow about whom there had been much +gossip, and did so in spite of all the remonstrances of his mother. +After that she only lived on in silent remonstrance, spending most of +her time shut up in her own room. The miseries of war told severely on +the old woman, and to these were added domestic troubles, for she +became aware of her daughter-in-law's relations with Captain Baudoin +and Edmond Lagarde. After the occupation of Sedan by the Prussians she +devoted herself to nursing her old friend Colonel Vineuil, who had +been brought to the house severely wounded. She remained with him till +his death, shut up from the world, and refusing to hear of the defeats +daily accumulating against their unhappy country. La Debacle. + +DELAHERCHE (JULES), one of the principal cloth manufacturers of Sedan. +He owned a large factory in Rue Maqua, which had been the property of +the family for a hundred and sixty years; in the rear of the building +was a palatial courtyard shaded with old trees, gigantic elms dating +from the foundation of the establishment. Jules, married to a woman +dull and plain-looking, had been kept by his mother in the dependent +position of a mere boy, but at fifty years of age, his wife being +dead, he became enamoured of Gilberte Maginot, a pretty young widow of +Charleville, and married her in spite of the determined opposition of +his mother. An ardent Bonapartist, he was much excited by a chance +meeting with Napoleon III, but after the repeated defeats of the army +in the war with Prussia his loyalty cooled, and he ultimately charged +the Emperor with all the miseries which ensued. After the battle of +Sedan an ambulance was established in the courtyard of his factory, +and the wounded Colonel Vineuil was removed to his house. La Debacle. + +DELAHERCHE (MADAME JULES). See Gilberte Vineuil. La Debacle. + +DELANGRE (M.), mayor of Plassans. He was the son of a bricklayer, and +when he passed as a lawyer had to be content with petty suits that no +one else would take up. It was said that he became the lover of Madame +Rastoil, and it was certainly through her influence that he won his +first cases. He was shrewd enough to show no particular political +proclivities; so after the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, when they were +looking out for a mayor, his name was at once thought of. He was +elected, and from that time everything prospered with him. As a result +of much scheming by Abbe Faujas, Delangre was adopted as candidate for +the representation of Plassans, and was elected by a triumphant +majority over Maurin, the Republican candidate. After his election, he +voted steadily with the Government, thus accomplishing the object for +which Faujas was sent to the town. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELANGRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "She was a tame little woman +of a servant-like meekness, whose dissoluteness had remained a matter +of legend in Plassans." She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding +the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and agreed to act on the +Committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + +DELANGRE (LUCIEN), son of M. Delangre, mayor of Plassans. He was a +young barrister of four-and-twenty, short and sharp-eyed, with a +crafty brain, and pleaded with all the coolness of an old +practitioner. On the suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a leading part +in starting the Club for Young Men at Plassans. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +DELAROCQUE, a stockbroker who was married to the sister of Jacoby. +L'Argent. + +DELCAMBRE, Public Prosecutor, afterwards Minister of Justice. Having +been for some time the lover of Baroness Sandorff, he was much annoyed +at her subsequent intimacy with Saccard, and after the failure of the +Universal Bank he instigated the proceedings which led to the +conviction of its officials. L'Argent. + +DELESTANG (M.), son of a wine merchant at Bercy, was himself a retired +attorney and owner of a model farm. He was a man of great wealth, but +of foolish and shallow character. Having got into political trouble at +the time of the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, he was helped out of an awkward +position by Eugene Rougon. Acting on the suggestion of Rougon, he +married Clorinde Balbi, and soon after was appointed Minister of +Commerce and Agriculture. After Rougon's second retirement from office +Delestang was appointed to succeed him as Minister of the Interior. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DELESTANG (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Clorinde Balbi. + +DELESTANG (HENRIETTE), sister of Delestang, the Minister, and wife of +M. de Combelot, Chamberlain to Napoleon III. She had a passion for the +Emperor, who, however, would not look at her. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +DELEUZE founded, along with his brother, in 1822, the drapers' shop in +Paris known as /Au Bonheur des Dames/. When he died, his daughter +Caroline, who was married to Hedouin, succeeded to his share in the +business. Pot-Bouille. + +The beginning of the business was exceedingly modest; there was only +one window in the shop, and the stock was a small one. At that time +the principal shop in the neighbourhood was the /Vieil Elbeuf/, of +which Baudu afterwards became proprietor. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELEUZE (UNCLE), one of the founders of the shop known as /Au Bonheur +des Dames/. After the death of his elder brother he continued the +business along with his niece Madame Hedouin. He became much affected +by rheumatism, and left the management in the hands of Hedouin. Pot- +Bouille. + +DELEUZE (CAROLINE). See Caroline Hedouin. + +DELHOMME was the son-in-law of Pere Fouan, whose daughter Fanny he +married. He was the owner of a small farm, which he managed so well +that he became one of the richest of the peasant proprietors at +Rognes. He was a man of calm, upright nature, and was frequently +selected as arbiter in petty disputes. In his own affairs, however, he +allowed himself to be much influenced by his wife. He was a municipal +councillor, and ultimately became mayor. La Terre. + +DELHOMME (MADAME), nee Fanny Fouan, wife of the preceding. At first a +not unamiable woman, she became hardened, and eventually the +cleanliness of her house became a mania with her. She was unkind to +her father, with whose little weaknesses she had no patience, and her +persecution of him was carried to such an extent that he ceased to +live with her and her husband. She was so annoyed at this that she +refused to speak to him again, and her ill-will was not even +terminated by his death. When her husband became mayor her conceit +knew no bounds. La Terre. + +DELHOMME (ERNEST), known as Nenesse, son of the preceding. From +childhood he had a fancy for dressing himself up and aping the city +lads, and as he had always a horror of the land he went to Chartres to +assist in a restaurant, with which was connected a public dancing- +hall. His parents effected an insurance against him being drawn in the +conscription; but he drew a lucky number, and the loss of the money +caused his mother considerable annoyance. He proposed to take over the +/maison de tolerance/ at Chartres which belonged to his grand-aunt +Madame Badeuil and her husband, and he eventually did so by marrying +their granddaughter Elodie Vaucogne. La Terre. + +DELOCHE, a bailiff in needy circumstances who resided at Briquebec. He +treated his son Henri very badly. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DELOCHE (HENRI), a young man who got employment at "The Ladies' +Paradise" at the same time as Denise Baudu. He fell in love with +Denise, but though she refused to marry him, they remained on friendly +terms, and on one occasion he threw a glass of wine at Favier, a +fellow-shopman, who repeated a slander about her. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +DELORME, a relation of the Quenus. On the suggestion of Madame +Chanteau he was nominated a member of the family council of Pauline +Quenu. He consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +DENEULIN, a cousin of the Gregoires. Like his cousin, he inherited a +denier in the Montsou mines, but being an enterprising engineer, +tormented by the desire for a royal fortune, he had hastened to sell +out when the value of the denier reached a million francs. His wife +possessed through an uncle the little concession of Vandame, on which +were two abandoned pits--Jean-Bart and Gaston-Marie--and he invested +all his money in the reopening of these pits. He was a bad manager, +however, and after his wife's death he was pillaged by every one. The +great strike at Montsou completed his ruin, and he was ultimately +compelled to sell his pits to the great company which had already +acquired all the neighbouring mines, himself receiving a situation as +divisional engineer. Germinal. + +DENEULIN (JEANNE), second daughter of the preceding. Having lost their +mother when very young, she and her sister were brought up alone, +somewhat badly, being spoiled by their father. Jeanne was fond of +painting, and had already had three landscapes refused by the /Salon/. +Her sister and she remained cheerful in the midst of their father's +loss of fortune, and proved themselves excellent managers. Germinal. + +DENEULIN (LUCIE), elder daughter of Deneulin. She was fond of music, +and at one time talked of going on the stage. Like her sister, she +showed an admirable spirit at the time of her father's downfall. +Germinal. + +DENIZET, examining magistrate (/juge d'instruction/) at Rouen. The son +of a cattle-breeder, he studied law at Caen, but had entered the +judicial department of the Government late in life; and his peasant +origin, aggravated by his father's bankruptcy, made his promotion +slow. After being substitute in various places he was sent to Rouen, +where he acted as examining magistrate. He was fond of his profession, +and at the beginning of the inquiry into the murder of President +Grandmorin allowed himself to be carried away by his desire to elicit +the facts of the case. He received, however, a hint from Camy-Lamotte, +the secretary to the Minister of Justice, that caution must be +exercised, and his desire to be decorated and removed to Paris was so +great that he sacrificed the interests of justice, and caused the case +to be hushed up. Later, the murder of Severine Roubaud reopened the +Grandmorin inquiry, and Denizet was allowed a free hand in dealing +with the affair. By a masterpiece of logical deduction he set out to +prove the complicity of Cabuche and Roubaud, a complicity, however, +which had no existence in fact, and the demonstration of which by +Denizet produced a gross error of justice. La Bete Humaine. + +DEQUERSONNIERE, an architect with whom Louis Dubuche served his +apprenticeship. He was a former winner of the Grand Prize, and was +architect of the Civil Branch of Public Works, an officer of the +Legion of Honour, and a member of the Institute. His principal +production was the church of Saint-Mathieu, a building which shared +the characteristics of a pastry-cook's mould and a clock in the style +of the First Empire. L'Oeuvre. + +DESBAZEILLES, President of the Assize Court at Rouen on the occasion +of the trial of Roubaud. He was a bachelor, and an old friend of +Madame Bonnehon; a friendship which still continued, notwithstanding +his sixty years. He was the literary glory of the Court, and his +cleverly turned sonnets were well known. La Bete Humaine. + +DESFORGES, a stock-broker. The friendship of his wife with Hartmann, +the great financier, had been very useful to him. He died leaving a +fortune, the amount of which was minimized by some and exaggerated by +others. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DESFORGES (MADAME HENRIETTE), daughter of a Councillor of State and +widow of a stock-broker, who left her a small fortune. "Even during +her husband's lifetime, people said she had shown herself grateful +towards Baron Hartmann, whose financial tips had proved very useful to +them; and later on, after her husband's death, the acquaintance had +probably continued, but always discreetly." Octave Mouret, having met +her at the house of a mutual friend, made love to her, chiefly with a +view to gaining Baron Hartmann's assistance through her influence. +Madame Desforges was extremely jealous when she learned of Mouret's +affection for Denise Baudu and the probability of his marrying her. In +order to injure him, she introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who +lent him money to start an opposition establishment called "The Four +Seasons." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DESIR (VEUVE), an elderly woman who kept a ball-room known as Bon- +Joyeux. She called all the miners her children, and grew tender at the +thought of the flood of beer which she had poured out for them during +the last thirty years. She gave her ball-room to the miners to hold a +meeting during the strike, and when the police arrived to break it up +she held the door long enough to allow those present to escape. +Germinal. + +DESLIGNIERES, a toy-seller in Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +DESMARQUAY, a money-changer in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot was employed +in his office. Pot-Bouille. + +DESROCHES, a notary at Chene-Populeux. His house there was +requisitioned for the Emperor on 27th August, 1870, during the march +of the army of MacMahon. La Debacle. + +DESROCHES (MADAME), mother of the preceding. Their house adjoined the +early home of Maurice Levasseur, and she had been good to him when he +was a child. When the house was requisitioned for the Emperor, she had +to give up her room to him and take refuge in the garret. La Debacle. + +DESRUMAUX (BARON), one of the founders of the coal industry in the +north of France. For forty years he struggled without yielding, in the +midst of continual obstacles, and when at last his pits began to yield +a small profit, two neighbouring concessions, that of Cougny, +belonging to the Comte de Cougny, and that of Joiselle, belonging to +the Cornille and Jenard Company, nearly overwhelmed him with their +competition. Happily, on 25th August, 1760, a treaty was made between +the three concessions, uniting them into a single one known as the +Montsou Mining Company. Germinal. + +DESVIGNES (ADELE), see Madame Bouchard. + +DIDE (AUNT). See Adelaide Fouque. + +DIEUDONNE (MADAME), wife of a small farmer at Seguiranne. She brought +up her niece Sophie, who was cured of phthisis by Doctor Pascal. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +DOMERGUE was formerly Director of Roads and Bridges at Plassans. He +was the father of Madame Campardon. Pot-Bouille. + +DOMERGUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived a retired life at +Plassans with her husband. She introduced Octave Mouret to her +daughter, Madame Campardon, when he came to Paris. Pot-Bouille. + +DOMERGUE (ROSE). See Madame Achille Campardon. + +DROUARD (MADAME), an old actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She +played the part of Juno in the /Blonde Venus/. Nana. + +DUBREUIL, a cousin of the Levasseurs. He was sub-manager of the sugar +refinery at Chene-Populeux at the time Weiss was employed there; then, +in 1868, he retired to a little property near Sedan which had come to +his wife as a legacy. On the evening before the battle, foreseeing the +disaster, he removed his wife and children to Bouillon, and next day +the house was completely destroyed during the struggle. La Debacle. + +DUBRUEL, a pork-butcher at Plassans who took part in the attack on the +Town Hall. Three days later he was killed in the ambush arranged by +Pierre Rougon against the Republicans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +DUBUCHE (ALICE), daughter of Louis Dubuche and of Regine Margaillan, +his wife. She was so delicate that at six years old she was still +unable to walk. Her father endeavoured to strengthen her muscles by +occasionally making her hold on to the bar of a trapeze for a few +moments, but the exercise only seemed to produce extreme terror in the +unfortunate child. L'Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (GASTON), the elder child of Louis Dubuche and of Regine +Margaillan, his wife. At the age of ten he had the feeble limbs of a +little child, and though he regularly exercised on a trapeze, he was +unable to raise himself on his wrists, the least exertion producing +profuse perspiration. L'Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (LOUIS), eldest son of a baker of Plassans, and companion from +childhood of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz. His mother, who was +very ambitious, sent him to Paris, where he studied architecture at +the School of Art. His reverence for established formulas caused him +to be out of sympathy with the advanced school of painting advocated +by Claude Lantier and his friends, though he expressed large ideals +regarding his own profession. In time he became a first-class pupil at +the school, and with infinite trouble gained the regulation +"honourable mention." But his parents no longer sent him any money; it +became necessary for him to gain his living, and he was already tired +of earning a few francs by assisting an architect incapable of drawing +his own plans. By the aid of his master, Dequersonniere, he gained a +medal for a plan of a villa, and this brought him prominently under +the notice of Margaillan, a wealthy building contractor, whose +daughter Regine he married soon afterwards. The marriage was not a +success; his wife was always ailing, and the two children which were +born to them were so delicate as to cause constant anxiety. His +business relations with his father-in-law were a failure, some of his +ventures resulting in heavy loss, and Margaillan soon thrust him +aside. His only satisfaction was that he had been able to repay to his +parents the money they advanced for his education in Paris. L'Oeuvre. + +DUBUCHE (MADAME LOUIS), wife of the preceding. See Regine Margaillan. +L'Oeuvre. + +DUCAT, a franc-tireur of the woods at Dieulet. He was formerly a +bailiff at Blainville, but had to leave on account of a criminal +charge against him. He was a friend of Cabasse and of Guillaume +Sambuc, and took part in the murder of Goliath Steinberg. La Debacle. + +DUCHESNE (GEORGES), a lover of Madame Bouchard, for whom she asked the +patronage of Eugene Rougon, which he refused on the ground of his +respect for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DUCLOUX (LA), an old woman who lived in the neighbourhood of Croix de +Maufras, having formerly been servant in an inn. Misard was authorized +to employ her as gatekeeper on the railway after the death of Flore. +She was anxious to marry Misard, and seeing him constantly searching +for the little hoard of money which had been hidden by his deceased +wife, La Ducloux cleverly led him to believe that she knew where the +money was hidden. After she became the second Madame Misard she became +infected with the feverish anxiety of her husband, and joined with him +in his untiring search. La Bete Humaine. + +DUMONTEIL, a rich silk manufacturer at Lyons. He supplied to Octave +Mouret a special make of silk with which he achieved great success. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +DU POIZAT PERE, an old bailiff at Coulonges. He was an old miser who +refused any money to his son Leopold, and even threatened him with a +pistol when he tried to borrow from him. He lived alone in an old +ruinous house with a loaded gun behind the door. His son, having +become a prefect, and wishing to dazzle the old man with his fine +position, attempted to force the door; then followed a drama +mysterious and without witness, at the end of which the old man was +found lying at the foot of his staircase, with his head split open. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DU POIZAT (LEOPOLD), son of a process-server at Coulonges, a little +town in the district of Niort. His father, who had amassed a +considerable fortune by usury, sent him to study law in Paris, giving +him an allowance of only a hundred francs a month. Some months before +the revolution of February, 1848, he became acquainted with Eugene +Rougon, who, like himself, was boarding at that time with Madame +Correur at the Hotel Vanneau. During the Bonapartist intrigues he +assisted Rougon in some risky undertakings, and later on worked +energetically to secure his election to the Legislative Assembly as +member for Deux-Sevres. After the /Coup d'Etat/ Rougon used his +influence on behalf of Du Poizat, and got him appointed sub-prefect at +Bressuire. He resigned this appointment on the advice of Rougon after +the resignation of the latter as President of the State Council. After +Rougon's return to office he was appointed prefect at Niort. His +extreme harshness and overbearing conduct produced a public scandal, +and the sudden death of his father, under peculiar circumstances, +still further increased his unpopularity. He was at his own request +transferred to another prefecture by Delestang, who succeeded Rougon +as Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +DURIEU, a wealthy brewer who, carried away by the charm of Caroline +Hamelin, married her. He became an alcoholic maniac, and on one +occasion pursued his wife with a knife. A separation was arranged, and +Durieu ultimately died in an asylum. L'Argent. + +DURIEU (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin. + +DURIEU (LE PERE), a messenger at Plassans. He was a taciturn old +Provencal. Le Docteur Pascal. + +DUTILLEUL. A flour-miller at Montsou whose mills were stopped by the +strike. Germinal. + +DUVEYRIER (ALPHONSE), a counsellor at the Court of Appeal; married +Clotilde, daughter of M. Vabre. He was a man of dissolute habits, to +whom his wife's cold nature and love of music were repugnant, and he +spent much of his time away from home. He squandered large sums of +money on a woman named Clarisse Bocquet, who afterwards left him. +Having found her again, he fell under her influence so completely as +to allow her to treat him abominably. So unhappy did he become, that +he attempted to commit suicide by shooting himself; the wound was, +however, not a serious one, and he recovered. Pot-Bouille. + +DUVEYRIER (MADAME CLOTILDE), wife of the preceding, was the only +daughter of M. Vabre, a notary of Versailles. She did not get on well +with her husband, who found her cold nature irksome, and, perhaps even +more so, her love of piano-playing. Her musical evenings were attended +by Octave Mouret, the Josserands, and others of the same circle. Pot- +Bouille. + +DUVEYRIER (GUSTAVE), son of the preceding, a thin, precocious boy of +sixteen, who was being educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille. + +DUVILLARD, the owner of a large house bought by Octave Mouret for the +enlargement of his shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + + + + E + +ECOSSE (S.A.R. LE PRINCE D'), the son of a queen and heir to a throne. +He was tall and strong, with a fair beard and a fresh complexion. He +was an habitue of the Theatre des Varietes, and an admirer of Nana, +whom he wished to bring to London as a singer. Later, Nana spoke of +him with little respect. Nana. + +ECREVISSE (L'), a celebrated /demi-mondaine/ of the Second Empire. La +Curee. + +EMPEREUR, one of the dogs of the shepherd Soulas. He was a fierce +animal, and, like his master, hated Jacqueline Cognet. La Terre. + +ERNESTINE, a woman who once occupied a room in Bourras's house, and +had written her name in candle-smoke on the ceiling. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +ESCORAILLES (MARQUIS D'), father of Jules d'Escorailles. "The +Escorailles family was one of the oldest in Plassans, where it was +treated with the utmost respect; and Rougon, who in former days had +often dragged his worn-down boots past the old Marquis's house, took a +pride in protecting and assisting the young man. The family retained +an enthusiastic devotion for Henri V, though it allowed its heir to +serve the Empire." The Marquis and his wife visited Paris specially to +ask the assistance of Rougon in furthering the interests of their son. +After Rougon's proceedings against the Sisters of the Holy Family, in +the interest of the Charbonnels, they again visited Paris to insist on +their son retiring from the administration, as they said they could +not allow him to be mixed up in any persecution of the Church. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ESCORAILLES (MARQUISE D'), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +ESCORAILLES (JULES D'), son of the Marquis d'Escorailles, a nobleman +of Plassans, at whose request Rougon got Jules an appointment as +auditor at the Council of State. After Rougon's return to office he +appointed M. Escorailles his private secretary. He carried on an +intrigue with Madame Bouchard. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ESPANET (MARQUIS D'), husband of the Marquise Adeline. He was made +aide-de-camp to the Emperor, but by his riotous conduct scandalized +the older nobility. He never appeared in society with his wife. La +Curee. + +ESPANET (MARQUISE D'), one of the most prominent leaders of society of +the Second Empire, was the inseparable companion of Madame Haffner, +whose name was always associated with hers by the public. They were +both schoolfellows and friends of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +EUGENIE, cook for a short time to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +EUGENIE, a child buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen, +where Bongard and Sandoz read the inscription on a poor cross, without +railing, set up slantingly across a path, "Eugenie, three days." +L'Oeuvre. + +EUGENIE (EMPRESS), referred to in Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, and La +Debacle. + +EULALIE, a laundress who lived in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin, when +visiting her, chanced to overhear in an adjoining room a conversation +between some Italians who had come to Paris to assassinate the +Emperor. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +EULALIE, a fish-seller, mistress of Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-soif. +L'Assommoir. + +EULALIE (LA MERE), a vegetable seller at Montmartre. She lodged with +Madame Mechain. L'Argent. + +EUSEBE, a choir-boy in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He +accompanied Abbe Bourrette to the deathbed of Abbe Compan. La Conquete +de Plassans. + + + + F + +FAGEROLLES PERE, a manufacturer of zinc objects of art who lived in a +gloomy old house in Rue Vieille-du-Temple. His workshop was on the +ground floor, above it was a warehouse, and still higher, facing a +courtyard, were the rooms in which he lived with his son Henri. He +intended to bring up Henri as a designer of ornaments for his own +trade, and when the boy showed higher ambitions, taking to painting +proper and talking about the School of Art, there were quarrels, +blows, a series of falling-outs and reconciliations. Even when the +young man had achieved some success, the manufacturer of artistic +zincwork, while resigned to letting him have his will, treated him +harshly, like a lad who was spoiling his career. Later, in the desire +of a decoration for himself, the merchant forgot his former +opposition; he held out his son, who had now arrived at notoriety, as +an additional claim for his own distinction. L'Oeuvre. + +FAGEROLLES (HENRI), son of the preceding. In the gloomy house of his +father he grew up like a true child of the Paris pavements. Though his +father desired him to become a designer of ornaments for use in his +trade, the lad had higher ambitions, and desiring to study painting, +became a student at the School of Art. Notwithstanding this orthodox +training, he was a disciple of Claude Lantier and his somewhat +revolutionary band, whom he delighted by sly attacks upon his +professors and praise of themselves. He paid particular court to +Claude, under whose artistic influence he had come, and though he +continued to paint with tricky skill, he no longer talked in anything +but the jargon of the new open-air school. This did not prevent him, +however, from elsewhere making fun of the adepts of that school, whom +he accused of doing their work with a kitchen ladle. He made a success +with a picture of an actress before her glass, which caught the +popular taste, and afterwards appeared as an engraving. Taken up by +Naudet, the picture-dealer, he began to receive large prices for his +work, and by doing everything in his power to make his way in society +his position soon became secure. He was elected a member of the +Hanging Committee of the /Salon/, and secured the admission of Claude +Lantier's picture /L'Enfant Mort/. He made large sums of money, in the +spending of which he was assisted by Irma Becot. L'Oeuvre. + +FANNY (MADEMOISELLE), a work-girl in the neighbourhood of Octave +Mouret's shop, who was sent there by her employer to match some +merinos. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FAUCHERY (LEON), a journalist and dramatic author, who wrote a piece +for the Theatre des Varietes called /La Petite Duchesse/. After +numerous liaisons he became for a time the lover of Comtesse Sabine +Muffat, and under the pressure of Comte Muffat was forced to give to +Nana a leading part in /La Petite Duchesse/. Fauchery's liaison with +the Comtesse Muffat merely interrupted for a time one of older +standing with Rose Mignon, whose husband appeared to be content with +the position of major-domo in a /menage a trois/. Nana. + +FAUCHEUR (LE PERE) kept at Bennecourt a small country inn much +frequented by artists. In connection with the tavern he carried on a +small business in groceries. After the death of the Faucheurs the inn +was carried on by their niece Melie. L'Oeuvre. + +FAUCHEUR (LA MERE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of old +Poirette. L'Oeuvre. + +FAUCONNIER (MADAME), carried on a laundry business in Paris, and gave +employment to Gervaise Macquart after her desertion by Lantier. She +continued on friendly terms with Gervaise after the latter's marriage +to Coupeau, at which she was present. When drink had brought about the +Coupeaus' ruin, Madame Fauconnier again took Gervaise into her +employment, giving her work until her increasing carelessness and +intemperance made her dismissal necessary. L'Assommoir. + +FAUCONNIER (VICTOR), the young son of Madame Fauconnier. He was an +idle scamp about four years older than Nana Coupeau, and was her +constant playfellow and companion in all kinds of mischief. +L'Assommoir. + +Nana, in talking over with Satin the events of her childhood, referred +to Victor as a youth who had always shown vicious tendencies. Nana. + +FAUJAS (ABBE), a priest of Besancon who, having got into some trouble +there, was sent to Plassans by the Government with the view of +undermining the political influence of the clergy, who were strongly +Legitimist in their views. At Plassans he took up his residence, along +with his mother, in the house of Francois Mouret. At first he kept +entirely in the background, but assisted by Madame Mouret, who had +fallen in love with him, and by Madame Felicite Rougon, acting under +instructions from her son Eugene, the Minister of State, Faujas soon +began to make himself felt in Plassans. He appeared to take no +interest in politics, but little by little he gained power, until "the +conquest of Plassans" was accomplished and a supporter of the +Government was elected as deputy. Meantime his influence over Madame +Mouret had become complete, and he had practically taken possession of +the Mourets' house, his sister and her husband, as well as his mother, +living there with him. Thrust aside and neglected, Francois Mouret was +wrongfully removed to the asylum at Les Tulettes, where confinement +soon unhinged his not over-strong intellect. The Abbe now became even +more arrogant, and Madame Mouret was barely tolerated in her own +house. Ultimately Francois Mouret escaped from the asylum, and +returning by night to his home, set fire to it; along with him, the +Abbe Faujas and all his relations perished in the flames. La Conquete +de Plassans. + +FAUJAS (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She accompanied the Abbe to +Plassans and took up house with him there. Absolutely devoted to her +son, she made herself his slave, and sacrificed everything and every +one to his interests. It was largely through her that the gradual +ousting of the Mourets from their own home became possible; and to +accomplish her ends she stopped short at nothing; seldom speaking, but +always watching, she was ready to grasp each opportunity as it arose. +Retribution came with the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum, +and Madame Faujas perished along with the other members of her family +in the conflagration raised by him. La Conquete de Plassans. + +FAUJAS (OLYMPE). See Madame Olympe Trouche. + +FAUQUENOIX, an associate of Baron Desrumaux in the department of the +mines of Montsou. Germinal. + +FAUVELLE, a sugar-refinery at Montsou, which suffered on account of +the strike of miners. Germinal. + +FAVIER, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise." +He had for some reason an ill-will towards Denise Baudu and spread +scandalous stories about her. Henri Deloche, her friend, hearing him +do so on one occasion, threw a glass of wine in his face. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +FAYEUX, a collector of rents at Vendome. He did business in connection +with Busch, and also with La Mechain, whose cousin he was said to be. +He speculated on the bourse through Mazaud, and after the downfall of +the Universal Bank it was found that he had embezzled large sums from +persons employing him. L'Argent. + +FENIL (ABBE), head of the theological seminary at Plassans. He was a +keen ecclesiastic, with strong Legitimist principles, and from the +first took up a position antagonistic to Abbe Faujas. Having great +influence with the Bishop of Plassans, he was for some time able to +prevent Faujas from receiving preferment; a hint from Government, +however, caused the Bishop to change his views, and Abbe Fenil was for +the time routed. It was suspected that he ultimately induced Antoine +Macquart to plan the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les +Tulettes; an escape which led to the death of Abbe Faujas. La Conquete +de Plassans. + +FERAUD-GIRAUD FRERES, a firm of ship-owners who joined the great +transport syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +FERNAND, a student of chemistry with Combette at Chene Populeux. He +was a cowardly lad, whom fear of the Prussians drove into a fever. La +Debacle. + +FERNANDE, a chorus-girl at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +FETU (MERE), an old woman whom Helene Grandjean visited at the request +of Abbe Jouve. At her house Helen frequently met Dr. Deberle, who was +attending her professionally at the same time. Below this house was +the flat taken by M. Malignon, who had appointed Mere Fetu caretaker, +and it was through her that Helene came to know of the assignation +between Malignon and Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +FIFI, the sobriquet of Fanny Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille. + +FINE, the sobriquet of Josephine Gavaudan. La Fortune des Rougon. + +FINET (ARISTIDE), the founder of the drapery business known as the +/Vieil Elbeuf/, in Paris. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of +Hauchecorne. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FINET (DESIREE), daughter of the preceding. She married Hauchecorne, +her father's principal salesman, who carried on the business. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +FINET, a doctor of medicine who resided at Cloyes. He was disgusted by +the brutality of his patients, whom he accused of always sending for +him when it was too late. His indifference became such that he did not +make any inquiries about the death of Rose Fouan, whose end was +hastened by her son Buteau, or that of Pere Fouan, who was burned +alive. La Terre. + +FIRMIN, chief huntsman to Napoleon III at Compiegne. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +FLAMINIO, the Comtesse Balbi's man-servant, "with a face like a +brigand's, and a long black beard." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +FLEUR D'EPINE, a celebrated chief of brigands who preceded Beau- +Francois. La Terre. + +FLEURANCE, a putter in the Voreux pit who worked along with the +Maheus. She was found dead in her bed, and the vacancy created in the +pit was filled by Etienne Lantier. Germinal. + +FLORE, the elder daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). After +illness rendered her mother unfit for work, Flore replaced her as +gatekeeper at the railway crossing at Croix-de-Maufras. She was a tall +and strong girl of eighteen, with a magnificent head of fair hair; +disdainful of the male, she had thrashed at least one would-be lover. +When she was quite little she had loved Jacques Lantier, and now it +was to him alone she would have given herself. Jacques did not care +for her, however, and she came to know that he had a mistress, +Severine Roubaud. Convinced of her own right to be loved, for she was +stronger and handsomer than the other, the girl was tortured by +jealousy; and each Friday, as she saw the express rush past, bearing +the two lovers to Paris, was seized with an imperious desire to end +everything, and by causing their death prevent them from passing any +more. She accordingly brought about a terrible railway accident, in +which a large number of persons were killed; but the crime was +useless, for Severine and Jacques escaped with trifling injuries. The +thought that Jacques knew her guilt, and must in future regard her as +a monster, rendered life hateful to Flore, and to meet death she set +out on a walk of heroic determination through the tunnel of Malaunay, +allowing herself to be cut in pieces by an express train. La Bete +Humaine. + +FLORENCE, an actress at the variety theatres. Marsy offered her a +valuable house. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +Pauline Letellier met her one day on the boulevards accompanied by +Malignon. Juliette Deberle, who was a little jealous, assured her that +Florence was at least forty and very plain-looking. Une Page d'Amour. + +FLORENT, elder son of a widow who took as her second husband M. Quenu, +who, however, died three years later, leaving a son. Florent was a +gentle, studious youth, and his mother lavished all her affection on +him, dying in the end from hardships endured in her struggle to keep +him at college in Paris. After her death Florent took young Quenu, his +half-brother, to live with him in Paris, giving up all thought of +continuing to attend the Law School, and taking pupils in order to +find means of sustenance. Years of hardship followed, and Florent +became imbued with Republican ideas. Two days after the /Coup d'Etat/ +of 1851, while the military were firing on the mob in the Boulevard +Montmartre, he was knocked down and stunned. When he recovered, he +found that he was lying beside the body of a young woman, whose blood +had oozed from her wounds on to his hands. He was horrified at the +sight, and rushed away to join a party of men who were throwing up +barricades in an adjoining street. Worn out with fatigue, he fell +asleep, and on awakening found himself in the hands of the police. His +hands were still stained with the blood of the young woman, and the +authorities assumed that he was a dangerous character. The semblance +of a trial followed; he was condemned and transported to Cayenne. +After incredible hardships and sufferings, he escaped and returned to +France. Famished and exhausted, he tramped towards Paris, and had +fallen in a faint on the road when he was overtaken by Madame +Francois, who took him the rest of the journey on her cart. During his +long absence his brother Quenu had at first been taken in by Gradelle, +a brother of his mother, to whose business of pork-butcher he +ultimately succeeded. Florent on his return from exile was warmly +received by his brother and Madame Quenu, who told him that Gradelle, +his uncle, had died, leaving a considerable sum, and that as there was +no will he was entitled to a half-share. He refused to accept this, +but agreed to live with the Quenus. This arrangement answered well at +first, but Madame Quenu got tired of seeing him always about the +house, and let him see that he must secure employment. After some time +he got an appointment as deputy inspector at the Fish Market. He was +introduced by Gavard to a small revolutionary circle which met nightly +in a cafe kept by M. Lebigre, and of which he soon became the leader. +Meantime, Mlle. Saget, who from a chance word of Pauline, the little +daughter of Quenu, had learned Florent's past history, spread the +story in the markets, and a strong feeling was awakened against him. +His sister-in-law, Lisa, alarmed lest her husband should be +compromised by the revolutionary conspiracy, thought it her duty to +inform the police. She learned, however, that Florent's history had +all along been known, Lebigre being a police spy, and that only a +favourable opportunity was being awaited to arrest the whole gang of +conspirators. The blow fell soon afterwards, and Florent was again +sentenced to transportation to Cayenne. Le Ventre de Paris. + +FLORY was born at Saintes, his father being employed in the local +registry office. He came to Paris and entered the office of Mazaud, +the stockbroker. At first he did his duties well, but was soon led +astray and got into debt. Having started speculation on his own +account, he became deeply involved in the Universal bank, and on the +failure of that concern was left with a liability of a hundred +thousand francs, to meet which he had not a single sou. Subsequently +he was arrested and imprisoned for embezzling a large sum from Mazaud, +his employer. L'Argent. + +FONTAN (ACHILLE), an actor at the Theatre des Varietes who played +parts in /La Blonde Venus/ and /La Petite Duchesse/. He became for a +time the lover of Nana, but treated her so abominably that she left +him. Nana. + +FONTENAILLES (MLLE. DE), was descended from an aristocratic family, +but was in great poverty when a situation was found for her in "The +Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of Madame Desforges. She +proved incapable of anything but the most menial work, and ultimately +married Joseph, one of the porters in the establishment. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +FOUAN, alias BUTEAU. See Buteau. + +FOUAN (FANNY). See Madame Delhomme. + +FOUAN (HYACINTHE), the elder son of Pere Fouan and Rose Maliverne, his +wife. He was an idler and drunkard, who, when he had left the army, +after having seen service in Africa, had taken to tramp the fields, +refusing to do any regular work, but living by theft and poaching, as +though he were still looting a trembling nation of Bedouins. Withal +there looked out of his fine, sunken eyes a merriment that was not +altogether evil, the open heart of good-humoured drunkenness. He lived +with his daughter in a ruined hut amongst some rocks near Rognes. +After the division of land by his father, Hyacinthe soon mortgaged his +share and drank the proceeds, never paying to his parents any part of +the rent which had been agreed upon. For a time he sheltered his +father, but frightened the old man by searching for some bonds which +he had concealed. He had, however, neither the cold rapacity of his +sister Fanny nor the murderous instincts of his brother Buteau. La +Terre. + +FOUAN (JOSEPH CASIMIR), the father of Marianne, Louis, Michel, and +Laure. Born in 1766, he belonged to a family of peasant proprietors +which for centuries had owned land, in varying quantities, in the +neighbourhood of Rognes. They were originally serfs of the Roques- +Bouqueval family. Bit by bit they acquired their land, until, when the +Revolution of 1789 arrived, the Fouan of that day, Joseph Casimir, was +the owner of twenty-one acres--the conquest of four centuries from the +seigneurial territory. When, in 1793, the rest of the estate was +declared national property and sold in lots by auction, he was too +timid to purchase any, and had the mortification to see La Borderie +sold to Isidore Hourdequin, a citizen of Chateaudun, for a fifth of +its value. When he became old he divided his twenty-one acres between +three of his family, Marianne, Louis, and Michel, and gave a +corresponding sum of money to his younger daughter Laure, who had been +brought up as a sempstress and was in service at Chateaudun. La Terre. + +FOUAN (LAURE), younger daughter of the preceding. See Madame Charles +Badeuil. + +FOUAN (LOUIS), known as Pere Fouan. He was the son of Joseph Casimir +Fouan, and married Rose Maliverne, by whom he had three children, +Hyacinthe, Buteau, and Fanny. He received seven acres of land from his +father, and his wife brought him twelve acres more. This land he +cultivated well, and with a passion for the soil, as such, which +amounted to frenzy. It alone had his love, and his wife and children +trembled before him under a rude despotism. At seventy years of age he +was still healthy, but his limbs were failing, and he reluctantly +decided to divide his land between his children. He retained his house +and garden, which had come to him with his wife, and his family +undertook to pay him a rent for the land handed over to them. Upon +this, along with a nest-egg of three hundred francs per annum, known +to no one, the old people would be able to live comfortably. The +division made, the family soon became rapacious; Hyacinthe never paid +anything, Buteau only a part, and Delhomme, Fanny's husband, alone +fulfilled his obligation. Mere Fouan died, and the old man lived alone +for a year; after that he went to his daughter Fanny Delhomme, but her +unkindness made his life miserable, and he accepted in turn the +hospitality of his two sons, Buteau and Hyacinthe, both of whom had +come to suspect the existence of his nest-egg and were anxious to +secure it. In this sordid aim Buteau was eventually successful, and +his subsequent treatment of the old man was even more infamous than it +had been before. From this time Pere Fouan lived in isolation; he +spoke to none and looked at none; as far as appearances went, he might +have been blind and dumb. But even worse was to follow. He had seen +the assault on Francoise Mouche which resulted in her death, and to +ensure his silence he was murdered by Buteau and Lise, his son and +daughter-in-law, who attempted to suffocate him, and subsequently +burned him alive in his bed. La Terre. + +FOUAN (MADAME ROSE), wife of the preceding, nee Maliverne. She worked +on the farm like a man, rising first and going to bed last, her only +reward being that she had lived. Stupid, and reduced by labour to the +level of an animal, she had always trembled before the despotic +authority of her husband. She brought up her family without love, and +as if she resented their requiring even the simple necessaries of +life. She did not long survive the division of land by her husband. +Her favouritism for Hyacinthe, her elder son, excited the jealousy of +Buteau, who in the course of a quarrel threw her to the ground, when +she received such injuries that she died a few hours afterwards. La +Terre. + +FOUAN (MARIANNE). See La Grande. + +FOUAN (MICHEL). See Pere Mouche. + +FOUAN (OLYMPE), daughter of Hyacinthe. Her mother, who was a tramp, +ran off when the child was three years old, leaving her to grow up as +best she could. She was passionately fond of geese, of which she had a +large flock. When little more than a child, she had as her lovers +Delphin Becu and Nenesse Delhomme. La Terre. + +FOUCARMONT, a naval officer who in ten years saved some money which he +proposed to invest in the United States. He fell into the hands of +Nana, however, and was soon completely ruined. When she turned him out +of doors penniless, she merely advised him to go back to his ship. He +was drowned later in the China seas. Nana. + +FOUCART, the owner of a cheap restaurant frequented by Jory, +Mahoudeau, and their band. L'Oeuvre. + +FOUCART (MADAME), the nurse who attended Sidonie Rougon at the birth +of Angelique and left the child at the foundling hospital. She +assisted Sidonie both by taking her into her house and lending her +money, but when Madame Foucart herself fell into difficulties Sidonie +did nothing for her, not even paying back what she owed. It was from +Madame Foucart that Hubert subsequently got information regarding the +parentage of Angelique. Le Reve. + +FOUCHARD, father of Honore Fouchard, and uncle, on the mother's side, +of Henriette and Maurice Levasseur. He was a small farmer at Remilly, +who to make money more quickly took up the trade of butcher also. +Avaricious to the last degree, and with a nature of unpitying +hardness, he opposed the marriage of Honore with his servant Silvine +Morange. At the end of two years of waiting Honore went off, after a +terrible scene with his father, though the old man still kept the +girl, with whom he was well pleased. When the French troops were +marching to Sedan, Fouchard concealed all the animals on his farm, +burying even his supply of bread and wine, in the hope of being able +to sell to better advantage later on. The death of his son, who was +killed in the battle, cost him a few tears, but he was quickly +consoled by some good purchases of horses stolen from the battlefield. +He took Prosper Sambuc as farm-worker, because the soldier, being +liable to imprisonment by the Prussians, could not ask him for any +wages. He began to do a considerable trade in butcher-meat with the +conquering army, selling them all the diseased animals that he could +secure. A suspicion of being concerned in the death of Goliath +Steinberg led to his arrest, but he was released soon afterwards, +thanks to the intervention of Captain von Gartlauben, a friend of the +Delaherches. La Debacle. + +FOUCHARD (HONORE), only son of the preceding. At twenty years of age, +in 1867, he drew a good number for the conscription, but on account of +the opposition of his father to his marriage with Silvine Morange, he +enlisted, and was sent to Africa, in the artillery. When he heard that +Silvine had become the mistress of Goliath Steinberg he became so ill +that he had to remain in hospital for three months. He afterwards +received a letter from Silvine saying that she had never loved any one +but him, and when passing through Remilly on his way to the front, he +saw her and forgave everything. His battery was among those which on +1st September, 1870, defended the Calvary d'Illy, but was cut to +pieces by the terrible fire of the Prussians. Honore was killed, and +fell across his gun, firmly grasping the letter from Silvine, which in +his death-struggle he had drawn from his bosom. La Debacle. + +FOUGERAY (MADEMOISELLE DE), eldest daughter of the Baronne de +Fougeray. She entered a convent, because it was said, a young man with +whom she was in love had died. The event created much talk in all +classes of society in Paris. Nana. + +FOUQUE (ADELAIDE), generally known as Aunt Dide, the common ancestress +of the Rougon-Macquarts, born at Plassans in 1768, was the last +representative of a family who had owned a market-garden there for +several generations. "This girl, whose father died insane, was a long, +lank, pale creature, with a scared look and strange gait." In 1786, +six months after the death of her father, she married one of her own +workmen, named Rougon, "a rough-hewn peasant from the Basses Alpes." +Rougon died fifteen months after his marriage, leaving a son named +Pierre. Scarcely a year had elapsed before the widow took as her lover +a man named Macquart, who lived in a hovel adjoining her own property, +and two children were born. The legitimate son, Pierre Rougon, was +brought up along with his half brother and sister, Antoine and Ursule, +with whom, however, he was not on good terms. From her eighteenth year +Adelaide was subject to nervous fits, which brought on convulsions, +and though she was not yet insane, these repeated shocks produced +cerebral disorders. "She lived from day to day like a child; like a +fawning animal yielding to its instincts." These conditions continued +for about twenty years, till the death of Macquart, and the children +grew up as best they could. By this time Pierre realized the +situation, and playing upon his mother's mental weakness, he brought +her completely under his sway. On the death of Macquart, Adelaide went +to live in the hovel bequeathed to her by him, and Pierre sold the +family property, appropriating the price. Living at first entirely +alone, her intellect became more and more affected by the recurring +convulsive fits. Subsequently her grandson Silvere Mouret lived with +her, but after his execution, of which she was a witness, she became +quite insane. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She was always under restraint, and remained a living sore to the +family. The little property which belonged to her son Antoine Macquart +was close to the asylum where she was confined, and Pierre Rougon +seemed to have placed him there to look after her. Adelaide seldom +spoke, and for twelve years had never moved from her chair. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +At 104 years old she was still living in the asylum at Les Tulettes. +She was little better than a skeleton, and in her long, thin face it +was only in the eyes that there was any sign of life. Immovable in her +chair, she remained from year to year like a spectre, calling up the +horrors of her family history. A sudden accident, the death of little +Charles Saccard from nasal hemorrhage, wakened in her sleeping brain +recollections of years before; she saw again the murder of Silvere, +killed by a pistol-shot, and she saw also her lover Macquart, the +smuggler, killed like a dog by the gendarmes. The shock proved too +much for her feeble strength, and she died the following day (in +1873), aged 105 years, three months, and seven days. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +FOUSSET (LE PERE), tenant of the farm of Millouard, in the Canton of +Orgeres. He was a victim of the band of brigands commanded by Beau- +Francois. La Terre. + +FRANCHOMME (LOUIS), a cousin of Francoise Hamelin and her brother, +with whom he went to reside for a time when recovering from a fever. +His wife having become fond of Angelique Marie, who lived at that time +with Francoise Hamelin, he obtained permission to take her to Paris, +where she could be taught the trade of making flowers. Unfortunately, +however, he died three months later. Le Reve. + +FRANCHOMME (THERESE), wife of the preceding. After the death of her +husband, she, being in delicate health, was obliged to leave the city +and go to live with her brother Rabier, a tanner, who was settled at +Beaumont. She died a few months afterwards, leaving to the care of the +Rabiers the child Angelique, whom she had brought with her from Paris. +Le Reve. + +FRANCIS, the hairdresser of Nana. He was in the habit of lending money +to his customers, and on one occasion he found, with the assistance of +Labordette, a hundred thousand francs for Comte Muffat, who required +the money for Nana. Nana. + +FRANCIS, coachman to the Gregoires. He also did the heavy work of the +household. Germinal. + +FRANCOIS, a wine-merchant whose shop was situated at the corner of Rue +des Poissonniers and of Rue de la Goutte d'Or. Coupeau frequently +spent whole days there. L'Assommoir. + +FRANCOIS, concierge and footman in Nana's establishment. He was the +husband of Victorine, the cook. He received visitors in the hall, +wearing a gorgeous livery. Nana. + +FRANCOIS (MADAME), a market-gardener of Nanterre. She drove regularly +to Paris in the early morning with her vegetables, and on one occasion +found Florent lying on the road from want and exhaustion. She took him +to town in her cart, and subsequently showed kindness to him and +Claude Lantier. Le Ventre de Paris. + +FRANCOISE, housemaid to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +FRANCOISE, the servant of M. and Madame Sandoz in their little house +in Rue Nollet. L'Oeuvre. + +FRANGIPANE, a horse which belonged to Baron Verdier and ran in the +Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +FREDERICK (MADAME), a widow who held the position of "second hand" in +the dress department of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +FIRMAT, an old peasant of Rognes who was a neighbour of Mouche. He +became paralysed. La Terre. + +FIRMAT (LA), wife of the preceding. She was well known in the village +for her knowledge of animals, and was frequently consulted when it +would otherwise have been necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon. +She worked hard to support her invalid husband, to whom she was +devoted, and wept at the thought that he was soon to die. La Terre. + + + + G + +GABET (MERE), an old woman who assisted the Huberts with their +washing. She became ill, and being in great poverty, was assisted by +Angelique, and later by Felicien. Le Reve. + +GAGA, an elderly /demi-mondaine/ who had flourished in the reign of +Louis Philippe, and was still notorious in the Second Empire. She had +a daughter named Lili, who became the mistress of the Marquis Chouard. +Nana. + +GAGEBOIS, glass-works at Montsou. The strike of miners led to the +fires being extinguished. Germinal. + +GAGNIERE, an artist, one of the band of Claude Lantier. He belonged to +Melun, where his well-to-do parents, who were both dead, had left him +two houses; and he had learned painting, unassisted, in the forest of +Fontainebleau. His landscapes were conscientious and excellent in +intent, but his real passion was music. Becoming more and more +engrossed in this, he took lessons in playing the piano from a middle- +aged lady whom he married soon afterwards. He established himself at +Melun in one of his two houses, going to Paris two or three times a +month to attend a concert, and he continued to exhibit each year at +the /Salon/ one of his little studies of the banks of the Seine. +L'Oeuvre. + +GALISSARD, a haberdasher of Plassans, whose daughter married Professor +Lalubie. She was a pretty girl to whom Claude Lantier and Sandoz used +to sing serenades. + +GARCONNET, a Legitimist who was Mayor of Plassans at the time of the +/Coup d'Etat/. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GARTLAUBEN (VON), captain in the Prussian Army. During the occupation +of Sedan he was billeted on Delaherche. He was a person of some +importance, as his uncle had been made Governor-General at Rheims, and +exercised sovereign power over the district. Fascinated by Gilberte +Delaherche, his chief wish was to be taken for a man of refinement, +and not for a barbarous soldier. He was able to render some services +to the Delaherches, and to make the Prussian occupation easier for +them. La Debacle. + +GASC, proprietor of a racing-stable. One of his horses, named Boum, +ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +GASPARINE, a tall, handsome girl of Plassans, with whom Achille +Campardon fell in love. She had no money, however, and he married her +cousin Rose Domergue, who had a dowry of thirty thousand francs. Tears +and recriminations followed, and Gasparine went to Paris, where for +some time she had a situation in the shop of Madame Hedouin. Madame +Campardon having fallen into ill-health, her husband returned to his +first love, and a liaison existed between him and Gasparine for a +considerable time. Ultimately she went to live with the Campardons, +and managed their household affairs. Pot-Bouille. + +GASTON was the son of a general, and was the same age as the Prince +Imperial, though much stronger than he. The Emperor frequently made +inquiries regarding the child. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GAUDE, bugler in the 106th regiment of the line. "He was a big, +skinny, sorrowful, taciturn man, without a hair on his chin, and blew +his instrument with the lungs of a whirlwind." On the 1st September, +during the defence of the Hermitage, he became seized with the madness +of heroism, and continued to blow after his comrades had been slain +and until he himself was shot down. La Debacle. + +GAUDIBERT (ISIDORE), Mayor of Barbeville since 1850, wrote some poetry +on political subjects, and was decorated by the Minister of State, +Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GAUDRON, husband of Madame Gaudron. He was described as having the +sluggishness of a beast. L'Assommoir. + +GAUDRON (MADAME), a wool-carder who lived with her husband and their +large family in the same tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the +Lorilleux. She was one of the guests at the Coupeaus' wedding. +L'Assommoir. + +GAUDRON FILS, the eldest child of the Gaudrons, was a journeyman +carpenter. L'Assommoir. + +GAUJEAN (M.), a silk manufacturer of Lyons who was dissatisfied with +the monopoly created by the large establishments, such as that of +Octave Mouret, and thought it could be broken by the creation of +special shops in the neighbourhood, where the public could find a +large and varied choice of articles. With this object he assisted +Robineau to purchase Vincard's business by giving him credit to a +large amount; the scheme was not successful, and he lost heavily. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +GAUTIER, a wine-grower at Saint-Eutrope, with whom Francois Mouret had +dealings at one time. La Conquete de Plassans. + +GAVARD, originally kept a rotisserie or poultry-roasting establishment +in the Rue Saint-Jacques, at which time he became acquainted with +Florent and Quenu. In 1856 he retired from this business, and to amuse +himself took a stall in the poultry-market. "Thenceforth he lived +amidst ceaseless tittle-tattle, acquainted with every little scandal +in the neighbourhood." Gavard was a leading spirit in the +revolutionary circle which met in Lebigre's wine-shop, and was the +means of bringing Florent to attend the meetings there. He was +arrested at the same time as Florent and was transported. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +GAVAUDAN (JOSEPHINE), a market-woman of Plassans who married Antoine +Macquart in 1826. She was much addicted to drink, but worked in order +to keep her husband in idleness. She died in 1850. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GEDEON, an ass which belonged to Mouche. It was very mischievous, and +on one occasion got access to a vat of new wine, with the result that +it became extremely drunk. La Terre. + +GEORGES, a young man whose acquaintance Renee Saccard made by chance +while walking one day on the Quai Saint-Paul. Her fancy for him passed +without her ever having asked his family name. La Curee. + +GERALDINE, a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, played by Clarisse +Besnus at the Theatre des Varietes. It was originally intended that +the part should be played by Nana. Nana. + +GILQUIN (THEODORE), a lodger at Madame Correur's hotel at the same +time as Eugene Rougon and Du Poizat. A man of shady character, he was +frequently employed by Rougon, and by a fortunate accident was able to +give him warning of the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor. +He was rewarded with the appointment of Commissary of Police at Niort. +On the order of Rougon, he arrested Martineau, Madame Correur's +brother. He was removed from his position on account of having +compromised himself by taking a bribe to procure a conscript exemption +from service. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +GIRAUD (TATA) kept at Plassans a boarding-school for children, where +the sculptor Mahoudeau had known Pierre Sandoz and other comrades who +met later in Paris. L'Oeuvre. + +GODARD (ABBE), cure of Bazoches-le-Doyen. The authorities of Rognes, +which was in his parish, refused to provide for a priest of their own, +and Abbe Godard, in order to perform Mass, had to walk each Sunday the +three kilometres which separated the two communes. He was a short, +stout man of hasty temper, who was disgusted with the indifference and +irreligion of his parishioners, and his services were the shortest and +baldest possible. In spite of his temper, he had, however, a passion +for the miserable, and to these he gave everything--his money, his +linen, almost the clothes off his back. La Terre. + +GODEBOEUF, a seller of herbs who occupied the shop in Rue Pirouette +which formerly belonged to Gradelle, the pork-butcher. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +GODEMARD, a pupil of Dequersonniere, the architect. See Gorju. +L'Oeuvre. + +GOMARD, the keeper of a working-man's cafe in Rue de la Femme-sans- +Tete, under the sign /Au Chien de Montargis/. Claude Lantier +occasionally took his meals there. L'Oeuvre. + +GONIN, a family of fisher-folks who lived at Bonneville. It consisted +of Gonin, his wife, and one little girl. A cousin of the wife, named +Cuche, came to live with them after his house had been washed away by +the sea. Gonin soon after fell into bad health, and his wife and Cuche +treated him so badly that the police talked of an inquiry. Pauline +Quenu tried to reform the little girl, who had been allowed to grow up +wild. La Joie de Vivre. + +GORJU, a pupil of Dequersonniere, and himself a future architect. On +one of the walls of the studio one could read this brief statement: +"The 7th June, Gorju has said that he cared nothing for Rome. Signed, +Godemard." L'Oeuvre. + +GOUJET, a blacksmith from the Departement du Nord, who came to Paris +and got employment in a manufactory of bolts. "Behind the silent +quietude of his life lay buried a great sorrow: his father in a moment +of drunken madness had killed a fellow-workman with a crowbar, and +after arrest had hanged himself in his cell with a pocket- +handkerchief." Goujet and his mother, who lived with him, always +seemed to feel this horror weighing upon them, and did their best to +redeem it by strict uprightness. "He was a giant of twenty-three, with +rosy cheeks and blue eyes, and the strength of a Hercules. In the +workshop he was known as Gueule d'Or, on account of his yellow beard. +With his square head, his heavy frame, torpid after the hard work at +the anvil, he was like a great animal, dull of intellect and good of +heart." For a time the Coupeaus were his neighbours, and he came to +love Gervaise with a perfectly innocent affection, which survived all +disillusionments, and subsisted up to the time of her death. It was he +who lent her money to start a laundry, and afterwards repeatedly +assisted her when in difficulties. L'Assommoir. + +GOUJET (MADAME), mother of the preceding, was a lace-mender, and lived +with her son in part of the house first occupied by the Coupeaus. She +showed much kindness to them, though she was distressed by her son's +infatuation for Gervaise, and did not altogether approve of his +lending her money to start a laundry. Notwithstanding this, she +continued to assist Gervaise until neglect of work entrusted made it +impossible to do so longer. She died in October, 1868, of acute +rheumatism. L'Assommoir. + +GOURAUD (BARON), was made a Baron by Napoleon I, and was a Senator +under Napoleon III. "With his vast bulk, his bovine face, his +elephantine movements, he boasted a delightful rascality; he sold +himself majestically, and committed the greatest infamies in the name +of duty and conscience." La Curee. + +GOURD (M.), at one time valet to the Duc de Vaugelade, and afterwards +doorkeeper in the tenement-house in Rue de Choiseul which belonged to +M. Vabre, and was occupied by the Campardons, the Josserands, and +others. He spent much of his time spying on the tenants, and posed as +guardian of the morals of the establishment. Pot-Bouille. + +GOURD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was the widow of a bailiff +at Mort-la-Ville, and she and her present husband owned a house there. +She was exceedingly stout, and suffered from an affection of the legs +which prevented her from walking. Pot-Bouille. + +GRADELLE, brother of Madame Quenu, senr., and uncle of Florent and +Quenu. He was a prosperous pork-butcher in Paris, and after Florent's +arrest he took young Quenu into his business. He died suddenly, +without leaving a will, and Quenu succeeded to the business, and to a +considerable sum of money which was found hidden at the bottom of a +salting-tub. Le Ventre de Paris. + +GRAND-DRAGON (LE), one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. +La Terre. + +GRANDE (LA), elder daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan, and sister of +Pere Fouan, Michel Mouche, and Laure Badeuil. Married to a neighbour, +Antoine Pechard, she brought to him seven acres of land against +eighteen which he had of his own. Early left a widow, she turned out +her only daughter, who, against her mother's will, wished to marry a +poor lad named Vincent Bouteroue. The girl and her husband died of +want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion, whom their +grandmother refused to assist. At eighty years of age, respected and +feared by the Fouan family, not for her age but for her fortune, she +exacted the obedience of all, and still directed the management of her +land. She bitterly reproached her brother Louis for dividing his +property between his children, and warned him that he need not come to +her when they had turned him into the street, a threat which she +carried into effect. She took delight in the squabbles of the Fouan +family, exciting their cupidity by promising them a share of her +property at her death. Meantime she made a will which was so +complicated that she hoped it would lead to endless lawsuits amongst +her heirs. La Terre. + +GRANDGUILLOT, a notary at Plassans. He embezzled large sums belonging +to his clients, among whom was Dr. Pascal Rougon, and thereafter fled +to Switzerland. Le Docteur Pascal. + +GRANDJEAN (M.), son of a sugar-refiner of Marseilles. He fell in love +with Helene Mouret, a young girl of great beauty, but without fortune; +his friends bitterly opposed the match, and a secret marriage +followed, the young couple finding it difficult to make ends meet, +till the death of an uncle brought them ten thousand francs a year. By +this time Grandjean had taken an intense dislike for Marseilles, and +decided to remove to Paris. The day after his arrival there he was +seized with illness, and eight days later he died, leaving his wife +with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Une Page d'Amour. + +GRANDJEAN (MADAME HELENE), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + +GRANDJEAN (JEANNE), born 1842, was the daughter of M. Grandjean and +Helene Mouret, his wife. She inherited much of the neurosis of her +mother's family along with a consumptive tendency derived from her +father, and from an early age had been subject to fits and other +nervous attacks. One of these illnesses, more sudden and severe than +usual, caused her mother to summon Doctor Deberle, and thus led to an +intimacy which had disastrous results. Jeanne's jealous affection for +her mother amounted almost to a mania, and when she came to suspect +that Dr. Deberle had become in a sense her rival, she worked herself +into such a nervous state that she exposed herself to a chill, and +having become seriously ill, died in a few days, at the age of +thirteen. Une Page d'Amour. + +GRANDMORIN (LE PRESIDENT), one of the directors of the Western Railway +Company. "Born in 1804, substitute at Digne on the morrow of the +events in 1830, then at Fontainebleau, then at Paris, he had +afterwards filled the posts of procurator at Troyes, advocate-general +at Rennes, and finally first president at Rouen. A multi-millionaire, +he had been member of the County Council since 1855, and on the day he +retired he had been made Commander of the Legion of Honour." He owned +a mansion at Paris in Rue du Rocher, and often resided with his +sister, Madame Bonnehon, at Doinville. His private life was not +unattended by scandal, and his relations with Louisette, the younger +daughter of Madame Misard, led to her death. A somewhat similar +connection with Severine Aubry, a ward of his own, had less +immediately serious consequences, as he arranged for her marriage to +Roubaud, an employee of the railway company, whom he took under his +protection. Three years later Roubaud learned the truth by chance, and +murdered Grandmorin in the Havre express between Malaunay and +Barentin. The President left a fortune of over three and a half +million francs, among other legacies being one to Severine Roubaud of +the mansion-house of Croix-de-Maufras. La Bete Humaine. + +GRANDMORIN (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was the wife of a +magistrate, M. de Lachesnaye. She was a narrow-minded and avaricious +woman, who affected ignorance of her father's real character, and the +influence of her husband tended to increase her meanness. After the +murder of President Grandmorin, when vague suspicions fell on Roubaud, +Berthe took up a position antagonistic to her old play-fellow Severine +Roubaud, in the hope that a legacy left by Grandmorin to her would be +cut down. La Bete Humaine. + +GRANDSIRE (M.), the justice of peace who assisted the Huberts in +making the necessary arrangements for their adoption of Angelique. Le +Reve. + +GRANOUX (ISIDORE), one of the group of conservatives who met in Pierre +Rougon's yellow room to declaim against the Republic. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +GRAS (MADAME), an old lady living in the Rue des Orties, who boarded +and lodged young children for a small sum. When Denise Baudu got a +situation in "The Ladies' Paradise," she put her young brother Pepe +under the charge of Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +GREGOIRE (CECILE), daughter of Leon Gregoire. Her parents were devoted +to her, and brought her up in happy ignorance, allowing her to do much +as she liked. They taught her to be charitable, and made her dispense +their little gifts to the poor; these were always in kind, as they +held that money was likely to be misused. When the great strike broke +out at Montsou, Cecile could comprehend nothing of the revolt of the +poor, or the fury with which they regarded those better off than +themselves, and when she fell into the hands of a fierce crowd was +almost paralysed under the attack of La Brule and of Pere Bonnemort, +from which she escaped with difficulty. A little later she chanced to +call on a charitable errand at Maheu's house, and unfortunately was +left alone for a few moments with Bonnemort, who was now supposed to +be helpless. The sight of her seemed, however, to waken memories in +the old man, for in an accession of madness he found strength to throw +himself upon the poor girl and strangle her. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (EUGENE), grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He inherited the +share in the Montsou mine bought by his father, but the dividends at +that time were small, and as he had foolishly invested the remainder +of the paternal fortune in a company that came to grief, he lived +meanly enough. The share passed to his son Felicien. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (FELICIEN), son of the preceding and father of Leon Gregoire. +The family fortune began with him, for the value of the share in the +Montsou mine had greatly increased, and he was able to buy the +dismembered estate of Piolaine, which he acquired as national property +for a ludicrous sum. However, bad years followed; it was necessary to +await the conclusion of the revolutionary catastrophes, and afterwards +Napoleon's bloody fall. The little fortune of Felicien Gregoire passed +to his son Leon. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (HONORE), great-grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He was in 1760 +steward on the estate of Piolaine, a property which belonged to Baron +Desrumaux. When the Montsou treaty was made, Honore, who had laid up +savings to the amount of some fifty thousand francs, yielded +tremblingly to his master's unshakable faith. He gave up ten thousand +francs, and took a share in the Montsou Company, though with the fear +of robbing his children of that sum. When he died his share passed to +his son Eugene. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (LEON), great-grandson of Honore Gregoire. It was he who +profited at a stupefying rate of progress by the timid investment of +his ancestor. Those poor ten thousand francs grew and multiplied with +the company's prosperity. Since 1820 they had brought in cent for cent +ten thousand francs. In 1844 they had produced twenty thousand; in +1850, forty. During two years the dividend had reached the prodigious +figure of fifty thousand francs; the value of the share, quoted at the +Lille Bourse at a million, had centrupled in a century. Six months +later an industrial crisis broke out; the share fell to six hundred +thousand francs. But Leon refused to be alarmed, for he maintained an +obstinate faith in the mine. When the great strike broke out he would +not be persuaded of its seriousness, and refused to admit any danger, +until he saw his daughter struck by a stone and savagely assaulted by +the crowd. Afterwards he desired to show the largeness of his views, +and spoke of forgetting and forgiving everything. With his wife and +daughter Cecile he went to carry assistance to the Maheus, a family +who had suffered sadly in the strike. Cecile was unfortunately left +alone with old Bonnemort, Maheu's father, who in a sudden frenzy +attacked the girl and strangled her. This terrible blow entirely +shadowed the lives of Gregoire and his wife. Germinal. + +GREGOIRE (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a +druggist at Marchiennes. She was a plain, penniless girl, whom he +adored, and who repaid him with happiness. She shut herself up in her +household, having no other will but her husband's. No difference of +tastes separated them, their desires were mingled in one idea of +comfort; and they had thus lived for forty years, in affection and +little mutual services. Germinal. + +GRESHAM, a jockey who, it was said, had always bad luck. He rode +Lusignan in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +GROGNET, a perfumer in Rue de Grammont, whose business was ruined by +the growth of Octave Mouret's great establishment. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +GROSBOIS, a Government surveyor who had also a small farm at +Magnolles, a little village near Rognes. Liable to be summoned from +Orgeres to Beaugency for purposes of survey, he left the management of +his own land to his wife, and in the course of these constant +excursions he acquired such a habit of drinking that he was never seen +sober. That mattered little, however; the more drunk he was the better +he seemed to see; he never made a wrong measurement or an error in +calculation. People listened to him with respect, for he had the +reputation of being a sly, acute man. La Terre. + +GUENDE (MADAME DE), a friend of the Saccards. She was a woman well +known in the society of the Second Empire. La Curee. + +GUEULE-D'OR, the sobriquet of Goujet. L'Assommoir. + +GUEULIN, nephew of Narcisse Bachelard, was a clerk in an insurance +office. Directly after office hours he used to meet his uncle, and +never left him, going the round of all the cafes in his wake. "Behind +the huge, ungainly figure of the one you were sure to see the pale, +wizened features of the other." He said that he avoided all love +affairs, as they invariably led to trouble and complications, but he +was ultimately caught by his uncle in compromising circumstances with +Mademoiselle Fifi, who was a protegee of the old man. Bachelard +insisted on their marriage, and gave the girl a handsome dowry. Pot- +Bouille. + +GUIBAL (MADAME), wife of a barrister well known at the Palais de +Justice, who led, it was said, a somewhat free life. The husband and +wife were never seen together, and Madame Guibal consoled herself with +M. De Boves, from whom she derived such large sums of money that he +found difficulty in carrying on his own establishment. She was a tall, +thin woman, with red hair, and a somewhat cold, selfish expression. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +GUICHON (MADEMOISELLE), the office-keeper at the railway station at +Havre. She was a slim, fair woman about thirty years of age, who owed +her post to M. Dabadie, the chief station-master, with whom it was +generally believed she was on intimate terms. Nevertheless Madame +Lebleu, who lived on the same corridor and kept perpetual watch, had +never been able to discover anything. La Bete Humaine. + +GUIGNARD, a peasant who belonged to the same village as Zephyrin +Lacour. He desired to sell his house, and Zephyrin and Rosalie, his +sweetheart, looked forward to buying it. Une Page d'Amour. + +GUILLAUME, a peasant of Rognes. He owned a piece of land beside the +hovel of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +GUILLAUME, a young swineherd at La Borderie. He afterwards became a +soldier. La Terre. + +GUIRAUD (M. DE), a magistrate of Paris, who was a friend of Doctor +Deberle and visited at his house. Une Page d'Amour. + +GUIRAUD (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was on intimate terms +with Madame Deberle, and took part in the amateur theatricals arranged +by that lady. Une Page d'Amour. + +GUIRAUDE (MADAME), mother of Sophie and Valentin, patients of Dr. +Pascal. Her husband died of phthisis, and she herself suffered from a +slow decomposition of the blood. She died soon after her son Valentin. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +GUNDERMANN, the great Jew banker, master of the Bourse and of the +financial world. He was a man of over sixty years of age, who had long +suffered from ill-health. Constantly engaged in business of the +greatest magnitude, he never went to the Bourse himself; indeed, he +even pretended that he sent no official representatives there. He was +not on friendly terms with Saccard, and when the Universal Bank was +started he placed himself in antagonism towards it. The wild +speculation in the shares of the bank gave him his chance; his +principle was that when a share rose above its true value a reaction +was bound to follow. Accordingly, when the bank shares rose to two +thousand francs he began to sell, and though Saccard by steady buying +forced them to over three thousand francs, he continued to sell. His +losses meantime were, of course, enormous, but having got information +through Baroness Sandorff that Saccard's resources were at an end, he +made a final effort, with the result that a panic ensued, the price of +the shares broke, and Saccard, along with the bank, was ruined. +L'Argent. + +GUNTHER (OTTO), captain in the Prussian Guard. He was a cousin of +Weiss on the mother's side. His feelings were strongly anti-French, +and he refused to give any assistance to Henriette Weiss after the +death of her husband, when she was searching for his body. La Debacle. + +GUSTAVE, Maxime Saccard's hairdresser. La Curee. + +GUTMANN, a soldier in the Prussian Army, who took part in the attack +on Bazeilles. It was he who tore Henriette Weiss from the arms of her +husband, who, being a civilian, was about to be executed for firing +upon the Prussian troops. Henriette found him later in the ambulance +at Remilly. He was unable to speak, a ball having carried away half +his tongue, and they could only guess from the sounds he made that his +name was Gutmann. Henriette, moved by pity, remained with him to the +end, and she alone followed him to the place of burial. La Debacle. + +GUYOT (ABBE), a priest of Saint-Eutrope. He took duty temporarily at +Artaud while Abbe Mouret was ill. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +GUYOT-LAPLANCHE, a man of considerable importance in the Second +Empire, whom Clorinde Balbi gained to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + H + +HAFFNER, a well-known manufacturer, at Colmar. He was a multi- +millionaire, and became a politician during the time of the Second +Empire. He was the husband of Suzanne Haffner. La Curee. + +HAFFNER (MADAME SUZANNE), wife of a celebrated manufacturer of Colmar, +a millionaire twenty times over, whom the Empire was transforming into +a politician. She was the inseparable companion of the Marquise +d'Espanet, and had been a schoolfellow of Madame Renee Saccard. La +Curee. + +HALLEGRAIN (CAPTAIN JACQUES), the father of Christine. He was a Gascon +from Montauban. A stroke of paralysis in the legs caused his +retirement from the army, and he settled at Clermont with his wife and +daughter. One day, when they were at church, he died of a second +attack of paralysis. L'Oeuvre. + +HALLEGRAIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She survived him for five +years, remaining at Clermont, managing as well as she could on her +scanty pension, which she eked out by painting fans, in order to bring +up her daughter as a lady. During these five years Madame Hallegrain +became each day paler and thinner, until she was only a shadow; one +morning she could not rise, and she died, looking sadly at Christine, +with her eyes full of great tears. L'Oeuvre. + +HALLEGRAIN (CHRISTINE), daughter of the preceding, was born at +Strasburg. Her father died when she was twelve years old, and her +mother, who had a severe struggle to make a living for herself and her +child, only survived him five years. Christine was left penniless and +unprotected, without a friend, save La Mere des Saints-Anges, the +Superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, who kept her in the convent +until she got a situation as reader and companion to Madame Vanzade, +an old lady who lived in Paris. Chance led to a meeting between +Christine and Claude Lantier on the evening of her arrival in the +city, and the acquaintanceship ripened into love. Ultimately she ran +off with him, and they took up house at Bennecourt, where they lived +happily for several years, a son being born to them in 1860. She was +devoted to Claude, who was engrossed in his art, and when she saw that +he was becoming discontented in the country she urged his return to +Paris. There he became obsessed by the idea of a masterpiece, by means +of which he was to revolutionize the world of art, and Christine +allowed him to sacrifice their child and herself to his hopes of fame. +They began to encroach on the principal of their small fortune, and +while this lasted were not unhappy, though Claude's increasing mental +disturbance already gave cause for anxiety. Their marriage had taken +place some time previously, and this had tended to make her position +more comfortable. The exhaustion of their means was followed by great +hardships, but Christine continued to sacrifice everything to her +husband. The death of their child drew him away from his task for a +time, but he again took it up, his mind becoming more and more +unhinged. Christine made a last effort to detach him, but the call of +his masterpiece was too strong, and one morning she found him hanging +in front of the picture, dead. She fell on the floor in a faint, and +lay there to all appearance as dead as her husband, both of them +crushed by the sovereignty of art. L'Oeuvre. + +HAMELIN (CAROLINE), sister of Georges Hamelin, accompanied him to +Paris after the death of their father. She took a situation as +governess, and soon after married a millionaire brewer in whose house +she was employed. After a few years of married life, she was obliged +to apply for a separation in order to avoid being killed by her +husband, a drunkard who pursued her with a knife in fits of insane +jealousy. Living with her brother, in the flat of the Orviedo mansion +above that occupied by Saccard, she made the acquaintance of the +latter, becoming after a time his housekeeper and subsequently his +mistress. During the absence of her brother in the East, after the +foundation of the Universal Bank, she did everything she could to +protect his interests, and tried to persuade Saccard to discontinue +the gambling in the shares of the bank which ultimately led to its +ruin. Like her brother, she sold all her shares in the bank, and after +the final crash divested herself of all her means in the assistance of +ruined shareholders. She followed her brother in his flight to Rome. +L'Argent. + +HAMELIN (GEORGES), son of a Montpellier physician, a remarkable +savant, an enthusiastic Catholic, who had died poor. After his +father's death he came to Paris, along with his sister Caroline, and +entered the Polytechnic school. He became an engineer, and having +received an appointment in connection with the Suez Canal, went to +Egypt. Subsequently he went to Syria, where he remained some years, +laying out a carriage road from Beyrout to Damascus. He was an +enthusiast, and his portfolio was full of schemes of far-reaching +magnitude. Having met Saccard in Paris, he joined with him in the +formation of the Universal Bank, which was intended to furnish the +means of carrying out some at least of his schemes. Against his wish, +Hamelin was made chairman of the bank, and he thus became liable for +the actions of the other directors, though he was himself absent in +the East forming the companies in which the bank was interested. He +was a man of high honour, and when the gamble in the shares of the +bank reached an excessive point, he did all he could to restrain it, +even selling his own shares. The money received for these was +subsequently used in relieving other shareholders who lost their all. +When the crash came, Hamelin was arrested along with Saccard, and, +after trial, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and a fine of +three thousand francs. By a technicality of law they were allowed a +month to appeal, during which they were at liberty. With the +connivance of Eugene Rougon, they fled the country, Hamelin going to +Rome, where he secured a situation as an engineer. L'Argent. + +HAMELIN (FRANCOISE), sister of M. Hamelin, a farmer, who lived at +Soulanges. She brought up Angelique Marie, who was handed over to her +by the Foundling Hospital when only a few days old. Angelique remained +with her until she went to Paris with Madame Franchomme, some years +later. Le Reve. + +HARDY, tax-collector at Cloyes. La Terre. + +HARTMANN (BARON), Director of the Credit Immobilier, a concern which +had large interests in property immediately adjoining "The Ladies' +Paradise." The Baron had been a lover of Madame Desforges, and through +her influence he agreed to give financial support to Octave Mouret, +thereby enabling him to carry out the large schemes of extension to +which he had long looked forward. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HAUCHECORNE, principal assistant in the draper's shop known as /Vieil +Elbeuf/. He married Desiree, the daughter of his employer, and +succeeded to the business, which he ultimately handed over to Baudu, +his own son-in-law. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HAUCHECORNE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Desiree Finet. + +HAUCHECORNE (ELIZABETH), daughter of the preceding. See Madame Baudu. + +HAUTECOEUR (MONSEIGNEUR JEAN D') was a member of one of the oldest and +proudest families in France. He was for some time in the army, and +until he was forty years of age he led an adventurous life, travelling +everywhere and having many strange experiences. At last he chanced to +meet Mademoiselle Pauline, daughter of the Comte de Valencay, very +wealthy, marvellously beautiful, and scarcely nineteen years of age. +They were married, but at the end of a year Pauline had a son and +died. A fortnight later M. d'Hautecoeur entered into Holy Orders, and +soon became a priest; twenty years afterwards he was made a bishop. +During all that time he refused to see Felicien, his son, who had been +brought up by an old abbot, a relation of his wife. He intended to +have his son brought up as a priest, but the lad having no vocation, +he gave up the idea and brought him to live at Beaumont. There +Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, but the Bishop sternly +forbade any thought of marriage between them, and even went the length +of arranging a marriage between his son and Claire de Voincourt. A +touching personal appeal by Angelique had no effect in gaining the +Bishop's consent, but he was secretly much moved, and when she fell +into ill-health he himself came to administer the last rites of the +Church. Her semi-miraculous recovery led to the Bishop consenting to +his son's marriage, which was celebrated a few months later in the +cathedral of Beaumont. Le Reve. + +HAUTECOEUR (MARQUISE JEAN XII DE). See Paule de Valencay. + +HAUTECOEUR (ANGELIQUE DE). See Angelique Marie. + +HAUTECOEUR (FELICIEN D'), only child of Jean d'Hautecoeur, who was +afterwards Bishop of Beaumont. Felicien's mother having died at his +birth, his father took Holy Orders, and refused to see him for over +twenty years. Having ultimately come to live with his father at +Beaumont, Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, the adopted +daughter of Hubert, the chasuble-maker. The Bishop having absolutely +refused to consent to the marriage, the Huberts endeavoured to +separate the lovers by persuading Angelique that Felicien no longer +cared for her. They were aided in this by a rumour that Felicien was +to marry Claire de Voincourt. A meeting between Angelique and Felicien +cleared away the mists, but by this time the girl had fallen into ill- +health and appeared to be dying. The Bishop, who had formerly been +secretly moved by an appeal made to him by Angelique, came to +administer to her the last rites of the Church. A semi-miraculous +recovery followed, and, the Bishop having consented, Felicien was +married to Angelique in the cathedral of Beaumont. The recovery had, +however, been a mere spark of an expiring fire, for as Felicien led +his new-made wife to the cathedral porch, she slipped from his arm, +and in a few moments was dead. Le Reve. + +HAZARD, a horse in the Mechain stable. It ran in the Grand Prix de +Paris. Nana. + +HEDOUIN (CHARLES), originally a salesman in the draper's shop known as +/Au Bonheur des Dames/, he became a partner by marrying Caroline +Deleuze, a daughter of one of the proprietors. He fell into ill- +health, but when he died the business was left in a flourishing +condition. Pot-Bouille. + +HEDOUIN (MADAME CAROLINE), wife of M. Hedouin, the proprietor of a +draper's shop in Paris known as "The Ladies' Paradise." She was a +handsome woman with strong commercial capabilities, and during the +frequent absences of her husband she undertook the management of the +business. When Octave Mouret came to Paris, he first got employment at +"The Ladies' Paradise," and with a view to establishing his position +he conceived the idea of becoming Madame Hedouin's lover. She +discouraged his advances, however, and he gave up his situation. M. +Hedouin died soon afterwards, and his widow, finding the +responsibilities of business too heavy, invited Octave Mouret to +return; a few months afterwards they were married. Pot-Bouille. + +After her marriage with Octave Mouret the business extended rapidly, +and an enlargement of the shop soon became necessary. While the work +was in progress she met with an accident which resulted in her death +three days later. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HELENE (DUCHESSE), the principal character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a +piece by Fauchery played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was +originally given to Rose Mignon, but was played by Nana, who was a +complete failure in it. Nana. + +HELOISE, an actress at the Folies. She was plain-looking, but very +amusing. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HENNEBEAU, general manager of the Montsou Mining Company, was born in +the Ardennes. In his early life he had undergone the hardships of a +poor boy thrown as an orphan on the Paris streets. After having +followed the courses of the Ecole des Mines, at the age of twenty-four +he became engineer to the Sainte-Barbe mine, and three years later he +became divisional engineer in the Pas-de-Calais, at the Marles mines. +When there he married the daughter of the rich owner of a spinning +factory at Arras. For fifteen years they lived in the same small +provincial town, and no event broke the monotony of existence, not +even the birth of a child. An increasing irritation detached Madame +Hennebeau, who was disdainful of this husband who gained a small +salary with such difficulty. The misunderstandings between them became +more pronounced, but with the view of pleasing his wife Hennebeau +accepted a situation in an office in Paris. But Paris only completed +their separation, for she immediately threw herself into all the +luxurious follies of the period. During the ten years spent there she +carried on an open intrigue with a man whose desertion nearly killed +her. It was then that her husband accepted the management of the +Montsou mines, still hoping that his wife might be changed down there +in that desolate black country. When the great strike of miners broke +out he at first minimized its seriousness, thinking that it would not +last a week. By his lack of decided action he forfeited to some extent +the confidence of his directors, but he regained this by the +subsequent measures taken by him for bringing the strike to an end, +and ultimately received the decoration of an officer of the Legion of +Honour. His domestic life was, however, once more embittered by the +discovery of a liaison between his wife and his nephew, Paul Negrel. +Germinal. + +HENNEBEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a rich +spinner at Arras. She did not get on well with her husband, whom she +despised for his small success, and after she accompanied him to Paris +she entered into a notorious liaison with a man whose subsequent +desertion nearly killed her. For a time after their removal to Montsou +she seemed more contented, but this did not last long, and she +ultimately consoled herself with her husband's nephew, Paul Negrel. +She was angry at the strikers, as they interfered with the arrival of +provisions for a dinner-party which she was giving; but she was +incapable of understanding the sufferings of the miners and their +families in the hardships they were forced to undergo. Germinal. + +HEQUET (CAROLINE), a well-known /demi-mondaine/ in Paris. Her father, +who was a clerk in Bordeaux, was long since dead, and her mother, +accepting the situation, looked after Caroline's financial affairs +with the strictest regularity. She bought the estate known as /La +Mignotte/ after Nana tired of it. Nana. + +HEQUET (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She was a model of +orderliness, who kept her daughter's accounts with severe precision. +She managed the whole household from some small lodgings two stories +above her daughter's, where, moreover, she had established a work-room +for dressmaking and plain sewing. Nana. + +HERBELIN, a great chemist whose discoveries revolutionized that +science. Lazare Chanteau, who was for some time in his laboratory as +an assistant, got from him the idea of extracting chemicals from +seaweed by a new process. La Joie de Vivre. + +HERMELINE, a student of rhetoric at the college of Plassans. He was in +love with Sister Angele, and once went the length of cutting his hands +with his penknife to get an opportunity of seeing and speaking to her +while she dressed his self-inflicted hurts. In the end the student and +the Sister ran off together. L'Oeuvre. + +HIPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille. + +HIPPOLYTE, valet to Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou Mining +Company. Germinal. + +HOMME NOIR (L'), an apparition said to haunt the Voreux pit. It was +said to take the form of an old miner who twisted the necks of bad +girls. Germinal. + +HONORINE, a maid-servant with the Gregoires. She was a girl of some +twenty years, who had been taken in as a child and brought up in the +house. Germinal. + +HONORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils. When dismissed +for misconduct she became insolent. + +HORN (LEA DE), a Parisian /demi-mondaine/ whose drawing-room was +frequented by some of the old ministers of Louis Philippe. Nana. + +HORTEUR (ABBE), parish priest of Bonneville, was a thick-set man of +peasant-like build whose red hair was still unsilvered by his fifty +years. Much of his time was spent in cultivating a small plot of +ground in the churchyard, which he had enclosed as a vegetable garden. +With regard to religion, he had come to be contented with the +observance of outward ceremonies, and his tolerance had degenerated +into a state of indifference as to the spiritual condition of his +flock. He was on good terms with Chanteau, with whom it was his custom +to play draughts every Saturday. La Joie de Vivre. + +HOTON, a sugar-refinery at Montsou. Its prosperity was greatly +affected by the strike of miners. Germinal. + +HOURDEQUIN (ALEXANDRE), born 1804, was the only son of Isidore +Hourdequin. He studied at the college of Chateaudun, but made little +progress, as his only interest was in farming, for which he had an +absolute passion. On the death of his father he became master of La +Borderie, which he cultivated on the latest principles of agriculture, +spending large sums upon it. He married a sister of Baillehache, the +notary, who brought him a considerable sum, which also went into the +land. His wife died in a few years, leaving him with two children, a +son named Leon, who to his great disappointment became a soldier, and +a daughter who died young. In spite of these misfortunes he retained +all his passion for the land, and in it he gradually sunk all his +fortune, getting little from it in return. A liaison with Jacqueline +Cognet, followed, and she gradually acquired complete influence over +him. He died as the result of an accident brought about by Tron, one +of his own servants, who was also a lover of Jacqueline. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle +Baillehache. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (ISIDORE), born 1767, was the descendant of an old peasant +family of Cloyes, which had educated and elevated itself into a +middle-class position in the sixteenth century. They had all been +employed in the administration of the salt monopoly, and Isidore, who +had been left an orphan, was worth sixty thousand francs, when at +twenty-six, the Revolution cost him his post. As a speculation he +bought the farm of La Borderie for a fifth of its value, but the +depreciation of real estate continued, and he was unable to resell it +at the profit of which he had dreamed. He therefore determined to farm +it himself, and about this time he married the daughter of a +neighbour, who brought him an additional hundred and twenty acres of +land. He had one son, Alexandre, and died in 1831. La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (LEON), son of Alexandre Hourdequin. He had an intense +hatred of the soil and became a soldier, being promoted Captain after +Solferino. He did not visit his home more than once a year, and was +much annoyed to discover the liaison between his father and Jacqueline +Cognet. He endeavoured to get the latter into disgrace, but the only +effect was to make a complete breach between his father and himself. +La Terre. + +HOURDEQUIN (MADEMOISELLE), the second child of Alexandre Hourdequin. +She was a delicate and charming girl, tenderly loved by her father. +She died young, a short time after her mother. La Terre. + +HOUTELARD, a fisherman of Bonneville, whose house was washed away +after the destruction by the sea of the barricade erected by Lazare +Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +HUBERT, a chasuble-maker who lived in a house immediately adjoining +the cathedral of Beaumont. "For four hundred years the line of +Huberts, embroiderers from father to son, had lived in this house." At +twenty years of age he fell in love with a young girl of sixteen, +Hubertine, and as her mother refused to give her consent to their +union they ran away and were married. On the morning after Christmas, +1860, he found the child Angelique lying in a fainting condition in +the snow outside the cathedral door. Having taken her into his house, +he and his wife soon became attached to her, and as they had no +children, ultimately adopted her as their daughter. Le Reve. + +HUBERTINE, wife of the preceding. At the age of sixteen she fell in +love with Hubert, the chasuble-maker, and as her mother, widow of a +magistrate, would not give her consent, they ran away and were +married. A year later she went to the deathbed of her mother, who, +however, disinherited her and gave her her curse. "So affected was she +by the terrible scene that her infant, born soon after, died." The +Huberts had no other children, and after twenty-four years they still +mourned the little one they had lost. She warmly approved of the +adoption by her husband and herself of the foundling child Angelique, +whom she treated with the greatest kindness. From the bitterness of +her own experience she had a horror of disobedience to parents, and +when she found that the consent of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur could not +be obtained to a marriage between his son Felicien and Angelique, she +did all she could to sever the lovers. In this she was successful for +a time, until the illness of Angelique, and her miraculous recovery, +induced the Bishop to give his consent. Le Reve. + +HUE (M.) a retired Government official, who was a sincere lover of +art. He was unfortunately not rich enough to be always buying +pictures, and could only bewail the blindness of the public which +allowed a genius to die of starvation; for he himself, convinced, had +selected Claude Lantier's crudest works, which he hung by the side of +his Delacroix, predicting an equal fortune for them. L'Oeuvre. + +HUGON (MADAME), mother of Philippe and Georges Hugon. She was the +widow of a notary, and lived quietly at Fondettes, an old family +property near Orleans, but had retained a house in Paris in Rue de +Richelieu. She had been an old friend of the Marquise de Chouard, and +was on intimate terms with her daughter, the Comtesse Sabine. A woman +of high principles, she believed that one should overlook much in +others in order that something might be pardoned in oneself. In this +she contrasted strongly with her old friend the Marquis de Chouard, +who professed the most rigorous virtue while he secretly lived a +shameful life. She was, however, unable to bear with equanimity the +eccentricities of Nana, her neighbour in the country, who led Philippe +Hugon into dishonour, and his brother Georges to suicide. Nana. + +HUGON (GEORGES), the younger son of Madame Hugon. At seventeen years +of age he became infatuated with Nana, and a liaison with her +followed. His mother, having discovered the state of affairs, +interfered, and kept him at Fondettes for some months after Nana had +returned to Paris, but he ultimately followed her there. Though he was +not affected by the knowledge that Nana had other lovers, he was +driven to frenzy when he learned that his brother Philippe had become +one of the number. He implored Nana to marry him, and when she refused +to take his offer seriously he plunged a pair of her scissors into his +breast. The injury was not immediately fatal, but he died a few months +afterwards; some said as the result of the wound reopening, while +others spoke of a second and successful attempt at suicide. Nana. + +HUGON (PHILIPPE), the elder son of Madame Hugon. A tall, handsome +youth, he quickly attained the rank of lieutenant in the army, and was +stationed first in the garrison at Bourges, and afterwards at +Vincennes. His mother imprudently sent him to endeavour to release +Georges from the toils of Nana, with the result that he was himself +ensnared. He had little money of his own, and, as the demands of Nana +were unceasing, he began to take small sums from the regimental funds, +of which he was treasurer. The thefts went on for a considerable time, +and when discovery was made they amounted to twelve thousand francs. +Philippe was arrested, and when he was released from prison some +months afterwards, dishonoured for ever, he was only in time to join +his mother at the death-bed of her other son, who was also a victim to +Nana's unhappy influence. Nana. + +HUGUENIN, held a sinecure worth six thousand francs at the Ministry of +the Interior. When he died Eugene Rougon, the Minister, gave the post +to Leon Bejuin. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +HUPEL DE LA NOUE (M.), /prefet/ of the district for which M. Mareuil +was member. He arranged the /tableaux vivants/ at the great party +given by Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +HURET, a member of the Chamber of Deputies who obtained his election +through the influence of Eugene Rougon. His very existence depended on +the favour of the Minister of State, towards whom he conducted himself +as a sort of general servant. "By following this calling for a couple +of years he had, thanks to bribes and pickings, prudently realized, +been able to increase his estates." Having ascertained that Rougon +would not oppose the foundation of the Universal Bank, Huret became a +director; later on, when the shares had risen to their highest point, +he sold out in the knowledge that Rougon had decided to abandon his +brother and that a catastrophe would be inevitable. L'Argent. + +HUTIN, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise." +"He had managed after eighteen months' service to become one of the +principal salesmen, thanks to a natural flexibility of character, a +continual flow of caressing flattery under which was concealed a +furious rage for business." Having conspired against Robineau, the +"second hand" in his department, he succeeded him, only to be +conspired against in turn by his own subordinates. When Denise Baudu +first came to "The Ladies' Paradise" Hutin showed her some kindness, +for which she was grateful, but ultimately he made statements about +her which were entirely without foundation. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +HUTIN (MADAME), a woman who lived in the vicinity of the /Halles +Centrales/, and was spied on by Mademoiselle Saget, whose penetrating +eyes allowed none of her neighbours to escape notice. Le Ventre de +Paris. + + + + I + +ISABELLE, a character in /La Petite Duchesse/ a piece by Fauchery, +played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Simonne +Cabiroche. Nana. + + + + J + +JABOUILLE, an herbalist, whose shop was situated in Rue de Cherche- +Midi. He was a widower, and married for the second time a woman named +Mathilde. His shop was at one time prosperous, but business fell away +until what was left was only that of an equivocal character. He died +of syncope induced by phthisis. L'Oeuvre. + +JABOUILLE (MADAME MATHILDE), wife of the preceding. She was a woman of +about thirty, plain-looking, and exceedingly thin. From the time of +her marriage to Jabouille, his business began to decrease, and this, +it would appear, was due to her reputation, which alarmed the more +respectable customers. Her liaisons were numerous, and included +Mahoudeau, Chaine, and Jory, but after the death of her husband she +married the last named, settling down into respectability and ruling +him with a rod of iron. L'Oeuvre. + +JACOBY, a Jew from Bordeaux, between whom and Mazaud there was keen +rivalry. "Though of great experience and shrewdness, he was sorely +handicapped by his passion for speculation, and in spite of +considerable profits always seemed on the eve of a catastrophe. His +money melted away on settling days." He acted as broker for +Daigremont, and also for Gundermann. The great gamble in the shares of +the Universal Bank resolved itself into a duel between Jacoby and +Mazaud, the one selling on behalf of Gundermann, and the other buying +on behalf of Saccard; and the final catastrophe was hastened by Jacoby +warning Daigremont of Gundermann's determination to crush out the +bank. L'Argent. + +JALAGUIER (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene +Rougon, the Minister, to increase the old lady's pension considerably. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JALAGUIER FILS, son of the preceding. Madame Correur took an interest +in him, and asked Eugene Rougon to secure a scholarship for him. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JANTROU, an ex-professor of the University of Bordeaux, who in +consequence of some misconduct was obliged to leave for Paris, without +caste or position. At the age of twenty-eight, he landed at the +Bourse, where for ten years he dragged out existence as a /remisier/ +or broker's tout. At the time of the foundation of the Universal Bank +he suggested to Saccard the purchase of a newspaper to be employed in +the interest of the company. The purchase was carried out, and Jantrou +was appointed editor. Subsequently other papers were acquired, which +he manipulated so as to keep the bank continually before the public. +He gave information to Baroness Sandorff which she repeated to +Gundermann, who was induced thereby to continue his attack on the +bank. L'Argent. + +JEANBERNAT, the caretaker of the deserted estate of Paradou in +Provence. He lived by himself with his niece Albine in an old house on +the border of the demesne. In an attic he had found a large number of +books which had been saved from a fire in the old mansion, and these +he studied for twenty years, imbibing from them the rationalistic +theories of the eighteenth century. He had no respect for religion, +and particularly disliked Brother Archangias, who insulted both him +and his niece. After the death of Albine he attacked Archangias, and +cut off his right ear with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +JENARD, a partner in the firm of Cornille and Jenard, which developed +in the eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle. +Germinal. + +JESUS CHRIST, the sobriquet of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +JEUMONT (M. AND MADAME), were well known in society during the Second +Empire. The Emperor admired Madame Jeumont, and her husband was +decorated by him. L'Argent. + +JOBELIN (AUGUSTE), son of Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to regulations, +Eugene Rougon took him into the office of the Minister of the Interior +without the necessary bachelor's degree. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JOBELIN (COLONEL), a friend of Eugene Rougon, through whose aid he +hoped to secure a nomination as commander of the Legion of Honour, and +an appointment for his son. He was a cousin of M. Bouchard. After +Rougon's return to office he received the appointment as commander. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JOIRE (ABBE), Cure of Montsou. He pretended not to interest himself in +anything, so as not to vex either the workers or the masters. During +the strike he took his walks at night, to prevent himself from being +compromised by the miners. He obtained promotion, and was replaced by +Abbe Ranvier. Germinal. + +JONCQUIER, a lover of Rose Mignon, who deserted her for a time in +favour of Laure. Nana. + +JONCQUOY (MADAME DU), an old friend of the Muffats. Years ago she had +met Bismarck, who struck her as stupid; she was unable to understand +his later success. Nana. + +JORDAN (PAUL), a journalist, whose father, a Marseilles banker, had +committed suicide in consequence of some disastrous speculations. He +married a daughter of M. Maugendre, to whom he had been betrothed in +more prosperous days. His wife brought him no dowry, as her parents +were against the marriage on the ground of Jordan's occupation and +want of means. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, he received an +appointment on the staff of the newspaper purchased to support the +policy of the Universal Bank. He did not speculate, however, and +remained in comparative poverty, until the success of a novel which he +had written put him in more comfortable circumstances, and even +enabled him to give assistance to his wife's parents after they were +ruined by the failure of the bank. L'Argent. + +JORDAN (MADAME MARCELLE), wife of the preceding. She was the only +child of M. Maugendre, who was ruined by the failure of the Universal +Bank. L'Argent. + +JORY (EDOUARD), was the son of a magistrate of Plassans, whom he drove +crazy by his profligate conduct. In the end he ran off with a music- +hall singer under the pretext of going to Paris to follow the literary +profession. Notwithstanding the fact that his profligacy went to even +greater lengths in the city, he was successful in journalism, and soon +earned between seven and eight thousand francs a year as a leader- +writer and art critic. His first success was gained in a series of +articles in a little newspaper called /Le Tambour/, in which he fell +foul of the accepted canons of art, and hailed Claude Lantier and his +companions as the founders of a new school. Later he claimed to have +made Fagerolles by his articles, in the same manner as he formerly +took credit for making Lantier. He gradually dropped his old friends, +however, finding that the public only laughed at their productions, +and in excuse pleaded that he had not a journal in which he could +support their cause; but when, still later, he became director of a +great Art review, he preserved the same silence. After innumerable +love affairs, he ended by marrying Mathilde Jabouille. L'Oeuvre. + +JORY (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mathilde Jabouille. + +JOSEPH, a butler in the employment of Nana at La Mignotte. Nana. + +JOSEPH, an old soldier who secured a situation in "The Ladies' +Paradise" through the influence of Lhomme, whose foster brother he +was. He married Mlle. de Fontenailles, a shop-girl in the +establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +JOSEPH (MADAME), the concierge of the house on Quay Bourbon where +Claude Lantier lived. L'Oeuvre. + +JOSSE (MADEMOISELLE) kept a little school for young children in Rue +Polonceau. Anna Coupeau was her pupil, and made herself such a +nuisance that twice Mademoiselle Josse sent her away, taking her back +each time in order not to lose the small fees. L'Assommoir. + +Nana in later years exchanged reminiscences with Satin, who, like +herself, had been a pupil at Mademoiselle Josse's school. Nana. + +JOSSERAND PERE, the father of Josserand, the cashier at the Saint- +Joseph glass-works. He was originally a solicitor at Clermont. Pot- +Bouille. + +JOSSERAND, cashier at the St. Joseph glass-works. His salary was not a +large one, and in consequence of the determination of his wife to keep +up a greater style than they could afford, he was engaged in a +continual struggle to make ends meet; to gain a few extra francs he +frequently spent much of the night addressing circulars for a firm of +publishers. Worn out by hard work and by the continual bickerings of +his wife and daughters, he was not in a condition to stand the +disgrace of his daughter Berthe's liaison with Octave Mouret, and he +was struck down by paralysis, which soon after resulted in his death. +Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (MADAME ELEANORE), wife of the preceding. Her two objects in +life were to appear better off than she really was, and to secure +husbands for her daughters. In the latter quest she had many +disappointments, and her temper, never good, correspondingly suffered, +her unfortunate husband bearing the brunt. A marriage having +ultimately been arranged between Berthe Josserand and Auguste Vabre, +Madame Josserand made a strong effort to induce her brother, Narcisse +Bachelard, to pay the dowry which he had long ago promised to his +niece. As he refused to do so, Madame Josserand overcame the +difficulty by a subterfuge of doubtful honesty. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (BERTHE), second daughter of M. Josserand. After several +ineffectual efforts to secure a husband she became engaged to Auguste +Vabre, the elder son of her father's landlord. Difficulties as to a +dowry followed, but these were surmounted by somewhat shady means, and +the marriage took place. Vabre's health was not good, and Berthe soon +became discontented, a state of mind largely induced by the bad advice +of her mother. About this time Octave Mouret came to be assistant in +Vabre's shop, and Berthe, carried away by his attentions, entered upon +an unfortunate liaison with him. Discovery by Vabre led to Berthe's +return to her parents' home, and it was only after a considerable time +that a reconciliation was brought about by the efforts of Abbe +Mauduit. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (HORTENSE), elder daughter of M. Josserand. Her mother +endeavoured to secure a husband for her, but she made her own choice, +selecting one Verdier, a lawyer. The marriage was put off from time to +time as Verdier had got entangled with a woman from whom he found +separation difficult. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (LEON), elder son of M. Josserand. He was a young man of +ambition, who hoped to rise through the influence of Madame +Dambreville, whose lover he became. Ultimately she arranged a marriage +between him and her niece Raymonde, who brought him a large dowry. +Soon afterwards by the same means he was appointed /Maitre des +Requetes/. Pot-Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding. See Raymonde. Pot- +Bouille. + +JOSSERAND (SATURNIN), younger son of M. Josserand. He was a powerful +young man of twenty-five, whose mind had been seriously affected by an +attack of brain fever; though not actually insane, he was subject to +fits of blind fury whenever anybody annoyed him. When his sister +Berthe was a little girl, he nursed her through a long illness, and +since he saved her life he adored her with a deep, passionate +devotion. The preparations for her marriage to Auguste Vabre affected +him so seriously that his removal to an asylum became necessary, and +he remained there for some time. On his release he went to live with +his sister and her husband, but domestic trouble having arisen, his +mind again became so unhinged that he made an attempt on the life of +his brother-in-law and had again to be taken to an asylum. Pot- +Bouille. + +JOUVE (ABBE), an officiating priest at Notre Dame de Grace, the parish +church of Passy. He had known M. Grandjean at Marseilles, and showed +much kindness to Helene after the death of her husband, assisting her +in settling up her affairs. Along with M. Rambaud, his half-brother, +he was a regular visitor at Helene's house, and later endeavoured to +arrange a marriage between her and his brother. He was devoted to +Jeanne Grandjean, and helped to nurse her during her fatal illness. An +amiable, kind-hearted man, he was greatly beloved by his parishioners. +Une Page d'Amour. + +JOUVE, a retired captain in the army, and afterwards one of the four +inspectors at "The Ladies' Paradise." In addition to acting as spy on +the staff he watched the customers, and it was he who detected Madame +de Boves in the act of stealing some fine lace. He made certain +advances to Denis Baudu which she resented, and in consequence he +afterwards showed considerable ill-will towards her. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +JUILLERAT (DOCTOR), an old physician who attended most of the +inhabitants of the Rue de Choiseul. He was a man of only average +abilities who had built up a large practice by hard work. His views +were somewhat advanced, and he had many arguments with Abbe Mauduit, +with whom he frequently came in contact at the bedsides of his +patients. Pot-Bouille. + +JULES, the lover of La Sarriette. He lived on her earnings as a fruit- +dealer. Le Ventre de Paris. + +JULES, one of the soldiers sent to Montsou during the strike. He was +born at Plogof, where his mother and sister still resided. One night +while he was on guard at the Voreux mine he was murdered by Jeanlin +Maheu, who with the assistance of Etienne Lantier carried the body to +a gallery of the mine, where they buried it under a fall of rock. +Germinal. + +JULES (MADAME), Nana's dresser at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +JULIE, cook in the employment of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille. + +JULIEN, butler in the employment of Nana in the Avenue de Villiers. He +left the house with a large sum, as Comte Muffat, being jealous, +wished to be freed from his presence. Nana. + +JUSSELIN (PIERRE-FRANCOIS), a protege of M. de Marsy. Eugene Rougon +refused to nominate him as an officer of the Legion of Honour, and +gave the decoration which had been intended for him to Bejuin. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +JEZEUR (MADAME), a neighbour of the Josserands in the Rue de Choiseul. +Her husband had left her after ten days of married life, and +thenceforth she lived alone in quiet lodgings. Very little was known +of her circumstances or mode of life. Pot-Bouille. + + + + K + +KAHN (M.), son of a Jewish banker at Bordeaux; a deputy who was +engaged in a scheme for the construction of a railway from Niort to +Angers. He was chiefly anxious for this, as the proposed line would +pass through Bressure, where he had some blast-furnaces, the value of +which it would considerably increase. Rougon supported him +energetically, and had almost secured the grant when his retirement +from office delayed the scheme for some years. Soon after Rougon's +appointment as Minister of the Interior the grant was obtained, and he +accompanied Kahn to Niort to attend the inauguration of the scheme. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +KAHN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She lived a very retired life at +Paris. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +KELLER (LES), well-known leaders of society in Paris. It was at their +house that Baroness Sandorff first met Gundermann. L'Argent. + +KOLB (M.), a banker whose business consisted to a large extent in gold +arbitrage, buying foreign coins, and melting them into gold bars. He +was a man of Jewish origin, and having heard that Daigremont was to be +connected with the Universal Bank, he readily agreed to become a +director. Being a cautious man, however, he sold all his shares before +the final collapse. L'Argent. + + + + L + +LABORDETTE, a young man who was well known in racing circles, and was +specially popular with women, as he was always ready to render them +little services. Through his relations with the world of trainers and +jockeys he had always the latest information as to races. He made +himself very useful to Nana when she was setting up a stable of her +own, and assisted her in the selection of servants. Nana. + +LACAILLE, a customer of Madame Francois, the market gardener. He +attended the Revolutionary meetings in Lebrigre's cafe. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +LACAMP. See Puech and Lacamp. + +LACASSAGNE, a dealer in feathers and artificial flowers, whose +business was ruined by the competition of Octave Mouret's +establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LACHESNAYE (DE), judge at the Rouen Court of appeal, was the husband +of Berthe Grandmorin, whom he somewhat resembled in character. He was +a little man, dry and yellow, who had been a judge at the Court of +Appeal from the age of thirty-six; he had been decorated, thanks to +the influence of his father-in-law, and to the services which his +father had rendered on the High Commissions at the time of the /Coup +d'Etat/. He was disliked by Denizet, the examining magistrate, in +whose eyes he represented the class of judicial functionary who +attained position by wealth and influence. Lachesnaye was incensed at +the will of his father-in-law, Grandmorin, who left fully half of his +fortune to women of all classes, most of them unknown to his family. +La Bete Humaine. + +LACHESNAYE (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Grandmorin. +La Bete Humaine. + +LACOUR (ZEPHYRIN), a young lad from the same village as Rosalie, whose +sweetheart he was. He was drawn in the conscription and sent to Paris, +where, by permission of Madame Grandjean, he came to see Rosalie, her +maid, every Sunday. He was a good-hearted lad, whose ambition was to +get out of the army, marry Rosalie, and return to his native village. +Une Page d'Amour. + +LADICOURT (BARONNE DE), a lady who lived at Vouziers. Captain Beaudoin +lunched at her house on 26th August, 1870, at the hour when the +Seventh Army Corps was taking up its position for battle. La Debacle. + +LADRICOURT (COMTE DE), father of the Baroness Sandorff. He was a +confirmed gambler, and a man of brutal manners. He died of apoplexy, +completely ruined, after a series of disgraceful failures. L'Argent. + +LA FALOISE (HECTOR DE), a youth who came from the country to Paris in +order to complete his education. Thanks to the death of an uncle, he +was very rich, and his chief ambition was to be in everything ultra +Parisian. He posed as a man who had experienced everything, and who no +longer thought anything worthy of being taken seriously. Introduced +behind the scenes of the Theatre des Varietes by his cousin Fauchery, +he met Nana, who did him the honour of ruining him without much loss +of time. When his money was done, he returned to the country in the +hope of marrying a distant relation who was both ugly and pious. Nana. + +LAFOUASSE, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Plassans, between +the old demesne of Paradou and the village of Artaud. He was treated +by Dr. Pascal Rougon for ataxy, but died after a hypodermic injection +of a serum with which the doctor was experimenting. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LAGARDE (EDMOND), a sergeant in the 6th Regiment of the line. At the +most his age was twenty-three, but he did not appear more than +eighteen. He took part in the battle of Sedan, and was wounded in the +left arm, which was broken by a bullet. His father, who was a +shopkeeper in Paris, was a customer of Delaherche, and he was removed +to the house of the manufacturer, where he was treated as one of the +family. A handsome lad, he aroused the pity of Gilberte Delaherche, +whose lover he became. La Debacle. + +LAGRIFOUL (MARQUIS DE), the Legitimist Deputy for Plassans. His +election came as a severe blow to the Government, and to M. Pequeur +des Saulaies, the sub-prefect of Plassans, who was held responsible +for it. In reality, the election had been largely influenced by the +clergy, combined with the old nobility. It was to counteract this +influence that the Government sent Abbe Faujas to Plassans. The +Marquis being a man of poor abilities, whose public appearances were +disappointing, his overthrow was rendered easier and more complete. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +LA JOLIE DAME, a customer at Octave Mouret's shop, /Au Bonheur des +Dames/. She was a favourite with all the salesmen, and as no one knew +her name she was always referred to as "The Pretty Lady." Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +LALUBIE, teacher of the sixth form at the college of Plassans. He +found one day his room transformed into a /chapelle ardente/, thanks +to his pupils led by Pouillard. After he recovered from his fright he +set a heavy punishment for the whole class. He married the daughter of +Galissard, the haberdasher at Plassans. L'Oeuvre. + +LAMBERTHIER, an assistant at the /Halles Centrales/. Josephine Dejoie +was at one time cook in his house. L'Argent. + +LAMBERTHON (M. DE), a Deputy who discussed with M. La Rouquette the +wisdom of the Emperor conceding the privilege of presenting an address +to the Crown. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LAMBOURDIEU, a shopkeeper at Cloyes, who sold Parisian novelties in +all the villages within a radius of five or six miles. La Terre. + +LANDOIS (AUGUSTE), assistant in Quenu's business. He came to Paris +from Troyes to perfect himself in his trade, and having little money, +intended to set up for himself as a pork-butcher. He was engaged to +his cousin Augustine Landois, who was also employed by Quenu. He took +a dislike to Florent, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing him to +the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LANDOIS (AUGUSTINE) came to Quenu's establishment to learn shop +management. She was engaged to her cousin Auguste Landois. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +LANGLADE (DE), Prefect of Deux-Sevres. He was accused of dissolute +conduct, and was superseded in his office by Du Poizat. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +LANTIER (AUGUSTE), the lover of Gervaise Macquart; he accompanied her +to Paris, when she left home with their two children. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +Soon after their arrival in Paris, he deserted Gervaise for a girl +named Adele, with whom he lived for several years, during which he +appears to have done little work. After Adele left him he renewed +friendship with Gervaise and Coupeau, her husband, and induced them to +take him into their home as a lodger. Once established there, he paid +nothing for his support, and soon Gervaise was supporting him as well +as her husband, who by this time was doing nothing. Gervaise, having +become disgusted with her husband's intemperance, resumed her old +relations with Lantier, and these continued till she was financially +ruined, and her shop was taken over by Virginie Poisson. Lantier, +having transferred his affections to Virginie, was allowed to retain +his old position as lodger, and soon resumed his former tactics of +paying no rent and living off his landlord. In course of time he +succeeded in eating the Poissons' stock of sweetmeats and bringing +them to ruin, and then began to look out for some one else to support +him. L'Assommoir. + +LANTIER (CLAUDE), son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier, was +born at Plassans in 1842. He was brought up by his paternal +grandmother, but when she died, in 1850, he was taken to Paris by his +parents. La Fortune des Rougon. + +After Lantier's desertion of Gervaise, and her subsequent marriage to +Coupeau, Claude continued to reside with his mother, but a few years +later an old gentleman of Plassans, a lover of pictures, who had been +greatly struck by some daubs done by the child, offered to pay for his +education. The offer was accepted, and Claude returned to Plassans. +L'Assommoir. + +Some years later his benefactor died, leaving him an income of a +thousand francs a year, enough to prevent him dying of hunger in the +artistic career which he had decided to follow. Having come to Paris +with an intense hatred of romanticism, he was struck by the artistic +possibilities of the /Halles Centrales/, the great provision markets +of Paris, which he haunted in search of subjects for his brush. He was +induced by Florent to attend one of the republican meetings in +Lebigre's cafe, but was not in sympathy with the movement, and +declined to take part in it. He occasionally visited his aunt, Madame +Lisa Quenu, but revolted against her complete indifference to art, and +her middle-class selfishness. Le Ventre de Paris. + +He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had +charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +He established himself in a studio near the roof of an old house close +to the river, and there lived the life of a Bohemian, with an absolute +disdain for everything not related to art. He revolted against the +canons of the schools, and tried to achieve truth in painting by +adopting an exaggerated realism. His hopes became centred in a large +painting, which he called /Plein Air/, intended for exhibition in the +/Salon/. The picture was rejected, and when shown at a minor +exhibition was greeted with derision by the public. About this period +began his connection with Christine Hallegrain, with whom he lived for +several years, and ultimately married. They took up house at +Bennecourt in an old cottage, and there some years passed happily +enough, a son named Jacques Louis being born in 1860. But Claude +gradually became discontented, and the family returned to Paris, where +there began a long struggle against poverty, a struggle beginning in +high anticipation and ending in despair. After a long search for a +subject for a picture which was to be his masterpiece, Claude selected +a stretch of the river near Notre Dame, and into this he intended to +put all those new theories of art with which he hoped to revolutionize +the world. Everything was sacrificed to this picture; the small +fortune left him by his early benefactor was gradually realized to +provide food, and when it was exhausted there was little but +starvation for the artist and his dependants. The work was begun in a +frenzy of genius, but was constantly interrupted by doubts and +indecision; it became a monomania, and under its influence Claude's +mind gradually became unhinged; the family virus was at last showing +itself. Christine was wholly taken up with her husband, and their +child died of an illness due greatly to neglect. By this time Claude +was incapable of any real feeling save for art, and the death of his +child only served to give him a subject for a picture. Having torn +himself away from his intended masterpiece for a time, he painted +/L'Enfant Mort/, which was exhibited in the /Salon/, and met with an +even more contemptuous reception from the public than his /Plein Air/. +Christine used all her influence to prevent her husband from returning +to his task, but his brain had become obsessed by the great idea, +which his hand proved powerless to execute as his mind became +increasingly deranged. At length, in a moment of delirium, he hanged +himself in front of the picture which had proved the means of his +undoing. His genius was incomplete, and he was unable to carry out his +own theories, but they were adopted by other and less able successors +with better results. He was buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at +Saint-Ouen. L'Oeuvre. + +LANTIER (MADAME CHRISTINE), wife of the preceding. See Christine +Hallegrain. L'Oeuvre. + +LANTIER (ETIENNE), the youngest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise +Macquart, was born in 1846, and accompanied his parents to Paris in +1850. La Fortune des Rougon. + +After his mother had been married to Coupeau for some time, and had +started her laundry, Etienne was found somewhat in the way, and on the +suggestion of Goujet was sent to work in the rivet-making factory +where he himself was employed. Later the boy was sent to Lille, where +he was apprenticed to an old master of Goujet, an engineer in that +town. When Gervaise had fallen into poverty, Etienne, who was by that +time a stoker on an engine, was able to send his mother a five-franc +piece occasionally. L'Assommoir. + +In a moment of passion Etienne struck his chief, and was at once +dismissed from his employment. An industrial crisis existed at the +time, and, finding it impossible to get work, he tramped from place to +place till eventually he arrived at Montsou, worn out with fatigue and +want. At the Voreux pit he chanced to get work in a gang led by Maheu, +and went underground for the first time. The work was hard and +distasteful to him, but he was unwilling to give it up, and was +perhaps influenced by the bright eyes of Catherine Maheu, who toiled +alongside him. He became more and more impressed with the sense of the +hardships of the miners' lives, and his mind was also influenced by +Souvarine, a confessed anarchist, beside whom he lodged. Gradually +Etienne began to indoctrinate his companions with a spirit of revolt, +and when the great strike broke out he became the leader. He did not, +however, accept the extreme doctrines of Souvarine, and endeavoured to +dissuade the strikers from doing damage to property. In this he was +not altogether successful, and his influence became considerably +lessened, until he was blamed by his comrades for the hardships they +had to endure during the strike, and for its ultimate collapse. He +returned to work, and in the terrible catastrophe brought about by +Souvarine he was cut off at the bottom of the pit with Chaval and +Catherine Maheu. He had always loved Catherine, and notwithstanding +their peril, an old jealousy revived, and in a struggle with Chaval, +Etienne killed him. Days elapsed before rescue came, and by that time +Catherine was dead. After six weeks in hospital, Etienne left for +Paris. Germinal. + +At Paris, later on, he took part in the Communist rising, and was +condemned to death. He was respited, and transported to Noumea, where +he married, and became father of a little girl. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LANTIER (JACQUES), the second son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste +Lantier, was born at Plassans in 1844. He was six years old when his +parents went to Paris with his brothers, Claude and Etienne, leaving +him with his godmother, Aunt Phasie, who sent him to the School of +Arts and Crafts. After two years passed on the Orleans Railway, he +became an engineer of the first-class on the Western Railway. At +twenty-six he was a tall, handsome man, with dark hair and a clear +complexion. From childhood he had suffered from a complaint which the +doctors did not understand, a pain in the head, behind the ears, +accompanied by fever and an intense melancholy, which tempted him to +hide like a suffering animal. When about sixteen years of age he +became affected by a curious form of insanity, the desire to murder +any woman of whom he became fond. "On each occasion it seemed like a +sudden outburst of blind rage, an ever-recurring thirst to avenge some +very ancient offence, the exact recollection of which escaped him. Did +it date from so far back, from the harm women had done to his race, +from the rancour laid up from male to male since the first deceptions +in the depths of the caverns?" Even with his cousin Flore, who loved +him from childhood, the same terrible instinct arose, and could only +be stilled by flight. + +By chance, Jacques was a momentary witness of the murder of President +Grandmorin, and when suspicion fell upon the Roubauds he came to be of +opinion that it was well-founded, a belief which was confirmed by a +subsequent confession to him by Severine. This avowal by Severine +placed her in his mind in a different category from all other woman; +she had killed, and was a person sacred and apart, a woman he could +love without his lust for blood being evoked. At the request of +Severine, Jacques promised to kill Roubaud, her husband, whom she had +come to hate; but, though all the preparations were made, it was +Severine herself whom he killed, in an accession of that homicidal +rage which he imagined he had conquered. He escaped all suspicion, and +calmly allowed Roubaud and Cabuche to be punished for the crime. In +order to see whether the murder of Severine had cured him of his blood +lust, he made love to Philomene Sauvagnat, thereby arousing the +jealousy of her lover, Pecqueux, who was stoker on the engine driven +by Lantier. A quarrel between the two men on the footplate of the +engine resulted in both of them falling off, and being cut in pieces +beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + +LANTIER (JACQUES LOUIS), born 1860, was the son of Claude Lantier and +Christine Hallegrain. He was allowed to grow up wild at Bennecourt +until he was two and a half years old, when his parents removed to +Paris, taking him with them. Life in the city did not agree with the +child, who to make matters worse was much neglected, his mother being +wholly taken up with her lover, and his father with art. He grew up +puny, serious like a little man; at five years his head had grown +quite out of proportion to his height, but as his skull increased in +size his intelligence diminished. His head alone continued to grow, +verging on cretinism, until, in 1869, the unfortunate child died of +some obscure form of malnutrition. L'Oeuvre. + +LAPOULLE, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line, in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He came from the Marshes of Sologne, and was +so ignorant that when he joined the regiment he asked to be shown the +King. He had great strength, and consequently all the heavy work of +his company was assigned to him. After the battle of Sedan, he was one +of the prisoners on the Isle d'Iges, where driven frantic by famine, +and instigated by Chouteau, he killed Pache, who had hidden some bread +from his companions. The following night he attempted to escape by +swimming the Meuse, but was killed by a bullet fired by a Prussian +sentinel. La Debacle. + +LAQUERRIERE (FLORENT), an unfortunate man who died of yellow fever in +Dutch Guiana in the arms of Florent. It was by the aid of his papers +that Florent, who had escaped from Cayenne, was able to return to +France, and to evade the notice of the police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LA ROUQUETTE (M.), a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His sister, +Madame de Llorentz, was one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress +Eugenie. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LA ROUQUETTE (MADEMOISELLE DE). See Madame de Llorentz. + +LARSONNEAU, formerly a clerk at the Hotel de Ville along with Aristide +Saccard; he was dismissed for prying into the prefet's private +drawers. He acted for Saccard in many of the shady transactions in +which he could not himself appear, and being entirely unscrupulous +ultimately amassed such a sum of money that he was able to start a +small banking establishment. La Curee. + +He became immensely rich. It was through him that Busch came to know +the past life of Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +LAURE, an actress for whom Joncquier had an infatuation. Nana. + +LAURE, a performer in a singing-hall at Montmartre. Hutin, one of +Octave Mouret's salesmen, and his friend Lienard applauded her +performance so noisily that the police threatened to intervene. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +LAURENT, a peasant in easy circumstances who lived near Artaud. Pere +Bambousse was anxious to have him as son-in-law. La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +LAURENT, the recorder at the court of Rouen who assisted Denizet at +the inquiry into the murder of Grandmorin. He was skilful in selecting +the essential parts of evidence, so as not to put down anything +useless. La Bete Humaine. + +LAURENT, a gardener at Bazeilles. He was a man of thirty years of age +who had recently lost his mother and his wife, who had both died of +the same fever. During the battle of 1st September, 1870, he took part +in the defence of Weiss's house, and having only his own body to care +for, he determined to sell it dearly, and at each shot to bring down +one of the enemy. He continued firing till his ammunition was +exhausted, when he was taken prisoner by the Prussians, who finding +that he was a civilian removed him, along with Weiss, for instant +execution. In the face of the firing party he retained all his +calmness, standing with his hands in his pockets till the fatal shots +were fired. La Debacle. + +LAUWERENS (DE), a well-known financier who was both wealthy and +avaricious. He went the length of refusing to pay his wife's +milliner's bill. La Curee. + +LAUWERENS (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. Notwithstanding certain +well-authenticated scandals, she managed to keep her high position in +society. She was a friend of Renee Saccard. La Curee. + +LAVIGNIERE, was one of the auditors at the Universal Bank, Rousseau +being the other. Their duties were delicate, and in the circumstances +useless. Lavigniere was disposed to approve of everything, being +consumed with a desire to become a member of the board later on. +L'Argent. + +LA VIGNIERE (CHEVALIER DE), grandfather of Madame Chanteau. La Joie de +Vivre. + +LA VIGNIERE (EUGENIE DE). See Madame Chanteau. + +LA VILLARDIERE (DE), deputy for the department of the Cote d'Or. He +was a friend of La Rouquette. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEA, a customer at the Cafe Anglais. Nana. + +LEBEAU, a man of considerable influence in the Second Empire, whom +Clorinde Balbi was able to gain over to the cause of Eugene Rougon. +Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEBLEU, the cashier at Havre railway station. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBLEU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of forty-five, so +stout that she was in constant danger of choking. Between her and +Severine Roubaud there was ill-feeling of long standing, arising from +a question of their houses in the Station, the Lebleus occupying that +which should by rights have belonged to the Roubauds, who on account +of the generosity of their predecessor were relegated to rooms little +more cheerful than a prison. She had a mania for spying upon her +neighbours, and in the end caused so much irritation, that she was +ordered to exchange houses with the Roubauds, thus letting them have +the one to which they were entitled. The annoyance, and the change to +a dismal house, proved fatal to Madame Lebleu, and she died four +months afterwards. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBIGRE, proprietor of the wine shop where Florent and his friends +held their meetings. He was a police spy. Ultimately he married Louise +Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LEBIGRE (MADAME). See Louise Mehudin. + +LEBOUCQ, Counsellor at the Court of Rouen. He was assessor at the +trial of Roubaud and Cabuche. La Bete Humaine. + +LEBOUCQ (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a handsome woman, for +whose receptions the barristers of Rouen were beginning to desert +those of Madame Bonnehon, her rival. It was said that to the influence +of Madame Leboucq was largely due the result of the trial of Roubaud, +a result not favourable to the family of President Grandmorin. La Bete +Humaine. + +LECOEUR (MADAME), a butter and cheese merchant at the /Halles +Centrales/. She was sister-in-law to Gavard, and had an idea of +marrying him after the death of his wife. He made no advances, +however, and she subsequently regarded him with bitter ill-will. Along +with Mlle. Saget, she took an active share in the gossip which partly +led to the arrest of Florent and Gavard, and wrote an anonymous letter +denouncing them to the police. Accompanied by La Sarriette, her niece, +she went to Gavard's house after his arrest, and took possession of +his money, which they divided between them. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LECOMTE (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour. + +LEFEVRE (MADAME), wife of a manufacturer at Raucourt, whose house was +pillaged by the Prussians after the battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + +LEGOUGEUX, a miner at Joiselle. He was an associate of Pluchart. +Germinal. + +LEGRAIN (GENERAL), a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He was devoted to +the Emperor, and notwithstanding a severe attack of gout, attended at +the Chamber in order to vote the funds for the baptism of the Prince +Imperial. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEHONGRE (LES), grocers in Rue Neuve de la Goutte-d'Or. L'Assommoir. + +LEHUDIER, a child to whom Charvet gave lessons. Le Ventre de Paris. + +LELORRAIN, a notary in Rue Sainte Anne. In his office was executed the +deed which established the joint-stock company of the Universal Bank. +L'Argent. + +LEMBALLEUSE, a family who lived in a ruined mill near the cathedral of +Beaumont. It consisted of a grandmother, her daughter, and three +granddaughters, all of whom lived by begging. Angelique did all she +could for them, giving them food and even clothes. Le Reve. + +LENFANT, the keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + +LENGAIGNE, a dealer in tobacco and tavern-keeper at Rogues. He +cultivated a small piece of land, while his wife weighed tobacco and +looked after the cellar. He also shaved and cut the hair of the +village, a trade learned by him when he was in the army. He professed +strong Republican principles, though he was afraid to express his +opinions too strongly, in case of losing his licence. An old rivalry +subsisted between him and Macqueron, a neighbouring tavern-keeper with +whom he was always on the point of blows. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (MADAME FLORE), wife of the preceding. She was always +quarrelling with Coelina Macqueron. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (SUZANNE), daughter of the two preceding. She was +apprenticed to a dressmaker at Chateaudun, but after six months ran +off to Paris where she led a gay life. Her return to her native +village clad in silks caused quite a sensation, of which her parents +were very proud. La Terre. + +LENGAIGNE (VICTOR), brother of Suzanne. Before he was drawn in the +conscription he was an awkward youth, but he returned a swaggering +braggart, who could hardly be recognized with his moustache and beard. +La Terre. + +LENORE, a racehorse; mother of Frangipane. Nana. + +LEON, a lad of about fifteen years of age, apprentice to Quenu. He was +a gentle-looking lad, given to stealing stray bits of ham and sausage, +which he concealed under his pillow and ate during the night. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +LEONCE (MADAME), the door-keeper of the house where Gavard lived in +the Rue de la Cossonnerie. She acted also as Gavard's housekeeper. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +LEONIE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She +left her trade in order to be married. L'Assommoir. + +LEONIE, aunt of Louise Thibaudier. Louise went to her house after +leaving Bonneville, driven away by Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre. + +LEPALMEC, a peasant at Plogof, in Brittany. Germinal. + +LEQUEU, the schoolmaster at Rogues. His parents were peasants, and he +had an intense hatred of the class from which he had sprung, looking +upon them as little better than barbarians. In politics he had +advanced views, but in consequence of his position he concealed them +to a great extent. Disappointed in the hope which he had long +nourished of marrying Berthe Macqueron, he ended by preaching the +doctrines of anarchy. La Terre. + +LERAT (MADAME), nee Coupeau, was a sister of Coupeau and Madame +Lorilleux. She was a widow of thirty-six years of age, and was +forewoman in the manufactory of artificial flowers carried on by +Madame Titreville. The eldest of the Coupeau family, she was "a tall, +skinny, mannish-looking woman, who talked through her nose"; she lived +a hard-working, cloisteral existence, but she had a perfect mania for +making improper allusions, so very obscure that only she herself could +understand them. L'Assommoir. + +For a long time she lost sight of her niece Nana, but later she found +her in a position of apparent wealth. Madame Lerat had abandoned her +trade of artificial-flower-maker and lived upon her savings, scraped +together sou by sou. Nana rented a small house for her aunt, and gave +her an allowance of a hundred francs per month to look after her +little son Louiset. Nana. + +LERENARD, the keeper of a cafe in the neighbourhood of Montsou. +Germinal. + +LEROI, alias CANON, a journeyman carpenter, who deserted Paris on +account of some trouble, and preferred to live in the country, +tramping from village to village, doing a week here and a week there, +and offering his services from one farm to another when his employer +did not want him. When there was a scarcity of work he begged on the +high-roads, living partly on the vegetables he stole. He professed +strong revolutionary principles, which he was fond of airing in +village ale-shops. He was a friend of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre. + +LETELLIER, father of Madame Deberle and her sister Pauline. He owned +an extensive silk warehouse on the Boulevard des Capucines. "Since his +wife's death he had been taking his younger daughter about everywhere, +in search of a rich husband for her." Une Page d'Amour. + +LETELLIER (JULIETTE). See Madame Deberle. + +LETELLIER (PAULINE), the younger daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy +silk merchant, and sister of Madame Deberle. She was a giddy young +girl who went about everywhere with her father in the hope of securing +a rich husband, and was a constant visitor at the house of her sister. +Une Page d'Amour. + +LETURC (MADAME), widow of a captain, was a protegee of Madame Correur, +who obtained a tobacco licence for her. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LEVAQUE, a neighbour of the Maheus. He was of intemperate habits, and +beat his wife on little provocation. During the strike he was among +the most reckless, and at the assault on the Voreux pit he was taken +prisoner by the troops. His arrest made him a sort of hero, and by the +Paris newspapers he was credited with a reply of antique sublimity to +the examining magistrate. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (ACHILLE), the eldest child of Zacharie Maheu and of Philomene +Levaque. He was three years old when his parents were married. +Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (BEBERT), son of the Levaques, was a little boy of twelve, who +already worked in the pit. Along with Lydie Pierron, he was a +companion of Jeanlin Maheu in many escapades. As Jeanlin became more +daring and unscrupulous, Bebert and Lydie were drawn together in an +affection born of their common fear of him. The three children were +present at the attack on the Voreux pit, and Bebert and Lydie, killed +by the volley fired by the troops, fell dead in one another's arms. +Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (DESIREE), the youngest child of Philomene, aged nine months. +Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (PHILOMENE), daughter of the Levaques, had two children to +Zacharie Maheu before her marriage to him. She had a delicacy of the +chest and was unable to work underground. After the death of her +husband she left Montsou with her two children, in the company of a +miner from the Pas-de-Calais. Germinal. + +LEVAQUE (LA), wife of Levaque the miner, and mother of Philomene and +Bebert. She was a bad housekeeper, and was roughly treated by her +husband, who, however, did not take exception to her relations with +Bouteloup, their lodger. Germinal. + +LEVASSEUR (MADAME), an acquaintance of Madame Deberle. Une Page +d'Amour. + +LEVASSEUR, chief clerk at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +LEVASSEUR, a tax-collector at Chene Populeux. His father was one of +the heroes of the army of the first Napoleon. He married a peasant +woman named Fouchard, who died in bringing Maurice and his twin sister +Henriette into the world. He sacrificed everything to make his son a +gentleman, and the bad conduct of the lad hastened his end. La +Debacle. + +LEVASSEUR (HENRIETTE), daughter of the preceding, and twin sister of +Maurice. After the death of her father she gave up the whole of her +share of his property in order to retrieve to some extent the foolish +conduct of her brother. Fortunately she had the chance soon after to +marry Weiss, with whom she lived happily. On the morning of the battle +of Sedan, Henriette, fearing that her husband was in danger at +Bazeilles, where he had gone to look after a house he had recently +bought, decided to follow him there. By this time the fighting was +going on fiercely, and when, after the greatest difficulties and +dangers, she arrived at Bazeilles, she was only in time to see her +husband shot before her eyes. She took refuge at Remilly, at the house +of her uncle Fouchard, and devoted herself to the care of the wounded +in the battle. Among these was Jean Macquart, who along with Maurice +had escaped from captivity. After the war with Prussia was over, +Maurice unfortunately threw in his lot with the Communists, and when +Henriette followed him to Paris it was to find that he had been +fatally wounded in the fighting there. By an extraordinary chance, the +wound was inflicted by his former comrade, Jean Macquart, who had +remained in the regular army when Maurice joined the Communist ranks. +The death of Maurice in this way put an end to the possibility of a +dawning love idyll between Henriette and Jean Macquart. La Debacle. + +LEVASSEUR (MAURICE), twin brother of the preceding. Everything was +sacrificed by his father and sister in order that he might become an +advocate, but when he went to Paris to complete his education he took +part in every kind of foolishness and dissipation. In July, 1870, he +had just been admitted to the Bar, when the outbreak of war found him +full of enthusiasm, and he at once enlisted in the 106th Regiment of +the line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil. He was put into the squad +of Jean Macquart, against whom he had at first an aversion. Later, the +kindness of Jean when he was worn out with fatigue practically saved +his life, and they became close comrades, Maurice in turn saving Jean +by carrying him, severely wounded, from the battlefield of Sedan. +Maurice was of a highly strung, nervous temperament, and the repeated +disasters of the campaign drove him to madness. He threw himself into +the Communist struggle, and sought for death when defeat became +certain. It was Jean Macquart, his old comrade, who, by an +extraordinary chance, was fated to deliver the fatal blow. La Debacle. + +LEVEQUE (MADAME), sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. L'Argent. + +LEVEQUE, a solicitor at Plassans. He interested himself in the affairs +of Dr. Pascal Rougon after Grandguillot absconded and was able to +recover a considerable sum which Pascal had believed to be entirely +lost. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LEVEQUE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of the preceding, was an old friend +of Clotilde Rougon, who was three years older than her. She married +Dr. Ramond. Le Docteur Pascal. + +LHOMME (M.), chief cashier at "The Ladies' Paradise." "Son of a tax- +collector at Chablis, he came to Paris as a clerk in the office of a +merchant of the Port-aux-Vins. Then, while lodging in Rue Cuvier, he +married the daughter of his concierge, and from that day he bowed +submissively before his wife, whose commercial ability filled him with +respect. She earned more than twenty thousand francs a year in the +dress department of 'The Ladies' Paradise,' whilst he only drew a +fixed salary of five thousand francs." The loss of his right arm in an +omnibus accident did not interfere with his work, and did not prevent +him from playing upon a specially constructed French horn, an +instrument of which he was passionately fond. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LHOMME (MADAME AURELIE), wife of the preceding. The daughter of a +small tailor, she had keen business instincts, and, as head of the +dress department at "The Ladies' Paradise," was able to make a large +income. She was far from friendly to Denise Baudu, but seeing +ultimately that Mouret was in love with the girl, she changed her +methods in the hope of rendering her own position more secure. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +LHOMME (ALBERT), son of the preceding. He was an idle and vicious +youth, who could keep no position, and only got a post in the pay-desk +of "The Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of his mother. He was +careless in his work, and was repeatedly reprimanded, causing his +parents much anxiety; ultimately it was discovered that he had +conspired with some of the salesmen in a long series of frauds, and +his dismissal followed. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LIARDIN, a relation of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family +council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +LIENARD, son of a rich Angers draper, came to Paris and got a +situation in "The Ladies' Paradise." His spare time was spent in +idleness and debauchery, and when his father recalled him to Angers he +refused to leave Paris. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +LIEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan architect at Plassans. He was consulted by +Madame Mouret and Abbe Faujas regarding the Home for Girls which they +founded, and he subsequently prepared the plans for the building. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +LIEVIN, a townsman of Plassans, who was amongst those enrolled and +armed by Pierre Rougon to rescue the Town Hall, which had been +occupied by the Republicans. He was so excited that he fired in the +air without intending to do so. La Fortune des Rougon. + +LILI, pet name of Amelie, the daughter of Gaga. Nana. + +LINGUERLOT (LES), neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte- +d'Or. L'Assommoir. + +LIOTARD (VEUVE HENRI), a firm of shipowners who joined the transport +syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent. + +LISA, a peasant girl of Les Artaud. Like the others of her class, she +was void of any religious feeling, and when she came to decorate the +church for the festival of the Virgin, she engaged in all sorts of +irreverent pranks. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +LISA, a workwoman employed by Madame Titreville, the artificial-flower +maker. L'Assommoir. + +LISA, Madame Campardon's housemaid. She was active and intelligent, +and her conduct was regarded as irreproachable. This was, however, a +somewhat too favourable estimate, and her companionship was by no +means beneficial to the Campardons' young daughter, Angele. Pot- +Bouille. + +LISON (LA), the name of the express engine driven by Jacques Lantier +up to the time of the terrible railway accident caused by Flore. La +Bete Humaine. + +LLORENTZ (MADAME DE), one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress +Eugenie and sister of M. La Rouquette, was the widow of General de +Llorentz. She carried on an intrigue with De Massy, and was said to +hold three compromising letters from him regarding certain august +personages. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +LOGRE, a fish auctioneer at the /Halles Centrales/. He attended the +revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine shop, and made violent +speeches there, but was really an agent of the Police. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +LOISEAU, a municipal councillor of Rognes. He was devoted to the +Mayor, Alexandre Hourdequin, on whose farm his son worked. He was an +uncle of Macqueron. La Terre. + +LONJUMEAU, a member of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +LORET (MADAME), a woman who lived in the neighbourhood of the /Halles +Centrales/. Mademoiselle Saget made ill-natured remarks regarding her. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +LORILLEUX, a maker of gold chains, who was married to Coupeau's +sister. He was a little man who looked much older than his age, and +suffered from a constant cough. Miserly and spiteful, he was jealous +of the Coupeaus in their success, and rejoiced at their downfall. +L'Assommoir. + +LORILLEUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a sister of Coupeau, +who married Gervaise Macquart. Along with her husband, she worked at +the trade of gold chain-making; like him, she was so avaricious that +her custom was to examine the soles of her visitors' boots lest they +should depart with any adhering gold dust. From the first she resented +her brother's marriage, and took every opportunity of being +disagreeable to Gervaise. Though she was willing to accept the +Coupeaus' hospitality in their prosperous days, she refused to do +anything to assist them after their downfall. L'Assommoir. + +LORILLON (LES), peasants at Rognes, who were said to have been cured +of illness by the bone-setter Sourdeau. La Terre. + +LOUBET, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line; in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He was unwilling to fight, and during the +battle of 1st September, 1870, he assisted his comrade Chouteau to +carry Sapin to the ambulance, spending the rest of the day in a +tavern. After the capitulation of the French army, Loubet was made a +prisoner. Along with Chouteau he made a determined effort to escape, +and would have done so had not his companion treacherously tripped him +up in order to increase his own chance. La Debacle. + +LOUHETTE, an elderly draper in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. He was the +father of Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUHETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, and mother of Madame +Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUHETTE (VALERIE). See Theophile Vabre. + +LOUIS, Irma Becot's butler at her house in the Avenue de Villiers. +L'Oeuvre. + +LOUIS, cousin of Cabuche, and, like him, a quarryman. He drove +Cabuche's wagon on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin. +La Bete Humaine. + +LOUIS, an artillery gunner, in the same battery as Honore Fouchard and +Adolphe. He was mated with Adolphe, who was inclined to treat him as +an inferior. In the attack by the Prussians on the Calvary d'Illy +Louis fell, killed by the same shot as his comrade, and the two died +entwined in one another's arms. La Debacle. + +LOUIS (LA MERE), a wine-seller, who was famous for her "hen feet." +L'Assommoir. + +LOUISE, an actress at the Palais-Royal. Nana. + +LOUISE, a young girl who was brought up in an Orphanage. At fifteen +she went as maid-servant to Madame Jazeur, but not proving +satisfactory, was sent back to the Orphanage. Pot-Bouille. + +LOUISET, the pet name of Louis Coupeau, son of Nana, born 1867. Left +at first with a nurse in the country, he was afterwards taken charge +of by his aunt, Madame Lerat, who removed him to Batignolles. He was a +delicate child, pale and scrofulous, bearing a legacy of ill-health +derived from an unknown father. He died in July, 1870, of small-pox, +which he communicated to his mother, who had just returned from +Russia. Nana. + +LOUISETTE, the younger daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). She +was a fair and sweet child who had a strong affection for Cabuche, a +man who was regarded by nearly everyone as an outcast. As a maid- +servant in the house of Madame Bonnehon, she attracted the notice of +President Grandmorin, and fleeing from him, half-mad with fear, she +came to the hut of Cabuche, who tenderly nursed her till she died of +brain fever a few days later. La Bete Humaine. + +LOULOU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + +LULU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana. + +LUSIGNAN, a racehorse in the stable of Vandeuvres. Mounted by Gresham, +it was the favourite in the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + + + + M + +MACQUART, a poacher and smuggler who lived at Plassans in a hovel +adjoining the Fouque property. His reputation was of the worst, and +"although no crimes had actually been brought home to him, the first +suspicions always fell upon him whenever a theft or murder had been +perpetrated in the country." He frequently disappeared for long +periods, but during his short sojourns in the town he drank to great +excess. He became the lover of Adelaide Fouque in 1789, less than a +year after the death of her husband, and had two children by her, +Antoine and Ursule Macquart. A man of violent and unrestrained +passions, and of incorrigibly lazy habits, he retained complete +influence over Adelaide, and they lived in the same relationship for +over twenty years. About 1810, Macquart was killed on the frontier by +a custom-house officer while he was endeavouring to smuggle a cargo of +Geneva watches into France. Adelaide was sole legatee, the estate +consisting of the hovel at Plassans and the carbine of the deceased, +which a smuggler loyally brought back to her. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MACQUART (ANTOINE), born 1789, son of Macquart the smuggler and +Adelaide Fouque; was drawn in the conscription in 1809. On his return +to Plassans, he found that his half-brother Pierre had sold the family +property and had appropriated the proceeds. Being a confirmed +drunkard, he was averse from work of any kind, but in order to support +himself he learned the trade of basket-making. In 1826 he married +Josephine Gavaudan, a market-woman, whom he afterwards allowed to +support him. They had three children, Lisa, Gervaise, and Jean. His +wife died in 1850, and soon after his daughter Gervaise and his son +Jean, who had assisted to keep him in idleness, ran off. He had a +bitter ill-will towards his brother Pierre Rougon, and, chiefly with a +view to his annoyance, expressed strong Republican principles. For the +same reason he took every opportunity of teaching these principles to +his young nephew Silvere Mouret. After the /Coup d'Etat/ he took an +active share in the agitation which resulted in a Republican rising. +When the Insurgents left Plassans, he remained with a few men to +overawe the inhabitants. He and his whole band were, however, taken +prisoners by the citizens under the leadership of Pierre Rougon. He +was assisted to escape by Madame Felicite Rougon, who promised him a +sum of money on condition that he would bring about an attack on the +Town Hall by the Republicans. He did so the same night, and an ambush +having been prepared by the Rougons, a number of lives were +sacrificed. He thereafter left the country. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Some time afterwards he returned to France, and bought a small house +at Les Tulettes, about three leagues from Plassans. He fitted up his +establishment by degrees, and even became possessed of a horse and +trap. Where the money came from no one knew, but it was believed that +his brother Pierre Rougon was keeping him. Notwithstanding this, he +had great ill-will towards the Rougons, and lost no opportunity of +annoying them. Partly with this object, and partly at the instigation +of Abbe Fenil, who wished to be revenged on Abbe Faujas, he contrived +the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; as +result, Mouret returned to Plassans, and setting fire to his house, +caused the death of Abbe Faujas, himself perishing in the flames. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +Macquart lived to an old age at Les Tulettes, though he increasingly +gave way to drunkenness. His relations with the Rougons were friendly, +but he was hated by Felicite on account of his knowledge of the origin +of the family fortune. At eighty-four years of age he was still +healthy, but his flesh was so saturated with alcohol that it seemed to +be preserved by it. One day, as he was sitting helpless with drink and +smoking his pipe, he set fire to his clothes, and his body, soaked as +it was with ardent spirits, was burned to the last bone. Felicite +Rougon chanced to enter the house just as the conflagration began, but +she did nothing to stop it, and went silently away. The combustion was +so complete that there was nothing left to bury, and the family had to +content itself with having masses said for the repose of the dead. +When Macquart's will was opened, it was found that he had left all his +money for the erection of a magnificent tomb for himself, with weeping +angels at the head and foot. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MACQUART (MADAME ANTOINE), wife of the preceding. See Josephine +Gavaudan. + +MACQUART (GERVAISE), born 1828, was a daughter of Antoine Macquart, +and was slightly lame from birth. She was apprenticed to a laundress, +but at an early age had two children to a journeyman tanner named +Lantier.[*] + +Soon after the death of her mother, in 1850, she ran off to Paris with +Lantier and her children, Claude, a boy of eight, and Etienne, aged +four. La Fortune des Rougon. + +The party had only been in the city a few weeks when Lantier ran off +with a girl named Adele, leaving Gervaise and the children unprovided +for. She got work in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and not long +after received an offer of marriage from Coupeau, a respectable zinc- +worker, which after some hesitation she accepted. The marriage took +place, and for a considerable time things prospered, one child, a +daughter named Nana being born. An accident to Coupeau, who fell from +a roof and was seriously injured, led to a gradual change; formerly +temperate and industrious, he became unwilling to work, and began to +spend his time in public-houses. Gervaise had meantime taken a shop +with money borrowed from the Goujets, and had started a laundry in it. +She was at first successful, but in time grew lazy and fond of good +living, while Coupeau continued idle and became increasingly +intemperate. Business began to go, and Gervaise became more careless, +even taking more drink occasionally than she had been wont to do. +About this time Lantier, her former lover, appeared again, and made +friends with Coupeau, who agreed to take him into the house as a +lodger. After that, the descent of Gervaise was rapid. Lantier never +paid anything for his support, Coupeau drank more heavily than ever, +and Gervaise, who was gradually drifting into intemperance, resumed +her old connection with her lover. All the time work was being +neglected, and debts were accumulating with alarming rapidity. +Eventually Madame Virginie Poisson took over the shop, and with it +Lantier, who transferred his affections along with the lease, and the +Coupeaus removed into a small house high up in the same building. +Coupeau suffered from repeated attacks of delirium tremens, and +eventually died in an asylum. Gervaise continued to sink still lower, +until no work was too menial or too repulsive for her to undertake for +the price of drink, and one day in the winter of 1869 she was found +dead in a garret of that great tenement house where she had passed so +much of her life. L'Assommoir. + +Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the pork-butcher, did not come to her +assistance. Lisa did not like people who were unfortunate, and she was +ashamed that Gervaise should have married a workman. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +Her son Etienne sent her small sums of money from time to time while +he was in a situation at Lille. Germinal. + +[*] These two are the only children of Gervaise and Lantier mentioned + by M. Zola in /La Fortune des Rougon/, /L'Assommoir/, L'Oeuvre/, + and /Germinal/. In /La Bete Humaine/, however, the hero, Jacques + Lantier, is stated to have been a child of these parents. + +MACQUART (JEAN), born 1811, son of Antoine Macquart, was apprenticed +to a carpenter. A quiet, industrious lad, Jean's father took advantage +of his simple nature and made him give up his whole earnings to assist +in keeping him in idleness. Like his sister Gervaise, he ran off soon +after the death of his mother. La Fortune des Rougon. + +He entered the army, and, after seven years of soldiering was +discharged in 1859. When he had left the ranks he turned up at +Bazoches-le-Doyen with a comrade, a joiner like himself; and he +resumed his occupation with the latter's father, a master carpenter in +the village. But his heart was no longer in his work, and having been +sent to La Borderie to make some repairs, he stayed on to assist at +the harvest, and eventually became a regular farm servant. He was not +popular, however, with the peasants, who resented his having had a +trade before he came back to the soil. He became acquainted at Rognes +with Mouche and his daughters, Lise and Francoise, and eventually +married the latter, in spite of the determined opposition of her +brother-in-law, Buteau. Notwithstanding his marriage, he remained a +stranger, and, after the death of his wife, went away, leaving +everything in the hands of her relatives. The war with Germany had +just broken out, and Jean, disgusted with his life, again enlisted in +the service of his country. La Terre. + +He was made corporal in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel Vineuil. An excellent soldier, and invaluable by reason of his +former experience, his want of education prevented him being promoted +to higher rank. Maurice Levasseur was in his company, and between the +two men there was at first deep antagonism, caused by difference of +class and education, but little by little Jean was able to gain over +the other, till the two men became close friends. In the fierce +fighting at Sedan, each in turn saved the other's life. After the +battle, they were made prisoners, but escaped, Jean receiving a severe +wound during their flight. They took refuge at Remilly in the house of +Fouchard, and Jean was nursed by Henriette Weiss, Levasseur's sister. +Under her care, the wounded man came to dream of the possibility of a +life of happiness with this woman, so tender, so sweet, and so active, +whose fate had been so sad. But the chances of war were too hard; +Maxime returned to Paris, and after the conclusion of the war took +part in the Communist rising, which Jean assisted to quell. By an +extraordinary chance, the two men, loving one another as brothers, +came to be fighting on opposite sides, and it was the hand of Jean +that was fated to inflict the fatal wound upon his friend. He had +killed the brother of the woman he loved, and henceforth there could +be nothing between them, so he passed from her life, returning to +assist in that cultivation of the soil which was needed to rejuvenate +his country. La Debacle. + +He settled at Valqueyras, near Plassans, where he married Melanie +Vial, the only daughter of a peasant farmer in easy circumstances, +whose land he cultivated. Calm and sensible, always at his plough, his +wife simple and strong, he raised a large and healthy family to assist +in replenishing the soil exhausted by the horrors of war. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), first wife of the preceding. See Francoise +Mouche. La Terre. + +MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), second wife of Jean Macquart. See Melanie +Vial. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MACQUART (LISA), born 1827, daughter of Antoine Macquart. When a child +of seven she was taken as maid-servant by the wife of the postmaster +at Plassans, whom she accompanied to Paris on her removal there in +1839. La Fortune des Rougon. + +The old lady became very much attached to the girl, and when she died +left her all her savings, amounting to ten thousand francs. Gradelle, +a pork-butcher, who had become acquainted with Lisa by seeing her in +the shop with her mistress, offered her a situation. She accepted, and +soon the whole place seemed to belong to her; she enslaved Gradelle, +his nephew Quenu, and even the smallest kitchen-boy. She became a +beautiful woman, with a love of ease and the determination to secure +it by steady application to duty. After the sudden death of Gradelle, +she married Quenu, who had succeeded to the business, and they had one +daughter, Pauline. Soon their affairs became so prosperous that Lisa +induced her husband to remove to a larger shop. On Florent's return +from exile, she received him kindly, and at once proposed to hand over +to him his share of the money and property left by Gradelle, his +uncle, which, however, he refused to accept. After a time she became +tired of always seeing her brother-in-law about the house doing +nothing, and was the means of making him accept the situation as +Inspector at the Fish Market. When she heard of the Revolutionary +meetings in Lebigre's wine-shop and of the leading part taken by +Florent, she became greatly alarmed, more especially as Quenu had +begun to accompany his brother occasionally. She succeeded in +frightening her husband into giving up the meetings, and made it clear +to Florent that he was no longer welcome in her house. Alarmed by the +gossip of Mlle. Saget and others as to the progress of the conspiracy, +she determined, after consultation with Abbe Roustan, to secure the +safety of her husband and herself by informing the police of the plot. +On going to the prefect, however, she learned that he had all along +known of Florent's presence in Paris, and of the meetings, and was +only waiting a favourable opportunity of arresting the plotters. She +concealed the impending arrest from her husband and from Florent. +Notwithstanding her action in this matter, Lisa was not an ill-natured +or callous woman. She was only determined that nothing should come +between her and a life of ease. In her there was much of her father's +nature, though she did not know it. She was merely a steady, sensible +Macquart with a logical desire for comfort, and to procuring this she +gave all her time and thought. Le Ventre de Paris. + +She died in 1863 from decomposition of the blood. La Joie de Vivre. + +MACQUART (URSULE), born 1791, daughter of Macquart and Adelaide +Fouque; married in 1810 a hatter named Mouret and went to live at +Marseilles. She died of consumption in 1840, leaving three children. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +MACQUERON, a grocer and tavern-keeper at Rognes. He was a municipal +councillor, and deputy Mayor. He made some money by speculating in +wines, and had since become incorrigibly lazy, spending his time in +fishing and shooting. Had his wife listened to him, they would have +shut up the shop, but she was so fiercely set on money-making that she +would not do so. There was a rivalry of long standing between the +Macquerons and the Lengaignes, which frequently broke out in open +quarrels. Having succeeded in undermining Hourdequin's position as +Mayor, Macqueron succeeded him, but his triumph was of short duration, +for some official scandal having arisen, he was obliged to resign. La +Terre. + +MACQUERON (MADAME COELINA), wife of the preceding, had a true passion +for money-making. She was continually quarrelling with her neighbour, +Madame Lengaigne. La Terre. + +MACQUERON (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was educated at a +boarding-school at Cloyes, and had learned to play the piano. She +tolerated the attentions of Lequeu, the schoolmaster, whom she +heartily disliked, as she felt flattered by the notice of the only man +of education whom she knew. She had a fancy for the son of a +neighbouring wheelwright, whom her parents would not allow her to see, +and she ultimately compromised herself so seriously with him that they +had to consent to her marriage. La Terre. + +MADELEINE, a little girl of ten years of age who was an inmate of the +institute founded by Princess d'Orviedo. Her mother was unable to look +after her properly, and placed her there in the hope that she would be +well cared for. L'Argent. + +MADELINE (ABBE), was sent to Rognes, when that commune decided to have +a cure to itself. He came from a mountainous district, and +disheartened by the flatness of the vast plain of La Beauce, and +especially by the religious indifference of his parishioners, he soon +fell into ill-health, on one occasion fainting while he was saying +Mass. At the end of two years and a half he left Rognes in a dying +state, and returned to his native mountains. La Terre. + +MADINIER (M.) carried on business as a cardboard manufacturer in part +of the tenement occupied by the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. The +business was not prosperous, as he spent all his earnings on drink. He +was one of Coupeau's witnesses on the occasion of his marriage to +Gervaise Macquart, and was present at the wedding dinner. L'Assommoir. + +MAFFRE (M.), a magistrate of Plassans and honorary Canon of Saint- +Saturnin's church. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was a +friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house the party was in the habit of +meeting. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAFFRE (ALPHONSE), second son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged +eighteen years. Restrained too much by their father, the two brothers +Maffre were especially intimate with Guillaume Porquier, who +frequently led them into mischief. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAFFRE (AMBROISE), elder son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged +twenty. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MAGINOT, inspector of woods at Mezieres. He married Gilberte de +Vineuil, but died a few years afterwards. La Debacle. + +MAGINOT (MADAME), see Gilberte de Vineuil. + +MAHEU (ALZIRE), the fourth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged nine years. +She was deformed and delicate, but of precocious intelligence, and was +able to assist her mother in many ways, sacrificing herself always for +others. She died of cold and hunger during the strike at Montsou. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (CATHERINE), second child of Toussaint Maheu, worked as a putter +in the Voreux pit along with the other members of her family. She +liked Etienne Lantier, but became the mistress of Chaval, who treated +her so abominably that she eventually returned home. As a result of +the terrible catastrophe brought about by Souvarine, she was +imprisoned at the bottom of the pit along with Chaval and Etienne. A +struggle between the two men ensued, and Chaval was killed. Days +elapsed before rescue arrived, but before then Catherine had died in +the arms of Etienne, whom she had really loved all along. Germinal. + +MAHEU (ESTELLE), seventh child of Toussaint Maheu, aged three months. +Her constant crying disturbed the household. Germinal. + +MAHEU (GUILLAUME), great-grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. When a boy of +fifteen, he found rich coal at Requillart, the Montsou Company's first +pit, and the seam he discovered was named after him. He died of old +age at sixty. Germinal. + +MAHEU (HENRI), sixth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged four years. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (JEANLIN), third child of Toussaint Maheu, aged eleven years. He +was employed at the Voreux pit, and earned twenty sous a day. His +nature was vicious, and he forced his companions Bebert Levaque and +Lydie Pierron to commit petty thefts, with the proceeds of which he +concealed himself in a disused mine. His criminal tendencies increased +until he was unable to resist the inclination to kill one of the +soldiers who guarded the Voreux pit during the strike. He accordingly +waited till night, and leaping on the shoulders of Jules, a little +soldier from Brittany, thrust a knife into his throat and killed him. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (LENORE), fifth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged six years. She +was always fighting with her brother Henri, who was very like her in +appearance, both having large heads with light yellow hair. Germinal. + +MAHEU (NICOLAS), grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. He was killed by a +landslip in the pit, when he was barely forty years old. Germinal. + +MAHEU (TOUSSAINT), son of old Bonnemort, and husband of La Maheude. He +was considered one of the best workmen in the Voreux pit, did not +drink, and was liked and respected by all his companions. He had been +for a considerable time under the influence of the doctrines taught by +Etienne Lantier when he was selected by his comrades to place their +views before the officials of the company. In the great strike which +followed he took part, and in the attack on the troops sent to guard +the pit he was driven on by his wife to join the aggressors. He fell, +shot through the heart, after the fatal volley fired by the soldiers. +Germinal. + +MAHEU (VINCENT). See Bonnemort. + +MAHEU (ZACHARIE), eldest child of Toussaint Maheu. He worked in the +Voreux pit along with his father, but was lazy and seized any +opportunity of pleasure. He was married to Philomene Levaque, by whom +he already had two children. The strike interested him very little, +and he spent most of his time playing /crosse/ with Mouquet. But when +his sister Catherine was entombed in the pit he was one of the first +to come forward to the rescue, and he worked day and night with +frantic energy. The ninth day, in his haste, he was imprudent enough +to open his lamp, and a sudden explosion of gas reduced him to a +calcined, unrecognizable mass. Germinal. + +MAHEUDE (LA), wife of Toussaint Maheu. She was at first against the +miners' strike, but moved by the hardship of her lot and the poverty +in which she was forced to bring up her family, she ultimately urged +her husband to take an active part. Even after she had seen him killed +by the bullets of the soldiers, she was furious with those who talked +of submitting. But further tragedies broke her spirit; her son +Zacharie was killed in an attempt to rescue his sister, entombed at +the bottom of the Voreux pit. Out of charity the company allowed the +afflicted woman to go underground again, though she was past the usual +age, and found employment for her in the manipulation of a small +ventilator. Germinal. + +MAHOUDEAU, a sculptor. The son of a stonemason at Plassans, he +attained great success at the local art competitions, and came to +Paris as the /laureat/ of his town, with an allowance of eight hundred +francs per annum for four years. In the capital, however, he found his +level, failing in his competitions at the School of Arts, and merely +spending his allowance to no purpose; so that in order to live he was +obliged at the end of his term to enter the employment of a +manufacturer of church statues. Later, however, he met with Claude +Lantier and other companions from Plassans, and under their influence +his ambitions revived. He installed himself in a studio in Rue du +Cherche-Midi, and there set about the production of a colossal work +entitled /La Vendangeuse/ (the Vintage Girl), for which Madame +Mathilde Jabouille served as model. For a time Chaine, who also came +from Plassans, lived with Mahoudeau, but they quarrelled over +Mathilde, and ultimately separated. After this Mahoudeau lived alone, +in considerable poverty, until he got employment from a manufacturer +of artistic bronzes. He then began to produce work which suited the +popular taste, and his productions began to be seen on middle-class +chimney-pieces. L'Oeuvre. + +MAIGRAT, the principal shop-keeper in Montsou. He was originally an +overseer at the Voreux pit, but, assisted by the company, started a +business which grew to such proportions that he ultimately crushed out +most of the other retail traders. He was a greedy, rapacious man, and +during the strike made the women furious by refusing credit. For other +reasons also they hated him, and his shop was one of the first places +attacked by the maddened strikers. In terror Maigrat took refuge on +the roof, but his foot slipped, and he was dashed to the ground, being +killed on the spot. Even this did not satisfy his assailants, for the +frenzied women, led by La Brule, rushed forward and mutilated the +still quivering body. Germinal. + +MAIGRAT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a pitiful creature +who passed all her days over a ledger without even daring to lift her +head. On the day of the attack by the strikers she was a witness of +the death of her husband and of the terrible events which followed. Up +at the window she stood motionless; but beneath the last gleams of the +setting sun the confused faults of the window-panes deformed her white +face, which looked as though it were laughing. Germinal. + +MALGRAS (LE PERE), a picture-dealer with whom Claude Lantier had +frequent dealings. He was a thick-set old man, with close-cropped +white hair, and wore a dirty old coat that made him look like an +untidy cabman. Beneath this disguise was concealed a keen knowledge of +art, combined with a ferocious skill in bargaining. As a superb liar, +moreover, he was without an equal. He was satisfied with a small +profit, but never purchased in the morning without knowing where to +dispose of his purchase at night. He viewed with disdain the modern +methods of picture-dealing introduced by Naudet, and like a cautious +man he retired with a modest fortune to a little house at Bois- +Colombes. L'Oeuvre. + +MALIGNON (M.), a young stockbroker who was supposed to have a large +fortune and accordingly was received everywhere in society. He posed +as a critic of art, literature, and the drama, and pretended to be +bored with everything. Madame Deberle, being carried away by his +attentions, was foolish enough to promise to meet him at a flat which +he had taken, but Madame Helene Grandjean having warned her that Dr. +Deberle had got wind of the affair, the intended liaison came to +nothing. Une Page d'Amour. + +MALIVERNE (ROSE). See Madame Rose Fouan. + +MALIVOIRE, a coach-hirer at Arromanches. He was the owner of the +omnibus which ran between Arromanches and Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre. + +MALOIR (MADAME), a respectable-looking elderly woman, was Nana's +friend, chaperone, and companion, writing for her such letters as she +required. She was always ready to receive the secrets of others, but +never told anything about herself. It was said that she lived upon a +mysterious pension, but she never appeared to carry any money with +her. She had a mania for doing up all her hats afresh. Nana. + +MAMAN NINI, the pet name given by Angelique to Francois Hamelin. Le +Reve. + +MANGUELIN (MADAME), a young, retiring woman, who was to some extent +dependent on the bounty of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +MANOURY, a salesman at the Central Markets in Paris. He was the +employer of Logre and Clemence. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MARCEL, a vegetable-dealer at the Paris /Halles Centrales/. Le Ventre +de Paris. + +MARDIENNE FRERES, manufacturers of church ornaments in Rue Saint- +Sulpice. Mademoiselle Menu worked in their establishment. Pot-Bouille. + +MARECHAL, a bookmaker who had formerly been coachman to Comte de +Vandeuvres. As the result of a racing swindle by Vandeuvres, Marechal +lost a large sum over a filly named Nana, and, his suspicions having +been aroused, he caused such a scandal that the Comte was disqualified +by the racing committee. Nana. + +MARESCOT (M.), a cutler in the Rue de la Paix, who had once turned a +grindstone in the streets and was now said to be worth several +millions. He was a man of fifty-five, large, bony, with the huge hands +of an old workman; one of his delights was to carry off the knives and +scissors of his tenants, which he sharpened himself for his own +amusement. He owned the large tenement-house on the Rue Goutte d'Or, +in which resided the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others, and though a +fair landlord, would brook no delay in payment of rent, turning out +defaulters without mercy. L'Assommoir. + +MAREUIL (M. DE), a retired sugar-refiner of Havre whose real name was +Bonnet. After amassing a large fortune, he married a young girl of +good birth, whose name he assumed. He was ambitious and hoped to +become a member of the Corps Legislatif through the influence of his +friend Saccard, whose brother Eugene Rougon was a Minister of State. +To secure this he agreed to a marriage between his daughter and Maxime +Saccard. He was a man of solemn and imposing appearance, but was +absolutely without brains. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (MADAME HELENE DE), wife of the preceding. She came of a noble +and wealthy family, but lived such a fast life that she died young, +worn out by pleasure. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (LOUISE DE), daughter of a retired sugar-refiner of Havre. +Slightly deformed and plain-looking, but with fascinating manners, she +married Maxime Saccard, to whom she brought a large dowry. Six months +afterwards she died of consumption in Italy. La Curee. + +MAREUIL (COMTESSE), employed Clara Prunaire in her house to attend to +the mending of linen. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARGAILLAN, a great building contractor, many times a millionaire, who +made his fortune out of the great public works of Paris, running up +whole boulevards on his own account. He was a man of remarkable +activity, with a great gift of administration, and an instinctive +knowledge of the streets to construct and the buildings to buy. Moved +by the success of Dubuche at the School of Art, and by the +recommendations of his masters there, Margaillan took the young +architect into partnership, and agreed to his marriage with his +daughter Regine. Unfortunately, Dubuche showed deplorable incapacity +in carrying into practice the theories which he had learned at the +School of Art, and Margaillan, after losing considerable sums, +returned to his original methods of construction, thrusting his son- +in-law to one side. He possessed a magnificent estate named /La +Richaudiere/, near Bennecourt. L'Oeuvre. + +MARGAILLAN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a girl of the +middle-classes, whose family history was a bad one, and after +suffering for years from anemia, she ultimately died of phthisis. +L'Oeuvre. + +MARGAILLAN (REGINE), daughter of the preceding, and wife of Louis +Dubuche. She was very delicate, and suffered from a phthisical +tendency derived from her mother, which in turn she handed to her two +children, Gaston and Alice. It was frequently necessary for her to +leave home for the benefit of her health, and during her absences the +children were left at /La Richaudiere/ in charge of their father. +L'Oeuvre. + +MARIA, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +MARJOLIN, a boy who was found in a heap of cabbages at the Paris +market. It was never known who his parents were, and he became the +adopted child of the place, always finding a lodging with one or other +of the market-women. Later on he lived with Madame Chantemesse, who +had adopted Cadine, another foundling, and the two children grew up +together, becoming inseparable. Marjolin was always of slow intellect, +and as the result of an injury to his head he became practically an +idiot. Gavard gave him employment in the poultry market. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +MARSOULLIER, proprietor of the Hotel Boncoeur, where Gervaise Macquart +and Lantier put up when they came to Paris. L'Assommoir. + +MARTIN, coachman to Dr. Cazenove. He was an old man who formerly +served in the navy, and had his leg amputated by Cazenove. La Joie de +Vivre. + +MARTINE, the old servant of Dr. Pascal, with whom she had been for +thirty years. She brought up Clotilde Rougon, whose affection for the +doctor excited her jealousy later on. Martine, who was devoted to her +master, desired to force him to be reconciled with the Church, but +Clotilde, at first her accomplice, escaped from religious influences +and gave herself entirely to Pascal, leaving Martine with no other +resource but prayer. She was extremely avaricious, but when the doctor +was ruined, her devotion was such that she used some of her own money +to purchase the necessaries of life for him. Distracted at the sudden +death of her master, and in the hope of saving him from damnation, she +assisted Madame Felicite Rougon to destroy his great work on heredity, +which in her narrow-minded bigotry she believed was intended to +subvert true religion. The work of destruction completed, she went +away to live by herself at Sainte-Marthe, as she refused to serve any +other master than the one she had been with so many years. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +MARTINEAU (M.), a notary of Coulonges, and brother of Madame Correur. +He ignored his sister for many years, but his principles would not +allow him to disinherit her, and he made a will under which his +property would be divided between her and his wife. Soon thereafter, +Madame Correur, knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him as a +dangerous Republican to Rougon, then Minister of the Interior, and his +arrest followed. The shock, together with the unnecessary harshnesses +displayed by Gilquin, the commissary of police, caused Martineau's +death, and the subsequent popular outcry had much to do with Rougon's +second resignation of office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +MARTINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +MARSY (COMTE DE), Minister of the Interior before Eugene Rougon, who +succeeded him on his appointment as President of the Corps Legislatif. +Marsy, who was said to be the son of a queen, was brilliant, immoral, +and unscrupulous. He was the chief political opponent of Eugene Rougon +and had great influence at the Court of Napoleon III. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +MARTY (M.), a master at the Lycee Bonaparte, who was being ruined by +the extravagance of his wife, and was obliged to double his salary by +giving private lessons, in order to meet the constantly growing +household expenses. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARTY (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of about thirty- +five years of age, whose face, never beautiful, was now much marked by +small-pox. She had a perfect mania for spending money on clothes, and +never visited "The Ladies' Paradise" without buying innumerable +articles for which she had no need. As a result of her extravagance, +her husband was nearly ruined, and was forced to increase his earnings +by giving private lessons. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MARTY (VALENTINE), daughter of the preceding, a young girl of fourteen +years of age, who was used by her mother as an excuse for some of her +extravagance, as she dressed her like herself, with all the +fashionable novelties of which she submitted to the irresistible +seduction. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MASCART (PERE), a blind paralytic to whom Angelique showed much +kindness. Le Reve. + +MASSACRE, one of the dogs of old Soulas, the shepherd. It shared the +hatred of its master of La Cognette. La Terre. + +MASSIAS, a frequenter of the Paris Bourse, where he gained a living by +bringing business to stockbrokers, from whom he received a commission +on each transaction. He was employed by Saccard after the foundation +of the Universal Bank, and by speculating in the shares he made a +considerable fortune. With the downfall of the institution, he lost +everything, and found himself in debt for a large sum. By borrowing +from friends, and pledging his entire life, he paid his debts and +started afresh. L'Argent. + +MASSICOT, a tradesman of Plassans who was enrolled and armed by Pierre +Rougon to deliver the Town Hall from the Republicans who had occupied +it. He was so excited that when he got into the building he fired in +the air without knowing he had done so. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MASSON (COLONEL), commander of the troops which crushed the Republican +rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MATHIAS, an old hunchback who worked on the farm of La Borderie. La +Terre. + +MATHIEU, a large dog which belonged to the Chanteaus at Bonneville and +was a great favourite of the family. The death of this animal greatly +accelerated the unreasoning fear of inevitable mortality with which +the mind of Lazare Chanteau was becoming obsessed. La Joie de Vivre. + +MATHILDE, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana. + +MATIGNON, a draper in Paris, whose shop was near that of Baudu. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +MAUDIT (ABBE), Vicar of Saint-Roch, Paris, he counted among his +parishioners the Josserands and the Duveyriers. Though well aware of +the immorality that went on in his parish, he recognized the +impossibility of stopping it, and did what he could to hide it under +the cloak of religion. When the scandal arose about Madame Auguste +Vabre, he was approached by her relations, and at their request acted +as intermediary between the husband and wife. Pot-Bouille. + +MAUGENDRE (M.), father of Madame Jordan; was a retired awning +manufacturer who had made a considerable fortune from his business. He +disapproved of his daughter's marriage, and refused to give her any +dowry, on the pretext that she would have his fortune intact when he +was dead and gone. He was a careful man, averse from speculation, but +having on one occasion made a small venture, he gradually became +imbued with the craze. The phenomenal success of the Universal Bank +induced him to purchase its shares more and more wildly, until, when +the crash came, he was so deeply committed as to be ruined. Jordan, +who by this time had met with some success in literature, came to his +assistance. L'Argent. + +MAUGENDRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was at first bitterly +opposed to the small speculations entered into by her husband. She +soon got infected with the craze, and became even more reckless than +he, urging him to involve himself more and more deeply in the fortunes +of the Universal Bank. L'Argent. + +MAUGENDRE (MARCELLE). See Madame Marcelle Jordan. + +MAURIAC (BARON DE), starter at the racecourse of Longchamp. Nana. + +MAURIN, a hatter of Plassans, who was selected by the Republicans of +that town as their candidate. At the election he only received about +fifteen hundred votes against the rival candidate. M. Delangre. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +MAURIN, a notary at Tulettes, who was also Mayor of the Commune. It +was he who drew up the certificate of death of Antoine Macquart from +spontaneous combustion. + +MAZAUD, a broker on the Paris Bourse, who succeeded on the death of +his uncle to one of the largest businesses in the city. He was young +and pleasant-looking, with such remarkable activity and intuition that +he soon came into the first rank. He was also assisted by the fact +that he did business with all the great bankers, and was reputed to +have a second cousin employed at the Havas News Agency. After the +foundation of the Universal Bank, he became the official broker of +that institution, and the great gamble in its shares resolved itself +into a duel between him and Jacoby, the one buying for Saccard and the +other selling for Gundermann. Mazaud did not speculate on his own +account, but the failure of the bank led to so many of his clients +being unable to meet their differences that he was ruined. After +putting his affairs in order so far as possible, he committed suicide. +L'Argent. + +MAZAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She married for love, and +brought to her husband a considerable fortune. She had two children, a +girl and a boy. The suicide of her husband completely overwhelmed her +with grief. L'Argent. + +MAZEL, a famous master at the School of Arts, and the last rampart of +elegant conventionality. The first year that the Hanging Committee of +the /Salon/ was elected by the artists themselves, Mazel was chosen +president. In the selection of pictures he was susceptible to +influence, and was guided more by the name of the artist than by the +quality of the work. L'Oeuvre. + +MECHAIN, proprietor of a racing-stable. Hazard, one of his horses, ran +in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +MECHAIN (MADAME), a woman in the employment of Busch, the money-lender +and debt collector. She assisted him in tracing debtors, and in the +purchase of securities of bankrupt companies. She was a cousin of +Rosalie Chavaille, mother of Victor Saccard, on whose death she was +left with the boy to bring up. On discovering the paternity of Victor +some years later, she and Busch attempted to blackmail Saccard, but +without success, though they had previously got a considerable sum +from Caroline Hamelin, who wished to save Saccard from annoyance. +L'Argent. + +MEGOT (JUSTINE), a young maid-servant of Renee Saccard. She had a son +to Maxime Rougon in 1857, and was sent to live in the country with the +child on a small annuity. La Curee. + +Three years later she married Anselme Thomas, a harness-maker at +Plassans. They had two children, and would have lived happily but for +the husband's dislike to her eldest child, Charles Rougon. Her conduct +after marriage was exemplary in every way. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MEHUDIN (MADAME), originally came from Rouen to Paris, where she ever +afterwards remained in the fish trade. As her two daughters, Louise +and Claire, got on badly together, she ultimately divided her business +between them, Louise going to the general fish-market, while Claire +installed herself among the fresh-water fish. "From that time the old +mother, although she pretended to have retired from business +altogether, would flit from one stall to the other, still interfering +in the selling of the fish, and causing her daughters continual +annoyance by the foul insolence with which she at times spoke to +customers." Le Ventre de Paris. + +MEHUDIN (CLAIRE), the second daughter of Madame Mehudin, was an idle, +fair-complexioned girl, with a gentle manner. She had, however, a +strong will, and was invariably at loggerheads with others. When +Florent became Inspector at the Fish Market, Claire took his part +against her mother and sister, but afterwards went to the opposite +extreme when his relations with Louise had become friendly. It +appeared that she had a real affection for him, however, as after his +arrest she assaulted her sister in the belief that she had given +information to the police. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MEHUDIN (LOUISE), commonly called La Normande. She was a beautiful +woman who had at one time been engaged to be married to a clerk in the +corn-market. He was, however, accidentally killed, leaving Louise with +a son, who was known in the market by the nickname of /Muche/. When +Florent was first appointed Inspector in the Fish Market, Louise, who +had quarrelled with his sister-in-law, Lisa, did everything she could +to annoy him. Afterwards, partly gratified by his kindness to her son, +and partly to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu, she became reconciled to him. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +MEINHOLD (MADAME DE), a lady well-known in the Society of the Second +Empire. She was a friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. +La Curee. + +MELANIE, cook in the employment of the Gregoires, with whom she had +been for thirty years. Germinal. + +MELANIE, the servant of Denizet, the examining magistrate at Rouen. +The latter was anxious for promotion, in order that his old servant +might be better fed and consequently better tempered. La Bete Humane. + +MELIE, niece of the Fancheurs. She was a girl from the village of +Bennecourt, who waited on Claude Lantier and Christine in their +cottage there, and greatly amused them by her stupidity. After the +death of the Fancheurs, the inn came into the possession of Melie, but +soon lost favour on account of its dirt and disorder. L'Oeuvre. + +MENU (MADEMOISELLE), aunt of Fanny Menu, who lived with her. She had +been an embroideress for thirty years, but her sight failed and she +was obliged to give up work. Fortunately she received a small legacy +from a relative, and on this, added to the earnings of her niece, she +was able to live. Pot-Bouille. + +MENU (FANNY), a young girl who was protected by Narcisse Bachelard. As +he on one occasion found her with Gueulin, his nephew, under +compromising circumstances, he insisted on their marriage, and gave +her a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille. + +MERLE, usher at the Council of State. He was appointed by Eugene +Rougon, through the influence of Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene +Rougon. + +MES BOTTES, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's companions. He was a +heavy drinker and an enormous eater, and on account of the latter gift +he was occasionally asked by his friends to join such parties of +pleasure as paid by contract for their entertainment, in order that +they might watch the landlord's face lengthen at the rapid +disappearance of food. Chiefly for this reason, he was asked to the +Coupeaus' wedding party. L'Assommoir. + +MEYER, owner of a Viennese bakery in Faubourg Poissonniere. The +Coupeaus bought their bread from him in order to please Lantier. +L'Assommoir. + +MICHELIN (M.), a surveyor of the Municipal Council. "His wife, a +pretty woman, occasionally called to apologize to her husband's chiefs +for his absence, when he stayed away through ill-health. He was often +ill, but he obtained promotion at each illness." In order to secure +Saccard's influence, Michelin assisted him in getting exorbitant +prices for land sold to the city. La Curee. + +MICHELIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. By means of her good looks +and a determination to get on at any cost, she secured the influence +of her husband's superiors, and got rapid promotion for him in the +office of the Municipal Council. La Curee. + +MIETTE, the pet name of Marie Chantegreil. (q.v.). + +MIETTE, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud who assisted to +decorate the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +MIGNON, a man who, beginning life as a bricklayer, had amassed a +fortune by speculations in building land during the early days of the +Second Empire. Along with Charrier, his partner, he had many business +dealings with Aristide Saccard. La Curee. + +MIGNON, husband of an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. When Rose +married him he was leader of the orchestra at a cafe concert where she +sang. They were the best of friends, and lived together on the +earnings of the wife, who exploited her beauty not less than her +talents. Mignon was always on the best of terms with his wife's +lovers, even assisting them occasionally to deceive her, with the view +of bringing them back in penitence later on. Nana. + +MIGNON (CHARLES), younger son of the preceding. Nana. + +MIGNON (HENRI), elder son of Mignon. Along with his brother Charles he +was educated at a boarding-school. Nana. + +MIGNON (ROSE), wife of Mignon, was a star actress at the Theatre des +Varietes, being a fine comedienne and an admirable singer. She was +dark and thin with that charming ugliness which is peculiar to the +gamins of Paris. It was she who, annoyed by the rivalry of Nana, one +day made Comte de Muffat aware of the liaison between his wife and +Fauchery. She was, however, a good-hearted woman, and when she learned +that Nana had contracted small-pox she arranged for her removal to the +Grand Hotel, and nursed her there till she died. Nana. + +MIGNOT, one of the salesmen in the glove department at "The Ladies' +Paradise." He entered into a conspiracy with Albert Lhomme to defraud +his employer, and this was successful to a considerable extent before +its discovery; his dismissal followed, but there was no prosecution, +as the firm preferred not to bring its internal affairs before the +public eye. He afterwards got a situation as a traveller, and had even +the boldness to call at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MIMI-LA-MORT, a pupil at the College of Plassans, who was also +nicknamed /Le Squelette-Externe/ (The Skeleton Day-Boarder) on account +of his extreme thinness. Against the regulations of the College, he +used to bring in snuff to the other scholars. L'Oeuvre. + +MINOUCHE, a white cat which belonged to the Chanteaus. La Joie de +Vivre. + +MISARD, signalman on the railway at Croix-de-Maufras, between Malaunay +and Barentin. He was a little puny man, with thin, discoloured hair +and beard, and a lean, hollow-cheeked face. His work was mechanical, +and he seemed to carry it through without thought or intelligence. His +wife, a cousin of Jacques Lantier, looked after the level-crossing +which adjoined their house until failing health prevented her from +leaving the house. For this little man, silently and without anger, +was slowly poisoning his wife with a powder which he placed in the +salt which she ate. This crime, patient and cunning, had for its cause +a legacy of a thousand francs left to Aunt Phasie by her father, a +legacy which she had hidden, and refused to hand over to Misard. But +the old woman triumphed in the end, for though Misard searched day and +night for the treasure, he was never able to find it; she died taking +her secret with her. An old woman of the neighbourhood, La Ducloux, +whom he had employed to attend to the level-crossing after the death +of his wife, induced him to marry her by pretending that she had +discovered the secret hoard. La Bete Humaine. + +MISARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Phasie (Aunt). + +MORANGE (CHARLOT), son of Silvine Morange and of Goliath Steinberg. +Physically he resembled his father's race, whom, however, he was +brought up to hate. Hidden behind his mother, he was at three years +old a witness of the murder of his father by the francs-tireurs. La +Debacle. + +MORANGE (SILVINE), servant with Fouchard at Remilly. Her mother, who +was a worker in a factory at Raucourt, died when she was quite young, +and her godfather, Dr. Dalichamp, got her a situation with Fouchard. +Honore Fouchard fell in love with her, and they became engaged, but +the opposition of the old man was so great that Honore went away from +home and enlisted in the army. During his absence Silvine fell a +victim to the wiles of Goliath Steinberg, and a child, Charlot, was +born, Steinberg having previously disappeared. She had all along loved +Honore, and when he passed through Remilly on his way to fight the +Prussians he forgave her, and promised to marry her on his return. +When she heard that he had been killed in the battle of Sedan, she +became nearly mad, and with Prosper Sambuc made a wild search of the +battlefield for her lover's body. They found it eventually, and +brought it back in a cart for burial. Goliath Steinberg, who was a +German spy, again made advances to her, and, to save herself and her +friends, she betrayed him to the francs-tireurs, who killed him in her +presence. La Debacle. + +MORIZOT, a friend of Malignon, who took him to the children's party at +Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour. + +MOSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was a short, yellow- +skinned man, who suffered from liver complaint and was continually +lamenting, in constant dread of some imminent catastrophe. In +consequence of his views, he was known on the Bourse as "bear" Moser. +Speculating heavily against the rise in the shares of the Universal +Bank, he was at one time on the verge of ruin, but the collapse of +that institution left him with an enormous fortune. L'Argent. + +MOUCHE (LE PERE), the sobriquet of Michel Fouan, the third son of +Joseph Casimir Fouan, and brother of La Grande, Pere Fouan, and Laure +Badeuil. When his father's estate was divided, he received the family +dwelling-house and some land, but was dissatisfied with his share and +continued to accuse his brother and sister, though forty years had +elapsed, of having robbed him when the lots were drawn. He had been +long a widower, and, a soured unlucky man, he lived alone with his two +daughters, Lise and Francoise. At sixty years of age he died of an +attack of apoplexy. La Terre. + +MOUCHE (FRANCOISE), younger daughter of Michel Fouan, alias Mouche. +Her mother died early, and she was brought up by her sister Lise, to +whom she was devotedly attached. She had a passion for justice, and +when she had said "that is mine and that is yours," she would have +been prepared to go to the stake in support of her rights. This +execration of injustice gradually led to a change of feeling between +the two sisters, for after the marriage of Lise to Buteau a division +of the land should have been made. Buteau and his wife on various +pretexts put off this division, and it was only on the marriage of +Francoise to Jean Macquart that it was carried out. An entire +estrangement between the two families followed, and constant quarrels +took place. After a shameful assault by Buteau upon Francoise, his +wife threw her upon a scythe which lay upon the ground near by, and +the unfortunate girl received injuries from which she died a few hours +later. A sense of loyalty to her family induced her to conceal the +cause of these injuries, which were attributed to accident. La Terre. + +MOUCHE (LISE), elder daughter of Pere Mouche, and sister of the +preceding. She had a son to her cousin Buteau, who, however, did not +marry her for three years afterwards, when the death of her father +made her heiress to some land. She was at first an amiable woman, but +grew hardened under the influence of her husband, and ultimately her +whole desire was to avoid the necessity of a division of her father's +estate between her sister and herself. Moved by these feelings, her +love for Francoise became transformed into a hatred so intense that +she did not hesitate to assist her husband in attempting to bring +about the girl's ruin. In the end, having assisted Buteau in a +shameful assault on Francoise, she afterwards threw her upon a scythe +which was lying on the ground near by, inflicting injuries which +proved fatal. Pere Fouan, having been a witness of the assault, was +subsequently murdered by Lise and her husband, to ensure his silence +and their own safety. La Terre. + +MOULIN, an assistant station-master at Havre along with Roubaud. La +Bete Humaine. + +MOULIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman, timid +and weak, who was seldom seen. She had a large family of young +children. La Bete Humaine. + +MOUNIER, a tenor singer at the Opera, who gave the cue to Madame +Daigremont at a performance in her house. L'Argent. + +MOUQUE, father of Mouquet and of Mouquette. He had charge of the +horses in the Voreux pit, and also acted as caretaker at a ruined mine +known as the Requillart, where the company had given him two rooms to +live in. Almost every evening he received a visit from his old comrade +Bonnemort. Germinal. + +MOUQUET, son of the preceding, was an inseparable companion of +Zacharie Maheu, along with whom he worked at the Voreux pit. During +the strike he went out of curiosity to see the attack by the strikers +on the soldiers who were guarding the mines, and was killed by a stray +ball which struck him in the mouth. + +MOUQUETTE, daughter of Mouque. She was a putter in the Voreux pit, and +lived with her father at the ruined mine of Requillart, where he was +caretaker. She was present at the attack by the strikers on the +soldiers guarding the Voreux, and when the fatal volley was fired she +was killed, in an instinctive attempt to save Catherine Maheu, before +whom she placed herself. Germinal. + +MOURET, a hatter of Plassans who married Ursule Macquart in 1810 and +went to live at Marseilles. He was devoted to his wife, and a year +after her death in 1839, he hanged himself in a cupboard where her +dresses were still suspended. He left three children, Helene, +Francois, and Silvere. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOURET (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Ursule Macquart. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +MOURET (DESIREE), born 1844, daughter of Francois Mouret, and sister +of Octave and Serge. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She was of feeble intellect, and when a girl of sixteen was still +mentally like a child of eight. When her mother fell under the +influence of Abbe Faujas, and began entirely to neglect her family, +Francois Mouret removed Desiree to the home of her old nurse, in whose +custody she remained. La Conquete de Plassans. + +When her brother Serge was appointed priest of Les Artaud, she +accompanied him there. By that time she had grown to be a tall, +handsome girl, but her mind had never developed, and she was still +like a young child. Her love of animals had become a passion, and at +her brother's home she was able to indulge it to the fullest extent, +and to her complete happiness. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +She accompanied her brother to Saint Eutrope, where he became cure, +and she continued innocent and healthy, like a happy young animal. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (FRANCOIS), born in 1817, son of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, +his wife. He got a situation in the business of his uncle, Pierre +Rougon, whose daughter Marthe he married in 1840. They had three +children, Octave, Serge, and Desiree. On the retirement of his uncle, +Mouret returned to Marseilles and established himself in business +there. La Fortune de Rougon. + +During fifteen years of close application on the part of Mouret and +his wife, he made a fortune out of wines, oil, and almonds, and then +retired to Plassans, where he lived on his means, making an occasional +deal in wine or oil when a chance occurred. He was not on good terms +with his wife's relations, and placed himself politically in +opposition to them by supporting the Legitimist candidate, the Marquis +de Lagrifoul. In 1858, having two vacant rooms in his house, he was +induced by the Abbe Bourrette to let them to Abbe Faujas, a priest who +had been sent to Plassans by the Government to undermine the existing +clerical influence there, which had been exercised in support of the +Marquis de Lagrifoul. Mouret was a man of narrow and restricted +intellect, and his peculiarities became more and more marked as the +Abbe Faujas gradually came to dominate the household and induce Madame +Mouret to neglect her husband and family for the service of the +Church. By degrees Mouret came to be regarded as insane, and his wife +having had several epileptic attacks, he was accused of having caused +the injuries she had really inflicted on herself. His wrongful removal +to the asylum at Les Tulettes followed, and confinement soon confirmed +the insanity which before had only threatened. In 1864, his uncle, +Antoine Macquart, in order to annoy the Rougons contrived his escape +from the asylum, and he returned by night to his home at Plassans. +Finding it in the occupancy of Abbe Faujas and his relatives, he was +overcome by the fury of madness, and set fire to the house in several +places. So thoroughly did he do his work that all the inmates, +including himself, perished in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MOURET (MADAME MARTHE), wife of the preceding. See Marthe Rougon. + +MOURET (HELENE), born 1824, daughter of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, +his wife. La Fortune des Rougon. + +When seventeen years old she married M. Grandjean, the son of a sugar- +refiner of Marseilles, whose family were bitterly opposed to the match +on account of her poverty. The wedding was a secret one, and the young +couple had difficulty making ends meet until an uncle died, leaving +them ten thousand francs a year. "It was then that Grandjean, within +whom an intense hatred of Marseilles was growing, had decided on +coming to Paris, to live there for good." The day after their arrival +Grandjean was seized with illness, and after eight days he died, +leaving his wife with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Helene, who +was a woman of singular beauty, had no friends in Paris except Abbe +Jouve and his half-brother M. Rambaud, but from them she received much +kindness. Her daughter Jeanne was far from strong, having inherited +much of the hereditary neurosis of her mother's family, along with a +consumptive tendency from that of her father. A sudden illness of the +girl led to an acquaintance with Doctor Deberle, and this ripened into +love between him and Helene, though considerations of duty kept them +apart. Meantime, Helene had discovered the beginnings of an intrigue +between Madame Deberle and M. Malignon, and in order to break it off +was herself placed in such a compromising position towards Doctor +Deberle that he became her lover. The discovery of the fact by Jeanne, +whose jealous love of her mother amounted to a mania, led to the +child's illness and death, and to her mother's bitter repentance. Two +years later Helene married M. Rambaud, and went to live at Marseilles. +Une Page d'Amour. + +She lived for many years, very happy, and idolized by her husband, in +a house which he owned near Marseilles, close to the seashore. She had +no children by her second marriage. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (OCTAVE), born 1840, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +A young man of high spirits and somewhat idle habits, he made little +progress at college, and failed to pass the examinations for a degree. +His father was much annoyed at this, and sent him off to Marseilles to +enter a commercial business. The reports regarding him were, however, +unsatisfactory, as it appeared that he showed no inclination to settle +to hard work and was living a dissolute life.[*] La Conquete de +Plassans. + +After the death of his parents, Serge Mouret, who was about to take +Holy Orders, renounced his share of his father's fortune in favour of +his brother Octave. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had +charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +After three years at Marseilles he came to Paris, where he secured an +appointment as assistant at "The Ladies' Paradise" through the +influence of the Campardons, who were old friends of his mother. He +formed the project of advancing his prospects by making love to Madame +Hedouin, wife of his employer, but she gave him no encouragement. He +resigned his situation, and went as salesman to Auguste Vabre, a +neighbouring silk merchant. Vabre's wife (nee Berthe Josserand) was +not on good terms with her husband, and a liaison was formed between +her and Octave Mouret, which subsisted for some time before it was +discovered by Vabre, who received information from Rachael, his maid- +servant. Mouret returned to his former employment at "The Ladies' +Paradise," and M. Hedouin having died in the interval, he married the +widow a few months afterwards. He had developed keen business ability, +with large ideas, and under his management the shop became one of the +most important in the district. Pot-Bouille. + +In Mouret's hands the business of "The Ladies' Paradise" continued to +grow, and repeated extensions of the building became necessary. While +one of these was in progress, Madame Mouret, who was inspecting the +work, fell into a hole, and as a result of her injuries died three +days afterwards. Mouret remained a widower, and devoted himself to the +extension of his business, though it was believed that a liaison with +Madame Desforges was not the only entanglement of its kind. On the +introduction of Madame Desforges he came to know Baron Hartmann, +director of the Credit Immobilier, who became interested in him, and +eventually found the money necessary to carry out the vast schemes of +extension which he had long had in mind. By this time Denise Baudu had +come to "The Ladies' Paradise" as a saleswoman, and from the first +Mouret had taken an interest in her. This was probably increased by +the fact that she resisted all his advances, and refused all his +offers. Ultimately he became so infatuated by her that he asked her to +marry him, which she agreed to do. By this time the success of "The +Ladies' Paradise" had become triumphant, and the smaller traders of +the district were being crushed out of existence, and driven one by +one into bankruptcy. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +He assisted at the burial of his cousin, Claude Lantier the artist. By +this time he had become very rich, was decorated with the Legion of +Honour, and was desirous of giving the impression of an enlightened +taste for art. L'Oeuvre. + +Octave Mouret, whose immense fortune continued to increase, had +towards the end of 1872 a second child by his wife Denise Baudu, whom +he adored, though he again began to lead a somewhat irregular life. +Their little girl was puny, but the younger child, a boy, took after +his mother, and grew magnificently. Le Docteur Pascal. + +[*] It is interesting to note that by a curious oversight M. Zola in + /Pot-Bouille/ refers to Octave Mouret as having passed the + examination for his bachelor's degree before leaving Plassans, and + states that at Marseilles the lad showed a passion for business + life, being able during his three years' stay there to make a sum + of five thousand francs (two hundred pounds), which he took with + him to Paris. + +MOURET (MADAME CAROLINE), first wife of the preceding. See Madame +Caroline Hedouin. + +MOURET (MADAME DENISE), second wife of Octave Mouret. See Denise +Baudu. + +MOURET (SERGE), born 1841, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +He was a young man of nervous temperament and of somewhat delicate +health. Educated at Plassans, he took his degree at the college there, +and it was intended that he should go to Paris to study for the bar. +The state of his health caused his departure to be delayed, and +meantime he, like his mother, fell under the influence of Abbe Faujas. +Ultimately he decided to abandon the study of the law in order to +become a priest, and against the wishes of his father he entered the +Seminary at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +After being ordained to the priesthood he was appointed cure of Les +Artaud, a small village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants +he ministered with small success. From his parents he had inherited +the family taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the form +of morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever +resulted, and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental past. +Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, in the hope of saving his reason, +removed him to Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion, +where he left him in the care of Albine, the keeper's niece. Here +Serge slowly recovered his health, though the memory of his past was +gone, and his mental development was that of a boy. In that enchanted +garden, lush with foliage and with the scent of flowers, the drama of +life unfolded, and Serge, loving Albine, and oblivious of his vows +unwittingly broke them. A chance meeting with Brother Archangais, and +a glimpse of the world outside the Paradou, recalled to Serge the +recollection of his priesthood, and, filled with horror, he tore +himself from Albine and returned to his cure of souls. A fierce +struggle between love and duty followed, but in the end the Church +conquered, and Albine was left to die, while Serge threw himself even +more feverishly than before into the observances of his faith. La +Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +Sent later to Saint-Eutrope, at the bottom of a marshy gorge, he was +cloistered there with his sister Desiree. He showed a fine humility, +refusing all preferment from his bishop, waiting for death like a holy +man, averse to remedies, although he was already in the early stage of +phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal. + +MOURET (SILVERE), born 1834, son of Mouret, the hatter, and Ursule +Macquart, his wife. After the death of his father, Silvere went to +live with his grandmother Adelaide Fouque. Though poorly educated, he +was fond of reading, and his lonely life with this old half-imbecile +woman increased his own tendency to visionary dreamings. "He was +predisposed to Utopian ideas by certain hereditary influences; his +grandmother's nervous disorders became in him a chronic enthusiasm, +striving after everything that was grandiose and impossible." His +Uncle Antoine Macquart, who hoped through him to annoy the Rougons, +encouraged him in his Republican views, and after the /Coup d'Etat/ he +joined the insurrection which then arose. Miette Chantegreil, a young +girl to whom he was tenderly devoted, accompanied him, but was shot in +the attack by regular troops. He was taken prisoner, and having been +brought back to Plassans, was executed there. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOUSSEAU (ABBE), a priest at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans. + +MOURGUE, a peasant of Poujols, who, armed with a fork, had taken part +in the insurrectionary rising against the /Coup d'Etat/. He was made +prisoner, and was led to Plassans, tied by the arm to Silvere Mouret, +who had also been arrested. He was shot at the same time as Silvere by +Rengade, the gendarme. La Fortune des Rougon. + +MOUTON, a cat which belonged to the Quenus, and was a favourite of +little Pauline. Le Ventre de Paris. + +MUCHE, the name by which Louise Mehudin's son was known in the market. +He was befriended by Florent, who taught him to read and write. Le +Ventre de Paris. + +MUFFAT (MAMAN), wife of General Muffat de Beuville, who was created +Comte by Napoleon I. She was an insufferable old woman, who was always +hand-in-glove with the priests, and had an authoritative manner, which +bent every one to her will. Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse Sabine, was +entirely under her dominion, and was forced by her to lead an almost +cloistered existence. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTE), son of the preceding and of General Muffat +de Beuville. Brought up in the strictest manner by his mother, his +life was one of cold and severe propriety, and being regarded with +favour at the Court, he was appointed Chamberlain to the Empress. He +married Sabine de Chouard, by whom he had one daughter, Estelle. For +seventeen years of married life his career was a pattern of all the +virtues, until a chance meeting with Nana led to an infatuation +amounting to mania. Everything was sacrificed to her, and no +degradation to his self-respect seemed too high a price to pay for her +favour. Disgusted for a time by her liaison with Fontan, he left her, +and turned for amusement to Rose Mignon, but the infatuation for Nana +reasserted itself, and he recovered her good graces by inducing +Bordenave to give her a part which she greatly desired in /La Petite +Duchesse/, a play by Fauchery. He spent vast sums upon Nana, giving +her a magnificent house in the Avenue de Villiers. Her influence over +him became complete, and he even accepted Daguenet, her former lover, +as his son-in-law. He overlooked too his wife's numerous liaisons, as +he required her signature to enable him to raise still more money for +Nana. Muffat's means were coming to an end, however, and the scandal +reached such a height that he was forced to resign his position at the +Tuileries. It was only when he learned that Nana was carrying on a +liaison with his own father-in-law, the aged Marquis de Chouard, that +he finally broke with her, and coming once more under the influence of +Venot, he sought forgetfulness of the past in an exaggerated devotion +to the service of the Church. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTESSE), wife of the preceding. See Sabine de +Chouard. Nana. + +MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding. At sixteen +she was thin and insignificant, seldom speaking, but after her +marriage to Daguenet, she exhibited a will of iron, and completely +dominated her husband. Nana. + +MULLER (BLANCHE), a favourite actress at the Theatre des Varietes. La +Curee. + +MUSSY (M. DE) was an admirer of Renee Saccard, and aspired to be her +lover. He received an appointment on the staff of the London embassy. +La Curee. + + + + N + +NANA. See Anna Coupeau. + +NANA, name of a filly in the racing stable of Vandeuvres. She had been +beaten in several races, and when run for the Grand Prix de Paris was +looked on as an outsider. The success of the filly by fraudulent means +led to the disqualification of the owner. Nana. + +NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French. Referred to in /Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon/ and in /La Debacle/. + +NATHANSOHN, a stockbroker. He came from Besancon, where his father was +a watchmaker. He was very fortunate in his speculations, and soon +became a man of consequence. His Jewish caution prevented him from +becoming involved with Saccard in the affairs of the Universal Bank, +and when that institution collapsed he was in a position to snatch a +fortune from its ruin. L'Argent. + +NAUD, a shoemaker in Rue d'Antin who felt severely the competition of +Octave Mouret's great shop. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +NAUDET, a cousin of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family +council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre. + +NAUDET, a picture-dealer who for some years had been revolutionizing +the trade. He put aside the old cautious methods, the watching for +pictures by beginners, bought for ten francs and sold for fifteen. To +judge by his appearance he might have been a nobleman, and his habits +were in keeping; he was, in fact, a pure speculator in pictures, +caring nothing for art. But he unfailingly scented success; he guessed +what artists ought to be taken up, not the ones likely to develop the +genius of a great painter, but the one whose deceptive talent, set off +by a pretended display of audacity, would command a premium in the +market. He speculated, in fact, on the ignorance and vanity of +amateurs. It was he who invented Fagerolles as a fashion, and made +large sums out of his works. His success in forcing up the prices of +pictures turned his head to some extent, and he even talked of +crushing out all the other dealers. The exaggerated rise in the price +of pictures came, as was inevitable, to an end, and in the fall which +followed Naudet was practically ruined. L'Oeuvre. + +NEGREL (MADAME), sister of M. Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou +mines. She was married to a captain, and after she became a widow +lived at Avignon on a small income, contenting herself with little in +order that she might properly educate her son Paul. Germinal. + +NEGREL (PAUL), son of the preceding. He was an engineer at the Voreux +pit, an appointment which he received from his uncle, M. Hennebeau, +with whom he lived, being treated as one of the family. Madame +Hennebeau, notwithstanding a liaison which subsisted between her and +Negrel, planned for him a marriage with Cecile Gregoire, an +arrangement which was only prevented by the murder of the girl by old +Bonnemort. Negrel posed as taking no interest in the affairs of +practical life, but in the terrible disaster at the Voreux pit he +threw himself into the work of rescue with an ardour beyond praise. +Germinal. + +NOEMI, an actress at the Vaudeville. Madame Deberle admired the +realistic manner in which she died in a piece she played. Une Page +d'Amour. + +NORINE, a vendor of salted provisions, who went around the +neighbourhood of Cloyes. La Terre. + +NORMANDE (LA), the sobriquet of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris. + +NOUGAREDE, an old senator who was on the point of asking the hand of +Clorinde Balbi after having seen her at a ball in the character of +Diana the huntress. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + O + +OCTAVE, the favourite lover of Blanche de Sivry. Nana. + +ORVIEDO (PRINCE D'), came to Paris from Spain with an immense fortune +made on the Stock Exchange. There were strange stories told regarding +the sources of his wealth; stories not more creditable than those told +of the armed bandits of former days, for his robberies, though less +open, were more dangerous. For twenty years he took his share of booty +in all the great financial swindles. He ultimately died of apoplexy. +L'Argent. + +ORVIEDO (PRINCESS D'), was for a time one of the most curious +notabilities of the Second Empire. At the command of her mother, the +Duchesse de Combeville, she married the Prince in ignorance of the +source of his regal fortune, estimated at three hundred millions of +francs (twelve millions sterling). It was said that for twenty years +the Prince had appropriated the lion's share of every great piece of +financial rascality on the Bourses of France and Spain. After his +sudden death from a stroke of apoplexy, the Princess shut up the great +house in the Rue Saint-Lazare and retired with a maid to three rooms +on the second floor, where she lived the life of a recluse. From +thenceforth she lived solely for deeds of charity on a colossal scale. +During five years she founded the St. Mary's Infant Asylum, the St. +Joseph's Orphan Asylum, an Asylum for the aged at Chatillon, a +hospital in the suburbs of Paris, and an institution known as +/L'Oeuvre du Travail/, in which were boarded three hundred waifs and +strays from the streets of Paris. On these foundations, and on other +charities, she spent in five years over a hundred millions of francs. +For some time Saccard assisted her in a disinterested way in carrying +out her schemes, and later he rented from her the premises in which he +started the Universal Bank. As time went on, the Princess seemed to be +swayed more and more by the desire of restitution to the poor of the +uttermost remnants of her husband's fortune. In the end, when she had +divided it all, she retired to a convent of Carmelites, walled off +from the world. L'Argent. + +OZIL, a pointsman at the junction for Dieppe, between the tunnel and +the station of Malaunay. He was in love with Flore, who for a time +seemed to encourage him. He was dismissed from his post on account of +grave negligence caused by Flore, who distracted his attention in +order that he might allow the Havre express to dash into a train +loaded with ballast. The accident was only averted by a new automatic +signalling apparatus. La Bete Humaine. + + + + P + +PACHE, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, in the squad of +Corporal Jean Macquart. He brought from his native village strong +religious principles, and was in the regular habit of saying his +prayers outside his tent. The example of his companions, however, made +him a bad soldier, and during the battle of 1st September, 1870, he +left the ranks, and took refuge in a tavern. After the capitulation of +Sedan, he was imprisoned along with his regiment on the promontory of +Iges. Moved by famine, he concealed some bread from his companions; +but having been denounced by Chouteau, he refused to share the spoil, +and was murdered by Lapoulle, who stabbed him with a knife. La +Debacle. + +PAILLOT, a farmer in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + +PALETTE (LA MERE), a poultry-seller at the Central Markets in Paris. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +PALOQUE, a judge. He and his wife were said to be the ugliest couple +in Plassans, and in addition were far from popular. Madame Mouret +having asked the assistance of Madame Paloque in connection with the +Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she agreed to act on the +Committee, and became Treasurer. At the opening ceremony, however, the +Bishop omitted to make reference to her services, and she took great +offence, becoming afterwards very irregular in her work, and declining +to perform any duties that she did not fancy. This ultimately led to +the appointment of a paid Secretary for the institution, Honore +Trouche, the brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas being selected. The +Paloques were antagonistic to Faujas, but on getting a hint from +Madame de Condamin that he had the backing of the Government and would +see that they were rewarded, they came over to his side, and assisted +him in "the conquest of Plassans" by the Bonapartist candidate. La +Conquete de Plassans. + +PARABOULOMENOS, a name given by the pupils of the college of Plassans +to the youth who served in the kitchen. L'Oeuvre. + +PARALLELUCA, the sobriquet given by the pupils of the College of +Plassans to a scullery-maid employed there. It was alleged that there +was a love-idyll between her and Paraboulomenos, both of whom were +extremely ugly. L'Oeuvre. + +PASCAL (LE DOCTEUR). See Pascal Rougon. + +PATOIR, a veterinary surgeon at Cloyes. La Terre. + +PAUVRE ENFANT, a young trooper of the 5th regiment of the line, who +was fatally wounded at the battle of Sedan, and died in the ambulance +at Remilly. He received the name because he continually repeated the +words regarding himself, saying that his mother had always called him +so. He died in the arms of Henriette Weiss, whom in his delirium he +named "Mother." La Debacle. + +PAYAN, a stone-cutter from the South, whose friends had views of +making him an artist. He was a lover of Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered +from her a large quantity of furniture given her by Duveyrier. +Pot-Bouille. + +PECHARD (ANTOINE), a neighbour of the Fouans. He owned eighteen acres +of land when he married La Grande, who brought him seven acres more. +He died young, leaving one daughter. La Terre. + +PECHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See La Grand. La Terre. + +PECHARD (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of Antoine Pechard and Marianne +Fouan, his wife. As she insisted on marrying a poor youth named +Vincent Bouteroue, her mother cast her out. Misfortunes pursued the +young couple, both of whom died within a few years, leaving two +children in profound misery. La Terre. + +PECQUEUX, a stoker in the employment of the Western Railway Company. +He was married to Mere Victoire, the old nurse of Severine Aubry. His +original intention was to qualify as an engine-driver, but time passed +without advancement, and later there was an insuperable barrier in his +own conduct, for he was given to drinking bouts which converted him +for the time into a savage animal, capable of any violence. His wife +lived at Paris, while Philomene Sauvagnat helped him to pass the hours +he was compelled to spend at Havre, an arrangement which had the +concurrence of Victoire. Pecqueux had the devotion of a dog for his +comrade Jacques Lantier, who concealed his vices and shared with him a +love for their engine, "La Lison." Philomene, however, excited his +jealousy by her attentions to Lantier, and the former friendship of +the two comrades became changed to fierce enmity. At length it +happened that one night, as their engine was drawing eighteen trucks +of soldiers towards the seat of war in Prussia, Pecqueux in a sudden +access of madness attacked Lantier, and, after a fierce struggle on +the narrow foot-plate, the two fell off, and were cut in pieces +beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine. + +PEIROTTE, receiver of taxes at Plassans. He was taken as a hostage by +the Republican insurgents and was inadvertently shot by the troops +which crushed the rising. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PEQUEUR DES SAULAIES (M.), sub-prefect of Plassans. He fell into +disfavour with the Government on account of the election of a +Legitimist Deputy. For some time he was afraid to compromise himself +with Abbe Faujas, but having received a hint from Madame de Condamin, +who had influential friends in Paris, he allied himself with the Abbe. +The result was the election of Delangre, who though nominally +independent, was actually the Government candidate. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +PEQUIGNOT, a friend of the Lorilleux. He was a furniture dealer. +L'Assommoir. + +PERDIGUET, a singer known to Malignon, who promised to take him to the +children's party at Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour. + +PERE COLOMBE, owner of the /Assommoir/, a public-house which was +largely the scene of the downfall of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, +his wife. L'Assommoir. + +PEROU (LA MERE), an old woman employed by Gourd, the concierge, to do +cleaning work. Terrorized by his brutality she agreed to accept less +wages. Pot-Bouille. + +PHASIE (AUNT), was the wife of Misard, and the mother of Flore and +Louisette. She was a cousin of the Lantiers and was godmother to +Jacques, who was left in her charge when his parents went to Paris. +Her first husband died, leaving her with two daughters, and she +married for a second time Misard, a little man, cunning and +avaricious, who was five years her senior. Jacques found them later, +living in Normandy at Croix-de-Maufras on the line to Havre, where +Misard was signalman, and his wife had charge of the level crossing. +It was a miserable existence, without neighbours or any one to speak +to, without even anything to look at, except the trains constantly +rushing past. Aunt Phasie, as she had always been called by Jacques +Lantier, was a tall, handsome woman, but since her second marriage she +had aged so rapidly that at forty-five she looked over sixty. The +truth was that between her and Misard there was going on a duel to the +death; Aunt Phasie had received a legacy of a thousand francs from her +father, and this she obstinately refused to allow her husband to +share, having indeed hidden the money to prevent him from taking it. +Misard, overcome by avarice, slowly killed his wife with poison placed +in the salt, but, though she had the strongest suspicions, she would +nether take action against him nor tell him the hiding-place of her +little hoard. And so she died, carrying the secret with her; but in +the end she triumphed, for search as he might, Misard never discovered +the hidden treasure. La Bete Humaine. + +PICHINETTE, a horse entered for the Grand Prix de Paris. It was +withdrawn before the race. Nana. + +PICHON (JULES), a clerk who lived in the house in Rue de Choiseul +occupied also by Octave Mouret. His means were small, and he was +obliged to work hard, frequently till late at night, his wife being +necessarily left much alone. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (MARIE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of M. and +Madame Vuillaume, by whom she was strictly brought up. A dreamy +unpractical woman, she fell under the influence of Octave Mouret, her +next-door neighbour, and a liaison existed between them for a +considerable time, with results which caused much annoyance to her +parents. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (LILITTE), infant daughter of the preceding. Pot-Bouille. + +PICHON (ROSALIE), Madame Helene Grandjean's maid-servant. She was an +honest country girl who had been brought to Paris by Abbe Jouve on the +recommendation of a village priest, in whose house she had been +brought up. She served her mistress faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin +Lacour, her sweetheart, with a hand of iron. Une Page d'Amour. + +PICOT, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the first division of the +seventh Army Corps. After the defeats of Wissenbourg and +Froeschwiller, Picot, half dead with fatigue and slightly wounded, was +left behind in a ditch with his comrade Coutard of the first corps. +They were only able to rejoin the army at Rheims on 22nd August, 1870, +arriving with their clothes worn out and covered with mud, and having +more the appearance of bandits than of soldiers. La Debacle. + +PICOU (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the +success of the /Coup d'Etat/. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PIED-DE-CELERI, a friend of Coupeau. He had a wooden leg, from which +he received his nickname. L'Assommoir. + +PIEDEFER (LAURE), kept a cheap restaurant in Rue des Martyrs, which +was much frequented by a certain class of demi-mondaines. Laure +appeared to be on intimate terms with her customers, as they usually +kissed her when they entered. Nana. + +PIEDEFER (ZOE), an artist's model who lived in Rue Campagne-Premiere. +She was a tall brunette. L'Oeuvre. + +PIERRE, Dr. Deberle's butler. Une Page d'Amour. + +PIERRE, an employee at /Au Bonheur des Dames/. He was waiter in the +dining-room of the shop assistants. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PIERRON, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. He was a widower with a +little girl aged eight, Lydie, when he married for the second time, +the daughter of La Brule. Though he took part in the strike he +betrayed his companions, giving information to the company through +Dansaert, his wife's lover. After the attack on the pit Pierron was +arrested by mistake, and was taken off with handcuffs at his wrists as +far as Marchiennes, to the great amusement of his mates. He was +subsequently promoted to be captain of a gang, but his excessive zeal +made him disliked by his men. Germinal. + +PIERRON (LYDIE), daughter of the preceding, was a fragile child, who +when ten years old was already working in the pit. Her constant +companions were Jeanlin Maheu and Bebert Levaque, with whom she made +many raids in search of food during the strike. She was killed by the +volley fired by the troops at the strikers attacking the Voreux pit. +Germinal. + +PIERRONNE (LA), the second wife of Pierron, was a daughter of La +Brule. She was allowed by the Company to sell sweetmeats and biscuits, +which were a considerable source of revenue. Dansaert, the head +captain of the Voreux pit, was her lover, and through him she obtained +various favours, giving him in exchange information as to the +intentions of the strikers. After the strike she was enabled to +acquire the little /Estaminet du Progres/. Germinal. + +PIFARD, an usher at the college of Plassans, whose wonderful nose kept +betraying his presence behind doors when its owner went eavesdropping. +L'Oeuvre. + +PILLERAULT, a speculator on the Bourse, whose guiding principle was +recklessness; he declared that he plunged into catastrophes whenever +he paused to reflect. He was ruined by the failure of the Universal +Bank. L'Argent. + +PIOT AND RIVOIRE, a firm of furniture-dealers, whose business was +seriously affected when Octave Mouret added a furniture department to +"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PIQUETTE kept an /estaminet/ at Montsou, where Chaval lodged. +Germinal. + +PLOUGUERN (M. DE) was a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the +reign of Louis Philippe. After the Revolution of February, 1848, he +manifested a sudden affection for the Republic, and later, when the +Emperor granted him the refuge of the Senate, he was a Bonapartist. He +was a man of high birth and breeding, and though a sceptic, defended +religion and family life. During a journey in Italy he met Comtesse +Balbi, whose lover he remained for thirty years. According to some, +Clorinde Balbi was his daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +PLUCHART, a former workman who was now secretary of a branch of the +International Association of workers. He had been Etienne Lantier's +foreman at Lille, and at his request came to Montsou to address the +miners there. As a result of his visit ten thousand miners joined the +International Association. Germinal. + +POIRETTE (LE PERE), a countryman of Bennecourt, with small eyes and +the face of a wolf. He was the owner of an old cottage, which Claude +Lantier and Christine rented from him for two hundred and fifty francs +a year. L'Oeuvre. + +POISSON (M.), who was originally a cabinet-maker, served his time as a +soldier, and ultimately got a place as a policeman, which he +considered more certain and respectable. He married Virginie, who +afterwards went into business as a dealer in groceries and sweetmeats +in the shop previously occupied by Gervaise Coupeau. Auguste Lantier, +who had for some time lodged with the Coupeaus, remained with the +Poissons, and lived at their expense. M. Poisson affected not to +observe the resulting liaison between his wife and Lantier. +L'Assommoir. + +POISSON (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Virginie. L'Assommoir. + +POLAND, a pet rabbit which belonged to Rasseneur, and was a favourite +of Souvarine. Germinal. + +POMARE (LA REINE), a rag-picker, who had formerly been one of the +handsomest women in Paris. Now, for the sake of a laugh, the women of +the district made her drink absinthe, after which the street boys +would chase her and throw stones. Nana. + +PORQUIER (DR.) the fashionable medical man of Plassans. He had +considerable influence, and this was secured by Abbe Faujas on behalf +of the Government's candidate for the representation of Plassans by +the promise of an appointment for his son, Guillaume, a young man who +had hitherto given him much trouble. La Conquete de Plassans. + +PORQUIER (GUILLAUME), son of Dr. Porquier, had been sent to Paris to +study, but did nothing there but get into debt. He caused his father +much distress, and was supposed to afford the worst possible example +to the youth of Plassans, whom he was believed to lead into all kinds +of mischief. Ultimately, as a reward to his father, who had supported +Delangre as representative of Plassans, Porquier was appointed chief +clerk at the post office. La Conquete de Plassans. + +POUILLAUD, a fellow-pupil of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz at the +college of Plassans. While there he was an inveterate practical joker, +one of his escapades being the transformation of Professor Lalubie's +room into a /chapelle ardente/. L'Oeuvre. + +POWELL (MISS), second assistant in the corset department at /Au +Bonheur des Dames/. She was able to play the piano, a talent of which +the other assistants were jealous. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +POZZO (LUIGI), Secretary to the Sardinian Minister at Paris. +"Diplomatist, painter, musician, and lover." A friend of Clorinde +Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +PRICE, an English jockey who mounted the filly Nana in the Grand Prix +de Paris. Nana. + +PRINCE IMPERIAL. Referred to in /Son Excellence Eugene Rougon/. + +PROUANE, a retired non-commissioned officer in the navy, who acted as +beadle to Abbe Harteur, as well as fulfilling the duties of Mayor's +clerk. He eked out a livelihood by gathering shell-fish, but when he +had any money he was usually in a state of intoxication. La Joie de +Vivre. + +PRULLIERE, an actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played in +/La Blonde Venus/ and /La Petite Duchesse/. Nana. + +PRUNAIRE (LE PERE), a maker of sabots, who lived at Vivet. Furious at +the conduct of his daughter Clara, he threatened to go to Paris and +break her bones with kicks of his sabots. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PRUNAIRE (CLARA), daughter of a clog-maker in the forest of Vilet, +came to Paris and got a situation in "The Ladies' Paradise." She lived +a fast life, and, after alluring Colomban away from Genevieve Baudu, +his intended wife, she ultimately disappeared. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +PUECH, senior partner of the firm of Puech and Lacamp, oil-dealers in +Plassans; was father of Felicite Puech. La Fortune des Rougon. + +PUECH AND LACAMP, a firm of oil-dealers in Plassans, who were in +financial difficulties when Pierre Rougon married Felicite, the +daughter of the senior partner. The money put into the business by +Rougon retrieved the position of the firm, and, the two partners +having retired soon afterwards, he acquired the sole interest in it. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +PUECH (FELICITE). See Madame Felicite Rougon. + +PUTOIS (MADAME), one of the workwomen employed by Gervaise Coupeau in +her laundry. She was a little, lean woman of forty-five, "who worked +at her ironing table without even taking off her bonnet, a black +bonnet trimmed with green ribbons turning yellow." In character she +was severely respectable. L'Assommoir. + + + + Q + +QUANDIEU, the oldest captain of the Montsou mines. During the strike, +the energetic position taken up by him saved the Mirou pit from +destruction by the infuriated strikers. Germinal. + +QUENU (MADAME) was a widow with one son when she married her second +husband, M. Quenu, a clerk in the sub-prefecture at Le Vigan. Three +years after, M. Quenu died, leaving a son. Madame Quenu lavished all +her affection on Florent, her elder son, and stinted herself to the +verge of starvation in order that he might continue his legal studies. +Before these were completed she succumbed to the hardship of her life. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +QUENU, the half-brother of Florent. After the death of his mother, he +was taken to Paris by Florent, who supported him by teaching. He was +at first idle and unsettled, but after Florent's arrest he was taken +in by his uncle Gradelle, to whose business of pork-butcher, as well +as to a considerable sum of money, he ultimately succeeded. After his +uncle's death he married Lisa Macquart, who had previously assisted in +the shop, and they had a daughter, Pauline. Business prospered, and +the Quenus were soon in a position to remove to larger premises. +Florent on his return from exile was kindly received by Quenu, who +later on took no part in the efforts made by his wife to induce his +brother to leave voluntarily. He was ignorant of his wife's action +with reference to the subsequent arrest of Florent. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +He died of apoplexy in 1863, six months after the death of his wife, +leaving a will under which M. Chanteau, his cousin became the guardian +of his daughter Pauline. La Joie de Vivre. + +QUENU (MADAME LISA), wife of the preceding. See Lisa Macquart. + +QUENU (PAULINE), born 1852, daughter of Quenu, the pork-butcher, and +Lisa Macquart, his wife. A quiet, amiable child, she unwittingly gave +Mlle. Saget, who bullied her, information regarding her uncle +Florent's history, which led to the clamour against him in the Market, +and ultimately to his arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + +After the death of her father, who left her a fortune of a hundred and +fifty thousand francs, Pauline went in 1863 to live at Bonneville with +M. Chanteau, her guardian. She soon endeared herself to her relatives, +and became much attached to her cousin Lazare. As she grew up and her +nature developed, it became more and more her pleasure to sacrifice +herself to her friends. She allowed her fortune to be squandered by +the Chanteaus, and though engaged to be married to Lazare, she +released him in order that he might marry another girl with whom he +had become infatuated. After his mania became acute, it was she who +endeavoured to comfort him, and to dispel his unreasoning fear of +death. She never married. La Joie de Vivre. + +After the death of Chanteau, she remained at Bonneville, resolved +never to marry, in order that she might devote herself entirely to +Lazare's little son, Paul. Le Docteur Pascal. + +QUINETTE, a glover in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustine, whose business was +seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +QUITTARD (AUGUSTE), son of Francoise Quittard. He was a child of six +years of age, who was so ill of typhoid fever that he could not be +removed from Bazeilles when the place was attacked by the Prussians. +Early in the day, his mother was killed by a cannon ball, and the poor +child lay for hours tossing with fever and calling for her. He was +burned to death in his bed, as the Prussians, infuriated by the length +of the struggle, wantonly set fire to the village. La debacle. + +QUITTARD (FRANCOISE), widow of a mason, and now caretaker of the dye- +works at Bazeilles, which belonged to Delaherche. Before the battle +all the workers made their escape into Belgium, but Francoise was +unable to leave on account of the illness of her little son. Early in +the attack by the Prussians, the unfortunate woman was killed by a +cannon ball. La Debacle. + + + + R + +RABIER, a tanner of Beaumont. He was a brother of Madame Franchomme, +and after her death she left the child Angelique in the care of him +and his wife. They treated the girl with such cruelty that she +ultimately ran away, finding shelter with the Huberts. Le Reve. + +RACHAEL, the maid-servant in Auguste Vabre's household. As Octave +Mouret and Madame Vabre did not bribe her sufficiently, she revealed +their intrigue to Vabre. She acted as his housekeeper for some time, +but had to leave after the reconciliation between him and his wife. +Pot-Bouille. + +RAMBAUD (M.), half-brother of Abbe Jouve, had a large business in the +Rue de Rambuteau, where he sold oil and other southern produce. Along +with Abbe Jouve he showed much kindness to Helene Grandjean after the +death of her husband, and was a constant visitor at her house. Later +on, the Abbe tried to arrange a marriage between Rambaud and Helene, +but at her request the decision was delayed. Meantime the love episode +with Doctor Deberle intervened, followed by the death of Jeanne. Two +years afterwards the marriage took place, Rambaud having previously +sold his Paris business and removed to Marseilles. Une Page d'Amour. + +He retired from business and went to live at Marseilles. Having by his +marriage become a cousin of Madame Lisa Quenu, he was appointed a +member of the family council which nominally had charge of her +daughter's fortune. La Joie de Vivre. + +Rambaud led a happy life with his wife, whom he adored. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +RAMBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret. + +RAMOND (DR.), a pupil and fellow-practitioner of Dr. Pascal. He wished +to marry Clotilde Rougon, but she refused him, and he subsequently +married Mademoiselle Leveque. When Doctor Pascal was seized with an +affection of the heart, Ramond diagnosed the nature of the illness, +and subsequently attended him with unremitting care until his death. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +RAMOND (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Leveque. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +RANVIER (ABBE), succeeded Abbe Jouve as cure at Montsou. He was of +socialistic tendencies, and blamed the middle classes, who he said +robbed the Church, for all the horrors produced by the strike at +Montsou. Upon the troops who had been called on to fire upon the +strikers, he called down the anger of God, predicting an hour of +justice in which fire would descend from heaven to exterminate the +bourgeoisie. He was finally removed by the Bishop as too compromising. +Germinal. + +RASSENEUR kept a tavern with the sign /A l'Avantage/ between the +settlement of the Deux-Cent-Quarante and the Voreux pit. He was +formerly a good workman, but as he was an excellent speaker, and +placed himself at the head of every strike, he was dismissed by the +Mining Company. His wife already held a licence, and when he was +thrown out of work he became an innkeeper himself. It was in his house +that Etienne Lantier found lodgings when he first came to Montsou, and +Souvarine also lodged there. Rasseneur's readiness of speech gave him +great influence with the miners, but a rivalry arose between him and +Lantier, whose new theories caught the popular ear. This jealousy +caused him to take a side against the strike, solely because it had +been proposed by Lantier, and this attitude made him very unpopular. +But after the failure of the strike, which he had all along predicted, +the inconstancy of the crowd turned in his favour and he soon regained +his old popularity. Germinal. + +RASSENEUR (MADAME), wife of the preceding. At the time her husband was +dismissed from the pit, she already held a licence, and they +subsequently worked together to extend the business, in which they had +considerable success. She was much more radical in politics than her +husband, but during the strike trouble was careful to show extreme +politeness to everyone. Germinal. + +RASTOIL, a neighbour of Francois Mouret. He was a rich man about sixty +years of age, who had been president of the civil tribunal of Plassans +for over twenty years. He was a Legitimist, and his house was used as +a convenient meeting-place for the party. For some time he refused to +compromise his political position with Abbe Faujas, who had all along +concealed his opinions. Ultimately, however, he supported the +candidate for the representation of Plassans proposed by Faujas, for +which he was rewarded by an appointment for his son. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +RASTOIL (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a listless and somewhat +prudish woman whose old entanglement with M. Delangre was still +remembered with amusement in the cafes. She was consulted by Madame +Mouret regarding the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and +ultimately agreed to act on the committee. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (ANGELINE), elder daughter of M. Rastoil, the president of the +civil tribunal of Plassans. Though twenty-six years old, and now very +yellow and shrewish-looking, she still adopted the role of a young +girl, and had hopes of securing a husband. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RASTOIL (AURELIE), second daughter of M. Rastoil. Like her sister +Angeline, she was plain-looking, and posed as a girl fresh from +school, in the uncertain hope of gaining a husband. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +RASTOIL (SEVERIN), son of M. Rastoil, the president of the civil +tribunal of Plassans. "He was a tall young man of five and twenty, +with a badly shaped skull and a dull brain, who had been just called +to the Bar, thanks to the position which his father held. The latter +was anxiously dreaming of making him a substitute, despairing of his +ever succeeding in winning any practice for himself." On the +suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a share in starting the Club for +Young Men at Plassans. After the election of M. Delangre as +representative of Plassans, Rastoil received the appointment of +assistant public procurator at Faverolles. La Conquete de Plassans. + +RAVAUD, a captain of the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. A young soldier in his company was the first of +the wounded to be taken to the ambulance in Delaherche's house on 1st +September, 1870. In March, 1871, captain Ravaud was at Paris, in a +regiment of recent formation, the 124th of the line. Jean Macquart was +corporal in his company in this regiment. La Debacle. + +READING (LORD), proprietor of a racing stable. Bramah, one of his +horses, once gained the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +REBUFAT, a farmer whose land adjoined that inherited by Adelaide +Fouque. He purchased the Fouque property when it was sold by Pierre +Rougon. After the death of his wife Rebufat and his son Justin treated +her niece Miette Chantegreil very harshly. La Fortune des Rougon. + +REBUFAT (MADAME EULALIE), wife of the preceding; "a big, dark, +stubborn shrew." She was a sister of Chantegreil, and was therefore +the aunt of Miette, who lived with her after her father's conviction. +La Fortune des Rougon. + +REBUFAT (JUSTIN), son of Rebufat. "A youth about twenty years old, a +sickly, squint-eyed creature, who cherished an implacable hatred +against his cousin Miette." La Fortune des Rougon. + +REMANJOU (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who lived in the same tenement +house in Rue de la Goutte d'Or as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux, +where she made a scanty livelihood by dressing dolls. She was one of +the guests at the Coupeaus' wedding party. L'Assommoir. + +RENAUDIN, a notary at Paris, who adjusted the Contract of Marriage +between Auguste Vabre and Berthe Josserand. He acted in concert with +Duveyrier in selling some heritable property to the loss of other +members of the family. Pot-Bouille. + +RENAUDIN, a medical man at Grenelle. Josephine Dejoie was at one time +cook in his house. L'Argent. + +RENGADE, a gendarme whose eye was accidentally destroyed by Silvere +Mouret during a struggle for possession of a carbine after the entry +of the insurgents into Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon. + +REUTHLINGUER (BARON DE), a banker, and possessor of one of the largest +fortunes in Europe. He was a friend of Clorinde Balbi, and from her +received valuable information on political subjects. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +RHADAMANTE, the sobriquet of a professor at the college of Plassans. +He was supposed never to have laughed. L'Oeuvre. + +RICHOMME, one of the captains of the Voreux pit. He tried in vain to +prevent a collision between the strikers and the troops, and even when +bricks were being thrown he went between two parties, imploring one +and advising the other, careless of danger. He was one of the first to +fall when the troops ultimately fired. Germinal. + +RIVOIRE, a member of the firm of Piot and Rivoire. Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +ROBERT (MADAME), a regular customer at the restaurant Laure Piedefer. +She was jealous of Nana's relations with Satin, and revenged herself +by writing anonymous letters to Muffat and to other lovers of her +enemy. Nana. + +ROBIN-CHAGOT (VISCOUNT DE), vice-chairman of the board of directors of +the Universal Bank. He was selected for the position in the belief +that he would sign anything put before him without making too many +inquiries. L'Argent. + +ROBINEAU, "second hand" in the silk department at "The Ladies' +Paradise." As the result of a conspiracy among his subordinates, he +was dismissed, and soon afterwards bought the business of M. Vincard, +a silk merchant, with money belonging to his wife. His capital was +inadequate, but M. Gaujean, a silk manufacturer who had quarrelled +with Octave Mouret, promised to give him unlimited credit. Robineau's +intention was to break up the monopoly of the cheaper class of silks +which Mouret had secured, but he soon found that each reduction in +price which he made was met by a still larger one. As he had no other +departments out of which to average his profits, ruin inevitably +followed, and he attempted to commit suicide by throwing himself under +an omnibus; his injuries were not serious, however, and he ultimately +recovered. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ROBINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "Daughter of an overseer in +the Department of Highways, entirely ignorant of business matters, she +still retained the charming awkwardness of a girl educated in a Blois +convent." Her small fortune enabled her husband to buy the silk +business of M. Vincard, and she assisted him in carrying it on. Their +subsequent ruin affected her less than the attempted suicide of her +husband, to whom she was devoted. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +ROBINE, a regular attender at the revolutionary meetings in Lebigre's +wine-shop. He sat for hours listening to arguments but never made any +remarks. He escaped arrest. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROBINE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived with her husband in Rue +Saint-Denis. No one ever entered their house, and even her personal +appearance was unknown to her husband's friends. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROBINOT (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour. + +ROBIQUET, farmer of La Chamade. Being near the end of his lease, he +ceased to manure the land, allowing it to go to ruin. He was +eventually turned out as he did not pay his rent. La Terre. + +ROCHART (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Faverolles. He upheld the Sisters of +the Holy Family in the matter of the succession to Chevassu's estate, +but was beaten by Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, who supported +the claim of the Charbonnels. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROCHAS, lieutenant in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by +Colonel de Vineuil. The son of a journeyman mason from Limousin, he +was born in Paris, and not caring for his father's calling, enlisted +when he was only eighteen. He gained a corporal's stripes in Algeria, +rose to the rank of sergeant at Sebastopol, and was promoted to a +lieutenancy after Solferino. Fifteen years of hardship and heroic +bravery was the price he had paid to be an officer, but his education +was so defective that he could never be made a captain. He held the +old traditions that a defeat of the French army was impossible, and +all through the campaign against Germany in 1870 he refused to believe +in the repeated catastrophes. In the fierce attack by the Prussians on +the Hermitage, he fought desperately against an overwhelming force, +and up to the end encouraged his men by shouting that the victory was +theirs. In the end he fell, mowed down by a hail of bullets. La +Debacle. + +ROCHEFONTAINE, proprietor of a large factory at Chateaudun. He was +desirous of serving as a Deputy, but did not secure the support of the +Government, and, standing as an independent candidate, was defeated. +Later, in consequence of the disgrace of M. de Chedeville, he became +the official candidate, and in spite of a brusqueness of manner which +made him unpopular, he was elected. La Terre. + +RODRIGUEZ, a distant relative of the Empress, who made a claim upon +the State for a large sum, which he said had been due since 1808. +Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, gave great offence to the +Empress by opposing the claim. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROGNES-BOUQUEVAL (LES), an ancient and noble family whose estate, +already much reduced by enforced sales, was declared national property +in 1793, and was purchased piece by piece by Isidore Hourdequin. La +Terre. + +ROIVILLE (LES), members of Parisian society at whose house Baroness +Sandorff occasionally met Gundermann. L'Argent. + +ROSALIE, an old chair-mender at Rognes. The poor woman lived all +alone, sick and without a copper. Abbe Godard came to her assistance. +La Terre. + +ROSE, a waitress in Lebigre's wine-shop. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROSE, servant in the household of Francois Mouret, was an old woman of +crabbed nature and uncertain temper. She fell under the influence of +Abbe Faujas, and encouraged her mistress in the religious observances +which led to the neglect of her family. Later, when Madame Mouret's +health became impaired, and she became subject to fits, it was chiefly +Rose who threw suspicion on her master, encouraging the belief that he +was insane and had inflicted injuries on his wife. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +ROSE, a peasant girl at Artaud; sister of Lisa. La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +ROSE, maid-servant to Madame Hennebeau. She was not alarmed by the +violence of the strikers, as, belonging to that district, she knew the +miners, and believed them not to be wicked. Germinal. + +ROSE, daughter of the concierge at the sub-prefecture at Sedan. She +was a worker in Delaherche's factory, and he applied to her for +information regarding the course of the battle, as she was in a +position to hear the gossip of the officers and officials. When +Napoleon III decided to request an armistice from the Prussians, it +was Rose who furnished a tablecloth to be used as a white flag. La +Debacle. + +ROSE, niece of Aristide Saccard's hairdresser. She was a pretty girl +of about eighteen, whom Saccard sent to his son Maxime under the +pretext of nursing him, but in reality with a view to hastening the +course of a nervous disease from which the young man suffered. +Aristide agreed to pay her a percentage on the fortune which he hoped +to acquire at his son's death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUBAUD, assistant station-master at Havre. Born in the south of +France, at Plassans, he had a carter for father. He had quitted the +army with the stripes of a sergeant-major, and for a long time had +been general porter at the station at Nantes. He had been promoted +head porter at Barentin, and it was there that he first saw Severine +Aubry, the god-daughter of President Grandmorin, whom he married. This +was the sole romance of his existence, and it was coupled with +fortune, for apart from Severine and her marriage portion of ten +thousand francs, the President, now a director of the Western Railway +Company, got him appointed assistant station-master at Havre. He +proved an excellent official, and the only thing against him was a +suspicion that he was affected by republican principles. For three +years Roubaud's married life was a happy one, until a chance lie of +his wife's gave him a clue to her former relations with Grandmorin. +Driven frantic by jealousy, he forced her to reveal the truth, +afterwards compelling her to become his accomplice in the murder of +the President in the Havre express. The Roubauds established an alibi, +though slight suspicion attached to them, and Denizet, the examining +magistrate, endeavoured to fasten the crime on Cabuche. For political +reasons it was not considered desirable that Grandmorin's character +should be publicly discussed, and the inquiry regarding the murder was +dropped. Roubaud was aware, however, that Jacques Lantier had strong +suspicions, and tried to secure his silence by making him a friend; a +friendship which soon developed into a liaison between Lantier and +Severine. With the murder of Grandmorin, the disintegration of +Roubaud's character began; he gradually became a confirmed gambler, +and having lost all his own money began to use that which he had taken +from the body of his victim in order to establish a false motive for +the crime. The relations between him and his wife became more and more +strained, until they reached such a pitch that Lantier and she planned +his murder. The homicidal frenzy of Lantier, to which Severine fell a +victim, ended the plot, but Roubaud and Cabuche, who arrived on the +scene immediately after the murder, were arrested under what appeared +to be suspicious circumstances, and, after trial, were sentenced to +penal servitude for a crime which they did not commit. La Bete +Humaine. + +ROUBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Severine Aubry. La Bete +Humaine. + +ROUDIER, a regular attender at the political meetings held in the +Rougons' yellow drawing-room. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ROUGE D'AUNEAU (LE), lieutenant of Beau-Francois, leader of the band +of brigands. He wrote a complaint while in prison. La Terre. + +ROUGETTE, a cow bought by the sisters Mouche at the market of Cloyes. +La Terre. + +ROUGON, a young gardener who worked for the Fouque family, and +afterwards married Adelaide. Fifteen months afterwards he died from +sunstroke, leaving a son named Pierre. La Fortune des Rougon. + +ROUGON, alias SACCARD (ARISTIDE), born 1815, youngest son of Pierre +Rougon, was educated, like his brothers, at Plassans and Paris, but +failed to pass his examinations. His character was a combination of +covetousness and slyness: his greatest desire was the acquisition of +rapid fortune, gained without work. In 1836 he married Angele +Sicardot, who brought him a dowry of ten thousand francs. As Aristide +did no work, and lived extravagantly, the money was soon consumed, and +he and his wife were in such poverty that he was at last compelled to +seek a situation. He procured a place at the Sub-Prefecture, where he +remained nearly ten years, and only reached a salary of eighteen +hundred francs. During that time "he longed, with ever-increasing +malevolence and rancour, for those enjoyments of which he was +deprived" by his lowly position. In 1848, when his brother Eugene left +for Paris, he had a faint idea of following him, but remained in the +hope of something turning up. In opposition to his father, he +expressed Republican principles, and edited a newspaper called the +/Independant/. At the time of the /Coup d'Etat/, he became alarmed at +the course of events, and pretended that an accident to his hand +prevented him from writing. His mother having given him private +information as to the success of the Bonapartist cause, he changed the +politics of his paper, and became reconciled to his parents. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +Early in 1852 he went to Paris, taking with him his wife and daughter +Clotilde, then a child of four; his son Maxime he left at Plassans. +Through the influence of his brother Eugene, he got an appointment as +assistant surveying clerk at the /Hotel de Ville/, with a salary of +two thousand four hundred francs. Before entering on his duties, +however, he changed his name to Saccard on the suggestion of his +brother, who feared that he might be compromised by him. In 1853, +Aristide was appointed a surveying commissioner of roads, with an +increased salary. At this period great schemes of city improvement +were under discussion, and Aristide by spying and other shady means +got early information as to the position of the proposed new streets. +Great chances of fortune were arising, but he had no capital. The +death of his wife enabled him to enter into a plan proposed by his +sister Sidonie, who had heard of a family willing to make a +considerable sacrifice to find a not too inquisitive husband for their +daughter. He accordingly married Renee Beraud du Chatel, and gained +control of a considerable sum of ready money, in addition to the +fortune settled on his wife. By means of a cleverly contrived swindle, +in which he was assisted by his friend Larsonneau, he got a fabulous +price for some property acquired by him, and the foundation of his +fortune was laid. From this time, he lived a life of the wildest +extravagance, and, though his gains were frequently enormous, his +expenses were so great that it was only with difficulty that he was +able to prevent a catastrophe. La Curee. + +He as appointed by Pauline Quenu's family council to be her "surrogate +guardian." La Joie de Vivre. + +After a last and disastrous land speculation, Saccard was obliged to +leave his great house in the Parc Monceau, which he abandoned to his +creditors. At first undecided as to his movements, he took a flat in +the mansion in Rue Saint-Lazare, which belonged to Princess d'Orviedo. +There he met Hamelin, the engineer, and his sister Caroline, with whom +he soon became on intimate terms. Hamelin having spent much time in +the East, had formed many schemes for great financial ventures, and +Saccard was so impressed with these that he formed a syndicate for the +purpose of carrying some of them out. With this view the Universal +Bank was formed, and was at first very successful. By persistent +advertising, and other means, the shares of the Bank were forced to an +undue price, and then Saccard began to speculate in them on behalf of +the Bank itself. The great financier Gundermann, with whom Saccard had +quarrelled, then began a persistent attack on the Bank, selling its +shares steadily day after day. Saccard continued to buy as long as he +was able; but the end came, the price broke, and he, as well as the +Bank, which was now one of its own largest shareholders, was ruined. +Since his previous failure, Saccard had not been on friendly terms +with his brother Eugene Rougon, and, some time before the collapse of +the Bank, had made violent attacks upon him in his newspaper. +Consequently Rougon did nothing to assist him in the criminal +proceedings which followed the final catastrophe; he did not, however, +wish to have a brother in jail, and arranged matters so that an appeal +was allowed. Next day Saccard escaped to Belgium. L'Argent. + +After the fall of the Second Empire, he returned to Paris, despite the +sentence he had incurred. Some complicated intrigue must have been at +work, for not only did he obtain a pardon, but once more took part in +promoting large undertakings, with a finger in every pie and a share +of every bribe. In 1872 he was actively engaged in journalism, having +been appointed Director of the /Epoque/, a Republican journal which +made a great success by publishing the papers found in the Tuileries. +Covetous of his son's fortune, he hastened a disease from which Maxime +suffered, by encouraging him in vicious courses, and in the end got +possession of the whole estate. By a singular irony, Aristide, now +returned to his original Republicanism, was in a position to protect +his brother Eugene, whom in earlier days he had so often compromised. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME ANGELE), first wife of the preceding, was a daughter of +commander Sicardot. She brought her husband a dowry of ten thousand +francs. La Fortune des Rougon. + +Along with her daughter Clotilde, she accompanied her husband to Paris +in 1852, and being an amiable woman without ambition she was quite +satisfied with the modest position he at first secured. She died in +1854 of inflammation of the lungs. La Curee. + +ROUGON, alias SACCARD (MADAME RENEE), the second wife of Aristide +Rougon, alias Saccard, was the elder daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel, +the last representative of an old middle-class family. Having become +seriously compromised, she was hurriedly married to Saccard through +the agency of his sister Madame Sidonie, and a considerable sum of +money as well as land was settled upon her. Wholly given over to +pleasure and extravagance, she soon got deeply into debt, and her +husband took advantage of this from time to time by inducing her to +make over to him her property, in order that he might speculate with +it. She engaged in a shameful liaison with her husband's son Maxime, +which ultimately brought her great unhappiness, and she died of acute +meningitis at an early age. La Curee. + +ROUGON (CHARLES), born 1857, son of Maxime Rougon, alias Saccard, and +of Justine Megot, a maid-servant of Madame Renee Saccard. The child +and his mother were sent to the country with a little annuity of +twelve hundred francs. La Curee. + +At fifteen years of age he lived at Plassans with his mother, who had +married a saddler named Anselme Thomas. Charles was a degenerate who +reproduced at a distance of three generations his great-great- +grandmother, Adelaide Fouque. He did not look more than twelve years +old, and his intelligence was that of a child of five. There was in +him a relaxation of tissues, due to degeneracy, and the slightest +exertion produced hemorrhage. Charles was not kindly treated by his +stepfather, and generally lived with his great-grandmother Felicite +Rougon. He was frequently taken to visit the aged Adelaide Fouque in +the asylum at Les Tulettes, and on one occasion, in 1873, when he +chanced to be left alone with her he was seized with bleeding at the +nose, and, under the fixed eyes of his ancestress, he slowly bled to +death. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (CLOTILDE), born 1847, daughter of Aristide Rougon, accompanied +her father and mother to Paris in 1852. After the death of her mother +in 1854, she was sent to live with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her uncle, who +had frequently offered to take her to enliven his silent scientific +home. La Curee. + +At Plassans Clotilde lived a quiet healthy life, much of it spent in +the open air. She was not highly educated, but having considerable +artistic talent was able to assist Doctor Pascal by making +illustrations for his great work on heredity. At one period she +developed strong religious tendencies under the influence of Martine, +the doctor's old servant, who took her to church, and imbued the girl +with her own bigoted ideas regarding the salvation of Pascal. Her +grandmother, Felicite Rougon, who wished, for family reasons, to +destroy Pascal's manuscripts on the subject of heredity, played on +Clotilde's feelings, and induced her to assist in a search for the +hated work. Rougon surprised them in the act, and subsequently laid +bare to Clotilde the whole facts of the terrible family history. In +time the mysticism of the Church gave place to passionate love between +Clotilde and Pascal. The doctor felt, however, that she was +sacrificing her youth for him, and sent her to Paris to live with her +brother Maxime. Soon afterwards, Pascal became ill, and died before +she was able to return. A child was born some months later. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +ROUGON (EUGENE), born 1811, eldest son of Pierre Rougon, was educated +at Plassans and Paris, and was called to the Bar. He practised in the +local Court for a number of years, but with little success. Though of +lethargic appearance, he was a man of ability, who "cherished lofty +ambitions, possessed domineering instincts, and showed a singular +contempt for trifling expedients and small fortunes." With the +Revolution of February, 1848, Eugene felt that his opportunity had +come, and he left for Paris with scarcely five hundred francs in his +pocket. He was able to give his parents early information of the +designs of the Bonapartes, and so prepared the way for the events of +the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851, when the family fortunes were made. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +During his early days in Paris Rougon resided at the Hotel Vanneau, +kept by Madame Correur, and while there he made the acquaintance of +Gilquin and Du Poizet, both of whom assisted him in spreading the +Bonapartist propaganda. By his exertions in this cause he established +a claim for reward, and he was appointed a member of the State +Council, ultimately becoming its President. He fell into disfavour, +however, with the Court on account of his opposition to a claim for +two million francs by a distant relative of the Empress Eugenie. +Finding that his position was insecure, he tendered his resignation to +the Emperor, who accepted it. About this time he met Clorinde Balbi, +an Italian adventuress, who endeavoured to induce him to marry her. +Carried away for the time being, Rougon made overtures to her which +she resented, and he was on the point of offering her marriage. +Reflection on her somewhat equivocal position in society induced him +to think better of this, and he offered to arrange a marriage between +her and his friend Delestang. The offer was accepted, and the marriage +took place. Soon after, Rougon married Veronique Beulin-d'Orchere. +During his retirement Rougon was surrounded by a band of followers, +the Charbonnels, Du Poizet, Kahn, and others, who in the hope of +profiting by his return to office lost no chance of establishing a +claim upon him. After the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor, +of which Rougon had prior information through Gilquin, the need for a +strong man arose, and he was again called to office, being appointed +Minister of the Interior. His harshness in carrying out reprisals +against the Republican party, and even more, his recklessness in +finding appointments for his friends, led to a public outcry, and his +position again became undermined. Clorinde, who had never forgiven him +for not marrying her, did much to foment the disaffection, and even +his own band of followers turned against him. Always quick to act, +Rougon again placed his resignation in the hands of the Emperor, who +to his surprise accepted it. Three years later he was once more a +member of the Corps Legislatif, and having brought his principles into +accordance with the more liberal views then professed by the Emperor, +he gave his strong support to the measures giving effect to them. In +consequence, he was appointed by the Emperor as a Minister without +department, and commissioned to defend the new Policy. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +When his brother Aristide came to Paris, Eugene found a situation for +him, but, fearing to be compromised by him, suggested that he should +change his name to Saccard which he did. There was no intimacy between +the brothers, but Eugene occasionally visited Aristide at the great +house built by him in the Parc Monceau. La Curee. + +After Saccard's bankruptcy, Eugene refused to have any further +connection with him, though he tacitly approved of the foundation of +the Universal Bank. The Bank having failed, however, he did nothing to +stay legal proceedings against his brother; but, after a sentence of +imprisonment had been passed, he connived at his escape from the +country while the sentence was under appeal. L'Argent. + +He continued to take a lively interest in Plassans, and it was by him +that Abbe Faujas was sent there to counteract the clerical influence, +which at that time was strongly Legitimist. He kept up a +correspondence with his mother, whom he advised as to each step she +should take in political matters. La Conquete de Plassans. + +After the fall of the Empire, Eugene became a simple Deputy, and in +the Assembly remained to defend the old order of things which the +downfall had swept away. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME EUGENE), wife of the preceding. See Veronique Beulin- +d'Orchere. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +ROUGON (MARTHE), born 1820, daughter of Pierre Rougon; married in 1840 +her cousin Francois Rougon; had three children. La Fortune des Rougon. + +She accompanied her husband to Marseilles, where by close attention to +business they accumulated a fortune in fifteen years, returning to +Plassans at the end of that period and settling down there. Her life +at Plassans was a happy one until the household fell under the +influence of Abbe Faujas. From the first she was in love with the +priest, and as he gave her no encouragement in this, she devoted +herself to church services to the entire neglect of her household and +family. As time went on, her passion for the Abbe grew more extreme, +and her health became undermined to a serious extent. She became +subject to fits of an epileptic nature, and having injured herself in +some of these, she allowed the injuries to be attributed to her +husband, whom she had now grown to regard as an encumbrance. Though +she was aware that he was not insane, she allowed him to be removed to +an asylum, where confinement soon completed the work begun by her own +conduct. The Abbe Faujas having resolutely resisted her advances, her +health became still worse, and she died in her mother's house on the +same night that her husband escaped from the asylum and burned down +their old home. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ROUGON (MAXIME), born 1840, son of Aristide Rougon. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +When his father went to Paris in 1852, Maxime remained at school at +Plassans, not going to Paris till after his father's second marriage. +From early youth he was of vicious character, and the idleness and +extravagance of the life in his father's house only completed the +training begun at Plassans. After carrying on a disgraceful liaison +with his father's second wife, he married Louise de Mareuil, through +whom he got a considerable dowry. La Curee. + +After the death of his wife, six months after their marriage, he +returned to Paris, where he lived quietly upon the dowry brought to +him by her. He refused to join in any of his father's schemes, or to +assist him in any way, and was consequently not affected by the +failure of the Universal Bank. L'Argent. + +After the war he re-established himself in his mansion in Avenue du +Bois-de-Boulogne, where he lived on the fortune left by his wife. "He +had become prudent, however, with the enforced restraint of a man +whose marrow is diseased, and who seeks by artifice to ward off the +paralysis which threatened him." In the fear of this impending +illness, he induced his sister Clotilde to leave Doctor Pascal, and go +to live with him in Paris, but in his constant fear of being taken +advantage of he soon began to be suspicious of her, as he did of every +one who served him. His father, who wished to hasten his own +inheritance, encouraged him in a renewal of his vicious courses, and +he died of /locomotor ataxy/ at the age of thirty-three. Le Docteur +Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME MAXIME). See Louise de Mareuil. + +ROUGON (PASCAL), born 1813, second son of Pierre Rougon, "had an +uprightness of spirit, a love of study, a retiring modesty which +contrasted strangely with the feverish ambitions and unscrupulous +intrigues of his family." Having acquitted himself admirably in his +medical studies at Paris, he returned to Plassans, where he lived a +life of quiet study and work. He had few patients, but devoted himself +to research, particularly on the subject of heredity, with special +reference to its results on his own family. In the hope of alleviating +suffering, he followed the Republican insurgents in their march from +Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon. + +In 1854 his niece Clotilde, daughter of his brother Aristide, went to +live with him. He had frequently offered to take her, but nothing was +arranged till after the death of her mother, at which time she was +about seven years old. La Curee. + +His practice as a medical man extended to Les Artaud, and he attended +his nephew Abbe Serge Mouret during an attack of brain fever. On the +priest's partial recovery, he removed him to the Paradou, and left him +in the care of Albine, niece of old Jeanbernat, the caretaker of that +neglected demesne. Dr. Pascal was much attached to Albine, and deeply +regretted the sad love affair which resulted from Mouret's +forgetfulness of his past. He had no religious beliefs himself, and he +urged Mouret to return to Albine, but the voice of the Church proved +too strong in the end. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +At sixty years of age Pascal was so fresh and vigorous that, though +his hair and beard were white, he might have been mistaken for a young +man with powdered locks. He had lived for seventeen years at La +Souleiade, near Plassans, with his niece Clotilde and his old servant +Martine, having amassed a little fortune, which was sufficient for his +needs. He had devoted his life to the study of heredity, finding +typical examples in his own family. He brought up Clotilde without +imposing on her his own philosophic creed, even allowing Martine to +take her to church regularly. But this tolerance brought about a +serious misunderstanding between them, for the girl fell under the +influence of religious mysticism, and came to look with horror on the +savant's scientific pursuits. Discovered by him in an attempt to +destroy his documents, he explained to Clotilde fully and frankly the +bearing of their terrible family history on his theory of heredity, +with the result that her outlook on life was entirely changed; he had +opposed the force of human truth against the shadows of mysticism. The +struggle between Pascal and Clotilde brought them to a knowledge of +mutual love, and an illicit relationship was established between them. +He would have married her (this being legal in France), but having +lost most of his money he was unwilling to sacrifice what he believed +to be her interests, and persuaded her to go to Paris to live with her +brother Maxime. Soon after her departure he was seized with an +affection of the heart, and, after some weeks of suffering, died only +an hour before her return. Immediately after his death his mother, +Madame Felicite Rougon, took possession of his papers, and in an +immense /auto-da-fe/ destroyed in an hour the records of a lifetime of +work. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (PIERRE), born 1787, legitimate son of Adelaide Fouque, was a +thrifty, selfish lad who saw that his mother by her improvident +conduct was squandering the estate to which he considered himself sole +heir. His aim was to induce his mother and her two illegitimate +children to remove from the house and land, and in this he was +ultimately successful. Having sold the property for fifty thousand +francs, he induced his mother, who by this time was of weak intellect, +to sign a receipt for that sum, and was so able to defraud his half- +brother and sister of the shares to which they would have been +entitled. Soon thereafter he married Felicite Puech, the daughter of +an oil dealer in Plassans. The firm of Puech and Lacamp was not +prosperous, but the money brought by Pierre Rougon retrieved the +situation, and after a few years the two original partners retired. +Fortune, however, soon changed, and for thirty years there was a +continual struggle to make ends meet. Three sons and two daughters +were born, and their education was a heavy drain upon their parents' +means. In 1845 Pierre and his wife retired from business with forty +thousand francs at the most. Instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant, +they went in for politics, and soon regular meetings of the +reactionary party came to be held in their "yellow drawing-room." +Advised, however, by their son Eugene, they resolved to support the +cause of the Bonapartes, and at the time of the /Coup d'Etat/ of 1851 +Pierre was the leader of that party in Plassans. Having concealed +himself when the Republican insurgents entered Plassans, he avoided +capture, and after they retired he led the band of citizens which +recaptured the town hall. This bloodless victory having been somewhat +minimized by the townspeople, Pierre and his wife, with a view to +establishing a strong claim for subsequent reward, bribed Antoine +Macquart to lead the Republicans left in Plassans to an attack on the +town hall. To meet this he prepared a strong ambuscade, and the +Republicans were repulsed with considerable loss. As a result of this +treachery, Pierre was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the saviour +of the town, and the Government subsequently appointed him Receiver of +Taxes, decorating him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. La +Fortune des Rougon. + +He settled down quietly and took little part in public affairs, though +his wife continued to hold weekly receptions at which members of the +different political parties were represented. La Conquete de Plassans. + +He became so corpulent that he was unable to move, and was carried off +by an attack of indigestion on the night of 3rd September, 1870, a few +hours after hearing of the catastrophe of Sedan. The downfall of the +regime which he prided himself on having helped to establish seemed to +have crushed him like a thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (MADAME FELICITE), wife of the preceding, and daughter of +Puech, the oil-dealer. She was married in 1810, and had three sons and +two daughters. A woman of strong ambitions, she hoped to better her +social position by the aid of her sons, on whose education she spent +large sums. Disappointed in this hope for many years, she and her +husband retired from business with barely sufficient means to keep +themselves in comfort. She, instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant +(her putative father), urged her husband to take part in politics, and +meetings of the reactionary party were regularly held in her "yellow +drawing-room." While the success of the /Coup d'Etat/ was in some +doubt, she encouraged her husband in maintaining the position he had +taken up; and, having ascertained that the success of the Bonapartists +was assured she arranged with Antoine Macquart for the attack on the +town hall, the repulse of which led to the rise of the family +fortunes. La Fortune des Rougon. + +After her husband's appointment as Receiver of Taxes, she continued +her weekly receptions, but endeavoured to give them a non-political +character by inviting representatives of all parties. Her son Eugene, +now a Minister of State, kept her advised as to the course she should +pursue, and on his instructions she gave some assistance to Abbe +Faujas in his political "conquest of Plassans." La Conquete de +Plassans. + +In 1856 she interested herself in a lawsuit raised by M. Charbonnel, a +retired oil-merchant of Plassans, and requested her son Eugene, the +President of the Council of State, to use his influence on behalf of +her friend. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +After the disasters of the war, Plassans escaped from her dominion, +and she had to content herself with the role of dethroned queen of the +old regime. Her ruling passion was the defence of the glory of the +Rougons, and the obliteration of everything tending to reflect on the +family name. In this connection she welcomed the death of Adelaide +Fouque, the common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts, and +she did nothing to save her old accomplice Antoine Macquart from the +terrible fate which overtook him. After these events, her only +remaining trouble was the work on family heredity which had for years +occupied her son Pascal. Assisted by his servant Martine, she +eventually succeeded in burning the whole manuscript to which Pascal +had devoted his life. Her triumph was then secure, and in order to +raise a monument to the glory of the family she devoted a large part +of her fortune to the erection of an asylum for the aged, to be known +as the Rougon Asylum. At eighty-two years of age, she laid the +foundation stone of the building, and in doing so conquered Plassans +for the third time. Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (SIDONIE), born 1818, daughter of Pierre Rougon. La Fortune des +Rougon. + +She married at Plassans an attorney's clerk, named Touche, and +together they went to Paris, setting up business in the Rue Saint- +Honore, as dealers in fruit from the south of France. The venture was +unsuccessful, and the husband soon disappeared. At the rise of the +Second Empire, Sidonie was thirty-five; but she dressed herself with +so little care and had so little of the woman in her manner that she +looked much older. She carried on business in lace and pianos, but did +not confine herself to these trades; when she had sold ten francs +worth of lace she would insinuate herself into her customer's good +graces and become her man of business, attending attorneys, advocates, +and judges on her behalf. The confidences she everywhere received put +her on the track of good strokes of business, often of a nature more +than equivocal, and it was she who arranged the second marriage of her +brother Aristide. She was a true Rougon, who had inherited the hunger +for money, the longing for intrigue, which was the characteristic of +the family. La Curee. + +In 1851 she had a daughter by an unknown father. The child, who was +named Angelique Marie, was at once sent to the Foundling Hospital by +her mother, who never made any inquiry about her afterwards. Le Reve. + +She attended the funeral of her cousin, Claude Lantier, the artist. +Arrived at his house, "she went upstairs, turned round the studio, +sniffed at all its bare wretchedness, and then walked down again with +a hard mouth, irritated at having taken the trouble to come." +L'Oeuvre. + +"After a long disappearance from the scene, Sidonie, weary of the +shady callings she had plied, and now of a nunlike austerity, retired +to the gloomy shelter of a conventual kind of establishment, holding +the purse-strings of the Oeuvre du Sacrament, an institution founded +with the object of assisting seduced girls, who had become mothers, to +secure husbands." Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (VICTOR), son of Aristide Saccard and Rosaline Chavaille. +Brought up in the gutter, he was from the first incorrigibly lazy and +vicious. La Mechain, his mother's cousin, after discovering his +paternity, told the facts to Caroline Hamelin, who, to save Saccard +annoyance, paid over a considerable sum and removed the boy to +/L'Oeuvre du Travail/, one of the institutions founded by the Princess +d'Orviedo. Here every effort was made to reclaim him, but without +success; vice and cunning had become his nature. In the end he made a +murderous attack upon Alice du Beauvilliers, who was visiting the +hospital, and having stolen her purse, made his escape. Subsequent +search proved fruitless; he had disappeared in the under-world of +crime. L'Argent. + +"In 1873, Victor had altogether vanished, living, no doubt, in the +shady haunts of crime--since he was in no penitentiary--let loose upon +the world like some brute foaming with the hereditary virus, whose +every bite would enlarge that existing evil--free to work out his own +future, his unknown destiny, which was perchance the scaffold." Le +Docteur Pascal. + +ROUGON (-----), the child of Doctor Pascal Rougon and of Clotilde +Rougon, born some months after his father's death. Pascal a few +minutes before he died, drew towards him the genealogical tree of the +Rougon-Macquart family, over which he had spent so many years, and in +a vacant space wrote the words: "The unknown child, to be born in +1874. What will it be?" Le Docteur Pascal. + +ROUSSE (LA), a peasant girl of Les Artaud, who assisted to decorate +the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +ROUSSEAU, one of the auditors of the Universal Bank, an office which +he shared with Lavigniere, under whose influence he was to a great +extent. L'Argent. + +ROUSSELOT (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Plassans, an amiable but weak man, +who was entirely under the influence of Abbe Fenil. Having got into +disfavour with the Government over the election of a Legitimist as +Deputy, he was anxious to retrieve his position, and with this object +agreed to appoint Abbe Faujas vicar of Saint-Saturnin's church. This +led to a quarrel with Abbe Fenil, who, of course, resented the +appointment. The Bishop being still in some doubt as to the standing +of Abbe Faujas with the Government, went to Paris, where he +interviewed Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Satisfied with the +information which he received, he threw himself heartily into the +political struggle then proceeding at Plassans, giving Faujas every +assistance in carrying out his schemes on behalf of the Bonapartist +candidate. La Conquete de Plassans. + +ROUSSIE (LA), a woman who had formerly worked as a putter in the +Voreux pit. Germinal. + +ROUSTAN (ABBE), one of the clergy of Sainte-Eustache church. Madame +Lisa Quenu consulted him as to her proposed course of action regarding +Florent. Le Ventre de Paris. + +ROUVET, an old peasant who lived in the same village as Zephyrin +Lacour and Rosalie Pichon. One of her pleasures consisted in calling +to mind the sayings of the old man. Une Page d'Amour. + +ROZAN (DUC DE), was a young man of dissolute life, who, after getting +the control of his fortune, soon went through the greater part of it. +He was the lover of Renee Saccard for a time. La Curee. + +ROZAN (DUCHESSE DE), mother of the preceding. She kept her son so +short of money that, till he was thirty-five, he seldom had more than +a dozen louis at a time. Her death was largely occasioned by the +knowledge of the enormous amount of debts her son had incurred. La +Curee. + +RUSCONI (CHEVALIER), the Sardinian Minister at Paris, a friend of +Comtesse Balbi, and her daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + + + + S + +SABATANI, a native of the Levant, who appeared in Paris after +defaulting on some foreign Stock Exchange. He was a handsome man, and +little by little gained the confidence of the Bourse "by scrupulous +correctness of behaviour and an unremitting graciousness even towards +the most disreputable." He began doing business with Mazard by +depositing a small sum as "cover" in the belief that the +insignificance of the amount would in time be forgotten; and "he +evinced great prudence, increasing the orders in a stealthy gradual +fashion, pending the day when, with a heavy settlement to meet, it +would be necessary for him to disappear." When Saccard founded the +Universal Bank, he selected Sabatani as the "man of straw" in whose +name the shares held by the Bank itself were to be taken up. Sabatani +soon increased his speculations to an enormous extent, gaining large +sums, but after the collapse of the Universal Bank he disappeared +without paying his "differences," thereby contributing largely to the +ruin of Mazard. L'Argent. + +SABOT, a vine-grower of Brinqueville. He was a renowned joker, who +entered into a competition with Hyacinthe Fouan, but was beaten by +him. La Terre. + +SACCARD, the name assumed by Aristide Rougon, on the suggestion of his +brother Eugene. See Rougon (Aristide). La Curee. + +SACCARD (VICTOR). See Victor Rougon. + +SAFFRE (DE), secretary to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. La +Curee. + +SAGET (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who had lived in the Rue Pirouette +for forty years. She never spoke about herself, but she spent her life +in getting information about her neighbours, carrying her prying +curiosity so far as to listen behind their doors and open their +letters. She went about all day pretending she was marketing, but in +reality merely spreading scandal and getting information. By bullying +little Pauline Quenu, she got a hint of Florent's past history, which +she promptly spread through the markets, even going the length of +writing an anonymous letter to the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +SAINT-FIRMIN (OSCAR DE), a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a play +by Fauchery. The part was played by Prulliere. Nana. + +SAINT-GERMAIN (MADEMOISELLE DE), was the owner of a princely house in +Rue Saint-Lazare, which after her death became the property of +Princess d'Orviedo. L'Argent. + +SAINTS-ANGES (LA MERE DES), superior of the Convent of the Visitation +at Clermont. She saved from the cloister Christine Hallegrain, who had +not a religious vocation, and obtained for her a situation to Madame +de Vanzade. L'Oeuvre. + +SALMON, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who passed for a man of +extraordinary acumen by listening to everyone and saying nothing. He +answered only by smiles, and one could never tell in what he was +speculating or whether he was speculating at all. L'Argent. + +SALNEUVE (DE), a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire, +whose influence was secured for Eugene Rougon by Clorinde Balbi. Son +Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +SAMBUC (GUILLAUME), one of the francs-tireurs who carried on a +guerilla warfare against the Germans in 1870. He was the worthy son of +a family of scoundrels, and lived by theft and rapine. He furnished +most valuable information to the French generals regarding the +movement of the Prussians to surprise Beaumont, but his information +was disregarded till too late. The francs-tireurs had a particular +hatred against Goliath Steinberg, the German spy, and, instigated by +Silvine Morange, Sambuc arranged for his capture, afterwards killing +him by cutting his throat. La Debacle. + +SAMBUC (PROSPER), brother of the preceding. Of a nature docile and +hard-working, he hated the life of the woods, and would have liked to +be a farm labourer. He entered the army and became one of the +Chasseurs d'Afrique. Sent to France to take part in the war against +Germany, he shared in many weary marches, but saw no fighting, till +the battle of Sedan, when his horse, Zephir, which he loved like a +brother, was killed under him. He made his escape after the battle, +and having been able to change his uniform for the clothes of a +countryman, he returned to Remilly and got employment on the farm of +Fouchard. La Debacle. + +SANDORFF, a member of the Austrian Embassy at Paris. He married Mlle. +de Ladricourt, who was much younger than he. He was very niggardly. +L'Argent. + +SANDORFF (BARONESS), wife of the Councillor to the Austrian Embassy, +who was thirty-five years older than herself. She was an inveterate +speculator, and, as her husband refused to assist her, she found it +necessary to have recourse to her lovers when her losses were greater +than usual. She stopped at nothing to gain information, and at one +time was on intimate terms with Saccard. Having quarrelled with him, +she hastened the downfall of the Universal Bank, by giving information +to Gundermann which caused him to continue his attack on the Bank. +L'Argent. + +SANDOZ (PERE), a Spaniard who took refuge in France in consequence of +a political disturbance in which he was involved. He started near +Plassans a paper mill with new machinery of his own invention. When he +died, almost heart-broken by the petty local jealousy that had sought +to hamper him in every way, his widow found herself in a position so +involved, and burdened with so many tangled lawsuits, that the whole +of her remaining means were swallowed up. L'Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ MERE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a native of Burgundy. +Yielding to her hatred of the Provencals, whom she blamed for the +death of her husband, and even for the slow paralysis from which she +herself was suffering, she migrated to Paris, with her son Pierre, who +then supported her out of a clerk's small salary. In Rue d'Enfer she +occupied a single room on the same flat as her son, and there, +disabled by paralysis, lived in morose and voluntary solitude, +surrounded by his tender care. Later, Pierre, who was now married, and +was making a considerable income, took a house in Rue Nollet, and +there Madame Sandoz passed her remaining years. L'Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ (PIERRE), a famous novelist whose youth was spent at Plassans, +where at school he was the inseparable companion of Claude Lantier and +Dubuche. The favourite amusement of the boys was walking, and together +they took long excursions, spending whole days in the country. After +the death of his father Sandoz went to Paris, where he got employment +at a small salary at the /Mairie/ of the fifth arrondissement, in the +office for registration of births; he was chained there by the thought +of his mother, whom he had to support, and to whom he was tenderly +attached. Presently he published his first book: a series of mild +sketches, brought with him from Plassans, among which only a few +rougher notes indicated the mutineer, the lover of truth and power. He +lived at this time with his mother in a little house in Rue d'Enfer, +and there he received each Thursday evening his old friends from +Plassans, Claude Lantier and Dubuche, and with them Fagerolles, +Mahoudeau, Jory, Gagniere, now reunited at Paris, and all animated by +the same passion for art. He was still obsessed by a desire for +literary glory, and had thoughts of writing a poem on some vast +subject, but at last he hit on a scheme which soon took form in his +mind. With reference to it he said, "I am going to take a family, and +I shall study its members, one by one, whence they come, whither they +go, how they react upon one another--in short, humanity in a small +compass, the way in which humanity grows and behaves. On the other +hand, I shall set my men and women in a determined period of history, +which will provide me with the necessary surroundings and +circumstances, a slice of history--you understand, eh? A series of +fifteen or twenty books, episodes that will cling together although +having each a separate framework, a suite of novels with which I shall +be able to build myself a house for my old age if they don't crush +me." The first of the novels met with some success, and Sandoz having +resigned his appointment, and put his trust entirely in literature, +married a young girl named Henriette, the daughter of middle-class +parents, and removed his house to Rue Nollet. In course of time his +circumstances became still more comfortable, and he again removed to a +large house in Rue de Londres. When Claude Lantier fell into misery +and despair, a gradual separation came about between him and his +friends, but Sandoz remained true to the old companionship. He was one +of the few mourners who attended the funeral of the unfortunate +artist. L'Oeuvre. + +SANDOZ (MADAME HENRIETTE), wife of the preceding. She was an orphan, +the daughter of a small shop-keeper, without a penny, but pretty and +intelligent. She occupied herself much with the affairs of the +kitchen, being specially proud of some of her dishes. Even later, when +the family was more prosperous and had removed to a large flat in Rue +de Londres, Henriette continued to take personal charge, out of +affection for her husband, whose only fault was a tendency to +gluttony. L'Oeuvre. + +SANQUIRINO (DUCHESSE), a lady of the Italian aristocracy, who resided +at Paris. She gave Eugene Rougon very unsatisfactory information +regarding Comtesse Balbi and her daughter Clorinde. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +SANS-POUCE, one of the brigands of the band of Beau-Francois. La +Terre. + +SAPIN, sergeant in Captain Beaudoin's company of the 106th Regiment of +the line. "The son of a Lyons grocer in a small way of business, +spoilt by his mother, who was dead, and unable to get on with his +father, he had remained in the regiment disgusted with everything, but +unwilling to be bought out." Later he became engaged to one of his +cousins, who had a small dowry, and began to take an interest in life. +During the march to Sedan, however, he became impressed with the idea +that he would be killed, and this belief was realized during the +fighting on 1st September, 1870. La Debacle. + +SAPIN (LA), a disreputable old woman at Magnolles who performed +illegal operations and pretended to work magic. + +SARRIET (MADAME), sister of Madame Lecoeur and of Madame Gavard; +mother of La Sarriette. Le Ventre de Paris. + +SARRIET, usually called La Sarriette, was the niece of Madame Lecoeur. +She grew up in the markets and her sympathies were with the lower +ranks of the people. At twenty she set up in business as a fruit- +dealer, and took as her lover a young man named Jules, who was +employed by her aunt as a porter. After the arrest of Gavard, her +uncle by marriage, La Sarriette and her aunt divided his money between +them. Le Ventre de Paris. + +SARTEUR, a journeyman hatter at Plassans. He was afflicted with +homicidal mania, and was confined for a time in the asylum at +Tulettes. While there he was treated by Doctor Pascal Rougon, who +affected a cure by hypodermic injections of a substance with which he +had long experimented. Sarteur was released from the asylum, but the +cure was not permanent, for a few months afterwards the unfortunate +man became conscious of a return of his homicidal mania, and, to +prevent its operation, hanged himself. Le Docteur Pascal. + +SATIN, a friend of Nana from childhood, having, like her, attended the +school of Mademoiselle Josse. She was a regular customer at Laure +Piedefer's restaurant, where she met Madame Robert. She lived for a +time with Nana, of whom she was intensely jealous, and in time gained +control of the whole household. She died in the hospital of +Lariboisiere. Nana. + +SAUCISSE (LA PERE), an old peasant of Rognes, who owned an acre of +land which he sold to Pere Fouan for an annuity of fifteen sous a day. +In order to dupe the old man, he pretended to be in bad health. Later, +terrorized by Buteau, he cancelled the agreement, and repaid half the +sums he had received. La Terre. + +SAUVAGNAT, a friend of Pluchart. He lived at Marchiennes. Germinal. + +SAUVAGNAT, chief of the depot at Havre, lived in a cottage near the +engine depot, which his sister Philomene kept for him, but greatly +neglected. He was an obstinate man and a strict disciplinarian, +greatly esteemed by his superiors, but had met with the utmost +vexation on account of his sister, even to the point of being +threatened with dismissal. If the Company bore with her now on his +account, he only kept her with him because of the family tie; but this +did not prevent him belabouring her so severely with blows whenever he +caught her at fault that he frequently left her half dead on the +floor. La Bete Humaine. + +SAUVAGNAT (PHILOMENE), sister of the preceding, was a tall, thin woman +of thirty-two, who after numerous love-affairs had settled down with +Pecqueux, whose mistress she became. She had the reputation of +drinking. A subsequent intrigue between her and Jacques Lantier +excited the jealousy of Pecqueux to the point of murder. La Bete +Humaine. + +SAUVEUR (MADAME), a dress-maker, who numbered Madame Desforges among +her customers. She frequented Mouret's shop, /Au Bonheur des Dames/, +on the occasions of great sales, purchasing large quantities of stuff +which she afterwards sold to her own customers at higher prices. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +SAUVIGNY (DE), judge of the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +SCHLOSSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was secretly +associated with Sabatani, with whom he carried out many schemes to +their mutual advantage. L'Argent. + +SCOTS (H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF). See Ecosse. + +SEDILLE, a native of Lyons, who established himself in Paris, and +after thirty years' toil succeeded in making his silk business one of +the best known in the city. Unfortunately he acquired a passion for +gambling, and a couple of successful ventures made him altogether lose +his head. From that time he neglected his business, and ruin lay +inevitably at the end. On the invitation of Saccard he became a +Director of the Universal Bank. Like the other Directors, he +speculated largely in the shares of the Bank; but, unlike most of +them, he did not sell in time, with the result that he was completely +ruined, and his bankruptcy followed. L'Argent. + +SEDILLE (GUSTAVE), son of M. Sedille, the silk merchant. To the +disappointment of his father, he despised commercial pursuits, and +cared only for pleasure. In the hope that he might take an interest in +finance, he was given a situation in the office of Mazard, the +stockbroker, where, however, he did little work, and soon engaged in +speculations on his own account. The failure of the Universal Bank +left him penniless, and deep in debt. L'Argent. + +SICARDOT (COMMANDER), the father-in-law of Aristide Rougon. He had the +strongest intellect of the politicians who met in Pierre Rougon's +yellow drawing-room. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents at the +time of the /Coup d'Etat/. La Fortune des Rougon. + +SICARDOT, the name of Aristide Rougon's wife's family. He adopted this +name when he went to Paris in 1851, using it for considerable time +before he again changed it to Saccard. L'Argent. + +SICARDOT (ANGELE). See Madame Aristide Rougon. + +SIDONIE (MADAME), the name by which Sidonie Rougon (q.v.) was +generally known. La Curee. + +SIMON (LA MERE), an old woman who assisted Severine Roubaud in her +housework. La Bete Humaine. + +SIMONNOT, a grocer at Raucourt. His premises were raided by the +Bavarians after the Battle of Beaumont. La Debacle. + +SIMPSON, an American who was attache at his country's Embassy at +Paris. He was a frequent visitor at the house of Renee Saccard. La +Curee. + +SIVRY (BLANCHE DE), the name assumed by Jacqueline Baudu, a girl who +came to Paris from a village near Amiens. Magnificent in person, +stupid and untruthful in character, she gave herself out as the +granddaughter of a general, and never owned to her thirty-two summers. +She was much annoyed at the outbreak of war with Germany, because her +lover, a young Prussian, was expelled from the country. Nana. + +SMELTEN, a baker at Montsou. He gave credit for some time during the +strike, in the hope of recovering some of his business taken away by +Maigrat. Germinal. + +SMITHSON (MISS), Lucien Deberle's English governess. Une Page d'Amour. + +SONNEVILLE, a manufacturer at Marchiennes. His business was seriously +affected by the strike of miners at Montsou. Germinal. + +SOPHIE, a workwoman employed at Madame Titreville's artificial flower- +making establishment. L'Assommoir. + +SOPHIE, an old waiting-maid in the service of the Duchesse de +Combeville, whose daughter, Princess d'Orviedo, she brought up. When +the Princess shut herself up from the world, Sophie remained with her. +L'Argent. + +SOPHIE, daughter of Guiraude. Predestined to phthisis by heredity, she +was saved, thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon, who sent her to live with an +aunt in the country, where she was brought up in the open air. When +she was seventeen years old she married a young miller in the +neighbourhood. Le Docteur Pascal. + +SOULAS, an old shepherd at La Borderie, where he had been for half a +century. At sixty-five he had saved nothing, having been eaten up by a +drunken wife, "whom at last he had the pleasure of burying." He had +few friends, except his two dogs, Emperor and Massacre, and he +especially hated Jacqueline Cognet with the jealous disgust of an old +servant at her rapid advancement. He was aware of her numerous +liaisons, but said nothing until she brought about his dismissal, when +he told everything to his master, Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + +SOURDEAU, a bone-setter at Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was supposed to be +equally good for wounds. La Terre. + +SOUVARINE, an engine-man at the Voreux pit, who lodged with the +Rasteneurs. He was a Russian of noble family, who had at first studied +medicine, until, carried away by social enthusiasm, he learned a trade +in order that he might mix with the people. It was by this trade that +he now lived, after having fled in consequence of an unsuccessful +attempt against the Czar's life, an attempt which resulted in his +mistress, Annouchka, and many of his friends, being hanged. His +principles were those of the most violent anarchy, and he would have +nothing to do with the strike at Montsou, which he considered a merely +childish affair. Disgusted at the return of the miners to their work, +he resolved to bring about the destruction of the Voreux pit, by +weakening the timbers which kept out a vast accumulation of water. He +accomplished that work of madness in a fury of destruction in which he +twenty times risked his life. And when the torrent had invaded the +mine, imprisoning the unfortunate workers, Souvarine went calmly away +into the unknown without a glance behind. Germinal. + +SPIRIT, an English horse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +SPONTINI, a master at the College of Plassans. He came originally from +Corsica, and used to show his knife, rusty with the blood of three +cousins. L'Oeuvre. + +SQUELETTE-EXTERNE (LE). See Mimi-la-Mort. L'Oeuvre. + +STADERINO (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +STEINBERG (GOLIATH), a Prussian spy who was engaged in 1867 as a farm +servant by Fouchard at Remilly. He became the lover of Silvine +Morange, promising her marriage, but disappearing before the ceremony. +It was said that he served also on other farms in the neighbourhood of +Beaumont and Raucourt. During the war he was able to give important +information to the German forces. In trying to regain his former +influence over Silvine, he threatened to remove their child to +Germany, and, to prevent his doing so, she betrayed him to Guillaume +Sambuc and the francs-tireurs of his band, who killed him in the house +of Fouchard, in the presence of Silvine, by cutting his throat, and +bleeding him in the same manner as a pig. La Debacle. + +STEINER, a banker in Paris. He was a German Jew, through whose hands +had passed millions. He spent vast sums upon Rose Mignon and Nana. +Nana. + +STERNICH (DUCHESSE DE), a celebrated leader of society in the Second +Empire. She dominated all her friends on the ground of a former +intimacy with the Emperor. La Curee. + +STEWARD (LUCY), was the daughter of an engine-cleaner of English +origin who was employed at the Gare du Nord. She was not beautiful, +but had such a charm of manner that she was considered the smartest of +the /demi-mondaines/ in Paris. Among her lovers had been a prince of +the royal blood. She had a son, Ollivier, before whom she posed as an +actress. Nana. + +STEWART (OLLIVIER), son of the preceding. He was a pupil at the naval +college, and had no suspicion of the calling of his mother. Nana. + +SURIN (ABBE), secretary to the Bishop of Plassans, of whom he was a +great favourite. He was a constant visitor at the home of M. Rastoil, +with whose daughters he played battledore. La Conquete de Plassans. + +SYLVIA, an actress who was admired by Maxime Saccard. La Curee. + + + + T + +TABOUREAU (MADAME), a baker in the Rue Turbigo. She was a recognized +authority on all subjects relating to her neighbours. Le Ventre de +Paris. + +TATIN (MADEMOISELLE), kept an under-linen warehouse in the Passage +Choiseul, and was so seriously affected by the competition of Octave +Mouret's great store that she became bankrupt. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +TARDIVEAU (BARON DE), a character in /La Petite Duchesse/, a play by +Fauchery. The part was played by Fontan. + +TATAN NENE, a young girl of great beauty who had herded cows in +Champagne before coming to Paris. She was one of Nana's friends. Nana. + +TAVERNIER, an old doctor of Orleans, who had ceased to practise. +Georges Hugon made a pretext of visiting him, in order to be able to +join Nana at La Mignotte. Nana. + +TEISSIERE (MADAME), a /mondaine/ of the Second Empire. She was a +friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La Curee. + +TESTANIERE (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who recommended her +to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +TEUSE (LA), an elderly woman who acted as servant to Abbe Mouret. In +addition, she cleaned the church and kept the vestments in order; on +occasion, it was said, she had even served the Mass for the Abbe's +predecessor. She was garrulous and ill-tempered, but was devoted to +Mouret, of whom she took the greatest care, and she was also kind to +his weak-minded sister, Desiree. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +THEODORE, a Belgian who gave lessons on the piano to Clarisse Bocquet, +and afterwards became her lover. Pot-Bouille. + +THEODORE, son of a paste-board maker. He was to have married Nathalie +Dejoie, but wishing to establish himself in business, demanded a +considerable dowry. He afterwards married the daughter of a workman, +who brought him nearly eight thousand francs. L'Argent. + +THERESE, a former neighbour of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. +She died of consumption, and the Lorilleux thought they saw a +resemblance between Gervaise and her. L'Assommoir. + +THIBAUDIER (M.), a banker at Caen. He had a daughter, Louise, but +having married again soon after the death of his first wife, he +troubled little about her, and was quite willing to consent to her +marriage with Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre. + +THIBAUDIER (LOUISE), daughter of M. Thibaudier, a banker at Caen. She +was a slight, delicate girl, with an attractive manner, and Lazare +Chanteau fell in love with her, though he was at the time engaged to +Pauline Quenu. Pauline having magnanimously released him, they were +married. Lazare's morbid mania having become more acute, and Louise +being herself in poor health, their relations became strained, and the +marriage was not a happy one. They had a son who was named Paul. La +Joie de Vivre. + +Louise died young. Le Docteur Pascal. + +THOMAS, keeper of an eating-house at Montmartre. L'Assommoir. + +THOMAS (ANSELME), a journeyman saddler at Plassans. He married Justine +Megot, tempted by the annuity of twelve hundred francs which she +received from Saccard. He disliked her child, the little Charles +Rougon, who was degenerate and weak-minded. Le Docteur Pascal. + +THOMAS (MADAME ANSELME), wife of the preceding. See Justine Megot. Le +Docteur Pascal. + +TISON, keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal. + +TISSOT (MADAME), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour. + +TITREVILLE (MADAME) carried on the business of an artificial-flower +maker, of which Madame Lerat was forewoman, and where Nana Coupeau was +a pupil. She was a tall woman who never unbent, and the girls were all +afraid of her, pretending to be engrossed in work whenever she +appeared. L'Assommoir. + +TOUCHE (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the +success of the /Coup d'Etat/. La Fortune des Rougon. + +TOUCHE, an Attorney's clerk at Plassans. He married Sidonie Rougon in +1838, and went with her to Paris, where he started business as a +dealer in the products of the South. He was not very successful, and +died in 1850. La Curee. + +TOURMAL (LES), a family who resided at Bonneville and lived chiefly by +smuggling and stealing. The father and grandfather were sent to +prison, and the daughter, when shown kindness by Pauline Quenu, +rewarded her by attempting to steal such small articles of value as +she could conceal. La Joie de Vivre. + +TOUTIN-LAROCHE (M.), a retired candle-manufacturer; now a municipal +councillor, and a director of the Credit Viticole, the Societe +Generale of the Ports of Morocco, and other companies of doubtful +standing. His ambition was to enter the Senate, and he clung to Baron +Gauraud and Saccard in the belief that they could assist him. La +Curee. + +TRICON (LA), a well-known procuress, who numbered Nana among her +clients. She had a passion for racing, and at the Grand Prix seemed to +dominate the crowd. + +TROMPETTE, one of the horses in the Voreux pit. It only lived a few +months after being taken underground. Germinal. + +TRON, a labourer in the farm of La Borderie. He was one of Jacqueline +Cognet's lovers, and exhibited jealousy amounting to insanity +regarding her. Having been dismissed by his master, he opened a trap- +door through which Hourdequin fell and was killed. When he found that +Jacqueline would not forgive him for this stupid murder, which ruined +her prospects, he set fire to the farm buildings. La Terre. + +TROUCHE (HONORE), brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas. Having been +unsuccessful in business at Besancon, he followed Faujas to Plassans, +where he went with his wife to live in rooms rented by the Abbe from +Francois Mouret. He was of bad character and quite unscrupulous, but +by the influence of Faujas he was appointed Secretary to the Girls' +Home started by Madame Mouret and other ladies of Plassans. Having got +a footing in the Mourets' house, he soon began to take advantage of +his position, and little by little got possession of the whole +premises. He did all he could to encourage the idea of Francois +Mouret's madness, and after the unfortunate man's removal to the +asylum was able with greater ease to carry out his schemes. Mouret +having ultimately escaped from the asylum, returned to his home and +set it on fire; Trouche perished in the flames. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +TROUCHE (MADAME OLYMPE), wife of the preceding, and sister of Abbe +Faujas. She accompanied her husband to Plassans, and contributed +largely to the ruin of the Mouret family. Utterly heartless, she +stopped at nothing, robbing Madame Mouret of money, clothing, +everything that came within her power. Nemesis came with the return of +Francois Mouret, who set fire to his house, causing the death of +Madame Trouche as well as that of her husband. La Conquete de +Plassans. + +TROUILLE (LA), the nickname of Olympe Fouan. La Terre. + +TRUBLOT (HECTOR), a young man whom Madame Josserand hoped at one time +to secure as a husband for her daughter. He had, however, no thoughts +of marriage, and as he was averse to any risk of complications, his +habit was to select his female friends from among the maid-servants of +his acquaintances. He was employed as correspondent in the office of +Monsieur Desmarquay, a money-changer. Pot-Bouille. + + + + V + +VABRE, a notary of Versailles who retired to Paris with a fortune, +part of which he invested in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied by +the Duveyriers, the Josserands, and others. He had unfortunately a +hidden passion for gambling in stocks and shares, and when he died it +was found that his whole fortune had been dissipated, even his house +being heavily mortgaged. Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (AUGUSTE), eldest son of M. Vabre, carried on a silk merchant's +business in part of the premises which belonged to his father. He +married Berthe Josserand, but as he suffered much from neuralgia, and +was, in addition, of a niggardly disposition, the marriage was not a +happy one. An intrigue between Madame Vabre and Octave Mouret +followed, and on its discovery she returned to her parents. For a +considerable time Vabre refused to forgive his wife, but a +reconciliation was ultimately brought about through the intervention +of Abbe Mauduit. Vabre's fortunes were adversely affected by the +extension of Madame Hedouin's business, known as "The Ladies' +Paradise." Pot-Bouille. + +The rapid success of Octave Mouret's business led to the ruin of +Vabre, a result to which the extravagance of his wife also +contributed. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VABRE (MADAME AUGUSTE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Josserand. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (CAMILLE), son of Theophile Vabre and his wife Valerie Louhette. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (CLOTILDE), daughter of Vabre the notary, and wife of Duveyrier. +She did not get on well with her husband, whom she hated, and her only +passion was for music, which she practised to an inordinate extent. +Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (THEOPHILE), second son of M. Vabre, "a little old man of +twenty-eight, a victim to coughs and toothache, who first tried all +sorts of trades and then married the daughter of a neighbouring +haberdasher." His life was shadowed by suspicions of his wife, with +whom he constantly quarrelled. He was with difficulty prevented from +making a scene at the marriage of his brother Auguste to Berthe +Josserand. Pot-Bouille. + +VABRE (MADAME VALERIE), wife of the preceding, nee Louhette, was the +daughter of a wealthy haberdasher. She did not get on well with her +husband, who accused her, not entirely without reason, of carrying on +a liaison with some one whose name he was unable to discover. Pot- +Bouille. + +VADON (MARGUERITE), daughter of a linen-draper at Grenoble, found it +desirable to come to Paris for a time, and got a situation at "The +Ladies' Paradise." She as a well-conducted girl, and ultimately +returned to Grenoble to take charge of her parents' shop, and marry a +cousin who was waiting for her. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VALENCAY (BARON DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He married the +eldest daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny. L'Assommoir. + +VALENCAY (MADEMOISELLE PAULE DE), was very rich and extremely +beautiful when at nineteen years old she married the Marquis Jean XII +de Hautecoeur. She died within a year, leaving a son named Felicien. +Le Reve. + +VALENTIN, son of Guiraude, and brother of Sophie. His father, a +journeyman tanner, died of phthisis, and Valentin, who had been in +daily contact with him, developed the disease. Doctor Pascal Rougon +prolonged his life for some time by hypodermic injections of a +substance discovered by himself, but the respite was only temporary, +for at twenty-one years of age Valentine died of hereditary phthisis. +Le Docteur Pascal. + +VALERIO II, a horse which belonged to M. Corbreuse and ran in the +Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +VALLAGNOSC (MADAME DE), belonged to an old family of Plassans. Left a +widow with two daughters and one son, she found life difficult on the +small remains of a former fortune. In order to assist his mother, the +son, Paul, secured an appointment at Paris in a Government office. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +VALLAGNOSC (PAUL DE), an old friend of Octave Mouret, whom he had +known at Plassans. He belonged to an old family, but, being a younger +son without money, was obliged to select a profession. He studied law, +but meeting with no success, was obliged to accept an appointment in +the Ministry of the Interior. He married Mademoiselle de Boves. Au +Bonheur des Dames. + +VALLAGNOSC (MADAME PAUL DE), wife of the preceding. See Blanche de +Boves. + +VALQUEYRAS (COMTE DE), a relation of Marquis de Carnavant, who lived +in his house. La Fortune des Rougon. + +He was a supporter of the Marquis de Lagrifoul, the Legitimist Deputy +for Plassans, who visited him for a fortnight before the election +which was dominated by Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +VALQUEYRAS (MARQUISE DE), in 1873, she was the only representative of +a very old family. She was a widow with a little daughter of six, very +rich, and equally parsimonious. When Doctor Pascal Rougon called on +her to ask payment of his fees, he allowed himself to be put off, and +even gave advice regarding the health of the child. Le Docteur Pascal. + +VANDERGHAGEN, the medical man employed by the Mining Company of +Montsou. He was so much overworked that it was said he gave his +consultations while he was running from place to place. Germinal. + +VANDEUVRES (COMTE XAVIER DE), the last member of a noble family, had +gone through a large fortune in Paris. His racing-stable was famous, +as were his losses at the Imperial Club, while his ruin was completed +by the vast sums which he spent on Nana. His final hope was centred on +the race for the Grand Prix de Paris in which he was running two +horses, Lusignan and a filly named Nana. Lusignan was the favourite, +but Vandeuvres, having arranged his betting, caused the horse to be +pulled, so that the filly might win. The ruse was successful, and +Vandeuvres gained a large sum, but suspicions having been aroused, he +was warned off the turf and expelled from the Imperial Club. Driven to +madness, the Comte shut himself up in his stable, and, having set it +on fire, perished among his horses. Nana. + +VANDORPE, the head stationmaster of the Western Railway Company at +Paris. La Bete Humaine. + +VANPOUILLE BROTHERS, a firm of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-Petits +Champs, who were practically ruined when Octave Mouret added a fur +department to "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VANSKA (COMTESSE), a well-known and rich /mondaine/ of the Second +Empire. La Curee. + +VANZADE (MADAME), the widow of a general. She was an old lady, rich, +nearly blind, and practically helpless. At Passy she lived, in a +silent old house, a life so retired and regular that it might have +been actuated by clockwork. As she required a companion, her old +friend, La Mere des Saints-Anges, recommended Christine Hallegrain to +her; but the girl, stifling in that dwelling of rigid piety, ended by +running off with her lover, Claude Lantier. Madame Vanzade died four +years later, and the bulk of her fortune went to charities. L'Oeuvre. + +VAQUEZ (JUDITH), an artist's model who lived in Rue du Rocher. She was +a Jewess, fresh enough in colouring but too thin. L'Oeuvre. + +VAUCOGNE (HECTOR), husband of Estelle Badeuil. At the time of his +marriage, Vaucogne was a junior officer of customs, but when his +wife's parents retired he took over their /maison publique/. He left +everything to the care of his wife, and after her death the +establishment ceased to be prosperous. In the end he was turned out by +his father-in-law, and the business was given to his daughter Elodie, +who showed all the family capacity for management. La Terre. + +VAUCOGNE (MADAME HECTOR), wife of the preceding. See Estelle Badeuil. +La Terre. + +VAUCOGNE (ELODIE), daughter of the preceding, and granddaughter of M. +and Madame Charles Badeuil. She was seven years old when her parents +took over the /maison publique/ of her grandfather, and she was then +sent to a convent at Chateaudun to be educated by the Sisters of the +Visitation. Her holidays were spent with her grandparents, and she was +supposed to be under the impression that her parents were carrying on +a large confectionery business, but Victorine, a servant who had been +dismissed for misconduct, had made her aware of the facts, and when, +at eighteen years of age, she was asked in marriage by her cousin +Ernest Delhomme, she astonished her grandparents by joining with him +in a desire to succeed to the family establishment. La Terre. + +VAUGELADE (DUC DE), at one time the master of Gourd, who was his +valet. Pot-Bouille. + +VENOT (THEOPHILE), an old lawyer who made a speciality of +ecclesiastical cases, and had acquired a fortune by serving the +Jesuits. He had retired with a comfortable sum, and led an existence +slightly mysterious; received everywhere, saluted very low, even a +little feared, as he represented a great and unknown force which he +had behind him. An intimate friend of the Muffats, he did everything +in his power to put an end to the liaison between the Comte and Nana, +and, though no success attended his efforts for a considerable time, +he was able when ruin seemed imminent to save Muffat from scandal and +to console him by a return to the practice of religion. Nana. + +VERDIER (BARON), proprietor of a racing-stable. Frangipane, one of his +horses, ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana. + +VERDIER, a lawyer who had been for a long time engaged to Hortense +Josserand. The marriage was put off from time to time, as he had got +entangled with a woman from whom he found separation difficult. Pot- +Bouille. + +VERDONCK, a grocer at Montsou. His business was much affected by the +competition of Maigrat, and he gave credit during the first week of +the strike in the hope of getting back some of his old customers. +Germinal. + +VERLAQUE, an inspector in the fish-market at the /Halles Centrales/. +Having fallen into bad health, he was allowed to find a substitute to +keep the place open for him in case he should recover. Florent was +appointed, and paid a considerable portion of the salary to Verlaque. +Le Ventre de Paris. + +VERLAQUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Florent assisted her after +the death of her husband. Le Ventre de Paris. + +VERNIER, an art critic who published an article on Fagerolles the +artist. L'Oeuvre. + +VERONIQUE, maid-servant to the Chanteau family, was a tall, stout +young woman of unattractive appearance and uncertain temper. She had +been in the service of the Chanteaus for twenty years, and having +become necessary to them, took advantage of her position. From the +first, Veronique resented Pauline Quenu's presence in the Chanteau +household, and treated her as an intruder. In course of time, however, +she came to see that Pauline was being despoiled of her means by +Madame Chanteau, and her sense of justice made her take the young +girl's part. The death of Madame Chanteau made a deep impression on +Veronique whose ill-will towards Pauline gradually returned. Her mind, +not strong at best, became unhinged, and in a fit of temper she went +into the orchard and hanged herself. La Joie de Vivre. + +VIAL (ABBE), one of the clergy of Plassans. When his appointment +became vacant it was promised to Abbe Bourrette, but was eventually +given to Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans. + +VIAL (MELANIE), second wife of Jean Macquart, to whom she was married +in 1871. She was the only daughter of a peasant in easy circumstances, +and was of a fine robust physique. She had three healthy children in +as many years. Le Docteur Pascal. + +VIAN, a wheelwright of Plassans, to whom Silvere Mouret was +apprenticed. La Fortune des Rougon. + +VICTOIRE, Madame Campardon's cook. She had been in the service of her +master's father when Campardon was a baby, and though now old, and not +over clean, they were unwilling to part with her. Pot-Bouille. + +VICTOIRE (LA MERE), wife of Pecqueux, the railway stoker. She had been +the nurse of Severine Aubry, and later, as the wife of Pecqueux, who +spent all his earnings on drink, she was leading a wretched existence +in Paris by the aid of a little sewing, when, happening to meet her +foster-daughter, the former intimacy had been renewed, and President +Grandmorin took her under his protection, obtaining for her the post +of attendant at the ladies' cloakroom. She occupied a room in the +Impasse d'Amsterdam, which the Roubauds regarded as their head- +quarters when they spent a day in Paris. Having become helpless as the +result of a sprain, she was obliged to resign her post and seek +admittance to a hospital. La Bete Humaine. + +VICTORINE, cook in the employment of Nana. She married Francois, the +footman. Nana. + +VICTORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils after they +retired to Rognes. She was dismissed for misconduct, and in revenge +told Elodie Vaucogne the occupation of her parents. La Terre. + +VIGOUROUX, a coal merchant in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. He sold coke to +Gervaise at the same price as the Gas Company. L'Assommoir. + +VIGOUROUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman with +bright eyes who liked to laugh with the men. L'Assommoir. + +VIMEUX, a miserable little sheriff officer, who was celebrated in the +Canton for the bad usage he got from the peasants when he was obliged +to serve summonses upon them. La Terre. + +VINCARD, a silk merchant, who, seeing that his business was likely to +be seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise," he +sold it to Robineau, and took a restaurant at Vincennes. Au Bonheur +des Dames. + +VINCENT, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal. + +VINEUIL (COMMANDANT DE), father of Gilberte. Retired from active +service on account of his wounds, he was appointed Director of Customs +at Charleville. His wife died of consumption, and he sent his +daughter, about whose health he was alarmed, to reside for a time at a +farm near Chene-Populeux. He died soon after Gilberte's marriage to +Maginot, the Inspector of State Forests. La Debacle. + +VINEUIL (COLONEL DE), brother of the preceding. In 1870 he commanded +the 106th Regiment of the line, which formed part of the Seventh Army +corps. He was a man of fine appearance and character, and bore his +part bravely through the disastrous campaign, until he was severely +wounded on the battlefield of Sedan. Notwithstanding his wound, he +remained on his horse till the end, when he was removed to the house +of Delaherche, the husband of his niece Gilberte. By December his +wound was cured, but crushed by his country's defeats, his mental +depression was so great that he remained in a darkened room, refusing +to hear news from the outer world, and associating only with his old +friend Madame Delaherche, the mother of his niece's husband. At the +end of December he died suddenly, horror-struck by an account of the +surrender of Metz, which he chanced to read in an old newspaper. La +Debacle. + +VINEUIL (GILBERTE DE), daughter of Commandant de Vineuil. She was +first married to Maginot, and afterwards to Jules Delaherche. When she +was nine years old, her father, alarmed at a cough she had, sent her +to live at a farm, where she came to know Henriette Levasseur. Even at +that age she was a coquette, and when at twenty she married Maginot, +the Inspector of the State Forests at Mezieres, her character had not +changed. Mezieres she found dull, but her husband allowed her full +liberty, and she found all the gaiety she desired at Charleville. +There she lived solely for pleasure, and Captain Beaudoin became her +lover. In 1869 she became a widow, and in spite of the stories told +about her she found a second husband, Jules Delaherche. On the eve of +the battle of Sedan she resumed for the nonce her former relations +with Beaudoin. Gay and irresponsible by nature, she flirted with +Captain von Gartlauben, a Prussian officer, who was quartered on her +husband after the capitulation of Sedan, while at the same time she +carried on a liaison with Edmond Lagarde, a young soldier who had been +wounded, and whom she had assisted to nurse. La Debacle. + +VIOLAINE (LOUISE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She took +the part in the /Blonde Venus/ originally played by Nana, and secured +a great success. Nana. + +VIRGINIE, sister of Adele, for whose sake Auguste Lantier deserted +Gervaise Macquart. Gervaise, meeting Virginie in a public washing- +house, was taunted by her on the subject of her lover, and a terrible +fight between the two women followed, Virginie being severely beaten. +Gervaise did not see her again for some years, by which time she had +married M. Poisson, an ex-soldier, who later became a policeman. She +professed to have overlooked the fight with Gervaise, but appears to +have been not without hope that an opportunity of repaying her +injuries might eventually arise. When the Coupeaus gave way to drink, +Lantier, who had again established friendly relations, suggested that +Virginie should take the Coupeaus' shop and buy a stock of groceries +and sweetmeats with a legacy she had received from an aunt. Partly +moved by a desire for revenge on Gervaise, she did so, and Lantier +retained with the Poissons the place as a lodger he formerly occupied +with the Coupeaus. Soon after, he became Virginie's lover, and, by +paying nothing for his support, while he gradually ate the contents of +the shop, he accomplished the downfall of the Poissons in much the +same manner as he had already ruined the Coupeaus. L'Assommoir. + +VISCARDI (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of +Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon. + +VOINCOURT (COMTESSE DE), mother of Claire de Voincourt. She occupied +at Beaumont a house adjoining the bishop's palace. Le Reve. + +VOINCOURT (CLAIRE DE), the daughter of an old family of great wealth +who lived at Beaumont. Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur wished to arrange a +marriage between her and Felicien, his son; his plans were assisted by +the belief of Felicien that Angelique, with whom he had fallen in +love, no longer cared for him. This belief having proved false, the +proposed marriage between Felicien and Claire de Voincourt did not +take place. Le Reve. + +VORIAU, a large black dog which belonged to Bambousse, the Mayor of +Artaud. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +VUILLAUME (M. and MADAME), the parents of Madame Pichon, whom they +visited every Sunday afternoon. They were, later, much annoyed with +the Pichons, whose family became, they considered, too large for their +means. Pot-Bouille. + +VUILLAUME (MARIE). See Madame Marie Pichon. + +VUILLET, a bookseller of Plassans, who published a biweekly journal, +the /Gazette de Plassans/, which was devoted exclusively to the +interests of the clergy. La Fortune des Rougon. + + + + W + +WEISS, husband of Henriette Levasseur, and cousin of Otto Gunther. He +got a situation in the refinery at Chene-Populeux, almost in a menial +position, but he gradually educated himself, and by dint of hard work +raised himself to the position of accountant. A clear-headed man, he +early saw the causes that were to lead to the downfall of his country, +and expressed himself strongly regarding the unprepared state of the +army. Weiss lived at Sedan, but in 1870 he had just bought a little +house at Bazeilles, where he slept the night before the battle. He was +frantic at the idea that the Prussians might pillage and perhaps +destroy the dwelling so long desired and so hardly acquired, and when +the attack was made he took an active part in the fighting. Captured +by the Prussians, and being a civilian, he was at once condemned to be +shot, and the sentence was carried out before the eyes of his wife, +who had come from Sedan to look for him. La Debacle. + +WEISS (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Henriette Levasseur. La +Debacle. + +WORMS, a famous costumier, before whom the ladies of the Second Empire +bowed the knee. Renee Saccard was one of his customers, and when she +died owed him an account of two hundred and fifty-seven thousand +francs. La Curee. + + + + Z + +ZEPHIR, the horse ridden by Prosper Sambuc, who loved it like a +brother. The animal received a mortal wound at the battle of Sedan, +and fell on its rider, crushing under it his right leg. It lay upon +him for some hours, but eventually, on his speaking to it, moved with +a great effort sufficiently to allow him to escape. La Debacle. + +ZEPHYRIN, a worker on the farm of La Borderie. He laughed at the +agricultural machinery introduced by Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre. + +ZIDORE, a youth of seventeen, who was an apprentice zinc-worker. He +was Coupeau's assistant at one time. L'Assommoir. + +ZIZI, the pet name given by Nana to Georges Hugon. Nana. + +ZOE, waiting-maid in the employment of Nana. She was entirely in +Nana's confidence, and was always ready with shrewd advice, though +there is no doubt she arranged matters so that a great deal of money +came into her own hands. She ultimately took over the establishment of +La Tricon, which she had long coveted, and, having large ideas, +proposed to extend the business by renting a larger house. Nana. + + + + ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES + +ARROMANCHES, a small town on the Normandy coast, not far from Caen. It +is about six miles from Bonneville, the scene of La Joie de Vivre. + +ARTAUD (LES), a small village a few miles from Plassans (q.v.). Abbe +Mouret was its priest during the events related in La Faute de l'Abbe +Mouret. + +ASSOMMOIR (Pere Colombe's) was situated at the corner of Rue des +Poissonniers and Boulevard de Rochechouart, which is a continuation of +Boulevard de Clichy, in the northern district of Paris. L'Assommoir. + +AUGUSTIN (RUE NEUVE SAINT), a street which joins the Avenue de l'Opera +a short distance from the Opera House. It is intersected by Rue +Michodiere, at the corner of which is situated Octave Mouret's great +drapery establishment, known as "Au Bonheur des Dames." Au Bonheur des +Dames. + +BARENTIN, a small town on the Western Railway of France, about twelve +miles from Rouen. It was at a point between Barentin and the previous +station, Malaunay, that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. +La Bete Humaine. + +BAZEILLES, a village about three miles south-east of Sedan (q.v.). It +was the scene of some of the most important events in La Debacle. + +BEAUCE (LA), a fertile agricultural plain stretching between Chartres +and Orleans, and intersected by the road from the latter town to +Chateaudun. The district is the scene of La Terre. + +BEAUMONT, a town of about 3000 inhabitants, picturesquely situated on +a height on the left bank of the Oise about twenty-five miles north of +Paris. Its church, the scene of some of the principal events in Le +Reve, is an interesting building, dating from the thirteenth century. +Le Reve. + +BONCOEUR (HOTEL) was situated in the Boulevard de la Chapelle (q.v.). +L'Assommoir. + +BONNEVILLE, a village on the Normandy coast, about six miles from +Arromanches. It is in an extremely exposed position, and many houses +have been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. To prevent further +damage, Lazare Chanteau constructed a breakwater, which was, however, +washed away by the first storm. The inhabitants of the village were +mostly engaged in fishing. La Joie de Vivre. + +BORDERIE (LA), a farm on the plain of La Beauce, which belonged to +Alexandre Hourdequin, whose father bought it after the Revolution. La +Terre. + +CAEN, a town of about 40,000 inhabitants, situated on the River Orne, +about nine miles from the Normandy coast. Chanteau pere carried on +business there before he retired and went to live at Bonneville, and +his son Lazare received his education at its college. La Joie de +Vivre. + +CHALONS, a town of about 24,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Marne +107 miles east of Paris. It is the head-quarters of the Sixth Army +Corps, and was occupied by the Prussians in August, 1870. La Debacle. + +CHAPELLE (BOULEVARD DE LA) is a continuation of the Boulevard de +Clichy, in the Montmartre district of Paris. In it was situated the +Hotel Boncoeur, where Lantier and Gervaise Macquart found lodgings +when they first came to Paris. L'Assommoir. + +CHARLEVILLE, a town of about 17,000 inhabitants, situated about ten +miles north-west of Sedan. It is close to Mezieres, of which it really +forms the commercial and industrial portion. La Debacle. + +CHARTRES, an important and interesting town, situated on the left bank +of the Eure, fifty-five miles south-west of Paris. It is the principal +town in the grain-producing district of La Beauce, and reference is +frequently made to it in La Terre. In it M. and Madame Charles Badeuil +carried on business for a number of years with considerable success. +La Terre. + +CHATEAUDUN, a town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of +the Loire, about eighty-four miles south-west of Paris. It is in the +district of La Beauce, and is frequently referred to in La Terre. + +CHOISEUL (RUE DE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Italiens, +and Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. It is parallel to Avenue de l'Opera and +Rue Michodiere, being slightly to the east of the latter. Pot-Bouille. + +CLOYES, a market-town in the district of La Beauce, about seven miles +from Chateaudun and ninety-one miles south-west of Paris. It is +frequently referred to in La Terre. + +CROIX DE MAUFRAS (LE), a level crossing on the Western Railway of +France, between Malaunay and Barentin, about nine miles west of Rouen. +The crossing, which was looked after by Misard and his daughter Flore, +was the scene of a terrible railway accident, and it was in the same +vicinity that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La Bete +Humaine. + +EAUX (PASSAGE DES), a steep lane which runs from Rue Raynouard at +Passy down to the Seine. In an old house which abutted on the passage +lived Mere Fetu, and in the same building was the room where Helene +Grandjean went to meet Doctor Deberle. Une Pate d'Amour. + +GOUTTE D'OR (RUE DE LA), a street in the Montmartre district of Paris. +It enters from Rue des Poissonniers and runs parallel to and behind +Boulevard de la Chapelle, which is a continuation of Boulevard de +Clichy. The Coupeaus and the Lorilleux lived in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. +L'Assommoir. + +HALLES CENTRALES (LES), the great provision markets of Paris, are +situated on the right bank of the river, and are directly north of the +Pont Neuf, from which they are not far distant. Le Ventre de Paris. + +HAUSSMANN (BOULEVARD) runs from east to west a short distance behind +the Opera House. Its eastern end connects with the Boulevard des +Italiens. Nana. + +HAVRE (LE), an important seaport, which forms the terminus of the +Western Railway of France, the line upon which Jacques Lantier was +employed as an engine-driver. The Roubauds lived at Le Havre, and many +of the principal scenes in La Bete Humaine were enacted there. La Bete +Humaine. + +LAZARE (RUE SAINT-), is in the neighbourhood of the railway station of +the same name. In it was situated the Orviedo mansion, in which +Aristide Saccard started the Universal Bank. L'Argent. + +LILLE, an important manufacturing town in the north of France, near +the Belgian frontier. Etienne Lantier was at one time employed in the +railway workshop there. Germinal. + +MALAUNAY, a station on the Western Railway of France, six miles from +Rouen, and about midway between that town and Barentin. It is referred +to in La Bete Humaine. + +MARBEUF (RUE), a street which connects the Avenue des Champs Elysees +and the Avenue de l'Alma. Eugene Rougon lived there. Son Excellence +Eugene Rougon. + +MARCHIENNES, a town in the mining district of the north of France, +about thirty miles south-east of Lille. It is frequently referred to +in Germinal. + +METZ, a town of 55,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Moselle, about +263 miles east of Paris and about eighty miles south-east of Sedan. It +was surrendered to the Prussians on 27th October, 1870, and is now the +capital of German Lorraine. La Debacle. + +MEZIERES, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on a peninsula +formed by the Meuse about ten miles north-west of Sedan. Its situation +has prevented its extension, and the closely adjoining town of +Charleville has become its commercial and industrial quarter. Mezieres +was three times invested during the Franco-Prussian War, and +surrendered on 2nd January, 1871, after a bombardment of three days. +La Debacle. + +MICHODIERE (RUE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Capucines +and the Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. At the corner where it joins the +latter street was situated Octave Mouret's great drapery +establishment, known as "Au Bonheur des Dames," and in it also Baudu +carried on business. The street is almost parallel to the Avenue de +l'Opera. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +MOINES (RUE DES) was situated at Batignolles, in the extreme north- +west of Paris. Madame Lerat lived there. L'Assommoir. + +MONCEAU (RUE), a street which runs northward from Rue du Faubourg St. +Honore. It is a short distance to the north-east of the Arc de +Triomphe, and in it was situated Aristide Saccard's magnificent +mansion. La Curee. + +MONTSOU, a mining village in the north of France, about ten kilometres +from Marchiennes (q.v.). It is the scene of many of the chief events +in Germinal. + +ORLEANS, an important town situated on the Loire, seventy-five miles +south of Paris. It is referred to in La Terre and Nana. + +PARADOU, the name of a neglected demesne near Plassans (q.v.). It was +the scene of a large part of La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret. + +PLASSANS, the name under which Zola disguised his native town of Aix. +It is a place of about 30,000 inhabitants, and is situated eighteen +miles north of Marseilles. Aix was at one time the capital of +Provence, is the seat of an archbishop, and contains a university and +an Ecole des Art et Metiers. + +In the Rougon-Macquart novels Zola made Plassans the cradle of an +imaginary family, and throughout the whole series of books the town is +constantly referred to. La Fortune des Rougon, etc. + +RAUCOURT, a small town about six miles south of Sedan. It is +frequently referred to in La Debacle. + +REIMS, an important town of 98,000 inhabitants, situated about 100 +miles to the north-east of Paris. In 1870-71 it was occupied by the +Prussians, who laid heavy requisitions upon it. The town is frequently +referred to in La Debacle. + +REMILLY, a village about five miles south of Sedan. Old Fouchard's +farm was situated in its vicinity. La Debacle. + +ROUEN, an important town of over 100,000 inhabitants, situated on the +Seine, about eighty-seven miles from Paris and fifty-seven miles from +Le Havre. It was the scene of the judicial inquiry regarding the +murder of President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine. + +SEDAN, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated on the Meuse, about 170 +miles north-east of Paris. It was the scene of one of the chief +battles of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and capitulated to the +Prussian forces on 2nd September of that year. The town is frequently +referred to in La Debacle. + +VALOGNES, a small town in Normandy, not far from Cherbourg. It was the +birthplace of Denise Baudu and her brothers. Au Bonheur des Dames. + +VINEUSE (RUE DE), a street in the Passy district of Paris, at the +extreme west end of the city. It is near the Trocadero Palace. Madame +Helene Grandjean and Doctor Deberle both lived in this street. Une +Page d'Amour. + +VOREUX, the name of a large coal-pit, situated about two kilometres +from Montsou, on the road between that village and Marchiennes (q.v.). +Germinal. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY *** + +This file should be named zladc10.txt or zladc10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, zladc11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, zladc10a.txt + +Etext prepared by Dagny, dagnypg@yahoo.com + and John Bickers, jbickers@ihug.co.nz + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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