initial commit of ebook 5103HEADmain

1 files changed, 10952 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/5103.txt b/5103.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..decca50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5103.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10952 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Zola Dictionary
+
+Author: J. G. Patterson
+
+Release Date: April 22, 2006 [EBook #5103]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dagny; John Bickers
+
+
+
+
+
+A ZOLA DICTIONARY
+
+The Characters Of The Rougon-Macquart Novels Of Emile Zola
+
+
+By J. G. Patterson
+
+
+
+With a Biographical and Critical Introduction, Synopses of the Plots,
+Bibliographical Note, Map, Genealogy, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE
+
+In the preparation of my Introduction I have, of course, relied for
+information on the recognized Biographies of Zola, namely _Notes d'un
+Ami_, by Paul Alexis (Paris, Charpentier); _Emile Zola, A biographical
+and Critical Study_, by R. H. Sherrard (London, Chatto & Windus, 1893);
+_Emile Zola, Novelist and Reformer_: An account of his Life and Work,
+by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly (London, John Lane, 1904). Reference has also
+been made to Mr. Arthur Symons' _Studies in Prose and Verse_, and
+to articles in the _Fortnightly Review_ by Mr. Andrew Lang, in the
+_Atlantic Monthly_ by Mr. Henry James, and in the _Contemporary
+Review_ by M. Edouard Rod, as well as to articles in the _Encyclopaedia
+Britannica_ and in the _Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains_.
+
+By kind permission of Messrs. Chatto & Windus it has been possible to
+include the diagram of the Rougon-Macquart Genealogical Tree, which
+appears in the Preface to their edition of _Doctor Pascal_, and to
+make use of their translations in the preparation of the Dictionary.
+In compiling the latter, Zola's own words have been adopted so far as
+possible, though usually they have required such condensation as to make
+direct quotation difficult. This difficulty was increased by the fact
+that occasional use was made of different translations of the same book,
+and that frequent references to the original were found necessary.
+
+The Synopses of the Plots of the novels are arranged in the order in
+which the books should be read, as indicated by their Author in _Le
+Docteur Pascal_, and confirmed by his biographer, Mr. E. A. Vizetelly.
+
+EDINBURGH, May, 1912. J. G. P.
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Emile Zola was born at Paris on 2nd April, 1840. His father, Francois
+Zola, was a man whose career up to that time had not been a success,
+though this was not due to any lack of energy or ability. Zola _pere_
+was of mixed nationality, his father being an Italian and his mother a
+Greek, and it is not unlikely that his unrest and want of concentration
+were due to the accident of his parentage. When quite a young man,
+Francois fought under the great Napoleon, after whose fall he became a
+civil engineer. He spent some time in Germany, where he was engaged
+in the construction of the first tramway line in Europe, afterwards
+visiting Holland and possibly England. Failure seems to have accompanied
+him, for in 1831 he applied for and obtained an appointment, as
+lieutenant in the Foreign Legion in Algeria. His career in Africa was,
+however, of short duration; some irregularities were discovered, and he
+disappeared for a time, though ultimately he came forward and made
+up his accounts, paying the balance that was due. No prosecution took
+place, and resignation of his commission was accepted. Nothing more was
+heard of the matter till 1898, when his son Emile identified himself
+with the cause of Dreyfus, and in the campaign of calumny that followed
+had to submit to the vilest charges against the memory of his father.
+The old dossier was produced by the French Ministry of War, the
+officials of which did not hesitate to strengthen their case by the
+forgery of some documents and the suppression of others. In view
+of these proved facts, and of the circumstance that Francois Zola,
+immediately after his resignation from the Foreign Legion, established
+himself as a civil engineer at Marseilles and prepared a scheme for new
+maritime docks there, and that in connection with this scheme he
+visited Paris repeatedly, obtaining private audiences with the King and
+interviewing statesmen, it must be held that the charges against him
+were of a venial nature, in no way warranting the accusations brought
+forward by the War Office nearly seventy years later to cast discredit
+on his son. Nothing came of the Marseilles harbour scheme, and the same
+fate attended subsequent plans for the fortification of Paris. Zola
+_pere_, who by this time had married, then turned his attention to a
+proposal to supply water to the town of Aix, in Provence, by means of
+a reservoir and canal. He removed thither with his wife and child, and
+after many delays and disappointments ultimately signed an agreement for
+the construction of the works. Even then further delays took place, and
+it was not till three years later that the work could be commenced. But
+the engineer's ill fortune still attended him, for one morning while he
+was superintending his workmen the treacherous mistral began to blow,
+and he took a chill, from the effects of which he died a few days
+afterwards.
+
+The young widow, with her son Emile, then a child of seven, was left
+in poor circumstances, her only fortune being a claim against the
+municipality of Aix. Fortunately her parents had some means, and came to
+her assistance during the years of fruitless struggle to establish the
+rights of her dead husband. Emile had up to this time been allowed
+to run wild, and he had spent most of his time out of doors, where he
+acquired a love of the country which he retained in later years. Even
+when he was sent to school he was backward, only learning his letters
+with difficulty and showing little inclination for study. It was not
+till 1852, when he was twelve years sold, that his education really
+began. By this time he was able to realize his mother's financial
+position, and to see the sacrifices which were being made to send him
+as a boarder to the _lycee_ at Aix. His progress then became rapid, and
+during the next five years he gained many prizes. Throughout all these
+years the struggle between Madame Zola and the municipality had gone
+on, each year diminishing her chance of success. In the end her position
+became desperate, and finding it impossible to continue to reside at
+Aix, the little family removed to Paris in 1858. Fortunately Emile was
+enabled by the intervention of certain friends of his late father to
+continue his studies, and became a day pupil at the Lycee St. Louis,
+on the Boulevard St. Michael. For some reason he made little progress
+there, and when he presented himself for his _baccalaureat_ degree he
+failed to pass the examination. A later attempt at the University of
+Marseilles had the same result. As this examination is in France the
+passport to all the learned professions, Zola's failure to pass it
+placed him in a serious position. His mother's resources were by this
+time entirely exhausted, and some means of support had to be sought
+without delay. After many attempts, he got a place as clerk in a
+business house at a salary of twenty-six pounds a year, but the work
+proved so distasteful that after two months of drudgery he threw it
+up. Then followed a period of deep misery, but a period which must
+have greatly influenced the work of the future novelist. Wandering the
+streets by day and, when he could find money to buy a candle, writing
+poems and short stories by night, he was gaining that experience in the
+school of life of which he was later to make such splendid use. Meantime
+his wretchedness was deep. A miserable lodging in a garret, insufficient
+food, inadequate clothing, and complete absence of fire may be an
+incentive to high endeavour, but do not render easy the pathway of
+fame. The position had become all but untenable when Zola received
+an appointment in the publishing house of M. Hachette, of Paris, at
+a salary beginning at a pound a week, but soon afterwards increased.
+During the next two years he wrote a number of short stories which were
+published later under the title _Contes a Ninon_. The book did not prove
+a great success, though its undoubted ability attracted attention to the
+writer and opened the way to some journalistic work. About this time he
+appears to have been studying Balzac, and the recently published _Madame
+Bovary_ of Flaubert, which was opening up a new world not only in French
+fiction, but in the literature of Europe. He had also read the _Germinie
+Lacerteux_ of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, on which he wrote an
+appreciative article, and this remarkable book cannot have been without
+its influence on his work. The effect was indeed immediate, for in
+1865 he published his next book, _La Confession de Claud_, which showed
+strong traces of that departure from conventional fiction which he
+was afterwards to make more pronounced. The book was not a financial
+success, though it attracted attention, and produced many reviews,
+some favourable, others merciless. Influenced by the latter, the
+Public Prosecutor caused inquiries regarding the author to be made at
+Hachette's, but nothing more was done, and it is indeed doubtful if any
+successful prosecution could have been raised, even at a period when it
+was thought necessary to indict the author of _Madame Bovary_.
+
+Zola's employers had, however, begun to look askance at his literary
+work; they may have considered that it was occupying too much of the
+time for which they paid, or, more probably, they were becoming alarmed
+at their clerk's advanced views both on politics and literary art. As
+Zola afterwards explained the matter, one of the partners said to him,
+"You are earning two hundred francs a month here, which is ridiculous.
+You have plenty of talent, and would do better to take up literature
+altogether. You would find glory and profit there." The hint was a
+direct one, and it was taken. The young author was again thrown upon
+his own resources, but was no longer entirely unknown, for the not
+unfavourable reception of his first book and the violent attacks on
+his second had given him a certain position, even though it may to some
+extent have partaken of the nature of a _succes de scandale_. As
+he wrote at the time, he did not mean to pander to the likes or the
+dislikes of the crowd; he intended to force the public to caress or
+insult him.
+
+Journalism was the avenue which now appeared most open, and Zola got an
+appointment on the staff of a newspaper called _L'Evenement_, in which
+he wrote articles on literary and artistic subjects. His views were
+not tempered by moderation, and when he depreciated the members of the
+_Salon_ in order to exalt Manet, afterwards an artist of distinction,
+but then regarded as a dangerous revolutionary, the public outcry was
+such that he was forced to discontinue publication of the articles.
+He then began a second story called _Le Vaeu d'une Morte_ in the same
+newspaper. It was intended to please the readers of _L'Evenement_, but
+from the first failed to do so, and its publication was stopped before
+it was half completed. Soon afterwards _L'Evenement_ was incorporated
+with the _Figaro_, and Zola's connection with it terminated. A time of
+hardship again began, and during the year 1867 the wolf was only kept
+from the door by unremitting toil of the least agreeable kind. In the
+midst of his difficulties Zola wrote two books simultaneously, one
+supremely good and the other unquestionably bad. The one was _Therese
+Raquin_, and the other _Les Mysteres de Marseille_. The latter, which
+was pure hack-work, was written to the order of the publisher of a
+Marseillaise newspaper, who supplied historical material from researches
+made by himself at the Marseilles and Aix law courts, about the various
+_causes celebres_ which during the previous fifty years had attracted
+the most public attention. These were to be strung together, and by an
+effort of legerdemain combined into a coherent whole in the form of a
+novel. Zola, desiring bread, undertook the task, with results that might
+have been anticipated.
+
+_Therese Raquin_ is a work of another kind, for into it Zola put the
+best that was in him, and elaborated the story with the greatest care.
+It is a tale of Divine Justice, wherein a husband is murdered by his
+wife and her lover, who, though safe from earthly consequence, are yet
+separated by the horror of their deed, and come to hate each other for
+the thing they have done. The book is one of remarkable power, and it is
+interesting to note that in the preface to it Zola first made use of
+the word _naturalisme_ as describing that form of fiction which he
+was afterwards to uphold in and out of season. A violent attack in the
+_Figaro_ gave opportunity for a vigorous reply, and the advertisement
+so obtained assisted the sales of the book, which from the first was a
+success. It was followed by _Madeleine Ferat_, which, however, was less
+fortunate. The subject is unpleasant, and its treatment lacks the force
+which made _Therese Raquin_ convincing.
+
+Up to this time Zola's life had been a steady struggle against poverty.
+He was terribly in earnest, and was determined to create for himself
+a place in literature; to accomplish this end he counted no labour
+too arduous, no sacrifice too great. His habits were Spartan in their
+simplicity; he was a slave to work and method, good equipment for the
+vast task he was next to undertake. He had long been an earnest student
+of Balzac, and there is no doubt that it was the example of the great
+_Comedie Humaine_ which inspired his scheme for a series of novels
+dealing with the life history of a family during a particular period;
+as he described it himself, "the history natural and social of a family
+under the Second Empire." It is possible that he was also influenced
+by the financial success of the series of historical novels written by
+Erckmann-Chatrian, known as the _Romans Nationaux_. It was not, however,
+the past about which he proposed to write; no period was more suitable
+for his purpose than that in which he lived, that Second Empire whose
+regime began in blood and continued in corruption. He had there,
+under his own eyes and within his personal knowledge, a suitable
+_mise-en-scene_ wherein to further develop those theories of hereditary
+influence which had already attracted his attention while he was writing
+_Madeleine Ferat_. The scheme was further attractive in as much as it
+lent itself readily to the system of treatment to which he had applied
+the term _naturalisme_, to distinguish it from the crudities of the
+realistic school. The scientific tendency of the period was to rely not
+on previously accepted propositions, but on observation and experience,
+or on facts and documents. To Zola the voice of science conveyed the
+word of ultimate truth, and with desperate earnestness he set out to
+apply its methods to literary production. His position was that the
+novelist is, like the scientist, an observer and an experimentalist
+combined. The observer, he says, gives the facts as he has observed
+them, fixes the starting-point, lays the solid ground on which
+his characters are to walk and his phenomena to develop. Then the
+experimentalist appears and starts the experiment, that is to say, he
+makes the personages in a particular story move, in order to show that
+the succession of events will be just what the determinism of phenomena
+together with study demand that they should be. The author must abstain
+from comment, never show his own personality, and never turn to the
+reader for sympathy; he must, as Mr. Andrew Lang has observed, be as
+cold as a vivisectionist at a lecture. Zola thought the application
+of this method would raise the position of the novel to the level of
+a science, and that it would become a medium for the expression of
+established truths. The fallacy of the argument has been exposed by
+more than one critic. It is self-evident that the "experiments" by the
+novelist cannot be made on subjects apart from himself, but are made by
+him and in him; so that they prove more regarding his own temperament
+than about what he professes to regard as the inevitable actions of
+his characters. The conclusion drawn by a writer from such actions must
+always be open to the retort that he invented the whole himself and
+that fiction is only fiction. But to Zola in the late sixties the theory
+seemed unassailable and it was upon it that he founded the whole edifice
+of _Les Rougon-Macquart_. The considerations then that influenced Zola
+in beginning a series of novels connected by subject into one gigantic
+whole were somewhat various. There was the example of Balzac's great
+_Comedie Humaine_; there was the desire of working out the theories of
+heredity in which he had become interested; there was the opportunity of
+putting into operation the system which he had termed _naturalisme_;
+and there was also the consideration that if he could get a publisher to
+agree to his proposals he would secure a certain income for a number of
+years. His original scheme was a series of twelve novels to be written
+at the rate of two a year, and he entered into a contract with a
+publisher named Lacroix, who was to pay him five hundred francs a month
+as an advance. M. Lacroix would, however, only bind himself to publish
+four out of the twelve novels. The arrangement could not be carried out,
+and at the end of three years only two volumes of the Rougon-Macquart
+series had been published, while Zola found that he had become indebted
+to the publisher for a very considerable sum.
+
+The first novel of the series was begun in 1869, but was not published
+till the winter of 1871, delay having occurred on account of the war
+with Germany. Zola was never a rapid writer, and seems to have regulated
+his literary production with machinelike uniformity. As his friend and
+biographer Paul Alexis writes: "Only four pages, but four pages every
+day, every day without exception, the action of the drop of water always
+falling on the same place, and in the end wearing out the hardest
+stone. It seems nothing, but in course of time chapters follow chapters,
+volumes follow upon volumes, and a whole life's work sprouts, multiplies
+its branches, extends its foliage like a lofty oak, destined to
+rise high into the air and to remain standing in the forest of human
+productions."
+
+His literary creed at the time he began the Rougon-Macquart series may
+be conveniently summed up in a few words from an article which he had
+only a month before written in the _Gaulois_: "If I kept a school of
+morals," he says, "I would hasten to place in the hands of my pupils
+_Madame Bovary_ or _Germinie Lacerteux_, persuaded that truth alone can
+instruct and fortify generous souls."
+
+In _La Fortune des Rougon_, then, Zola set out to plant the roots of
+the great family tree which was to occupy his attention during the next
+twenty years of his life. His object was to describe the origin of
+the family which he had selected for dissection in his series, and to
+outline the various principal characters, members of that family. Mr.
+Andrew Lang, writing on this subject in the _Fortnightly Review_, points
+out that certain Arab tribes trace their descent from a female Dog, and
+suggests that the Rougon-Macquart family might have claimed the same
+ancestry. Adelaide Fouque came of a race of peasants who had long lived
+at Plassans, a name invented by Zola to conceal the identity of Aix,
+the town in Provence where his youth had been spent. She was highly
+neurotic, with a tendency to epilepsy, but from the point of view of the
+naturalistic novelist she offered many advantages. When a mere girl she
+married a man named Rougon, who died soon afterwards, leaving her with
+a son named Pierre, from whom descended the legitimate branch of the
+family. Then followed a liaison with a drunken smuggler named Macquart,
+as a result of which two children were born, the Macquarts. Adelaide's
+original neurosis had by this time become more pronounced, and she
+ultimately became insane. Pierre married and had five children, but his
+financial affairs had not prospered, though by underhand methods he had
+contrived to get possession of his mother's property, to the exclusion
+of her other children. Then came the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, and
+Pierre, quick to seize his opportunity, rendered such services to the
+Bonapartist party as to lay the foundation of the family fortune, a
+foundation which was, however, cemented with treachery and blood. It was
+with these two families, then, both descended from a common ancestress,
+and sometimes subsequently united by intermarriage, that the whole
+series of novels was to deal. They do not form an edifying group,
+these Rougon-Macquarts, but Zola, who had based his whole theory of the
+experimental novel upon the analogy of medical research, was not on the
+outlook for healthy subjects; he wanted social sores to probe. This is
+a fact much too often overlooked by readers of detached parts of the
+series, for it should always be kept in mind that the whole was written
+with the express purpose of laying bare all the social evils of one of
+the most corrupt periods in recent history, in the belief that through
+publicity might come regeneration. Zola was all along a reformer as
+well as a novelist, and his zeal was shown in many a bitter newspaper
+controversy. It has been urged against him that there were plenty of
+virtuous people about whom he could have written, but these critics
+appear to forget that he was in a sense a propagandist, and that it was
+not his _metier_ to convert persons already in the odour of sanctity.
+
+_La Fortune des Rougon_ was not particularly successful on its
+publication, but in view of the fact that the war with Germany was
+barely concluded no surprise need be experienced. Zola's financial
+position was, however, by the arrangement with his publisher now more
+secure, and he felt justified in marrying. This he did, and settled down
+into the quiet bourgeois existence in which his life was spent.
+
+The next book was _La Curee_, a study of the mushroom society of the
+Second Empire. The subject--the story of Phaedra adapted to modern
+environment--is unpleasant and the treatment is daring; but despite a
+slight _succes de scandale_, its reception by the public was no more
+favorable than that of _La Fortune des Rougon_.
+
+_La Curee_ was followed by _Le Ventre de Paris_, which reached a second
+edition. It contained some excellent descriptive writing, but was
+severely attacked by certain critics, who denounced it as the apotheosis
+of gluttony, while they resented the transference of a pork butcher's
+shop to literature and took particular exceptions to a certain "symphony
+of cheeses."
+
+Next came _La Conquete de Plassans_, an excellent story, to be followed
+by _La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret_, one of Zola's most romantic books,
+and the first to attain any considerable success. He next wrote _Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon_, in which he dealt with the political side
+of the Second Empire and sketched the life of the Imperial Court at
+Compiegne. For this task he was not particularly well equipped, and the
+book was only moderately successful. Then came _L'Assommoir_, and
+with it fame and fortune for the writer. It is a terrible story of
+working-class life in Paris, a study of the ravages wrought by drink.
+Again to quote Mr. Andrew Lang, "It is a dreadful but not an immoral
+book. It is the most powerful temperance tract that ever was written. As
+M. Zola saw much of the life of the poor in his early years, as he once
+lived, when a boy, in one of the huge lodging-houses he describes, one
+may fear that _L'Assommoir_ is a not untruthful picture of the lives of
+many men and women in Paris."
+
+In order to heighten the effect, Zola deliberately wrote the whole
+of _L'Assommoir_ in the argot of the streets, sparing nothing of its
+coarseness and nothing of its force. For this alone he was attacked by
+many critics, and from its publication onwards an unexampled controversy
+arose regarding the author and his methods. Looking backwards it is
+difficult to see why such an outcry should have arisen about such a
+masterpiece of literature, but water has flowed beneath many bridges
+since 1877, and, largely by the influence of Zola's own work, the limits
+of convention have been widely extended. At the time, however, the
+work was savagely attacked, and to the author the basest motives
+were assigned, while libels on his own personal character were freely
+circulated. Zola replied to these attacks in a manner so calm and so
+convincing that quotation may be permitted. "It would be well," he said,
+"to read my novels, to understand them, to see them clearly in their
+entirety, before bringing forward the ready-made opinions, ridiculous
+and odious, which are circulated concerning myself and my works. Ah!
+if people only knew how my friends laugh at the appalling legend which
+amuses the crowd! If they only knew how the blood-thirsty wretch, the
+formidable novelist, is simply a respectable bourgeois, a man devoted to
+study and to art, living quietly in his corner, whose sole ambition is
+to leave as large and living a work as he can. I contradict no reports,
+I work on, and I rely on time, and on the good faith of the public, to
+discover me at last under the accumulation of nonsense that has been
+heaped upon me." This statement is absolutely in accordance with fact,
+and when it is realized that the writer of the Rougon-Macquart novels
+was merely a hard-working, earnest man, filled with a determination to
+complete the vast task which he had planned, and not to be turned
+from his ideas by praise or blame, it will go far to promote a better
+understanding of his aims and methods. It is necessary too, as has
+already been said, that the various novels forming the Rougon-Macquart
+series be considered not as separate entities, but as chapters of one
+vast whole.
+
+_L'Assommoir_ was an immediate success with the public, and the sales
+were unusually large for the time, while now (1912) they amount to one
+hundred and sixty-two thousand copies in the original French alone.
+
+In 1878 Zola published _Une Page d'Amour_, the next volume of the
+series, a simple love story containing some very beautiful and romantic
+descriptions of Paris. Then followed _Nana_, to which _L'Assommoir_ was
+the prelude. _Nana_ dealt with the vast demimonde of Paris, and while it
+was his greatest popular success, was in every sense his worst book. Of
+no subject on which he wrote was Zola more ignorant than of this, and
+the result is a laboured collection of scandals acquired at second-hand.
+Mr. Arthur Symons, in his _Studies in Prose and Verse_, recounts how an
+English paper once reported an interview in which the author of _Nana_,
+indiscreetly questioned as to the amount of personal observation he had
+put into the book, replied that he had once lunched with an actress
+of the Varietes. "The reply was generally taken for a joke," says
+Mr. Symons, "but the lunch was a reality, and it was assuredly a rare
+experience in the life of a solitary diligence to which we owe so
+many impersonal studies in life." The sales of the book were, however,
+enormous, and Zola's financial position was now assured.
+
+Publication of the Rougon-Macquart series went steadily on.
+_Pot-Bouille_ a story of middle-class life, was followed by its sequel
+_Au Bonheur des Dames_, a study of life in one of the great emporiums
+which were beginning to crush out the small shopkeepers of Paris. _La
+Joie de Vivre_, that drab story of hypochondria and self-sacrifice, was
+succeeded by _Germinal_, the greatest, if not the only really great,
+novel of labour that has ever been written in any language. After
+_Germinal_ came _L'Oeuvre_, which deals with art life in Paris, and is
+in part an autobiography of the author. We now come to _La Terre_
+around which the greatest controversy has raged. In parts the book is
+Shakespearian in its strength and insight, but it has to be admitted at
+once that the artistic quality of the work has been destroyed in large
+measure by the gratuitous coarseness which the author has thought
+necessary to put into it. Even allowing for the fact that the subject is
+the brutishness and animality of French peasant life, and admitting that
+the picture drawn may be a true one, the effect had been lessened by the
+fact that nothing has been left to the imagination. On the other hand
+there has, since Shakespeare, been nothing so fine as the treatment of
+Pere Fouan, that peasant King Lear, by his ungrateful family. It has
+been urged that Zola overdid the horrors of the situation and that no
+parent would have been so treated by his children. By a singular chance
+a complete answer to this objection may be found in a paragraph which
+appeared in the _Daily Mail_ of 18th April, 1911. A few days before, a
+peasant woman in France had entered her father's bedroom and struck him
+nine times on the head with an axe, afterwards going home to bed. The
+reason for the crime was that the old man two years previously had
+divided his property between his two daughters on condition that they
+paid him a monthly allowance. His elder daughter was always in arrear
+with her share of the pension, and, after constant altercations between
+father and daughter, the latter extinguished her liability in the manner
+indicated. Now this tragedy in real life is the actual plot of _La
+Terre_, which was written twenty-four years before it occurred.
+
+In accordance with the author's usual plan, whereby a heavy book was
+followed by a light one, _La Terre_ was succeeded by _Le Reve_, a work
+at the other extreme of the literary gamut. As _La Terre_ is of the
+earth, earthy, so is _Le Reve_ spiritual and idyllic, the work of a man
+enamoured of the refined and the beautiful. It has indeed been described
+as the most beautiful work written in France during the whole of the
+nineteenth century.
+
+_La Bete Humaine_, the next of the series, is a work of a different
+class, and is to the English reader the most fascinating of all Zola's
+novels. It deals with human passions in their elemental forms, with a
+background of constant interest in the railway life of Western France.
+The motives are always obvious and strong, a criticism which can by no
+means be invariably applied to French fiction.
+
+Next appeared _L'Argent_, which is the sequel to _La Curee_ and deals
+with financial scandals. It was inspired by the failure of the Union
+Generale Bank a few years before, and is a powerful indictment of the
+law affecting joint-stock companies. To _L'Argent_ there succeeded _La
+Debacle_, that prose epic of modern war, more complete and coherent
+than even the best of Tolstoi. And to end all came _Le Docteur Pascal_,
+winding up the series on a note of pure romance.
+
+Regarded as a literary tour de force the work is only comparable to
+the _Comedie Humaine_. It occupied nearly twenty-five years in writing,
+consists of twenty volumes containing over twelve hundred characters,
+and a number of words estimated by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly at two million
+five hundred thousand.
+
+There can be little doubt that Zola's best work was expended on the
+Rougon-Macquart series. With its conclusion his zeal as a reformer began
+to outrun his judgment as an artist, and his later books partake more of
+the nature of active propaganda than of works of fiction. They comprise
+two series: _Les Trois Villes_ (Lourdes, Paris, Rome) and _Les Quatre
+Evangiles_, of which only three (Fecondite, Travail, and Verite) were
+written before the author's death. Politics had begun to occupy his
+attention, and from 1896 onwards he increasingly interested himself in
+the Jewish question which culminated in the Dreyfus case. His sense of
+justice, always keen, was outraged by the action of the authorities and
+on 13th January, 1898, he published his famous letter, beginning with
+the words _J'accuse_, a letter which altered the whole course of events
+in France. It is difficult now to realize the effect of Zola's action
+in this matter; he was attacked with a virulence almost unexampled, a
+virulence which followed him beyond the grave. Four years later, on the
+day after his death, the Paris correspondent of _The Times_ wrote: "It
+is evident the passions of two or three years ago are still alive. Many
+persons expressed their joy with such boisterous gestures as men indulge
+in on learning of a victory, and some exclaimed savagely, 'It is none
+too soon.' The unseemliness of this extraordinary spectacle evoked no
+retort from the passers-by." The feeling of resentment is still alive in
+France, and it is necessary to take it into account in the consideration
+of any estimates of his literary work by his own countrymen. It is a
+mistake to attribute Zola's campaign for the rehabilitation of Dreyfus
+to mere lust of fame, as has been freely done. He certainly was
+ambitious, but had he wished to gain the plaudits of the crowd he
+would not have adopted a cause which was opposed by the majority of the
+nation. As a result of the agitation, he was obliged to leave France
+and take refuge in England, till such time as a change of circumstances
+enabled him to return.
+
+On 29th September, 1902, the world was startled to learn that Emile Zola
+had been found dead in his bedroom, suffocated by the fumes of a
+stove, and that his wife had narrowly escaped dying with him. A life of
+incessant literary labour had been quenched.
+
+The reputation of Zola has suffered, it is to be feared, in no small
+degree from the indiscretions of his friends. In England he was
+introduced to the notice of the reading public by Mr. Henry Vizetelly,
+who between 1884 and 1889 published a number of translations of his
+novels. The last of these was _The Soil_, a translation of _La Terre_,
+which aroused such an outcry that a prosecution followed, and Mr.
+Vizetelly was sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Without raising
+any question as to the propriety of this prosecution, it is difficult to
+avoid pointing out that Mr. Vizetelly was singularly ill advised not to
+have taken into account the essential differences between English
+and French literature, and not have seen that the publication of this
+particular book in its entirety was an impossibility under existing
+conditions. It is regrettable also that Mr. Vizetelly, who though a
+gentleman of the highest character, was no doubt anxious to make the
+most possible out of his venture, did not duly appreciate that the
+word "Realistic," which was blazoned on the covers of the various books
+issued by him, was in the early eighties invariably interpreted
+as meaning pornographic. Presumably nothing was further from Mr.
+Vizetelly's wish--his defence at the trial was that the books were
+literature of the highest kind--but it is unquestionable that the format
+was such as to give the impression indicated, an impression deepened by
+the extremely Gallic freedom of the illustrations. There can be little
+doubt that had the works been issued in an unobtrusive form, without
+illustrations, they would have attracted less attention of the
+undesirable kind which they afterwards received. The use of the term
+"Realistic" was the more remarkable as Zola had previously invented the
+word _Naturalisme_ to distinguish his work from that of the Realistic
+school. But if Zola's reputation in England suffered in this way, it
+is right to refer here to the debt of gratitude to Mr. E. A. Vizetelly
+under which the English public now lies. Some time after the prosecution
+of his father, Mr. Vizetelly began to publish, through Messrs. Chatto
+& Windus, a series of versions of Zola's works. The translations
+were admirably done, and while it was found necessary to make certain
+omissions, the task was so skilfully accomplished that in many cases
+actual improvement has resulted. These versions are at present the chief
+translations of Zola's works in circulation in this country; but while
+their number has been added to from time to time, it has not been found
+possible to include the whole of the Rougon-Macquart series. In 1894-5,
+however, the Lutetian Society issued to its members a literal and
+unabridged translation of six of the novels, made by writers of such
+eminence as Havelock Ellis, Arthur Symons, and Ernest Dowson. These
+are the only translations of these works which are of any value to the
+student, but they are unfortunately almost unobtainable, as the entire
+edition was restricted to three hundred copies on hand-made paper and
+ten on Japanese vellum.
+
+A charge not unfrequently brought against Zola is that he was a somewhat
+ignorant person, who required to get up from textbooks every subject
+upon which he wrote. Now there seems to be little doubt that it was in
+the first instance due to the indiscretion of his biographer, M. Paul
+Alexis, that this charge has arisen. Impressed by the vast industry of
+his friend, M. Alexis said so much about "research" and "documents"
+that less friendly critics seized the opportunity of exaggerating the
+importance of these. Every novelist of any consequence has found it
+necessary to "cram" his subjects, but says little about the fact. James
+Payn, for instance, could not have written his admirable descriptions of
+China in _By Proxy_ without much reading of many books, and Mr.
+Rudyard Kipling has not been blamed for studying the technicalities of
+engineering before he wrote _The Ship that found Herself_. It is open to
+question even whether Mr. Robert Hichens acquired his intimate knowledge
+of the conditions of life in Southern Europe and Northern Africa
+entirely without the assistance of Herr Baedeker. Zola undoubtedly
+studied his subjects, but far too much has been made of the necessity
+for his doing so. His equipment for the task he undertook was not less
+complete than that of many another novelist, and, like Dickens, he
+studied life in that school of a "stony-hearted stepmother," the streets
+of a great city.
+
+Zola's literary method may be described as a piling up of detail upon
+detail till there is attained an effect portentous, overwhelming. He
+lacked, however, a sense of proportion; he became so carried away by
+his visions of human depravity, that his characters developed powers of
+wickedness beyond mortal strength; he lay under an obsession regarding
+the iniquities of mankind. In dealing with this it was unfortunately
+his method to leave nothing to the imagination, and herein lies the most
+serious blemish on his work. There is undoubtedly much coarseness in
+some of his books, and the regrettable feature is that it is not only
+unnecessary, but in some cases actually lessens the effect at which he
+aimed. It is doubtful whether he was possessed of any sense of humour.
+Mr. Andrew Lang says that his lack of it was absolute, a darkness that
+can be felt; Mr. R. H. Sherrard, on the other hand, indicates that his
+work "teems with quiet fun." On the whole, truth seems to lie with Mr.
+Lang. M. and Madame Charles Badeuil, in _La Terre_ may seem Dickensian
+to an English reader, but there is always the Gallic point of view to be
+reckoned with, and it is doubtful if Zola did not regard these persons
+merely as types of a virtuous bourgeoisie.
+
+It was in the treatment of crowds in motion that Zola chiefly excelled;
+there is nothing finer in literature than the march of the strikers in
+_Germinal_ or the charges of the troops in _La Debacle_. Contrast him
+with such a master of prose as George Meredith, and we see how immensely
+strong the battle scenes in _La Debacle_ are when compared with those
+in _Vittoria_; it is here that his method of piling detail on detail and
+horror on horror is most effectual. "To make his characters swarm," said
+Mr. Henry James in a critical article in the _Atlantic Monthly_ (August,
+1903), "was the task he set himself very nearly from the first, that was
+the secret he triumphantly mastered."
+
+"Naturalism" as a school had a comparatively brief existence--Zola
+himself departed largely from its principles after the conclusion of the
+Rougon-Macquart series--but its effects have been far-reaching on
+the literature of many countries. In England the limits of literary
+convention have been extended, and pathways have been opened up along
+which later writers have not hesitated to travel, even while denying the
+influence of the craftsman who had cleared the way. It is safe to say
+that had _L'Assommoir_ never been written there would have been no _Jude
+the Obscure_, and the same remark applies to much of the best modern
+fiction. In America, Frank Norris, an able writer who unfortunately died
+before the full fruition of his genius had obviously accepted Zola
+as his master, and the same influence is also apparent in the work of
+George Douglas, a brilliant young Scotsman whose premature death left
+only one book, _The House with the Green Shutters_, as an indication
+of what might have sprung from the methods of modified naturalism.
+M. Edouard Rod, an able critic, writing in the _Contemporary Review_
+(1902), pointed out that the influence of Zola has transformed novel
+writing in Italy, and that its effect in Germany has been not less
+pronounced. The virtue of this influence on German letters was
+undoubtedly great. It made an end of sentimentality, it shook literature
+out of the sleepy rut into which it had fallen and forced it to face
+universal problems.
+
+One must regret for his own sake that Zola was unable to avoid offending
+those prejudices which were so powerful in his time. The novelist who
+adopts the method of the surgeon finds it necessary to expose many
+painful sores, and is open to the taunt that he finds pleasure in the
+task. On no one did this personal obloquy fall more hardly than on
+Zola, and never with less reason. It may be that he accumulated unseemly
+details and risky situations too readily; but he was an earnest man with
+a definite aim in view, and had formulated for himself a system which
+he allowed to work itself out with relentless fatality. The unredeemed
+baseness and profligacy of the period with which he had to deal must
+also be borne in mind. As to his personal character, it has been fitly
+described by M. Anatole France, himself a distinguished novelist.
+Zola, said he, "had the candour and sincerity of great souls. He was
+profoundly moral. He has depicted vice with a rough and vigorous hand.
+His apparent pessimism ill conceals a real optimism, a persistent faith
+in the progress of intelligence and justice. In his romances, which
+are social studies, he attacks with vigorous hatred an idle, frivolous
+society, a base and noxious aristocracy. He combated social evil
+wherever he encountered it. His work is comparable only in greatness
+with that of Tolstoi. At the two extremities of European thought the
+lyre has raised two vast cities. Both are generous and pacific; but
+whereas Tolstoi's is the city of resignation, Zola's is the city of
+work."
+
+It is still too soon to form an opinion as to the permanent value
+of Zola's writings, for posterity has set aside many well-considered
+judgments; but their influence has been, and will continue to be, far
+reaching. They have opened up new avenues in literature, and have made
+possible to others much that was formerly unattainable.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROUGON-MACQUART GENEALOGICAL TREE.
+
+
+First Generation:
+
+1. ADELAIDE FOUQUE, called AUNT DIDE, born in 1768, married in 1786 to
+Rougon, a placid, lubberly gardener; bears him a son in 1787; loses her
+husband in 1788; takes in 1789 a lover, Macquart, a smuggler, addicted
+to drink and half crazed; bears him a son in 1789, and a daughter in
+1791; goes mad, and is sent to the Asylum of Les Tulettes in 1851; dies
+there of cerebral congestion in 1873 at 105 years of age. Supplies the
+original neurosis.
+
+
+Second Generation:
+
+2. PIERRE ROUGON, born in 1787, married in 1810 to Felicite Puech, an
+intelligent, active and healthy woman; has five children by her; dies
+in 1870, on the morrow of Sedan, from cerebral congestion due to
+overfeeding. An equilibrious blending of characteristics, the moral
+average of his father and mother, resembles them physically. An oil
+merchant, afterwards receiver of taxes.
+
+3. ANTOINE MACQUART, born in 1789; a soldier in 1809; married in 1829
+to a market dealer, Josephine Gavaudan, a vigorous, industrious, but
+intemperate woman; has three children by her; loses her in 1851;
+dies himself in 1873 from spontaneous combustion, brought about by
+alcoholism. A fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and
+physical likeness to his father. A soldier, then a basket-maker,
+afterwards lives idle on his income.
+
+4. URSULE MACQUART, born in 1791; married in 1810 to a
+journeyman-hatter, Mouret, a healthy man with a well-balanced mind.
+Bears him three children, dies of consumption in 1840. An adjunction of
+characteristics, her mother predominating morally and physically.
+
+
+Third Generation:
+
+5. EUGENE ROUGON, born in 1811, married in 1857 to Veronique Beulin
+d'Orcheres, by whom he has no children. A fusion of characteristics.
+Prepotency and ambition of his mother. Physical likeness to his father.
+A politician, at one time Cabinet Minister. Still alive in Paris, a
+deputy.
+
+6. PASCAL ROUGON, born in 1813, never marries, has a posthumous child
+by Clotilde Rougon in 1874; dies of heart disease on November 7,
+1873. Innateness, a combination in which the physical and moral
+characteristics of the parents are so blended that nothing of them
+appears manifest in the offspring. A doctor.
+
+7. ARISTIDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1815, married in 1836 to
+Angele Sicardot, the calm, dreamy-minded daughter of an officer; has
+by her a son in 1840, a daughter in 1847; loses his wife in 1854; has
+a natural son in 1853 by a work-girl, Rosalie Chavaille, counting
+consumptives and epileptics among her forerunners; remarried in 1855
+to Renee Beraud Du Chatel, who dies childless in 1864. An adjunction of
+characteristics, moral prepotency of his father, physical likeness to
+his mother. Her ambition, modified by his father's appetites. A clerk,
+then a speculator. Still alive in Paris, directing a newspaper.
+
+8. SIDONIE ROUGON, born in 1818, married at Plassans in 1838 to a
+solicitor's clerk, who dies in Paris in 1850. Has, by a stranger, in
+1851, a daughter Angelique, whom she places in the foundling asylum.
+Prepotency of her father, physical likeness to her mother. A commission
+agent and procuress, dabbling in every shady calling; but eventually
+becomes very austere. Still alive in Paris, treasurer to the OEuvre du
+Sacrement.
+
+9. MARTHE ROUGON, born in 1820, married in 1840 to her cousin Francois
+Mouret, bears him three children, dies in 1864 from a nervous disease.
+Reverting heredity, skipping one generation. Hysteria. Moral and
+physical likeness to Adelaide Fouque. Resembles her husband.
+
+10. FRANCOIS MOURET, born in 1817, married in 1840 to Marthe Rougon, who
+bears him three children; dies mad in 1864 in a conflagration kindled
+by himself. Prepotency of his father. Physical likeness to his mother.
+Resembles his wife. At first a wine-merchant, then lives on his income.
+
+11. HELENE MOURET, born in 1824, married in 1841 to Grandjean, a puny
+man, inclined to phthisis, who dies in 1853; has a daughter by him in
+1842; remarried in 1857 to M. Rambaud, by whom she has no children.
+Innateness as in Pascal Rougon's case. Still living, at Marseilles, in
+retirement with her second husband.
+
+12. SILVERE MOURET, born in 1834; shot dead by a gendarme in
+1851. Prepotency of his mother. Innateness with regard to physical
+resemblance.
+
+13. LISA MACQUART, born in 1827, married in 1852 to Quenu, a healthy
+man with a well-balanced mind. Bears him a daughter, dies in 1863 from
+decomposition of the blood. Prepotency of and physical likeness to her
+mother. Keeps a large pork-butcher's shop at the Paris markets.
+
+14. GERVAISE MACQUART, born in 1828, has three sons by her lover
+Lantier, who counts paralytics among his ancestors; is taken to Paris,
+and there deserted by him; is married in 1852 to a workman, Coupeau, who
+comes of an alcoholic stock; has a daughter by him; dies of misery and
+drink in 1869. Prepotency of her father. Conceived in drunkenness. Is
+lame. A washerwoman.
+
+15. JEAN MACQUART, born in 1831, married in 1867 to Francoise Mouche,
+who dies childless in 1870; remarried in 1871 to Melanie Vial, a sturdy,
+healthy peasant-girl, by whom he has a son, and who is again _enceinte_.
+Innateness, as with Pascal and Helene. First a peasant, then a soldier,
+then peasant again. Still alive at Valqueyras.
+
+
+Fourth Generation:
+
+16. MAXIME ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1840, has a son in 1857 by
+a servant, Justine Megot, the chlorotic daughter of drunken parents;
+married in 1863 to Louise de Mareuil, who dies childless the same year;
+succumbs to ataxia in 1873. A dissemination of characteristics. Moral
+prepotency of his father, physical likeness to his mother. Idle,
+inclined to spending unearned money.
+
+17. CLOTILDE ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1847, has a son by Pascal
+Rougon in 1874. Prepotency of her mother. Reverting heredity, the moral
+and physical characteristics of her maternal grandfather preponderant.
+Still alive at Plassans.
+
+18. VICTOR ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1853. Adjunction of
+characteristics. Physical resemblance to his father. Has disappeared.
+
+19. ANGELIQUE ROUGON, born in 1851, married in 1869 to Felicien de
+Hautecoeur, and dies the same day of a complaint never determined.
+Innateness: no resemblance to her mother or forerunners on the maternal
+side. No information as to her father.
+
+20. OCTAVE MOURET, born in 1840, married in 1865 to Madame Hedouin, who
+dies the same year; remarried in 1869 to Denise Baudu, a healthy girl
+with a well-balanced mind, by whom he has a boy and a girl, still too
+young to be classified. Prepotency of his father. Physical resemblance
+to his uncle, Eugene Rougon. Indirect heredity. Establishes and directs
+"The Ladies' Paradise." Still alive in Paris.
+
+21. SERGE MOURET, born in 1841. A dissemination of characteristics;
+moral and physical resemblance to his mother. Has his father's brain,
+influenced by the diseased condition of his mother. Heredity of a form
+of neurosis developing into mysticism. A priest, still alive at St.
+Eutrope.
+
+22. DESIREE MOURET, born in 1844. Prepotency of and physical likeness to
+her mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into idiocy. Still
+alive at St. Eutrope with her brother Serge.
+
+23. JEANNE GRANDJEAN, born in 1842, dies of a nervous complaint in
+1855. Reverting heredity, skipping two generations. Physical and moral
+resemblance to Adelaide Fouque.
+
+24. Pauline Quenu, born in 1852, never marries. An equilibrious blending
+of characteristics. Moral and physical resemblance to her father and
+mother. An example of honesty. Still alive at Bonneville.
+
+25. CLAUDE LANTIER, born in 1842, married in 1865 to Caroline
+Hallegrain, whose father succumbed to paraplegia; has by her, prior to
+marriage, a son, Jacques, who dies in 1869; hangs himself in 1870. A
+fusion of characteristics. Moral prepotency of and physical resemblance
+to his mother. Heredity of a form of neurosis developing into genius. A
+painter.
+
+26. JACQUES LANTIER, born in 1844, killed in an accident in 1870.
+Prepotency of his mother. Physical likeness to his father. Heredity of
+alcoholism, developing into homicidal mania. An example of crime. An
+engine-driver.
+
+27. ETIENNE LANTIER, born in 1846. A dissemination of characteristics.
+Physical resemblance, first to his mother, afterwards to his father. A
+miner. Still alive, transported to Noumea, there married, with children,
+it is said, who cannot, however, be classified.
+
+28. ANNA COUPEAU, alias NANA, born in 1852, gives birth to a child,
+Louis, in 1867, loses him in 1870, dies herself of small-pox a few days
+later. A blending of characteristics. Moral prepotency of her father.
+Physical resemblance to her mother's first lover, Lantier. Heredity of
+alcoholism developing into mental and physical perversion. An example of
+vice.
+
+
+Fifth Generation:
+
+29. CHARLES ROUGON, alias SACCARD, born in 1857, dies of hemorrhage in
+1873. Reverting heredity skipping three generations. Physical and moral
+resemblance to Adelaide Fouque. The last outcome of an exhausted stock.
+
+30. JACQUES LOUIS LANTIER, born in 1860, a case of hydrocephalus, dies
+in 1869. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles.
+
+31. LOUIS COUPEAU, called LOUISET, born in 1867, dies of small-pox in
+1870. Prepotency of his mother, whom he physically resembles.
+
+32. THE UNKNOWN CHILD will be born in 1874. What will it be?
+
+
+
+
+SYNOPSES OF THE PLOTS OF THE ROUGON-MACQUART NOVELS
+
+
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+In the preface to this novel Zola explains his theories of heredity,
+and the work itself forms the introductory chapter to that great series
+which deals with the life history of a family and its descendants during
+the second empire.
+
+The common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts was Adelaide
+Fouque, a girl who from youth had been subject to nervous seizures.
+From her father she inherited a small farm, and at the age of eighteen
+married one of her own labourers, a man named Rougon, who died fifteen
+months afterwards, leaving her with one son, named Pierre. Shortly after
+her husband's death she fell completely under the influence of Macquart,
+a drunken smuggler and poacher, by whom in course of time she had a
+son named Antoine and a daughter named Ursule. She became more and more
+subject to cataleptic attacks, until eventually her mind was completely
+unhinged. Pierre Rougon, her legitimate son, was a man of strong will
+inherited from his father, and he early saw that his mother's property
+was being squandered by the Macquarts. By means approximating to fraud
+he induced his mother, who was then facile, to sell her property and
+hand over the proceeds to him. Soon after he married Felicite Peuch, a
+woman of great shrewdness and keen intelligence, by whom he had three
+sons (Eugene, Aristide, and Pascal) and two daughters (Marthe and
+Sidonie). Pierre Rougon was not particularly prosperous, but his eldest
+son, Eugene, went to Paris and became mixed up in the Bonapartist plots
+which led to the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851. He was consequently able to give
+his parents early information as to the probable course of events, and
+the result of their action was to lay the foundations of the family
+fortune.
+
+The scene of the book is the Provencal town of Plassans, and the tragic
+events attending the rising of the populace against the _Coup d'Etat_
+are told with accuracy and knowledge. There is a charming love idyll
+between Silvere Mouret, a son of Ursule Macquart, and a young girl named
+Miette, both of whom fall as victims in the rising which followed the
+_Coup d'Etat_.
+
+Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his introduction to the English translation of
+_The Conquest of Plassans_ (London: Chatto & Windus), points out that
+almost every incident in _The Fortune of the Rougons_ is based upon
+historical fact. "For instance," he says, "Miette had a counterpart
+in Madame Ferrier, that being the real name of the young woman who,
+carrying the insurgents' blood-red banner, was hailed by them as the
+Goddess of Liberty on their dramatic march. And in like way the tragic
+death of Silvere, linked to another hapless prisoner, was founded by
+M. Zola on an incident that followed the rising, as recorded by an
+eye-witness."
+
+
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+An account of the career of Eugene Rougon, the eldest son of Pierre
+Rougon (_La Fortune des Rougon_), who went to Paris from Plassans,
+becoming involved in the plots which resulted in the _Coup d'Etat_ of
+1851 and the return of a Bonaparte to Imperial power. The future
+career of Rougon was assured; his services had been too important to be
+overlooked, and he ultimately became Minister of State and practically
+Vice-Emperor. He fell for a time under the influence of Clorinde Balbi,
+the daughter of an Italian adventuress, but realizing the risk of
+compromising himself, he shook himself free, and married a lady whose
+position in society tended to make his own still more secure. The novel
+gives an excellent account of the political and social life of the
+Second Empire, and of the cynical corruption which characterized the
+period.
+
+In a preface to the English translation (_His Excellency_. London:
+Chatto & Windus), Mr. E. A. Vizetelly states that in his opinion,
+"with all due allowance for its somewhat limited range of subject, _Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon_ is the one existing French novel which gives
+the reader a fair general idea of what occurred in political spheres at
+an important period of the Empire. But His Excellency Eugene Rougon
+is not, as many critics and others have supposed, a mere portrait or
+caricature of His Excellency Eugene Rouher, the famous Vice-Emperor of
+history. Symbolism is to be found in every one of Zola's novels, and
+Rougon, in his main lines, is but the symbol of a principle, or, to be
+accurate, the symbol of a certain form of the principle of authority.
+His face is Rouher's, like his build and his favorite gesture; but with
+Rouher's words, actions, opinions, and experiences are blended those of
+half a dozen other personages. He is the incarnation of that craving,
+that lust for power which impelled so many men of ability to throw
+all principle to the winds and become the instruments of an abominable
+system of government. And his transformation at the close of the story
+is in strict accordance with historical facts."
+
+
+La Curee.
+
+In this novel Aristide Saccard, who followed his brother Eugene to Paris
+in the hope of sharing the spoils of the Second Empire (_La Fortune des
+Rougon_), was successful in amassing a vast fortune by speculation in
+building-sites. His first wife having died, he married Renee Beraud du
+Chatel, a lady of good family, whose dowry first enabled him to throw
+himself into the struggle of financial life. In a magnificent mansion
+which he built in the Parc Monceau a life of inconceivable extravagance
+began. The mushroom society of Paris was at this period the most corrupt
+in Europe, and the Saccards soon came to be regarded as leaders in every
+form of pleasure. Vast though their fortune was, their expenses were
+greater, and a catastrophe was frequently imminent. Renee, satisfied
+with prodigality of every kind, entered on an infamous liaison with her
+husband's son, a liaison which Aristide condoned in order to extract
+money from his wife. Rene ultimately died, leaving her husband immersed
+in his feverish speculations.
+
+The novel gives a powerful though unpleasant picture of Parisian society
+in the period which followed the restoration of the Empire in 1851.
+
+
+L'Argent.
+
+After a disastrous speculation, Aristide Saccard (_La Fortune des
+Rougon_ and _La Curee_) was forced to sell his mansion in the Parc
+Monceau and to cast about for means of creating a fresh fortune. Chance
+made him acquainted with Hamelin, an engineer whose residence in the
+East had suggested to him financial schemes which at once attracted
+the attention of Saccard. With a view to financing these schemes
+the Universal Bank was formed, and by force of advertising became
+immediately successful. Emboldened by success, Saccard launched into
+wild speculation, involving the bank, which ultimately became insolvent,
+and so caused the ruin of thousands of depositors. The scandal was so
+serious that Saccard was forced to disappear from France and to take
+refuge in Belgium.
+
+The book was intended to show the terrible effects of speculation and
+fraudulent company promotion, the culpable negligence of directors, and
+the impotency of the existing laws. It deals with the shady underwoods
+of the financial world.
+
+Mr. E. A. Vizetelly, in his preface to the English translation (_Money_.
+London: Chatto & Windus), suggests that Zola in sketching Saccard,
+that daring and unscrupulous financier, "must have bethought himself of
+Mires, whose name is so closely linked to the history of Second Empire
+finance. Mires, however, was a Jew, whereas Saccard was a Jew-hater, and
+outwardly, at all events, a zealous Roman Catholic. In this respect he
+reminds one of Bontoux, of Union General notoriety, just as Hamelin the
+engineer reminds one of Feder, Bontoux's associate. Indeed, the history
+of M. Zola's Universal Bank is much the history of the Union General.
+The latter was solemnly blessed by the Pope, and in a like way Zola
+shows us the Universal receiving the Papal benediction. Moreover, the
+second object of the Union General was to undermine the financial power
+of the Jews, and in the novel we find a similar purpose ascribed to
+Saccard's Bank. The union, we know, was eventually crushed by the great
+Israelite financiers, and this again is the fate which overtakes
+the institution whose meteor-like career is traced in the pages of
+_L'Argent_."
+
+
+La Reve.
+
+Written as a "passport to the Academy," this novel stands alone among
+the Rougon-Macquart series for its pure, idyllic grace. Angelique,
+a daughter of Sidonie Rougon (_Le Curee_), had been deserted by her
+mother, and was adopted by a maker of ecclesiastical embroideries, who
+with his wife lived and worked under the shadow of an ancient cathedral.
+In this atmosphere the child grew to womanhood, and as she fashioned the
+rich embroideries of the sacred vestments she had a vision of love and
+happiness which was ultimately realized, though the realization proved
+too much for her frail strength, and she died in its supreme moment. The
+vast cathedral with its solemn ritual dominates the book and colours the
+lives of its characters.
+
+
+La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+The heroine of this book is Marthe Rougon, the youngest daughter of
+Pierre and Felicite Rougon (_La Fortune des Rougon_), who had inherited
+much of the neurasthenic nature of her grandmother Adelaide Fouque. She
+married her cousin, Francois Mouret. Plassans, where the Mourets lived,
+was becoming a stronghold of the clerical party, when Abbe Faujas, a
+wily and arrogant priest, was sent to win it back for the Government.
+This powerful and unscrupulous ecclesiastic ruthlessly set aside every
+obstacle to his purpose, and in the course of his operations wrecked the
+home of the Mourets. Marthe having become infatuated with the priest,
+ruined her family for him and died neglected. Francois Mouret, her
+husband, who by the machinations of Faujas was confined in an asylum as
+a lunatic, became insane in fact, and having escaped, brought about
+a conflagration in which he perished along with the disturber of his
+domestic peace.
+
+The book contains a vivid picture of the petty jealousies and intrigues
+of a country town, and of the political movements which followed the
+_Coup d'Etat_ of 1851.
+
+
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+A study of middle-class life in Paris. Octave, the elder son of Francois
+Mouret, has come to the city, where he has got a situation in "The
+Ladies' Paradise," a draper's shop carried on by Madame Hedouin, a lady
+whom he ultimately marries. The interest of the book centres in a house
+in Rue de Choiseul which is let in flats to various tenants, the Vabres,
+Duvreyiers, and Josserands among others. The inner lives of these
+people, their struggles, their jealousies and their sins, are shown
+with an unsparing hand. Under the thin skin of an intense respectability
+there is a seething mass of depravity, and with ruthless art Zola has
+laid his subjects upon the dissecting-table. Of plot there is little,
+but as a terrible study in realism the book is a masterpiece.
+
+
+An Bonheur des Dames.
+
+Octave Mouret, after his marriage with Madame Hedouin, greatly increased
+the business of "The Ladies' Paradise," which he hoped would ultimately
+rival the _Bon Marche_ and other great drapery establishments in Paris.
+While an addition to the shop was in progress Madame Mouret met with an
+accident which resulted in her death, and her husband remained a widower
+for a number of years. During this time his business grew to such an
+extent that his employees numbered many hundreds, among whom was Denise
+Baudu, a young girl who had come from the provinces. Mouret fell in
+love with her, and she, after resisting his advances for some time,
+ultimately married him. The book deals chiefly with life among the
+assistants in a great drapery establishment, their petty rivalries
+and their struggles; it contains some pathetic studies of the small
+shopkeepers of the district, crushed out of existence under the wheels
+of Mouret's moneymaking machine.
+
+
+La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+Serge Mouret, the younger son of Francois Mouret (see _La Conquete de
+Plassans_), was ordained to the priesthood and appointed cure of Les
+Artaud, a squalid village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants
+he ministered with small encouragement. He had inherited the family
+taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the same form as in the
+case of his mother--a morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria.
+Brain fever followed, and bodily recovery left the priest without a
+mental past. Dr. Pascal Rougon, his uncle, hoping to save his reason,
+removed him from his accustomed surroundings and left him at the
+Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion-house near Les
+Artaud, where he was nursed by Albine, niece of the caretaker. The Abbe
+fell in love with Albine, and, oblivious of his vows, broke them. A
+meeting with Archangias, a Christian Brother with whom he had been
+associated, and a chance glimpse of the world beyond the Paradou, served
+to restore his memory, and, filled with horror at himself, he fled from
+that enchanted garden. A long mental struggle followed, but in the end
+the Church was victorious, and the Abbe returned to her service with
+even more feverish devotion than before. Albine, broken-hearted, died
+among her loved flowers in the Paradou.
+
+The tale is to some extend an indictment of the celibacy of the
+priesthood, though it has to be admitted that the issue is not put quite
+fairly, inasmuch as the Abbe was, at the time of his lapse, in entire
+forgetfulness of his sacred office. As a whole, the book contains some
+of Zola's best work, and is both poetical and convincing.
+
+
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+A tale of Parisian life, in which the principal character is Helene
+Mouret, daughter of Mouret the hatter, and sister of Silvere Mouret (_La
+Fortune des Rougon_) and Francois Mouret (_La Conquete de Plassans_).
+Helene married M. Grandjean, son of a wealthy sugar-refiner of
+Marseilles, whose family opposed the marriage on the ground of her
+poverty. The marriage was a secret one, and some years of hardship
+had followed, when an uncle of M. Grandjean died, leaving his nephew
+a substantial income. The couple then moved to Paris with their young
+daughter Jeanne, but the day after their arrival Grandjean was seized
+with illness from which he died. Helene remained in Paris, though she
+had at first no friends there except Abbe Jouve and his half-brother M.
+Rambaud. Jeanne had inherited much of the family neurosis, along with
+a consumptive tendency derived from her father, and one of her sudden
+illnesses caused her mother to make the acquaintance of Doctor Deberle.
+An intimacy between the two families followed, which ripened into love
+between the doctor and Helene. Events were precipitated by an attempt
+on the part of Helene to save Madame Deberle from the consequences of
+an indiscretion in arranging an assignation with M. Malignon, with the
+result that she was herself seriously compromised in the eyes of Doctor
+Deberle and for the first and only time fell from virtue. Jeanne, whose
+jealous affection for her mother amounted to mania, was so affected by
+the belief that she was not longer the sole object of her mother's love
+that she became dangerously ill and died soon afterwards. This bitter
+punishment for her brief lapse killed Helene's love for Doctor Deberle,
+and two years later she married M. Rambaud. As Mr. Andrew Lang has
+observed, Helene was a good and pure woman, upon whom the fate of her
+family fell.
+
+In writing the book Zola announced that his intention was to make all
+Paris weep, and there is no doubt that, though a study in realism, it
+contains much that is truly pathetic. The descriptions of Paris under
+varying atmospheric aspects, with which each section of the book closes,
+are wholly admirable.
+
+
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+A study of the teeming life which surrounds the great central markets
+of Paris. The heroine is Lisa Quenu, a daughter of Antoine Macquart (_La
+Fortune des Rougon_). She has become prosperous, and with prosperity her
+selfishness has increased. Her brother-in-law Florent had escaped from
+penal servitude in Cayenne and lived for a short time in her house, but
+she became tired of his presence and ultimately denounced him to the
+police. The book contains vivid pictures of the markets, bursting with
+the food of a great city, and of the vast population which lives
+by handling and distributing it. "But it also embraces a powerful
+allegory," writes Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in his preface to the English
+translation (_The Fat and the Thin_. London: Chatto & Windus), "the
+prose song of the eternal battle between the lean of this world and the
+fat--a battle in which, as the author shows, the latter always come off
+successful. M. Zola had a distinct social aim in writing this book."
+
+
+La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Pauline Quenu (_Le Ventre de Paris_), having been left an orphan, was
+sent to live with relatives in a village on the Normandy coast. It was
+a bleak, inhospitable shore, and its inhabitants lived their drab,
+hopeless lives under the morbid fear of inevitable death. The Chanteaus,
+Pauline's guardians, took advantage of her in every way, and Lazare
+Chanteau, her cousin, with whom she fell in love, got from her large
+sums of money to carry out wild schemes which he devised. The character
+of Pauline is a fine conception; basely wronged and treated with
+heartless ingratitude, her hopes blighted and her heart broken, she
+found consolation in the complete renunciation of herself for the sake
+of those who had so greatly injured her.
+
+"The title selected by M. Zola for this book," says Mr. E. A. Vizetelly
+in his preface to the English translation (_The Joy of Life_. London:
+Chatto & Windus), "is to be taken in an ironical or sarcastic sense.
+There is no joy at all in the lives of the characters whom he portrays
+in it. The story of the hero is one of mental weakness, poisoned by a
+constantly recurring fear of death; whilst that of his father is one
+of intense physical suffering, blended with an eager desire to continue
+living, even at the cost of yet greater torture. Again, the story of the
+heroine is one of blighted affections, the wrecking of all which might
+have made her life worth living."
+
+
+L'Assommoir.
+
+A terrible study of the effects of drink on the moral and social
+condition of the working-class in Paris. There is probably no other
+work of fiction in which the effects of intemperance are shown with such
+grimness of realism and uncompromising force.
+
+Gervaise Macquart, daughter of Antoine Macquart (_La Fortune des
+Rougon_), having accompanied her lover Lantier to Paris, taking with her
+their two children, was deserted by him a few weeks after their arrival
+in the city. She got employment in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and
+a few months later married Coupeau, a zinc-worker, who, though the son
+of drunken parents, was himself steady and industrious. For a while
+everything prospered with the Coupeaus; by hard work they were able to
+save a little money, and in time a daughter (Nana) was born to them.
+Then an accident to Coupeau, who fell from the roof of a house,
+brought about a change. His recovery was slow, and left him with
+an unwillingness to work and an inclination to pass his time in
+neighbouring dram-shops. Meantime Gervaise, with money borrowed from
+Goujet, a man who loved her with almost idyllic affection, had started
+a laundry of her own. She was successful for a time, in spite of her
+husband's growing intemperance and an increasing desire in herself
+for ease and good living; but deterioration had begun, and with the
+reappearance of Lantier, her old lover, it became rapid. Coupeau was by
+this time a confirmed loafer and drunkard, while Gervaise was growing
+careless and ease-loving. Lantier, having become a lodger with the
+Coupeaus, ceased doing any work, and as he never paid anything for his
+board, his presence not unnaturally hastened the downfall of his hosts.
+Circumstances conspired to renew the old relations between Gervaise and
+Lantier, and by easy stages she descended that somewhat slippery stair
+which leads to ruin. The shop was given up, and she again got employment
+in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, though she was no longer the
+capable workwoman of former times. Nana, her daughter, vicious from
+childhood, had taken to evil courses; her husband had at least one
+attack of delirium tremens; and she herself was fast giving way
+to intemperance. The end was rapid. Coupeau died in the asylum of
+Sainte-Anne after an illness the description of which is for pure horror
+unparalleled in fiction; while Gervaise, after sinking to the lowest
+depths of degradation and poverty, died miserably in a garret. The
+tragedy of it all is that Gervaise, despite her early lapse with
+Lantier, was a good and naturally virtuous woman, whose ruin was
+wrought by circumstances and by the operation of the relentless laws of
+heredity.
+
+It may be useful to note here that though Zola states in _L'Assommoir_
+that Gervaise and Lantier had two sons (Claude, born 1842, and Etienne,
+born 1846), he makes a third son (Jacques, born 1844), not elsewhere
+mentioned, the hero of _La Bete Humaine_, a subsequent work in the
+Rougon-Macquart series.
+
+
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+A novel dealing with artistic life in Paris towards the close of the
+Second Empire.
+
+Claude Lantier, the eldest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise Macquart
+(_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L'Assommoir_), had been educated at
+Plassans by an old gentleman who was interested in his childish skill in
+drawing. His benefactor died, leaving him a sum which yielded an annual
+income of a thousand francs, and he came to Paris to follow an artistic
+career. There he met Dubuche, Pierre Sandoz, and others of his former
+schoolboy friends, and the little band formed a coterie of revolutionary
+spirits, whose aim was to introduce new ideas and drastic changes into
+the accepted canons of art. Claude attempted to embody his theories in a
+picture which he called _Plein Air_ ("Open Air") in which he went direct
+to nature for inspiration, and threw aside all recognized conventions.
+The picture was refused by the committee of the _Salon_, and when
+subsequently shown at a minor exhibition was greeted with derision by
+the public. The artist was in despair, and left Paris with
+Christine Hallegrain, a young girl between whom and himself a chance
+acquaintanceship had ripened into love. They lived happily in a little
+cottage in the country for several years, a son being born to them, but
+Claude became restless, and they returned to Paris. Here he gradually
+became obsessed by an idea for a great picture, which would show the
+truth of his theories and cover his detractors with confusion. By this
+time there is no doubt that his mind was becoming affected by repeated
+disappointments, and that the family virus was beginning to manifest
+itself in him. Everything was now sacrificed to this picture; his little
+fortune was gradually encroached on, and his wife and child (he had
+married Christine some time after their return to Paris) were frequently
+without the necessaries of life. Christine was, however, devoted to her
+husband, and did all she could to induce him to leave the picture, which
+she saw was increasing his mental disturbance. This was becoming more
+serious, and in the death of his child he saw only the subject of a
+picture, _L'Enfant Mort_, which was exhibited at the _Salon_ and was
+received with even more contempt than _Plein Air_. Despite all the
+efforts of Christine, Claude returned to his intended masterpiece, and
+one morning, in despair of achieving his aims, hanged himself in front
+of the fatal picture.
+
+As a study of artistic life the novel is full of interest. There is
+little doubt that the character of Claude Lantier was suggested by that
+of Edouard Manet, the founder of the French Impressionist school, with
+whom Zola was on terms of friendship. It is also certain that Pierre
+Sandoz, the journalist with an idea for a vast series of novels dealing
+with the life history of a family, was the prototype of Zola himself.
+
+
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+A novel dealing with railway life in France towards the close of the
+Second Empire. The hero is Jacques Lantier, the second son of Gervaise
+Macquart and August Lantier (_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L'Assommoir_).
+When his parents went to Paris with his two brothers, he remained at
+Plassans with his godmother, "Aunt Phasie," who afterwards married
+Misard, a railway signalman, by whom she was slowly poisoned to secure
+a small legacy which she had concealed. After Jacques had passed
+through the School of Arts and Crafts at Plassans he became a railway
+engine-driver, and entered the service of the Western Railway Company,
+regularly driving the express train between Paris and Havre. He was a
+steady man and a competent engineer, but from his early youth he had
+been affected by a curious form of insanity, the desire to murder any
+woman of whom he became fond. "It seemed like a sudden outburst of blind
+rage, an ever-recurring thirst to avenge some very ancient offences,
+the exact recollection of which escaped him." There was also in the
+employment of the railway company, as assistant station-master at Havre,
+a compatriot of Lantier named Roubaud, who had married Severine Aubry,
+the godchild of President Grandmorin, a director of the company. A
+chance word of Severine's roused the suspicions of Roubaud regarding her
+former relations with the President, and, driven to frenzy by jealousy,
+he compelled her to become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin in
+an express train between Paris and Havre.
+
+Though slight suspicion fell upon the Roubauds, they were able to
+prove an alibi, and as, for political reasons, it was not desired that
+Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, the inquiry into
+the murder was dropped. By a singular chance, however, Jacques Lantier
+had been a momentary witness of the crime, and the Roubauds became aware
+of his suspicions. To secure his silence they invited him constantly to
+their house, and a liaison with Severine followed. For the first time
+Lantier's blood lust was not aroused; the knowledge that this woman
+had killed seemed to constitute her a being apart and sacred. After the
+murder of Grandmorin a gradual disintegration of Roubaud's character set
+in, and he became in time a confirmed gambler. His relations with his
+wife were ultimately so strained that she induced Lantier to promise to
+murder him, in order that they might fly together to America with
+the proceeds of a small legacy she had received from Grandmorin. The
+arrangements were made, but at the last moment Lantier's frenzy overtook
+him, and it was Severine who was struck down by the knife destined for
+her husband. Lantier escaped without suspicion; but Roubaud, who
+was found on the scene of the crime under circumstances considered
+compromising, was tried, and along with a companion equally innocent,
+was sentenced to penal servitude for life. But Nemesis was not distant;
+Jacques had aroused the jealous fury of his fireman, Pecqueux, who, one
+night in 1870, attacked him as they were driving a train loaded with
+soldiers bound for the war. A fierce struggle followed, and in the end
+the two men fell from the engine and were cut in pieces beneath the
+wheels of the train, which, no longer under control, rushed on into the
+darkness with its living freight.
+
+
+Germinal.
+
+A novel dealing with the labour question in its special relation to
+coal-mining. The scene of the book is laid in the north of France at a
+time preceding and during a great strike; the hero is Etienne Lantier
+(_La Fortune des Rougon_ and _L'Assommoir_). In a moment of passion
+Lantier had struck one of his superiors, and having been dismissed from
+his employment as an engineer, found it difficult to get work, till,
+after drifting from place to place, he eventually became a coal-miner.
+The hardships of the life and its miserable remuneration impressed
+him deeply, and he began to indoctrinate his comrades with a spirit of
+revolt. His influence grew, and he became the acknowledged leader of the
+strike which followed. The result was disastrous. After weeks of misery
+from cold and hunger the infuriated workmen attempted to destroy one of
+the pits, and were fired upon by soldiers sent to guard it. Many were
+killed, and the survivors, with their spirits crushed, returned to work.
+But worse was yet to come. Souvarine, an Anarchist, disgusted with the
+ineffectual struggle, brought about an inundation of the pit, whereby
+many of his comrades were entombed. Among them was Lantier, who was,
+however, eventually rescued.
+
+As a study of the ever-lasting struggle between capital and labour the
+work has no rival in fiction; the miseries and degradation of the mining
+class, their tardy revolt against their employers, and their sufferings
+from hunger during its futile course, these are the theme, and the
+result is a picture of gloom, horrible and without relief.
+
+
+Nana.
+
+A novel dealing largely with theatrical life in Paris. Nana, the
+daughter of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart his wife (_L'Assommoir_), has
+been given a part in a play produced at the Theatre des Varietes, and
+though she can neither sing nor act, achieves by the sheer force of
+her beauty an overwhelming success. All Paris is at her feet, and she
+selects her lovers from among the wealthiest and best born. But her
+extravagance knows no bounds, and ruin invariably overtakes those who
+yield to her fascination. After squandering vast sums she goes to the
+East, and stories spread that she had captivated a viceroy and gained a
+great fortune in Russia. Her return to Paris is speedily followed by her
+death from small-pox. In this novel the life of the courtesan class is
+dealt with by Zola with unhesitating frankness; there are many vivid
+studies of theatrical manners; and the racecourse also comes within its
+scope. The work was intended to lay bare the canker which was eating
+into the social life of the Second Empire and ultimately led to the
+_debacle_ of 1870.
+
+
+La Terre.
+
+This is a novel which treats of the conditions of agricultural life in
+France before the war with Prussia, and the subsequent downfall of the
+Second Empire. It is, in some respects, the most powerful of all Zola's
+novels, but in dealing with the subject he unfortunately thought it
+necessary to introduce incidents and expressions which, from their
+nature, must always render it impossible to submit the book in its
+entirety to the general English reader.
+
+Its connection with the Rougon-Macquart series is somewhat slight. Jean
+Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (_La Fortune
+des Rougon_), having served his time in the Army, came to the plain
+of La Beauce, and became an agricultural labourer on the farm of La
+Borderie, which belonged to Alexandre Hourdequin. He fell in love with
+Lise Mouche, who, however, married Buteau, and Macquart subsequently
+married her sister Francoise. Constant quarrels now arose between the
+two sisters as to the division of their father's property, and in
+the end Francoise was murdered by her sister. Macquart, tired of the
+struggle, decided to rejoin the army, which he did immediately after the
+outbreak of war.
+
+The interest of the book is, however, largely connected with the history
+of the Fouans, a family of peasants, the senior member of which, having
+grown old, divided his land among his three children. The intense and
+brutish rapacity of these peasants, their utter lack of any feeling
+of morality or duty, their perfect selfishness, not stopping short of
+parricide, form a picture of horror unequalled in fiction. It is only to
+be regretted that the author, in leaving nothing to the imagination, has
+produced a work suitable only for the serious student of sociology.
+
+
+La Debacle.
+
+In the earlier volumes of the Rougon-Macquart series Zola had dealt with
+every phase of life under the Second Empire, and in this novel he tells
+the story of that terrific land-slide which overwhelmed the regime. It
+is a story of war, grim and terrible; of a struggle to the death between
+two great nations. In it the author has put much of his finest work, and
+the result is one of the masterpieces of literature. The hero is Jean
+Macquart, son of Antoine Macquart and brother of Gervaise (_La Fortune
+des Rougon_). After the terrible death of his wife, as told in _La
+Terre_, Jean enlisted for the second time in the army, and went through
+the campaign up to the battle of Sedan. After the capitulation he was
+made prisoner, and in escaping was wounded. When he returned to active
+service he took part in crushing the excesses of the Commune in Paris,
+and by a strange chance it was his hand that killed his dearest friend,
+Maurice Levasseur, who had joined the Communist ranks. _La Debacle_
+has been described as "a prose epic of modern war," and vast though the
+subject be, it is treated in a manner that is powerful, painful, and
+pathetic.
+
+In the preface to the English translation (_The Downfall_. London:
+Chatto & Windus) Mr. E. A. Vizetelly quotes from an interview with Zola
+regarding his aim in writing the work. A novel, he says, "contains, or
+may be made to contain, everything; and it is because that is my creed
+that I am a novelist. I have, to my thinking, certain contributions to
+make to the thought of the world on certain subjects, and I have chosen
+the novel as the best way of communicating these contributions to the
+world. Thus _La Debacle_, in the form of a very precise and accurate
+relation of a series of historical facts--in other words, in the form of
+a realistic historical novel--is a document on the psychology of France
+in 1870. This will explain the enormous number of characters which
+figure in the book. Each character represents one _etat d'ame
+psychologique_ of the France of the day. If my work be well done, the
+reader will be able to understand what was in men's minds and what was
+the bent of men's minds--what they thought and how they thought at that
+period."
+
+
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+In this, the concluding novel of the Rougon-Macquart series, Zola
+gathers together the threads of the preceding volumes and makes a
+vigorous defence of his theories of heredity. The story in the book is
+both simple and sad. Doctor Pascal Rougon, a medical man at Plassans and
+a distinguished student of heredity, had brought up his niece Clotilde
+(daughter of Aristide Rougon alias Saccard) from childhood. Years
+afterwards they found that they passionately loved one another, but they
+did not marry, as Pascal, who had lost money, thought that by doing so
+she would sacrifice her interests. (In this connection it is right to
+mention that marriage between an uncle and a niece is legal in France,
+and is not uncommon.) With fine self-sacrifice Pascal persuaded Clotilde
+to go to Paris to live with her brother who was wealthy and wanted her
+to nurse him. Soon after her departure Pascal showed symptoms of a
+fatal affection of the heart, and after some weeks of great suffering
+telegraphed for Clotilde to come back. One hour before her return he
+died. His mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, who feared that his researches
+on heredity might bring scandal on the family, burned all his papers,
+and in one hour destroyed the work of a lifetime. A child was born to
+Clotilde seven months after the death of Doctor Pascal; a child which
+he intensely desired, in the hope that through it might come the
+regeneration and rejuvenation of his race.
+
+Zola, in an interview quoted by Mr. E. A. Vizetelly in the preface to
+his translation of _Le Docteur Pascal_ (London: Chatto & Windus), states
+that in this book he has been able to defend himself against all the
+accusations which have been brought against him. "Pascal's works on the
+members of his family," says Zola, "is, in small, what I have attempted
+to do on humanity, _to show all so that all may be cured_. It is not a
+book which, like _La Debacle_, will stir the passions of the mob. It
+is a scientific work, the logical deduction and conclusion of all my
+preceding novels, and at the same time it is my speech in defence of all
+that I have done before the court of public opinion."
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ZOLA DICTIONARY
+
+
+
+
+A
+
+ADELE, the girl for whom Auguste Lantier deserted Gervaise Macquart.
+They lived together for seven years, a life of constant bickerings and
+quarrels, accompanied, not infrequently, by blows, until the connection
+was ended by Adele running away. Her sister was Virginie, with whom
+Gervaise fought in the public washing-house on the day of her desertion
+by Lantier. L'Assommoir.
+
+ADELE, maid-servant to the Josserands, and one of Hector Trublot's
+friends. Pot-Bouille.
+
+ADELE, an assistant in the shop of Quenu, the pork-butcher. It was
+she who took charge of the shop on the sudden death of her master. And
+subsequently sent Pauline Quenu to Madame Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+ADOLPHE, an artillery driver in the same battery as Honore Fouchard. In
+accordance with a rule of the French artillery, under which a driver and
+a gunner are coupled, he messed with Louis, the gunner, whom, however,
+he was inclined to treat as a servant. At the battle of Sedan, before
+the Calvary d'Illy, where the French were almost exterminated by the
+Prussian artillery, Adolphe fell, killed by a wound in the chest; in a
+last convulsion he clasped in his arms Louis, who had fallen at the same
+moment, killed by the same shot. La Debacle.
+
+ALBINE, niece of Jeanbernat, keeper of the Paradou, a neglected demesne
+in Provence. Her father had ruined himself and committed suicide when
+she was nine years old, and she then came to live with her uncle. She
+grew up in that vast garden of flowers, herself its fairest, almost in
+ignorance of the world outside, and when Abbe Mouret came to the Paradou
+forgetful of his past, she loved him unconsciously from the first. As
+she nursed him towards health, and his mind began again to grow from
+that fresh starting-point to which it had been thrown back, there
+developed an idyll as beautiful and as innocent as that which had its
+place in another and an earlier garden. The awakening of Abbe Mouret to
+the recollections of his priesthood ended the romance, for the call
+of his training was too strong for his love. One effort Albine made
+to bring him back, and it was successful in so much that one day he
+returned to the Paradou. Again there followed the struggle between the
+flesh and the Church, and again the Church prevailed. Broken-hearted,
+Albine passed for the last time through her loved garden, gathering as
+she went vast heaps of flowers. More and more she gathered, till her
+room was nearly full; then, closing the door and windows, she lay down
+amongst the flowers, and allowed herself to be suffocated by their
+overpowering perfume. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+ALEXANDRE, a porter at the Halles Centrales, where he became a friend
+of Claude Lantier. He was involved along with Florent and Gavard in the
+revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine-shop, and was sentenced to two
+years' imprisonment. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ALEXANDRE, one of the warders at the asylum of Les Tulettes. He was a
+friend of Antoine Macquart, and at his request allowed Francois Mouret
+to escape from the asylum, with disastrous results to Abbe Faujas and
+his relations. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+ALEXANDRE, a boy employed in the shop known as _Au Bonheur des Dames_.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+AMADIEU, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who made a fortune by a rash
+purchase of mining stock. He went into the affair without calculation
+or knowledge, but his success made him revered by the entire Bourse.
+He placed no more orders, however, but seemed to be satisfied with his
+single victory. L'Argent.
+
+AMANDA, one of the singers at a cafe concert in Boulevard Rochechouart.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+AMELIE, a _demi-mondaine_ who lodged at the Hotel Vanneau, which was
+kept by Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+AMELIE, wife of a journeyman carpenter who occupied a little room at the
+top of Vabre's tenement-house in Rue Choiseul. Pot-Bouille.
+
+ANDRE (LE PERE), an old countryman at Chavanoz, the village where Miette
+spent her childhood. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+ANGELE (SISTER), a nun attached to the infirmary of the college of
+Plassans. Her Madonna-like face turned the heads of all the older
+pupils, and one morning she disappeared with Hermeline, a student of
+rhetoric. L'Oeuvre.
+
+ANGELIQUE MARIE, born 1851, was the daughter of Sidonie Rougon, by an
+unknown father. Soon after her birth she was taken to the Foundling
+Hospital by a nurse, Madame Foucart, and no further inquiries were ever
+made about her. She was at first boarded with Francoise Hamelin, by whom
+she was not unkindly treated, and subsequently went to Paris with
+Louis Franchomme and his wife, who wished to teach her the trade of
+artificial-flower making. Franchomme having died three months later,
+his widow went to reside at Beaumont with her brother, Rabier, taking
+Angelique with her. Unfortunately, Madame Franchomme died a few months
+afterwards, leaving Angelique to the care of the Rabiers, who used
+her badly, not even giving her enough to eat. In consequence of their
+treatment, she ran away on Christmas Day, 1860, and the following
+morning was found in a fainting condition by Hubert, the chasuble-maker,
+who noticed her lying in the snow within the porch of the cathedral
+of Beaumont. Hubert and his wife took the child into their home, and,
+becoming attached to her, ultimately adopted her as their daughter,
+teaching her the art of embroidering vestments, in which she became
+very skilful. Angelique, though an amiable girl, was at first liable
+to violent attacks of temper, and it was only by the exercise of much
+patience and tact on the part of Madame Hubert that this tendency was
+overcome. The girl was always a dreamer, and her cloistered life with
+the Huberts, along with constant reading of the lives of the saints,
+brought out all that was mystic in her nature. A chance meeting between
+Angelique and a young man named Felicien led to their falling in
+love, she being in entire ignorance of the fact that he was the son of
+Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur, and a member of one of the oldest and proudest
+families in France. Felicien's father having refused his consent to a
+marriage, and a personal appeal to him by Angelique having failed,
+the lovers were separated for a time. The girl gradually fell into
+ill-health, and seemed at the point of death when Monseigneur
+himself came to administer the last rites of the Church. Having been
+miraculously restored to a measure of health, Angelique was married to
+Felicien d'Hautecoeur in the great cathedral of Beaumont. She was very
+feeble, and as she was leaving the church on the arm of her husband she
+sank to the ground. In the midst of her happiness she died; quietly and
+gently as she had lived. Le Reve.
+
+ANGLARS (IRMA D'), a _demi-mondaine_ of former times who had been
+celebrated under the First Empire. In her later years she retired to a
+house which she owned at Chamont, where she lived a simple yet stately
+life, treated with the greatest respect by all the neighbourhood. Nana.
+
+ANNOUCHKA, mistress of Souvarine, and implicated with him in a political
+plot. Disguised as a countryman, she assisted in the undermining of a
+railway over which an imperial train was to pass, and it was she
+who eventually lit the fuse. She was captured along with others, and
+Souvarine, who had escaped, was present at her trial during six long
+days. When she came to be executed, she looked in vain among the crowd
+for her lover, till Souvarine mounted on a stone, and, their eyes having
+met, remained fixed in one long gaze till the end. Germinal.
+
+ANTONIA, waiting-maid to Clorinde Balbi, with whom she was on familiar
+terms. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ARCHANGLAS (BROTHER), a Christian Brother, who lived at Les Artaud, and
+taught children there. He was a coarse-minded man of violent temper,
+whose hatred of women led him to make the gravest charges against them.
+He constituted himself a spy on the actions of Abbe Mouret, and was
+partly the means of calling back the priest's memory of his sacred
+calling. He insulted Jeanbernat and Albine so grossly, that after the
+girl's death the old man attacked him and cut off his right ear with a
+pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+AUBERTOT (MADAME ELIZABETH), sister of M. Beraud du Chatel, and aunt
+of Renee and Christine. She gave a large sum of money to Saccard on his
+marriage to Renee. La Curee.
+
+AUBRY (SEVERINE), youngest daughter of a gardener in the employment of
+Grandmorin. Her mother died when she was in infancy, and she was only
+thirteen when she lost her father also. President Grandmorin, who was
+her godfather, took charge of her, and brought her up with his daughter
+Berthe. The two girls were sent to the same school at Rouen, and spent
+their holidays together at Doinville. Ignorant and facile, Severine
+yielded to the designs of the old President, who subsequently arranged
+a marriage for her with Roubaud, an employee of the Western Railway
+Company. For three years the couple lived happily, but a moment of
+forgetfulness, a trifling lie which she neglected to sustain, revealed
+everything to Roubaud. In an accession of jealous fury he forced his
+wife to become his accomplice in the murder of Grandmorin, and it
+was she who threw herself across the limbs of the President while her
+husband struck the fatal blow. Suspicions fell upon the Roubauds,
+and indeed the truth was known to M. Camy-Lamotte, but political
+considerations made it desirable that the character of President
+Grandmorin should not be publicly discussed, and the inquiry into the
+murder was dropped. The domestic relations between the Roubauds were
+becoming more and more strained, and Severine became entirely enamoured
+of Jacques Lantier. In order to free herself from her husband, she
+persuaded Lantier to murder Roubaud and fly with her to America. The
+arrangements were completed when Lantier was seized with one of the
+homicidal frenzies to which he was subject, and it was Severine herself
+who fell under his knife instead of their intended victim. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+AUGUSTE, keeper of an eating-house known as _Le Moulin d'Argent_ on
+Boulevard de la Chapelle. The wedding party of Coupeau and Gervaise was
+given there. L'Assommoir.
+
+AUGUSTE, a waiter at the Cafe des Varietes. Nana.
+
+AUGUSTE, a young swine-herd at La Borderie. He assisted Soulas, the old
+shepherd, to look after the sheep. La Terre.
+
+AUGUSTINE, a young girl who assisted Gervaise Coupeau in her laundry.
+She was squint-eyed and mischievous, and was always making trouble with
+the other employees. As she was the least qualified and therefore the
+worst-paid assistant in the laundry, she was kept on after decreasing
+business caused the others to leave. L'Assommoir.
+
+AUGUSTINE, an artificial-flower maker who was employed by Madame
+Titreville. L'Assommoir.
+
+AURELIE (MADEMOISELLE), an elderly friend of Madame Deberle, at whose
+house she was a frequent visitor. She was in straitened circumstances.
+Une Page d'Amour.
+
+AURELIE (MADAME). See Madame Aurelie Lhomme. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+AURIGNY (LAURE D'), a celebrated _demi-mondaine_ of the Second Empire.
+At a sale of her effects, Aristide Saccard bought a diamond necklace and
+aigrette for his second wife. La Curee.
+
+
+
+
+B
+
+BABET, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud, who came to decorate the
+church for the festival of the Virgin. She was a hunchback. La Faute de
+l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BACHELARD (PERE), brother of Narcisse Bachelard and uncle of Madame
+Josserand. He conducted for forty years a boarding-school known as the
+Institution-Bachelard. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BACHELARD (ELEONORE). See Madame Josserand. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BACHELARD (NARCISSE), a commission agent, whose keen business instincts
+were not blunted by his intemperate habits. He was a brother of Madame
+Josserand, and had at one time promised to give a dowry to her daughter
+Berthe; this promise he was unwilling to implement, and when spoken to
+on the subject usually feigned intoxication; eventually he suggested
+the somewhat dishonest plan by which Berthe's intended husband was
+hoodwinked into the belief that the dowry would be duly forthcoming. His
+protegee, Fifi, having compromised herself with Gueulin, his nephew,
+he insisted on their marriage, and presented the girl with a dowry.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+BADEUIL (CHARLES), married Laure Fouan, and went to live at Chartres. He
+tried commerce without much success, and, haunted by a desire for rapid
+fortune, acquired a _maison publique_ which had fallen into bad repute
+through mismanagement. Thanks to the firm control of Badeuil, and the
+extraordinary activity of his wife, the establishment prospered, and in
+less than twenty-five years the couple had saved three hundred thousand
+francs. They were then able to realize the dream of their life, and
+to retire to the country, where they purchased a property named
+Roseblanche, near Madame Badeuil's native place. M. Badeuil was a
+handsome man, sixty-five years of age, with a solemn face, and the air
+of a retired magistrate. He was respected by his neighbours, and held
+the strictest views on morality. The old couple lived in complete
+happiness, their only worry being that Vaucogne, who had married their
+daughter Estelle and taken over the property in Chartres, was not
+managing it properly. La Terre.
+
+BADEUIL (MADAME LAURE), wife of the preceding, was the youngest daughter
+of Joseph Casimir Fouan. She was the sister of La Grande, of Pere Fouan,
+and of Michel Fouan, known as Mouche. When her father's estate was
+divided, she got no land, but received an indemnity in money instead.
+After she and her husband acquired the establishment in Chartres, she
+assisted ably in its management. At the time of their retirement to
+the country, she was a woman of sixty-two years of age, of respectable
+appearance and an air of religious seclusion. She set a good example by
+going regularly to Mass, and paid great attention to the education of
+her granddaughter, Elodie, whom she endeavoured to bring up in entire
+ignorance of life. She had, however, still a passion for active life,
+and in busy seasons frequently returned to Chartres to assist her
+daughter, who had taken over the establishment there. Madame Badeuil
+received the greatest surprise of her life when she found that her
+granddaughter whom she had brought up in the innocence of ignorance, was
+quite aware of the source of the family fortune, and was ready to take
+up the work begun by her grandparents. La Terre.
+
+BADEUIL (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding, was educated by the
+Sisters of the Visitation at Chateaudun, and at eighteen was married to
+Hector Vaucogne, by whom she had one daughter, Elodie. She was thirty
+years of age before she had any suspicion of the calling of her parents,
+and at that time she took over the management of their establishment.
+She proved a capable manager, and in spite of the laziness of her
+husband, was able to keep up the reputation of the house, though in a
+few years she killed herself with hard work. La Terre.
+
+BADINGUET, a popular nickname for Napoleon III. It was the name of the
+workman whose clothes he wore when he escaped from the fortress of Ham.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BAILLEHACHE, a notary at Cloyes, was born in 1805, and succeeded to
+several generations of lawyers. He had a large business amongst the
+peasantry, in whose quarrels he mediated with professional calmness. He
+arranged the division of Fouan's property between the various members of
+the old man's family. La Terre.
+
+BAILLEHACHE (MADEMOISELLE), eldest sister of the preceding, was born in
+1799. She was plain-looking, but good-natured, and at thirty-two married
+Alexandre Hourdequin, to whom she brought a considerable dowry. She had
+two children, a son and a daughter, and died in 1855. La Terre.
+
+BALBI (CLORINDE), daughter of Comtesse Balbi, was a lady of great
+beauty, but of eccentric habits. Her position in society being
+precarious, she determined to establish it by a good marriage, and used
+every endeavour to induce Eugene Rougon to make her his wife. Having
+become fascinated by her beauty and charm, he made overtures which she
+resisted in the belief that he would be the more certain to marry her.
+He practically decided to do so, but reflection convinced him that
+marriage with Clorinde Balbi would only injure his prospects of
+political success. He suggested to her that she should marry his friend
+Delestang, who was a man of wealth and position, and had expressed
+admiration for her. Though naturally piqued at such a suggestion coming
+from Rougon, she consented, and soon after was married. She remained on
+outwardly friendly terms with Rougon, who was still infatuated by her,
+but was determined to make him regret the slight he had put upon her.
+After Rougon's return to office, Delestang, her husband, was, at her
+request, appointed Minister of Commerce and Agriculture. She had not,
+however, forgiven Rougon, and privately took a leading part in the
+agitation against his administration. Having become on somewhat
+equivocal terms with the Emperor, she was able to secure the acceptance
+of Rougon's second resignation, and the office of Minister of the
+Interior for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BALBI (COMTESSE LENORA), an Italian lady who lived in Paris with her
+daughter Clorinde. Little was known of her past, and it was generally
+believed that she was in the employment of the Sardinian Government.
+After her daughter's marriage to Delestang, she left Paris for some
+time, the eccentricity of her habits having begun to excite remark. M.
+De Plouguern, who had originally met her in Italy, remained her lover
+for thirty years. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BALTHAZER, the old horse driven by Madame Francois between Nanterre and
+Paris. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+BAMBOUSSE, mayor of the commune of Les Artaud, was more prosperous than
+the others of his class, as he owned several fields of corn, olives,
+and vines. His daughter Rosalie having become compromised with Fortune
+Brichet, Abbe Mouret strongly urged him to consent to a marriage between
+them, but this he at first refused, as he would lose the services of his
+daughter, and Fortune was too poor to make him any return. He ultimately
+consented, and the marriage was solemnized by Abbe Mouret. La Faute de
+l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BAMBOUSSE (CATHERINE), younger daughter of the preceding, was always in
+disgrace with Brother Archangias on account of her idle habits and her
+friendship for Vincent Brichet. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BAMBOUSSE (ROSALIE), elder daughter of the preceding. As she had become
+compromised by Fortune Brichet, Abbe Mouret urged her father to consent
+to their marriage, but this he refused to do, though he ultimately
+consented and the wedding took place. Her child died, and was buried on
+the same day as Albine. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BAPTISTE, Aristide Saccard's footman. La Curee.
+
+BAPTISTIN, a clerk in the employment of Larsonneau, who made him play
+the part of principal in a scheme whereby he intended to blackmail
+Aristide Saccard. La Curee.
+
+BAQUET (LA MERE), a wine dealer who sold the wines of Orleans at a cheap
+rate. L'Assommoir.
+
+BARILLOT, "call-boy" at the Theatre des Varietes, where he had been for
+thirty years. He was a little, sallow man, with a shrill voice. Nana.
+
+BASTIAN, a drummer in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. During the retreat on Sedan, after the battle was
+over, he had the misfortune to be struck by a stray bullet. He was
+removed to an ambulance at the house of M. Delaherche, where he died
+during the division of treasure of the Seventh Army Corps. The gold
+coins which the sergeant put into his dying hands rolled on to the
+ground, and were picked up by a wounded companion. La Debacle.
+
+BATAILLE, an old white horse, which had been for six years in the
+coal-pit at Voreux. It was killed by the flooding of the mine. Germinal.
+
+BAUDEQUIN, a draughtsman who lived on the first floor of the house in
+which lived the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was a confirmed sponger
+who was in debt all round, but spent his time in smoking and talking
+with his friends. L'Assommoir.
+
+BAUDEQUIN, the proprietor of a cafe in the Boulevard des Batignolles,
+which was the resort on Sunday evenings during many years of Claude
+Lantier, Pierre Sandoz, Dubuche, Mahoudeau, and their friends, a band
+of youths devoted to art and determined to conquer Paris. Gradually,
+however, the little company became submerged by a flood of newcomers,
+and in time the meetings ceased. The cafe changed hands three times, and
+when, after some years, Claude and Sandoz chanced to return, they found
+everything completely altered. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BAUDU (M.), proprietor of a drapery shop opposite "The Ladies'
+Paradise." The business had been in existence for many years and M.
+Baudu conducted it on such old-fashioned lines that in competition
+with Mouret's great establishment it was rapidly disappearing. He had
+acquired it from his father-in-law, and in turn he proposed to hand it
+to Colomban, his shopman, who was engaged to be married to Genevieve,
+his only daughter. Baudu postponed the marriage, however, from time to
+time, as he did not wish to hand over the business in a worse state
+than that in which he himself got it. Meanwhile Colomban had become
+infatuated with Clara Prunaire, who ultimately induced him to run off.
+Genevieve, who was in bad health, died soon afterwards, and before long
+her mother died also. The business had gone from bad to worse, and, in
+the end, Baudu lost everything, only avoiding bankruptcy by a complete
+surrender. Like many of his neighbours, he was crushed out of existence
+by Octave Mouret's triumphant success. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (MADAME ELIZABETH), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a
+draper whose business she brought to her husband. Her health was broken
+down by worry, and by anxiety regarding her daughter Genevieve, whose
+death she did not long survive. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (CAPTAIN), son of Baudu, the draper. He went to Mexico. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (DENISE) was the daughter of a dyer at Valognes. The death of her
+father left her with two young brothers dependent on her, and, the elder
+having got a situation in Paris, she determined to accompany him. M.
+Baudu, her uncle, had formerly promised assistance, but when Denise
+arrived she found that his business was rapidly being ruined by
+the steady extension of "The Ladies' Paradise," an enormous drapery
+establishment belonging to Octave Mouret. In these circumstances she
+could not be dependent on her uncle, and, to his annoyance, she applied
+for and got a situation in this rival business. On account of petty
+jealousies, her life there was not happy, and, having incurred the
+enmity of Jouve, one of the inspectors, she was dismissed on a false
+accusation. A time of great hardship followed, only lightened by the
+kindness of old Bourras, in whose house she had rented a room for
+herself and her young brother Pepe. She next got a situation with
+Robineau, who had bought a silk merchant's business and she remained
+there for some time. While Denise was at "The Ladies' Paradise" she had
+attracted the attention of Octave Mouret, and, chancing to meet her one
+day, he asked her to return. As she found that Robineau's business was
+not prospering, she consented, and from that time her position in "The
+Ladies' Paradise" was assured. Mouret had fallen in love with her, and
+she with him, but she had sufficient strength of mind to refuse his
+proposals. Ultimately he asked her to marry him, and to this she agreed.
+Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+Madame Denise Mouret had two children, the elder being a girl and the
+younger a boy. These resembled their mother, and grew magnificently. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+BAUDU (GENEVIEVE), daughter of Baudu, the draper. She was engaged for a
+number of years to Colomban, her father's shopman, but in consequence of
+the state of trade the marriage was put off from time to time. Genevieve
+ultimately learned that her fiance had become infatuated with Clara
+Prunaire, one of the shop-girls in "The Ladies' Paradise." Her health,
+never good, suffered greatly, and soon after Colomban's disappearance
+she died. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (JACQUELINE). See Blanche de Sivry.
+
+BAUDU (JEAN), the elder brother of Denise. He worked for a time with
+a cabinet-maker in Valognes, but earned nothing, though he learned to
+carve so well that a gentleman promised to find a place for him with an
+ivory-carver in Paris. He accepted the offer, and came to the city with
+his sister and young brother. At first he earned only his board and
+lodging, and, as he was good-looking and a favourite with women, he made
+heavy inroads on his sister's small purse. Ultimately, when he did get a
+wage, he took the earliest opportunity of getting married, inducing his
+sister, as usual, to give him what little money she had been able to
+save. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (PEPE), the youngest brother of Denise. He was a mere child when
+the family came to Paris, and it was only by the greatest self-sacrifice
+that Denise was able to support him. When she went to "The Ladies'
+Paradise" he was boarded with Madame Gras, and after his sister's
+dismissal he went with her to Bourras, who showed great kindness to both
+of them. After Denise returned to "The Ladies' Paradise," Pepe again
+went to live with Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUDU (THERESE), wife of Jean Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUGE, who was the younger son of a grocer at Dunkerque, came to Paris
+and got a situation in the linen department of the "Bon Marche," where
+he was able to make a fairly good income. He became the lover of Pauline
+Cugnot, whom he afterwards married, and, in order to be near her, left
+the "Bon Marche" and took an appointment in "The Ladies' Paradise." Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAUGE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Pauline Cugnot. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+BAVOUX, a salesman in Octave Mouret's shop. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BAZOUGE, an undertaker's assistant who lived in an attic of the same
+tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. He was generally drunk
+and made ribald jests about his dismal calling. It was he who buried
+Gervaise Coupeau after she was found dead in an attic adjoining his own.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BEAUCHAMP (FLORE), an artist's model, who lived in Rue de Laval. She was
+fresh in colouring, but too thin. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BEAUDOIN, a friend of the Hamelins whom they had known at Beyrout, where
+he lived. He promised to marry Caroline Hamelin after the death of her
+husband, but instead of waiting for that event he obtained the hand of a
+young and rich girl, the daughter of an English Consul. L'Argent.
+
+BEAUDOIN, Captain of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, and having a fine
+tenor voice and good manners, along with Bonapartist principles, he was
+early marked for advancement. With his men he was unpopular, and, not
+caring for his profession, he did not readily adapt himself to the
+necessities of war. In the march to the Meuse he lost his baggage, and
+arrived at Sedan in a pitiable condition, his uniform soiled, his face
+and hands dirty. In former days at Charleville he had been on intimate
+terms with Gilberte Maginot, whom he now found at Sedan, married to
+Jules Delaherche. Their former relations were renewed for the moment,
+and next day Beaudoin rejoined his company, astonishing every one by
+the neatness of his attire. At the attack on the Calvary d'Illy he
+was severely wounded, and having been removed to the ambulance at
+Delaherche's house, his arm was amputated; but the hemorrhage had been
+too great, and he did not survive. La Debacle.
+
+BEAU-FRANCOIS (LE), chief of a band of brigands, whose terrible exploits
+were still recounted at La Beauce. La Terre.
+
+BEAURIVAGE (DUC DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a piece staged
+by Fauchery at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Bosc.
+Nana.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (COMTE CHARLES DE), a man of dissipated habits, who
+succeeded to the immense fortune of the Beauvilliers, which he
+completely squandered in a few years. He was killed in an accident of
+the chase, some said by the vengeance of a keeper. They found later a
+document signed by him in 1854 undertaking to pay ten thousand francs to
+a girl named Leonie Cron. L'Argent.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (COMTESSE DE), an old lady who lived with her daughter
+Alice in a house in the Rue Saint-Lazare, adjoining the Orviedo mansion.
+The family had at one time possessed large estates, but these had all
+gone, and the Comtesse and her daughter had barely sufficient to live
+upon, though they endeavoured to keep up before their neighbours as
+much as possible of their ancient state. Having made the acquaintance
+of Saccard, the Comtesse invested a small sum in the Universal Bank,
+increasing it from time to time until her whole means were involved. By
+the failure of the bank she was entirely ruined, and, to complete the
+catastrophe, Busch, who had become possessor of some papers compromising
+the honour of her dead husband, took the opportunity of blackmailing
+her. When she had handed over her jewels to him, she was left penniless.
+L'Argent.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (ALICE), daughter of Comtesse de Beauvilliers. The
+extravagance of her father had dissipated the family estates, and she
+and her mother were left with barely sufficient to keep up appearances.
+She was plain-looking, and had reached the age of twenty-five years
+without any offers of marriage. It was, however, in the hope of
+providing a suitable dowry for her, that the Comtesse invested her
+money in the Universal Bank, with disastrous results. Alice, who had few
+amusements, interested herself in charities, and frequently visited the
+institutions founded by Princess d'Orviedo. On a visit to _L'Oeuvre du
+Travail_ she was attacked and robbed of a small sum by Victor Saccard,
+who was at that time an inmate. Her injuries were severe, and a serious
+illness followed. The failure of the Universal Bank left her and her
+mother in poverty. L'Argent.
+
+BEAUVILLIERS (FERDINANDE DE), son of Comte Beauvilliers. He was for
+a time the cause of anxiety to his mother on account of some youthful
+extravagances, but early settled down, and having received a commission
+in the Papal troops, served with distinction. He was delicate, however,
+and died of fever in Rome. L'Argent.
+
+BECKER, a jeweller in Paris. He supplied a set of sapphires for the
+mistress of Comte de Muffat. Nana.
+
+BECOT, a grocer in Rue Montorgueil. Having become a widower, he took
+to dissolute courses, and his shop was gradually swallowed up, with its
+dried vegetables, jars, and drawers of sweetstuff. Eventually the place
+was sold up and Becot died of apoplexy soon afterwards. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BECOT (IRMA), daughter of the preceding. After her father's death she
+went to live with an aunt, but soon afterwards ran off with a young
+fellow who lived across the street. She did not remain long with him,
+but, having a passion for artists, experienced in turn a caprice for
+Fagerolles, Gagniere, and many others. A young and foolish Marquis
+furnished a flat for her, and later she occupied a house in Rue de
+Moscou, the rent of which was twenty thousand francs. In the end she
+realized her dream of a princely house in the Avenue de Villiers;
+the site was bought by one lover, the house built by another, and the
+furniture provided by a third. But fortune did not alter her tastes;
+behind the backs of her serious lovers she still retained her fancy
+for Art, in the person of Henri Fagerolles, one of her early admirers.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+BEC-SALE, alias BOIT-SANS-SOIF, a rivet-maker employed in the same
+factory as Goujet. He drank enormous quantities of brandy, and was a
+boon companion of Coupeau. On the occasion of Gervaise Coupeau's first
+visit to the factory to see her son Etienne, Bec-Sale entered into a
+contest of strength with Goujet in which he was beaten. L'Assommoir.
+
+BECU, gamekeeper and bell-ringer at Rognes, was a man of fifty years of
+age who had at one time been in the army. He was an intense Bonapartist,
+and pretended that he had met the Emperor. Himself a confirmed
+drunkard, he was on friendly terms with Hyacinthe Fouan, whose poaching
+expeditions he overlooked. La Terre.
+
+BECU (LA), wife of the preceding, was on intimate terms with Hyacinthe
+Fouan. Her chief amusement was to throw Celine Macqueron and Flore
+Lengaigne against one another under the pretext of reconciling them.
+Though she was not devout, she made ardent intercessions to Heaven to
+reserve for her son a lucky number in the drawing for the conscription,
+but, after the event, turned her anger against the Deity because her
+prayers had not been answered. La Terre.
+
+BECU (DELPHIN), son of the preceding, was a strong lad who, on leaving
+school, went to work as a farm labourer. He was much averse to leaving
+home, and, having drawn an unlucky number for the conscription, he
+chopped off with a cleaver the first finger of his right hand, in order
+that he might be unfit for service. La Terre.
+
+BECU (MICHEL), uncle of Delphin. He died at Orleans. La Terre.
+
+BEDORE, a hosier in Rue Gaillon, whose business was ruined by the
+extension of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BEJUIN (LEON), a Member of the Corps Legislatif, and a supporter of
+Eugene Rougon. He was proprietor of the Saint-Florent Cut-Glass Works.
+"A very worthy fellow, votes straight, never speaks, is very patient and
+waits contentedly till you think of him, but he is always on the spot
+to take care that you don't forget him." He received the Cross of the
+Legion of Honour after Rougon's return to office, and an appointment as
+Inspector. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BEJUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BELLOMBRE, a neighbour of Doctor Pascal at La Souleiade. He was a
+retired Professor, sixty-six years of age, who lived in his little house
+with no other company than his gardener, a man as old and crabbed as
+himself. His interests were solely centred in himself, and his egotism
+was a constant subject of irritation with Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+BELLOQUE (LE PERE), the first art-master of Claude Lantier. A retired
+infantry captain, with one arm, he had for a quarter of a century
+taught drawing to the youths of Plassans, in one of the galleries of the
+museum. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BENARD, one of the tenants of the house in which Madame Coupeau carried
+on her laundry business. Benard and his wife were of intemperate
+habits, and few days passed without their fighting with one another.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BERAUD DU CHATEL (M.) was the last representative of an old middle-class
+family. A staunch Republican, he had grown old in the Magistracy, which
+he resigned at the time of the _Coup d'Etat_. Since then he lived in
+retirement in his house on the Ile Saint-Louis with his sister Madame
+Aubertot and his young daughter Christine. His elder daughter Renee,
+who was educated at a convent, was married to Aristide Saccard, and the
+circumstances which led to her marriage came as a severe blow to the
+stern old man. Though on nominally friendly terms with his daughter
+after her marriage, he never visited her, but when she died he paid her
+debts. La Curee.
+
+BERAUD DU CHATEL (CHRISTINE), the second daughter of M. Beraud du
+Chatel, and sister of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+BERAUD DU CHATEL (RENEE). See Madame Renee Rougon, alias Saccard.
+
+BERGASSE, a second-hand dealer in Plassans. He supplied the old
+furniture bought by Madame Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+BERGERET (MADAME), concierge of the house at Plassy occupied by Helene
+Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+BERLINGOT, a horse which belonged to M. Mechain and gained the Prix
+d'Ispahan. Nana.
+
+BERLOQUE, alias CHICOT, a miner who was killed by a landslip in the pit
+at Voreux. Germinal.
+
+BERNHEIM (LES FRERES), proprietors of the glass-works of Saint-Joseph
+where Josserand was employed as cashier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BERTHIER (MADAME), was a friend of Madame Deberle, and took part in the
+amateur theatricals arranged by that lady. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+BERTHIER, authorized clerk to Mazaud, the stockbroker. L'Argent.
+
+BERTHOU, the celebrated painter of _Nero in the Arena_. Claude Lantier
+took lessons from him for six months, but their ideas were not in
+sympathy, and repeatedly the master told Claude that he would never do
+anything good. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BERTRAND, a large dog which belonged to Sandoz. It barked furiously
+at visitors, until it recognized a friend of its master, whom it would
+greet with joyous welcome. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BESNUS (CLARISSE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes, where she
+played the part of Iris in the _Blonde Venus_, and Geraldine in the
+_Petite Duchesse_. She was mistress of Hector de la Faloise for a time.
+Nana.
+
+BESSIERE, station-master at Barentin. He saw the Roubauds in the Havre
+express on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin, and his
+evidence confirmed their alibi. La Bete Humaine.
+
+BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (M.) was a member of a legal family. After being public
+prosecutor at Orleans and advocate-general at Rouen, he came to Paris as
+counsellor at the Appeal Court, of which he afterwards became president.
+His sister Veronique married Eugene Rougon. He was appointed first
+president of the Court of Paris after Rougon's return to office. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BEULIN-D'ORCHERE (VERONIQUE), a quiet, subdued woman about thirty-six
+years of age, who lived with her brother and seldom went out except to
+attend Low Mass at Saint-Sulpice. She married Eugene Rougon, to whom she
+brought a considerable fortune. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BIBI-LA-GRILLADE, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's fellow-workmen,
+with whom he was on intimate terms. He was one of the party at Coupeau's
+wedding with Gervaise Macquart. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD, a drunken locksmith, who killed his wife by systematic
+ill-usage. On the rare occasions when he worked, he always had a
+bottle of alcohol beside him, from which he took large draughts every
+half-hour. After the death of his wife, he transferred his cruelty to
+his little daughter Lalie, who did not long survive. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (MADAME) lived with her husband and their children in the same
+tenement as the Coupeaus and Lorilleux. She was a hard-working woman who
+did washing for Gervaise Coupeau's laundry, but her husband, a drunken
+brute, abused her to such an extent that she ultimately died of injuries
+received at his hands, or, more accurately, feet. The poor woman, in
+order to save her husband from the scaffold, said before she died that
+she had hurt herself by falling on the edge of a tub. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (LALIE), daughter of the preceding, a child of eight when her
+mother died, had acted as the little mother of the family. "Without a
+word said, quite of her own accord, she took the dead woman's place, to
+such an extent that her foolish brute of a father, to make the likeness
+complete, battered about the daughter now as he had battered the mother
+before. When he came in drunk, he felt the need of a woman to attack. He
+did not even notice what a tiny little thing Lalie was; he hit her as he
+would have hit a grown woman. He beat her shamelessly, he kicked her for
+a yes or no; and she took it all with a resigned look in her beautiful
+eyes, without a murmur. Then when her father was tired of kicking her
+from corner to corner of the room, she waited until she had the strength
+to pick herself up, and then went back to her work. It was part of her
+daily task to be beaten." As the result of this infamous treatment
+the child died, but again the man unfortunately escaped punishment.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (HENRIETTE), second daughter of Bijard. She was five years old at
+the time of her mother's death. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJARD (JULES), third child of Bijard. When his mother died he was three
+years old. L'Assommoir.
+
+BIJOU, the pet dog of Nana. He excited the jealousy of Comte de Muffat.
+Nana.
+
+BILLECOQ (HERMINIE), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene
+Rougon to provide a dowry, in order that she might marry an officer who
+had compromised her. The officer did not, however, fulfill his promise,
+but went off with the dowry, of which he had obtained possession. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BLACHET, a deputy. He desired leave of absence. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+BLAISOT, a banker at Paris. L'Argent.
+
+BLANCHETTE, a cow which belonged to Lise and Francoise Fouan. La Terre.
+
+BLERIOT (M. DE), prefect of the department in which Plassans is
+situated. He accompanied Colonel Masson and the troops which crushed the
+Republican rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+BLEUZE, a rope-walk at Montsou which was ruined by the miners' strike.
+Germinal.
+
+BLOND (MARIA), a young girl of fifteen who had grown up on the pavements
+of Paris. She frequented the restaurant kept by Laure Piedefer. Nana.
+
+BOCHE (M.) the concierge of the large tenement-house in which resided
+the Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others. He and his wife were friendly with
+the various tenants in turn, sometimes siding with one and sometimes
+with another in the quarrels which so frequently arose. In the presence
+of the landlord, of whom they were afraid, they assumed an air of great
+importance, and affected not to know the tenants. They were present at
+Gervaise Coupeau's birthday party. L'Assommoir.
+
+BOCHE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. L'Assommoir.
+
+Nana informed Satin that Madame Boche is dead. Nana.
+
+BOCHE (PAULINE), daughter of the preceding, was a girl of about the same
+age as Nana Coupeau, whose companion she was in all kinds of mischief.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BOCQUET (MADAME), mother of Clarisse. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BOCQUET (CLARISSE), a woman on whom Duveyrier squandered large sums of
+money. She ultimately gained such complete influence over him, and made
+him so unhappy, that he attempted to commit suicide. Pot-Bouille.
+
+BODIN (DOCTOR) was the regular medical attendant of Madame Helene
+Grandjean and her daughter Jeanne. A sudden illness of Jeanne made it
+necessary to call in Doctor Deberle, who subsequently met the older man
+in consultation from time to time. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+BOHAIN (MARQUIS DE), an elderly nobleman whose presence and manners were
+of a kind to adorn a board of directors, and whose illustrious name was
+of value on a prospectus. He was in consequence always in demand by new
+companies. Since he began living by speculation, he and his wife had
+been legally separated, so far as estate went, and he lived with her
+only as a lodger, with nothing of his own except his clothes. "On two
+occasions already he had refused to pay up what he owed; he pocketed as
+long as he won, but as soon as he lost he did not pay." At the request
+of Saccard, the Marquis became a director of the Universal Bank. When
+the great gamble in the shares of the bank began, the Marquis followed
+his usual plan; having played through Mazaud for a rise, he refused to
+pay his losses, though he had gained two million francs through Jacoby,
+through whom he had played for a fall. L'Argent.
+
+BONGRAND, a great artist, painter of the _Village Wedding_. He was a
+stout man, forty-five years old, with an expressive face and long grey
+hair; recently he had become a member of the Institute and an officer
+of the Legion of Honour. The grandson of a farmer in the Beauce country,
+the son of a man risen to the middle classes, with peasant blood in his
+veins, owing his culture to a mother of very artistic tastes, he was
+rich, had no need to sell his pictures, and retained many tastes and
+opinions of Bohemian life. His masterpiece, the _Village Wedding_, had
+brought about a revolution in art only parallel with Courbet, and he
+was acknowledged as Master by all the artists of the young school. The
+picture remained, however, his greatest work, though he objected to have
+it so designated, in the fear that it might be thought his powers were
+failing. A later picture called the _Village Funeral_ was intended to
+surpass it, but failed to arrest attention, and was indeed only an echo
+of the earlier work. He was one of the few mourners at the funeral of
+Claude Lantier. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BONHOMME, the horse which for a quarter of a century had carried Doctor
+Pascal on his visits to his patients. Latterly the old Bonhomme became
+blind, and was no longer being driven, but being much loved by his
+master, was tenderly cared for until his death. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+BONNAUD, formerly head of the counting-house of a railway company.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+BONNEHON (MADAME), sister of President Grandmorin. She was married to a
+wealthy manufacturer, who left her a widow at the age of thirty. In the
+mansion-house of Doinville, which belonged to her, she led a pleasant
+life, not without occasional affairs of the heart, but so correct in
+every way that she remained a leader of society in Rouen. She was a
+handsome woman, and in spite of her fifty years still retained much
+of her former charm. Among her friends she included Chaumette and
+Desbazeilles, both officials of the court at Rouen. Madame Bonnehon
+had a good opinion of the Roubauds, and did not approve of the position
+taken up by her niece Berthe regarding the legacy left to them by
+President Grandmorin. For the honour of her family she desired that the
+inquiry as to the murder of the President should not be continued. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+BONNEMORT, the sobriquet of Vincent Maheu. His family had been miners
+for generations, and he himself had worked in the pit since he was eight
+years old. After forty-five years of work underground he was given a
+post as fireman, and for five years worked each night at the Voreux pit
+for a wage of forty sous. He suffered greatly from rheumatism, which
+eventually turned into a form of dropsy, while his mind became affected
+to some extent by the sufferings occasioned by the great strike which
+took place at Voreux and other neighbouring pits. After the terrible
+scenes at Montsou, he could only sit in his chair before the fireless
+grate, with fixed and unseeing eyes, but in a sudden accession of
+madness he found strength to strangle Cecile Gregoire, who chanced to be
+left alone with him for a few moments. Germinal.
+
+BONNET. See De Mareuil.
+
+BORDENAVE, manager of the Theatre des Varietes. He was a coarse man,
+with cynical views as to the stage, and cared nothing as to the means by
+which a popular success might be secured. Though he was well aware that
+Nana could neither sing nor act, he saw that her beauty was of a type
+likely to attract the Parisian public, and accordingly gave her the
+chief part in the _Blonde Venus_. It was he who showed H.R.H. The Prince
+of Scots the honours of "behind the scenes." Nana.
+
+BORGNE-DE-JOUY, one of the band of brigands which was led by
+Beau-Francois. He betrayed his companions. La Terre.
+
+BOSC, an old actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played the
+part of Jupiter in the _Blonde Venus_, and the Duc de Beaurivage in
+the _Petite Duchesse_. He had a good-natured but somewhat drunken
+appearance. He treated women with disdain, and the idea that any man
+should trouble himself about them raised in him the only indignation of
+which he was capable. Nana.
+
+BOUCHARD (M.), head-clerk in the office of the Minister of Interior.
+His house was the first thrown open to Eugene Rougon on his arrival
+in Paris. Later on, Bouchard inherited his father's property, and at
+fifty-four years of age married Adele Desvignes. He was appointed head
+of a department after Rougon's return to office. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+BOUCHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a
+respectable family at Rambouillet. M. Bouchard "had been anxious to
+marry a young lady from the provinces, because he made a point of having
+a steady wife. However, the fair and adorable little Adele, with her
+innocent blue eyes, had in less than four years proved to be a great
+deal more than a mere flirt." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BOULAND(MADAME), the nurse who attended Madame Lazare Chanteau. La Joie
+de Vivre.
+
+BOUM, a horse which belonged to M. Gasc and ran in the Grand Prix de
+Paris. Nana.
+
+BOURDELAIS, an upper clerk in the office of the Minister of Finance. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURDELAIS (MADAME) was a short, fair woman of thirty, with a delicate
+nose and sparkling eyes, who had married a chief clerk in the Treasury.
+She was an old schoolfellow of Madame Desforges. Belonging to a good
+middle-class family, she managed her household and three children with
+an excellent knowledge of practical life. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURDEU (M.), formerly Prefect of the Drome, but turned out of office
+by the Revolution of 1848. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was
+a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house his party was in the habit of
+meeting. At one time he was suggested as a likely candidate for the
+representation of Plassans, but he retired after Delangre had been
+brought forward through the machinations of Abbe Faujas. Madame de
+Condamin promised him, however, that through her influence he would be
+rewarded with a prefecture. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+BOURDONCLE, the son of a poor farmer near Limoges, started at "The
+Ladies' Paradise" at the same time as Octave Mouret. He was very active
+and intelligent, but he lacked that touch of genius possessed by his
+companion, before whom he had bowed from the first. Acting on Mouret's
+advice, he put all his savings into the business, and, after passing
+through the various grades, he became in time one of the six persons who
+assisted Mouret to govern "The Ladies' Paradise," exercising a general
+control of the whole staff. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURGAIN-DESFEUILLES (GENERAL). During the war of 1870 he was at the
+head of a brigade of infantry, of which the 106th regiment of the
+line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil, formed part. Like so many other
+officers he proved himself incompetent, and after the capitulation he,
+alone among the generals, took advantage of the pretext of illness to
+sign an undertaking to the Germans not to take any further part in the
+war. La Debacle.
+
+BOURGUIGNON, a master zinc-worker from whom Coupeau got employment.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BOUROCHE (SURGEON-MAJOR), of the 106th regiment of the line, commanded
+by Colonel Vineuil. During the battle of Sedan he installed an
+ambulance in a factory belonging to Jules Delaherche, where he was soon
+overwhelmed with work. With untiring energy he performed one operation
+after another until the place became like a slaughter-house. Behind
+a clump of trees were thrown the bodies of the dead, and the limbs
+amputated from the living. Depressed for a moment by the vastness of his
+task, Bouroche nearly lost heart, exclaiming, "What is the use?" but
+his instincts of discipline recalled him to work, and he continued to
+operate even after the supply of chloroform was exhausted. During
+the insurrection at Paris he served with the army of Versailles, but
+consented to treat one of his old soldiers, Maurice Levasseur, who had
+been mortally wounded in the ranks of the Commune. La Debacle.
+
+BOURRAS, an old man who sold umbrellas and walking-sticks in a
+tumble-down house which adjoined "The Ladies' Paradise." His business
+was ruined by the growth of that concern, and he expressed bitter hatred
+towards Octave Mouret, its proprietor. Denise Baudu rented a room from
+him after her dismissal from "The Ladies' Paradise," and he showed much
+kindness to her and Pepe, her young brother. He refused several offers
+by Mouret, who wished to purchase his lease in order to extend his
+own shop, and ultimately, having become bankrupt, was forced to leave
+without a penny. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOURRETTE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the church of Saint-Saturnin at
+Plassans. He did duty as vicar during the illness of Abbe Compan,
+and had been led to expect the reversion of the appointment. Pressure
+brought to bear on Bishop Rousselot led to the selection of Abbe Faujas,
+and Bourrette was put off with vague promises for the future. He was
+a simple-minded, amiable man, who accepted his disappointment without
+murmuring, and continued on friendly terms with Faujas. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+BOUTAREL, a doctor who attended Nana. He was a handsome man, still
+young, who had a large practice in the demi-monde. Always gay and
+laughing, he was popular with his patients, but took care not to
+compromise himself with any of them. Nana.
+
+BOUTAREL (MADAME), a lady who lived in the country and economized for
+months at a time, only coming to Paris occasionally. When she came, she
+made straight for "The Ladies' Paradise" and spent all her savings in an
+afternoon. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOUTELOUP (LOUIS), a workman at the Voreux pit. He lodged with Madame
+Levaque, whose lover he became. Germinal.
+
+BOUTEROUE (HILARION), second child of Vincent Bouteroue, and grandson of
+Marianne Fouan (La Grande). The latter had never forgiven the marriage
+of her daughter, and would do nothing to assist the two children after
+the death of their parents. Hilarion, who was of weak intellect, was
+looked after from childhood by his sister Palmyre, who wore herself out
+in his service. After Palmyre's death his grandmother gave him shelter,
+but took advantage of his great strength by employing him at work of the
+hardest kind. Ultimately Hilarion committed a serious assault on the
+old woman, and in defending herself she struck him on the head with a
+bill-hook, inflicting a wound from which he died. La Terre.
+
+BOUTEROUE (PALMYRE), sister of the preceding, worked like a slave to
+support her brother, and died completely worn out by toil and hardship
+at the age of thirty-five. La Terre.
+
+BOUTEROUE (VINCENT), a poor peasant, whom the daughter of the Pechards
+insisted on marrying despite the opposition of her mother. They both
+died of want, leaving two children, Palmyre and Hilarion. La Terre.
+
+BOUTEROUE (MADAME VINCENT), see Mademoiselle Pechard.
+
+BOUTHEMENT PERE, a shopkeeper at Montpellier, who sent his son to Paris
+to learn business. He was disgusted to find that the simple salesman in
+Paris could earn three times as much as he himself could make, and he
+was stupefied on seeing the vast emporium in which his son served. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOUTHEMONT, manager of the silk department at "The Ladies' Paradise."
+Noisy and too fond of company, he was not much good for sales, but for
+buying he had not his equal. Nearly every month he went to Lyons, living
+at the best hotels, with authority to treat the manufacturers with
+open purse. He had, moreover, liberty to buy what he liked, provided he
+increased the sales of his department in a certain proportion settled
+beforehand; and it was on this proportion that his commission was based.
+Eventually, however, his position was undermined, and Madame Desforges,
+having become jealous of Mouret, and wishing to injure him, introduced
+Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him money to start an opposition
+establishment called "The Four Seasons." This was burned down three
+weeks after its opening, but the enormous loss was covered by insurance.
+Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOUTIGNY, Lazare Chanteau's partner in the chemical business, into which
+he put thirty thousand francs. After the failure of the venture, he took
+over the whole concern, and began to manufacture potash from seaweed by
+the old methods. He was very successful in this, and by degrees began to
+employ on a small scale the scientific systems which had before proved
+disastrous. In a few years he amassed a considerable fortune. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+BOUTIN, a retired artist's-model who kept a studio in Rue de la
+Huchette, which was frequented by Claude Lantier, who went there for
+purposes of study. A subscription of twenty francs enabled young artists
+to have the free use of models. L'Oeuvre.
+
+BOUTIN, an old epileptic attended by Doctor Pascal at Plassans. He died
+in one of his fits. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+BOVES (COMTE DE), Inspector-General of the Imperial Stud, a
+tall, handsome man who had married his wife for her great beauty.
+Notwithstanding this, he carried on a liaison with Madame Guibal, whose
+demands upon his purse were so heavy that he was obliged to economize in
+his own establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOVES (COMTESSE DE), wife of the preceding, was a beautiful woman of
+about forty years of age. She was a constant customer at "The Ladies'
+Paradise," but as her husband kept her very short of money, was seldom
+able to buy anything. Eventually temptation proved too strong for her,
+and she was caught in the act of stealing some valuable lace. The matter
+was, however, kept quiet, and a scandal avoided. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BOVES (BLANCHE DE), daughter of the preceding. She usually accompanied
+her mother on her shopping expeditions to "The Ladies' Paradise," and,
+it is to be feared, was not unaware of the theft of lace by her. She
+married Paul de Vallagnosc. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+BRAMAH, an English horse which won the Grand Prix de Paris. It belonged
+to Lord Reading. Nana.
+
+BRAMBILLA (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BRETIGNY (COMTESSE DE). Auguste Lantier, reading the news from a
+journal to his friends Coupeau and Mes-Bottes, announced that the eldest
+daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny was to be married to Baron de
+Valencay, aide-de-camp to His Majesty the Emperor. L'Assommoir.
+
+BRETON-LE-CUL-SEC, one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La
+Terre.
+
+BRICHET, the father of Fortune, Rosalie Bambousse's lover. He was a
+little man, withered by age, and with a cringing manner. He tilled a
+small piece of stony land near Les Artaud, and was very poor. La Faute
+de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRICHET (MADAME), wife of the preceding, a tall, lachrymose woman, was
+the one solitary devotee of the village of Les Artaud. Whenever she
+had been to communion, she hung about the parsonage, knowing that the
+priest's servant always kept a couple of loaves for her from the last
+baking. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRICHET (FORTUNE), son of the preceding, was a largely built,
+bold-looking young fellow of about twenty-five years of age, who had
+been the lover of Rosalie Bambousse for some time before Abbe Mouret was
+able to induce the girl's parents to consent to her marriage. La Faute
+de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRICHET (VINCENT), brother of Fortune, was the boy who assisted Abbe
+Mouret in serving Mass. He was an idle young scamp, and constantly
+incurred the chastisement of Brother Archangias, who predicted a bad end
+for him on account of his friendship for Catherine Bambousse. La Faute
+de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+BRIQUET, a peasant of Rognes. His son drew the number 13 for the
+conscription. La Terre.
+
+BRON (MADAME), concierge at the Theatre des Varietes. She sold liquor to
+the employees at the theatre. Nana.
+
+BRU, an old house-painter who lived in a garret in the same
+tenement-house as the Coupeaus, where he starved with cold and hunger.
+He had lost three sons in the Crimea, and he lived on what he could
+pick up, now that for two years past he could hold a brush no longer.
+Gervaise Coupeau showed him some kindness and asked him to her famous
+birthday party. Things having gone from bad to worse with him, he was
+found one morning lying dead in his garret. L'Assommoir.
+
+BRULE (LA), mother of La Pierronne. She was the widow of a miner who had
+been killed in the pit, and lived with her daughter at the settlement
+known as the Deux-Cent-Quarante. A terrible old woman, frantic to
+revenge on the masters the death of her husband, she was the leader in
+the outrages perpetrated by the strikers in the Montsou district. It was
+she who gave the signal for the attack on the troops, but at the first
+volley fired by the soldiers she fell back stiff and crackling like
+a bundle of dry faggots, stammering one last oath in the gurgling of
+blood. Germinal.
+
+BRUNET (LES), a bourgeois family in the new quarter of Plassans, of whom
+Madame Felicite Rougon was jealous. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+BUDIN (LES), peasants of Rognes, whose daughter was said to have been
+cured of a fever by Sourdeau, who cut a live pigeon in two, and applied
+the halves to her head. La Terre.
+
+BUQUIN-LECOMTE, a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He desired leave of
+absence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+BURGAT, a blacksmith, one of the band of insurgents which entered
+Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+BURNE, an English jockey who rode a horse called Spirit in the Grand
+Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+BUSCH, a man of German origin who came to Paris, and engaged in business
+of a shady character on the fringe of the Bourse. "In addition to usury
+and a secret traffic in jewels and precious stones, he particularly
+occupied himself with the purchase of 'bad debts.'" In pursuit of
+creditors he was unsparing, and his methods were not infrequently of the
+nature of blackmail. Jordon, Madame de Beauvilliers, and Saccard himself
+fell into his power, though Saccard refused to submit to extortion.
+Another of Busch's lines of business was the purchase of depreciated
+shares and debentures, thousands of which he collected together,
+selling them to bankrupts who found difficulty in accounting for real or
+imaginary losses. His one redeeming feature was his extraordinary love
+for his brother Sigismond, whom he nursed with the greatest care until
+his death. L'Argent.
+
+BUSCH (SIGISMOND), brother of Busch, the money-lender, was an able man,
+educated at a German University, and speaking several languages. He had
+met Carl Marx at Cologne in 1849, and became a contributor to the _New
+Rhenish Gazette_. "From that time he professed Socialism with an ardent
+faith, giving his entire being to the idea of an approaching social
+renovation, which would assure the happiness of the poor and humble."
+After his master was banished from Germany, Sigismond, engrossed in
+his dreams, was so careless of his material affairs that he would have
+perished of hunger had his brother not taken him to live with him. From
+this time the elder Busch, ferocious as a wolf towards a debtor, looked
+after his brother with almost maternal care, and was heart-broken when
+Sigismond died of consumption a few years later. L'Argent.
+
+BUTEAU, second son of Pere Fouan; brother of Hyacinthe and of Fanny
+Delhomme; cousin and husband of Lise Mouche; father of Jules and Laure.
+From early youth he was of violent temper, and having drawn a lucky
+number in the conscription, he went away from home, and got work, first
+at the farm of La Borderie and later at La Chamade. He was a true son
+of the soil, knowing nothing of the world beyond the narrow district in
+which he was born, and possessing that fierce passion for the land
+which is the characteristic of so many peasants. When Pere Fouan made a
+division of his property among his family, Buteau was dissatisfied with
+the lot which he drew, and refused to take possession of it. In this
+attitude he persisted for two years, until the formation of a new road
+gave a greatly increased value to his share. In the same way he refused
+to marry his cousin Lise Mouche, by whom he already had a son, until,
+after her father's death, she had inherited a share of his property.
+Buteau's chief anxiety then became to prevent a division of this land
+between his wife and her sister Francoise, and when, after the girl's
+marriage to Jean Macquart, this became imminent, he and his wife
+eventually murdered her. His father had been a witness of the crime, and
+as his silence was essential, he too was cruelly done to death. After
+these terrible events Buteau was able to sleep calmly, for the land, his
+overwhelming passion in life, was his beyond possibility of dispute. La
+Terre.
+
+BUTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Lise Mouche. La Terre.
+
+BUTEAU (JULES), the eldest child of the preceding, who were not married
+till three years after his birth. At nine years old he was the sole
+friend of old Fouan, but he soon came to neglect the old man. La Terre.
+
+BUTEAU (LAURE), the second child of the Buteaus. At four years old
+she had already the hard eyes of her family, and was hostile to her
+grandfather, old Fouan. By jealousy she detached from him her brother
+Jules. La Terre.
+
+
+
+
+C
+
+CABASSE, a franc-tireur of the woods of Dieulet. He was the favourite
+companion of Ducat, and along with Guillaume Sambuc formed part of the
+band which so greatly embarrassed the Prussians in the neighbourhood of
+Sedan. He took part in the execution of Goliath Steinberg, the German
+spy. La Debacle.
+
+CABIN (MADAME), the woman who looked after the bedrooms occupied by the
+saleswomen in "The Ladies' Paradise." In consideration of small bribes,
+she allowed numerous breaches of the strict rules of the establishment.
+Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CABIROCHE (SIMONNE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She was the
+daughter of a furniture dealer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and had
+been educated at a boarding-school in order that she might become a
+governess. She played the part of Isabelle in the _Petite Duchesse_.
+Nana.
+
+CABUCHE, a quarryman at Becourt, who lived alone in a hut in the middle
+of the forest. He was condemned to five years' imprisonment for having
+killed a man in a tavern brawl, but on account of his good conduct was
+liberated at the end of four years. From that time he was avoided by
+every one, and lived like a savage in the woods. Louisette, the younger
+daughter of Madame Misard, who was then fourteen years old, met him one
+day in the forest, and a strange friendship was formed between them, the
+rough man almost adoring this child, who alone was not afraid to speak
+to him. The girl afterwards went as a servant to Madame Bonnehon, but
+one evening Cabuche found her at his door, half mad with fright and on
+the verge of brain fever. He nursed her tenderly, but she died a few
+days later. The conduct of President Grandmorin was believed to be the
+cause of Louisette's flight from Doinville, and Cabuche was overheard to
+say in ungovernable rage that he would "bleed the pig." This remark led
+Denizet, the examining magistrate, to attribute to him the murder of
+the President, which was committed soon afterwards by the Roubauds,
+and still later he had the misfortune to be found beside the body of
+Severine Roubaud, who had been murdered by Jacques Lantier. He was
+found guilty of the two crimes, neither of which he committed, and was
+sentenced to imprisonment for life. It was Cabuche's wagon, loaded with
+huge blocks of stone, that Flore stopped in front of an express train in
+order to cause an accident. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CADET-CASSIS, the sobriquet of Coupeau. L'Assommoir.
+
+CADINE, a young girl who when only two years old was found by Madame
+Chantemesse and adopted by her. She was brought up along with Marjolin,
+and the two became inseparable companions and lovers. When she was
+eleven years old she set up as a dealer in birds' food, but in a year or
+two became a flower-seller. After the accident to Marjolin by which his
+intellect was affected, Cadine looked after him, and the two were seldom
+found apart. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+CAFFIN (ABBE), the predecessor of Abbe Mouret as cure at Les Artaud. He
+was originally from Normandy, and had a large face which always seemed
+laughing. His history was bad, and he had been sent in disgrace to this
+hot and dusty corner of Provence. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+CAMPARDON (ACHILLE), an architect, in whose house Octave Mouret boarded
+when he first came to Paris. His views on religion were somewhat
+free, but having been appointed diocesan architect he gradually became
+orthodox, though this did not prevent him from carrying on an intrigue
+with Gasparine, his wife's cousin, who ultimately came to live with the
+family. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CAMPARDON (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Rose Domergue. Born at
+Plassans, she was an old friend of Madame Mouret, and when Octave Mouret
+came to Paris he boarded with the Campardons. After the birth of her
+child, Madame Campardon was an invalid, and was obliged to spend much
+of her time in bed, amusing herself by reading the works of Dickens.
+She tacitly accepted the liaison between her husband and Gasparine, her
+cousin, whom she ultimately asked to live with the family and manage the
+household affairs. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CAMPARDON (ANGELE), daughter of the preceding. She was brought up at
+home by her parents, in order that she might remain ignorant of
+the realities of life, but intercourse with the servants in a large
+tenement-house early developed her unnatural precocity. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CAMPENON, an incapable person to whom M. de Marsy gave a post as
+prefect, which Eugene Rougon had promised to Du Poizat. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+CAMY-LAMOTTE, secretary to the Minister of Justice, an office of great
+influence. It was his duty to prepare the list of promotions, and he was
+in constant communication with the Tuileries. He was a handsome man, who
+started his career as a substitute; but through his connections and his
+wife he had been elected deputy and made grand officer of the Legion of
+Honour. In examining the papers of President Grandmorin, he discovered
+the identity of the murderers, but knowing the probability of serious
+scandal arising in the event of public inquiry, he said nothing, and
+later, struck by the courage and charm of Severine Roubaud, who threw
+herself on his protection, he gave instructions that all proceedings
+were to be stopped. He rewarded Denizet, the examining magistrate, with
+a decoration and the promise of early promotion. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CANIVET, an old peasant, of whom Zephyrin Lacour announced the death to
+Rosalie Pichon. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+CARNAVANT (MARQUIS DE), a nobleman of Plassans. Said to have been
+intimate with the mother of Felicite Puech during the early period of
+her married life. He visited Pierre Rougon and his wife occasionally,
+and after their retirement from business he interested them in politics.
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CAROLINE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She
+was very unhappy at home. L'Assommoir.
+
+CAROLINE (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin.
+
+CAROUBLE, a baker at Montsou. His business was threatened by the
+competition of Maigrat. Germinal.
+
+CASIMIR, a liquor-dealer on the road to Montsou. Germinal.
+
+CASSOUTE, an inhabitant of Plassans, who formed one of the group of
+insurgents which accompanied Antoine Macquart to the Rougons' house. He
+was left there to signal the return of Pierre Rougon, but not being
+very intelligent, allowed himself to be sent by Rougon to the Town Hall,
+where he was arrested. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CATHERINE, servant to Granoux. She talked for a long time before letting
+in Pierre Rougon and Roudier, who came to seek her master to save
+Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CAUCHE, the commissary of police attached to the railway station at
+Havre. He was a former officer who considered his present occupation as
+practically a sinecure, spending much of his time at the cafe. He was a
+confirmed gambler, who could lose or win without change of expression. A
+room on the first floor of the Cafe du Commerce was his usual haunt, and
+there Roubaud frequently spent half the night playing cards with him.
+Later, it fell to him to arrest Roubaud on the charge of murdering
+President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CAZENOVE (DOCTOR), a man of fifty-four years of age, of a vigorous and
+lean habit, who after thirty years' service in the navy settled down
+at Arromanches, where an uncle of his had left him a house. He affected
+scepticism of the power of medicine, but was unremitting in the care of
+his patients. Among the earliest of these was Madame Chanteau, and
+he became on intimate terms with the family, for some time acting as
+trustee to Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CECILE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of a butcher in the neighbourhood of the
+_Halles Centrales_. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+CELESTE, lady's maid and confidante of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+CELESTINE, a friend of Clemence. She was neurotic, and had a horror of
+the hair of cats, seeing it everywhere, and even turning her tongue in
+the belief that some of it had got into her mouth. L'Assommoir.
+
+CESAR, a bull at the farm of La Borderie. La Terre.
+
+CHADEUIL (MADAME), a milliner in the Rue Sainte-Anne. Octave Mouret's
+shop, "The Ladies' Paradise," ruined her within two years. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+CHAINE, the companion of Mahoudeau, the sculptor. He was born at
+Saint-Firmin, a village about six miles from Plassans, where he served
+as a cowboy until he was drawn in the conscription. Unfortunately for
+him, a gentleman of the district who admired the walking-stick handles
+which he carved out of roots with his knife, persuaded Chaine that he
+was a rustic genius, and with extreme foolishness persuaded him to go
+in for painting. Having forty pounds, he went to Paris, where his small
+fortune lasted him for a year. Then, as he had only twenty francs left,
+he took up his quarters with his friend Mahoudeau. He had no talent,
+but had a certain skill in copying pictures with extreme exactness.
+The relations of Chaine and Mahoudeau with Mathilde Jabouille led to a
+coldness between the two friends, and ultimately they ceased to be on
+speaking terms, though they continued to live together, and even to
+sleep in the same bed. Some time afterwards Chaine gave up art, and
+started a booth at country fairs, in which he ran a wheel-of-fortune
+for trifling prizes. The booth was decorated with some of his alleged
+masterpieces. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CHAMBOUVARD, a celebrated sculptor. He was said to be the son of a
+veterinary surgeon of Amiens, and at forty-five had already produced
+twenty masterpieces. He had, however, a complete lack of critical
+acumen, and was unable to distinguish between the most glorious
+offspring of his hands and the detestably grotesque figures which he
+happened to put together now and then. At one _Salon_ he exhibited a
+_Sower_, admirable in every way, while at another he showed an execrable
+_Reaping Woman_, so bad that it seemed like a hoax; but he was no less
+pleased with the later work, feeling sure that he had turned out yet
+another masterpiece. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CHAMPION, a master hatter at Montrouge. Auguste Lantier pretended to
+have left his employment because they had not the same political views.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+CHAMPION, a retired sergeant, who was afterwards delivery manager at
+"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CHANTEAU PERE, came originally from the south of France, beginning
+his life as a journeyman carpenter. He created a considerable timber
+business at Caen, but being somewhat daring in his speculation, he left
+it rather embarrassed at the time of his death. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTEAU (M.), a cousin of M. Quenu, by whom he was nominated guardian
+of his daughter Pauline Quenu. On the death of his father, he succeeded
+to the timber business at Caen. Being an inactive man, unaspiring and
+careful, he contented himself with putting his affairs on a safe basis,
+and living on a moderate but sure profit. He married Eugenie de la
+Vigniere, who was an ambitious woman and hoped to rouse his indolent
+nature. Her schemes were, however, frustrated by the ill-health of her
+husband, who suffered from gout to such a degree that he ultimately
+sold his business to Devoine, and retired to Bonneville, where he had
+a house. His sufferings from gout gradually became more and more severe
+until he was a complete invalid. His ward Pauline Quenu showed him much
+kindness, and the Abbe Horteur played draughts with him regularly. La
+Joie de Vivre.
+
+Until the end of his life he was taken care of by Pauline. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+CHANTEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, nee Eugenie de la Vigniere,
+was the orphan of one of the ruined squireens of the Cotentin. An
+ambitious woman, she hoped to induce her husband to overcome his
+indolent nature, but her plans were upset by the ill-health into which
+he fell, and she transferred to her son her hopes for the family's rise
+in life. From this source she had nothing but disappointment, as one
+after another of Lazare's schemes failed. To enable him to get money to
+start his chemical works, she encouraged the idea of marriage between
+him and Pauline Quenu, her husband's ward, who thereupon lent him thirty
+thousand francs. Little by little, Madame Chanteau got possession for
+the family use of nearly all Pauline's fortunes, but with each fresh
+loan her feelings towards the girl became more embittered until her
+affection for her had turned to hate. From this time, she discouraged
+her son's marriage with Pauline, and endeavoured to turn his thoughts
+towards Louise Thibaudier, who had a considerable fortune. She died of
+dropsy after a short illness. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTEAU (LAZARE), born 1844, son of M. Chanteau, was educated at the
+college of Caen, where he took his bachelor's degree. He was undecided
+as to what profession he would adopt, and for some time his inclination
+turned towards music. Under the influence of Pauline Quenu he decided on
+medicine, and went to Paris, where at first he made good progress in his
+studies. Unfortunately he tired of this, and led a life of extravagance
+and dissipation, failing to pass his examinations. Having chanced to
+make the acquaintance of Herbelin, a celebrated chemist, Lazare entered
+his laboratory as an assistant. From him he got the idea of turning
+seaweed to profitable account by the extraction of chemicals by a new
+method. With a view to the commercial employment of this process he
+borrowed thirty thousand francs from Pauline Quenu, and entered into
+partnership with an old college friend named Boutigny who invested
+a similar sum in the business. Lazare was quite carried away by his
+enthusiasm, and the works were built on much too large a scale, the cost
+greatly exceeding the original estimates. More money was required, and a
+marriage having already been arranged between Lazare and Pauline Quenu,
+she at once lent him another ten thousand francs. Some slight success
+was at first attained, but this only led to fresh extravagances in the
+way of apparatus, and before long a hundred thousand francs of Pauline's
+money had been expended. By this time it was evident that the process
+could not be worked on a commercial scale, and Lazare, utterly
+discouraged, handed over his share to Boutigny for a trifling sum. A
+scheme for the protection of Bonneville against the inroads of the sea
+was the next subject to attract him, and he entered into it with his
+usual enthusiasm. More money was, of course, required, and, as before,
+this was found by Pauline. Failure again met his efforts; the barricade
+was washed away by the first high sea. All along Lazare had been subject
+to fits of morbid depression, accompanied by a frenzied fear of death,
+and after the death of his mother this mental disturbance became even
+more acute. The marriage with Pauline had been put off on one excuse or
+another, and ultimately she saw that his affections had been transferred
+to Louise Thibaudier. With noble self-sacrifice, she released him from
+his engagement, and his marriage to Louise followed. He went to Paris
+as manager of an insurance company, but soon tiring of business, he
+returned to Bonneville, where he lived so tormented by the fear of death
+that life itself had little charm for him. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Having become a widower, he left his son with Pauline Quenu, and went to
+America to seek his fortune. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+CHANTEAU (MADAME LAZARE), wife of the preceding. See Louise Thibaudier.
+La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTEAU (PAUL), the infant son of Lazare Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHANTECAILLE (i.e. SINGSMALL), an usher at the college of Plassans.
+He was so good-natured that he allowed the pupils to smoke when out
+walking. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CHANTEGREIL, a poacher, who was sent to the galleys for shooting a
+gendarme. He was the father of Miette. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CHANTEGREIL (MARIE), known as Miette, born 1838, daughter of
+Chantegreil, the poacher, who was sentenced to the galleys for murder.
+She went to live with her aunt, the wife of Rebufat, farmer at Plassans.
+Here she met Silvere Mouret, and an idyllic love affair followed. When
+Silvere joined the Republican Insurrection in 1861, Miette, fired by his
+enthusiasm, accompanied him, and carried the banner of revolt. In the
+attack by the regular troops, which soon followed, she fell mortally
+wounded. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+CHANTEGREIL (EULALIE). See Madame Eulalie Rebufat.
+
+CHANTEMESSE (MADAME), a customer of Madame Francois, the
+market-gardener. It was she who brought up the two foundling children,
+Marjolin and Cadine. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+CHANTEREAU (MADAME), wife of an ironmaster. She was a cousin of the
+Fougerays, and a friend of the Muffats. With Madame du Joncquoy
+and Madame Hugon she gave an air of severe respectability to the
+drawing-room of Comtesse Sabine de Muffat. Her husband owned a foundry
+in Alsace, where war with Germany was feared, and she caused much
+amusement to her friends by expressing the opinion that Bismarck would
+make war with France and would conquer. Nana.
+
+CHARBONNEL (M.), a retired oil-merchant of Plassans. His cousin
+Chevassu, a lawyer, died leaving his fortune of five hundred thousand
+francs to the Sisters of the Holy Family. Charbonnel, being next heir,
+contested the will on the ground of undue influence; and the Sisterhood
+having petitioned the Council of State to authorize the payment of the
+bequest to them, he went to Paris, accompanied by his wife, in order to
+secure the influence of Eugene Rougon. The matter dragged on for some
+months, and was then indefinitely delayed by Rougon's resignation of
+the Presidency of the Council of State. After Rougon's appointment as
+Minister of the Interior, he induced the Council of State to refuse the
+petition of the Sisterhood, and M. Charbonnel accordingly succeeded to
+the estate. Subsequently the Charbonnels accused the Sisters of having
+removed some of Chevassu's silver plate, and Rougon ordered the police
+to make a search in the convent. This caused a scandal in the town, and
+brought the Charbonnels, as well as Rougon, into popular disfavour. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+CHARBONNEL (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She accompanied her husband
+to Paris to assist him in looking after their interests in the estate of
+his cousin Chevassu. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+CHARDON (ABBE), the candidate favoured by Abbe Fenil for the vacancy in
+the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CHARDON (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Melanie Correur. The State having
+refused to accept some furnishings supplied by her, Eugene Rougon, the
+Minister, arranged the matter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+CHARLES, a waiter at the Cafe Riche. It was he who served supper to
+Maxime Saccard and Renee in the White Salon. La Curee.
+
+CHARLES, the attendant at the public washing-house where Gervaise
+Macquart had her great fight with Virginie. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHARLES, a butcher whose shop was in Rue Polonceau. The Coupeaus dealt
+with him. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHARLES, coachman in the service of Nana. He left her after a violent
+scene, in the course of which he called her a slut. Nana.
+
+CHARLES, a cousin of the little soldier Jules from Plogof. Germinal.
+
+CHARLES, coachman to Aristide Saccard. He was discovered stealing oats,
+and was dismissed. In revenge, he disclosed to Madame Caroline the
+relations between his master and the Baroness Sandorff. L'Argent.
+
+CHARLES, (MONSIEUR AND MADAME), see Badeuil.
+
+CHARPIER, a grain merchant at Vendome. He became bankrupt, and his
+papers having been purchased by Fayeux on behalf of Busch, the latter
+found among them a document signed by Comte de Beauvilliers, undertaking
+payment of a large sum to Leonie Cron. L'Argent.
+
+CHARRIER, a bricklayer who amassed a fortune by speculations in
+building-sites during the early days of the Second Empire. Along
+with Mignon, his partner, he had many business dealings with Aristide
+Saccard. La Curee.
+
+CHARVET, one of the party which met at Lebigre's wine-shop to discuss
+revolutionary subjects. He was the best educated of the coterie, and his
+flood of bitter words generally crushed his adversaries. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+CHASSAGNE (DOCTEUR), director of the asylum at Moulineaux, where
+Saturnin Josserand was confined for a time. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CHAUMETTE, counsellor at the court of Rouen. At the trial of Roubaud he
+acted as assessor to the assizes. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CHAUMETTE FILS, son of the preceding, was a substitute at Rouen. He was
+the latest fancy of Madame Bonnehon, who did all she could to secure his
+advancement. La Bete Humaine.
+
+CHAVAILLE (ROSALIE), cousin of La Mechain, and mother of Victor Saccard.
+She fell into a life of vice and poverty, and died at the age of
+twenty-six. L'Argent.
+
+CHAVAL, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. From the first he had an
+instinctive hatred towards Etienne Lantier, caused partly by jealousy
+regarding Catherine Maheu, whose lover he became. He treated the girl
+very badly, and she ultimately left him. During the strike he took up a
+position antagonistic to Lantier, who was one of the leaders, and
+even undertook the direction of a party of Belgians brought in by the
+mine-owners to work the pits. By a strange chance, Chaval met Lantier
+and Catherine in a gallery of the pit after a terrible accident, which
+resulted in its being flooded; a struggle followed, and Chaval was
+killed, his body being thrown into the water. But the rise of the flood
+brought him back time after time to the feet of the others, as if his
+jealousy continued even after death. Germinal.
+
+CHAVE (CAPTAIN), brother of Madame Maugendre, and uncle of Madame
+Jordan. He was a petty gambler of a class who frequent the Bourse daily,
+in order to make an almost certain profit of fifteen or twenty francs,
+which must be realized before the day's operations are over. He said
+he was forced to speculate, as the pension which he received from the
+Government was not sufficient to keep him from starvation. L'Argent.
+
+CHAVIGNAT, an employee at the Ministry of Public Education. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CHEDEVILLE (DE), deputy for Eure-et-Loire under the Empire. He was an
+old beau who had flourished in the reign of Louis Philippe, and
+was still supposed to have Orleanist sympathies, though his reputed
+friendship with the Emperor was sufficient to secure his success at the
+polls. He had gone through all his money, and had now only the farm of
+La Chamade left. His political career was cut short by a scandal which
+gave offence at the Tuileries, and he was defeated by Rochefontaine, who
+was nominated by Government as the official candidate. La Terre.
+
+CHERMETTE (MADAME DE), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+CHEVASSU, a lawyer at Faverolles, who died leaving his fortune to the
+Sisters of the Holy Family. His cousin, M. Charbonnel, got the will
+reduced on the ground of undue influence. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+CHEZELLES (MADAME LEONIDE DE), a school friend of Comtesse Muffat, who
+was five years her senior. She was the wife of a magistrate. "It was
+rumoured that she deceived him quite openly, but people pardoned her
+offence, and received her just the same, because, said they, 'She's not
+answerable for her actions.'" Nana.
+
+CHIBRAY (COMTE DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He was for a time the
+lover of Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+CHOUARD (MARQUIS DE), father of Comtesse Sabine Muffat de Beuville.
+He was a Councillor of State and Chamberlain to the Empress, but,
+notwithstanding this, had kept up his relations with the Legitimist
+party; he was known for his piety, and expressed the belief that his
+class should show an example in morals to the lower orders. In secret,
+however, his life was vicious, and many damaging stories were known
+of him. He was one of Nana's admirers, and after a visit to her he was
+struck by sudden imbecility and semi-paralysis, the result of sixty
+years of debauchery. Nana.
+
+CHOUARD (SABINE DE), daughter of the preceding and wife of Comte Muffat
+de Beuville. She was married at seventeen, and ever since had led a
+cloistered existence with a pious husband and a dictatorial stepmother.
+The death of her stepmother made little difference, and the family
+continued to live in an atmosphere of frigid respectability. At
+thirty-four Sabine looked little older than her own daughter, and would
+not have been taken for more than twenty-eight. About this time Comte
+Muffat fell entirely under the influence of Nana, and a change came
+over the household. Sabine accepted the attentions of Fauchery,
+whose mistress she became, and soon after launched into a course of
+extravagance which in the end went far to complete the ruin to which her
+husband was himself contributing. Other lovers followed Fauchery, and
+in the end she ran off with the manager of a large drapery store.
+Ultimately she returned, and was pardoned by her husband, who had lost
+his own self-respect as a result of his intrigue with Nana. Nana.
+
+CHOUTEAU, an old man of over ninety years of age, who with his wife
+lived in a little hut in Beaumont, furnished for them by Angelique with
+articles taken from the attic of her adopted parents. She, as well as
+Felicien d'Hautecoeur, showed them much kindness. Le Reve.
+
+CHOUTEAU, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. He belonged to the squad of Corporal Jean Macquart.
+Originally a housepainter of Montmartre, his time was almost expired
+when the outbreak of war prevented his leaving the army. A revolutionary
+in his ideas, he was the leader in every breach of discipline among
+his companions, suggesting to them that they should throw away their
+knapsacks and guns; on the plateau of Floing, in front of the enemy,
+he declared that as he had not eaten he would not fight. Sergeant Sapin
+having been severely wounded, Chouteau offered, along with Loubet,
+to remove him to the ambulance, and the two men disappeared from the
+battlefield. After the defeat of the French Army he was made prisoner
+at Iges, where he continued to advise his companions in committing all
+kinds of excesses, going the length of handing a knife to Lapoulle in
+order that he might kill Pache, who had hidden some provisions from him.
+Along with Loubet he made an attempt to escape from the Germans, and
+in this he attained success by treacherously sacrificing his comrade.
+During the Commune he took an active part in the excesses which were
+then committed; but during the sanguinary repression which followed
+he was seen in the blouse of an honest workman applauding the massacre
+which ensued. La Debacle.
+
+CHRISTINE. See Christine Hallegrain.
+
+CHUCHU (MADEMOISELLE), an actress at the Varietes. A liaison between her
+and Flory led to the ruin of the latter on the Stock Exchange. L'Argent.
+
+CLARISSE, waiting-maid in the service of Baroness Sandorff. She betrayed
+to Delcambre the confidences of her mistress. L'Argent.
+
+CLEMENCE, a clerk at the fish auction. She attended the meetings in
+Lebigre's wine-shop along with Charvet, with whom she lived. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+CLEMENCE (MADEMOISELLE), occupied a room in the same tenement-house as
+the Coupeaus and Lorilleux, where she took in ironing, as well as added
+to her income by less reputable means. When Gervaise Coupeau's laundry
+was at the height of its success Clemence got regular employment there,
+but when business began to go she had to leave. L'Assommoir.
+
+CLEMENCE, lady's maid to Madame Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CLORINDE. See Clorinde Balbi.
+
+CLOU, Municipal Councillor at Rognes. He played the trombone at choral
+services in church. La Terre.
+
+COEUR (GERMAINE), a _demi-mondaine_ who was on intimate terms with many
+members of the Paris Bourse. L'Argent.
+
+COGNET, a roadman at Rognes. He was an old drunkard, who beat his
+daughter unmercifully. La Terre.
+
+COGNET (JACQUELINE), alias LA COGNETTE, daughter of the preceding. She
+went to La Borderie at the age of twelve years, and before long had
+several lovers. She made her fortune, however, by resisting her master,
+Alexandre Hourdequin, for six months, and when she ultimately became
+his mistress she had made her position so secure that he was afterwards
+unable to part with her. Notwithstanding her relations with Hourdequin,
+she had other lovers, and the old shepherd Soulas, from motives of
+revenge, informed Hourdequin of her intimacy with one of them, a man
+named Tron. The latter, having been dismissed, killed Hourdequin and
+burned down the farm, so that Jacqueline was compelled to leave La
+Borderie no richer than she had come. La Terre.
+
+COLICHE (LA), a fine cow which belonged to the Mouche family and was a
+great favourite with them. La Terre.
+
+COLIN, a notary at Havre. It was in his presence that the Roubauds made
+a mutual will, leaving everything to the last survivor. La Bete Humaine.
+
+COLOMBAN PERE, a veterinary surgeon known to all in the district of
+Seine-et-Oise. He was of dissolute habits. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+COLOMBAN, a shopman who had been for many years in the employment of
+M. Baudu. He was engaged to his master's daughter Genevieve, but the
+marriage was put off from time to time as Baudu's business was not
+prosperous. Meantime, Colomban had become infatuated by Clara Prunaire,
+a girl employed in "The Ladies' Paradise," and his affection for
+Genevieve rapidly cooled. Ultimately he went off with Clara, thereby
+hastening the death of Genevieve, who had been in bad health for some
+time. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+COLOMBE. See Pere Colombe.
+
+COMBELOT (M. DE), an Imperial Chamberlain whom the Department of the
+Landes had chosen as deputy upon the formally expressed desire of the
+Emperor. He was a tall, handsome man, with a very white skin, and an
+inky black beard, which had been the means of winning him great
+favour among the ladies. He was married to a sister of Delestang. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+COMBELOT (MADAME DE), see Henriette Delestang.
+
+COMBETTE, a chemist at Chene-Populeux. He was assessor to the mayor,
+and the information which he received on the night of 27th August, 1870,
+satisfied him of the unhappy state of the Army of Chalons, which was
+then on its way to the front. La Debacle.
+
+COMBETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. It was she who on the evening
+of 27th August, 1870, offered hospitality to the soldier Maurice
+Levasseur, who was worn out with fatigue and with the pain of his foot,
+which had been injured by the long march. La Debacle.
+
+COMBEVILLE (DUCHESSE DE), mother of Princess d'Orviedo. L'Argent.
+
+COMBOREL ET CIE, a firm of ship-owners who entered into the great
+transport syndicate founded by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+COMPAN (ABBE), vicar of the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He was
+on bad terms with Abbe Fenil, and consequently the other priests were
+afraid to have any intercourse with him, Abbe Bourrette alone visiting
+him during his last illness. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CONDAMIN (M. DE), commissioner of woods and rivers for the district of
+Plassans. He was an elderly man, whose morality was looked upon with
+some suspicion by the respectable inhabitants of Plassans. He married
+a young wife, whom he brought from no one knew where, but who had
+evidently influential friends at Paris, as it was she who got her
+husband and Dr. Porquier decorated. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CONDAMIN (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was at first received
+with some suspicion at Plassans, nothing being known of her past
+history, but by the charm of her manner she soon overcame prejudice.
+Madame Mouret having asked her assistance in connection with the Home
+for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she entered heartily into the
+scheme and used her influence on its behalf. Acting on advice from her
+influential friends at Paris, she assisted Faujas in the schemes which
+resulted in the election of M. Delangre as deputy for Plassans. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+CONIN, a stationer at the corner of Rue Feydeau, who supplied note-books
+to most members of the Bourse. He was assisted in the business by his
+wife, and seldom came out of the back shop. L'Argent.
+
+CONIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was on too friendly terms
+with many of her customers, but was so discreet that no scandal arose.
+L'Argent.
+
+COQUART (LES), proprietors of the farm of Saint-Juste, which, however,
+they were forced by bad times to sell. The family consisted of the
+father, mother, three sons and two daughters. La Terre.
+
+COQUETS, neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d'Or. They took
+a fancy to light their cooking-stove on the stair-landing, and, as
+they also owed their term's rent, they were given notice to quit.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+CORBIERE (COMTE DE), proprietor of the Paradou, an estate near Artaud.
+When he died, the care of the property was confided to Jeanbernat, a
+foster-brother of the Comte. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+CORBREUSE (DUC DE), proprietor of a racing-stable. Nana.
+
+CORNAILLE, the principal draper in Valognes. Denise Baudu served her
+apprenticeship to him. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CORNEMUSE, a racehorse which was the prize of the City of Paris. Nana.
+
+CORNILLE, a member of the firm of Cornille and Jenard, who held in the
+eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle, which was joined
+in 1760 to two neighbouring concessions, those of Comte de Cougny and of
+Baron Desrumaux, in order to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou.
+Germinal.
+
+CORNILLE (ABBE), one of the clergy of the cathedral of Beaumont. He
+accompanied Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur when the latter came to administer
+the last rites of the Church to Angelique. Le Reve.
+
+CORREUR (MADAME MELANIE), was the daughter of a notary of Coulonges, a
+town in the district of Niort. When she was twenty-four years old she
+eloped with a journeyman butcher, and thereafter lived in Paris, ignored
+by her family. For some time she kept a boarding-house at the Hotel
+Vanneau in the Rue Vanneau, where among her lodgers were Eugene Rougon,
+Du Poizet, and Theodore Gilquin. She established a claim on Rougon's
+gratitude, and he assisted a number of her friends in obtaining pensions
+and appointments. Having ascertained that her brother, M. Martineau, had
+made a will by which she would benefit, she, knowing him to be in bad
+health, denounced him to Rougon as a dangerous Republican. His arrest
+and sudden death followed. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+COSINUS, a racehorse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+COSSARD (LE PERE), prompter at the Theatre des Varietes. He was a little
+hunchback.
+
+COUDELOUP (MADAME), a baker in Rue des Poissonniers. She supplied the
+Coupeaus until Lantier decided that they must have finer bread from a
+Viennese bakery. L'Assommoir.
+
+COUGNY (COMTE DE), owner in the eighteenth century of the mining
+concession of Cougny, which in 1760 was joined to two neighbouring
+concessions to form the Company of the Mines of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+COUILLOT (LES), peasants at Rognes. Their son got the number 206 in the
+drawing for the conscription. La Terre.
+
+COUPEAU, a zinc-worker, who married Gervaise Macquart after her
+desertion by Lantier. He was the son of a drunken father, but was
+himself steady and industrious until a serious accident caused by a fall
+from a roof brought about a change. After that he became unwilling to
+work and began to spend his time in public-houses; his days of work
+became fewer and fewer, until, a confirmed drunkard, he lived entirely
+on his wife's earnings. Attacks of delirium tremens followed, and in the
+end he died in the Asylum of Sainte-Anne after an attack of more than
+usual violence. L'Assommoir.
+
+COUPEAU (MADAME GERVAISE), wife of the preceding. See Gervaise Macquart.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+COUPEAU (ANNA, known as NANA), born 1852, was the only child of Coupeau
+and Gervaise Macquart, his wife. Almost from infancy she was allowed to
+run wild in the gutters of Paris, and even in childhood her instincts
+were vicious. At thirteen years of age she was sent to learn
+artificial-flower making in the establishment of Madame Titreville,
+whose forewoman was Madame Lerat, Nana's aunt. She had been there some
+time when she began to receive attentions from an elderly gentleman who
+had noticed her going to work. Meantime her father and mother had taken
+to drink so seriously that home life had become intolerable, and, after
+one of innumerable quarrels, Nana ran away to her venerable admirer.
+After a few months she tired of him and left, to spend her time amongst
+the low-class dancing-halls, in one of which she was found by her
+father, who brought her home, where she remained for a fortnight, and
+then ran off again. From time to time she returned, but her visits
+gradually became less frequent till they ceased. L'Assommoir.
+
+At sixteen years of age she had a child by an unknown father, and two
+years later was installed in a flat in Boulevard Haussmann by a rich
+merchant of Moscow, who had come to pass the winter in Paris. Bordenave,
+the director of the Theatre des Varietes, gave her a part in a play
+called _La Blonde Venus_, and though her voice was poor and she
+was ignorant of acting, she was by the sheer force of her beauty an
+immediate and overwhelming success. All Paris was at her feet; Comte
+Muffat, Steiner, the Prince of Scots himself, came in turn to offer
+homage. It seemed as if this girl, born of four or five generations of
+drunkards and brought up on the pavements of Paris, was to revenge her
+race upon the idle rich by the wild extravagances into which she dragged
+them. Muffat and Steiner were her lovers, and ruined themselves by
+the vast sums which she squandered; Georges Hugon killed himself from
+jealousy of his brother Philippe, who embezzled for her sake, and
+brought himself to imprisonment and disgrace; Vandeuvres too, after
+courting dishonour, met death at his own hand; and Foucarmont, stripped
+bare and cast off, went to perish in the China seas. The procession was
+unending; more money was always required. After a successful appearance
+in a play called _Melusine_, Nana suddenly left Paris and went to the
+East. Strange stories were told of her--the conquest of a viceroy, a
+colossal fortune acquired in Russia--but nothing definite was known.
+When she returned to Paris in 1870 she found that her son Louiset had
+been attacked by small-pox, and she herself contracted the disease from
+him. A few days later she died in a room in the Grand Hotel, nursed only
+by Rose Mignon, who had come to her in her trouble. The war with Germany
+had just broken out, and as she lay dying the passing crowds were
+shouting ceaselessly, "A Berlin, A Berlin." Nana.
+
+COUPEAU (LOUIS). See Louiset.
+
+COUPEAU (MADAME), mother of Coupeau the zinc-worker. She was an old
+woman, and, her sight having given way, was unable to support herself.
+Her daughter, Madame Lorilleux, refused anything but the most trifling
+assistance, and ultimately Gervaise Coupeau took the old woman into her
+own home and supported her till her death, which occurred some years
+later. L'Assommoir.
+
+COURAJOD, a great landscape painter, whose masterpiece, the _Pool at
+Gagny_, is in the Luxembourg. Long before his death he disappeared from
+the world of art, and lived in a little house at Montmartre surrounded
+by his hens, ducks, rabbits, and dogs. He refused to speak of his former
+fame, and when Claude Lantier called on him the old man seemed to be
+entering into a second childhood, forgetful of his past. L'Oeuvre.
+
+COUTARD, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the Second Division of
+the First Army Corps, which was defeated at Wissembourg on 4th August,
+1870. He and his companion Picot were slightly wounded, and were left
+behind, not being able to rejoin their regiments for three weeks,
+most of which they spent tramping the country through wet and mud,
+endeavouring to overtake the vanquished army of France. La Debacle.
+
+CRASSE (LA), i.e. "The Dirty." Sobriquet of a professor at the college
+of Plassans, so called by the pupils as he marked by the constant
+rubbing of his head the back of every chair he occupied. L'Oeuvre.
+
+CREVECOEUR, a lace merchant in Rue Mail. Henri Deloche left his
+employment, and entered Octave Mouret's shop on the same day as Denise
+Baudu. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+CRON, a carter at Vendome. He was the father of Leonie Cron. L'Argent.
+
+CRON (LEONIE), the girl to whom the Comte de Beauvilliers gave the
+document which afterwards came into the hands of Busch, and was used by
+him as a means of blackmailing the widow of the Comte. L'Argent.
+
+CUCHE, a family of fisher people who resided at Bonneville. They were
+ruined by their house being washed away by the sea. The father and
+mother lived extremely dissolute lives, and their son grew up little
+better than a savage. Pauline Quenu made great efforts to reform him,
+but he refused all attempts to make him settle down. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CUDORGE (MADAME), a seller of umbrellas in the Rue Neuve de la Goutte
+d'Or, where she was a neighbour of Gervaise Lantier. L'Assommoir.
+
+CUGNOT (PAULINE), daughter of a miller at Chartres who was ruined by
+a lawsuit. She came to Paris, and eventually got a situation at "The
+Ladies' Paradise," where she showed much kindness to Denise Baudu, who
+was at first badly treated by the other employees there. Later on she
+married Bauge, her lover, but was allowed to retain her situation. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+
+
+
+D
+
+DABADIE, chief station-master at Havre. He was a handsome man, with
+the bearing of a commercial magnate engrossed in business. Indeed,
+he willingly left the passenger department of the station to his
+assistants, in order that he might give particular attention to the
+enormous transit of merchandise at the docks. It is said that he was
+on friendly terms with Mademoiselle Guichon, the office-keeper at the
+station. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DAGUENET (PAUL), the favoured lover of Nana. His father who was highly
+esteemed by Louis Philippe, occupied a prefecture up to the time of his
+death. As for himself, he had gone through three hundred thousand francs
+in eighteen months in the pursuit of pleasure, and was only able to
+keep going by small speculations on the Stock Exchange. Attracted by
+the fortune of Estelle Muffat, he decided to marry her, and with the
+assistance of Nana obtained the consent of Count Muffat. Become serious
+after marriage, Daguenet came under the influence of Theophile Venot,
+and was ruled with a rod of iron by his wife, who now exhibited a
+character entirely unsuspected before. He now went to Mass, and was
+furious with his father-in-law, who was ruining the family on account of
+Nana. Nana.
+
+DAGUENET (MADAME). See Estelle Muffat de Beuville.
+
+DAIGREMONT, a Paris financier who was possessed of an enormous fortune.
+It was said that his fidelity was not quite reliable, and that on one
+occasion at least he played his allies false and swept away the profits.
+He was approached by Saccard before the foundation of the Universal
+Bank, and being assured that Eugene Rougon was to back up his brother,
+he agreed to become one of the directors. He supported Saccard during
+the great gamble in the shares of the bank, and even on the day of the
+collapse had promised to come on the market and buy so heavily as to put
+up the price of the shares. Having received information through
+Jacoby that Gundermann was determined at any cost to break the market,
+Daigremont deserted Saccard, and instead of buying, sold all the shares
+he had, thereby bringing about the final collapse. L'Argent.
+
+DAIGREMONT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was celebrated for her
+beauty and for her fine singing. L'Argent.
+
+DALICHAMP, a doctor at Raucourt, six kilometres from Remilly. He was a
+man of brusque manner, but of excellent heart, who showed much kindness
+to his patients. In the middle of August, 1870, he established an
+ambulance at Raucourt, and after Jean Macquart, severely wounded, had
+arrived at the house of Pere Fouchard, Dalichamp attended him secretly
+till his recovery. It was through him that Henriette Weiss and Jean
+gained their knowledge of the disasters which were everywhere overtaking
+the French army. La Debacle.
+
+DAMBREVILLE, a Government official who married in order to secure
+promotion through the influence of his wife. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DAMBREVILLE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. An elderly woman with a
+passion for Leon Josserand, whose appointment as Maitre des Requetes
+she procured by her influence. She promised to secure a wealthy wife for
+him, but delayed to do so until he insisted on a match being arranged
+between him and her niece Raymonde. Her friendly relations with him
+continued to subsist even after his marriage. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DAMBREVILLE (RAYMONDE), niece of Dambreville. See Madame Leon Josserand.
+
+DANSAERT, a head captain in the Voreux pit. He was brutal and
+overbearing with the workmen, but humble in the presence of his
+superiors. Though it was well known that he was the lover of La
+Pierronne, he was friendly with her husband, and got information from
+him regarding the progress of the strike. On the day of the accident
+in the pit he became mad with fear, and leaped into one of the cages,
+leaving his men at the bottom. This action, together with the scandals
+regarding him, caused the company to decide on his dismissal. Germinal.
+
+DASTE (MADAME), a friend of the Saccards and of Madame de Lauwerens. La
+Curee.
+
+DAUVERGNE, deputy station-master for the main lines at the Gare
+Saint-Lazare. He occupied with his family, Claire, Henri, and Sophie,
+a house belonging to the railway company in the Impasse d'Amsterdam. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+DAUVERGNE (CLAIRE), daughter of the preceding and sister of Sophie.
+The two sisters were both charming blondes, one eighteen and the other
+twenty, who, amidst a constant stream of gaiety, looked after the
+housekeeping with the six thousand francs earned by the two men. The
+elder one would be heard laughing, while the younger sang, and a cage
+full of exotic birds rivalled one another in roulades. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DAUVERGNE (HENRI), a chief guard in the service of the Western Railway
+Company. He was in love with Severine Roubaud, but was aware of her
+liaison with Jacques Lantier. He was injured in the railway accident at
+Croix-de-Maufras, and having been removed to a house which belonged to
+Severine, he was nursed by her there. In a hallucination of illness,
+he believed that he heard, outside his window, Roubaud arranging with
+Cabuche for the murder of Severine: his mistaken evidence was greatly
+instrumental in leading to the conviction of the two men. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+DAUVERGNE (SOPHIE), the elder of the two sisters. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DAVOINE, the purchaser of Chanteau's timber business at Caen. When
+Chanteau became incapacitated by gout, he sold his business to Davoine
+for a hundred thousand francs, of which one-half was to be paid in
+cash and the balance to remain in the business. Davoine was, however,
+constantly launching into speculations, and the consequence was that
+the profits were drained away, and the balance sheet generally showed a
+loss. He ultimately became bankrupt, and Chanteau lost all the money he
+had left in the business. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+DEBERLE (DOCTOR HENRI), a medical man of Passy who inherited from his
+father a large fortune and an excellent practice. A chance call to
+attend Jeanne Grandjean led to an intimacy with her mother, which
+resulted in the fleeting love episode which forms the subject of
+the novel. Deberle, deceived by the circumstances under which Helene
+Grandjean prevented an assignation between his wife and M. Malignon,
+believed that Helene had arranged an assignation with himself, and she
+found it impossible to enlighten him without compromising his wife. The
+brief liaison was terminated by the illness and death of Jeanne. Une
+Page d'Amour.
+
+DEBERLE (MADAME JULIETTE), wife of the preceding, was the elder daughter
+of M. Letellier, a wealthy silk merchant of Paris. Empty-headed and fond
+of gaiety, she was carried away by the attentions of M. Malignon, an
+idle young man who went everywhere in Paris society, and to whom she was
+foolish enough on one occasion to grant an assignation. Madame Helene
+Grandjean, who was on intimate terms with the family, warned Madame
+Deberle that her husband's suspicions had been aroused, and that lady,
+seeing in time the folly of her action, broke off the intrigue. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+DEBERLE (LUCIEN), the young son of Doctor Deberle. He was a playmate of
+Jeanne Grandjean. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+DECKER (BARONNE), a friend of the Marquis de Chouard, who occasionally
+visited her at Viroflay. Nana.
+
+DEJOIE, a man who was appointed by Saccard to be attendant at the
+offices of the newspaper purchased in the interest of the Universal
+Bank. He had a small sum of money, intended for the dowry of his
+daughter, and to increase this he invested it in shares of the bank. On
+the rise of the shares he gained a large sum, but, refusing to sell, he
+lost everything in the final catastrophe. L'Argent.
+
+DEJOIE (JOSEPHINE), wife of Dejoie, who first knew her when she was
+cook with Madame Leveque, sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. She was
+afterwards with Dr. Renaudin, and then in a shop in Rue Rambuteau. The
+husband and wife were never fortunate enough to get employment in
+one place. Josephine died when her daughter was fourteen years old.
+L'Argent.
+
+DEJOIE (NATHALIE), daughter of the preceding. In order to provide a
+dowry for her, her father invested all his savings in shares of the
+Universal Bank, losing everything after its failure. She was a pretty
+girl, but absolutely heartless, and after the downfall of the bank she
+ran away from home, leaving her old father in his poverty. L'Argent.
+
+DELAHERCHE (MADAME), mother of Jules Delaherche. Her husband's gay life
+rendered her unhappy, and after she became a widow she trembled lest her
+son should take to the same courses as his father; so, after marrying
+him to a woman who was devout and of simple tastes, she sought to keep
+him in a dependent state as though he were a mere youth. At fifty years
+of age, his wife having died, Delaherche determined to marry a young
+widow about whom there had been much gossip, and did so in spite of all
+the remonstrances of his mother. After that she only lived on in silent
+remonstrance, spending most of her time shut up in her own room. The
+miseries of war told severely on the old woman, and to these were
+added domestic troubles, for she became aware of her daughter-in-law's
+relations with Captain Baudoin and Edmond Lagarde. After the occupation
+of Sedan by the Prussians she devoted herself to nursing her old friend
+Colonel Vineuil, who had been brought to the house severely wounded. She
+remained with him till his death, shut up from the world, and refusing
+to hear of the defeats daily accumulating against their unhappy country.
+La Debacle.
+
+DELAHERCHE (JULES), one of the principal cloth manufacturers of Sedan.
+He owned a large factory in Rue Maqua, which had been the property of
+the family for a hundred and sixty years; in the rear of the building
+was a palatial courtyard shaded with old trees, gigantic elms dating
+from the foundation of the establishment. Jules, married to a woman dull
+and plain-looking, had been kept by his mother in the dependent position
+of a mere boy, but at fifty years of age, his wife being dead, he became
+enamoured of Gilberte Maginot, a pretty young widow of Charleville,
+and married her in spite of the determined opposition of his mother.
+An ardent Bonapartist, he was much excited by a chance meeting with
+Napoleon III, but after the repeated defeats of the army in the war with
+Prussia his loyalty cooled, and he ultimately charged the Emperor with
+all the miseries which ensued. After the battle of Sedan an ambulance
+was established in the courtyard of his factory, and the wounded Colonel
+Vineuil was removed to his house. La Debacle.
+
+DELAHERCHE (MADAME JULES). See Gilberte Vineuil. La Debacle.
+
+DELANGRE (M.), mayor of Plassans. He was the son of a bricklayer, and
+when he passed as a lawyer had to be content with petty suits that no
+one else would take up. It was said that he became the lover of Madame
+Rastoil, and it was certainly through her influence that he won his
+first cases. He was shrewd enough to show no particular political
+proclivities; so after the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, when they were looking
+out for a mayor, his name was at once thought of. He was elected,
+and from that time everything prospered with him. As a result of much
+scheming by Abbe Faujas, Delangre was adopted as candidate for the
+representation of Plassans, and was elected by a triumphant majority
+over Maurin, the Republican candidate. After his election, he voted
+steadily with the Government, thus accomplishing the object for which
+Faujas was sent to the town. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+DELANGRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "She was a tame little woman
+of a servant-like meekness, whose dissoluteness had remained a matter
+of legend in Plassans." She was consulted by Madame Mouret regarding
+the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and agreed to act on the
+Committee. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+DELANGRE (LUCIEN), son of M. Delangre, mayor of Plassans. He was a young
+barrister of four-and-twenty, short and sharp-eyed, with a crafty
+brain, and pleaded with all the coolness of an old practitioner. On the
+suggestion of Abbe Faujas he took a leading part in starting the Club
+for Young Men at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+DELAROCQUE, a stockbroker who was married to the sister of Jacoby.
+L'Argent.
+
+DELCAMBRE, Public Prosecutor, afterwards Minister of Justice. Having
+been for some time the lover of Baroness Sandorff, he was much annoyed
+at her subsequent intimacy with Saccard, and after the failure of the
+Universal Bank he instigated the proceedings which led to the conviction
+of its officials. L'Argent.
+
+DELESTANG (M.), son of a wine merchant at Bercy, was himself a retired
+attorney and owner of a model farm. He was a man of great wealth, but of
+foolish and shallow character. Having got into political trouble at
+the time of the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851, he was helped out of an awkward
+position by Eugene Rougon. Acting on the suggestion of Rougon, he
+married Clorinde Balbi, and soon after was appointed Minister of
+Commerce and Agriculture. After Rougon's second retirement from office
+Delestang was appointed to succeed him as Minister of the Interior. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+DELESTANG (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Clorinde Balbi.
+
+DELESTANG (HENRIETTE), sister of Delestang, the Minister, and wife of
+M. de Combelot, Chamberlain to Napoleon III. She had a passion for the
+Emperor, who, however, would not look at her. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+DELEUZE founded, along with his brother, in 1822, the drapers' shop
+in Paris known as _Au Bonheur des Dames_. When he died, his daughter
+Caroline, who was married to Hedouin, succeeded to his share in the
+business. Pot-Bouille.
+
+The beginning of the business was exceedingly modest; there was only
+one window in the shop, and the stock was a small one. At that time the
+principal shop in the neighbourhood was the _Vieil Elbeuf_, of which
+Baudu afterwards became proprietor. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DELEUZE (UNCLE), one of the founders of the shop known as _Au Bonheur
+des Dames_. After the death of his elder brother he continued the
+business along with his niece Madame Hedouin. He became much affected
+by rheumatism, and left the management in the hands of Hedouin.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+DELEUZE (CAROLINE). See Caroline Hedouin.
+
+DELHOMME was the son-in-law of Pere Fouan, whose daughter Fanny he
+married. He was the owner of a small farm, which he managed so well that
+he became one of the richest of the peasant proprietors at Rognes.
+He was a man of calm, upright nature, and was frequently selected as
+arbiter in petty disputes. In his own affairs, however, he allowed
+himself to be much influenced by his wife. He was a municipal
+councillor, and ultimately became mayor. La Terre.
+
+DELHOMME (MADAME), nee Fanny Fouan, wife of the preceding. At first a
+not unamiable woman, she became hardened, and eventually the cleanliness
+of her house became a mania with her. She was unkind to her father, with
+whose little weaknesses she had no patience, and her persecution of him
+was carried to such an extent that he ceased to live with her and her
+husband. She was so annoyed at this that she refused to speak to him
+again, and her ill-will was not even terminated by his death. When her
+husband became mayor her conceit knew no bounds. La Terre.
+
+DELHOMME (ERNEST), known as Nenesse, son of the preceding. From
+childhood he had a fancy for dressing himself up and aping the city
+lads, and as he had always a horror of the land he went to Chartres to
+assist in a restaurant, with which was connected a public dancing-hall.
+His parents effected an insurance against him being drawn in the
+conscription; but he drew a lucky number, and the loss of the money
+caused his mother considerable annoyance. He proposed to take over
+the _maison de tolerance_ at Chartres which belonged to his grand-aunt
+Madame Badeuil and her husband, and he eventually did so by marrying
+their granddaughter Elodie Vaucogne. La Terre.
+
+DELOCHE, a bailiff in needy circumstances who resided at Briquebec. He
+treated his son Henri very badly. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DELOCHE (HENRI), a young man who got employment at "The Ladies'
+Paradise" at the same time as Denise Baudu. He fell in love with Denise,
+but though she refused to marry him, they remained on friendly
+terms, and on one occasion he threw a glass of wine at Favier, a
+fellow-shopman, who repeated a slander about her. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DELORME, a relation of the Quenus. On the suggestion of Madame Chanteau
+he was nominated a member of the family council of Pauline Quenu. He
+consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+DENEULIN, a cousin of the Gregoires. Like his cousin, he inherited
+a denier in the Montsou mines, but being an enterprising engineer,
+tormented by the desire for a royal fortune, he had hastened to sell
+out when the value of the denier reached a million francs. His wife
+possessed through an uncle the little concession of Vandame, on which
+were two abandoned pits--Jean-Bart and Gaston-Marie--and he invested all
+his money in the reopening of these pits. He was a bad manager, however,
+and after his wife's death he was pillaged by every one. The great
+strike at Montsou completed his ruin, and he was ultimately compelled
+to sell his pits to the great company which had already acquired all
+the neighbouring mines, himself receiving a situation as divisional
+engineer. Germinal.
+
+DENEULIN (JEANNE), second daughter of the preceding. Having lost their
+mother when very young, she and her sister were brought up alone,
+somewhat badly, being spoiled by their father. Jeanne was fond of
+painting, and had already had three landscapes refused by the _Salon_.
+Her sister and she remained cheerful in the midst of their father's loss
+of fortune, and proved themselves excellent managers. Germinal.
+
+DENEULIN (LUCIE), elder daughter of Deneulin. She was fond of music, and
+at one time talked of going on the stage. Like her sister, she showed an
+admirable spirit at the time of her father's downfall. Germinal.
+
+DENIZET, examining magistrate (_juge d'instruction_) at Rouen. The
+son of a cattle-breeder, he studied law at Caen, but had entered the
+judicial department of the Government late in life; and his peasant
+origin, aggravated by his father's bankruptcy, made his promotion slow.
+After being substitute in various places he was sent to Rouen, where he
+acted as examining magistrate. He was fond of his profession, and at the
+beginning of the inquiry into the murder of President Grandmorin allowed
+himself to be carried away by his desire to elicit the facts of the
+case. He received, however, a hint from Camy-Lamotte, the secretary to
+the Minister of Justice, that caution must be exercised, and his desire
+to be decorated and removed to Paris was so great that he sacrificed the
+interests of justice, and caused the case to be hushed up. Later, the
+murder of Severine Roubaud reopened the Grandmorin inquiry, and Denizet
+was allowed a free hand in dealing with the affair. By a masterpiece
+of logical deduction he set out to prove the complicity of Cabuche and
+Roubaud, a complicity, however, which had no existence in fact, and the
+demonstration of which by Denizet produced a gross error of justice. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+DEQUERSONNIERE, an architect with whom Louis Dubuche served his
+apprenticeship. He was a former winner of the Grand Prize, and was
+architect of the Civil Branch of Public Works, an officer of the Legion
+of Honour, and a member of the Institute. His principal production was
+the church of Saint-Mathieu, a building which shared the characteristics
+of a pastry-cook's mould and a clock in the style of the First Empire.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+DESBAZEILLES, President of the Assize Court at Rouen on the occasion
+of the trial of Roubaud. He was a bachelor, and an old friend of Madame
+Bonnehon; a friendship which still continued, notwithstanding his sixty
+years. He was the literary glory of the Court, and his cleverly turned
+sonnets were well known. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DESFORGES, a stock-broker. The friendship of his wife with Hartmann, the
+great financier, had been very useful to him. He died leaving a fortune,
+the amount of which was minimized by some and exaggerated by others. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DESFORGES (MADAME HENRIETTE), daughter of a Councillor of State and
+widow of a stock-broker, who left her a small fortune. "Even during her
+husband's lifetime, people said she had shown herself grateful towards
+Baron Hartmann, whose financial tips had proved very useful to them;
+and later on, after her husband's death, the acquaintance had probably
+continued, but always discreetly." Octave Mouret, having met her at
+the house of a mutual friend, made love to her, chiefly with a view
+to gaining Baron Hartmann's assistance through her influence. Madame
+Desforges was extremely jealous when she learned of Mouret's affection
+for Denise Baudu and the probability of his marrying her. In order to
+injure him, she introduced Bouthemont to Baron Hartmann, who lent him
+money to start an opposition establishment called "The Four Seasons." Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DESIR (VEUVE), an elderly woman who kept a ball-room known as
+Bon-Joyeux. She called all the miners her children, and grew tender
+at the thought of the flood of beer which she had poured out for them
+during the last thirty years. She gave her ball-room to the miners to
+hold a meeting during the strike, and when the police arrived to break
+it up she held the door long enough to allow those present to escape.
+Germinal.
+
+DESLIGNIERES, a toy-seller in Rue Saint-Roch. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DESMARQUAY, a money-changer in Rue Saint-Lazare. Trublot was employed in
+his office. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DESROCHES, a notary at Chene-Populeux. His house there was requisitioned
+for the Emperor on 27th August, 1870, during the march of the army of
+MacMahon. La Debacle.
+
+DESROCHES (MADAME), mother of the preceding. Their house adjoined the
+early home of Maurice Levasseur, and she had been good to him when he
+was a child. When the house was requisitioned for the Emperor, she had
+to give up her room to him and take refuge in the garret. La Debacle.
+
+DESRUMAUX (BARON), one of the founders of the coal industry in the north
+of France. For forty years he struggled without yielding, in the midst
+of continual obstacles, and when at last his pits began to yield a small
+profit, two neighbouring concessions, that of Cougny, belonging to the
+Comte de Cougny, and that of Joiselle, belonging to the Cornille and
+Jenard Company, nearly overwhelmed him with their competition. Happily,
+on 25th August, 1760, a treaty was made between the three concessions,
+uniting them into a single one known as the Montsou Mining Company.
+Germinal.
+
+DESVIGNES (ADELE), see Madame Bouchard.
+
+DIDE (AUNT). See Adelaide Fouque.
+
+DIEUDONNE (MADAME), wife of a small farmer at Seguiranne. She brought up
+her niece Sophie, who was cured of phthisis by Doctor Pascal. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+DOMERGUE was formerly Director of Roads and Bridges at Plassans. He was
+the father of Madame Campardon. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DOMERGUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived a retired life at
+Plassans with her husband. She introduced Octave Mouret to her daughter,
+Madame Campardon, when he came to Paris. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DOMERGUE (ROSE). See Madame Achille Campardon.
+
+DROUARD (MADAME), an old actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She played
+the part of Juno in the _Blonde Venus_. Nana.
+
+DUBREUIL, a cousin of the Levasseurs. He was sub-manager of the sugar
+refinery at Chene-Populeux at the time Weiss was employed there; then,
+in 1868, he retired to a little property near Sedan which had come to
+his wife as a legacy. On the evening before the battle, foreseeing the
+disaster, he removed his wife and children to Bouillon, and next day the
+house was completely destroyed during the struggle. La Debacle.
+
+DUBRUEL, a pork-butcher at Plassans who took part in the attack on the
+Town Hall. Three days later he was killed in the ambush arranged by
+Pierre Rougon against the Republicans. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+DUBUCHE (ALICE), daughter of Louis Dubuche and of Regine Margaillan, his
+wife. She was so delicate that at six years old she was still unable to
+walk. Her father endeavoured to strengthen her muscles by occasionally
+making her hold on to the bar of a trapeze for a few moments, but the
+exercise only seemed to produce extreme terror in the unfortunate child.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUBUCHE (GASTON), the elder child of Louis Dubuche and of Regine
+Margaillan, his wife. At the age of ten he had the feeble limbs of a
+little child, and though he regularly exercised on a trapeze, he was
+unable to raise himself on his wrists, the least exertion producing
+profuse perspiration. L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUBUCHE (LOUIS), eldest son of a baker of Plassans, and companion from
+childhood of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz. His mother, who was
+very ambitious, sent him to Paris, where he studied architecture at the
+School of Art. His reverence for established formulas caused him to be
+out of sympathy with the advanced school of painting advocated by Claude
+Lantier and his friends, though he expressed large ideals regarding his
+own profession. In time he became a first-class pupil at the school, and
+with infinite trouble gained the regulation "honourable mention." But
+his parents no longer sent him any money; it became necessary for him
+to gain his living, and he was already tired of earning a few francs by
+assisting an architect incapable of drawing his own plans. By the aid of
+his master, Dequersonniere, he gained a medal for a plan of a villa, and
+this brought him prominently under the notice of Margaillan, a wealthy
+building contractor, whose daughter Regine he married soon afterwards.
+The marriage was not a success; his wife was always ailing, and the two
+children which were born to them were so delicate as to cause constant
+anxiety. His business relations with his father-in-law were a failure,
+some of his ventures resulting in heavy loss, and Margaillan soon thrust
+him aside. His only satisfaction was that he had been able to repay
+to his parents the money they advanced for his education in Paris.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUBUCHE (MADAME LOUIS), wife of the preceding. See Regine Margaillan.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+DUCAT, a franc-tireur of the woods at Dieulet. He was formerly a bailiff
+at Blainville, but had to leave on account of a criminal charge against
+him. He was a friend of Cabasse and of Guillaume Sambuc, and took part
+in the murder of Goliath Steinberg. La Debacle.
+
+DUCHESNE (GEORGES), a lover of Madame Bouchard, for whom she asked
+the patronage of Eugene Rougon, which he refused on the ground of his
+respect for her husband. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+DUCLOUX (LA), an old woman who lived in the neighbourhood of Croix de
+Maufras, having formerly been servant in an inn. Misard was authorized
+to employ her as gatekeeper on the railway after the death of Flore. She
+was anxious to marry Misard, and seeing him constantly searching for
+the little hoard of money which had been hidden by his deceased wife,
+La Ducloux cleverly led him to believe that she knew where the money was
+hidden. After she became the second Madame Misard she became infected
+with the feverish anxiety of her husband, and joined with him in his
+untiring search. La Bete Humaine.
+
+DUMONTEIL, a rich silk manufacturer at Lyons. He supplied to Octave
+Mouret a special make of silk with which he achieved great success. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+DU POIZAT PERE, an old bailiff at Coulonges. He was an old miser who
+refused any money to his son Leopold, and even threatened him with
+a pistol when he tried to borrow from him. He lived alone in an old
+ruinous house with a loaded gun behind the door. His son, having become
+a prefect, and wishing to dazzle the old man with his fine position,
+attempted to force the door; then followed a drama mysterious and
+without witness, at the end of which the old man was found lying at the
+foot of his staircase, with his head split open. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+DU POIZAT (LEOPOLD), son of a process-server at Coulonges, a little town
+in the district of Niort. His father, who had amassed a considerable
+fortune by usury, sent him to study law in Paris, giving him an
+allowance of only a hundred francs a month. Some months before the
+revolution of February, 1848, he became acquainted with Eugene Rougon,
+who, like himself, was boarding at that time with Madame Correur at the
+Hotel Vanneau. During the Bonapartist intrigues he assisted Rougon in
+some risky undertakings, and later on worked energetically to secure his
+election to the Legislative Assembly as member for Deux-Sevres. After
+the _Coup d'Etat_ Rougon used his influence on behalf of Du Poizat, and
+got him appointed sub-prefect at Bressuire. He resigned this appointment
+on the advice of Rougon after the resignation of the latter as President
+of the State Council. After Rougon's return to office he was appointed
+prefect at Niort. His extreme harshness and overbearing conduct produced
+a public scandal, and the sudden death of his father, under peculiar
+circumstances, still further increased his unpopularity. He was at
+his own request transferred to another prefecture by Delestang, who
+succeeded Rougon as Minister of the Interior. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+DURIEU, a wealthy brewer who, carried away by the charm of Caroline
+Hamelin, married her. He became an alcoholic maniac, and on one occasion
+pursued his wife with a knife. A separation was arranged, and Durieu
+ultimately died in an asylum. L'Argent.
+
+DURIEU (MADAME). See Caroline Hamelin.
+
+DURIEU (LE PERE), a messenger at Plassans. He was a taciturn old
+Provencal. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+DUTILLEUL. A flour-miller at Montsou whose mills were stopped by the
+strike. Germinal.
+
+DUVEYRIER (ALPHONSE), a counsellor at the Court of Appeal; married
+Clotilde, daughter of M. Vabre. He was a man of dissolute habits, to
+whom his wife's cold nature and love of music were repugnant, and he
+spent much of his time away from home. He squandered large sums of money
+on a woman named Clarisse Bocquet, who afterwards left him. Having found
+her again, he fell under her influence so completely as to allow her
+to treat him abominably. So unhappy did he become, that he attempted
+to commit suicide by shooting himself; the wound was, however, not a
+serious one, and he recovered. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DUVEYRIER (MADAME CLOTILDE), wife of the preceding, was the only
+daughter of M. Vabre, a notary of Versailles. She did not get on well
+with her husband, who found her cold nature irksome, and, perhaps even
+more so, her love of piano-playing. Her musical evenings were attended
+by Octave Mouret, the Josserands, and others of the same circle.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+DUVEYRIER (GUSTAVE), son of the preceding, a thin, precocious boy of
+sixteen, who was being educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Pot-Bouille.
+
+DUVILLARD, the owner of a large house bought by Octave Mouret for the
+enlargement of his shop. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+
+
+
+E
+
+ECOSSE (S.A.R. LE PRINCE D'), the son of a queen and heir to a throne.
+He was tall and strong, with a fair beard and a fresh complexion. He was
+an habitue of the Theatre des Varietes, and an admirer of Nana, whom
+he wished to bring to London as a singer. Later, Nana spoke of him with
+little respect. Nana.
+
+ECREVISSE (L'), a celebrated _demi-mondaine_ of the Second Empire. La
+Curee.
+
+EMPEREUR, one of the dogs of the shepherd Soulas. He was a fierce
+animal, and, like his master, hated Jacqueline Cognet. La Terre.
+
+ERNESTINE, a woman who once occupied a room in Bourras's house, and had
+written her name in candle-smoke on the ceiling. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+ESCORAILLES (MARQUIS D'), father of Jules d'Escorailles. "The
+Escorailles family was one of the oldest in Plassans, where it was
+treated with the utmost respect; and Rougon, who in former days had
+often dragged his worn-down boots past the old Marquis's house, took a
+pride in protecting and assisting the young man. The family retained an
+enthusiastic devotion for Henri V, though it allowed its heir to serve
+the Empire." The Marquis and his wife visited Paris specially to ask
+the assistance of Rougon in furthering the interests of their son. After
+Rougon's proceedings against the Sisters of the Holy Family, in the
+interest of the Charbonnels, they again visited Paris to insist on their
+son retiring from the administration, as they said they could not allow
+him to be mixed up in any persecution of the Church. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+ESCORAILLES (MARQUISE D'), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+ESCORAILLES (JULES D'), son of the Marquis d'Escorailles, a nobleman of
+Plassans, at whose request Rougon got Jules an appointment as auditor
+at the Council of State. After Rougon's return to office he appointed M.
+Escorailles his private secretary. He carried on an intrigue with Madame
+Bouchard. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ESPANET (MARQUIS D'), husband of the Marquise Adeline. He was made
+aide-de-camp to the Emperor, but by his riotous conduct scandalized the
+older nobility. He never appeared in society with his wife. La Curee.
+
+ESPANET (MARQUISE D'), one of the most prominent leaders of society
+of the Second Empire, was the inseparable companion of Madame Haffner,
+whose name was always associated with hers by the public. They were both
+schoolfellows and friends of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+EUGENIE, cook for a short time to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+EUGENIE, a child buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at Saint-Ouen,
+where Bongard and Sandoz read the inscription on a poor cross, without
+railing, set up slantingly across a path, "Eugenie, three days."
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+EUGENIE (EMPRESS), referred to in Son Excellence Eugene Rougon, and La
+Debacle.
+
+EULALIE, a laundress who lived in Rue Montmartre. Gilquin, when visiting
+her, chanced to overhear in an adjoining room a conversation between
+some Italians who had come to Paris to assassinate the Emperor. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+EULALIE, a fish-seller, mistress of Bec-Sale, alias Boit-sans-soif.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+EULALIE (LA MERE), a vegetable seller at Montmartre. She lodged with
+Madame Mechain. L'Argent.
+
+EUSEBE, a choir-boy in the church of Saint-Saturnin at Plassans. He
+accompanied Abbe Bourrette to the deathbed of Abbe Compan. La Conquete
+de Plassans.
+
+
+
+
+F
+
+FAGEROLLES PERE, a manufacturer of zinc objects of art who lived in
+a gloomy old house in Rue Vieille-du-Temple. His workshop was on the
+ground floor, above it was a warehouse, and still higher, facing a
+courtyard, were the rooms in which he lived with his son Henri. He
+intended to bring up Henri as a designer of ornaments for his own trade,
+and when the boy showed higher ambitions, taking to painting proper and
+talking about the School of Art, there were quarrels, blows, a series of
+falling-outs and reconciliations. Even when the young man had achieved
+some success, the manufacturer of artistic zincwork, while resigned
+to letting him have his will, treated him harshly, like a lad who was
+spoiling his career. Later, in the desire of a decoration for himself,
+the merchant forgot his former opposition; he held out his son, who
+had now arrived at notoriety, as an additional claim for his own
+distinction. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FAGEROLLES (HENRI), son of the preceding. In the gloomy house of his
+father he grew up like a true child of the Paris pavements. Though his
+father desired him to become a designer of ornaments for use in his
+trade, the lad had higher ambitions, and desiring to study painting,
+became a student at the School of Art. Notwithstanding this orthodox
+training, he was a disciple of Claude Lantier and his somewhat
+revolutionary band, whom he delighted by sly attacks upon his professors
+and praise of themselves. He paid particular court to Claude, under
+whose artistic influence he had come, and though he continued to paint
+with tricky skill, he no longer talked in anything but the jargon of the
+new open-air school. This did not prevent him, however, from elsewhere
+making fun of the adepts of that school, whom he accused of doing
+their work with a kitchen ladle. He made a success with a picture of an
+actress before her glass, which caught the popular taste, and afterwards
+appeared as an engraving. Taken up by Naudet, the picture-dealer, he
+began to receive large prices for his work, and by doing everything in
+his power to make his way in society his position soon became secure.
+He was elected a member of the Hanging Committee of the _Salon_, and
+secured the admission of Claude Lantier's picture _L'Enfant Mort_. He
+made large sums of money, in the spending of which he was assisted by
+Irma Becot. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FANNY (MADEMOISELLE), a work-girl in the neighbourhood of Octave
+Mouret's shop, who was sent there by her employer to match some merinos.
+Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FAUCHERY (LEON), a journalist and dramatic author, who wrote a piece
+for the Theatre des Varietes called _La Petite Duchesse_. After numerous
+liaisons he became for a time the lover of Comtesse Sabine Muffat, and
+under the pressure of Comte Muffat was forced to give to Nana a leading
+part in _La Petite Duchesse_. Fauchery's liaison with the Comtesse
+Muffat merely interrupted for a time one of older standing with Rose
+Mignon, whose husband appeared to be content with the position of
+major-domo in a _menage a trois_. Nana.
+
+FAUCHEUR (LE PERE) kept at Bennecourt a small country inn much
+frequented by artists. In connection with the tavern he carried on a
+small business in groceries. After the death of the Faucheurs the inn
+was carried on by their niece Melie. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FAUCHEUR (LA MERE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of old
+Poirette. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FAUCONNIER (MADAME), carried on a laundry business in Paris, and gave
+employment to Gervaise Macquart after her desertion by Lantier. She
+continued on friendly terms with Gervaise after the latter's marriage
+to Coupeau, at which she was present. When drink had brought about
+the Coupeaus' ruin, Madame Fauconnier again took Gervaise into her
+employment, giving her work until her increasing carelessness and
+intemperance made her dismissal necessary. L'Assommoir.
+
+FAUCONNIER (VICTOR), the young son of Madame Fauconnier. He was an idle
+scamp about four years older than Nana Coupeau, and was her constant
+playfellow and companion in all kinds of mischief. L'Assommoir.
+
+Nana, in talking over with Satin the events of her childhood, referred
+to Victor as a youth who had always shown vicious tendencies. Nana.
+
+FAUJAS (ABBE), a priest of Besancon who, having got into some trouble
+there, was sent to Plassans by the Government with the view of
+undermining the political influence of the clergy, who were strongly
+Legitimist in their views. At Plassans he took up his residence, along
+with his mother, in the house of Francois Mouret. At first he kept
+entirely in the background, but assisted by Madame Mouret, who had
+fallen in love with him, and by Madame Felicite Rougon, acting under
+instructions from her son Eugene, the Minister of State, Faujas soon
+began to make himself felt in Plassans. He appeared to take no interest
+in politics, but little by little he gained power, until "the conquest
+of Plassans" was accomplished and a supporter of the Government was
+elected as deputy. Meantime his influence over Madame Mouret had become
+complete, and he had practically taken possession of the Mourets' house,
+his sister and her husband, as well as his mother, living there with
+him. Thrust aside and neglected, Francois Mouret was wrongfully removed
+to the asylum at Les Tulettes, where confinement soon unhinged his
+not over-strong intellect. The Abbe now became even more arrogant, and
+Madame Mouret was barely tolerated in her own house. Ultimately Francois
+Mouret escaped from the asylum, and returning by night to his home,
+set fire to it; along with him, the Abbe Faujas and all his relations
+perished in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+FAUJAS (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She accompanied the Abbe to
+Plassans and took up house with him there. Absolutely devoted to her
+son, she made herself his slave, and sacrificed everything and every one
+to his interests. It was largely through her that the gradual ousting of
+the Mourets from their own home became possible; and to accomplish her
+ends she stopped short at nothing; seldom speaking, but always watching,
+she was ready to grasp each opportunity as it arose. Retribution came
+with the escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum, and Madame Faujas
+perished along with the other members of her family in the conflagration
+raised by him. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+FAUJAS (OLYMPE). See Madame Olympe Trouche.
+
+FAUQUENOIX, an associate of Baron Desrumaux in the department of the
+mines of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+FAUVELLE, a sugar-refinery at Montsou, which suffered on account of the
+strike of miners. Germinal.
+
+FAVIER, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise."
+He had for some reason an ill-will towards Denise Baudu and spread
+scandalous stories about her. Henri Deloche, her friend, hearing him do
+so on one occasion, threw a glass of wine in his face. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+FAYEUX, a collector of rents at Vendome. He did business in connection
+with Busch, and also with La Mechain, whose cousin he was said to be. He
+speculated on the bourse through Mazaud, and after the downfall of
+the Universal Bank it was found that he had embezzled large sums from
+persons employing him. L'Argent.
+
+FENIL (ABBE), head of the theological seminary at Plassans. He was a
+keen ecclesiastic, with strong Legitimist principles, and from the first
+took up a position antagonistic to Abbe Faujas. Having great influence
+with the Bishop of Plassans, he was for some time able to prevent Faujas
+from receiving preferment; a hint from Government, however, caused the
+Bishop to change his views, and Abbe Fenil was for the time routed. It
+was suspected that he ultimately induced Antoine Macquart to plan the
+escape of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; an escape
+which led to the death of Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+FERAUD-GIRAUD FRERES, a firm of ship-owners who joined the great
+transport syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+FERNAND, a student of chemistry with Combette at Chene Populeux. He
+was a cowardly lad, whom fear of the Prussians drove into a fever. La
+Debacle.
+
+FERNANDE, a chorus-girl at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+FETU (MERE), an old woman whom Helene Grandjean visited at the request
+of Abbe Jouve. At her house Helen frequently met Dr. Deberle, who was
+attending her professionally at the same time. Below this house was the
+flat taken by M. Malignon, who had appointed Mere Fetu caretaker, and
+it was through her that Helene came to know of the assignation between
+Malignon and Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+FIFI, the sobriquet of Fanny Menu, q.v. Pot-Bouille.
+
+FINE, the sobriquet of Josephine Gavaudan. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+FINET (ARISTIDE), the founder of the drapery business known as the
+_Vieil Elbeuf_, in Paris. He was the father-in-law and predecessor of
+Hauchecorne. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FINET (DESIREE), daughter of the preceding. She married Hauchecorne, her
+father's principal salesman, who carried on the business. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+FINET, a doctor of medicine who resided at Cloyes. He was disgusted by
+the brutality of his patients, whom he accused of always sending for him
+when it was too late. His indifference became such that he did not make
+any inquiries about the death of Rose Fouan, whose end was hastened by
+her son Buteau, or that of Pere Fouan, who was burned alive. La Terre.
+
+FIRMIN, chief huntsman to Napoleon III at Compiegne. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+FLAMINIO, the Comtesse Balbi's man-servant, "with a face like a
+brigand's, and a long black beard." Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+FLEUR D'EPINE, a celebrated chief of brigands who preceded
+Beau-Francois. La Terre.
+
+FLEURANCE, a putter in the Voreux pit who worked along with the Maheus.
+She was found dead in her bed, and the vacancy created in the pit was
+filled by Etienne Lantier. Germinal.
+
+FLORE, the elder daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). After illness
+rendered her mother unfit for work, Flore replaced her as gatekeeper at
+the railway crossing at Croix-de-Maufras. She was a tall and strong girl
+of eighteen, with a magnificent head of fair hair; disdainful of the
+male, she had thrashed at least one would-be lover. When she was quite
+little she had loved Jacques Lantier, and now it was to him alone she
+would have given herself. Jacques did not care for her, however, and she
+came to know that he had a mistress, Severine Roubaud. Convinced of
+her own right to be loved, for she was stronger and handsomer than the
+other, the girl was tortured by jealousy; and each Friday, as she saw
+the express rush past, bearing the two lovers to Paris, was seized
+with an imperious desire to end everything, and by causing their death
+prevent them from passing any more. She accordingly brought about a
+terrible railway accident, in which a large number of persons were
+killed; but the crime was useless, for Severine and Jacques escaped with
+trifling injuries. The thought that Jacques knew her guilt, and must in
+future regard her as a monster, rendered life hateful to Flore, and to
+meet death she set out on a walk of heroic determination through the
+tunnel of Malaunay, allowing herself to be cut in pieces by an express
+train. La Bete Humaine.
+
+FLORENCE, an actress at the variety theatres. Marsy offered her a
+valuable house. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+Pauline Letellier met her one day on the boulevards accompanied by
+Malignon. Juliette Deberle, who was a little jealous, assured her that
+Florence was at least forty and very plain-looking. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+FLORENT, elder son of a widow who took as her second husband M. Quenu,
+who, however, died three years later, leaving a son. Florent was a
+gentle, studious youth, and his mother lavished all her affection on
+him, dying in the end from hardships endured in her struggle to keep
+him at college in Paris. After her death Florent took young Quenu,
+his half-brother, to live with him in Paris, giving up all thought of
+continuing to attend the Law School, and taking pupils in order to find
+means of sustenance. Years of hardship followed, and Florent became
+imbued with Republican ideas. Two days after the _Coup d'Etat_ of 1851,
+while the military were firing on the mob in the Boulevard Montmartre,
+he was knocked down and stunned. When he recovered, he found that he was
+lying beside the body of a young woman, whose blood had oozed from her
+wounds on to his hands. He was horrified at the sight, and rushed away
+to join a party of men who were throwing up barricades in an adjoining
+street. Worn out with fatigue, he fell asleep, and on awakening found
+himself in the hands of the police. His hands were still stained with
+the blood of the young woman, and the authorities assumed that he was a
+dangerous character. The semblance of a trial followed; he was condemned
+and transported to Cayenne. After incredible hardships and sufferings,
+he escaped and returned to France. Famished and exhausted, he tramped
+towards Paris, and had fallen in a faint on the road when he was
+overtaken by Madame Francois, who took him the rest of the journey on
+her cart. During his long absence his brother Quenu had at first been
+taken in by Gradelle, a brother of his mother, to whose business of
+pork-butcher he ultimately succeeded. Florent on his return from exile
+was warmly received by his brother and Madame Quenu, who told him that
+Gradelle, his uncle, had died, leaving a considerable sum, and that as
+there was no will he was entitled to a half-share. He refused to accept
+this, but agreed to live with the Quenus. This arrangement answered
+well at first, but Madame Quenu got tired of seeing him always about the
+house, and let him see that he must secure employment. After some time
+he got an appointment as deputy inspector at the Fish Market. He was
+introduced by Gavard to a small revolutionary circle which met nightly
+in a cafe kept by M. Lebigre, and of which he soon became the leader.
+Meantime, Mlle. Saget, who from a chance word of Pauline, the little
+daughter of Quenu, had learned Florent's past history, spread the story
+in the markets, and a strong feeling was awakened against him. His
+sister-in-law, Lisa, alarmed lest her husband should be compromised by
+the revolutionary conspiracy, thought it her duty to inform the police.
+She learned, however, that Florent's history had all along been known,
+Lebigre being a police spy, and that only a favourable opportunity was
+being awaited to arrest the whole gang of conspirators. The blow fell
+soon afterwards, and Florent was again sentenced to transportation to
+Cayenne. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+FLORY was born at Saintes, his father being employed in the local
+registry office. He came to Paris and entered the office of Mazaud, the
+stockbroker. At first he did his duties well, but was soon led astray
+and got into debt. Having started speculation on his own account, he
+became deeply involved in the Universal bank, and on the failure of that
+concern was left with a liability of a hundred thousand francs, to
+meet which he had not a single sou. Subsequently he was arrested
+and imprisoned for embezzling a large sum from Mazaud, his employer.
+L'Argent.
+
+FONTAN (ACHILLE), an actor at the Theatre des Varietes who played parts
+in _La Blonde Venus_ and _La Petite Duchesse_. He became for a time the
+lover of Nana, but treated her so abominably that she left him. Nana.
+
+FONTENAILLES (MLLE. DE), was descended from an aristocratic family, but
+was in great poverty when a situation was found for her in "The
+Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of Madame Desforges. She proved
+incapable of anything but the most menial work, and ultimately married
+Joseph, one of the porters in the establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FOUAN, alias BUTEAU. See Buteau.
+
+FOUAN (FANNY). See Madame Delhomme.
+
+FOUAN (HYACINTHE), the elder son of Pere Fouan and Rose Maliverne, his
+wife. He was an idler and drunkard, who, when he had left the army,
+after having seen service in Africa, had taken to tramp the fields,
+refusing to do any regular work, but living by theft and poaching, as
+though he were still looting a trembling nation of Bedouins. Withal
+there looked out of his fine, sunken eyes a merriment that was not
+altogether evil, the open heart of good-humoured drunkenness. He lived
+with his daughter in a ruined hut amongst some rocks near Rognes. After
+the division of land by his father, Hyacinthe soon mortgaged his share
+and drank the proceeds, never paying to his parents any part of the
+rent which had been agreed upon. For a time he sheltered his father,
+but frightened the old man by searching for some bonds which he had
+concealed. He had, however, neither the cold rapacity of his sister
+Fanny nor the murderous instincts of his brother Buteau. La Terre.
+
+FOUAN (JOSEPH CASIMIR), the father of Marianne, Louis, Michel, and
+Laure. Born in 1766, he belonged to a family of peasant proprietors
+which for centuries had owned land, in varying quantities, in
+the neighbourhood of Rognes. They were originally serfs of the
+Roques-Bouqueval family. Bit by bit they acquired their land, until,
+when the Revolution of 1789 arrived, the Fouan of that day, Joseph
+Casimir, was the owner of twenty-one acres--the conquest of four
+centuries from the seigneurial territory. When, in 1793, the rest of the
+estate was declared national property and sold in lots by auction,
+he was too timid to purchase any, and had the mortification to see La
+Borderie sold to Isidore Hourdequin, a citizen of Chateaudun, for a
+fifth of its value. When he became old he divided his twenty-one acres
+between three of his family, Marianne, Louis, and Michel, and gave a
+corresponding sum of money to his younger daughter Laure, who had been
+brought up as a sempstress and was in service at Chateaudun. La Terre.
+
+FOUAN (LAURE), younger daughter of the preceding. See Madame Charles
+Badeuil.
+
+FOUAN (LOUIS), known as Pere Fouan. He was the son of Joseph Casimir
+Fouan, and married Rose Maliverne, by whom he had three children,
+Hyacinthe, Buteau, and Fanny. He received seven acres of land from
+his father, and his wife brought him twelve acres more. This land
+he cultivated well, and with a passion for the soil, as such, which
+amounted to frenzy. It alone had his love, and his wife and children
+trembled before him under a rude despotism. At seventy years of age
+he was still healthy, but his limbs were failing, and he reluctantly
+decided to divide his land between his children. He retained his
+house and garden, which had come to him with his wife, and his family
+undertook to pay him a rent for the land handed over to them. Upon this,
+along with a nest-egg of three hundred francs per annum, known to no
+one, the old people would be able to live comfortably. The division
+made, the family soon became rapacious; Hyacinthe never paid anything,
+Buteau only a part, and Delhomme, Fanny's husband, alone fulfilled his
+obligation. Mere Fouan died, and the old man lived alone for a year;
+after that he went to his daughter Fanny Delhomme, but her unkindness
+made his life miserable, and he accepted in turn the hospitality of his
+two sons, Buteau and Hyacinthe, both of whom had come to suspect the
+existence of his nest-egg and were anxious to secure it. In this sordid
+aim Buteau was eventually successful, and his subsequent treatment of
+the old man was even more infamous than it had been before. From this
+time Pere Fouan lived in isolation; he spoke to none and looked at none;
+as far as appearances went, he might have been blind and dumb. But even
+worse was to follow. He had seen the assault on Francoise Mouche which
+resulted in her death, and to ensure his silence he was murdered by
+Buteau and Lise, his son and daughter-in-law, who attempted to suffocate
+him, and subsequently burned him alive in his bed. La Terre.
+
+FOUAN (MADAME ROSE), wife of the preceding, nee Maliverne. She worked on
+the farm like a man, rising first and going to bed last, her only reward
+being that she had lived. Stupid, and reduced by labour to the level of
+an animal, she had always trembled before the despotic authority of her
+husband. She brought up her family without love, and as if she resented
+their requiring even the simple necessaries of life. She did not
+long survive the division of land by her husband. Her favouritism for
+Hyacinthe, her elder son, excited the jealousy of Buteau, who in the
+course of a quarrel threw her to the ground, when she received such
+injuries that she died a few hours afterwards. La Terre.
+
+FOUAN (MARIANNE). See La Grande.
+
+FOUAN (MICHEL). See Pere Mouche.
+
+FOUAN (OLYMPE), daughter of Hyacinthe. Her mother, who was a tramp, ran
+off when the child was three years old, leaving her to grow up as best
+she could. She was passionately fond of geese, of which she had a large
+flock. When little more than a child, she had as her lovers Delphin Becu
+and Nenesse Delhomme. La Terre.
+
+FOUCARMONT, a naval officer who in ten years saved some money which he
+proposed to invest in the United States. He fell into the hands of Nana,
+however, and was soon completely ruined. When she turned him out of
+doors penniless, she merely advised him to go back to his ship. He was
+drowned later in the China seas. Nana.
+
+FOUCART, the owner of a cheap restaurant frequented by Jory, Mahoudeau,
+and their band. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FOUCART (MADAME), the nurse who attended Sidonie Rougon at the birth
+of Angelique and left the child at the foundling hospital. She assisted
+Sidonie both by taking her into her house and lending her money, but
+when Madame Foucart herself fell into difficulties Sidonie did nothing
+for her, not even paying back what she owed. It was from Madame Foucart
+that Hubert subsequently got information regarding the parentage of
+Angelique. Le Reve.
+
+FOUCHARD, father of Honore Fouchard, and uncle, on the mother's side, of
+Henriette and Maurice Levasseur. He was a small farmer at Remilly, who
+to make money more quickly took up the trade of butcher also. Avaricious
+to the last degree, and with a nature of unpitying hardness, he opposed
+the marriage of Honore with his servant Silvine Morange. At the end of
+two years of waiting Honore went off, after a terrible scene with his
+father, though the old man still kept the girl, with whom he was
+well pleased. When the French troops were marching to Sedan, Fouchard
+concealed all the animals on his farm, burying even his supply of bread
+and wine, in the hope of being able to sell to better advantage later
+on. The death of his son, who was killed in the battle, cost him a few
+tears, but he was quickly consoled by some good purchases of horses
+stolen from the battlefield. He took Prosper Sambuc as farm-worker,
+because the soldier, being liable to imprisonment by the Prussians,
+could not ask him for any wages. He began to do a considerable trade
+in butcher-meat with the conquering army, selling them all the diseased
+animals that he could secure. A suspicion of being concerned in the
+death of Goliath Steinberg led to his arrest, but he was released soon
+afterwards, thanks to the intervention of Captain von Gartlauben, a
+friend of the Delaherches. La Debacle.
+
+FOUCHARD (HONORE), only son of the preceding. At twenty years of age, in
+1867, he drew a good number for the conscription, but on account of
+the opposition of his father to his marriage with Silvine Morange, he
+enlisted, and was sent to Africa, in the artillery. When he heard that
+Silvine had become the mistress of Goliath Steinberg he became so
+ill that he had to remain in hospital for three months. He afterwards
+received a letter from Silvine saying that she had never loved any one
+but him, and when passing through Remilly on his way to the front, he
+saw her and forgave everything. His battery was among those which on 1st
+September, 1870, defended the Calvary d'Illy, but was cut to pieces by
+the terrible fire of the Prussians. Honore was killed, and fell
+across his gun, firmly grasping the letter from Silvine, which in his
+death-struggle he had drawn from his bosom. La Debacle.
+
+FOUGERAY (MADEMOISELLE DE), eldest daughter of the Baronne de Fougeray.
+She entered a convent, because it was said, a young man with whom she
+was in love had died. The event created much talk in all classes of
+society in Paris. Nana.
+
+FOUQUE (ADELAIDE), generally known as Aunt Dide, the common ancestress
+of the Rougon-Macquarts, born at Plassans in 1768, was the last
+representative of a family who had owned a market-garden there for
+several generations. "This girl, whose father died insane, was a long,
+lank, pale creature, with a scared look and strange gait." In 1786,
+six months after the death of her father, she married one of her own
+workmen, named Rougon, "a rough-hewn peasant from the Basses Alpes."
+Rougon died fifteen months after his marriage, leaving a son named
+Pierre. Scarcely a year had elapsed before the widow took as her lover a
+man named Macquart, who lived in a hovel adjoining her own property, and
+two children were born. The legitimate son, Pierre Rougon, was brought
+up along with his half brother and sister, Antoine and Ursule, with
+whom, however, he was not on good terms. From her eighteenth year
+Adelaide was subject to nervous fits, which brought on convulsions, and
+though she was not yet insane, these repeated shocks produced cerebral
+disorders. "She lived from day to day like a child; like a fawning
+animal yielding to its instincts." These conditions continued for about
+twenty years, till the death of Macquart, and the children grew up as
+best they could. By this time Pierre realized the situation, and playing
+upon his mother's mental weakness, he brought her completely under
+his sway. On the death of Macquart, Adelaide went to live in the
+hovel bequeathed to her by him, and Pierre sold the family property,
+appropriating the price. Living at first entirely alone, her intellect
+became more and more affected by the recurring convulsive fits.
+Subsequently her grandson Silvere Mouret lived with her, but after
+his execution, of which she was a witness, she became quite insane. La
+Fortune des Rougon.
+
+She was always under restraint, and remained a living sore to the
+family. The little property which belonged to her son Antoine Macquart
+was close to the asylum where she was confined, and Pierre Rougon seemed
+to have placed him there to look after her. Adelaide seldom spoke,
+and for twelve years had never moved from her chair. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+At 104 years old she was still living in the asylum at Les Tulettes.
+She was little better than a skeleton, and in her long, thin face it
+was only in the eyes that there was any sign of life. Immovable in her
+chair, she remained from year to year like a spectre, calling up the
+horrors of her family history. A sudden accident, the death of little
+Charles Saccard from nasal hemorrhage, wakened in her sleeping brain
+recollections of years before; she saw again the murder of Silvere,
+killed by a pistol-shot, and she saw also her lover Macquart, the
+smuggler, killed like a dog by the gendarmes. The shock proved too much
+for her feeble strength, and she died the following day (in 1873), aged
+105 years, three months, and seven days. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+FOUSSET (LE PERE), tenant of the farm of Millouard, in the Canton
+of Orgeres. He was a victim of the band of brigands commanded by
+Beau-Francois. La Terre.
+
+FRANCHOMME (LOUIS), a cousin of Francoise Hamelin and her brother, with
+whom he went to reside for a time when recovering from a fever. His
+wife having become fond of Angelique Marie, who lived at that time with
+Francoise Hamelin, he obtained permission to take her to Paris, where
+she could be taught the trade of making flowers. Unfortunately, however,
+he died three months later. Le Reve.
+
+FRANCHOMME (THERESE), wife of the preceding. After the death of her
+husband, she, being in delicate health, was obliged to leave the city
+and go to live with her brother Rabier, a tanner, who was settled at
+Beaumont. She died a few months afterwards, leaving to the care of the
+Rabiers the child Angelique, whom she had brought with her from Paris.
+Le Reve.
+
+FRANCIS, the hairdresser of Nana. He was in the habit of lending money
+to his customers, and on one occasion he found, with the assistance of
+Labordette, a hundred thousand francs for Comte Muffat, who required the
+money for Nana. Nana.
+
+FRANCIS, coachman to the Gregoires. He also did the heavy work of the
+household. Germinal.
+
+FRANCOIS, a wine-merchant whose shop was situated at the corner of Rue
+des Poissonniers and of Rue de la Goutte d'Or. Coupeau frequently spent
+whole days there. L'Assommoir.
+
+FRANCOIS, concierge and footman in Nana's establishment. He was the
+husband of Victorine, the cook. He received visitors in the hall,
+wearing a gorgeous livery. Nana.
+
+FRANCOIS (MADAME), a market-gardener of Nanterre. She drove regularly
+to Paris in the early morning with her vegetables, and on one occasion
+found Florent lying on the road from want and exhaustion. She took him
+to town in her cart, and subsequently showed kindness to him and Claude
+Lantier. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+FRANCOISE, housemaid to Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+FRANCOISE, the servant of M. and Madame Sandoz in their little house in
+Rue Nollet. L'Oeuvre.
+
+FRANGIPANE, a horse which belonged to Baron Verdier and ran in the Grand
+Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+FREDERICK (MADAME), a widow who held the position of "second hand" in
+the dress department of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+FIRMAT, an old peasant of Rognes who was a neighbour of Mouche. He
+became paralysed. La Terre.
+
+FIRMAT (LA), wife of the preceding. She was well known in the village
+for her knowledge of animals, and was frequently consulted when it
+would otherwise have been necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon. She
+worked hard to support her invalid husband, to whom she was devoted, and
+wept at the thought that he was soon to die. La Terre.
+
+
+
+
+G
+
+GABET (MERE), an old woman who assisted the Huberts with their washing.
+She became ill, and being in great poverty, was assisted by Angelique,
+and later by Felicien. Le Reve.
+
+GAGA, an elderly _demi-mondaine_ who had flourished in the reign of
+Louis Philippe, and was still notorious in the Second Empire. She had
+a daughter named Lili, who became the mistress of the Marquis Chouard.
+Nana.
+
+GAGEBOIS, glass-works at Montsou. The strike of miners led to the fires
+being extinguished. Germinal.
+
+GAGNIERE, an artist, one of the band of Claude Lantier. He belonged to
+Melun, where his well-to-do parents, who were both dead, had left him
+two houses; and he had learned painting, unassisted, in the forest
+of Fontainebleau. His landscapes were conscientious and excellent in
+intent, but his real passion was music. Becoming more and more engrossed
+in this, he took lessons in playing the piano from a middle-aged lady
+whom he married soon afterwards. He established himself at Melun in one
+of his two houses, going to Paris two or three times a month to attend a
+concert, and he continued to exhibit each year at the _Salon_ one of his
+little studies of the banks of the Seine. L'Oeuvre.
+
+GALISSARD, a haberdasher of Plassans, whose daughter married Professor
+Lalubie. She was a pretty girl to whom Claude Lantier and Sandoz used to
+sing serenades.
+
+GARCONNET, a Legitimist who was Mayor of Plassans at the time of the
+_Coup d'Etat_. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+GARTLAUBEN (VON), captain in the Prussian Army. During the occupation of
+Sedan he was billeted on Delaherche. He was a person of some importance,
+as his uncle had been made Governor-General at Rheims, and exercised
+sovereign power over the district. Fascinated by Gilberte Delaherche,
+his chief wish was to be taken for a man of refinement, and not for
+a barbarous soldier. He was able to render some services to the
+Delaherches, and to make the Prussian occupation easier for them. La
+Debacle.
+
+GASC, proprietor of a racing-stable. One of his horses, named Boum, ran
+in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+GASPARINE, a tall, handsome girl of Plassans, with whom Achille
+Campardon fell in love. She had no money, however, and he married her
+cousin Rose Domergue, who had a dowry of thirty thousand francs. Tears
+and recriminations followed, and Gasparine went to Paris, where for some
+time she had a situation in the shop of Madame Hedouin. Madame Campardon
+having fallen into ill-health, her husband returned to his first love,
+and a liaison existed between him and Gasparine for a considerable
+time. Ultimately she went to live with the Campardons, and managed their
+household affairs. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GASTON was the son of a general, and was the same age as the Prince
+Imperial, though much stronger than he. The Emperor frequently made
+inquiries regarding the child. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+GAUDE, bugler in the 106th regiment of the line. "He was a big, skinny,
+sorrowful, taciturn man, without a hair on his chin, and blew his
+instrument with the lungs of a whirlwind." On the 1st September, during
+the defence of the Hermitage, he became seized with the madness of
+heroism, and continued to blow after his comrades had been slain and
+until he himself was shot down. La Debacle.
+
+GAUDIBERT (ISIDORE), Mayor of Barbeville since 1850, wrote some poetry
+on political subjects, and was decorated by the Minister of State,
+Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+GAUDRON, husband of Madame Gaudron. He was described as having the
+sluggishness of a beast. L'Assommoir.
+
+GAUDRON (MADAME), a wool-carder who lived with her husband and their
+large family in the same tenement-house as the Coupeaus and the
+Lorilleux. She was one of the guests at the Coupeaus' wedding.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+GAUDRON FILS, the eldest child of the Gaudrons, was a journeyman
+carpenter. L'Assommoir.
+
+GAUJEAN (M.), a silk manufacturer of Lyons who was dissatisfied with
+the monopoly created by the large establishments, such as that of Octave
+Mouret, and thought it could be broken by the creation of special shops
+in the neighbourhood, where the public could find a large and varied
+choice of articles. With this object he assisted Robineau to purchase
+Vincard's business by giving him credit to a large amount; the scheme
+was not successful, and he lost heavily. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GAUTIER, a wine-grower at Saint-Eutrope, with whom Francois Mouret had
+dealings at one time. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+GAVARD, originally kept a rotisserie or poultry-roasting establishment
+in the Rue Saint-Jacques, at which time he became acquainted with
+Florent and Quenu. In 1856 he retired from this business, and to amuse
+himself took a stall in the poultry-market. "Thenceforth he lived amidst
+ceaseless tittle-tattle, acquainted with every little scandal in the
+neighbourhood." Gavard was a leading spirit in the revolutionary circle
+which met in Lebigre's wine-shop, and was the means of bringing Florent
+to attend the meetings there. He was arrested at the same time as
+Florent and was transported. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+GAVAUDAN (JOSEPHINE), a market-woman of Plassans who married Antoine
+Macquart in 1826. She was much addicted to drink, but worked in order to
+keep her husband in idleness. She died in 1850. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+GEDEON, an ass which belonged to Mouche. It was very mischievous, and
+on one occasion got access to a vat of new wine, with the result that it
+became extremely drunk. La Terre.
+
+GEORGES, a young man whose acquaintance Renee Saccard made by chance
+while walking one day on the Quai Saint-Paul. Her fancy for him passed
+without her ever having asked his family name. La Curee.
+
+GERALDINE, a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, played by Clarisse
+Besnus at the Theatre des Varietes. It was originally intended that the
+part should be played by Nana. Nana.
+
+GILQUIN (THEODORE), a lodger at Madame Correur's hotel at the same
+time as Eugene Rougon and Du Poizat. A man of shady character, he was
+frequently employed by Rougon, and by a fortunate accident was able to
+give him warning of the Orsini plot against the life of the Emperor. He
+was rewarded with the appointment of Commissary of Police at Niort. On
+the order of Rougon, he arrested Martineau, Madame Correur's brother. He
+was removed from his position on account of having compromised himself
+by taking a bribe to procure a conscript exemption from service. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+GIRAUD (TATA) kept at Plassans a boarding-school for children, where the
+sculptor Mahoudeau had known Pierre Sandoz and other comrades who met
+later in Paris. L'Oeuvre.
+
+GODARD (ABBE), cure of Bazoches-le-Doyen. The authorities of Rognes,
+which was in his parish, refused to provide for a priest of their own,
+and Abbe Godard, in order to perform Mass, had to walk each Sunday the
+three kilometres which separated the two communes. He was a short,
+stout man of hasty temper, who was disgusted with the indifference and
+irreligion of his parishioners, and his services were the shortest and
+baldest possible. In spite of his temper, he had, however, a passion for
+the miserable, and to these he gave everything--his money, his linen,
+almost the clothes off his back. La Terre.
+
+GODEBOEUF, a seller of herbs who occupied the shop in Rue Pirouette
+which formerly belonged to Gradelle, the pork-butcher. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+GODEMARD, a pupil of Dequersonniere, the architect. See Gorju. L'Oeuvre.
+
+GOMARD, the keeper of a working-man's cafe in Rue de la Femme-sans-Tete,
+under the sign _Au Chien de Montargis_. Claude Lantier occasionally took
+his meals there. L'Oeuvre.
+
+GONIN, a family of fisher-folks who lived at Bonneville. It consisted of
+Gonin, his wife, and one little girl. A cousin of the wife, named Cuche,
+came to live with them after his house had been washed away by the sea.
+Gonin soon after fell into bad health, and his wife and Cuche treated
+him so badly that the police talked of an inquiry. Pauline Quenu tried
+to reform the little girl, who had been allowed to grow up wild. La Joie
+de Vivre.
+
+GORJU, a pupil of Dequersonniere, and himself a future architect. On one
+of the walls of the studio one could read this brief statement: "The 7th
+June, Gorju has said that he cared nothing for Rome. Signed, Godemard."
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+GOUJET, a blacksmith from the Departement du Nord, who came to Paris and
+got employment in a manufactory of bolts. "Behind the silent quietude
+of his life lay buried a great sorrow: his father in a moment of drunken
+madness had killed a fellow-workman with a crowbar, and after arrest had
+hanged himself in his cell with a pocket-handkerchief." Goujet and his
+mother, who lived with him, always seemed to feel this horror weighing
+upon them, and did their best to redeem it by strict uprightness. "He
+was a giant of twenty-three, with rosy cheeks and blue eyes, and the
+strength of a Hercules. In the workshop he was known as Gueule d'Or,
+on account of his yellow beard. With his square head, his heavy frame,
+torpid after the hard work at the anvil, he was like a great animal,
+dull of intellect and good of heart." For a time the Coupeaus were
+his neighbours, and he came to love Gervaise with a perfectly innocent
+affection, which survived all disillusionments, and subsisted up to the
+time of her death. It was he who lent her money to start a laundry, and
+afterwards repeatedly assisted her when in difficulties. L'Assommoir.
+
+GOUJET (MADAME), mother of the preceding, was a lace-mender, and lived
+with her son in part of the house first occupied by the Coupeaus. She
+showed much kindness to them, though she was distressed by her son's
+infatuation for Gervaise, and did not altogether approve of his lending
+her money to start a laundry. Notwithstanding this, she continued to
+assist Gervaise until neglect of work entrusted made it impossible to do
+so longer. She died in October, 1868, of acute rheumatism. L'Assommoir.
+
+GOURAUD (BARON), was made a Baron by Napoleon I, and was a Senator under
+Napoleon III. "With his vast bulk, his bovine face, his elephantine
+movements, he boasted a delightful rascality; he sold himself
+majestically, and committed the greatest infamies in the name of duty
+and conscience." La Curee.
+
+GOURD (M.), at one time valet to the Duc de Vaugelade, and afterwards
+doorkeeper in the tenement-house in Rue de Choiseul which belonged to M.
+Vabre, and was occupied by the Campardons, the Josserands, and others.
+He spent much of his time spying on the tenants, and posed as guardian
+of the morals of the establishment. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GOURD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was the widow of a bailiff at
+Mort-la-Ville, and she and her present husband owned a house there. She
+was exceedingly stout, and suffered from an affection of the legs which
+prevented her from walking. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GRADELLE, brother of Madame Quenu, senr., and uncle of Florent and
+Quenu. He was a prosperous pork-butcher in Paris, and after Florent's
+arrest he took young Quenu into his business. He died suddenly,
+without leaving a will, and Quenu succeeded to the business, and to
+a considerable sum of money which was found hidden at the bottom of a
+salting-tub. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+GRAND-DRAGON (LE), one of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La
+Terre.
+
+GRANDE (LA), elder daughter of Joseph Casimir Fouan, and sister of Pere
+Fouan, Michel Mouche, and Laure Badeuil. Married to a neighbour, Antoine
+Pechard, she brought to him seven acres of land against eighteen which
+he had of his own. Early left a widow, she turned out her only daughter,
+who, against her mother's will, wished to marry a poor lad named Vincent
+Bouteroue. The girl and her husband died of want, leaving two children,
+Palmyre and Hilarion, whom their grandmother refused to assist. At
+eighty years of age, respected and feared by the Fouan family, not for
+her age but for her fortune, she exacted the obedience of all, and still
+directed the management of her land. She bitterly reproached her brother
+Louis for dividing his property between his children, and warned him
+that he need not come to her when they had turned him into the street, a
+threat which she carried into effect. She took delight in the squabbles
+of the Fouan family, exciting their cupidity by promising them a share
+of her property at her death. Meantime she made a will which was so
+complicated that she hoped it would lead to endless lawsuits amongst her
+heirs. La Terre.
+
+GRANDGUILLOT, a notary at Plassans. He embezzled large sums belonging
+to his clients, among whom was Dr. Pascal Rougon, and thereafter fled to
+Switzerland. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+GRANDJEAN (M.), son of a sugar-refiner of Marseilles. He fell in love
+with Helene Mouret, a young girl of great beauty, but without fortune;
+his friends bitterly opposed the match, and a secret marriage followed,
+the young couple finding it difficult to make ends meet, till the
+death of an uncle brought them ten thousand francs a year. By this time
+Grandjean had taken an intense dislike for Marseilles, and decided to
+remove to Paris. The day after his arrival there he was seized with
+illness, and eight days later he died, leaving his wife with one
+daughter, a young girl of ten. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GRANDJEAN (MADAME HELENE), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret.
+
+GRANDJEAN (JEANNE), born 1842, was the daughter of M. Grandjean and
+Helene Mouret, his wife. She inherited much of the neurosis of her
+mother's family along with a consumptive tendency derived from her
+father, and from an early age had been subject to fits and other nervous
+attacks. One of these illnesses, more sudden and severe than usual,
+caused her mother to summon Doctor Deberle, and thus led to an intimacy
+which had disastrous results. Jeanne's jealous affection for her mother
+amounted almost to a mania, and when she came to suspect that Dr.
+Deberle had become in a sense her rival, she worked herself into such
+a nervous state that she exposed herself to a chill, and having become
+seriously ill, died in a few days, at the age of thirteen. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+GRANDMORIN (LE PRESIDENT), one of the directors of the Western Railway
+Company. "Born in 1804, substitute at Digne on the morrow of the events
+in 1830, then at Fontainebleau, then at Paris, he had afterwards filled
+the posts of procurator at Troyes, advocate-general at Rennes, and
+finally first president at Rouen. A multi-millionaire, he had been
+member of the County Council since 1855, and on the day he retired he
+had been made Commander of the Legion of Honour." He owned a mansion
+at Paris in Rue du Rocher, and often resided with his sister, Madame
+Bonnehon, at Doinville. His private life was not unattended by scandal,
+and his relations with Louisette, the younger daughter of Madame Misard,
+led to her death. A somewhat similar connection with Severine Aubry,
+a ward of his own, had less immediately serious consequences, as
+he arranged for her marriage to Roubaud, an employee of the railway
+company, whom he took under his protection. Three years later Roubaud
+learned the truth by chance, and murdered Grandmorin in the Havre
+express between Malaunay and Barentin. The President left a fortune of
+over three and a half million francs, among other legacies being one
+to Severine Roubaud of the mansion-house of Croix-de-Maufras. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+GRANDMORIN (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was the wife of a
+magistrate, M. de Lachesnaye. She was a narrow-minded and avaricious
+woman, who affected ignorance of her father's real character, and the
+influence of her husband tended to increase her meanness. After the
+murder of President Grandmorin, when vague suspicions fell on Roubaud,
+Berthe took up a position antagonistic to her old play-fellow Severine
+Roubaud, in the hope that a legacy left by Grandmorin to her would be
+cut down. La Bete Humaine.
+
+GRANDSIRE (M.), the justice of peace who assisted the Huberts in making
+the necessary arrangements for their adoption of Angelique. Le Reve.
+
+GRANOUX (ISIDORE), one of the group of conservatives who met in Pierre
+Rougon's yellow room to declaim against the Republic. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+GRAS (MADAME), an old lady living in the Rue des Orties, who boarded and
+lodged young children for a small sum. When Denise Baudu got a situation
+in "The Ladies' Paradise," she put her young brother Pepe under the
+charge of Madame Gras for a time. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GREGOIRE (CECILE), daughter of Leon Gregoire. Her parents were devoted
+to her, and brought her up in happy ignorance, allowing her to do much
+as she liked. They taught her to be charitable, and made her dispense
+their little gifts to the poor; these were always in kind, as they held
+that money was likely to be misused. When the great strike broke out at
+Montsou, Cecile could comprehend nothing of the revolt of the poor, or
+the fury with which they regarded those better off than themselves,
+and when she fell into the hands of a fierce crowd was almost paralysed
+under the attack of La Brule and of Pere Bonnemort, from which she
+escaped with difficulty. A little later she chanced to call on a
+charitable errand at Maheu's house, and unfortunately was left alone for
+a few moments with Bonnemort, who was now supposed to be helpless. The
+sight of her seemed, however, to waken memories in the old man, for in
+an accession of madness he found strength to throw himself upon the poor
+girl and strangle her. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (EUGENE), grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He inherited the share
+in the Montsou mine bought by his father, but the dividends at that
+time were small, and as he had foolishly invested the remainder of
+the paternal fortune in a company that came to grief, he lived meanly
+enough. The share passed to his son Felicien. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (FELICIEN), son of the preceding and father of Leon Gregoire.
+The family fortune began with him, for the value of the share in
+the Montsou mine had greatly increased, and he was able to buy the
+dismembered estate of Piolaine, which he acquired as national property
+for a ludicrous sum. However, bad years followed; it was necessary to
+await the conclusion of the revolutionary catastrophes, and afterwards
+Napoleon's bloody fall. The little fortune of Felicien Gregoire passed
+to his son Leon. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (HONORE), great-grandfather of Leon Gregoire. He was in 1760
+steward on the estate of Piolaine, a property which belonged to Baron
+Desrumaux. When the Montsou treaty was made, Honore, who had laid up
+savings to the amount of some fifty thousand francs, yielded tremblingly
+to his master's unshakable faith. He gave up ten thousand francs, and
+took a share in the Montsou Company, though with the fear of robbing his
+children of that sum. When he died his share passed to his son Eugene.
+Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (LEON), great-grandson of Honore Gregoire. It was he who
+profited at a stupefying rate of progress by the timid investment of his
+ancestor. Those poor ten thousand francs grew and multiplied with the
+company's prosperity. Since 1820 they had brought in cent for cent ten
+thousand francs. In 1844 they had produced twenty thousand; in 1850,
+forty. During two years the dividend had reached the prodigious figure
+of fifty thousand francs; the value of the share, quoted at the Lille
+Bourse at a million, had centrupled in a century. Six months later an
+industrial crisis broke out; the share fell to six hundred thousand
+francs. But Leon refused to be alarmed, for he maintained an obstinate
+faith in the mine. When the great strike broke out he would not be
+persuaded of its seriousness, and refused to admit any danger, until he
+saw his daughter struck by a stone and savagely assaulted by the crowd.
+Afterwards he desired to show the largeness of his views, and spoke of
+forgetting and forgiving everything. With his wife and daughter Cecile
+he went to carry assistance to the Maheus, a family who had suffered
+sadly in the strike. Cecile was unfortunately left alone with old
+Bonnemort, Maheu's father, who in a sudden frenzy attacked the girl
+and strangled her. This terrible blow entirely shadowed the lives of
+Gregoire and his wife. Germinal.
+
+GREGOIRE (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of
+a druggist at Marchiennes. She was a plain, penniless girl, whom he
+adored, and who repaid him with happiness. She shut herself up in her
+household, having no other will but her husband's. No difference
+of tastes separated them, their desires were mingled in one idea of
+comfort; and they had thus lived for forty years, in affection and
+little mutual services. Germinal.
+
+GRESHAM, a jockey who, it was said, had always bad luck. He rode
+Lusignan in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+GROGNET, a perfumer in Rue de Grammont, whose business was ruined by the
+growth of Octave Mouret's great establishment. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GROSBOIS, a Government surveyor who had also a small farm at Magnolles,
+a little village near Rognes. Liable to be summoned from Orgeres to
+Beaugency for purposes of survey, he left the management of his own land
+to his wife, and in the course of these constant excursions he acquired
+such a habit of drinking that he was never seen sober. That mattered
+little, however; the more drunk he was the better he seemed to see;
+he never made a wrong measurement or an error in calculation. People
+listened to him with respect, for he had the reputation of being a sly,
+acute man. La Terre.
+
+GUENDE (MADAME DE), a friend of the Saccards. She was a woman well known
+in the society of the Second Empire. La Curee.
+
+GUEULE-D'OR, the sobriquet of Goujet. L'Assommoir.
+
+GUEULIN, nephew of Narcisse Bachelard, was a clerk in an insurance
+office. Directly after office hours he used to meet his uncle, and never
+left him, going the round of all the cafes in his wake. "Behind the
+huge, ungainly figure of the one you were sure to see the pale, wizened
+features of the other." He said that he avoided all love affairs, as
+they invariably led to trouble and complications, but he was ultimately
+caught by his uncle in compromising circumstances with Mademoiselle
+Fifi, who was a protegee of the old man. Bachelard insisted on their
+marriage, and gave the girl a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille.
+
+GUIBAL (MADAME), wife of a barrister well known at the Palais de
+Justice, who led, it was said, a somewhat free life. The husband and
+wife were never seen together, and Madame Guibal consoled herself with
+M. De Boves, from whom she derived such large sums of money that he
+found difficulty in carrying on his own establishment. She was a tall,
+thin woman, with red hair, and a somewhat cold, selfish expression. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+GUICHON (MADEMOISELLE), the office-keeper at the railway station at
+Havre. She was a slim, fair woman about thirty years of age, who owed
+her post to M. Dabadie, the chief station-master, with whom it was
+generally believed she was on intimate terms. Nevertheless Madame
+Lebleu, who lived on the same corridor and kept perpetual watch, had
+never been able to discover anything. La Bete Humaine.
+
+GUIGNARD, a peasant who belonged to the same village as Zephyrin Lacour.
+He desired to sell his house, and Zephyrin and Rosalie, his sweetheart,
+looked forward to buying it. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GUILLAUME, a peasant of Rognes. He owned a piece of land beside the
+hovel of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+GUILLAUME, a young swineherd at La Borderie. He afterwards became a
+soldier. La Terre.
+
+GUIRAUD (M. DE), a magistrate of Paris, who was a friend of Doctor
+Deberle and visited at his house. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GUIRAUD (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. She was on intimate terms
+with Madame Deberle, and took part in the amateur theatricals arranged
+by that lady. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+GUIRAUDE (MADAME), mother of Sophie and Valentin, patients of Dr.
+Pascal. Her husband died of phthisis, and she herself suffered from a
+slow decomposition of the blood. She died soon after her son Valentin.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+GUNDERMANN, the great Jew banker, master of the Bourse and of the
+financial world. He was a man of over sixty years of age, who had long
+suffered from ill-health. Constantly engaged in business of the
+greatest magnitude, he never went to the Bourse himself; indeed, he even
+pretended that he sent no official representatives there. He was not on
+friendly terms with Saccard, and when the Universal Bank was started
+he placed himself in antagonism towards it. The wild speculation in the
+shares of the bank gave him his chance; his principle was that when
+a share rose above its true value a reaction was bound to follow.
+Accordingly, when the bank shares rose to two thousand francs he began
+to sell, and though Saccard by steady buying forced them to over three
+thousand francs, he continued to sell. His losses meantime were, of
+course, enormous, but having got information through Baroness Sandorff
+that Saccard's resources were at an end, he made a final effort, with
+the result that a panic ensued, the price of the shares broke, and
+Saccard, along with the bank, was ruined. L'Argent.
+
+GUNTHER (OTTO), captain in the Prussian Guard. He was a cousin of Weiss
+on the mother's side. His feelings were strongly anti-French, and he
+refused to give any assistance to Henriette Weiss after the death of her
+husband, when she was searching for his body. La Debacle.
+
+GUSTAVE, Maxime Saccard's hairdresser. La Curee.
+
+GUTMANN, a soldier in the Prussian Army, who took part in the attack
+on Bazeilles. It was he who tore Henriette Weiss from the arms of her
+husband, who, being a civilian, was about to be executed for firing
+upon the Prussian troops. Henriette found him later in the ambulance
+at Remilly. He was unable to speak, a ball having carried away half his
+tongue, and they could only guess from the sounds he made that his name
+was Gutmann. Henriette, moved by pity, remained with him to the end, and
+she alone followed him to the place of burial. La Debacle.
+
+GUYOT (ABBE), a priest of Saint-Eutrope. He took duty temporarily at
+Artaud while Abbe Mouret was ill. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+GUYOT-LAPLANCHE, a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire,
+whom Clorinde Balbi gained to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+
+
+
+H
+
+HAFFNER, a well-known manufacturer, at Colmar. He was a
+multi-millionaire, and became a politician during the time of the Second
+Empire. He was the husband of Suzanne Haffner. La Curee.
+
+HAFFNER (MADAME SUZANNE), wife of a celebrated manufacturer of Colmar,
+a millionaire twenty times over, whom the Empire was transforming into a
+politician. She was the inseparable companion of the Marquise d'Espanet,
+and had been a schoolfellow of Madame Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+HALLEGRAIN (CAPTAIN JACQUES), the father of Christine. He was a Gascon
+from Montauban. A stroke of paralysis in the legs caused his retirement
+from the army, and he settled at Clermont with his wife and daughter.
+One day, when they were at church, he died of a second attack of
+paralysis. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HALLEGRAIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She survived him for five
+years, remaining at Clermont, managing as well as she could on her
+scanty pension, which she eked out by painting fans, in order to bring
+up her daughter as a lady. During these five years Madame Hallegrain
+became each day paler and thinner, until she was only a shadow; one
+morning she could not rise, and she died, looking sadly at Christine,
+with her eyes full of great tears. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HALLEGRAIN (CHRISTINE), daughter of the preceding, was born at
+Strasburg. Her father died when she was twelve years old, and her
+mother, who had a severe struggle to make a living for herself and her
+child, only survived him five years. Christine was left penniless
+and unprotected, without a friend, save La Mere des Saints-Anges, the
+Superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, who kept her in the convent
+until she got a situation as reader and companion to Madame Vanzade, an
+old lady who lived in Paris. Chance led to a meeting between Christine
+and Claude Lantier on the evening of her arrival in the city, and the
+acquaintanceship ripened into love. Ultimately she ran off with him, and
+they took up house at Bennecourt, where they lived happily for several
+years, a son being born to them in 1860. She was devoted to Claude,
+who was engrossed in his art, and when she saw that he was becoming
+discontented in the country she urged his return to Paris. There he
+became obsessed by the idea of a masterpiece, by means of which he
+was to revolutionize the world of art, and Christine allowed him to
+sacrifice their child and herself to his hopes of fame. They began to
+encroach on the principal of their small fortune, and while this lasted
+were not unhappy, though Claude's increasing mental disturbance already
+gave cause for anxiety. Their marriage had taken place some time
+previously, and this had tended to make her position more comfortable.
+The exhaustion of their means was followed by great hardships, but
+Christine continued to sacrifice everything to her husband. The death of
+their child drew him away from his task for a time, but he again took
+it up, his mind becoming more and more unhinged. Christine made a last
+effort to detach him, but the call of his masterpiece was too strong,
+and one morning she found him hanging in front of the picture, dead. She
+fell on the floor in a faint, and lay there to all appearance as dead as
+her husband, both of them crushed by the sovereignty of art. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HAMELIN (CAROLINE), sister of Georges Hamelin, accompanied him to Paris
+after the death of their father. She took a situation as governess, and
+soon after married a millionaire brewer in whose house she was employed.
+After a few years of married life, she was obliged to apply for a
+separation in order to avoid being killed by her husband, a drunkard
+who pursued her with a knife in fits of insane jealousy. Living with
+her brother, in the flat of the Orviedo mansion above that occupied by
+Saccard, she made the acquaintance of the latter, becoming after a time
+his housekeeper and subsequently his mistress. During the absence of her
+brother in the East, after the foundation of the Universal Bank, she
+did everything she could to protect his interests, and tried to persuade
+Saccard to discontinue the gambling in the shares of the bank which
+ultimately led to its ruin. Like her brother, she sold all her shares in
+the bank, and after the final crash divested herself of all her means in
+the assistance of ruined shareholders. She followed her brother in his
+flight to Rome. L'Argent.
+
+HAMELIN (GEORGES), son of a Montpellier physician, a remarkable savant,
+an enthusiastic Catholic, who had died poor. After his father's death
+he came to Paris, along with his sister Caroline, and entered the
+Polytechnic school. He became an engineer, and having received
+an appointment in connection with the Suez Canal, went to Egypt.
+Subsequently he went to Syria, where he remained some years, laying out
+a carriage road from Beyrout to Damascus. He was an enthusiast, and
+his portfolio was full of schemes of far-reaching magnitude. Having met
+Saccard in Paris, he joined with him in the formation of the Universal
+Bank, which was intended to furnish the means of carrying out some at
+least of his schemes. Against his wish, Hamelin was made chairman of the
+bank, and he thus became liable for the actions of the other directors,
+though he was himself absent in the East forming the companies in which
+the bank was interested. He was a man of high honour, and when the
+gamble in the shares of the bank reached an excessive point, he did all
+he could to restrain it, even selling his own shares. The money received
+for these was subsequently used in relieving other shareholders who lost
+their all. When the crash came, Hamelin was arrested along with Saccard,
+and, after trial, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and a fine
+of three thousand francs. By a technicality of law they were allowed a
+month to appeal, during which they were at liberty. With the connivance
+of Eugene Rougon, they fled the country, Hamelin going to Rome, where he
+secured a situation as an engineer. L'Argent.
+
+HAMELIN (FRANCOISE), sister of M. Hamelin, a farmer, who lived at
+Soulanges. She brought up Angelique Marie, who was handed over to her by
+the Foundling Hospital when only a few days old. Angelique remained with
+her until she went to Paris with Madame Franchomme, some years later. Le
+Reve.
+
+HARDY, tax-collector at Cloyes. La Terre.
+
+HARTMANN (BARON), Director of the Credit Immobilier, a concern which
+had large interests in property immediately adjoining "The Ladies'
+Paradise." The Baron had been a lover of Madame Desforges, and through
+her influence he agreed to give financial support to Octave Mouret,
+thereby enabling him to carry out the large schemes of extension to
+which he had long looked forward. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HAUCHECORNE, principal assistant in the draper's shop known as _Vieil
+Elbeuf_. He married Desiree, the daughter of his employer, and succeeded
+to the business, which he ultimately handed over to Baudu, his own
+son-in-law. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HAUCHECORNE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Desiree Finet.
+
+HAUCHECORNE (ELIZABETH), daughter of the preceding. See Madame Baudu.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (MONSEIGNEUR JEAN D') was a member of one of the oldest and
+proudest families in France. He was for some time in the army, and
+until he was forty years of age he led an adventurous life, travelling
+everywhere and having many strange experiences. At last he chanced
+to meet Mademoiselle Pauline, daughter of the Comte de Valencay, very
+wealthy, marvellously beautiful, and scarcely nineteen years of age.
+They were married, but at the end of a year Pauline had a son and died.
+A fortnight later M. d'Hautecoeur entered into Holy Orders, and soon
+became a priest; twenty years afterwards he was made a bishop. During
+all that time he refused to see Felicien, his son, who had been brought
+up by an old abbot, a relation of his wife. He intended to have his son
+brought up as a priest, but the lad having no vocation, he gave up the
+idea and brought him to live at Beaumont. There Felicien met and fell
+in love with Angelique, but the Bishop sternly forbade any thought of
+marriage between them, and even went the length of arranging a marriage
+between his son and Claire de Voincourt. A touching personal appeal
+by Angelique had no effect in gaining the Bishop's consent, but he was
+secretly much moved, and when she fell into ill-health he himself came
+to administer the last rites of the Church. Her semi-miraculous recovery
+led to the Bishop consenting to his son's marriage, which was celebrated
+a few months later in the cathedral of Beaumont. Le Reve.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (MARQUISE JEAN XII DE). See Paule de Valencay.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (ANGELIQUE DE). See Angelique Marie.
+
+HAUTECOEUR (FELICIEN D'), only child of Jean d'Hautecoeur, who was
+afterwards Bishop of Beaumont. Felicien's mother having died at his
+birth, his father took Holy Orders, and refused to see him for over
+twenty years. Having ultimately come to live with his father at
+Beaumont, Felicien met and fell in love with Angelique, the adopted
+daughter of Hubert, the chasuble-maker. The Bishop having absolutely
+refused to consent to the marriage, the Huberts endeavoured to separate
+the lovers by persuading Angelique that Felicien no longer cared for
+her. They were aided in this by a rumour that Felicien was to marry
+Claire de Voincourt. A meeting between Angelique and Felicien cleared
+away the mists, but by this time the girl had fallen into ill-health and
+appeared to be dying. The Bishop, who had formerly been secretly moved
+by an appeal made to him by Angelique, came to administer to her the
+last rites of the Church. A semi-miraculous recovery followed, and,
+the Bishop having consented, Felicien was married to Angelique in the
+cathedral of Beaumont. The recovery had, however, been a mere spark of
+an expiring fire, for as Felicien led his new-made wife to the cathedral
+porch, she slipped from his arm, and in a few moments was dead. Le Reve.
+
+HAZARD, a horse in the Mechain stable. It ran in the Grand Prix de
+Paris. Nana.
+
+HEDOUIN (CHARLES), originally a salesman in the draper's shop known
+as _Au Bonheur des Dames_, he became a partner by marrying Caroline
+Deleuze, a daughter of one of the proprietors. He fell into ill-health,
+but when he died the business was left in a flourishing condition.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+HEDOUIN (MADAME CAROLINE), wife of M. Hedouin, the proprietor of a
+draper's shop in Paris known as "The Ladies' Paradise." She was a
+handsome woman with strong commercial capabilities, and during the
+frequent absences of her husband she undertook the management of the
+business. When Octave Mouret came to Paris, he first got employment at
+"The Ladies' Paradise," and with a view to establishing his position he
+conceived the idea of becoming Madame Hedouin's lover. She discouraged
+his advances, however, and he gave up his situation. M. Hedouin died
+soon afterwards, and his widow, finding the responsibilities of business
+too heavy, invited Octave Mouret to return; a few months afterwards they
+were married. Pot-Bouille.
+
+After her marriage with Octave Mouret the business extended rapidly, and
+an enlargement of the shop soon became necessary. While the work was in
+progress she met with an accident which resulted in her death three days
+later. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HELENE (DUCHESSE), the principal character in _La Petite Duchesse_,
+a piece by Fauchery played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was
+originally given to Rose Mignon, but was played by Nana, who was a
+complete failure in it. Nana.
+
+HELOISE, an actress at the Folies. She was plain-looking, but very
+amusing. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HENNEBEAU, general manager of the Montsou Mining Company, was born in
+the Ardennes. In his early life he had undergone the hardships of a poor
+boy thrown as an orphan on the Paris streets. After having followed
+the courses of the Ecole des Mines, at the age of twenty-four he became
+engineer to the Sainte-Barbe mine, and three years later he became
+divisional engineer in the Pas-de-Calais, at the Marles mines. When
+there he married the daughter of the rich owner of a spinning factory at
+Arras. For fifteen years they lived in the same small provincial town,
+and no event broke the monotony of existence, not even the birth of
+a child. An increasing irritation detached Madame Hennebeau, who
+was disdainful of this husband who gained a small salary with such
+difficulty. The misunderstandings between them became more pronounced,
+but with the view of pleasing his wife Hennebeau accepted a situation in
+an office in Paris. But Paris only completed their separation, for she
+immediately threw herself into all the luxurious follies of the period.
+During the ten years spent there she carried on an open intrigue with
+a man whose desertion nearly killed her. It was then that her husband
+accepted the management of the Montsou mines, still hoping that his wife
+might be changed down there in that desolate black country. When the
+great strike of miners broke out he at first minimized its seriousness,
+thinking that it would not last a week. By his lack of decided action
+he forfeited to some extent the confidence of his directors, but he
+regained this by the subsequent measures taken by him for bringing the
+strike to an end, and ultimately received the decoration of an officer
+of the Legion of Honour. His domestic life was, however, once more
+embittered by the discovery of a liaison between his wife and his
+nephew, Paul Negrel. Germinal.
+
+HENNEBEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was the daughter of a rich
+spinner at Arras. She did not get on well with her husband, whom she
+despised for his small success, and after she accompanied him to
+Paris she entered into a notorious liaison with a man whose subsequent
+desertion nearly killed her. For a time after their removal to
+Montsou she seemed more contented, but this did not last long, and she
+ultimately consoled herself with her husband's nephew, Paul Negrel.
+She was angry at the strikers, as they interfered with the arrival
+of provisions for a dinner-party which she was giving; but she was
+incapable of understanding the sufferings of the miners and their
+families in the hardships they were forced to undergo. Germinal.
+
+HEQUET (CAROLINE), a well-known _demi-mondaine_ in Paris. Her father,
+who was a clerk in Bordeaux, was long since dead, and her mother,
+accepting the situation, looked after Caroline's financial affairs with
+the strictest regularity. She bought the estate known as _La Mignotte_
+after Nana tired of it. Nana.
+
+HEQUET (MADAME), mother of the preceding. She was a model of
+orderliness, who kept her daughter's accounts with severe precision. She
+managed the whole household from some small lodgings two stories above
+her daughter's, where, moreover, she had established a work-room for
+dressmaking and plain sewing. Nana.
+
+HERBELIN, a great chemist whose discoveries revolutionized that
+science. Lazare Chanteau, who was for some time in his laboratory as an
+assistant, got from him the idea of extracting chemicals from seaweed by
+a new process. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+HERMELINE, a student of rhetoric at the college of Plassans. He was in
+love with Sister Angele, and once went the length of cutting his hands
+with his penknife to get an opportunity of seeing and speaking to her
+while she dressed his self-inflicted hurts. In the end the student and
+the Sister ran off together. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HIPPOLYTE, valet to Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+HIPPOLYTE, valet to Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou Mining
+Company. Germinal.
+
+HOMME NOIR (L'), an apparition said to haunt the Voreux pit. It was said
+to take the form of an old miner who twisted the necks of bad girls.
+Germinal.
+
+HONORINE, a maid-servant with the Gregoires. She was a girl of some
+twenty years, who had been taken in as a child and brought up in the
+house. Germinal.
+
+HONORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils. When dismissed
+for misconduct she became insolent.
+
+HORN (LEA DE), a Parisian _demi-mondaine_ whose drawing-room was
+frequented by some of the old ministers of Louis Philippe. Nana.
+
+HORTEUR (ABBE), parish priest of Bonneville, was a thick-set man of
+peasant-like build whose red hair was still unsilvered by his fifty
+years. Much of his time was spent in cultivating a small plot of ground
+in the churchyard, which he had enclosed as a vegetable garden. With
+regard to religion, he had come to be contented with the observance of
+outward ceremonies, and his tolerance had degenerated into a state of
+indifference as to the spiritual condition of his flock. He was on good
+terms with Chanteau, with whom it was his custom to play draughts every
+Saturday. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+HOTON, a sugar-refinery at Montsou. Its prosperity was greatly affected
+by the strike of miners. Germinal.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (ALEXANDRE), born 1804, was the only son of Isidore
+Hourdequin. He studied at the college of Chateaudun, but made little
+progress, as his only interest was in farming, for which he had an
+absolute passion. On the death of his father he became master of La
+Borderie, which he cultivated on the latest principles of agriculture,
+spending large sums upon it. He married a sister of Baillehache, the
+notary, who brought him a considerable sum, which also went into the
+land. His wife died in a few years, leaving him with two children, a
+son named Leon, who to his great disappointment became a soldier, and a
+daughter who died young. In spite of these misfortunes he retained all
+his passion for the land, and in it he gradually sunk all his fortune,
+getting little from it in return. A liaison with Jacqueline Cognet,
+followed, and she gradually acquired complete influence over him. He
+died as the result of an accident brought about by Tron, one of his own
+servants, who was also a lover of Jacqueline. La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle
+Baillehache. La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (ISIDORE), born 1767, was the descendant of an old peasant
+family of Cloyes, which had educated and elevated itself into a
+middle-class position in the sixteenth century. They had all been
+employed in the administration of the salt monopoly, and Isidore,
+who had been left an orphan, was worth sixty thousand francs, when at
+twenty-six, the Revolution cost him his post. As a speculation he bought
+the farm of La Borderie for a fifth of its value, but the depreciation
+of real estate continued, and he was unable to resell it at the profit
+of which he had dreamed. He therefore determined to farm it himself, and
+about this time he married the daughter of a neighbour, who brought
+him an additional hundred and twenty acres of land. He had one son,
+Alexandre, and died in 1831. La Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (LEON), son of Alexandre Hourdequin. He had an intense
+hatred of the soil and became a soldier, being promoted Captain after
+Solferino. He did not visit his home more than once a year, and was
+much annoyed to discover the liaison between his father and Jacqueline
+Cognet. He endeavoured to get the latter into disgrace, but the only
+effect was to make a complete breach between his father and himself. La
+Terre.
+
+HOURDEQUIN (MADEMOISELLE), the second child of Alexandre Hourdequin. She
+was a delicate and charming girl, tenderly loved by her father. She died
+young, a short time after her mother. La Terre.
+
+HOUTELARD, a fisherman of Bonneville, whose house was washed away after
+the destruction by the sea of the barricade erected by Lazare Chanteau.
+La Joie de Vivre.
+
+HUBERT, a chasuble-maker who lived in a house immediately adjoining
+the cathedral of Beaumont. "For four hundred years the line of Huberts,
+embroiderers from father to son, had lived in this house." At twenty
+years of age he fell in love with a young girl of sixteen, Hubertine,
+and as her mother refused to give her consent to their union they ran
+away and were married. On the morning after Christmas, 1860, he found
+the child Angelique lying in a fainting condition in the snow outside
+the cathedral door. Having taken her into his house, he and his wife
+soon became attached to her, and as they had no children, ultimately
+adopted her as their daughter. Le Reve.
+
+HUBERTINE, wife of the preceding. At the age of sixteen she fell in
+love with Hubert, the chasuble-maker, and as her mother, widow of a
+magistrate, would not give her consent, they ran away and were married.
+A year later she went to the deathbed of her mother, who, however,
+disinherited her and gave her her curse. "So affected was she by the
+terrible scene that her infant, born soon after, died." The Huberts had
+no other children, and after twenty-four years they still mourned the
+little one they had lost. She warmly approved of the adoption by her
+husband and herself of the foundling child Angelique, whom she treated
+with the greatest kindness. From the bitterness of her own experience
+she had a horror of disobedience to parents, and when she found that the
+consent of Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur could not be obtained to a marriage
+between his son Felicien and Angelique, she did all she could to sever
+the lovers. In this she was successful for a time, until the illness of
+Angelique, and her miraculous recovery, induced the Bishop to give his
+consent. Le Reve.
+
+HUE (M.) a retired Government official, who was a sincere lover of art.
+He was unfortunately not rich enough to be always buying pictures, and
+could only bewail the blindness of the public which allowed a genius
+to die of starvation; for he himself, convinced, had selected Claude
+Lantier's crudest works, which he hung by the side of his Delacroix,
+predicting an equal fortune for them. L'Oeuvre.
+
+HUGON (MADAME), mother of Philippe and Georges Hugon. She was the widow
+of a notary, and lived quietly at Fondettes, an old family property near
+Orleans, but had retained a house in Paris in Rue de Richelieu. She had
+been an old friend of the Marquise de Chouard, and was on intimate terms
+with her daughter, the Comtesse Sabine. A woman of high principles, she
+believed that one should overlook much in others in order that something
+might be pardoned in oneself. In this she contrasted strongly with
+her old friend the Marquis de Chouard, who professed the most rigorous
+virtue while he secretly lived a shameful life. She was, however, unable
+to bear with equanimity the eccentricities of Nana, her neighbour in the
+country, who led Philippe Hugon into dishonour, and his brother Georges
+to suicide. Nana.
+
+HUGON (GEORGES), the younger son of Madame Hugon. At seventeen years of
+age he became infatuated with Nana, and a liaison with her followed. His
+mother, having discovered the state of affairs, interfered, and kept him
+at Fondettes for some months after Nana had returned to Paris, but
+he ultimately followed her there. Though he was not affected by the
+knowledge that Nana had other lovers, he was driven to frenzy when
+he learned that his brother Philippe had become one of the number.
+He implored Nana to marry him, and when she refused to take his offer
+seriously he plunged a pair of her scissors into his breast. The injury
+was not immediately fatal, but he died a few months afterwards; some
+said as the result of the wound reopening, while others spoke of a
+second and successful attempt at suicide. Nana.
+
+HUGON (PHILIPPE), the elder son of Madame Hugon. A tall, handsome
+youth, he quickly attained the rank of lieutenant in the army, and was
+stationed first in the garrison at Bourges, and afterwards at Vincennes.
+His mother imprudently sent him to endeavour to release Georges from
+the toils of Nana, with the result that he was himself ensnared. He had
+little money of his own, and, as the demands of Nana were unceasing,
+he began to take small sums from the regimental funds, of which he
+was treasurer. The thefts went on for a considerable time, and when
+discovery was made they amounted to twelve thousand francs. Philippe was
+arrested, and when he was released from prison some months afterwards,
+dishonoured for ever, he was only in time to join his mother at the
+death-bed of her other son, who was also a victim to Nana's unhappy
+influence. Nana.
+
+HUGUENIN, held a sinecure worth six thousand francs at the Ministry of
+the Interior. When he died Eugene Rougon, the Minister, gave the post to
+Leon Bejuin. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+HUPEL DE LA NOUE (M.), _prefet_ of the district for which M. Mareuil was
+member. He arranged the _tableaux vivants_ at the great party given by
+Aristide Saccard. La Curee.
+
+HURET, a member of the Chamber of Deputies who obtained his election
+through the influence of Eugene Rougon. His very existence depended on
+the favour of the Minister of State, towards whom he conducted himself
+as a sort of general servant. "By following this calling for a couple
+of years he had, thanks to bribes and pickings, prudently realized, been
+able to increase his estates." Having ascertained that Rougon would not
+oppose the foundation of the Universal Bank, Huret became a director;
+later on, when the shares had risen to their highest point, he sold out
+in the knowledge that Rougon had decided to abandon his brother and that
+a catastrophe would be inevitable. L'Argent.
+
+HUTIN, a salesman in the silk department of "The Ladies' Paradise."
+"He had managed after eighteen months' service to become one of the
+principal salesmen, thanks to a natural flexibility of character, a
+continual flow of caressing flattery under which was concealed a furious
+rage for business." Having conspired against Robineau, the "second hand"
+in his department, he succeeded him, only to be conspired against in
+turn by his own subordinates. When Denise Baudu first came to "The
+Ladies' Paradise" Hutin showed her some kindness, for which she was
+grateful, but ultimately he made statements about her which were
+entirely without foundation. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+HUTIN (MADAME), a woman who lived in the vicinity of the _Halles
+Centrales_, and was spied on by Mademoiselle Saget, whose penetrating
+eyes allowed none of her neighbours to escape notice. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+ISABELLE, a character in _La Petite Duchesse_ a piece by Fauchery,
+played at the Theatre des Varietes. The part was taken by Simonne
+Cabiroche. Nana.
+
+
+
+
+J
+
+JABOUILLE, an herbalist, whose shop was situated in Rue de Cherche-Midi.
+He was a widower, and married for the second time a woman named
+Mathilde. His shop was at one time prosperous, but business fell away
+until what was left was only that of an equivocal character. He died of
+syncope induced by phthisis. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JABOUILLE (MADAME MATHILDE), wife of the preceding. She was a woman of
+about thirty, plain-looking, and exceedingly thin. From the time of
+her marriage to Jabouille, his business began to decrease, and this,
+it would appear, was due to her reputation, which alarmed the more
+respectable customers. Her liaisons were numerous, and included
+Mahoudeau, Chaine, and Jory, but after the death of her husband she
+married the last named, settling down into respectability and ruling him
+with a rod of iron. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JACOBY, a Jew from Bordeaux, between whom and Mazaud there was keen
+rivalry. "Though of great experience and shrewdness, he was sorely
+handicapped by his passion for speculation, and in spite of considerable
+profits always seemed on the eve of a catastrophe. His money melted
+away on settling days." He acted as broker for Daigremont, and also
+for Gundermann. The great gamble in the shares of the Universal Bank
+resolved itself into a duel between Jacoby and Mazaud, the one selling
+on behalf of Gundermann, and the other buying on behalf of Saccard;
+and the final catastrophe was hastened by Jacoby warning Daigremont of
+Gundermann's determination to crush out the bank. L'Argent.
+
+JALAGUIER (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who induced Eugene
+Rougon, the Minister, to increase the old lady's pension considerably.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JALAGUIER FILS, son of the preceding. Madame Correur took an interest
+in him, and asked Eugene Rougon to secure a scholarship for him. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JANTROU, an ex-professor of the University of Bordeaux, who in
+consequence of some misconduct was obliged to leave for Paris, without
+caste or position. At the age of twenty-eight, he landed at the Bourse,
+where for ten years he dragged out existence as a _remisier_ or broker's
+tout. At the time of the foundation of the Universal Bank he suggested
+to Saccard the purchase of a newspaper to be employed in the interest
+of the company. The purchase was carried out, and Jantrou was appointed
+editor. Subsequently other papers were acquired, which he manipulated so
+as to keep the bank continually before the public. He gave information
+to Baroness Sandorff which she repeated to Gundermann, who was induced
+thereby to continue his attack on the bank. L'Argent.
+
+JEANBERNAT, the caretaker of the deserted estate of Paradou in Provence.
+He lived by himself with his niece Albine in an old house on the border
+of the demesne. In an attic he had found a large number of books which
+had been saved from a fire in the old mansion, and these he studied
+for twenty years, imbibing from them the rationalistic theories of the
+eighteenth century. He had no respect for religion, and particularly
+disliked Brother Archangias, who insulted both him and his niece. After
+the death of Albine he attacked Archangias, and cut off his right ear
+with a pocket-knife. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+JENARD, a partner in the firm of Cornille and Jenard, which developed in
+the eighteenth century the mineral concession of Joiselle. Germinal.
+
+JESUS CHRIST, the sobriquet of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+JEUMONT (M. AND MADAME), were well known in society during the Second
+Empire. The Emperor admired Madame Jeumont, and her husband was
+decorated by him. L'Argent.
+
+JOBELIN (AUGUSTE), son of Colonel Jobelin. Contrary to regulations,
+Eugene Rougon took him into the office of the Minister of the Interior
+without the necessary bachelor's degree. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JOBELIN (COLONEL), a friend of Eugene Rougon, through whose aid he hoped
+to secure a nomination as commander of the Legion of Honour, and an
+appointment for his son. He was a cousin of M. Bouchard. After
+Rougon's return to office he received the appointment as commander. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+JOIRE (ABBE), Cure of Montsou. He pretended not to interest himself in
+anything, so as not to vex either the workers or the masters. During
+the strike he took his walks at night, to prevent himself from being
+compromised by the miners. He obtained promotion, and was replaced by
+Abbe Ranvier. Germinal.
+
+JONCQUIER, a lover of Rose Mignon, who deserted her for a time in favour
+of Laure. Nana.
+
+JONCQUOY (MADAME DU), an old friend of the Muffats. Years ago she had
+met Bismarck, who struck her as stupid; she was unable to understand his
+later success. Nana.
+
+JORDAN (PAUL), a journalist, whose father, a Marseilles banker, had
+committed suicide in consequence of some disastrous speculations. He
+married a daughter of M. Maugendre, to whom he had been betrothed in
+more prosperous days. His wife brought him no dowry, as her parents were
+against the marriage on the ground of Jordan's occupation and want
+of means. Having made the acquaintance of Saccard, he received an
+appointment on the staff of the newspaper purchased to support the
+policy of the Universal Bank. He did not speculate, however, and
+remained in comparative poverty, until the success of a novel which he
+had written put him in more comfortable circumstances, and even enabled
+him to give assistance to his wife's parents after they were ruined by
+the failure of the bank. L'Argent.
+
+JORDAN (MADAME MARCELLE), wife of the preceding. She was the only child
+of M. Maugendre, who was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank.
+L'Argent.
+
+JORY (EDOUARD), was the son of a magistrate of Plassans, whom he drove
+crazy by his profligate conduct. In the end he ran off with a music-hall
+singer under the pretext of going to Paris to follow the literary
+profession. Notwithstanding the fact that his profligacy went to even
+greater lengths in the city, he was successful in journalism, and soon
+earned between seven and eight thousand francs a year as a leader-writer
+and art critic. His first success was gained in a series of articles
+in a little newspaper called _Le Tambour_, in which he fell foul of the
+accepted canons of art, and hailed Claude Lantier and his companions as
+the founders of a new school. Later he claimed to have made Fagerolles
+by his articles, in the same manner as he formerly took credit for
+making Lantier. He gradually dropped his old friends, however, finding
+that the public only laughed at their productions, and in excuse pleaded
+that he had not a journal in which he could support their cause;
+but when, still later, he became director of a great Art review, he
+preserved the same silence. After innumerable love affairs, he ended by
+marrying Mathilde Jabouille. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JORY (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mathilde Jabouille.
+
+JOSEPH, a butler in the employment of Nana at La Mignotte. Nana.
+
+JOSEPH, an old soldier who secured a situation in "The Ladies' Paradise"
+through the influence of Lhomme, whose foster brother he was. He married
+Mlle. de Fontenailles, a shop-girl in the establishment. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+JOSEPH (MADAME), the concierge of the house on Quay Bourbon where Claude
+Lantier lived. L'Oeuvre.
+
+JOSSE (MADEMOISELLE) kept a little school for young children in Rue
+Polonceau. Anna Coupeau was her pupil, and made herself such a nuisance
+that twice Mademoiselle Josse sent her away, taking her back each time
+in order not to lose the small fees. L'Assommoir.
+
+Nana in later years exchanged reminiscences with Satin, who, like
+herself, had been a pupil at Mademoiselle Josse's school. Nana.
+
+JOSSERAND PERE, the father of Josserand, the cashier at the Saint-Joseph
+glass-works. He was originally a solicitor at Clermont. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND, cashier at the St. Joseph glass-works. His salary was not a
+large one, and in consequence of the determination of his wife to keep
+up a greater style than they could afford, he was engaged in a continual
+struggle to make ends meet; to gain a few extra francs he frequently
+spent much of the night addressing circulars for a firm of publishers.
+Worn out by hard work and by the continual bickerings of his wife
+and daughters, he was not in a condition to stand the disgrace of his
+daughter Berthe's liaison with Octave Mouret, and he was struck down by
+paralysis, which soon after resulted in his death. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (MADAME ELEANORE), wife of the preceding. Her two objects
+in life were to appear better off than she really was, and to
+secure husbands for her daughters. In the latter quest she had many
+disappointments, and her temper, never good, correspondingly suffered,
+her unfortunate husband bearing the brunt. A marriage having ultimately
+been arranged between Berthe Josserand and Auguste Vabre, Madame
+Josserand made a strong effort to induce her brother, Narcisse
+Bachelard, to pay the dowry which he had long ago promised to his niece.
+As he refused to do so, Madame Josserand overcame the difficulty by a
+subterfuge of doubtful honesty. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (BERTHE), second daughter of M. Josserand. After several
+ineffectual efforts to secure a husband she became engaged to Auguste
+Vabre, the elder son of her father's landlord. Difficulties as to a
+dowry followed, but these were surmounted by somewhat shady means, and
+the marriage took place. Vabre's health was not good, and Berthe soon
+became discontented, a state of mind largely induced by the bad advice
+of her mother. About this time Octave Mouret came to be assistant in
+Vabre's shop, and Berthe, carried away by his attentions, entered upon
+an unfortunate liaison with him. Discovery by Vabre led to Berthe's
+return to her parents' home, and it was only after a considerable time
+that a reconciliation was brought about by the efforts of Abbe Mauduit.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (HORTENSE), elder daughter of M. Josserand. Her mother
+endeavoured to secure a husband for her, but she made her own choice,
+selecting one Verdier, a lawyer. The marriage was put off from time
+to time as Verdier had got entangled with a woman from whom he found
+separation difficult. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (LEON), elder son of M. Josserand. He was a young man of
+ambition, who hoped to rise through the influence of Madame Dambreville,
+whose lover he became. Ultimately she arranged a marriage between him
+and her niece Raymonde, who brought him a large dowry. Soon afterwards
+by the same means he was appointed _Maitre des Requetes_. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (MADAME LEON), wife of the preceding. See Raymonde.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOSSERAND (SATURNIN), younger son of M. Josserand. He was a powerful
+young man of twenty-five, whose mind had been seriously affected by an
+attack of brain fever; though not actually insane, he was subject to
+fits of blind fury whenever anybody annoyed him. When his sister Berthe
+was a little girl, he nursed her through a long illness, and since
+he saved her life he adored her with a deep, passionate devotion. The
+preparations for her marriage to Auguste Vabre affected him so seriously
+that his removal to an asylum became necessary, and he remained there
+for some time. On his release he went to live with his sister and her
+husband, but domestic trouble having arisen, his mind again became so
+unhinged that he made an attempt on the life of his brother-in-law and
+had again to be taken to an asylum. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JOUVE (ABBE), an officiating priest at Notre Dame de Grace, the parish
+church of Passy. He had known M. Grandjean at Marseilles, and showed
+much kindness to Helene after the death of her husband, assisting her in
+settling up her affairs. Along with M. Rambaud, his half-brother, he was
+a regular visitor at Helene's house, and later endeavoured to arrange
+a marriage between her and his brother. He was devoted to Jeanne
+Grandjean, and helped to nurse her during her fatal illness. An amiable,
+kind-hearted man, he was greatly beloved by his parishioners. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+JOUVE, a retired captain in the army, and afterwards one of the four
+inspectors at "The Ladies' Paradise." In addition to acting as spy on
+the staff he watched the customers, and it was he who detected Madame de
+Boves in the act of stealing some fine lace. He made certain advances to
+Denis Baudu which she resented, and in consequence he afterwards showed
+considerable ill-will towards her. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+JUILLERAT (DOCTOR), an old physician who attended most of the
+inhabitants of the Rue de Choiseul. He was a man of only average
+abilities who had built up a large practice by hard work. His views were
+somewhat advanced, and he had many arguments with Abbe Mauduit, with
+whom he frequently came in contact at the bedsides of his patients.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+JULES, the lover of La Sarriette. He lived on her earnings as a
+fruit-dealer. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+JULES, one of the soldiers sent to Montsou during the strike. He was
+born at Plogof, where his mother and sister still resided. One night
+while he was on guard at the Voreux mine he was murdered by Jeanlin
+Maheu, who with the assistance of Etienne Lantier carried the body to
+a gallery of the mine, where they buried it under a fall of rock.
+Germinal.
+
+JULES (MADAME), Nana's dresser at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+JULIE, cook in the employment of the Duveyriers. Pot-Bouille.
+
+JULIEN, butler in the employment of Nana in the Avenue de Villiers. He
+left the house with a large sum, as Comte Muffat, being jealous, wished
+to be freed from his presence. Nana.
+
+JUSSELIN (PIERRE-FRANCOIS), a protege of M. de Marsy. Eugene Rougon
+refused to nominate him as an officer of the Legion of Honour, and gave
+the decoration which had been intended for him to Bejuin. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+JEZEUR (MADAME), a neighbour of the Josserands in the Rue de Choiseul.
+Her husband had left her after ten days of married life, and thenceforth
+she lived alone in quiet lodgings. Very little was known of her
+circumstances or mode of life. Pot-Bouille.
+
+
+
+
+K
+
+KAHN (M.), son of a Jewish banker at Bordeaux; a deputy who was engaged
+in a scheme for the construction of a railway from Niort to Angers. He
+was chiefly anxious for this, as the proposed line would pass through
+Bressure, where he had some blast-furnaces, the value of which it would
+considerably increase. Rougon supported him energetically, and had
+almost secured the grant when his retirement from office delayed the
+scheme for some years. Soon after Rougon's appointment as Minister of
+the Interior the grant was obtained, and he accompanied Kahn to Niort to
+attend the inauguration of the scheme. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+KAHN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She lived a very retired life at
+Paris. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+KELLER (LES), well-known leaders of society in Paris. It was at their
+house that Baroness Sandorff first met Gundermann. L'Argent.
+
+KOLB (M.), a banker whose business consisted to a large extent in gold
+arbitrage, buying foreign coins, and melting them into gold bars. He
+was a man of Jewish origin, and having heard that Daigremont was to
+be connected with the Universal Bank, he readily agreed to become a
+director. Being a cautious man, however, he sold all his shares before
+the final collapse. L'Argent.
+
+
+
+
+L
+
+LABORDETTE, a young man who was well known in racing circles, and was
+specially popular with women, as he was always ready to render them
+little services. Through his relations with the world of trainers
+and jockeys he had always the latest information as to races. He made
+himself very useful to Nana when she was setting up a stable of her own,
+and assisted her in the selection of servants. Nana.
+
+LACAILLE, a customer of Madame Francois, the market gardener. He
+attended the Revolutionary meetings in Lebrigre's cafe. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+LACAMP. See Puech and Lacamp.
+
+LACASSAGNE, a dealer in feathers and artificial flowers, whose business
+was ruined by the competition of Octave Mouret's establishment. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LACHESNAYE (DE), judge at the Rouen Court of appeal, was the husband
+of Berthe Grandmorin, whom he somewhat resembled in character. He was a
+little man, dry and yellow, who had been a judge at the Court of
+Appeal from the age of thirty-six; he had been decorated, thanks to the
+influence of his father-in-law, and to the services which his father had
+rendered on the High Commissions at the time of the _Coup d'Etat_. He
+was disliked by Denizet, the examining magistrate, in whose eyes he
+represented the class of judicial functionary who attained position
+by wealth and influence. Lachesnaye was incensed at the will of his
+father-in-law, Grandmorin, who left fully half of his fortune to women
+of all classes, most of them unknown to his family. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LACHESNAYE (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Grandmorin. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+LACOUR (ZEPHYRIN), a young lad from the same village as Rosalie, whose
+sweetheart he was. He was drawn in the conscription and sent to Paris,
+where, by permission of Madame Grandjean, he came to see Rosalie, her
+maid, every Sunday. He was a good-hearted lad, whose ambition was to get
+out of the army, marry Rosalie, and return to his native village. Une
+Page d'Amour.
+
+LADICOURT (BARONNE DE), a lady who lived at Vouziers. Captain Beaudoin
+lunched at her house on 26th August, 1870, at the hour when the Seventh
+Army Corps was taking up its position for battle. La Debacle.
+
+LADRICOURT (COMTE DE), father of the Baroness Sandorff. He was a
+confirmed gambler, and a man of brutal manners. He died of apoplexy,
+completely ruined, after a series of disgraceful failures. L'Argent.
+
+LA FALOISE (HECTOR DE), a youth who came from the country to Paris in
+order to complete his education. Thanks to the death of an uncle, he
+was very rich, and his chief ambition was to be in everything ultra
+Parisian. He posed as a man who had experienced everything, and who
+no longer thought anything worthy of being taken seriously. Introduced
+behind the scenes of the Theatre des Varietes by his cousin Fauchery,
+he met Nana, who did him the honour of ruining him without much loss of
+time. When his money was done, he returned to the country in the hope of
+marrying a distant relation who was both ugly and pious. Nana.
+
+LAFOUASSE, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Plassans, between the
+old demesne of Paradou and the village of Artaud. He was treated by
+Dr. Pascal Rougon for ataxy, but died after a hypodermic injection of a
+serum with which the doctor was experimenting. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LAGARDE (EDMOND), a sergeant in the 6th Regiment of the line. At the
+most his age was twenty-three, but he did not appear more than eighteen.
+He took part in the battle of Sedan, and was wounded in the left arm,
+which was broken by a bullet. His father, who was a shopkeeper in Paris,
+was a customer of Delaherche, and he was removed to the house of the
+manufacturer, where he was treated as one of the family. A handsome lad,
+he aroused the pity of Gilberte Delaherche, whose lover he became. La
+Debacle.
+
+LAGRIFOUL (MARQUIS DE), the Legitimist Deputy for Plassans. His election
+came as a severe blow to the Government, and to M. Pequeur des Saulaies,
+the sub-prefect of Plassans, who was held responsible for it. In
+reality, the election had been largely influenced by the clergy,
+combined with the old nobility. It was to counteract this influence that
+the Government sent Abbe Faujas to Plassans. The Marquis being a man
+of poor abilities, whose public appearances were disappointing,
+his overthrow was rendered easier and more complete. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+LA JOLIE DAME, a customer at Octave Mouret's shop, _Au Bonheur des
+Dames_. She was a favourite with all the salesmen, and as no one knew
+her name she was always referred to as "The Pretty Lady." Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+LALUBIE, teacher of the sixth form at the college of Plassans. He found
+one day his room transformed into a _chapelle ardente_, thanks to his
+pupils led by Pouillard. After he recovered from his fright he set
+a heavy punishment for the whole class. He married the daughter of
+Galissard, the haberdasher at Plassans. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LAMBERTHIER, an assistant at the _Halles Centrales_. Josephine Dejoie
+was at one time cook in his house. L'Argent.
+
+LAMBERTHON (M. DE), a Deputy who discussed with M. La Rouquette the
+wisdom of the Emperor conceding the privilege of presenting an address
+to the Crown. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LAMBOURDIEU, a shopkeeper at Cloyes, who sold Parisian novelties in all
+the villages within a radius of five or six miles. La Terre.
+
+LANDOIS (AUGUSTE), assistant in Quenu's business. He came to Paris
+from Troyes to perfect himself in his trade, and having little money,
+intended to set up for himself as a pork-butcher. He was engaged to
+his cousin Augustine Landois, who was also employed by Quenu. He took a
+dislike to Florent, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing him to the
+Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LANDOIS (AUGUSTINE) came to Quenu's establishment to learn shop
+management. She was engaged to her cousin Auguste Landois. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+LANGLADE (DE), Prefect of Deux-Sevres. He was accused of dissolute
+conduct, and was superseded in his office by Du Poizat. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+LANTIER (AUGUSTE), the lover of Gervaise Macquart; he accompanied her
+to Paris, when she left home with their two children. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+Soon after their arrival in Paris, he deserted Gervaise for a girl named
+Adele, with whom he lived for several years, during which he appears to
+have done little work. After Adele left him he renewed friendship with
+Gervaise and Coupeau, her husband, and induced them to take him into
+their home as a lodger. Once established there, he paid nothing for his
+support, and soon Gervaise was supporting him as well as her husband,
+who by this time was doing nothing. Gervaise, having become disgusted
+with her husband's intemperance, resumed her old relations with Lantier,
+and these continued till she was financially ruined, and her shop
+was taken over by Virginie Poisson. Lantier, having transferred his
+affections to Virginie, was allowed to retain his old position as
+lodger, and soon resumed his former tactics of paying no rent and living
+off his landlord. In course of time he succeeded in eating the Poissons'
+stock of sweetmeats and bringing them to ruin, and then began to look
+out for some one else to support him. L'Assommoir.
+
+LANTIER (CLAUDE), son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste Lantier, was born
+at Plassans in 1842. He was brought up by his paternal grandmother, but
+when she died, in 1850, he was taken to Paris by his parents. La Fortune
+des Rougon.
+
+After Lantier's desertion of Gervaise, and her subsequent marriage to
+Coupeau, Claude continued to reside with his mother, but a few years
+later an old gentleman of Plassans, a lover of pictures, who had been
+greatly struck by some daubs done by the child, offered to pay for his
+education. The offer was accepted, and Claude returned to Plassans.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+Some years later his benefactor died, leaving him an income of a
+thousand francs a year, enough to prevent him dying of hunger in the
+artistic career which he had decided to follow. Having come to Paris
+with an intense hatred of romanticism, he was struck by the artistic
+possibilities of the _Halles Centrales_, the great provision markets
+of Paris, which he haunted in search of subjects for his brush. He was
+induced by Florent to attend one of the republican meetings in Lebigre's
+cafe, but was not in sympathy with the movement, and declined to take
+part in it. He occasionally visited his aunt, Madame Lisa Quenu, but
+revolted against her complete indifference to art, and her middle-class
+selfishness. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had
+charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+He established himself in a studio near the roof of an old house close
+to the river, and there lived the life of a Bohemian, with an absolute
+disdain for everything not related to art. He revolted against the
+canons of the schools, and tried to achieve truth in painting by
+adopting an exaggerated realism. His hopes became centred in a large
+painting, which he called _Plein Air_, intended for exhibition in the
+_Salon_. The picture was rejected, and when shown at a minor exhibition
+was greeted with derision by the public. About this period began his
+connection with Christine Hallegrain, with whom he lived for several
+years, and ultimately married. They took up house at Bennecourt in an
+old cottage, and there some years passed happily enough, a son
+named Jacques Louis being born in 1860. But Claude gradually became
+discontented, and the family returned to Paris, where there began a long
+struggle against poverty, a struggle beginning in high anticipation and
+ending in despair. After a long search for a subject for a picture which
+was to be his masterpiece, Claude selected a stretch of the river near
+Notre Dame, and into this he intended to put all those new theories
+of art with which he hoped to revolutionize the world. Everything was
+sacrificed to this picture; the small fortune left him by his early
+benefactor was gradually realized to provide food, and when it was
+exhausted there was little but starvation for the artist and his
+dependants. The work was begun in a frenzy of genius, but was constantly
+interrupted by doubts and indecision; it became a monomania, and under
+its influence Claude's mind gradually became unhinged; the family virus
+was at last showing itself. Christine was wholly taken up with her
+husband, and their child died of an illness due greatly to neglect. By
+this time Claude was incapable of any real feeling save for art, and
+the death of his child only served to give him a subject for a picture.
+Having torn himself away from his intended masterpiece for a time, he
+painted _L'Enfant Mort_, which was exhibited in the _Salon_, and met
+with an even more contemptuous reception from the public than his _Plein
+Air_. Christine used all her influence to prevent her husband from
+returning to his task, but his brain had become obsessed by the great
+idea, which his hand proved powerless to execute as his mind became
+increasingly deranged. At length, in a moment of delirium, he hanged
+himself in front of the picture which had proved the means of his
+undoing. His genius was incomplete, and he was unable to carry out his
+own theories, but they were adopted by other and less able successors
+with better results. He was buried in the cemetery of Cayenne at
+Saint-Ouen. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LANTIER (MADAME CHRISTINE), wife of the preceding. See Christine
+Hallegrain. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LANTIER (ETIENNE), the youngest son of Auguste Lantier and Gervaise
+Macquart, was born in 1846, and accompanied his parents to Paris in
+1850. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+After his mother had been married to Coupeau for some time, and had
+started her laundry, Etienne was found somewhat in the way, and on the
+suggestion of Goujet was sent to work in the rivet-making factory where
+he himself was employed. Later the boy was sent to Lille, where he was
+apprenticed to an old master of Goujet, an engineer in that town. When
+Gervaise had fallen into poverty, Etienne, who was by that time a
+stoker on an engine, was able to send his mother a five-franc piece
+occasionally. L'Assommoir.
+
+In a moment of passion Etienne struck his chief, and was at once
+dismissed from his employment. An industrial crisis existed at the time,
+and, finding it impossible to get work, he tramped from place to place
+till eventually he arrived at Montsou, worn out with fatigue and want.
+At the Voreux pit he chanced to get work in a gang led by Maheu, and
+went underground for the first time. The work was hard and distasteful
+to him, but he was unwilling to give it up, and was perhaps influenced
+by the bright eyes of Catherine Maheu, who toiled alongside him. He
+became more and more impressed with the sense of the hardships of
+the miners' lives, and his mind was also influenced by Souvarine, a
+confessed anarchist, beside whom he lodged. Gradually Etienne began to
+indoctrinate his companions with a spirit of revolt, and when the great
+strike broke out he became the leader. He did not, however, accept the
+extreme doctrines of Souvarine, and endeavoured to dissuade the strikers
+from doing damage to property. In this he was not altogether successful,
+and his influence became considerably lessened, until he was blamed by
+his comrades for the hardships they had to endure during the strike,
+and for its ultimate collapse. He returned to work, and in the terrible
+catastrophe brought about by Souvarine he was cut off at the bottom of
+the pit with Chaval and Catherine Maheu. He had always loved Catherine,
+and notwithstanding their peril, an old jealousy revived, and in a
+struggle with Chaval, Etienne killed him. Days elapsed before rescue
+came, and by that time Catherine was dead. After six weeks in hospital,
+Etienne left for Paris. Germinal.
+
+At Paris, later on, he took part in the Communist rising, and was
+condemned to death. He was respited, and transported to Noumea, where he
+married, and became father of a little girl. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LANTIER (JACQUES), the second son of Gervaise Macquart and Auguste
+Lantier, was born at Plassans in 1844. He was six years old when his
+parents went to Paris with his brothers, Claude and Etienne, leaving him
+with his godmother, Aunt Phasie, who sent him to the School of Arts
+and Crafts. After two years passed on the Orleans Railway, he became an
+engineer of the first-class on the Western Railway. At twenty-six he
+was a tall, handsome man, with dark hair and a clear complexion. From
+childhood he had suffered from a complaint which the doctors did not
+understand, a pain in the head, behind the ears, accompanied by fever
+and an intense melancholy, which tempted him to hide like a suffering
+animal. When about sixteen years of age he became affected by a curious
+form of insanity, the desire to murder any woman of whom he became fond.
+"On each occasion it seemed like a sudden outburst of blind rage, an
+ever-recurring thirst to avenge some very ancient offence, the exact
+recollection of which escaped him. Did it date from so far back, from
+the harm women had done to his race, from the rancour laid up from male
+to male since the first deceptions in the depths of the caverns?" Even
+with his cousin Flore, who loved him from childhood, the same terrible
+instinct arose, and could only be stilled by flight.
+
+By chance, Jacques was a momentary witness of the murder of President
+Grandmorin, and when suspicion fell upon the Roubauds he came to be
+of opinion that it was well-founded, a belief which was confirmed by a
+subsequent confession to him by Severine. This avowal by Severine placed
+her in his mind in a different category from all other woman; she had
+killed, and was a person sacred and apart, a woman he could love without
+his lust for blood being evoked. At the request of Severine, Jacques
+promised to kill Roubaud, her husband, whom she had come to hate; but,
+though all the preparations were made, it was Severine herself whom he
+killed, in an accession of that homicidal rage which he imagined he
+had conquered. He escaped all suspicion, and calmly allowed Roubaud and
+Cabuche to be punished for the crime. In order to see whether the murder
+of Severine had cured him of his blood lust, he made love to Philomene
+Sauvagnat, thereby arousing the jealousy of her lover, Pecqueux, who was
+stoker on the engine driven by Lantier. A quarrel between the two men
+on the footplate of the engine resulted in both of them falling off, and
+being cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LANTIER (JACQUES LOUIS), born 1860, was the son of Claude Lantier and
+Christine Hallegrain. He was allowed to grow up wild at Bennecourt until
+he was two and a half years old, when his parents removed to Paris,
+taking him with them. Life in the city did not agree with the child, who
+to make matters worse was much neglected, his mother being wholly taken
+up with her lover, and his father with art. He grew up puny, serious
+like a little man; at five years his head had grown quite out of
+proportion to his height, but as his skull increased in size his
+intelligence diminished. His head alone continued to grow, verging on
+cretinism, until, in 1869, the unfortunate child died of some obscure
+form of malnutrition. L'Oeuvre.
+
+LAPOULLE, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line, in the squad of
+Corporal Jean Macquart. He came from the Marshes of Sologne, and was so
+ignorant that when he joined the regiment he asked to be shown the
+King. He had great strength, and consequently all the heavy work of his
+company was assigned to him. After the battle of Sedan, he was one of
+the prisoners on the Isle d'Iges, where driven frantic by famine, and
+instigated by Chouteau, he killed Pache, who had hidden some bread from
+his companions. The following night he attempted to escape by swimming
+the Meuse, but was killed by a bullet fired by a Prussian sentinel. La
+Debacle.
+
+LAQUERRIERE (FLORENT), an unfortunate man who died of yellow fever in
+Dutch Guiana in the arms of Florent. It was by the aid of his papers
+that Florent, who had escaped from Cayenne, was able to return to
+France, and to evade the notice of the police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LA ROUQUETTE (M.), a member of the Chamber of Deputies. His sister,
+Madame de Llorentz, was one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress
+Eugenie. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LA ROUQUETTE (MADEMOISELLE DE). See Madame de Llorentz.
+
+LARSONNEAU, formerly a clerk at the Hotel de Ville along with Aristide
+Saccard; he was dismissed for prying into the prefet's private drawers.
+He acted for Saccard in many of the shady transactions in which he could
+not himself appear, and being entirely unscrupulous ultimately
+amassed such a sum of money that he was able to start a small banking
+establishment. La Curee.
+
+He became immensely rich. It was through him that Busch came to know the
+past life of Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+LAURE, an actress for whom Joncquier had an infatuation. Nana.
+
+LAURE, a performer in a singing-hall at Montmartre. Hutin, one of Octave
+Mouret's salesmen, and his friend Lienard applauded her performance so
+noisily that the police threatened to intervene. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LAURENT, a peasant in easy circumstances who lived near Artaud. Pere
+Bambousse was anxious to have him as son-in-law. La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+LAURENT, the recorder at the court of Rouen who assisted Denizet at the
+inquiry into the murder of Grandmorin. He was skilful in selecting the
+essential parts of evidence, so as not to put down anything useless. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+LAURENT, a gardener at Bazeilles. He was a man of thirty years of age
+who had recently lost his mother and his wife, who had both died of the
+same fever. During the battle of 1st September, 1870, he took part in
+the defence of Weiss's house, and having only his own body to care for,
+he determined to sell it dearly, and at each shot to bring down one of
+the enemy. He continued firing till his ammunition was exhausted,
+when he was taken prisoner by the Prussians, who finding that he was a
+civilian removed him, along with Weiss, for instant execution. In the
+face of the firing party he retained all his calmness, standing with his
+hands in his pockets till the fatal shots were fired. La Debacle.
+
+LAUWERENS (DE), a well-known financier who was both wealthy and
+avaricious. He went the length of refusing to pay his wife's milliner's
+bill. La Curee.
+
+LAUWERENS (MADAME DE), wife of the preceding. Notwithstanding certain
+well-authenticated scandals, she managed to keep her high position in
+society. She was a friend of Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+LAVIGNIERE, was one of the auditors at the Universal Bank, Rousseau
+being the other. Their duties were delicate, and in the circumstances
+useless. Lavigniere was disposed to approve of everything, being
+consumed with a desire to become a member of the board later on.
+L'Argent.
+
+LA VIGNIERE (CHEVALIER DE), grandfather of Madame Chanteau. La Joie de
+Vivre.
+
+LA VIGNIERE (EUGENIE DE). See Madame Chanteau.
+
+LA VILLARDIERE (DE), deputy for the department of the Cote d'Or. He was
+a friend of La Rouquette. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEA, a customer at the Cafe Anglais. Nana.
+
+LEBEAU, a man of considerable influence in the Second Empire, whom
+Clorinde Balbi was able to gain over to the cause of Eugene Rougon. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEBLEU, the cashier at Havre railway station. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LEBLEU (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of forty-five,
+so stout that she was in constant danger of choking. Between her and
+Severine Roubaud there was ill-feeling of long standing, arising from
+a question of their houses in the Station, the Lebleus occupying that
+which should by rights have belonged to the Roubauds, who on account of
+the generosity of their predecessor were relegated to rooms little more
+cheerful than a prison. She had a mania for spying upon her neighbours,
+and in the end caused so much irritation, that she was ordered to
+exchange houses with the Roubauds, thus letting them have the one to
+which they were entitled. The annoyance, and the change to a dismal
+house, proved fatal to Madame Lebleu, and she died four months
+afterwards. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LEBIGRE, proprietor of the wine shop where Florent and his friends
+held their meetings. He was a police spy. Ultimately he married Louise
+Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LEBIGRE (MADAME). See Louise Mehudin.
+
+LEBOUCQ, Counsellor at the Court of Rouen. He was assessor at the trial
+of Roubaud and Cabuche. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LEBOUCQ (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a handsome woman, for
+whose receptions the barristers of Rouen were beginning to desert those
+of Madame Bonnehon, her rival. It was said that to the influence of
+Madame Leboucq was largely due the result of the trial of Roubaud, a
+result not favourable to the family of President Grandmorin. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+LECOEUR (MADAME), a butter and cheese merchant at the _Halles
+Centrales_. She was sister-in-law to Gavard, and had an idea of marrying
+him after the death of his wife. He made no advances, however, and she
+subsequently regarded him with bitter ill-will. Along with Mlle. Saget,
+she took an active share in the gossip which partly led to the arrest of
+Florent and Gavard, and wrote an anonymous letter denouncing them to
+the police. Accompanied by La Sarriette, her niece, she went to Gavard's
+house after his arrest, and took possession of his money, which they
+divided between them. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LECOMTE (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LEFEVRE (MADAME), wife of a manufacturer at Raucourt, whose house was
+pillaged by the Prussians after the battle of Beaumont. La Debacle.
+
+LEGOUGEUX, a miner at Joiselle. He was an associate of Pluchart.
+Germinal.
+
+LEGRAIN (GENERAL), a deputy at the Corps Legislatif. He was devoted to
+the Emperor, and notwithstanding a severe attack of gout, attended at
+the Chamber in order to vote the funds for the baptism of the Prince
+Imperial. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEHONGRE (LES), grocers in Rue Neuve de la Goutte-d'Or. L'Assommoir.
+
+LEHUDIER, a child to whom Charvet gave lessons. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LELORRAIN, a notary in Rue Sainte Anne. In his office was executed the
+deed which established the joint-stock company of the Universal Bank.
+L'Argent.
+
+LEMBALLEUSE, a family who lived in a ruined mill near the cathedral
+of Beaumont. It consisted of a grandmother, her daughter, and three
+granddaughters, all of whom lived by begging. Angelique did all she
+could for them, giving them food and even clothes. Le Reve.
+
+LENFANT, the keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal.
+
+LENGAIGNE, a dealer in tobacco and tavern-keeper at Rogues. He
+cultivated a small piece of land, while his wife weighed tobacco and
+looked after the cellar. He also shaved and cut the hair of the village,
+a trade learned by him when he was in the army. He professed strong
+Republican principles, though he was afraid to express his opinions
+too strongly, in case of losing his licence. An old rivalry subsisted
+between him and Macqueron, a neighbouring tavern-keeper with whom he was
+always on the point of blows. La Terre.
+
+LENGAIGNE (MADAME FLORE), wife of the preceding. She was always
+quarrelling with Coelina Macqueron. La Terre.
+
+LENGAIGNE (SUZANNE), daughter of the two preceding. She was apprenticed
+to a dressmaker at Chateaudun, but after six months ran off to Paris
+where she led a gay life. Her return to her native village clad in
+silks caused quite a sensation, of which her parents were very proud. La
+Terre.
+
+LENGAIGNE (VICTOR), brother of Suzanne. Before he was drawn in the
+conscription he was an awkward youth, but he returned a swaggering
+braggart, who could hardly be recognized with his moustache and beard.
+La Terre.
+
+LENORE, a racehorse; mother of Frangipane. Nana.
+
+LEON, a lad of about fifteen years of age, apprentice to Quenu. He was
+a gentle-looking lad, given to stealing stray bits of ham and sausage,
+which he concealed under his pillow and ate during the night. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+LEONCE (MADAME), the door-keeper of the house where Gavard lived in the
+Rue de la Cossonnerie. She acted also as Gavard's housekeeper. Le Ventre
+de Paris.
+
+LEONIE, an artificial-flower maker employed by Madame Titreville. She
+left her trade in order to be married. L'Assommoir.
+
+LEONIE, aunt of Louise Thibaudier. Louise went to her house after
+leaving Bonneville, driven away by Pauline Quenu. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+LEPALMEC, a peasant at Plogof, in Brittany. Germinal.
+
+LEQUEU, the schoolmaster at Rogues. His parents were peasants, and he
+had an intense hatred of the class from which he had sprung, looking
+upon them as little better than barbarians. In politics he had advanced
+views, but in consequence of his position he concealed them to a great
+extent. Disappointed in the hope which he had long nourished of marrying
+Berthe Macqueron, he ended by preaching the doctrines of anarchy. La
+Terre.
+
+LERAT (MADAME), nee Coupeau, was a sister of Coupeau and Madame
+Lorilleux. She was a widow of thirty-six years of age, and was
+forewoman in the manufactory of artificial flowers carried on by Madame
+Titreville. The eldest of the Coupeau family, she was "a tall, skinny,
+mannish-looking woman, who talked through her nose"; she lived a
+hard-working, cloisteral existence, but she had a perfect mania for
+making improper allusions, so very obscure that only she herself could
+understand them. L'Assommoir.
+
+For a long time she lost sight of her niece Nana, but later she found
+her in a position of apparent wealth. Madame Lerat had abandoned her
+trade of artificial-flower-maker and lived upon her savings, scraped
+together sou by sou. Nana rented a small house for her aunt, and gave
+her an allowance of a hundred francs per month to look after her little
+son Louiset. Nana.
+
+LERENARD, the keeper of a cafe in the neighbourhood of Montsou.
+Germinal.
+
+LEROI, alias CANON, a journeyman carpenter, who deserted Paris on
+account of some trouble, and preferred to live in the country, tramping
+from village to village, doing a week here and a week there, and
+offering his services from one farm to another when his employer did not
+want him. When there was a scarcity of work he begged on the high-roads,
+living partly on the vegetables he stole. He professed strong
+revolutionary principles, which he was fond of airing in village
+ale-shops. He was a friend of Hyacinthe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+LETELLIER, father of Madame Deberle and her sister Pauline. He owned
+an extensive silk warehouse on the Boulevard des Capucines. "Since his
+wife's death he had been taking his younger daughter about everywhere,
+in search of a rich husband for her." Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LETELLIER (JULIETTE). See Madame Deberle.
+
+LETELLIER (PAULINE), the younger daughter of M. Letellier, a wealthy
+silk merchant, and sister of Madame Deberle. She was a giddy young girl
+who went about everywhere with her father in the hope of securing a rich
+husband, and was a constant visitor at the house of her sister. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+LETURC (MADAME), widow of a captain, was a protegee of Madame Correur,
+who obtained a tobacco licence for her. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LEVAQUE, a neighbour of the Maheus. He was of intemperate habits, and
+beat his wife on little provocation. During the strike he was among
+the most reckless, and at the assault on the Voreux pit he was taken
+prisoner by the troops. His arrest made him a sort of hero, and by the
+Paris newspapers he was credited with a reply of antique sublimity to
+the examining magistrate. Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (ACHILLE), the eldest child of Zacharie Maheu and of Philomene
+Levaque. He was three years old when his parents were married. Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (BEBERT), son of the Levaques, was a little boy of twelve, who
+already worked in the pit. Along with Lydie Pierron, he was a companion
+of Jeanlin Maheu in many escapades. As Jeanlin became more daring and
+unscrupulous, Bebert and Lydie were drawn together in an affection born
+of their common fear of him. The three children were present at the
+attack on the Voreux pit, and Bebert and Lydie, killed by the volley
+fired by the troops, fell dead in one another's arms. Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (DESIREE), the youngest child of Philomene, aged nine months.
+Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (PHILOMENE), daughter of the Levaques, had two children to
+Zacharie Maheu before her marriage to him. She had a delicacy of the
+chest and was unable to work underground. After the death of her husband
+she left Montsou with her two children, in the company of a miner from
+the Pas-de-Calais. Germinal.
+
+LEVAQUE (LA), wife of Levaque the miner, and mother of Philomene and
+Bebert. She was a bad housekeeper, and was roughly treated by her
+husband, who, however, did not take exception to her relations with
+Bouteloup, their lodger. Germinal.
+
+LEVASSEUR (MADAME), an acquaintance of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+LEVASSEUR, chief clerk at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LEVASSEUR, a tax-collector at Chene Populeux. His father was one of the
+heroes of the army of the first Napoleon. He married a peasant woman
+named Fouchard, who died in bringing Maurice and his twin sister
+Henriette into the world. He sacrificed everything to make his son a
+gentleman, and the bad conduct of the lad hastened his end. La Debacle.
+
+LEVASSEUR (HENRIETTE), daughter of the preceding, and twin sister of
+Maurice. After the death of her father she gave up the whole of her
+share of his property in order to retrieve to some extent the foolish
+conduct of her brother. Fortunately she had the chance soon after to
+marry Weiss, with whom she lived happily. On the morning of the
+battle of Sedan, Henriette, fearing that her husband was in danger
+at Bazeilles, where he had gone to look after a house he had recently
+bought, decided to follow him there. By this time the fighting was going
+on fiercely, and when, after the greatest difficulties and dangers,
+she arrived at Bazeilles, she was only in time to see her husband shot
+before her eyes. She took refuge at Remilly, at the house of her uncle
+Fouchard, and devoted herself to the care of the wounded in the battle.
+Among these was Jean Macquart, who along with Maurice had escaped from
+captivity. After the war with Prussia was over, Maurice unfortunately
+threw in his lot with the Communists, and when Henriette followed him
+to Paris it was to find that he had been fatally wounded in the fighting
+there. By an extraordinary chance, the wound was inflicted by his
+former comrade, Jean Macquart, who had remained in the regular army when
+Maurice joined the Communist ranks. The death of Maurice in this way put
+an end to the possibility of a dawning love idyll between Henriette and
+Jean Macquart. La Debacle.
+
+LEVASSEUR (MAURICE), twin brother of the preceding. Everything was
+sacrificed by his father and sister in order that he might become an
+advocate, but when he went to Paris to complete his education he took
+part in every kind of foolishness and dissipation. In July, 1870, he had
+just been admitted to the Bar, when the outbreak of war found him full
+of enthusiasm, and he at once enlisted in the 106th Regiment of the
+line, commanded by Colonel de Vineuil. He was put into the squad of Jean
+Macquart, against whom he had at first an aversion. Later, the kindness
+of Jean when he was worn out with fatigue practically saved his life,
+and they became close comrades, Maurice in turn saving Jean by carrying
+him, severely wounded, from the battlefield of Sedan. Maurice was of a
+highly strung, nervous temperament, and the repeated disasters of the
+campaign drove him to madness. He threw himself into the Communist
+struggle, and sought for death when defeat became certain. It was Jean
+Macquart, his old comrade, who, by an extraordinary chance, was fated to
+deliver the fatal blow. La Debacle.
+
+LEVEQUE (MADAME), sister-in-law of Durieu, the brewer. L'Argent.
+
+LEVEQUE, a solicitor at Plassans. He interested himself in the affairs
+of Dr. Pascal Rougon after Grandguillot absconded and was able to
+recover a considerable sum which Pascal had believed to be entirely
+lost. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LEVEQUE (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of the preceding, was an old friend
+of Clotilde Rougon, who was three years older than her. She married Dr.
+Ramond. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+LHOMME (M.), chief cashier at "The Ladies' Paradise." "Son of a
+tax-collector at Chablis, he came to Paris as a clerk in the office of
+a merchant of the Port-aux-Vins. Then, while lodging in Rue Cuvier,
+he married the daughter of his concierge, and from that day he bowed
+submissively before his wife, whose commercial ability filled him with
+respect. She earned more than twenty thousand francs a year in the dress
+department of 'The Ladies' Paradise,' whilst he only drew a fixed
+salary of five thousand francs." The loss of his right arm in an omnibus
+accident did not interfere with his work, and did not prevent him from
+playing upon a specially constructed French horn, an instrument of which
+he was passionately fond. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LHOMME (MADAME AURELIE), wife of the preceding. The daughter of a small
+tailor, she had keen business instincts, and, as head of the dress
+department at "The Ladies' Paradise," was able to make a large income.
+She was far from friendly to Denise Baudu, but seeing ultimately that
+Mouret was in love with the girl, she changed her methods in the hope of
+rendering her own position more secure. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LHOMME (ALBERT), son of the preceding. He was an idle and vicious youth,
+who could keep no position, and only got a post in the pay-desk of "The
+Ladies' Paradise" through the influence of his mother. He was careless
+in his work, and was repeatedly reprimanded, causing his parents much
+anxiety; ultimately it was discovered that he had conspired with some of
+the salesmen in a long series of frauds, and his dismissal followed. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LIARDIN, a relation of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family
+council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+LIENARD, son of a rich Angers draper, came to Paris and got a situation
+in "The Ladies' Paradise." His spare time was spent in idleness and
+debauchery, and when his father recalled him to Angers he refused to
+leave Paris. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+LIEUTAUD (M.), the diocesan architect at Plassans. He was consulted by
+Madame Mouret and Abbe Faujas regarding the Home for Girls which they
+founded, and he subsequently prepared the plans for the building. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+LIEVIN, a townsman of Plassans, who was amongst those enrolled and armed
+by Pierre Rougon to rescue the Town Hall, which had been occupied by
+the Republicans. He was so excited that he fired in the air without
+intending to do so. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+LILI, pet name of Amelie, the daughter of Gaga. Nana.
+
+LINGUERLOT (LES), neighbours of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte-d'Or.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+LIOTARD (VEUVE HENRI), a firm of shipowners who joined the transport
+syndicate formed by Aristide Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+LISA, a peasant girl of Les Artaud. Like the others of her class, she
+was void of any religious feeling, and when she came to decorate the
+church for the festival of the Virgin, she engaged in all sorts of
+irreverent pranks. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+LISA, a workwoman employed by Madame Titreville, the artificial-flower
+maker. L'Assommoir.
+
+LISA, Madame Campardon's housemaid. She was active and intelligent,
+and her conduct was regarded as irreproachable. This was, however, a
+somewhat too favourable estimate, and her companionship was by no means
+beneficial to the Campardons' young daughter, Angele. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LISON (LA), the name of the express engine driven by Jacques Lantier up
+to the time of the terrible railway accident caused by Flore. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+LLORENTZ (MADAME DE), one of the ladies-in-waiting of the Empress
+Eugenie and sister of M. La Rouquette, was the widow of General de
+Llorentz. She carried on an intrigue with De Massy, and was said to hold
+three compromising letters from him regarding certain august personages.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+LOGRE, a fish auctioneer at the _Halles Centrales_. He attended the
+revolutionary meetings at Lebigre's wine shop, and made violent speeches
+there, but was really an agent of the Police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LOISEAU, a municipal councillor of Rognes. He was devoted to the Mayor,
+Alexandre Hourdequin, on whose farm his son worked. He was an uncle of
+Macqueron. La Terre.
+
+LONJUMEAU, a member of the band of brigands led by Beau-Francois. La
+Terre.
+
+LORET (MADAME), a woman who lived in the neighbourhood of the _Halles
+Centrales_. Mademoiselle Saget made ill-natured remarks regarding her.
+Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+LORILLEUX, a maker of gold chains, who was married to Coupeau's sister.
+He was a little man who looked much older than his age, and suffered
+from a constant cough. Miserly and spiteful, he was jealous of the
+Coupeaus in their success, and rejoiced at their downfall. L'Assommoir.
+
+LORILLEUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a sister of Coupeau, who
+married Gervaise Macquart. Along with her husband, she worked at the
+trade of gold chain-making; like him, she was so avaricious that her
+custom was to examine the soles of her visitors' boots lest they should
+depart with any adhering gold dust. From the first she resented her
+brother's marriage, and took every opportunity of being disagreeable to
+Gervaise. Though she was willing to accept the Coupeaus' hospitality in
+their prosperous days, she refused to do anything to assist them after
+their downfall. L'Assommoir.
+
+LORILLON (LES), peasants at Rognes, who were said to have been cured of
+illness by the bone-setter Sourdeau. La Terre.
+
+LOUBET, a soldier in the 106th Regiment of the line; in the squad of
+Corporal Jean Macquart. He was unwilling to fight, and during the battle
+of 1st September, 1870, he assisted his comrade Chouteau to carry Sapin
+to the ambulance, spending the rest of the day in a tavern. After the
+capitulation of the French army, Loubet was made a prisoner. Along with
+Chouteau he made a determined effort to escape, and would have done so
+had not his companion treacherously tripped him up in order to increase
+his own chance. La Debacle.
+
+LOUHETTE, an elderly draper in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. He was the
+father of Madame Theophile Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LOUHETTE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, and mother of Madame Theophile
+Vabre. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LOUHETTE (VALERIE). See Theophile Vabre.
+
+LOUIS, Irma Becot's butler at her house in the Avenue de Villiers.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+LOUIS, cousin of Cabuche, and, like him, a quarryman. He drove Cabuche's
+wagon on the evening of the murder of President Grandmorin. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+LOUIS, an artillery gunner, in the same battery as Honore Fouchard and
+Adolphe. He was mated with Adolphe, who was inclined to treat him as
+an inferior. In the attack by the Prussians on the Calvary d'Illy Louis
+fell, killed by the same shot as his comrade, and the two died entwined
+in one another's arms. La Debacle.
+
+LOUIS (LA MERE), a wine-seller, who was famous for her "hen feet."
+L'Assommoir.
+
+LOUISE, an actress at the Palais-Royal. Nana.
+
+LOUISE, a young girl who was brought up in an Orphanage. At fifteen she
+went as maid-servant to Madame Jazeur, but not proving satisfactory, was
+sent back to the Orphanage. Pot-Bouille.
+
+LOUISET, the pet name of Louis Coupeau, son of Nana, born 1867. Left at
+first with a nurse in the country, he was afterwards taken charge of
+by his aunt, Madame Lerat, who removed him to Batignolles. He was a
+delicate child, pale and scrofulous, bearing a legacy of ill-health
+derived from an unknown father. He died in July, 1870, of small-pox,
+which he communicated to his mother, who had just returned from Russia.
+Nana.
+
+LOUISETTE, the younger daughter of Madame Misard (Aunt Phasie). She was
+a fair and sweet child who had a strong affection for Cabuche, a man who
+was regarded by nearly everyone as an outcast. As a maid-servant in
+the house of Madame Bonnehon, she attracted the notice of President
+Grandmorin, and fleeing from him, half-mad with fear, she came to the
+hut of Cabuche, who tenderly nursed her till she died of brain fever a
+few days later. La Bete Humaine.
+
+LOULOU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana.
+
+LULU, a dog which belonged to Nana. Nana.
+
+LUSIGNAN, a racehorse in the stable of Vandeuvres. Mounted by Gresham,
+it was the favourite in the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+
+
+
+M
+
+MACQUART, a poacher and smuggler who lived at Plassans in a hovel
+adjoining the Fouque property. His reputation was of the worst, and
+"although no crimes had actually been brought home to him, the first
+suspicions always fell upon him whenever a theft or murder had been
+perpetrated in the country." He frequently disappeared for long periods,
+but during his short sojourns in the town he drank to great excess. He
+became the lover of Adelaide Fouque in 1789, less than a year after the
+death of her husband, and had two children by her, Antoine and
+Ursule Macquart. A man of violent and unrestrained passions, and of
+incorrigibly lazy habits, he retained complete influence over Adelaide,
+and they lived in the same relationship for over twenty years. About
+1810, Macquart was killed on the frontier by a custom-house officer
+while he was endeavouring to smuggle a cargo of Geneva watches into
+France. Adelaide was sole legatee, the estate consisting of the hovel
+at Plassans and the carbine of the deceased, which a smuggler loyally
+brought back to her. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MACQUART (ANTOINE), born 1789, son of Macquart the smuggler and
+Adelaide Fouque; was drawn in the conscription in 1809. On his return
+to Plassans, he found that his half-brother Pierre had sold the family
+property and had appropriated the proceeds. Being a confirmed drunkard,
+he was averse from work of any kind, but in order to support himself
+he learned the trade of basket-making. In 1826 he married Josephine
+Gavaudan, a market-woman, whom he afterwards allowed to support him.
+They had three children, Lisa, Gervaise, and Jean. His wife died in
+1850, and soon after his daughter Gervaise and his son Jean, who had
+assisted to keep him in idleness, ran off. He had a bitter ill-will
+towards his brother Pierre Rougon, and, chiefly with a view to his
+annoyance, expressed strong Republican principles. For the same reason
+he took every opportunity of teaching these principles to his young
+nephew Silvere Mouret. After the _Coup d'Etat_ he took an active
+share in the agitation which resulted in a Republican rising. When the
+Insurgents left Plassans, he remained with a few men to overawe the
+inhabitants. He and his whole band were, however, taken prisoners by
+the citizens under the leadership of Pierre Rougon. He was assisted to
+escape by Madame Felicite Rougon, who promised him a sum of money on
+condition that he would bring about an attack on the Town Hall by
+the Republicans. He did so the same night, and an ambush having
+been prepared by the Rougons, a number of lives were sacrificed. He
+thereafter left the country. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+Some time afterwards he returned to France, and bought a small house
+at Les Tulettes, about three leagues from Plassans. He fitted up his
+establishment by degrees, and even became possessed of a horse and trap.
+Where the money came from no one knew, but it was believed that his
+brother Pierre Rougon was keeping him. Notwithstanding this, he had
+great ill-will towards the Rougons, and lost no opportunity of annoying
+them. Partly with this object, and partly at the instigation of Abbe
+Fenil, who wished to be revenged on Abbe Faujas, he contrived the escape
+of Francois Mouret from the asylum at Les Tulettes; as result, Mouret
+returned to Plassans, and setting fire to his house, caused the death of
+Abbe Faujas, himself perishing in the flames. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+Macquart lived to an old age at Les Tulettes, though he increasingly
+gave way to drunkenness. His relations with the Rougons were friendly,
+but he was hated by Felicite on account of his knowledge of the origin
+of the family fortune. At eighty-four years of age he was still healthy,
+but his flesh was so saturated with alcohol that it seemed to be
+preserved by it. One day, as he was sitting helpless with drink and
+smoking his pipe, he set fire to his clothes, and his body, soaked as
+it was with ardent spirits, was burned to the last bone. Felicite Rougon
+chanced to enter the house just as the conflagration began, but she
+did nothing to stop it, and went silently away. The combustion was so
+complete that there was nothing left to bury, and the family had to
+content itself with having masses said for the repose of the dead. When
+Macquart's will was opened, it was found that he had left all his money
+for the erection of a magnificent tomb for himself, with weeping angels
+at the head and foot. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MACQUART (MADAME ANTOINE), wife of the preceding. See Josephine
+Gavaudan.
+
+MACQUART (GERVAISE), born 1828, was a daughter of Antoine Macquart, and
+was slightly lame from birth. She was apprenticed to a laundress, but at
+an early age had two children to a journeyman tanner named Lantier.[*]
+
+Soon after the death of her mother, in 1850, she ran off to Paris with
+Lantier and her children, Claude, a boy of eight, and Etienne, aged
+four. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+The party had only been in the city a few weeks when Lantier ran off
+with a girl named Adele, leaving Gervaise and the children unprovided
+for. She got work in the laundry of Madame Fauconnier, and not long
+after received an offer of marriage from Coupeau, a respectable
+zinc-worker, which after some hesitation she accepted. The marriage
+took place, and for a considerable time things prospered, one child, a
+daughter named Nana being born. An accident to Coupeau, who fell from
+a roof and was seriously injured, led to a gradual change; formerly
+temperate and industrious, he became unwilling to work, and began to
+spend his time in public-houses. Gervaise had meantime taken a shop with
+money borrowed from the Goujets, and had started a laundry in it. She
+was at first successful, but in time grew lazy and fond of good living,
+while Coupeau continued idle and became increasingly intemperate.
+Business began to go, and Gervaise became more careless, even taking
+more drink occasionally than she had been wont to do. About this
+time Lantier, her former lover, appeared again, and made friends with
+Coupeau, who agreed to take him into the house as a lodger. After that,
+the descent of Gervaise was rapid. Lantier never paid anything for his
+support, Coupeau drank more heavily than ever, and Gervaise, who was
+gradually drifting into intemperance, resumed her old connection
+with her lover. All the time work was being neglected, and debts were
+accumulating with alarming rapidity. Eventually Madame Virginie Poisson
+took over the shop, and with it Lantier, who transferred his affections
+along with the lease, and the Coupeaus removed into a small house high
+up in the same building. Coupeau suffered from repeated attacks of
+delirium tremens, and eventually died in an asylum. Gervaise continued
+to sink still lower, until no work was too menial or too repulsive for
+her to undertake for the price of drink, and one day in the winter of
+1869 she was found dead in a garret of that great tenement house where
+she had passed so much of her life. L'Assommoir.
+
+Her sister, Lisa Quenu, the pork-butcher, did not come to her
+assistance. Lisa did not like people who were unfortunate, and she was
+ashamed that Gervaise should have married a workman. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+Her son Etienne sent her small sums of money from time to time while he
+was in a situation at Lille. Germinal.
+
+     [*] These two are the only children of Gervaise and Lantier
+     mentioned by M. Zola in _La Fortune des Rougon_,
+     _L'Assommoir_, _L'Oeuvre_, and _Germinal_. In _La Bete
+     Humaine_, however, the hero, Jacques Lantier, is stated to
+     have been a child of these parents.
+
+MACQUART (JEAN), born 1811, son of Antoine Macquart, was apprenticed to
+a carpenter. A quiet, industrious lad, Jean's father took advantage of
+his simple nature and made him give up his whole earnings to assist in
+keeping him in idleness. Like his sister Gervaise, he ran off soon after
+the death of his mother. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+He entered the army, and, after seven years of soldiering was discharged
+in 1859. When he had left the ranks he turned up at Bazoches-le-Doyen
+with a comrade, a joiner like himself; and he resumed his occupation
+with the latter's father, a master carpenter in the village. But his
+heart was no longer in his work, and having been sent to La Borderie to
+make some repairs, he stayed on to assist at the harvest, and eventually
+became a regular farm servant. He was not popular, however, with the
+peasants, who resented his having had a trade before he came back to the
+soil. He became acquainted at Rognes with Mouche and his daughters,
+Lise and Francoise, and eventually married the latter, in spite of the
+determined opposition of her brother-in-law, Buteau. Notwithstanding his
+marriage, he remained a stranger, and, after the death of his wife, went
+away, leaving everything in the hands of her relatives. The war with
+Germany had just broken out, and Jean, disgusted with his life, again
+enlisted in the service of his country. La Terre.
+
+He was made corporal in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel Vineuil. An excellent soldier, and invaluable by reason of his
+former experience, his want of education prevented him being promoted to
+higher rank. Maurice Levasseur was in his company, and between the two
+men there was at first deep antagonism, caused by difference of class
+and education, but little by little Jean was able to gain over the
+other, till the two men became close friends. In the fierce fighting at
+Sedan, each in turn saved the other's life. After the battle, they were
+made prisoners, but escaped, Jean receiving a severe wound during their
+flight. They took refuge at Remilly in the house of Fouchard, and Jean
+was nursed by Henriette Weiss, Levasseur's sister. Under her care, the
+wounded man came to dream of the possibility of a life of happiness with
+this woman, so tender, so sweet, and so active, whose fate had been so
+sad. But the chances of war were too hard; Maxime returned to Paris, and
+after the conclusion of the war took part in the Communist rising, which
+Jean assisted to quell. By an extraordinary chance, the two men, loving
+one another as brothers, came to be fighting on opposite sides, and it
+was the hand of Jean that was fated to inflict the fatal wound upon his
+friend. He had killed the brother of the woman he loved, and henceforth
+there could be nothing between them, so he passed from her life,
+returning to assist in that cultivation of the soil which was needed to
+rejuvenate his country. La Debacle.
+
+He settled at Valqueyras, near Plassans, where he married Melanie Vial,
+the only daughter of a peasant farmer in easy circumstances, whose land
+he cultivated. Calm and sensible, always at his plough, his wife
+simple and strong, he raised a large and healthy family to assist
+in replenishing the soil exhausted by the horrors of war. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), first wife of the preceding. See Francoise
+Mouche. La Terre.
+
+MACQUART (MADAME JEAN), second wife of Jean Macquart. See Melanie Vial.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MACQUART (LISA), born 1827, daughter of Antoine Macquart. When a child
+of seven she was taken as maid-servant by the wife of the postmaster at
+Plassans, whom she accompanied to Paris on her removal there in 1839. La
+Fortune des Rougon.
+
+The old lady became very much attached to the girl, and when she died
+left her all her savings, amounting to ten thousand francs. Gradelle, a
+pork-butcher, who had become acquainted with Lisa by seeing her in the
+shop with her mistress, offered her a situation. She accepted, and soon
+the whole place seemed to belong to her; she enslaved Gradelle, his
+nephew Quenu, and even the smallest kitchen-boy. She became a beautiful
+woman, with a love of ease and the determination to secure it by steady
+application to duty. After the sudden death of Gradelle, she married
+Quenu, who had succeeded to the business, and they had one daughter,
+Pauline. Soon their affairs became so prosperous that Lisa induced her
+husband to remove to a larger shop. On Florent's return from exile, she
+received him kindly, and at once proposed to hand over to him his share
+of the money and property left by Gradelle, his uncle, which, however,
+he refused to accept. After a time she became tired of always seeing
+her brother-in-law about the house doing nothing, and was the means of
+making him accept the situation as Inspector at the Fish Market. When
+she heard of the Revolutionary meetings in Lebigre's wine-shop and of
+the leading part taken by Florent, she became greatly alarmed, more
+especially as Quenu had begun to accompany his brother occasionally. She
+succeeded in frightening her husband into giving up the meetings, and
+made it clear to Florent that he was no longer welcome in her house.
+Alarmed by the gossip of Mlle. Saget and others as to the progress of
+the conspiracy, she determined, after consultation with Abbe Roustan, to
+secure the safety of her husband and herself by informing the police of
+the plot. On going to the prefect, however, she learned that he had all
+along known of Florent's presence in Paris, and of the meetings, and
+was only waiting a favourable opportunity of arresting the plotters.
+She concealed the impending arrest from her husband and from Florent.
+Notwithstanding her action in this matter, Lisa was not an ill-natured
+or callous woman. She was only determined that nothing should come
+between her and a life of ease. In her there was much of her father's
+nature, though she did not know it. She was merely a steady, sensible
+Macquart with a logical desire for comfort, and to procuring this she
+gave all her time and thought. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+She died in 1863 from decomposition of the blood. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MACQUART (URSULE), born 1791, daughter of Macquart and Adelaide Fouque;
+married in 1810 a hatter named Mouret and went to live at Marseilles.
+She died of consumption in 1840, leaving three children. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+MACQUERON, a grocer and tavern-keeper at Rognes. He was a municipal
+councillor, and deputy Mayor. He made some money by speculating in
+wines, and had since become incorrigibly lazy, spending his time in
+fishing and shooting. Had his wife listened to him, they would have shut
+up the shop, but she was so fiercely set on money-making that she would
+not do so. There was a rivalry of long standing between the Macquerons
+and the Lengaignes, which frequently broke out in open quarrels. Having
+succeeded in undermining Hourdequin's position as Mayor, Macqueron
+succeeded him, but his triumph was of short duration, for some official
+scandal having arisen, he was obliged to resign. La Terre.
+
+MACQUERON (MADAME COELINA), wife of the preceding, had a true passion
+for money-making. She was continually quarrelling with her neighbour,
+Madame Lengaigne. La Terre.
+
+MACQUERON (BERTHE), daughter of the preceding, was educated at a
+boarding-school at Cloyes, and had learned to play the piano. She
+tolerated the attentions of Lequeu, the schoolmaster, whom she heartily
+disliked, as she felt flattered by the notice of the only man of
+education whom she knew. She had a fancy for the son of a neighbouring
+wheelwright, whom her parents would not allow her to see, and she
+ultimately compromised herself so seriously with him that they had to
+consent to her marriage. La Terre.
+
+MADELEINE, a little girl of ten years of age who was an inmate of the
+institute founded by Princess d'Orviedo. Her mother was unable to look
+after her properly, and placed her there in the hope that she would be
+well cared for. L'Argent.
+
+MADELINE (ABBE), was sent to Rognes, when that commune decided to have a
+cure to itself. He came from a mountainous district, and disheartened
+by the flatness of the vast plain of La Beauce, and especially by
+the religious indifference of his parishioners, he soon fell into
+ill-health, on one occasion fainting while he was saying Mass. At
+the end of two years and a half he left Rognes in a dying state, and
+returned to his native mountains. La Terre.
+
+MADINIER (M.) carried on business as a cardboard manufacturer in part
+of the tenement occupied by the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux. The business
+was not prosperous, as he spent all his earnings on drink. He was one
+of Coupeau's witnesses on the occasion of his marriage to Gervaise
+Macquart, and was present at the wedding dinner. L'Assommoir.
+
+MAFFRE (M.), a magistrate of Plassans and honorary Canon of
+Saint-Saturnin's church. Politically he was a Legitimist, and he was
+a friend of M. Rastoil, at whose house the party was in the habit of
+meeting. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAFFRE (ALPHONSE), second son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged
+eighteen years. Restrained too much by their father, the two brothers
+Maffre were especially intimate with Guillaume Porquier, who frequently
+led them into mischief. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAFFRE (AMBROISE), elder son of the magistrate at Plassans, aged twenty.
+La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAGINOT, inspector of woods at Mezieres. He married Gilberte de Vineuil,
+but died a few years afterwards. La Debacle.
+
+MAGINOT (MADAME), see Gilberte de Vineuil.
+
+MAHEU (ALZIRE), the fourth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged nine years.
+She was deformed and delicate, but of precocious intelligence, and was
+able to assist her mother in many ways, sacrificing herself always
+for others. She died of cold and hunger during the strike at Montsou.
+Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (CATHERINE), second child of Toussaint Maheu, worked as a putter
+in the Voreux pit along with the other members of her family. She liked
+Etienne Lantier, but became the mistress of Chaval, who treated her
+so abominably that she eventually returned home. As a result of the
+terrible catastrophe brought about by Souvarine, she was imprisoned at
+the bottom of the pit along with Chaval and Etienne. A struggle between
+the two men ensued, and Chaval was killed. Days elapsed before rescue
+arrived, but before then Catherine had died in the arms of Etienne, whom
+she had really loved all along. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (ESTELLE), seventh child of Toussaint Maheu, aged three months.
+Her constant crying disturbed the household. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (GUILLAUME), great-grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. When a boy of
+fifteen, he found rich coal at Requillart, the Montsou Company's first
+pit, and the seam he discovered was named after him. He died of old age
+at sixty. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (HENRI), sixth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged four years.
+Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (JEANLIN), third child of Toussaint Maheu, aged eleven years. He
+was employed at the Voreux pit, and earned twenty sous a day. His nature
+was vicious, and he forced his companions Bebert Levaque and Lydie
+Pierron to commit petty thefts, with the proceeds of which he concealed
+himself in a disused mine. His criminal tendencies increased until he
+was unable to resist the inclination to kill one of the soldiers who
+guarded the Voreux pit during the strike. He accordingly waited till
+night, and leaping on the shoulders of Jules, a little soldier from
+Brittany, thrust a knife into his throat and killed him. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (LENORE), fifth child of Toussaint Maheu, aged six years. She
+was always fighting with her brother Henri, who was very like her in
+appearance, both having large heads with light yellow hair. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (NICOLAS), grandfather of Toussaint Maheu. He was killed by a
+landslip in the pit, when he was barely forty years old. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (TOUSSAINT), son of old Bonnemort, and husband of La Maheude. He
+was considered one of the best workmen in the Voreux pit, did not drink,
+and was liked and respected by all his companions. He had been for a
+considerable time under the influence of the doctrines taught by Etienne
+Lantier when he was selected by his comrades to place their views before
+the officials of the company. In the great strike which followed he
+took part, and in the attack on the troops sent to guard the pit he was
+driven on by his wife to join the aggressors. He fell, shot through the
+heart, after the fatal volley fired by the soldiers. Germinal.
+
+MAHEU (VINCENT). See Bonnemort.
+
+MAHEU (ZACHARIE), eldest child of Toussaint Maheu. He worked in
+the Voreux pit along with his father, but was lazy and seized any
+opportunity of pleasure. He was married to Philomene Levaque, by whom he
+already had two children. The strike interested him very little, and
+he spent most of his time playing _crosse_ with Mouquet. But when his
+sister Catherine was entombed in the pit he was one of the first to come
+forward to the rescue, and he worked day and night with frantic energy.
+The ninth day, in his haste, he was imprudent enough to open his lamp,
+and a sudden explosion of gas reduced him to a calcined, unrecognizable
+mass. Germinal.
+
+MAHEUDE (LA), wife of Toussaint Maheu. She was at first against the
+miners' strike, but moved by the hardship of her lot and the poverty in
+which she was forced to bring up her family, she ultimately urged her
+husband to take an active part. Even after she had seen him killed by
+the bullets of the soldiers, she was furious with those who talked of
+submitting. But further tragedies broke her spirit; her son Zacharie was
+killed in an attempt to rescue his sister, entombed at the bottom of the
+Voreux pit. Out of charity the company allowed the afflicted woman to
+go underground again, though she was past the usual age, and found
+employment for her in the manipulation of a small ventilator. Germinal.
+
+MAHOUDEAU, a sculptor. The son of a stonemason at Plassans, he attained
+great success at the local art competitions, and came to Paris as the
+_laureat_ of his town, with an allowance of eight hundred francs per
+annum for four years. In the capital, however, he found his level,
+failing in his competitions at the School of Arts, and merely spending
+his allowance to no purpose; so that in order to live he was obliged at
+the end of his term to enter the employment of a manufacturer of church
+statues. Later, however, he met with Claude Lantier and other companions
+from Plassans, and under their influence his ambitions revived. He
+installed himself in a studio in Rue du Cherche-Midi, and there set
+about the production of a colossal work entitled _La Vendangeuse_ (the
+Vintage Girl), for which Madame Mathilde Jabouille served as model. For
+a time Chaine, who also came from Plassans, lived with Mahoudeau, but
+they quarrelled over Mathilde, and ultimately separated. After this
+Mahoudeau lived alone, in considerable poverty, until he got employment
+from a manufacturer of artistic bronzes. He then began to produce work
+which suited the popular taste, and his productions began to be seen on
+middle-class chimney-pieces. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MAIGRAT, the principal shop-keeper in Montsou. He was originally an
+overseer at the Voreux pit, but, assisted by the company, started a
+business which grew to such proportions that he ultimately crushed out
+most of the other retail traders. He was a greedy, rapacious man, and
+during the strike made the women furious by refusing credit. For other
+reasons also they hated him, and his shop was one of the first places
+attacked by the maddened strikers. In terror Maigrat took refuge on
+the roof, but his foot slipped, and he was dashed to the ground, being
+killed on the spot. Even this did not satisfy his assailants, for the
+frenzied women, led by La Brule, rushed forward and mutilated the still
+quivering body. Germinal.
+
+MAIGRAT (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a pitiful creature who
+passed all her days over a ledger without even daring to lift her head.
+On the day of the attack by the strikers she was a witness of the death
+of her husband and of the terrible events which followed. Up at the
+window she stood motionless; but beneath the last gleams of the setting
+sun the confused faults of the window-panes deformed her white face,
+which looked as though it were laughing. Germinal.
+
+MALGRAS (LE PERE), a picture-dealer with whom Claude Lantier had
+frequent dealings. He was a thick-set old man, with close-cropped
+white hair, and wore a dirty old coat that made him look like an untidy
+cabman. Beneath this disguise was concealed a keen knowledge of art,
+combined with a ferocious skill in bargaining. As a superb liar,
+moreover, he was without an equal. He was satisfied with a small profit,
+but never purchased in the morning without knowing where to dispose
+of his purchase at night. He viewed with disdain the modern methods of
+picture-dealing introduced by Naudet, and like a cautious man he retired
+with a modest fortune to a little house at Bois-Colombes. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MALIGNON (M.), a young stockbroker who was supposed to have a large
+fortune and accordingly was received everywhere in society. He posed as
+a critic of art, literature, and the drama, and pretended to be bored
+with everything. Madame Deberle, being carried away by his attentions,
+was foolish enough to promise to meet him at a flat which he had taken,
+but Madame Helene Grandjean having warned her that Dr. Deberle had
+got wind of the affair, the intended liaison came to nothing. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+MALIVERNE (ROSE). See Madame Rose Fouan.
+
+MALIVOIRE, a coach-hirer at Arromanches. He was the owner of the omnibus
+which ran between Arromanches and Bayeux. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MALOIR (MADAME), a respectable-looking elderly woman, was Nana's friend,
+chaperone, and companion, writing for her such letters as she required.
+She was always ready to receive the secrets of others, but never told
+anything about herself. It was said that she lived upon a mysterious
+pension, but she never appeared to carry any money with her. She had a
+mania for doing up all her hats afresh. Nana.
+
+MAMAN NINI, the pet name given by Angelique to Francois Hamelin. Le
+Reve.
+
+MANGUELIN (MADAME), a young, retiring woman, who was to some extent
+dependent on the bounty of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+MANOURY, a salesman at the Central Markets in Paris. He was the employer
+of Logre and Clemence. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MARCEL, a vegetable-dealer at the Paris _Halles Centrales_. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+MARDIENNE FRERES, manufacturers of church ornaments in Rue
+Saint-Sulpice. Mademoiselle Menu worked in their establishment.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+MARECHAL, a bookmaker who had formerly been coachman to Comte de
+Vandeuvres. As the result of a racing swindle by Vandeuvres, Marechal
+lost a large sum over a filly named Nana, and, his suspicions having
+been aroused, he caused such a scandal that the Comte was disqualified
+by the racing committee. Nana.
+
+MARESCOT (M.), a cutler in the Rue de la Paix, who had once turned a
+grindstone in the streets and was now said to be worth several millions.
+He was a man of fifty-five, large, bony, with the huge hands of an old
+workman; one of his delights was to carry off the knives and scissors of
+his tenants, which he sharpened himself for his own amusement. He owned
+the large tenement-house on the Rue Goutte d'Or, in which resided the
+Coupeaus, Lorilleux, and others, and though a fair landlord, would
+brook no delay in payment of rent, turning out defaulters without mercy.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+MAREUIL (M. DE), a retired sugar-refiner of Havre whose real name was
+Bonnet. After amassing a large fortune, he married a young girl of good
+birth, whose name he assumed. He was ambitious and hoped to become
+a member of the Corps Legislatif through the influence of his friend
+Saccard, whose brother Eugene Rougon was a Minister of State. To secure
+this he agreed to a marriage between his daughter and Maxime Saccard. He
+was a man of solemn and imposing appearance, but was absolutely without
+brains. La Curee.
+
+MAREUIL (MADAME HELENE DE), wife of the preceding. She came of a noble
+and wealthy family, but lived such a fast life that she died young, worn
+out by pleasure. La Curee.
+
+MAREUIL (LOUISE DE), daughter of a retired sugar-refiner of Havre.
+Slightly deformed and plain-looking, but with fascinating manners, she
+married Maxime Saccard, to whom she brought a large dowry. Six months
+afterwards she died of consumption in Italy. La Curee.
+
+MAREUIL (COMTESSE), employed Clara Prunaire in her house to attend to
+the mending of linen. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MARGAILLAN, a great building contractor, many times a millionaire, who
+made his fortune out of the great public works of Paris, running
+up whole boulevards on his own account. He was a man of remarkable
+activity, with a great gift of administration, and an instinctive
+knowledge of the streets to construct and the buildings to buy. Moved by
+the success of Dubuche at the School of Art, and by the recommendations
+of his masters there, Margaillan took the young architect into
+partnership, and agreed to his marriage with his daughter Regine.
+Unfortunately, Dubuche showed deplorable incapacity in carrying into
+practice the theories which he had learned at the School of Art, and
+Margaillan, after losing considerable sums, returned to his original
+methods of construction, thrusting his son-in-law to one side. He
+possessed a magnificent estate named _La Richaudiere_, near Bennecourt.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+MARGAILLAN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a girl of the
+middle-classes, whose family history was a bad one, and after suffering
+for years from anemia, she ultimately died of phthisis. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MARGAILLAN (REGINE), daughter of the preceding, and wife of Louis
+Dubuche. She was very delicate, and suffered from a phthisical tendency
+derived from her mother, which in turn she handed to her two children,
+Gaston and Alice. It was frequently necessary for her to leave home for
+the benefit of her health, and during her absences the children were
+left at _La Richaudiere_ in charge of their father. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MARIA, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+MARJOLIN, a boy who was found in a heap of cabbages at the Paris market.
+It was never known who his parents were, and he became the adopted
+child of the place, always finding a lodging with one or other of the
+market-women. Later on he lived with Madame Chantemesse, who had adopted
+Cadine, another foundling, and the two children grew up together,
+becoming inseparable. Marjolin was always of slow intellect, and as the
+result of an injury to his head he became practically an idiot. Gavard
+gave him employment in the poultry market. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MARSOULLIER, proprietor of the Hotel Boncoeur, where Gervaise Macquart
+and Lantier put up when they came to Paris. L'Assommoir.
+
+MARTIN, coachman to Dr. Cazenove. He was an old man who formerly served
+in the navy, and had his leg amputated by Cazenove. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MARTINE, the old servant of Dr. Pascal, with whom she had been for
+thirty years. She brought up Clotilde Rougon, whose affection for the
+doctor excited her jealousy later on. Martine, who was devoted to her
+master, desired to force him to be reconciled with the Church, but
+Clotilde, at first her accomplice, escaped from religious influences and
+gave herself entirely to Pascal, leaving Martine with no other resource
+but prayer. She was extremely avaricious, but when the doctor was
+ruined, her devotion was such that she used some of her own money to
+purchase the necessaries of life for him. Distracted at the sudden
+death of her master, and in the hope of saving him from damnation, she
+assisted Madame Felicite Rougon to destroy his great work on heredity,
+which in her narrow-minded bigotry she believed was intended to subvert
+true religion. The work of destruction completed, she went away to live
+by herself at Sainte-Marthe, as she refused to serve any other master
+than the one she had been with so many years. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MARTINEAU (M.), a notary of Coulonges, and brother of Madame Correur.
+He ignored his sister for many years, but his principles would not allow
+him to disinherit her, and he made a will under which his property would
+be divided between her and his wife. Soon thereafter, Madame Correur,
+knowing him to be in bad health, denounced him as a dangerous Republican
+to Rougon, then Minister of the Interior, and his arrest followed. The
+shock, together with the unnecessary harshnesses displayed by Gilquin,
+the commissary of police, caused Martineau's death, and the subsequent
+popular outcry had much to do with Rougon's second resignation of
+office. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+MARTINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+MARSY (COMTE DE), Minister of the Interior before Eugene Rougon, who
+succeeded him on his appointment as President of the Corps Legislatif.
+Marsy, who was said to be the son of a queen, was brilliant, immoral,
+and unscrupulous. He was the chief political opponent of Eugene Rougon
+and had great influence at the Court of Napoleon III. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+MARTY (M.), a master at the Lycee Bonaparte, who was being ruined by the
+extravagance of his wife, and was obliged to double his salary by giving
+private lessons, in order to meet the constantly growing household
+expenses. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MARTY (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a woman of about thirty-five
+years of age, whose face, never beautiful, was now much marked by
+small-pox. She had a perfect mania for spending money on clothes, and
+never visited "The Ladies' Paradise" without buying innumerable articles
+for which she had no need. As a result of her extravagance, her husband
+was nearly ruined, and was forced to increase his earnings by giving
+private lessons. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MARTY (VALENTINE), daughter of the preceding, a young girl of fourteen
+years of age, who was used by her mother as an excuse for some of her
+extravagance, as she dressed her like herself, with all the fashionable
+novelties of which she submitted to the irresistible seduction. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MASCART (PERE), a blind paralytic to whom Angelique showed much
+kindness. Le Reve.
+
+MASSACRE, one of the dogs of old Soulas, the shepherd. It shared the
+hatred of its master of La Cognette. La Terre.
+
+MASSIAS, a frequenter of the Paris Bourse, where he gained a living by
+bringing business to stockbrokers, from whom he received a commission on
+each transaction. He was employed by Saccard after the foundation of the
+Universal Bank, and by speculating in the shares he made a considerable
+fortune. With the downfall of the institution, he lost everything, and
+found himself in debt for a large sum. By borrowing from friends,
+and pledging his entire life, he paid his debts and started afresh.
+L'Argent.
+
+MASSICOT, a tradesman of Plassans who was enrolled and armed by Pierre
+Rougon to deliver the Town Hall from the Republicans who had occupied
+it. He was so excited that when he got into the building he fired in the
+air without knowing he had done so. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MASSON (COLONEL), commander of the troops which crushed the Republican
+rising in 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MATHIAS, an old hunchback who worked on the farm of La Borderie. La
+Terre.
+
+MATHIEU, a large dog which belonged to the Chanteaus at Bonneville and
+was a great favourite of the family. The death of this animal greatly
+accelerated the unreasoning fear of inevitable mortality with which the
+mind of Lazare Chanteau was becoming obsessed. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MATHILDE, an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. Nana.
+
+MATIGNON, a draper in Paris, whose shop was near that of Baudu. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MAUDIT (ABBE), Vicar of Saint-Roch, Paris, he counted among his
+parishioners the Josserands and the Duveyriers. Though well aware of the
+immorality that went on in his parish, he recognized the impossibility
+of stopping it, and did what he could to hide it under the cloak of
+religion. When the scandal arose about Madame Auguste Vabre, he was
+approached by her relations, and at their request acted as intermediary
+between the husband and wife. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MAUGENDRE (M.), father of Madame Jordan; was a retired awning
+manufacturer who had made a considerable fortune from his business.
+He disapproved of his daughter's marriage, and refused to give her any
+dowry, on the pretext that she would have his fortune intact when he was
+dead and gone. He was a careful man, averse from speculation, but having
+on one occasion made a small venture, he gradually became imbued with
+the craze. The phenomenal success of the Universal Bank induced him to
+purchase its shares more and more wildly, until, when the crash came,
+he was so deeply committed as to be ruined. Jordan, who by this time had
+met with some success in literature, came to his assistance. L'Argent.
+
+MAUGENDRE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was at first bitterly opposed
+to the small speculations entered into by her husband. She soon got
+infected with the craze, and became even more reckless than he, urging
+him to involve himself more and more deeply in the fortunes of the
+Universal Bank. L'Argent.
+
+MAUGENDRE (MARCELLE). See Madame Marcelle Jordan.
+
+MAURIAC (BARON DE), starter at the racecourse of Longchamp. Nana.
+
+MAURIN, a hatter of Plassans, who was selected by the Republicans of
+that town as their candidate. At the election he only received about
+fifteen hundred votes against the rival candidate. M. Delangre. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MAURIN, a notary at Tulettes, who was also Mayor of the Commune. It
+was he who drew up the certificate of death of Antoine Macquart from
+spontaneous combustion.
+
+MAZAUD, a broker on the Paris Bourse, who succeeded on the death of his
+uncle to one of the largest businesses in the city. He was young and
+pleasant-looking, with such remarkable activity and intuition that he
+soon came into the first rank. He was also assisted by the fact that
+he did business with all the great bankers, and was reputed to have a
+second cousin employed at the Havas News Agency. After the foundation of
+the Universal Bank, he became the official broker of that institution,
+and the great gamble in its shares resolved itself into a duel between
+him and Jacoby, the one buying for Saccard and the other selling for
+Gundermann. Mazaud did not speculate on his own account, but the failure
+of the bank led to so many of his clients being unable to meet their
+differences that he was ruined. After putting his affairs in order so
+far as possible, he committed suicide. L'Argent.
+
+MAZAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She married for love, and
+brought to her husband a considerable fortune. She had two children, a
+girl and a boy. The suicide of her husband completely overwhelmed her
+with grief. L'Argent.
+
+MAZEL, a famous master at the School of Arts, and the last rampart of
+elegant conventionality. The first year that the Hanging Committee of
+the _Salon_ was elected by the artists themselves, Mazel was chosen
+president. In the selection of pictures he was susceptible to influence,
+and was guided more by the name of the artist than by the quality of the
+work. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MECHAIN, proprietor of a racing-stable. Hazard, one of his horses, ran
+in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+MECHAIN (MADAME), a woman in the employment of Busch, the money-lender
+and debt collector. She assisted him in tracing debtors, and in the
+purchase of securities of bankrupt companies. She was a cousin of
+Rosalie Chavaille, mother of Victor Saccard, on whose death she was left
+with the boy to bring up. On discovering the paternity of Victor some
+years later, she and Busch attempted to blackmail Saccard, but without
+success, though they had previously got a considerable sum from Caroline
+Hamelin, who wished to save Saccard from annoyance. L'Argent.
+
+MEGOT (JUSTINE), a young maid-servant of Renee Saccard. She had a son
+to Maxime Rougon in 1857, and was sent to live in the country with the
+child on a small annuity. La Curee.
+
+Three years later she married Anselme Thomas, a harness-maker at
+Plassans. They had two children, and would have lived happily but for
+the husband's dislike to her eldest child, Charles Rougon. Her conduct
+after marriage was exemplary in every way. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MEHUDIN (MADAME), originally came from Rouen to Paris, where she ever
+afterwards remained in the fish trade. As her two daughters, Louise
+and Claire, got on badly together, she ultimately divided her business
+between them, Louise going to the general fish-market, while Claire
+installed herself among the fresh-water fish. "From that time the old
+mother, although she pretended to have retired from business altogether,
+would flit from one stall to the other, still interfering in the selling
+of the fish, and causing her daughters continual annoyance by the foul
+insolence with which she at times spoke to customers." Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+MEHUDIN (CLAIRE), the second daughter of Madame Mehudin, was an idle,
+fair-complexioned girl, with a gentle manner. She had, however, a strong
+will, and was invariably at loggerheads with others. When Florent became
+Inspector at the Fish Market, Claire took his part against her mother
+and sister, but afterwards went to the opposite extreme when his
+relations with Louise had become friendly. It appeared that she had a
+real affection for him, however, as after his arrest she assaulted her
+sister in the belief that she had given information to the police. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+MEHUDIN (LOUISE), commonly called La Normande. She was a beautiful
+woman who had at one time been engaged to be married to a clerk in the
+corn-market. He was, however, accidentally killed, leaving Louise with
+a son, who was known in the market by the nickname of _Muche_. When
+Florent was first appointed Inspector in the Fish Market, Louise, who
+had quarrelled with his sister-in-law, Lisa, did everything she could to
+annoy him. Afterwards, partly gratified by his kindness to her son,
+and partly to annoy Madame Lisa Quenu, she became reconciled to him. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+MEINHOLD (MADAME DE), a lady well-known in the Society of the Second
+Empire. She was a friend of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La
+Curee.
+
+MELANIE, cook in the employment of the Gregoires, with whom she had been
+for thirty years. Germinal.
+
+MELANIE, the servant of Denizet, the examining magistrate at Rouen. The
+latter was anxious for promotion, in order that his old servant might be
+better fed and consequently better tempered. La Bete Humane.
+
+MELIE, niece of the Fancheurs. She was a girl from the village of
+Bennecourt, who waited on Claude Lantier and Christine in their cottage
+there, and greatly amused them by her stupidity. After the death of
+the Fancheurs, the inn came into the possession of Melie, but soon lost
+favour on account of its dirt and disorder. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MENU (MADEMOISELLE), aunt of Fanny Menu, who lived with her. She had
+been an embroideress for thirty years, but her sight failed and she was
+obliged to give up work. Fortunately she received a small legacy from a
+relative, and on this, added to the earnings of her niece, she was able
+to live. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MENU (FANNY), a young girl who was protected by Narcisse Bachelard.
+As he on one occasion found her with Gueulin, his nephew, under
+compromising circumstances, he insisted on their marriage, and gave her
+a handsome dowry. Pot-Bouille.
+
+MERLE, usher at the Council of State. He was appointed by Eugene Rougon,
+through the influence of Madame Correur. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+MES BOTTES, the sobriquet of one of Coupeau's companions. He was a heavy
+drinker and an enormous eater, and on account of the latter gift he was
+occasionally asked by his friends to join such parties of pleasure as
+paid by contract for their entertainment, in order that they might watch
+the landlord's face lengthen at the rapid disappearance of food.
+Chiefly for this reason, he was asked to the Coupeaus' wedding party.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+MEYER, owner of a Viennese bakery in Faubourg Poissonniere. The Coupeaus
+bought their bread from him in order to please Lantier. L'Assommoir.
+
+MICHELIN (M.), a surveyor of the Municipal Council. "His wife, a pretty
+woman, occasionally called to apologize to her husband's chiefs for his
+absence, when he stayed away through ill-health. He was often ill, but
+he obtained promotion at each illness." In order to secure Saccard's
+influence, Michelin assisted him in getting exorbitant prices for land
+sold to the city. La Curee.
+
+MICHELIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. By means of her good looks and
+a determination to get on at any cost, she secured the influence of her
+husband's superiors, and got rapid promotion for him in the office of
+the Municipal Council. La Curee.
+
+MIETTE, the pet name of Marie Chantegreil. (q.v.).
+
+MIETTE, one of the peasant girls of Les Artaud who assisted to decorate
+the church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+MIGNON, a man who, beginning life as a bricklayer, had amassed a fortune
+by speculations in building land during the early days of the Second
+Empire. Along with Charrier, his partner, he had many business dealings
+with Aristide Saccard. La Curee.
+
+MIGNON, husband of an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. When Rose
+married him he was leader of the orchestra at a cafe concert where she
+sang. They were the best of friends, and lived together on the earnings
+of the wife, who exploited her beauty not less than her talents. Mignon
+was always on the best of terms with his wife's lovers, even assisting
+them occasionally to deceive her, with the view of bringing them back in
+penitence later on. Nana.
+
+MIGNON (CHARLES), younger son of the preceding. Nana.
+
+MIGNON (HENRI), elder son of Mignon. Along with his brother Charles he
+was educated at a boarding-school. Nana.
+
+MIGNON (ROSE), wife of Mignon, was a star actress at the Theatre des
+Varietes, being a fine comedienne and an admirable singer. She was dark
+and thin with that charming ugliness which is peculiar to the gamins
+of Paris. It was she who, annoyed by the rivalry of Nana, one day made
+Comte de Muffat aware of the liaison between his wife and Fauchery. She
+was, however, a good-hearted woman, and when she learned that Nana had
+contracted small-pox she arranged for her removal to the Grand Hotel,
+and nursed her there till she died. Nana.
+
+MIGNOT, one of the salesmen in the glove department at "The Ladies'
+Paradise." He entered into a conspiracy with Albert Lhomme to defraud
+his employer, and this was successful to a considerable extent before
+its discovery; his dismissal followed, but there was no prosecution, as
+the firm preferred not to bring its internal affairs before the public
+eye. He afterwards got a situation as a traveller, and had even the
+boldness to call at "The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MIMI-LA-MORT, a pupil at the College of Plassans, who was also nicknamed
+_Le Squelette-Externe_ (The Skeleton Day-Boarder) on account of his
+extreme thinness. Against the regulations of the College, he used to
+bring in snuff to the other scholars. L'Oeuvre.
+
+MINOUCHE, a white cat which belonged to the Chanteaus. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+MISARD, signalman on the railway at Croix-de-Maufras, between Malaunay
+and Barentin. He was a little puny man, with thin, discoloured hair and
+beard, and a lean, hollow-cheeked face. His work was mechanical, and he
+seemed to carry it through without thought or intelligence. His wife,
+a cousin of Jacques Lantier, looked after the level-crossing which
+adjoined their house until failing health prevented her from leaving
+the house. For this little man, silently and without anger, was slowly
+poisoning his wife with a powder which he placed in the salt which she
+ate. This crime, patient and cunning, had for its cause a legacy of a
+thousand francs left to Aunt Phasie by her father, a legacy which
+she had hidden, and refused to hand over to Misard. But the old woman
+triumphed in the end, for though Misard searched day and night for the
+treasure, he was never able to find it; she died taking her secret with
+her. An old woman of the neighbourhood, La Ducloux, whom he had employed
+to attend to the level-crossing after the death of his wife, induced him
+to marry her by pretending that she had discovered the secret hoard. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+MISARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Phasie (Aunt).
+
+MORANGE (CHARLOT), son of Silvine Morange and of Goliath Steinberg.
+Physically he resembled his father's race, whom, however, he was brought
+up to hate. Hidden behind his mother, he was at three years old a
+witness of the murder of his father by the francs-tireurs. La Debacle.
+
+MORANGE (SILVINE), servant with Fouchard at Remilly. Her mother, who was
+a worker in a factory at Raucourt, died when she was quite young, and
+her godfather, Dr. Dalichamp, got her a situation with Fouchard.
+Honore Fouchard fell in love with her, and they became engaged, but the
+opposition of the old man was so great that Honore went away from home
+and enlisted in the army. During his absence Silvine fell a victim
+to the wiles of Goliath Steinberg, and a child, Charlot, was born,
+Steinberg having previously disappeared. She had all along loved Honore,
+and when he passed through Remilly on his way to fight the Prussians
+he forgave her, and promised to marry her on his return. When she heard
+that he had been killed in the battle of Sedan, she became nearly mad,
+and with Prosper Sambuc made a wild search of the battlefield for her
+lover's body. They found it eventually, and brought it back in a cart
+for burial. Goliath Steinberg, who was a German spy, again made advances
+to her, and, to save herself and her friends, she betrayed him to the
+francs-tireurs, who killed him in her presence. La Debacle.
+
+MORIZOT, a friend of Malignon, who took him to the children's party at
+Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+MOSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was a short, yellow-skinned
+man, who suffered from liver complaint and was continually lamenting,
+in constant dread of some imminent catastrophe. In consequence of his
+views, he was known on the Bourse as "bear" Moser. Speculating heavily
+against the rise in the shares of the Universal Bank, he was at one time
+on the verge of ruin, but the collapse of that institution left him with
+an enormous fortune. L'Argent.
+
+MOUCHE (LE PERE), the sobriquet of Michel Fouan, the third son of Joseph
+Casimir Fouan, and brother of La Grande, Pere Fouan, and Laure
+Badeuil. When his father's estate was divided, he received the family
+dwelling-house and some land, but was dissatisfied with his share and
+continued to accuse his brother and sister, though forty years had
+elapsed, of having robbed him when the lots were drawn. He had been
+long a widower, and, a soured unlucky man, he lived alone with his
+two daughters, Lise and Francoise. At sixty years of age he died of an
+attack of apoplexy. La Terre.
+
+MOUCHE (FRANCOISE), younger daughter of Michel Fouan, alias Mouche. Her
+mother died early, and she was brought up by her sister Lise, to whom
+she was devotedly attached. She had a passion for justice, and when she
+had said "that is mine and that is yours," she would have been prepared
+to go to the stake in support of her rights. This execration of
+injustice gradually led to a change of feeling between the two sisters,
+for after the marriage of Lise to Buteau a division of the land should
+have been made. Buteau and his wife on various pretexts put off this
+division, and it was only on the marriage of Francoise to Jean Macquart
+that it was carried out. An entire estrangement between the two families
+followed, and constant quarrels took place. After a shameful assault by
+Buteau upon Francoise, his wife threw her upon a scythe which lay upon
+the ground near by, and the unfortunate girl received injuries from
+which she died a few hours later. A sense of loyalty to her family
+induced her to conceal the cause of these injuries, which were
+attributed to accident. La Terre.
+
+MOUCHE (LISE), elder daughter of Pere Mouche, and sister of the
+preceding. She had a son to her cousin Buteau, who, however, did not
+marry her for three years afterwards, when the death of her father made
+her heiress to some land. She was at first an amiable woman, but grew
+hardened under the influence of her husband, and ultimately her whole
+desire was to avoid the necessity of a division of her father's estate
+between her sister and herself. Moved by these feelings, her love for
+Francoise became transformed into a hatred so intense that she did not
+hesitate to assist her husband in attempting to bring about the girl's
+ruin. In the end, having assisted Buteau in a shameful assault on
+Francoise, she afterwards threw her upon a scythe which was lying on
+the ground near by, inflicting injuries which proved fatal. Pere Fouan,
+having been a witness of the assault, was subsequently murdered by Lise
+and her husband, to ensure his silence and their own safety. La Terre.
+
+MOULIN, an assistant station-master at Havre along with Roubaud. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+MOULIN (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman, timid
+and weak, who was seldom seen. She had a large family of young children.
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+MOUNIER, a tenor singer at the Opera, who gave the cue to Madame
+Daigremont at a performance in her house. L'Argent.
+
+MOUQUE, father of Mouquet and of Mouquette. He had charge of the horses
+in the Voreux pit, and also acted as caretaker at a ruined mine known
+as the Requillart, where the company had given him two rooms to live in.
+Almost every evening he received a visit from his old comrade Bonnemort.
+Germinal.
+
+MOUQUET, son of the preceding, was an inseparable companion of Zacharie
+Maheu, along with whom he worked at the Voreux pit. During the strike he
+went out of curiosity to see the attack by the strikers on the soldiers
+who were guarding the mines, and was killed by a stray ball which struck
+him in the mouth.
+
+MOUQUETTE, daughter of Mouque. She was a putter in the Voreux pit, and
+lived with her father at the ruined mine of Requillart, where he was
+caretaker. She was present at the attack by the strikers on the soldiers
+guarding the Voreux, and when the fatal volley was fired she was killed,
+in an instinctive attempt to save Catherine Maheu, before whom she
+placed herself. Germinal.
+
+MOURET, a hatter of Plassans who married Ursule Macquart in 1810 and
+went to live at Marseilles. He was devoted to his wife, and a year after
+her death in 1839, he hanged himself in a cupboard where her dresses
+were still suspended. He left three children, Helene, Francois, and
+Silvere. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOURET (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Ursule Macquart. La Fortune
+des Rougon.
+
+MOURET (DESIREE), born 1844, daughter of Francois Mouret, and sister of
+Octave and Serge. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+She was of feeble intellect, and when a girl of sixteen was still
+mentally like a child of eight. When her mother fell under the influence
+of Abbe Faujas, and began entirely to neglect her family, Francois
+Mouret removed Desiree to the home of her old nurse, in whose custody
+she remained. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+When her brother Serge was appointed priest of Les Artaud, she
+accompanied him there. By that time she had grown to be a tall, handsome
+girl, but her mind had never developed, and she was still like a young
+child. Her love of animals had become a passion, and at her brother's
+home she was able to indulge it to the fullest extent, and to her
+complete happiness. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+She accompanied her brother to Saint Eutrope, where he became cure,
+and she continued innocent and healthy, like a happy young animal. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+MOURET (FRANCOIS), born in 1817, son of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his
+wife. He got a situation in the business of his uncle, Pierre Rougon,
+whose daughter Marthe he married in 1840. They had three children,
+Octave, Serge, and Desiree. On the retirement of his uncle, Mouret
+returned to Marseilles and established himself in business there. La
+Fortune de Rougon.
+
+During fifteen years of close application on the part of Mouret and his
+wife, he made a fortune out of wines, oil, and almonds, and then retired
+to Plassans, where he lived on his means, making an occasional deal in
+wine or oil when a chance occurred. He was not on good terms with his
+wife's relations, and placed himself politically in opposition to them
+by supporting the Legitimist candidate, the Marquis de Lagrifoul. In
+1858, having two vacant rooms in his house, he was induced by the Abbe
+Bourrette to let them to Abbe Faujas, a priest who had been sent to
+Plassans by the Government to undermine the existing clerical influence
+there, which had been exercised in support of the Marquis de
+Lagrifoul. Mouret was a man of narrow and restricted intellect, and his
+peculiarities became more and more marked as the Abbe Faujas gradually
+came to dominate the household and induce Madame Mouret to neglect her
+husband and family for the service of the Church. By degrees Mouret
+came to be regarded as insane, and his wife having had several epileptic
+attacks, he was accused of having caused the injuries she had really
+inflicted on herself. His wrongful removal to the asylum at Les Tulettes
+followed, and confinement soon confirmed the insanity which before had
+only threatened. In 1864, his uncle, Antoine Macquart, in order to annoy
+the Rougons contrived his escape from the asylum, and he returned by
+night to his home at Plassans. Finding it in the occupancy of Abbe
+Faujas and his relatives, he was overcome by the fury of madness, and
+set fire to the house in several places. So thoroughly did he do his
+work that all the inmates, including himself, perished in the flames. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MOURET (MADAME MARTHE), wife of the preceding. See Marthe Rougon.
+
+MOURET (HELENE), born 1824, daughter of Mouret and Ursule Macquart, his
+wife. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+When seventeen years old she married M. Grandjean, the son of a
+sugar-refiner of Marseilles, whose family were bitterly opposed to the
+match on account of her poverty. The wedding was a secret one, and
+the young couple had difficulty making ends meet until an uncle died,
+leaving them ten thousand francs a year. "It was then that Grandjean,
+within whom an intense hatred of Marseilles was growing, had decided on
+coming to Paris, to live there for good." The day after their arrival
+Grandjean was seized with illness, and after eight days he died, leaving
+his wife with one daughter, a young girl of ten. Helene, who was a woman
+of singular beauty, had no friends in Paris except Abbe Jouve and his
+half-brother M. Rambaud, but from them she received much kindness.
+Her daughter Jeanne was far from strong, having inherited much of the
+hereditary neurosis of her mother's family, along with a consumptive
+tendency from that of her father. A sudden illness of the girl led to an
+acquaintance with Doctor Deberle, and this ripened into love between
+him and Helene, though considerations of duty kept them apart. Meantime,
+Helene had discovered the beginnings of an intrigue between Madame
+Deberle and M. Malignon, and in order to break it off was herself placed
+in such a compromising position towards Doctor Deberle that he became
+her lover. The discovery of the fact by Jeanne, whose jealous love of
+her mother amounted to a mania, led to the child's illness and death,
+and to her mother's bitter repentance. Two years later Helene married M.
+Rambaud, and went to live at Marseilles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+She lived for many years, very happy, and idolized by her husband, in a
+house which he owned near Marseilles, close to the seashore. She had no
+children by her second marriage. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MOURET (OCTAVE), born 1840, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+A young man of high spirits and somewhat idle habits, he made little
+progress at college, and failed to pass the examinations for a degree.
+His father was much annoyed at this, and sent him off to Marseilles to
+enter a commercial business. The reports regarding him were, however,
+unsatisfactory, as it appeared that he showed no inclination to
+settle to hard work and was living a dissolute life.[*] La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+After the death of his parents, Serge Mouret, who was about to take Holy
+Orders, renounced his share of his father's fortune in favour of his
+brother Octave. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+He was appointed a member of the family council which nominally had
+charge of Pauline Quenu's fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+After three years at Marseilles he came to Paris, where he secured an
+appointment as assistant at "The Ladies' Paradise" through the influence
+of the Campardons, who were old friends of his mother. He formed the
+project of advancing his prospects by making love to Madame Hedouin,
+wife of his employer, but she gave him no encouragement. He resigned his
+situation, and went as salesman to Auguste Vabre, a neighbouring silk
+merchant. Vabre's wife (nee Berthe Josserand) was not on good terms with
+her husband, and a liaison was formed between her and Octave Mouret,
+which subsisted for some time before it was discovered by Vabre, who
+received information from Rachael, his maid-servant. Mouret returned to
+his former employment at "The Ladies' Paradise," and M. Hedouin having
+died in the interval, he married the widow a few months afterwards. He
+had developed keen business ability, with large ideas, and under his
+management the shop became one of the most important in the district.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+In Mouret's hands the business of "The Ladies' Paradise" continued to
+grow, and repeated extensions of the building became necessary. While
+one of these was in progress, Madame Mouret, who was inspecting the
+work, fell into a hole, and as a result of her injuries died three
+days afterwards. Mouret remained a widower, and devoted himself to the
+extension of his business, though it was believed that a liaison with
+Madame Desforges was not the only entanglement of its kind. On the
+introduction of Madame Desforges he came to know Baron Hartmann,
+director of the Credit Immobilier, who became interested in him, and
+eventually found the money necessary to carry out the vast schemes of
+extension which he had long had in mind. By this time Denise Baudu
+had come to "The Ladies' Paradise" as a saleswoman, and from the first
+Mouret had taken an interest in her. This was probably increased by the
+fact that she resisted all his advances, and refused all his offers.
+Ultimately he became so infatuated by her that he asked her to marry
+him, which she agreed to do. By this time the success of "The Ladies'
+Paradise" had become triumphant, and the smaller traders of the
+district were being crushed out of existence, and driven one by one into
+bankruptcy. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+He assisted at the burial of his cousin, Claude Lantier the artist.
+By this time he had become very rich, was decorated with the Legion
+of Honour, and was desirous of giving the impression of an enlightened
+taste for art. L'Oeuvre.
+
+Octave Mouret, whose immense fortune continued to increase, had towards
+the end of 1872 a second child by his wife Denise Baudu, whom he adored,
+though he again began to lead a somewhat irregular life. Their little
+girl was puny, but the younger child, a boy, took after his mother, and
+grew magnificently. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+     [*] It is interesting to note that by a curious oversight M.
+     Zola in _Pot-Bouille_ refers to Octave Mouret as having
+     passed the examination for his bachelor's degree before
+     leaving Plassans, and states that at Marseilles the lad
+     showed a passion for business life, being able during his
+     three years' stay there to make a sum of five thousand
+     francs (two hundred pounds), which he took with him to
+     Paris.
+
+MOURET (MADAME CAROLINE), first wife of the preceding. See Madame
+Caroline Hedouin.
+
+MOURET (MADAME DENISE), second wife of Octave Mouret. See Denise Baudu.
+
+MOURET (SERGE), born 1841, son of Francois Mouret. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+He was a young man of nervous temperament and of somewhat delicate
+health. Educated at Plassans, he took his degree at the college there,
+and it was intended that he should go to Paris to study for the bar. The
+state of his health caused his departure to be delayed, and meantime he,
+like his mother, fell under the influence of Abbe Faujas. Ultimately he
+decided to abandon the study of the law in order to become a priest, and
+against the wishes of his father he entered the Seminary at Plassans. La
+Conquete de Plassans.
+
+After being ordained to the priesthood he was appointed cure of Les
+Artaud, a small village in Provence, to whose degenerate inhabitants
+he ministered with small success. From his parents he had inherited
+the family taint of the Rougon-Macquarts, which in him took the form of
+morbid religious enthusiasm bordering on hysteria. Brain fever resulted,
+and bodily recovery left the priest without a mental past. Dr. Pascal
+Rougon, his uncle, in the hope of saving his reason, removed him to
+Paradou, the neglected demesne of a ruined mansion, where he left him in
+the care of Albine, the keeper's niece. Here Serge slowly recovered
+his health, though the memory of his past was gone, and his mental
+development was that of a boy. In that enchanted garden, lush with
+foliage and with the scent of flowers, the drama of life unfolded, and
+Serge, loving Albine, and oblivious of his vows unwittingly broke them.
+A chance meeting with Brother Archangais, and a glimpse of the
+world outside the Paradou, recalled to Serge the recollection of his
+priesthood, and, filled with horror, he tore himself from Albine and
+returned to his cure of souls. A fierce struggle between love and duty
+followed, but in the end the Church conquered, and Albine was left to
+die, while Serge threw himself even more feverishly than before into the
+observances of his faith. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+Sent later to Saint-Eutrope, at the bottom of a marshy gorge, he was
+cloistered there with his sister Desiree. He showed a fine humility,
+refusing all preferment from his bishop, waiting for death like a holy
+man, averse to remedies, although he was already in the early stage of
+phthisis. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+MOURET (SILVERE), born 1834, son of Mouret, the hatter, and Ursule
+Macquart, his wife. After the death of his father, Silvere went to live
+with his grandmother Adelaide Fouque. Though poorly educated, he was
+fond of reading, and his lonely life with this old half-imbecile woman
+increased his own tendency to visionary dreamings. "He was predisposed
+to Utopian ideas by certain hereditary influences; his grandmother's
+nervous disorders became in him a chronic enthusiasm, striving after
+everything that was grandiose and impossible." His Uncle Antoine
+Macquart, who hoped through him to annoy the Rougons, encouraged him
+in his Republican views, and after the _Coup d'Etat_ he joined the
+insurrection which then arose. Miette Chantegreil, a young girl to whom
+he was tenderly devoted, accompanied him, but was shot in the attack by
+regular troops. He was taken prisoner, and having been brought back to
+Plassans, was executed there. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOUSSEAU (ABBE), a priest at Plassans. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+MOURGUE, a peasant of Poujols, who, armed with a fork, had taken part
+in the insurrectionary rising against the _Coup d'Etat_. He was made
+prisoner, and was led to Plassans, tied by the arm to Silvere Mouret,
+who had also been arrested. He was shot at the same time as Silvere by
+Rengade, the gendarme. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+MOUTON, a cat which belonged to the Quenus, and was a favourite of
+little Pauline. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+MUCHE, the name by which Louise Mehudin's son was known in the market.
+He was befriended by Florent, who taught him to read and write. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+MUFFAT (MAMAN), wife of General Muffat de Beuville, who was created
+Comte by Napoleon I. She was an insufferable old woman, who was always
+hand-in-glove with the priests, and had an authoritative manner, which
+bent every one to her will. Her daughter-in-law, Comtesse Sabine, was
+entirely under her dominion, and was forced by her to lead an almost
+cloistered existence. Nana.
+
+MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTE), son of the preceding and of General Muffat
+de Beuville. Brought up in the strictest manner by his mother, his life
+was one of cold and severe propriety, and being regarded with favour
+at the Court, he was appointed Chamberlain to the Empress. He married
+Sabine de Chouard, by whom he had one daughter, Estelle. For seventeen
+years of married life his career was a pattern of all the virtues, until
+a chance meeting with Nana led to an infatuation amounting to mania.
+Everything was sacrificed to her, and no degradation to his self-respect
+seemed too high a price to pay for her favour. Disgusted for a time by
+her liaison with Fontan, he left her, and turned for amusement to Rose
+Mignon, but the infatuation for Nana reasserted itself, and he recovered
+her good graces by inducing Bordenave to give her a part which she
+greatly desired in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by Fauchery. He spent
+vast sums upon Nana, giving her a magnificent house in the Avenue de
+Villiers. Her influence over him became complete, and he even accepted
+Daguenet, her former lover, as his son-in-law. He overlooked too his
+wife's numerous liaisons, as he required her signature to enable him to
+raise still more money for Nana. Muffat's means were coming to an end,
+however, and the scandal reached such a height that he was forced to
+resign his position at the Tuileries. It was only when he learned that
+Nana was carrying on a liaison with his own father-in-law, the aged
+Marquis de Chouard, that he finally broke with her, and coming once more
+under the influence of Venot, he sought forgetfulness of the past in an
+exaggerated devotion to the service of the Church. Nana.
+
+MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (COMTESSE), wife of the preceding. See Sabine de
+Chouard. Nana.
+
+MUFFAT DE BEUVILLE (ESTELLE), daughter of the preceding. At sixteen she
+was thin and insignificant, seldom speaking, but after her marriage to
+Daguenet, she exhibited a will of iron, and completely dominated her
+husband. Nana.
+
+MULLER (BLANCHE), a favourite actress at the Theatre des Varietes. La
+Curee.
+
+MUSSY (M. DE) was an admirer of Renee Saccard, and aspired to be her
+lover. He received an appointment on the staff of the London embassy. La
+Curee.
+
+
+
+
+N
+
+NANA. See Anna Coupeau.
+
+NANA, name of a filly in the racing stable of Vandeuvres. She had been
+beaten in several races, and when run for the Grand Prix de Paris was
+looked on as an outsider. The success of the filly by fraudulent means
+led to the disqualification of the owner. Nana.
+
+NAPOLEON III, Emperor of the French. Referred to in _Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon_ and in _La Debacle_.
+
+NATHANSOHN, a stockbroker. He came from Besancon, where his father was a
+watchmaker. He was very fortunate in his speculations, and soon became
+a man of consequence. His Jewish caution prevented him from becoming
+involved with Saccard in the affairs of the Universal Bank, and when
+that institution collapsed he was in a position to snatch a fortune from
+its ruin. L'Argent.
+
+NAUD, a shoemaker in Rue d'Antin who felt severely the competition of
+Octave Mouret's great shop. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+NAUDET, a cousin of the Quenus. He was a member of Pauline's family
+council, and consented to her emancipation. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+NAUDET, a picture-dealer who for some years had been revolutionizing the
+trade. He put aside the old cautious methods, the watching for pictures
+by beginners, bought for ten francs and sold for fifteen. To judge by
+his appearance he might have been a nobleman, and his habits were in
+keeping; he was, in fact, a pure speculator in pictures, caring nothing
+for art. But he unfailingly scented success; he guessed what artists
+ought to be taken up, not the ones likely to develop the genius of
+a great painter, but the one whose deceptive talent, set off by a
+pretended display of audacity, would command a premium in the market. He
+speculated, in fact, on the ignorance and vanity of amateurs. It was
+he who invented Fagerolles as a fashion, and made large sums out of his
+works. His success in forcing up the prices of pictures turned his
+head to some extent, and he even talked of crushing out all the other
+dealers. The exaggerated rise in the price of pictures came, as was
+inevitable, to an end, and in the fall which followed Naudet was
+practically ruined. L'Oeuvre.
+
+NEGREL (MADAME), sister of M. Hennebeau, the manager of the Montsou
+mines. She was married to a captain, and after she became a widow lived
+at Avignon on a small income, contenting herself with little in order
+that she might properly educate her son Paul. Germinal.
+
+NEGREL (PAUL), son of the preceding. He was an engineer at the Voreux
+pit, an appointment which he received from his uncle, M. Hennebeau, with
+whom he lived, being treated as one of the family. Madame Hennebeau,
+notwithstanding a liaison which subsisted between her and Negrel,
+planned for him a marriage with Cecile Gregoire, an arrangement which
+was only prevented by the murder of the girl by old Bonnemort. Negrel
+posed as taking no interest in the affairs of practical life, but in the
+terrible disaster at the Voreux pit he threw himself into the work of
+rescue with an ardour beyond praise. Germinal.
+
+NOEMI, an actress at the Vaudeville. Madame Deberle admired the
+realistic manner in which she died in a piece she played. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+NORINE, a vendor of salted provisions, who went around the neighbourhood
+of Cloyes. La Terre.
+
+NORMANDE (LA), the sobriquet of Louise Mehudin. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+NOUGAREDE, an old senator who was on the point of asking the hand of
+Clorinde Balbi after having seen her at a ball in the character of Diana
+the huntress. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+
+
+
+O
+
+OCTAVE, the favourite lover of Blanche de Sivry. Nana.
+
+ORVIEDO (PRINCE D'), came to Paris from Spain with an immense fortune
+made on the Stock Exchange. There were strange stories told regarding
+the sources of his wealth; stories not more creditable than those told
+of the armed bandits of former days, for his robberies, though less
+open, were more dangerous. For twenty years he took his share of booty
+in all the great financial swindles. He ultimately died of apoplexy.
+L'Argent.
+
+ORVIEDO (PRINCESS D'), was for a time one of the most curious
+notabilities of the Second Empire. At the command of her mother, the
+Duchesse de Combeville, she married the Prince in ignorance of the
+source of his regal fortune, estimated at three hundred millions of
+francs (twelve millions sterling). It was said that for twenty years
+the Prince had appropriated the lion's share of every great piece of
+financial rascality on the Bourses of France and Spain. After his sudden
+death from a stroke of apoplexy, the Princess shut up the great house
+in the Rue Saint-Lazare and retired with a maid to three rooms on the
+second floor, where she lived the life of a recluse. From thenceforth
+she lived solely for deeds of charity on a colossal scale. During five
+years she founded the St. Mary's Infant Asylum, the St. Joseph's Orphan
+Asylum, an Asylum for the aged at Chatillon, a hospital in the suburbs
+of Paris, and an institution known as _L'Oeuvre du Travail_, in which
+were boarded three hundred waifs and strays from the streets of Paris.
+On these foundations, and on other charities, she spent in five years
+over a hundred millions of francs. For some time Saccard assisted her
+in a disinterested way in carrying out her schemes, and later he rented
+from her the premises in which he started the Universal Bank. As time
+went on, the Princess seemed to be swayed more and more by the desire
+of restitution to the poor of the uttermost remnants of her husband's
+fortune. In the end, when she had divided it all, she retired to a
+convent of Carmelites, walled off from the world. L'Argent.
+
+OZIL, a pointsman at the junction for Dieppe, between the tunnel and the
+station of Malaunay. He was in love with Flore, who for a time seemed
+to encourage him. He was dismissed from his post on account of grave
+negligence caused by Flore, who distracted his attention in order
+that he might allow the Havre express to dash into a train loaded with
+ballast. The accident was only averted by a new automatic signalling
+apparatus. La Bete Humaine.
+
+
+
+
+P
+
+PACHE, a soldier in the 106th regiment of the line, in the squad of
+Corporal Jean Macquart. He brought from his native village strong
+religious principles, and was in the regular habit of saying his prayers
+outside his tent. The example of his companions, however, made him a
+bad soldier, and during the battle of 1st September, 1870, he left the
+ranks, and took refuge in a tavern. After the capitulation of Sedan, he
+was imprisoned along with his regiment on the promontory of Iges. Moved
+by famine, he concealed some bread from his companions; but having been
+denounced by Chouteau, he refused to share the spoil, and was murdered
+by Lapoulle, who stabbed him with a knife. La Debacle.
+
+PAILLOT, a farmer in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+PALETTE (LA MERE), a poultry-seller at the Central Markets in Paris. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+PALOQUE, a judge. He and his wife were said to be the ugliest couple in
+Plassans, and in addition were far from popular. Madame Mouret having
+asked the assistance of Madame Paloque in connection with the Home for
+Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, she agreed to act on the Committee, and
+became Treasurer. At the opening ceremony, however, the Bishop omitted
+to make reference to her services, and she took great offence, becoming
+afterwards very irregular in her work, and declining to perform any
+duties that she did not fancy. This ultimately led to the appointment of
+a paid Secretary for the institution, Honore Trouche, the brother-in-law
+of Abbe Faujas being selected. The Paloques were antagonistic to Faujas,
+but on getting a hint from Madame de Condamin that he had the backing of
+the Government and would see that they were rewarded, they came over
+to his side, and assisted him in "the conquest of Plassans" by the
+Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+PARABOULOMENOS, a name given by the pupils of the college of Plassans to
+the youth who served in the kitchen. L'Oeuvre.
+
+PARALLELUCA, the sobriquet given by the pupils of the College of
+Plassans to a scullery-maid employed there. It was alleged that there
+was a love-idyll between her and Paraboulomenos, both of whom were
+extremely ugly. L'Oeuvre.
+
+PASCAL (LE DOCTEUR). See Pascal Rougon.
+
+PATOIR, a veterinary surgeon at Cloyes. La Terre.
+
+PAUVRE ENFANT, a young trooper of the 5th regiment of the line, who was
+fatally wounded at the battle of Sedan, and died in the ambulance at
+Remilly. He received the name because he continually repeated the words
+regarding himself, saying that his mother had always called him so.
+He died in the arms of Henriette Weiss, whom in his delirium he named
+"Mother." La Debacle.
+
+PAYAN, a stone-cutter from the South, whose friends had views of making
+him an artist. He was a lover of Clarisse Bocquet, and pilfered from her
+a large quantity of furniture given her by Duveyrier. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PECHARD (ANTOINE), a neighbour of the Fouans. He owned eighteen acres
+of land when he married La Grande, who brought him seven acres more. He
+died young, leaving one daughter. La Terre.
+
+PECHARD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See La Grand. La Terre.
+
+PECHARD (MADEMOISELLE), daughter of Antoine Pechard and Marianne
+Fouan, his wife. As she insisted on marrying a poor youth named Vincent
+Bouteroue, her mother cast her out. Misfortunes pursued the young
+couple, both of whom died within a few years, leaving two children in
+profound misery. La Terre.
+
+PECQUEUX, a stoker in the employment of the Western Railway Company.
+He was married to Mere Victoire, the old nurse of Severine Aubry. His
+original intention was to qualify as an engine-driver, but time passed
+without advancement, and later there was an insuperable barrier in his
+own conduct, for he was given to drinking bouts which converted him for
+the time into a savage animal, capable of any violence. His wife lived
+at Paris, while Philomene Sauvagnat helped him to pass the hours he was
+compelled to spend at Havre, an arrangement which had the concurrence
+of Victoire. Pecqueux had the devotion of a dog for his comrade Jacques
+Lantier, who concealed his vices and shared with him a love for their
+engine, "La Lison." Philomene, however, excited his jealousy by her
+attentions to Lantier, and the former friendship of the two comrades
+became changed to fierce enmity. At length it happened that one night,
+as their engine was drawing eighteen trucks of soldiers towards the
+seat of war in Prussia, Pecqueux in a sudden access of madness attacked
+Lantier, and, after a fierce struggle on the narrow foot-plate, the two
+fell off, and were cut in pieces beneath the wheels. La Bete Humaine.
+
+PEIROTTE, receiver of taxes at Plassans. He was taken as a hostage by
+the Republican insurgents and was inadvertently shot by the troops which
+crushed the rising. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PEQUEUR DES SAULAIES (M.), sub-prefect of Plassans. He fell into
+disfavour with the Government on account of the election of a Legitimist
+Deputy. For some time he was afraid to compromise himself with Abbe
+Faujas, but having received a hint from Madame de Condamin, who had
+influential friends in Paris, he allied himself with the Abbe. The
+result was the election of Delangre, who though nominally independent,
+was actually the Government candidate. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+PEQUIGNOT, a friend of the Lorilleux. He was a furniture dealer.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+PERDIGUET, a singer known to Malignon, who promised to take him to the
+children's party at Deberle's house. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+PERE COLOMBE, owner of the _Assommoir_, a public-house which was largely
+the scene of the downfall of Coupeau and Gervaise Macquart, his wife.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+PEROU (LA MERE), an old woman employed by Gourd, the concierge, to do
+cleaning work. Terrorized by his brutality she agreed to accept less
+wages. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PHASIE (AUNT), was the wife of Misard, and the mother of Flore and
+Louisette. She was a cousin of the Lantiers and was godmother to
+Jacques, who was left in her charge when his parents went to Paris. Her
+first husband died, leaving her with two daughters, and she married for
+a second time Misard, a little man, cunning and avaricious, who was
+five years her senior. Jacques found them later, living in Normandy at
+Croix-de-Maufras on the line to Havre, where Misard was signalman, and
+his wife had charge of the level crossing. It was a miserable existence,
+without neighbours or any one to speak to, without even anything to look
+at, except the trains constantly rushing past. Aunt Phasie, as she had
+always been called by Jacques Lantier, was a tall, handsome woman, but
+since her second marriage she had aged so rapidly that at forty-five she
+looked over sixty. The truth was that between her and Misard there was
+going on a duel to the death; Aunt Phasie had received a legacy of a
+thousand francs from her father, and this she obstinately refused to
+allow her husband to share, having indeed hidden the money to prevent
+him from taking it. Misard, overcome by avarice, slowly killed his
+wife with poison placed in the salt, but, though she had the strongest
+suspicions, she would nether take action against him nor tell him the
+hiding-place of her little hoard. And so she died, carrying the secret
+with her; but in the end she triumphed, for search as he might, Misard
+never discovered the hidden treasure. La Bete Humaine.
+
+PICHINETTE, a horse entered for the Grand Prix de Paris. It was
+withdrawn before the race. Nana.
+
+PICHON (JULES), a clerk who lived in the house in Rue de Choiseul
+occupied also by Octave Mouret. His means were small, and he was obliged
+to work hard, frequently till late at night, his wife being necessarily
+left much alone. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PICHON (MARIE), wife of the preceding. She was a daughter of M.
+and Madame Vuillaume, by whom she was strictly brought up. A dreamy
+unpractical woman, she fell under the influence of Octave Mouret,
+her next-door neighbour, and a liaison existed between them for a
+considerable time, with results which caused much annoyance to her
+parents. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PICHON (LILITTE), infant daughter of the preceding. Pot-Bouille.
+
+PICHON (ROSALIE), Madame Helene Grandjean's maid-servant. She was an
+honest country girl who had been brought to Paris by Abbe Jouve on the
+recommendation of a village priest, in whose house she had been brought
+up. She served her mistress faithfully, and ruled Zephyrin Lacour, her
+sweetheart, with a hand of iron. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+PICOT, a soldier of infantry who belonged to the first division of the
+seventh Army Corps. After the defeats of Wissenbourg and Froeschwiller,
+Picot, half dead with fatigue and slightly wounded, was left behind in
+a ditch with his comrade Coutard of the first corps. They were only able
+to rejoin the army at Rheims on 22nd August, 1870, arriving with their
+clothes worn out and covered with mud, and having more the appearance of
+bandits than of soldiers. La Debacle.
+
+PICOU (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the
+success of the _Coup d'Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PIED-DE-CELERI, a friend of Coupeau. He had a wooden leg, from which he
+received his nickname. L'Assommoir.
+
+PIEDEFER (LAURE), kept a cheap restaurant in Rue des Martyrs, which was
+much frequented by a certain class of demi-mondaines. Laure appeared to
+be on intimate terms with her customers, as they usually kissed her when
+they entered. Nana.
+
+PIEDEFER (ZOE), an artist's model who lived in Rue Campagne-Premiere.
+She was a tall brunette. L'Oeuvre.
+
+PIERRE, Dr. Deberle's butler. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+PIERRE, an employee at _Au Bonheur des Dames_. He was waiter in the
+dining-room of the shop assistants. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PIERRON, a miner employed at the Voreux pit. He was a widower with a
+little girl aged eight, Lydie, when he married for the second time, the
+daughter of La Brule. Though he took part in the strike he betrayed
+his companions, giving information to the company through Dansaert,
+his wife's lover. After the attack on the pit Pierron was arrested
+by mistake, and was taken off with handcuffs at his wrists as far as
+Marchiennes, to the great amusement of his mates. He was subsequently
+promoted to be captain of a gang, but his excessive zeal made him
+disliked by his men. Germinal.
+
+PIERRON (LYDIE), daughter of the preceding, was a fragile child,
+who when ten years old was already working in the pit. Her constant
+companions were Jeanlin Maheu and Bebert Levaque, with whom she made
+many raids in search of food during the strike. She was killed by the
+volley fired by the troops at the strikers attacking the Voreux pit.
+Germinal.
+
+PIERRONNE (LA), the second wife of Pierron, was a daughter of La Brule.
+She was allowed by the Company to sell sweetmeats and biscuits, which
+were a considerable source of revenue. Dansaert, the head captain of the
+Voreux pit, was her lover, and through him she obtained various favours,
+giving him in exchange information as to the intentions of the strikers.
+After the strike she was enabled to acquire the little _Estaminet du
+Progres_. Germinal.
+
+PIFARD, an usher at the college of Plassans, whose wonderful nose kept
+betraying his presence behind doors when its owner went eavesdropping.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+PILLERAULT, a speculator on the Bourse, whose guiding principle was
+recklessness; he declared that he plunged into catastrophes whenever he
+paused to reflect. He was ruined by the failure of the Universal Bank.
+L'Argent.
+
+PIOT AND RIVOIRE, a firm of furniture-dealers, whose business was
+seriously affected when Octave Mouret added a furniture department to
+"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PIQUETTE kept an _estaminet_ at Montsou, where Chaval lodged. Germinal.
+
+PLOUGUERN (M. DE) was a member of the Chamber of Deputies during the
+reign of Louis Philippe. After the Revolution of February, 1848, he
+manifested a sudden affection for the Republic, and later, when the
+Emperor granted him the refuge of the Senate, he was a Bonapartist. He
+was a man of high birth and breeding, and though a sceptic, defended
+religion and family life. During a journey in Italy he met Comtesse
+Balbi, whose lover he remained for thirty years. According to some,
+Clorinde Balbi was his daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+PLUCHART, a former workman who was now secretary of a branch of the
+International Association of workers. He had been Etienne Lantier's
+foreman at Lille, and at his request came to Montsou to address the
+miners there. As a result of his visit ten thousand miners joined the
+International Association. Germinal.
+
+POIRETTE (LE PERE), a countryman of Bennecourt, with small eyes and the
+face of a wolf. He was the owner of an old cottage, which Claude Lantier
+and Christine rented from him for two hundred and fifty francs a year.
+L'Oeuvre.
+
+POISSON (M.), who was originally a cabinet-maker, served his time as a
+soldier, and ultimately got a place as a policeman, which he considered
+more certain and respectable. He married Virginie, who afterwards
+went into business as a dealer in groceries and sweetmeats in the shop
+previously occupied by Gervaise Coupeau. Auguste Lantier, who had for
+some time lodged with the Coupeaus, remained with the Poissons, and
+lived at their expense. M. Poisson affected not to observe the resulting
+liaison between his wife and Lantier. L'Assommoir.
+
+POISSON (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Virginie. L'Assommoir.
+
+POLAND, a pet rabbit which belonged to Rasseneur, and was a favourite of
+Souvarine. Germinal.
+
+POMARE (LA REINE), a rag-picker, who had formerly been one of the
+handsomest women in Paris. Now, for the sake of a laugh, the women of
+the district made her drink absinthe, after which the street boys would
+chase her and throw stones. Nana.
+
+PORQUIER (DR.) the fashionable medical man of Plassans. He had
+considerable influence, and this was secured by Abbe Faujas on behalf
+of the Government's candidate for the representation of Plassans by the
+promise of an appointment for his son, Guillaume, a young man who had
+hitherto given him much trouble. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+PORQUIER (GUILLAUME), son of Dr. Porquier, had been sent to Paris to
+study, but did nothing there but get into debt. He caused his father
+much distress, and was supposed to afford the worst possible example to
+the youth of Plassans, whom he was believed to lead into all kinds
+of mischief. Ultimately, as a reward to his father, who had supported
+Delangre as representative of Plassans, Porquier was appointed chief
+clerk at the post office. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+POUILLAUD, a fellow-pupil of Claude Lantier and Pierre Sandoz at the
+college of Plassans. While there he was an inveterate practical joker,
+one of his escapades being the transformation of Professor Lalubie's
+room into a _chapelle ardente_. L'Oeuvre.
+
+POWELL (MISS), second assistant in the corset department at _Au Bonheur
+des Dames_. She was able to play the piano, a talent of which the other
+assistants were jealous. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+POZZO (LUIGI), Secretary to the Sardinian Minister at Paris.
+"Diplomatist, painter, musician, and lover." A friend of Clorinde Balbi.
+Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+PRICE, an English jockey who mounted the filly Nana in the Grand Prix de
+Paris. Nana.
+
+PRINCE IMPERIAL. Referred to in _Son Excellence Eugene Rougon_.
+
+PROUANE, a retired non-commissioned officer in the navy, who acted as
+beadle to Abbe Harteur, as well as fulfilling the duties of Mayor's
+clerk. He eked out a livelihood by gathering shell-fish, but when he had
+any money he was usually in a state of intoxication. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+PRULLIERE, an actor at the Theatre des Varietes, where he played in _La
+Blonde Venus_ and _La Petite Duchesse_. Nana.
+
+PRUNAIRE (LE PERE), a maker of sabots, who lived at Vivet. Furious at
+the conduct of his daughter Clara, he threatened to go to Paris and
+break her bones with kicks of his sabots. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PRUNAIRE (CLARA), daughter of a clog-maker in the forest of Vilet, came
+to Paris and got a situation in "The Ladies' Paradise." She lived a
+fast life, and, after alluring Colomban away from Genevieve Baudu, his
+intended wife, she ultimately disappeared. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+PUECH, senior partner of the firm of Puech and Lacamp, oil-dealers in
+Plassans; was father of Felicite Puech. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+PUECH AND LACAMP, a firm of oil-dealers in Plassans, who were in
+financial difficulties when Pierre Rougon married Felicite, the daughter
+of the senior partner. The money put into the business by Rougon
+retrieved the position of the firm, and, the two partners having retired
+soon afterwards, he acquired the sole interest in it. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+PUECH (FELICITE). See Madame Felicite Rougon.
+
+PUTOIS (MADAME), one of the workwomen employed by Gervaise Coupeau in
+her laundry. She was a little, lean woman of forty-five, "who worked
+at her ironing table without even taking off her bonnet, a black
+bonnet trimmed with green ribbons turning yellow." In character she was
+severely respectable. L'Assommoir.
+
+
+
+
+Q
+
+QUANDIEU, the oldest captain of the Montsou mines. During the strike,
+the energetic position taken up by him saved the Mirou pit from
+destruction by the infuriated strikers. Germinal.
+
+QUENU (MADAME) was a widow with one son when she married her second
+husband, M. Quenu, a clerk in the sub-prefecture at Le Vigan. Three
+years after, M. Quenu died, leaving a son. Madame Quenu lavished all her
+affection on Florent, her elder son, and stinted herself to the verge
+of starvation in order that he might continue his legal studies. Before
+these were completed she succumbed to the hardship of her life. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+QUENU, the half-brother of Florent. After the death of his mother, he
+was taken to Paris by Florent, who supported him by teaching. He was at
+first idle and unsettled, but after Florent's arrest he was taken in by
+his uncle Gradelle, to whose business of pork-butcher, as well as to a
+considerable sum of money, he ultimately succeeded. After his uncle's
+death he married Lisa Macquart, who had previously assisted in the shop,
+and they had a daughter, Pauline. Business prospered, and the Quenus
+were soon in a position to remove to larger premises. Florent on his
+return from exile was kindly received by Quenu, who later on took no
+part in the efforts made by his wife to induce his brother to leave
+voluntarily. He was ignorant of his wife's action with reference to the
+subsequent arrest of Florent. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+He died of apoplexy in 1863, six months after the death of his wife,
+leaving a will under which M. Chanteau, his cousin became the guardian
+of his daughter Pauline. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+QUENU (MADAME LISA), wife of the preceding. See Lisa Macquart.
+
+QUENU (PAULINE), born 1852, daughter of Quenu, the pork-butcher, and
+Lisa Macquart, his wife. A quiet, amiable child, she unwittingly gave
+Mlle. Saget, who bullied her, information regarding her uncle Florent's
+history, which led to the clamour against him in the Market, and
+ultimately to his arrest. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+After the death of her father, who left her a fortune of a hundred and
+fifty thousand francs, Pauline went in 1863 to live at Bonneville with
+M. Chanteau, her guardian. She soon endeared herself to her relatives,
+and became much attached to her cousin Lazare. As she grew up and her
+nature developed, it became more and more her pleasure to sacrifice
+herself to her friends. She allowed her fortune to be squandered by the
+Chanteaus, and though engaged to be married to Lazare, she released
+him in order that he might marry another girl with whom he had become
+infatuated. After his mania became acute, it was she who endeavoured
+to comfort him, and to dispel his unreasoning fear of death. She never
+married. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+After the death of Chanteau, she remained at Bonneville, resolved never
+to marry, in order that she might devote herself entirely to Lazare's
+little son, Paul. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+QUINETTE, a glover in Rue Neuve Saint-Augustine, whose business was
+seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise." Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+QUITTARD (AUGUSTE), son of Francoise Quittard. He was a child of six
+years of age, who was so ill of typhoid fever that he could not be
+removed from Bazeilles when the place was attacked by the Prussians.
+Early in the day, his mother was killed by a cannon ball, and the poor
+child lay for hours tossing with fever and calling for her. He was
+burned to death in his bed, as the Prussians, infuriated by the length
+of the struggle, wantonly set fire to the village. La debacle.
+
+QUITTARD (FRANCOISE), widow of a mason, and now caretaker of the
+dye-works at Bazeilles, which belonged to Delaherche. Before the battle
+all the workers made their escape into Belgium, but Francoise was unable
+to leave on account of the illness of her little son. Early in the
+attack by the Prussians, the unfortunate woman was killed by a cannon
+ball. La Debacle.
+
+
+
+
+R
+
+RABIER, a tanner of Beaumont. He was a brother of Madame Franchomme, and
+after her death she left the child Angelique in the care of him and his
+wife. They treated the girl with such cruelty that she ultimately ran
+away, finding shelter with the Huberts. Le Reve.
+
+RACHAEL, the maid-servant in Auguste Vabre's household. As Octave Mouret
+and Madame Vabre did not bribe her sufficiently, she revealed their
+intrigue to Vabre. She acted as his housekeeper for some time, but had
+to leave after the reconciliation between him and his wife. Pot-Bouille.
+
+RAMBAUD (M.), half-brother of Abbe Jouve, had a large business in the
+Rue de Rambuteau, where he sold oil and other southern produce. Along
+with Abbe Jouve he showed much kindness to Helene Grandjean after the
+death of her husband, and was a constant visitor at her house. Later on,
+the Abbe tried to arrange a marriage between Rambaud and Helene, but
+at her request the decision was delayed. Meantime the love episode with
+Doctor Deberle intervened, followed by the death of Jeanne. Two years
+afterwards the marriage took place, Rambaud having previously sold his
+Paris business and removed to Marseilles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+He retired from business and went to live at Marseilles. Having by his
+marriage become a cousin of Madame Lisa Quenu, he was appointed a member
+of the family council which nominally had charge of her daughter's
+fortune. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+Rambaud led a happy life with his wife, whom he adored. Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+RAMBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Helene Mouret.
+
+RAMOND (DR.), a pupil and fellow-practitioner of Dr. Pascal. He wished
+to marry Clotilde Rougon, but she refused him, and he subsequently
+married Mademoiselle Leveque. When Doctor Pascal was seized with an
+affection of the heart, Ramond diagnosed the nature of the illness,
+and subsequently attended him with unremitting care until his death. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+RAMOND (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Mademoiselle Leveque. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+RANVIER (ABBE), succeeded Abbe Jouve as cure at Montsou. He was of
+socialistic tendencies, and blamed the middle classes, who he said
+robbed the Church, for all the horrors produced by the strike at
+Montsou. Upon the troops who had been called on to fire upon the
+strikers, he called down the anger of God, predicting an hour of justice
+in which fire would descend from heaven to exterminate the bourgeoisie.
+He was finally removed by the Bishop as too compromising. Germinal.
+
+RASSENEUR kept a tavern with the sign _A l'Avantage_ between the
+settlement of the Deux-Cent-Quarante and the Voreux pit. He was formerly
+a good workman, but as he was an excellent speaker, and placed himself
+at the head of every strike, he was dismissed by the Mining Company.
+His wife already held a licence, and when he was thrown out of work he
+became an innkeeper himself. It was in his house that Etienne Lantier
+found lodgings when he first came to Montsou, and Souvarine also lodged
+there. Rasseneur's readiness of speech gave him great influence with the
+miners, but a rivalry arose between him and Lantier, whose new theories
+caught the popular ear. This jealousy caused him to take a side against
+the strike, solely because it had been proposed by Lantier, and this
+attitude made him very unpopular. But after the failure of the strike,
+which he had all along predicted, the inconstancy of the crowd turned in
+his favour and he soon regained his old popularity. Germinal.
+
+RASSENEUR (MADAME), wife of the preceding. At the time her husband
+was dismissed from the pit, she already held a licence, and they
+subsequently worked together to extend the business, in which they had
+considerable success. She was much more radical in politics than her
+husband, but during the strike trouble was careful to show extreme
+politeness to everyone. Germinal.
+
+RASTOIL, a neighbour of Francois Mouret. He was a rich man about sixty
+years of age, who had been president of the civil tribunal of Plassans
+for over twenty years. He was a Legitimist, and his house was used as
+a convenient meeting-place for the party. For some time he refused to
+compromise his political position with Abbe Faujas, who had all along
+concealed his opinions. Ultimately, however, he supported the candidate
+for the representation of Plassans proposed by Faujas, for which he was
+rewarded by an appointment for his son. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a listless and somewhat
+prudish woman whose old entanglement with M. Delangre was still
+remembered with amusement in the cafes. She was consulted by Madame
+Mouret regarding the Home for Girls proposed by Abbe Faujas, and
+ultimately agreed to act on the committee. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (ANGELINE), elder daughter of M. Rastoil, the president of the
+civil tribunal of Plassans. Though twenty-six years old, and now very
+yellow and shrewish-looking, she still adopted the role of a young girl,
+and had hopes of securing a husband. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (AURELIE), second daughter of M. Rastoil. Like her sister
+Angeline, she was plain-looking, and posed as a girl fresh from school,
+in the uncertain hope of gaining a husband. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RASTOIL (SEVERIN), son of M. Rastoil, the president of the civil
+tribunal of Plassans. "He was a tall young man of five and twenty, with
+a badly shaped skull and a dull brain, who had been just called to
+the Bar, thanks to the position which his father held. The latter was
+anxiously dreaming of making him a substitute, despairing of his ever
+succeeding in winning any practice for himself." On the suggestion
+of Abbe Faujas he took a share in starting the Club for Young Men
+at Plassans. After the election of M. Delangre as representative
+of Plassans, Rastoil received the appointment of assistant public
+procurator at Faverolles. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+RAVAUD, a captain of the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. A young soldier in his company was the first of
+the wounded to be taken to the ambulance in Delaherche's house on 1st
+September, 1870. In March, 1871, captain Ravaud was at Paris, in a
+regiment of recent formation, the 124th of the line. Jean Macquart was
+corporal in his company in this regiment. La Debacle.
+
+READING (LORD), proprietor of a racing stable. Bramah, one of his
+horses, once gained the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+REBUFAT, a farmer whose land adjoined that inherited by Adelaide Fouque.
+He purchased the Fouque property when it was sold by Pierre Rougon.
+After the death of his wife Rebufat and his son Justin treated her niece
+Miette Chantegreil very harshly. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REBUFAT (MADAME EULALIE), wife of the preceding; "a big, dark, stubborn
+shrew." She was a sister of Chantegreil, and was therefore the aunt of
+Miette, who lived with her after her father's conviction. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+REBUFAT (JUSTIN), son of Rebufat. "A youth about twenty years old, a
+sickly, squint-eyed creature, who cherished an implacable hatred against
+his cousin Miette." La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REMANJOU (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who lived in the same tenement
+house in Rue de la Goutte d'Or as the Coupeaus and the Lorilleux, where
+she made a scanty livelihood by dressing dolls. She was one of the
+guests at the Coupeaus' wedding party. L'Assommoir.
+
+RENAUDIN, a notary at Paris, who adjusted the Contract of Marriage
+between Auguste Vabre and Berthe Josserand. He acted in concert with
+Duveyrier in selling some heritable property to the loss of other
+members of the family. Pot-Bouille.
+
+RENAUDIN, a medical man at Grenelle. Josephine Dejoie was at one time
+cook in his house. L'Argent.
+
+RENGADE, a gendarme whose eye was accidentally destroyed by Silvere
+Mouret during a struggle for possession of a carbine after the entry of
+the insurgents into Plassans. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+REUTHLINGUER (BARON DE), a banker, and possessor of one of the largest
+fortunes in Europe. He was a friend of Clorinde Balbi, and from her
+received valuable information on political subjects. Son Excellence
+Eugene Rougon.
+
+RHADAMANTE, the sobriquet of a professor at the college of Plassans. He
+was supposed never to have laughed. L'Oeuvre.
+
+RICHOMME, one of the captains of the Voreux pit. He tried in vain to
+prevent a collision between the strikers and the troops, and even when
+bricks were being thrown he went between two parties, imploring one and
+advising the other, careless of danger. He was one of the first to fall
+when the troops ultimately fired. Germinal.
+
+RIVOIRE, a member of the firm of Piot and Rivoire. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+ROBERT (MADAME), a regular customer at the restaurant Laure Piedefer.
+She was jealous of Nana's relations with Satin, and revenged herself by
+writing anonymous letters to Muffat and to other lovers of her enemy.
+Nana.
+
+ROBIN-CHAGOT (VISCOUNT DE), vice-chairman of the board of directors of
+the Universal Bank. He was selected for the position in the belief that
+he would sign anything put before him without making too many inquiries.
+L'Argent.
+
+ROBINEAU, "second hand" in the silk department at "The Ladies'
+Paradise." As the result of a conspiracy among his subordinates, he was
+dismissed, and soon afterwards bought the business of M. Vincard, a silk
+merchant, with money belonging to his wife. His capital was inadequate,
+but M. Gaujean, a silk manufacturer who had quarrelled with Octave
+Mouret, promised to give him unlimited credit. Robineau's intention was
+to break up the monopoly of the cheaper class of silks which Mouret had
+secured, but he soon found that each reduction in price which he made
+was met by a still larger one. As he had no other departments out of
+which to average his profits, ruin inevitably followed, and he attempted
+to commit suicide by throwing himself under an omnibus; his injuries
+were not serious, however, and he ultimately recovered. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+ROBINEAU (MADAME), wife of the preceding. "Daughter of an overseer in
+the Department of Highways, entirely ignorant of business matters, she
+still retained the charming awkwardness of a girl educated in a Blois
+convent." Her small fortune enabled her husband to buy the silk business
+of M. Vincard, and she assisted him in carrying it on. Their subsequent
+ruin affected her less than the attempted suicide of her husband, to
+whom she was devoted. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+ROBINE, a regular attender at the revolutionary meetings in Lebigre's
+wine-shop. He sat for hours listening to arguments but never made any
+remarks. He escaped arrest. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROBINE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, lived with her husband in Rue
+Saint-Denis. No one ever entered their house, and even her personal
+appearance was unknown to her husband's friends. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROBINOT (MADAME), an acquaintance of the Deberles. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+ROBIQUET, farmer of La Chamade. Being near the end of his lease, he
+ceased to manure the land, allowing it to go to ruin. He was eventually
+turned out as he did not pay his rent. La Terre.
+
+ROCHART (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Faverolles. He upheld the Sisters of
+the Holy Family in the matter of the succession to Chevassu's estate,
+but was beaten by Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State, who supported
+the claim of the Charbonnels. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ROCHAS, lieutenant in the 106th Regiment of the line, commanded by
+Colonel de Vineuil. The son of a journeyman mason from Limousin, he was
+born in Paris, and not caring for his father's calling, enlisted when
+he was only eighteen. He gained a corporal's stripes in Algeria, rose
+to the rank of sergeant at Sebastopol, and was promoted to a lieutenancy
+after Solferino. Fifteen years of hardship and heroic bravery was the
+price he had paid to be an officer, but his education was so defective
+that he could never be made a captain. He held the old traditions that
+a defeat of the French army was impossible, and all through the
+campaign against Germany in 1870 he refused to believe in the repeated
+catastrophes. In the fierce attack by the Prussians on the Hermitage,
+he fought desperately against an overwhelming force, and up to the end
+encouraged his men by shouting that the victory was theirs. In the end
+he fell, mowed down by a hail of bullets. La Debacle.
+
+ROCHEFONTAINE, proprietor of a large factory at Chateaudun. He was
+desirous of serving as a Deputy, but did not secure the support of the
+Government, and, standing as an independent candidate, was defeated.
+Later, in consequence of the disgrace of M. de Chedeville, he became the
+official candidate, and in spite of a brusqueness of manner which made
+him unpopular, he was elected. La Terre.
+
+RODRIGUEZ, a distant relative of the Empress, who made a claim upon the
+State for a large sum, which he said had been due since 1808. Eugene
+Rougon, the Minister of State, gave great offence to the Empress by
+opposing the claim. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ROGNES-BOUQUEVAL (LES), an ancient and noble family whose estate,
+already much reduced by enforced sales, was declared national property
+in 1793, and was purchased piece by piece by Isidore Hourdequin. La
+Terre.
+
+ROIVILLE (LES), members of Parisian society at whose house Baroness
+Sandorff occasionally met Gundermann. L'Argent.
+
+ROSALIE, an old chair-mender at Rognes. The poor woman lived all alone,
+sick and without a copper. Abbe Godard came to her assistance. La Terre.
+
+ROSE, a waitress in Lebigre's wine-shop. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROSE, servant in the household of Francois Mouret, was an old woman of
+crabbed nature and uncertain temper. She fell under the influence of
+Abbe Faujas, and encouraged her mistress in the religious observances
+which led to the neglect of her family. Later, when Madame Mouret's
+health became impaired, and she became subject to fits, it was chiefly
+Rose who threw suspicion on her master, encouraging the belief that
+he was insane and had inflicted injuries on his wife. La Conquete de
+Plassans.
+
+ROSE, a peasant girl at Artaud; sister of Lisa. La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+ROSE, maid-servant to Madame Hennebeau. She was not alarmed by the
+violence of the strikers, as, belonging to that district, she knew the
+miners, and believed them not to be wicked. Germinal.
+
+ROSE, daughter of the concierge at the sub-prefecture at Sedan. She was
+a worker in Delaherche's factory, and he applied to her for information
+regarding the course of the battle, as she was in a position to hear
+the gossip of the officers and officials. When Napoleon III decided to
+request an armistice from the Prussians, it was Rose who furnished a
+tablecloth to be used as a white flag. La Debacle.
+
+ROSE, niece of Aristide Saccard's hairdresser. She was a pretty girl of
+about eighteen, whom Saccard sent to his son Maxime under the pretext
+of nursing him, but in reality with a view to hastening the course of
+a nervous disease from which the young man suffered. Aristide agreed
+to pay her a percentage on the fortune which he hoped to acquire at his
+son's death. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUBAUD, assistant station-master at Havre. Born in the south of France,
+at Plassans, he had a carter for father. He had quitted the army with
+the stripes of a sergeant-major, and for a long time had been general
+porter at the station at Nantes. He had been promoted head porter
+at Barentin, and it was there that he first saw Severine Aubry, the
+god-daughter of President Grandmorin, whom he married. This was the sole
+romance of his existence, and it was coupled with fortune, for apart
+from Severine and her marriage portion of ten thousand francs, the
+President, now a director of the Western Railway Company, got him
+appointed assistant station-master at Havre. He proved an excellent
+official, and the only thing against him was a suspicion that he was
+affected by republican principles. For three years Roubaud's married
+life was a happy one, until a chance lie of his wife's gave him a clue
+to her former relations with Grandmorin. Driven frantic by jealousy, he
+forced her to reveal the truth, afterwards compelling her to become
+his accomplice in the murder of the President in the Havre express. The
+Roubauds established an alibi, though slight suspicion attached to them,
+and Denizet, the examining magistrate, endeavoured to fasten the crime
+on Cabuche. For political reasons it was not considered desirable that
+Grandmorin's character should be publicly discussed, and the inquiry
+regarding the murder was dropped. Roubaud was aware, however, that
+Jacques Lantier had strong suspicions, and tried to secure his silence
+by making him a friend; a friendship which soon developed into a
+liaison between Lantier and Severine. With the murder of Grandmorin,
+the disintegration of Roubaud's character began; he gradually became a
+confirmed gambler, and having lost all his own money began to use that
+which he had taken from the body of his victim in order to establish
+a false motive for the crime. The relations between him and his wife
+became more and more strained, until they reached such a pitch that
+Lantier and she planned his murder. The homicidal frenzy of Lantier, to
+which Severine fell a victim, ended the plot, but Roubaud and Cabuche,
+who arrived on the scene immediately after the murder, were arrested
+under what appeared to be suspicious circumstances, and, after trial,
+were sentenced to penal servitude for a crime which they did not commit.
+La Bete Humaine.
+
+ROUBAUD (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Severine Aubry. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+ROUDIER, a regular attender at the political meetings held in the
+Rougons' yellow drawing-room. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+ROUGE D'AUNEAU (LE), lieutenant of Beau-Francois, leader of the band of
+brigands. He wrote a complaint while in prison. La Terre.
+
+ROUGETTE, a cow bought by the sisters Mouche at the market of Cloyes. La
+Terre.
+
+ROUGON, a young gardener who worked for the Fouque family, and
+afterwards married Adelaide. Fifteen months afterwards he died from
+sunstroke, leaving a son named Pierre. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+ROUGON, alias SACCARD (ARISTIDE), born 1815, youngest son of Pierre
+Rougon, was educated, like his brothers, at Plassans and Paris, but
+failed to pass his examinations. His character was a combination of
+covetousness and slyness: his greatest desire was the acquisition of
+rapid fortune, gained without work. In 1836 he married Angele Sicardot,
+who brought him a dowry of ten thousand francs. As Aristide did no work,
+and lived extravagantly, the money was soon consumed, and he and his
+wife were in such poverty that he was at last compelled to seek a
+situation. He procured a place at the Sub-Prefecture, where he remained
+nearly ten years, and only reached a salary of eighteen hundred francs.
+During that time "he longed, with ever-increasing malevolence and
+rancour, for those enjoyments of which he was deprived" by his lowly
+position. In 1848, when his brother Eugene left for Paris, he had a
+faint idea of following him, but remained in the hope of something
+turning up. In opposition to his father, he expressed Republican
+principles, and edited a newspaper called the _Independant_. At the time
+of the _Coup d'Etat_, he became alarmed at the course of events, and
+pretended that an accident to his hand prevented him from writing. His
+mother having given him private information as to the success of the
+Bonapartist cause, he changed the politics of his paper, and became
+reconciled to his parents. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+Early in 1852 he went to Paris, taking with him his wife and daughter
+Clotilde, then a child of four; his son Maxime he left at Plassans.
+Through the influence of his brother Eugene, he got an appointment as
+assistant surveying clerk at the _Hotel de Ville_, with a salary of two
+thousand four hundred francs. Before entering on his duties, however, he
+changed his name to Saccard on the suggestion of his brother, who feared
+that he might be compromised by him. In 1853, Aristide was appointed
+a surveying commissioner of roads, with an increased salary. At this
+period great schemes of city improvement were under discussion, and
+Aristide by spying and other shady means got early information as to
+the position of the proposed new streets. Great chances of fortune were
+arising, but he had no capital. The death of his wife enabled him to
+enter into a plan proposed by his sister Sidonie, who had heard of
+a family willing to make a considerable sacrifice to find a not too
+inquisitive husband for their daughter. He accordingly married Renee
+Beraud du Chatel, and gained control of a considerable sum of ready
+money, in addition to the fortune settled on his wife. By means of
+a cleverly contrived swindle, in which he was assisted by his friend
+Larsonneau, he got a fabulous price for some property acquired by him,
+and the foundation of his fortune was laid. From this time, he lived a
+life of the wildest extravagance, and, though his gains were frequently
+enormous, his expenses were so great that it was only with difficulty
+that he was able to prevent a catastrophe. La Curee.
+
+He as appointed by Pauline Quenu's family council to be her "surrogate
+guardian." La Joie de Vivre.
+
+After a last and disastrous land speculation, Saccard was obliged to
+leave his great house in the Parc Monceau, which he abandoned to his
+creditors. At first undecided as to his movements, he took a flat in the
+mansion in Rue Saint-Lazare, which belonged to Princess d'Orviedo. There
+he met Hamelin, the engineer, and his sister Caroline, with whom he soon
+became on intimate terms. Hamelin having spent much time in the East,
+had formed many schemes for great financial ventures, and Saccard was
+so impressed with these that he formed a syndicate for the purpose of
+carrying some of them out. With this view the Universal Bank was formed,
+and was at first very successful. By persistent advertising, and other
+means, the shares of the Bank were forced to an undue price, and then
+Saccard began to speculate in them on behalf of the Bank itself. The
+great financier Gundermann, with whom Saccard had quarrelled, then began
+a persistent attack on the Bank, selling its shares steadily day after
+day. Saccard continued to buy as long as he was able; but the end came,
+the price broke, and he, as well as the Bank, which was now one of
+its own largest shareholders, was ruined. Since his previous failure,
+Saccard had not been on friendly terms with his brother Eugene Rougon,
+and, some time before the collapse of the Bank, had made violent attacks
+upon him in his newspaper. Consequently Rougon did nothing to assist him
+in the criminal proceedings which followed the final catastrophe; he did
+not, however, wish to have a brother in jail, and arranged matters
+so that an appeal was allowed. Next day Saccard escaped to Belgium.
+L'Argent.
+
+After the fall of the Second Empire, he returned to Paris, despite the
+sentence he had incurred. Some complicated intrigue must have been at
+work, for not only did he obtain a pardon, but once more took part in
+promoting large undertakings, with a finger in every pie and a share of
+every bribe. In 1872 he was actively engaged in journalism, having been
+appointed Director of the _Epoque_, a Republican journal which made a
+great success by publishing the papers found in the Tuileries. Covetous
+of his son's fortune, he hastened a disease from which Maxime suffered,
+by encouraging him in vicious courses, and in the end got possession
+of the whole estate. By a singular irony, Aristide, now returned to his
+original Republicanism, was in a position to protect his brother Eugene,
+whom in earlier days he had so often compromised. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME ANGELE), first wife of the preceding, was a daughter
+of commander Sicardot. She brought her husband a dowry of ten thousand
+francs. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+Along with her daughter Clotilde, she accompanied her husband to Paris
+in 1852, and being an amiable woman without ambition she was quite
+satisfied with the modest position he at first secured. She died in 1854
+of inflammation of the lungs. La Curee.
+
+ROUGON, alias SACCARD (MADAME RENEE), the second wife of Aristide
+Rougon, alias Saccard, was the elder daughter of M. Beraud du Chatel,
+the last representative of an old middle-class family. Having become
+seriously compromised, she was hurriedly married to Saccard through the
+agency of his sister Madame Sidonie, and a considerable sum of money
+as well as land was settled upon her. Wholly given over to pleasure
+and extravagance, she soon got deeply into debt, and her husband took
+advantage of this from time to time by inducing her to make over to him
+her property, in order that he might speculate with it. She engaged in a
+shameful liaison with her husband's son Maxime, which ultimately brought
+her great unhappiness, and she died of acute meningitis at an early age.
+La Curee.
+
+ROUGON (CHARLES), born 1857, son of Maxime Rougon, alias Saccard, and of
+Justine Megot, a maid-servant of Madame Renee Saccard. The child and his
+mother were sent to the country with a little annuity of twelve hundred
+francs. La Curee.
+
+At fifteen years of age he lived at Plassans with his mother,
+who had married a saddler named Anselme Thomas. Charles was a
+degenerate who reproduced at a distance of three generations his
+great-great-grandmother, Adelaide Fouque. He did not look more than
+twelve years old, and his intelligence was that of a child of five.
+There was in him a relaxation of tissues, due to degeneracy, and the
+slightest exertion produced hemorrhage. Charles was not kindly treated
+by his stepfather, and generally lived with his great-grandmother
+Felicite Rougon. He was frequently taken to visit the aged Adelaide
+Fouque in the asylum at Les Tulettes, and on one occasion, in 1873, when
+he chanced to be left alone with her he was seized with bleeding at the
+nose, and, under the fixed eyes of his ancestress, he slowly bled to
+death. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (CLOTILDE), born 1847, daughter of Aristide Rougon, accompanied
+her father and mother to Paris in 1852. After the death of her mother
+in 1854, she was sent to live with Dr. Pascal Rougon, her uncle, who had
+frequently offered to take her to enliven his silent scientific home. La
+Curee.
+
+At Plassans Clotilde lived a quiet healthy life, much of it spent in the
+open air. She was not highly educated, but having considerable artistic
+talent was able to assist Doctor Pascal by making illustrations for his
+great work on heredity. At one period she developed strong religious
+tendencies under the influence of Martine, the doctor's old servant,
+who took her to church, and imbued the girl with her own bigoted ideas
+regarding the salvation of Pascal. Her grandmother, Felicite Rougon,
+who wished, for family reasons, to destroy Pascal's manuscripts on the
+subject of heredity, played on Clotilde's feelings, and induced her to
+assist in a search for the hated work. Rougon surprised them in the act,
+and subsequently laid bare to Clotilde the whole facts of the terrible
+family history. In time the mysticism of the Church gave place to
+passionate love between Clotilde and Pascal. The doctor felt, however,
+that she was sacrificing her youth for him, and sent her to Paris to
+live with her brother Maxime. Soon afterwards, Pascal became ill, and
+died before she was able to return. A child was born some months later.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (EUGENE), born 1811, eldest son of Pierre Rougon, was educated at
+Plassans and Paris, and was called to the Bar. He practised in the
+local Court for a number of years, but with little success. Though of
+lethargic appearance, he was a man of ability, who "cherished lofty
+ambitions, possessed domineering instincts, and showed a singular
+contempt for trifling expedients and small fortunes." With the
+Revolution of February, 1848, Eugene felt that his opportunity had come,
+and he left for Paris with scarcely five hundred francs in his pocket.
+He was able to give his parents early information of the designs of the
+Bonapartes, and so prepared the way for the events of the _Coup d'Etat_
+of 1851, when the family fortunes were made. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+During his early days in Paris Rougon resided at the Hotel Vanneau, kept
+by Madame Correur, and while there he made the acquaintance of Gilquin
+and Du Poizet, both of whom assisted him in spreading the Bonapartist
+propaganda. By his exertions in this cause he established a claim for
+reward, and he was appointed a member of the State Council, ultimately
+becoming its President. He fell into disfavour, however, with the Court
+on account of his opposition to a claim for two million francs by a
+distant relative of the Empress Eugenie. Finding that his position was
+insecure, he tendered his resignation to the Emperor, who accepted
+it. About this time he met Clorinde Balbi, an Italian adventuress, who
+endeavoured to induce him to marry her. Carried away for the time being,
+Rougon made overtures to her which she resented, and he was on the point
+of offering her marriage. Reflection on her somewhat equivocal position
+in society induced him to think better of this, and he offered to
+arrange a marriage between her and his friend Delestang. The offer
+was accepted, and the marriage took place. Soon after, Rougon married
+Veronique Beulin-d'Orchere. During his retirement Rougon was surrounded
+by a band of followers, the Charbonnels, Du Poizet, Kahn, and others,
+who in the hope of profiting by his return to office lost no chance of
+establishing a claim upon him. After the Orsini plot against the life of
+the Emperor, of which Rougon had prior information through Gilquin, the
+need for a strong man arose, and he was again called to office, being
+appointed Minister of the Interior. His harshness in carrying out
+reprisals against the Republican party, and even more, his recklessness
+in finding appointments for his friends, led to a public outcry, and his
+position again became undermined. Clorinde, who had never forgiven him
+for not marrying her, did much to foment the disaffection, and even his
+own band of followers turned against him. Always quick to act, Rougon
+again placed his resignation in the hands of the Emperor, who to his
+surprise accepted it. Three years later he was once more a member of the
+Corps Legislatif, and having brought his principles into accordance with
+the more liberal views then professed by the Emperor, he gave his strong
+support to the measures giving effect to them. In consequence, he
+was appointed by the Emperor as a Minister without department, and
+commissioned to defend the new Policy. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+When his brother Aristide came to Paris, Eugene found a situation for
+him, but, fearing to be compromised by him, suggested that he should
+change his name to Saccard which he did. There was no intimacy between
+the brothers, but Eugene occasionally visited Aristide at the great
+house built by him in the Parc Monceau. La Curee.
+
+After Saccard's bankruptcy, Eugene refused to have any further
+connection with him, though he tacitly approved of the foundation of the
+Universal Bank. The Bank having failed, however, he did nothing to
+stay legal proceedings against his brother; but, after a sentence of
+imprisonment had been passed, he connived at his escape from the country
+while the sentence was under appeal. L'Argent.
+
+He continued to take a lively interest in Plassans, and it was by him
+that Abbe Faujas was sent there to counteract the clerical influence,
+which at that time was strongly Legitimist. He kept up a correspondence
+with his mother, whom he advised as to each step she should take in
+political matters. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+After the fall of the Empire, Eugene became a simple Deputy, and in the
+Assembly remained to defend the old order of things which the downfall
+had swept away. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME EUGENE), wife of the preceding. See Veronique
+Beulin-d'Orchere. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+ROUGON (MARTHE), born 1820, daughter of Pierre Rougon; married in 1840
+her cousin Francois Rougon; had three children. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+She accompanied her husband to Marseilles, where by close attention
+to business they accumulated a fortune in fifteen years, returning to
+Plassans at the end of that period and settling down there. Her life at
+Plassans was a happy one until the household fell under the influence of
+Abbe Faujas. From the first she was in love with the priest, and as
+he gave her no encouragement in this, she devoted herself to church
+services to the entire neglect of her household and family. As time went
+on, her passion for the Abbe grew more extreme, and her health became
+undermined to a serious extent. She became subject to fits of an
+epileptic nature, and having injured herself in some of these, she
+allowed the injuries to be attributed to her husband, whom she had now
+grown to regard as an encumbrance. Though she was aware that he was not
+insane, she allowed him to be removed to an asylum, where confinement
+soon completed the work begun by her own conduct. The Abbe Faujas having
+resolutely resisted her advances, her health became still worse, and she
+died in her mother's house on the same night that her husband escaped
+from the asylum and burned down their old home. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+ROUGON (MAXIME), born 1840, son of Aristide Rougon. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+When his father went to Paris in 1852, Maxime remained at school at
+Plassans, not going to Paris till after his father's second marriage.
+From early youth he was of vicious character, and the idleness and
+extravagance of the life in his father's house only completed the
+training begun at Plassans. After carrying on a disgraceful liaison with
+his father's second wife, he married Louise de Mareuil, through whom he
+got a considerable dowry. La Curee.
+
+After the death of his wife, six months after their marriage, he
+returned to Paris, where he lived quietly upon the dowry brought to him
+by her. He refused to join in any of his father's schemes, or to assist
+him in any way, and was consequently not affected by the failure of the
+Universal Bank. L'Argent.
+
+After the war he re-established himself in his mansion in Avenue du
+Bois-de-Boulogne, where he lived on the fortune left by his wife. "He
+had become prudent, however, with the enforced restraint of a man whose
+marrow is diseased, and who seeks by artifice to ward off the paralysis
+which threatened him." In the fear of this impending illness, he induced
+his sister Clotilde to leave Doctor Pascal, and go to live with him
+in Paris, but in his constant fear of being taken advantage of he soon
+began to be suspicious of her, as he did of every one who served him.
+His father, who wished to hasten his own inheritance, encouraged him in
+a renewal of his vicious courses, and he died of _locomotor ataxy_ at
+the age of thirty-three. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME MAXIME). See Louise de Mareuil.
+
+ROUGON (PASCAL), born 1813, second son of Pierre Rougon, "had an
+uprightness of spirit, a love of study, a retiring modesty which
+contrasted strangely with the feverish ambitions and unscrupulous
+intrigues of his family." Having acquitted himself admirably in his
+medical studies at Paris, he returned to Plassans, where he lived a life
+of quiet study and work. He had few patients, but devoted himself
+to research, particularly on the subject of heredity, with special
+reference to its results on his own family. In the hope of alleviating
+suffering, he followed the Republican insurgents in their march from
+Plassans in December, 1851. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+In 1854 his niece Clotilde, daughter of his brother Aristide, went to
+live with him. He had frequently offered to take her, but nothing was
+arranged till after the death of her mother, at which time she was about
+seven years old. La Curee.
+
+His practice as a medical man extended to Les Artaud, and he attended
+his nephew Abbe Serge Mouret during an attack of brain fever. On the
+priest's partial recovery, he removed him to the Paradou, and left him
+in the care of Albine, niece of old Jeanbernat, the caretaker of that
+neglected demesne. Dr. Pascal was much attached to Albine, and deeply
+regretted the sad love affair which resulted from Mouret's forgetfulness
+of his past. He had no religious beliefs himself, and he urged Mouret to
+return to Albine, but the voice of the Church proved too strong in the
+end. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+At sixty years of age Pascal was so fresh and vigorous that, though his
+hair and beard were white, he might have been mistaken for a young man
+with powdered locks. He had lived for seventeen years at La Souleiade,
+near Plassans, with his niece Clotilde and his old servant Martine,
+having amassed a little fortune, which was sufficient for his needs. He
+had devoted his life to the study of heredity, finding typical examples
+in his own family. He brought up Clotilde without imposing on her his
+own philosophic creed, even allowing Martine to take her to church
+regularly. But this tolerance brought about a serious misunderstanding
+between them, for the girl fell under the influence of religious
+mysticism, and came to look with horror on the savant's scientific
+pursuits. Discovered by him in an attempt to destroy his documents, he
+explained to Clotilde fully and frankly the bearing of their terrible
+family history on his theory of heredity, with the result that her
+outlook on life was entirely changed; he had opposed the force of human
+truth against the shadows of mysticism. The struggle between Pascal
+and Clotilde brought them to a knowledge of mutual love, and an illicit
+relationship was established between them. He would have married her
+(this being legal in France), but having lost most of his money he
+was unwilling to sacrifice what he believed to be her interests, and
+persuaded her to go to Paris to live with her brother Maxime. Soon after
+her departure he was seized with an affection of the heart, and,
+after some weeks of suffering, died only an hour before her return.
+Immediately after his death his mother, Madame Felicite Rougon, took
+possession of his papers, and in an immense _auto-da-fe_ destroyed in an
+hour the records of a lifetime of work. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (PIERRE), born 1787, legitimate son of Adelaide Fouque, was a
+thrifty, selfish lad who saw that his mother by her improvident conduct
+was squandering the estate to which he considered himself sole heir. His
+aim was to induce his mother and her two illegitimate children to remove
+from the house and land, and in this he was ultimately successful.
+Having sold the property for fifty thousand francs, he induced his
+mother, who by this time was of weak intellect, to sign a receipt for
+that sum, and was so able to defraud his half-brother and sister of
+the shares to which they would have been entitled. Soon thereafter he
+married Felicite Puech, the daughter of an oil dealer in Plassans. The
+firm of Puech and Lacamp was not prosperous, but the money brought by
+Pierre Rougon retrieved the situation, and after a few years the two
+original partners retired. Fortune, however, soon changed, and for
+thirty years there was a continual struggle to make ends meet. Three
+sons and two daughters were born, and their education was a heavy drain
+upon their parents' means. In 1845 Pierre and his wife retired from
+business with forty thousand francs at the most. Instigated by the
+Marquis de Carnavant, they went in for politics, and soon regular
+meetings of the reactionary party came to be held in their "yellow
+drawing-room." Advised, however, by their son Eugene, they resolved
+to support the cause of the Bonapartes, and at the time of the _Coup
+d'Etat_ of 1851 Pierre was the leader of that party in Plassans. Having
+concealed himself when the Republican insurgents entered Plassans, he
+avoided capture, and after they retired he led the band of citizens
+which recaptured the town hall. This bloodless victory having been
+somewhat minimized by the townspeople, Pierre and his wife, with a view
+to establishing a strong claim for subsequent reward, bribed Antoine
+Macquart to lead the Republicans left in Plassans to an attack on
+the town hall. To meet this he prepared a strong ambuscade, and the
+Republicans were repulsed with considerable loss. As a result of this
+treachery, Pierre was regarded by his fellow-citizens as the saviour
+of the town, and the Government subsequently appointed him Receiver of
+Taxes, decorating him with the Cross of the Legion of Honour. La Fortune
+des Rougon.
+
+He settled down quietly and took little part in public affairs, though
+his wife continued to hold weekly receptions at which members of the
+different political parties were represented. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+He became so corpulent that he was unable to move, and was carried off
+by an attack of indigestion on the night of 3rd September, 1870, a few
+hours after hearing of the catastrophe of Sedan. The downfall of the
+regime which he prided himself on having helped to establish seemed to
+have crushed him like a thunderbolt. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (MADAME FELICITE), wife of the preceding, and daughter of Puech,
+the oil-dealer. She was married in 1810, and had three sons and two
+daughters. A woman of strong ambitions, she hoped to better her social
+position by the aid of her sons, on whose education she spent large
+sums. Disappointed in this hope for many years, she and her husband
+retired from business with barely sufficient means to keep themselves
+in comfort. She, instigated by the Marquis de Carnavant (her putative
+father), urged her husband to take part in politics, and meetings of
+the reactionary party were regularly held in her "yellow drawing-room."
+While the success of the _Coup d'Etat_ was in some doubt, she encouraged
+her husband in maintaining the position he had taken up; and, having
+ascertained that the success of the Bonapartists was assured she
+arranged with Antoine Macquart for the attack on the town hall, the
+repulse of which led to the rise of the family fortunes. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+After her husband's appointment as Receiver of Taxes, she continued
+her weekly receptions, but endeavoured to give them a non-political
+character by inviting representatives of all parties. Her son Eugene,
+now a Minister of State, kept her advised as to the course she should
+pursue, and on his instructions she gave some assistance to Abbe Faujas
+in his political "conquest of Plassans." La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+In 1856 she interested herself in a lawsuit raised by M. Charbonnel,
+a retired oil-merchant of Plassans, and requested her son Eugene, the
+President of the Council of State, to use his influence on behalf of her
+friend. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+After the disasters of the war, Plassans escaped from her dominion, and
+she had to content herself with the role of dethroned queen of the old
+regime. Her ruling passion was the defence of the glory of the Rougons,
+and the obliteration of everything tending to reflect on the family
+name. In this connection she welcomed the death of Adelaide Fouque, the
+common ancestress of the Rougons and the Macquarts, and she did nothing
+to save her old accomplice Antoine Macquart from the terrible fate which
+overtook him. After these events, her only remaining trouble was the
+work on family heredity which had for years occupied her son Pascal.
+Assisted by his servant Martine, she eventually succeeded in burning the
+whole manuscript to which Pascal had devoted his life. Her triumph was
+then secure, and in order to raise a monument to the glory of the family
+she devoted a large part of her fortune to the erection of an asylum for
+the aged, to be known as the Rougon Asylum. At eighty-two years of age,
+she laid the foundation stone of the building, and in doing so conquered
+Plassans for the third time. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (SIDONIE), born 1818, daughter of Pierre Rougon. La Fortune des
+Rougon.
+
+She married at Plassans an attorney's clerk, named Touche, and together
+they went to Paris, setting up business in the Rue Saint-Honore, as
+dealers in fruit from the south of France. The venture was unsuccessful,
+and the husband soon disappeared. At the rise of the Second Empire,
+Sidonie was thirty-five; but she dressed herself with so little care and
+had so little of the woman in her manner that she looked much older. She
+carried on business in lace and pianos, but did not confine herself
+to these trades; when she had sold ten francs worth of lace she would
+insinuate herself into her customer's good graces and become her man of
+business, attending attorneys, advocates, and judges on her behalf. The
+confidences she everywhere received put her on the track of good strokes
+of business, often of a nature more than equivocal, and it was she who
+arranged the second marriage of her brother Aristide. She was a
+true Rougon, who had inherited the hunger for money, the longing for
+intrigue, which was the characteristic of the family. La Curee.
+
+In 1851 she had a daughter by an unknown father. The child, who was
+named Angelique Marie, was at once sent to the Foundling Hospital by her
+mother, who never made any inquiry about her afterwards. Le Reve.
+
+She attended the funeral of her cousin, Claude Lantier, the artist.
+Arrived at his house, "she went upstairs, turned round the studio,
+sniffed at all its bare wretchedness, and then walked down again with a
+hard mouth, irritated at having taken the trouble to come." L'Oeuvre.
+
+"After a long disappearance from the scene, Sidonie, weary of the shady
+callings she had plied, and now of a nunlike austerity, retired to
+the gloomy shelter of a conventual kind of establishment, holding the
+purse-strings of the Oeuvre du Sacrament, an institution founded with
+the object of assisting seduced girls, who had become mothers, to secure
+husbands." Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (VICTOR), son of Aristide Saccard and Rosaline Chavaille. Brought
+up in the gutter, he was from the first incorrigibly lazy and vicious.
+La Mechain, his mother's cousin, after discovering his paternity, told
+the facts to Caroline Hamelin, who, to save Saccard annoyance, paid over
+a considerable sum and removed the boy to _L'Oeuvre du Travail_, one of
+the institutions founded by the Princess d'Orviedo. Here every effort
+was made to reclaim him, but without success; vice and cunning had
+become his nature. In the end he made a murderous attack upon Alice
+du Beauvilliers, who was visiting the hospital, and having stolen her
+purse, made his escape. Subsequent search proved fruitless; he had
+disappeared in the under-world of crime. L'Argent.
+
+"In 1873, Victor had altogether vanished, living, no doubt, in the shady
+haunts of crime--since he was in no penitentiary--let loose upon the
+world like some brute foaming with the hereditary virus, whose every
+bite would enlarge that existing evil--free to work out his own future,
+his unknown destiny, which was perchance the scaffold." Le Docteur
+Pascal.
+
+ROUGON (-----), the child of Doctor Pascal Rougon and of Clotilde
+Rougon, born some months after his father's death. Pascal a few
+minutes before he died, drew towards him the genealogical tree of the
+Rougon-Macquart family, over which he had spent so many years, and in
+a vacant space wrote the words: "The unknown child, to be born in 1874.
+What will it be?" Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+ROUSSE (LA), a peasant girl of Les Artaud, who assisted to decorate the
+church for the festival of the Virgin. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+ROUSSEAU, one of the auditors of the Universal Bank, an office which he
+shared with Lavigniere, under whose influence he was to a great extent.
+L'Argent.
+
+ROUSSELOT (MONSEIGNEUR), Bishop of Plassans, an amiable but weak man,
+who was entirely under the influence of Abbe Fenil. Having got into
+disfavour with the Government over the election of a Legitimist as
+Deputy, he was anxious to retrieve his position, and with this object
+agreed to appoint Abbe Faujas vicar of Saint-Saturnin's church. This led
+to a quarrel with Abbe Fenil, who, of course, resented the appointment.
+The Bishop being still in some doubt as to the standing of Abbe Faujas
+with the Government, went to Paris, where he interviewed Eugene Rougon,
+the Minister of State. Satisfied with the information which he received,
+he threw himself heartily into the political struggle then proceeding at
+Plassans, giving Faujas every assistance in carrying out his schemes on
+behalf of the Bonapartist candidate. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+ROUSSIE (LA), a woman who had formerly worked as a putter in the Voreux
+pit. Germinal.
+
+ROUSTAN (ABBE), one of the clergy of Sainte-Eustache church. Madame
+Lisa Quenu consulted him as to her proposed course of action regarding
+Florent. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+ROUVET, an old peasant who lived in the same village as Zephyrin Lacour
+and Rosalie Pichon. One of her pleasures consisted in calling to mind
+the sayings of the old man. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+ROZAN (DUC DE), was a young man of dissolute life, who, after getting
+the control of his fortune, soon went through the greater part of it. He
+was the lover of Renee Saccard for a time. La Curee.
+
+ROZAN (DUCHESSE DE), mother of the preceding. She kept her son so short
+of money that, till he was thirty-five, he seldom had more than a dozen
+louis at a time. Her death was largely occasioned by the knowledge of
+the enormous amount of debts her son had incurred. La Curee.
+
+RUSCONI (CHEVALIER), the Sardinian Minister at Paris, a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi, and her daughter. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+
+
+
+S
+
+SABATANI, a native of the Levant, who appeared in Paris after defaulting
+on some foreign Stock Exchange. He was a handsome man, and little by
+little gained the confidence of the Bourse "by scrupulous correctness
+of behaviour and an unremitting graciousness even towards the most
+disreputable." He began doing business with Mazard by depositing a small
+sum as "cover" in the belief that the insignificance of the amount would
+in time be forgotten; and "he evinced great prudence, increasing the
+orders in a stealthy gradual fashion, pending the day when, with a heavy
+settlement to meet, it would be necessary for him to disappear." When
+Saccard founded the Universal Bank, he selected Sabatani as the "man of
+straw" in whose name the shares held by the Bank itself were to be taken
+up. Sabatani soon increased his speculations to an enormous extent,
+gaining large sums, but after the collapse of the Universal Bank he
+disappeared without paying his "differences," thereby contributing
+largely to the ruin of Mazard. L'Argent.
+
+SABOT, a vine-grower of Brinqueville. He was a renowned joker, who
+entered into a competition with Hyacinthe Fouan, but was beaten by him.
+La Terre.
+
+SACCARD, the name assumed by Aristide Rougon, on the suggestion of his
+brother Eugene. See Rougon (Aristide). La Curee.
+
+SACCARD (VICTOR). See Victor Rougon.
+
+SAFFRE (DE), secretary to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. La
+Curee.
+
+SAGET (MADEMOISELLE), an old lady who had lived in the Rue Pirouette for
+forty years. She never spoke about herself, but she spent her life in
+getting information about her neighbours, carrying her prying curiosity
+so far as to listen behind their doors and open their letters. She
+went about all day pretending she was marketing, but in reality merely
+spreading scandal and getting information. By bullying little Pauline
+Quenu, she got a hint of Florent's past history, which she promptly
+spread through the markets, even going the length of writing an
+anonymous letter to the Prefect of Police. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+SAINT-FIRMIN (OSCAR DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by
+Fauchery. The part was played by Prulliere. Nana.
+
+SAINT-GERMAIN (MADEMOISELLE DE), was the owner of a princely house in
+Rue Saint-Lazare, which after her death became the property of Princess
+d'Orviedo. L'Argent.
+
+SAINTS-ANGES (LA MERE DES), superior of the Convent of the Visitation at
+Clermont. She saved from the cloister Christine Hallegrain, who had
+not a religious vocation, and obtained for her a situation to Madame de
+Vanzade. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SALMON, a speculator on the Paris Bourse who passed for a man of
+extraordinary acumen by listening to everyone and saying nothing.
+He answered only by smiles, and one could never tell in what he was
+speculating or whether he was speculating at all. L'Argent.
+
+SALNEUVE (DE), a man of considerable importance in the Second Empire,
+whose influence was secured for Eugene Rougon by Clorinde Balbi. Son
+Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+SAMBUC (GUILLAUME), one of the francs-tireurs who carried on a guerilla
+warfare against the Germans in 1870. He was the worthy son of a family
+of scoundrels, and lived by theft and rapine. He furnished most valuable
+information to the French generals regarding the movement of the
+Prussians to surprise Beaumont, but his information was disregarded till
+too late. The francs-tireurs had a particular hatred against Goliath
+Steinberg, the German spy, and, instigated by Silvine Morange, Sambuc
+arranged for his capture, afterwards killing him by cutting his throat.
+La Debacle.
+
+SAMBUC (PROSPER), brother of the preceding. Of a nature docile and
+hard-working, he hated the life of the woods, and would have liked to
+be a farm labourer. He entered the army and became one of the Chasseurs
+d'Afrique. Sent to France to take part in the war against Germany, he
+shared in many weary marches, but saw no fighting, till the battle of
+Sedan, when his horse, Zephir, which he loved like a brother, was killed
+under him. He made his escape after the battle, and having been able
+to change his uniform for the clothes of a countryman, he returned to
+Remilly and got employment on the farm of Fouchard. La Debacle.
+
+SANDORFF, a member of the Austrian Embassy at Paris. He married Mlle.
+de Ladricourt, who was much younger than he. He was very niggardly.
+L'Argent.
+
+SANDORFF (BARONESS), wife of the Councillor to the Austrian Embassy,
+who was thirty-five years older than herself. She was an inveterate
+speculator, and, as her husband refused to assist her, she found it
+necessary to have recourse to her lovers when her losses were greater
+than usual. She stopped at nothing to gain information, and at one time
+was on intimate terms with Saccard. Having quarrelled with him, she
+hastened the downfall of the Universal Bank, by giving information
+to Gundermann which caused him to continue his attack on the Bank.
+L'Argent.
+
+SANDOZ (PERE), a Spaniard who took refuge in France in consequence of a
+political disturbance in which he was involved. He started near Plassans
+a paper mill with new machinery of his own invention. When he died,
+almost heart-broken by the petty local jealousy that had sought to
+hamper him in every way, his widow found herself in a position so
+involved, and burdened with so many tangled lawsuits, that the whole of
+her remaining means were swallowed up. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANDOZ MERE (MADAME), wife of the preceding, was a native of Burgundy.
+Yielding to her hatred of the Provencals, whom she blamed for the death
+of her husband, and even for the slow paralysis from which she herself
+was suffering, she migrated to Paris, with her son Pierre, who then
+supported her out of a clerk's small salary. In Rue d'Enfer she occupied
+a single room on the same flat as her son, and there, disabled by
+paralysis, lived in morose and voluntary solitude, surrounded by his
+tender care. Later, Pierre, who was now married, and was making a
+considerable income, took a house in Rue Nollet, and there Madame Sandoz
+passed her remaining years. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANDOZ (PIERRE), a famous novelist whose youth was spent at Plassans,
+where at school he was the inseparable companion of Claude Lantier and
+Dubuche. The favourite amusement of the boys was walking, and together
+they took long excursions, spending whole days in the country. After the
+death of his father Sandoz went to Paris, where he got employment at a
+small salary at the _Mairie_ of the fifth arrondissement, in the office
+for registration of births; he was chained there by the thought of his
+mother, whom he had to support, and to whom he was tenderly attached.
+Presently he published his first book: a series of mild sketches,
+brought with him from Plassans, among which only a few rougher notes
+indicated the mutineer, the lover of truth and power. He lived at this
+time with his mother in a little house in Rue d'Enfer, and there he
+received each Thursday evening his old friends from Plassans, Claude
+Lantier and Dubuche, and with them Fagerolles, Mahoudeau, Jory,
+Gagniere, now reunited at Paris, and all animated by the same passion
+for art. He was still obsessed by a desire for literary glory, and had
+thoughts of writing a poem on some vast subject, but at last he hit on
+a scheme which soon took form in his mind. With reference to it he said,
+"I am going to take a family, and I shall study its members, one by one,
+whence they come, whither they go, how they react upon one another--in
+short, humanity in a small compass, the way in which humanity grows and
+behaves. On the other hand, I shall set my men and women in a determined
+period of history, which will provide me with the necessary surroundings
+and circumstances, a slice of history--you understand, eh? A series
+of fifteen or twenty books, episodes that will cling together although
+having each a separate framework, a suite of novels with which I shall
+be able to build myself a house for my old age if they don't crush
+me." The first of the novels met with some success, and Sandoz having
+resigned his appointment, and put his trust entirely in literature,
+married a young girl named Henriette, the daughter of middle-class
+parents, and removed his house to Rue Nollet. In course of time his
+circumstances became still more comfortable, and he again removed to a
+large house in Rue de Londres. When Claude Lantier fell into misery and
+despair, a gradual separation came about between him and his friends,
+but Sandoz remained true to the old companionship. He was one of the few
+mourners who attended the funeral of the unfortunate artist. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANDOZ (MADAME HENRIETTE), wife of the preceding. She was an orphan,
+the daughter of a small shop-keeper, without a penny, but pretty and
+intelligent. She occupied herself much with the affairs of the kitchen,
+being specially proud of some of her dishes. Even later, when the family
+was more prosperous and had removed to a large flat in Rue de Londres,
+Henriette continued to take personal charge, out of affection for her
+husband, whose only fault was a tendency to gluttony. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SANQUIRINO (DUCHESSE), a lady of the Italian aristocracy, who resided at
+Paris. She gave Eugene Rougon very unsatisfactory information regarding
+Comtesse Balbi and her daughter Clorinde. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+SANS-POUCE, one of the brigands of the band of Beau-Francois. La Terre.
+
+SAPIN, sergeant in Captain Beaudoin's company of the 106th Regiment of
+the line. "The son of a Lyons grocer in a small way of business, spoilt
+by his mother, who was dead, and unable to get on with his father, he
+had remained in the regiment disgusted with everything, but unwilling to
+be bought out." Later he became engaged to one of his cousins, who had a
+small dowry, and began to take an interest in life. During the march
+to Sedan, however, he became impressed with the idea that he would
+be killed, and this belief was realized during the fighting on 1st
+September, 1870. La Debacle.
+
+SAPIN (LA), a disreputable old woman at Magnolles who performed illegal
+operations and pretended to work magic.
+
+SARRIET (MADAME), sister of Madame Lecoeur and of Madame Gavard; mother
+of La Sarriette. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+SARRIET, usually called La Sarriette, was the niece of Madame Lecoeur.
+She grew up in the markets and her sympathies were with the lower ranks
+of the people. At twenty she set up in business as a fruit-dealer, and
+took as her lover a young man named Jules, who was employed by her
+aunt as a porter. After the arrest of Gavard, her uncle by marriage,
+La Sarriette and her aunt divided his money between them. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+SARTEUR, a journeyman hatter at Plassans. He was afflicted with
+homicidal mania, and was confined for a time in the asylum at Tulettes.
+While there he was treated by Doctor Pascal Rougon, who affected a
+cure by hypodermic injections of a substance with which he had long
+experimented. Sarteur was released from the asylum, but the cure was
+not permanent, for a few months afterwards the unfortunate man became
+conscious of a return of his homicidal mania, and, to prevent its
+operation, hanged himself. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+SATIN, a friend of Nana from childhood, having, like her, attended
+the school of Mademoiselle Josse. She was a regular customer at Laure
+Piedefer's restaurant, where she met Madame Robert. She lived for a time
+with Nana, of whom she was intensely jealous, and in time gained control
+of the whole household. She died in the hospital of Lariboisiere. Nana.
+
+SAUCISSE (LA PERE), an old peasant of Rognes, who owned an acre of land
+which he sold to Pere Fouan for an annuity of fifteen sous a day. In
+order to dupe the old man, he pretended to be in bad health. Later,
+terrorized by Buteau, he cancelled the agreement, and repaid half the
+sums he had received. La Terre.
+
+SAUVAGNAT, a friend of Pluchart. He lived at Marchiennes. Germinal.
+
+SAUVAGNAT, chief of the depot at Havre, lived in a cottage near the
+engine depot, which his sister Philomene kept for him, but greatly
+neglected. He was an obstinate man and a strict disciplinarian, greatly
+esteemed by his superiors, but had met with the utmost vexation on
+account of his sister, even to the point of being threatened with
+dismissal. If the Company bore with her now on his account, he only kept
+her with him because of the family tie; but this did not prevent him
+belabouring her so severely with blows whenever he caught her at fault
+that he frequently left her half dead on the floor. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SAUVAGNAT (PHILOMENE), sister of the preceding, was a tall, thin woman
+of thirty-two, who after numerous love-affairs had settled down with
+Pecqueux, whose mistress she became. She had the reputation of drinking.
+A subsequent intrigue between her and Jacques Lantier excited the
+jealousy of Pecqueux to the point of murder. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SAUVEUR (MADAME), a dress-maker, who numbered Madame Desforges among her
+customers. She frequented Mouret's shop, _Au Bonheur des Dames_, on the
+occasions of great sales, purchasing large quantities of stuff which she
+afterwards sold to her own customers at higher prices. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+SAUVIGNY (DE), judge of the race for the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+SCHLOSSER, a speculator on the Paris Bourse. He was secretly associated
+with Sabatani, with whom he carried out many schemes to their mutual
+advantage. L'Argent.
+
+SCOTS (H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF). See Ecosse.
+
+SEDILLE, a native of Lyons, who established himself in Paris, and after
+thirty years' toil succeeded in making his silk business one of the best
+known in the city. Unfortunately he acquired a passion for gambling, and
+a couple of successful ventures made him altogether lose his head. From
+that time he neglected his business, and ruin lay inevitably at the end.
+On the invitation of Saccard he became a Director of the Universal Bank.
+Like the other Directors, he speculated largely in the shares of the
+Bank; but, unlike most of them, he did not sell in time, with the result
+that he was completely ruined, and his bankruptcy followed. L'Argent.
+
+SEDILLE (GUSTAVE), son of M. Sedille, the silk merchant. To the
+disappointment of his father, he despised commercial pursuits, and
+cared only for pleasure. In the hope that he might take an interest
+in finance, he was given a situation in the office of Mazard, the
+stockbroker, where, however, he did little work, and soon engaged in
+speculations on his own account. The failure of the Universal Bank left
+him penniless, and deep in debt. L'Argent.
+
+SICARDOT (COMMANDER), the father-in-law of Aristide Rougon. He had the
+strongest intellect of the politicians who met in Pierre Rougon's yellow
+drawing-room. He was taken prisoner by the insurgents at the time of the
+_Coup d'Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+SICARDOT, the name of Aristide Rougon's wife's family. He adopted this
+name when he went to Paris in 1851, using it for considerable time
+before he again changed it to Saccard. L'Argent.
+
+SICARDOT (ANGELE). See Madame Aristide Rougon.
+
+SIDONIE (MADAME), the name by which Sidonie Rougon (q.v.) was generally
+known. La Curee.
+
+SIMON (LA MERE), an old woman who assisted Severine Roubaud in her
+housework. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SIMONNOT, a grocer at Raucourt. His premises were raided by the
+Bavarians after the Battle of Beaumont. La Debacle.
+
+SIMPSON, an American who was attache at his country's Embassy at Paris.
+He was a frequent visitor at the house of Renee Saccard. La Curee.
+
+SIVRY (BLANCHE DE), the name assumed by Jacqueline Baudu, a girl who
+came to Paris from a village near Amiens. Magnificent in person, stupid
+and untruthful in character, she gave herself out as the granddaughter
+of a general, and never owned to her thirty-two summers. She was much
+annoyed at the outbreak of war with Germany, because her lover, a young
+Prussian, was expelled from the country. Nana.
+
+SMELTEN, a baker at Montsou. He gave credit for some time during the
+strike, in the hope of recovering some of his business taken away by
+Maigrat. Germinal.
+
+SMITHSON (MISS), Lucien Deberle's English governess. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+SONNEVILLE, a manufacturer at Marchiennes. His business was seriously
+affected by the strike of miners at Montsou. Germinal.
+
+SOPHIE, a workwoman employed at Madame Titreville's artificial
+flower-making establishment. L'Assommoir.
+
+SOPHIE, an old waiting-maid in the service of the Duchesse de
+Combeville, whose daughter, Princess d'Orviedo, she brought up. When
+the Princess shut herself up from the world, Sophie remained with her.
+L'Argent.
+
+SOPHIE, daughter of Guiraude. Predestined to phthisis by heredity, she
+was saved, thanks to Dr. Pascal Rougon, who sent her to live with an
+aunt in the country, where she was brought up in the open air. When she
+was seventeen years old she married a young miller in the neighbourhood.
+Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+SOULAS, an old shepherd at La Borderie, where he had been for half a
+century. At sixty-five he had saved nothing, having been eaten up by a
+drunken wife, "whom at last he had the pleasure of burying." He had few
+friends, except his two dogs, Emperor and Massacre, and he especially
+hated Jacqueline Cognet with the jealous disgust of an old servant at
+her rapid advancement. He was aware of her numerous liaisons, but said
+nothing until she brought about his dismissal, when he told everything
+to his master, Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre.
+
+SOURDEAU, a bone-setter at Bazoches-le-Doyen, who was supposed to be
+equally good for wounds. La Terre.
+
+SOUVARINE, an engine-man at the Voreux pit, who lodged with the
+Rasteneurs. He was a Russian of noble family, who had at first studied
+medicine, until, carried away by social enthusiasm, he learned a trade
+in order that he might mix with the people. It was by this trade that he
+now lived, after having fled in consequence of an unsuccessful attempt
+against the Czar's life, an attempt which resulted in his mistress,
+Annouchka, and many of his friends, being hanged. His principles were
+those of the most violent anarchy, and he would have nothing to do with
+the strike at Montsou, which he considered a merely childish affair.
+Disgusted at the return of the miners to their work, he resolved to
+bring about the destruction of the Voreux pit, by weakening the timbers
+which kept out a vast accumulation of water. He accomplished that work
+of madness in a fury of destruction in which he twenty times risked
+his life. And when the torrent had invaded the mine, imprisoning the
+unfortunate workers, Souvarine went calmly away into the unknown without
+a glance behind. Germinal.
+
+SPIRIT, an English horse which ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+SPONTINI, a master at the College of Plassans. He came originally from
+Corsica, and used to show his knife, rusty with the blood of three
+cousins. L'Oeuvre.
+
+SQUELETTE-EXTERNE (LE). See Mimi-la-Mort. L'Oeuvre.
+
+STADERINO (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+STEINBERG (GOLIATH), a Prussian spy who was engaged in 1867 as a farm
+servant by Fouchard at Remilly. He became the lover of Silvine Morange,
+promising her marriage, but disappearing before the ceremony. It was
+said that he served also on other farms in the neighbourhood of Beaumont
+and Raucourt. During the war he was able to give important information
+to the German forces. In trying to regain his former influence over
+Silvine, he threatened to remove their child to Germany, and, to
+prevent his doing so, she betrayed him to Guillaume Sambuc and the
+francs-tireurs of his band, who killed him in the house of Fouchard, in
+the presence of Silvine, by cutting his throat, and bleeding him in the
+same manner as a pig. La Debacle.
+
+STEINER, a banker in Paris. He was a German Jew, through whose hands had
+passed millions. He spent vast sums upon Rose Mignon and Nana. Nana.
+
+STERNICH (DUCHESSE DE), a celebrated leader of society in the Second
+Empire. She dominated all her friends on the ground of a former intimacy
+with the Emperor. La Curee.
+
+STEWARD (LUCY), was the daughter of an engine-cleaner of English origin
+who was employed at the Gare du Nord. She was not beautiful, but had
+such a charm of manner that she was considered the smartest of the
+_demi-mondaines_ in Paris. Among her lovers had been a prince of the
+royal blood. She had a son, Ollivier, before whom she posed as an
+actress. Nana.
+
+STEWART (OLLIVIER), son of the preceding. He was a pupil at the naval
+college, and had no suspicion of the calling of his mother. Nana.
+
+SURIN (ABBE), secretary to the Bishop of Plassans, of whom he was a
+great favourite. He was a constant visitor at the home of M. Rastoil,
+with whose daughters he played battledore. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+SYLVIA, an actress who was admired by Maxime Saccard. La Curee.
+
+
+
+
+T
+
+TABOUREAU (MADAME), a baker in the Rue Turbigo. She was a recognized
+authority on all subjects relating to her neighbours. Le Ventre de
+Paris.
+
+TATIN (MADEMOISELLE), kept an under-linen warehouse in the Passage
+Choiseul, and was so seriously affected by the competition of Octave
+Mouret's great store that she became bankrupt. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+TARDIVEAU (BARON DE), a character in _La Petite Duchesse_, a play by
+Fauchery. The part was played by Fontan.
+
+TATAN NENE, a young girl of great beauty who had herded cows in
+Champagne before coming to Paris. She was one of Nana's friends. Nana.
+
+TAVERNIER, an old doctor of Orleans, who had ceased to practise. Georges
+Hugon made a pretext of visiting him, in order to be able to join Nana
+at La Mignotte. Nana.
+
+TEISSIERE (MADAME), a _mondaine_ of the Second Empire. She was a friend
+of Madame de Lauwerens and of the Saccards. La Curee.
+
+TESTANIERE (MADAME), a protegee of Madame Correur, who recommended her
+to Eugene Rougon, the Minister of State. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+TEUSE (LA), an elderly woman who acted as servant to Abbe Mouret. In
+addition, she cleaned the church and kept the vestments in order; on
+occasion, it was said, she had even served the Mass for the Abbe's
+predecessor. She was garrulous and ill-tempered, but was devoted to
+Mouret, of whom she took the greatest care, and she was also kind to his
+weak-minded sister, Desiree. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+THEODORE, a Belgian who gave lessons on the piano to Clarisse Bocquet,
+and afterwards became her lover. Pot-Bouille.
+
+THEODORE, son of a paste-board maker. He was to have married Nathalie
+Dejoie, but wishing to establish himself in business, demanded a
+considerable dowry. He afterwards married the daughter of a workman, who
+brought him nearly eight thousand francs. L'Argent.
+
+THERESE, a former neighbour of the Lorilleux in Rue de la Goutte
+d'Or. She died of consumption, and the Lorilleux thought they saw a
+resemblance between Gervaise and her. L'Assommoir.
+
+THIBAUDIER (M.), a banker at Caen. He had a daughter, Louise, but having
+married again soon after the death of his first wife, he troubled little
+about her, and was quite willing to consent to her marriage with Lazare
+Chanteau. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+THIBAUDIER (LOUISE), daughter of M. Thibaudier, a banker at Caen. She
+was a slight, delicate girl, with an attractive manner, and Lazare
+Chanteau fell in love with her, though he was at the time engaged to
+Pauline Quenu. Pauline having magnanimously released him, they were
+married. Lazare's morbid mania having become more acute, and Louise
+being herself in poor health, their relations became strained, and the
+marriage was not a happy one. They had a son who was named Paul. La Joie
+de Vivre.
+
+Louise died young. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+THOMAS, keeper of an eating-house at Montmartre. L'Assommoir.
+
+THOMAS (ANSELME), a journeyman saddler at Plassans. He married Justine
+Megot, tempted by the annuity of twelve hundred francs which she
+received from Saccard. He disliked her child, the little Charles Rougon,
+who was degenerate and weak-minded. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+THOMAS (MADAME ANSELME), wife of the preceding. See Justine Megot. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+TISON, keeper of a dram-shop at Montsou. Germinal.
+
+TISSOT (MADAME), a friend of Madame Deberle. Une Page d'Amour.
+
+TITREVILLE (MADAME) carried on the business of an artificial-flower
+maker, of which Madame Lerat was forewoman, and where Nana Coupeau was
+a pupil. She was a tall woman who never unbent, and the girls were all
+afraid of her, pretending to be engrossed in work whenever she appeared.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+TOUCHE (M.), a townsman of Plassans who expressed disbelief in the
+success of the _Coup d'Etat_. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+TOUCHE, an Attorney's clerk at Plassans. He married Sidonie Rougon in
+1838, and went with her to Paris, where he started business as a dealer
+in the products of the South. He was not very successful, and died in
+1850. La Curee.
+
+TOURMAL (LES), a family who resided at Bonneville and lived chiefly by
+smuggling and stealing. The father and grandfather were sent to prison,
+and the daughter, when shown kindness by Pauline Quenu, rewarded her by
+attempting to steal such small articles of value as she could conceal.
+La Joie de Vivre.
+
+TOUTIN-LAROCHE (M.), a retired candle-manufacturer; now a municipal
+councillor, and a director of the Credit Viticole, the Societe Generale
+of the Ports of Morocco, and other companies of doubtful standing. His
+ambition was to enter the Senate, and he clung to Baron Gauraud and
+Saccard in the belief that they could assist him. La Curee.
+
+TRICON (LA), a well-known procuress, who numbered Nana among her
+clients. She had a passion for racing, and at the Grand Prix seemed to
+dominate the crowd.
+
+TROMPETTE, one of the horses in the Voreux pit. It only lived a few
+months after being taken underground. Germinal.
+
+TRON, a labourer in the farm of La Borderie. He was one of Jacqueline
+Cognet's lovers, and exhibited jealousy amounting to insanity regarding
+her. Having been dismissed by his master, he opened a trap-door through
+which Hourdequin fell and was killed. When he found that Jacqueline
+would not forgive him for this stupid murder, which ruined her
+prospects, he set fire to the farm buildings. La Terre.
+
+TROUCHE (HONORE), brother-in-law of Abbe Faujas. Having been
+unsuccessful in business at Besancon, he followed Faujas to Plassans,
+where he went with his wife to live in rooms rented by the Abbe from
+Francois Mouret. He was of bad character and quite unscrupulous, but by
+the influence of Faujas he was appointed Secretary to the Girls' Home
+started by Madame Mouret and other ladies of Plassans. Having got a
+footing in the Mourets' house, he soon began to take advantage of his
+position, and little by little got possession of the whole premises. He
+did all he could to encourage the idea of Francois Mouret's madness, and
+after the unfortunate man's removal to the asylum was able with greater
+ease to carry out his schemes. Mouret having ultimately escaped from the
+asylum, returned to his home and set it on fire; Trouche perished in the
+flames. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+TROUCHE (MADAME OLYMPE), wife of the preceding, and sister of Abbe
+Faujas. She accompanied her husband to Plassans, and contributed largely
+to the ruin of the Mouret family. Utterly heartless, she stopped at
+nothing, robbing Madame Mouret of money, clothing, everything that came
+within her power. Nemesis came with the return of Francois Mouret, who
+set fire to his house, causing the death of Madame Trouche as well as
+that of her husband. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+TROUILLE (LA), the nickname of Olympe Fouan. La Terre.
+
+TRUBLOT (HECTOR), a young man whom Madame Josserand hoped at one time
+to secure as a husband for her daughter. He had, however, no thoughts of
+marriage, and as he was averse to any risk of complications, his habit
+was to select his female friends from among the maid-servants of
+his acquaintances. He was employed as correspondent in the office of
+Monsieur Desmarquay, a money-changer. Pot-Bouille.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+VABRE, a notary of Versailles who retired to Paris with a fortune, part
+of which he invested in the house in Rue de Choiseul occupied by the
+Duveyriers, the Josserands, and others. He had unfortunately a hidden
+passion for gambling in stocks and shares, and when he died it was found
+that his whole fortune had been dissipated, even his house being heavily
+mortgaged. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (AUGUSTE), eldest son of M. Vabre, carried on a silk merchant's
+business in part of the premises which belonged to his father. He
+married Berthe Josserand, but as he suffered much from neuralgia, and
+was, in addition, of a niggardly disposition, the marriage was not a
+happy one. An intrigue between Madame Vabre and Octave Mouret followed,
+and on its discovery she returned to her parents. For a considerable
+time Vabre refused to forgive his wife, but a reconciliation was
+ultimately brought about through the intervention of Abbe Mauduit.
+Vabre's fortunes were adversely affected by the extension of Madame
+Hedouin's business, known as "The Ladies' Paradise." Pot-Bouille.
+
+The rapid success of Octave Mouret's business led to the ruin of Vabre,
+a result to which the extravagance of his wife also contributed. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VABRE (MADAME AUGUSTE), wife of the preceding. See Berthe Josserand.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (CAMILLE), son of Theophile Vabre and his wife Valerie Louhette.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (CLOTILDE), daughter of Vabre the notary, and wife of Duveyrier.
+She did not get on well with her husband, whom she hated, and her only
+passion was for music, which she practised to an inordinate extent.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (THEOPHILE), second son of M. Vabre, "a little old man of
+twenty-eight, a victim to coughs and toothache, who first tried
+all sorts of trades and then married the daughter of a neighbouring
+haberdasher." His life was shadowed by suspicions of his wife, with whom
+he constantly quarrelled. He was with difficulty prevented from making
+a scene at the marriage of his brother Auguste to Berthe Josserand.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VABRE (MADAME VALERIE), wife of the preceding, nee Louhette, was the
+daughter of a wealthy haberdasher. She did not get on well with her
+husband, who accused her, not entirely without reason, of carrying on a
+liaison with some one whose name he was unable to discover. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VADON (MARGUERITE), daughter of a linen-draper at Grenoble, found it
+desirable to come to Paris for a time, and got a situation at "The
+Ladies' Paradise." She as a well-conducted girl, and ultimately returned
+to Grenoble to take charge of her parents' shop, and marry a cousin who
+was waiting for her. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VALENCAY (BARON DE), aide-de-camp to the Emperor. He married the eldest
+daughter of the Comtesse de Bretigny. L'Assommoir.
+
+VALENCAY (MADEMOISELLE PAULE DE), was very rich and extremely beautiful
+when at nineteen years old she married the Marquis Jean XII de
+Hautecoeur. She died within a year, leaving a son named Felicien. Le
+Reve.
+
+VALENTIN, son of Guiraude, and brother of Sophie. His father, a
+journeyman tanner, died of phthisis, and Valentin, who had been in daily
+contact with him, developed the disease. Doctor Pascal Rougon prolonged
+his life for some time by hypodermic injections of a substance
+discovered by himself, but the respite was only temporary, for at
+twenty-one years of age Valentine died of hereditary phthisis. Le
+Docteur Pascal.
+
+VALERIO II, a horse which belonged to M. Corbreuse and ran in the Grand
+Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+VALLAGNOSC (MADAME DE), belonged to an old family of Plassans. Left a
+widow with two daughters and one son, she found life difficult on the
+small remains of a former fortune. In order to assist his mother, the
+son, Paul, secured an appointment at Paris in a Government office. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VALLAGNOSC (PAUL DE), an old friend of Octave Mouret, whom he had known
+at Plassans. He belonged to an old family, but, being a younger son
+without money, was obliged to select a profession. He studied law, but
+meeting with no success, was obliged to accept an appointment in the
+Ministry of the Interior. He married Mademoiselle de Boves. Au Bonheur
+des Dames.
+
+VALLAGNOSC (MADAME PAUL DE), wife of the preceding. See Blanche de
+Boves.
+
+VALQUEYRAS (COMTE DE), a relation of Marquis de Carnavant, who lived in
+his house. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+He was a supporter of the Marquis de Lagrifoul, the Legitimist Deputy
+for Plassans, who visited him for a fortnight before the election which
+was dominated by Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+VALQUEYRAS (MARQUISE DE), in 1873, she was the only representative of
+a very old family. She was a widow with a little daughter of six, very
+rich, and equally parsimonious. When Doctor Pascal Rougon called on her
+to ask payment of his fees, he allowed himself to be put off, and even
+gave advice regarding the health of the child. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+VANDERGHAGEN, the medical man employed by the Mining Company of Montsou.
+He was so much overworked that it was said he gave his consultations
+while he was running from place to place. Germinal.
+
+VANDEUVRES (COMTE XAVIER DE), the last member of a noble family, had
+gone through a large fortune in Paris. His racing-stable was famous, as
+were his losses at the Imperial Club, while his ruin was completed by
+the vast sums which he spent on Nana. His final hope was centred on the
+race for the Grand Prix de Paris in which he was running two horses,
+Lusignan and a filly named Nana. Lusignan was the favourite, but
+Vandeuvres, having arranged his betting, caused the horse to be pulled,
+so that the filly might win. The ruse was successful, and Vandeuvres
+gained a large sum, but suspicions having been aroused, he was warned
+off the turf and expelled from the Imperial Club. Driven to madness,
+the Comte shut himself up in his stable, and, having set it on fire,
+perished among his horses. Nana.
+
+VANDORPE, the head stationmaster of the Western Railway Company at
+Paris. La Bete Humaine.
+
+VANPOUILLE BROTHERS, a firm of furriers in Rue Neuve-des-Petits Champs,
+who were practically ruined when Octave Mouret added a fur department to
+"The Ladies' Paradise." Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VANSKA (COMTESSE), a well-known and rich _mondaine_ of the Second
+Empire. La Curee.
+
+VANZADE (MADAME), the widow of a general. She was an old lady, rich,
+nearly blind, and practically helpless. At Passy she lived, in a
+silent old house, a life so retired and regular that it might have been
+actuated by clockwork. As she required a companion, her old friend, La
+Mere des Saints-Anges, recommended Christine Hallegrain to her; but the
+girl, stifling in that dwelling of rigid piety, ended by running off
+with her lover, Claude Lantier. Madame Vanzade died four years later,
+and the bulk of her fortune went to charities. L'Oeuvre.
+
+VAQUEZ (JUDITH), an artist's model who lived in Rue du Rocher. She was a
+Jewess, fresh enough in colouring but too thin. L'Oeuvre.
+
+VAUCOGNE (HECTOR), husband of Estelle Badeuil. At the time of his
+marriage, Vaucogne was a junior officer of customs, but when his wife's
+parents retired he took over their _maison publique_. He left everything
+to the care of his wife, and after her death the establishment ceased
+to be prosperous. In the end he was turned out by his father-in-law, and
+the business was given to his daughter Elodie, who showed all the family
+capacity for management. La Terre.
+
+VAUCOGNE (MADAME HECTOR), wife of the preceding. See Estelle Badeuil. La
+Terre.
+
+VAUCOGNE (ELODIE), daughter of the preceding, and granddaughter of M.
+and Madame Charles Badeuil. She was seven years old when her parents
+took over the _maison publique_ of her grandfather, and she was then
+sent to a convent at Chateaudun to be educated by the Sisters of the
+Visitation. Her holidays were spent with her grandparents, and she was
+supposed to be under the impression that her parents were carrying on
+a large confectionery business, but Victorine, a servant who had been
+dismissed for misconduct, had made her aware of the facts, and when, at
+eighteen years of age, she was asked in marriage by her cousin Ernest
+Delhomme, she astonished her grandparents by joining with him in a
+desire to succeed to the family establishment. La Terre.
+
+VAUGELADE (DUC DE), at one time the master of Gourd, who was his valet.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VENOT (THEOPHILE), an old lawyer who made a speciality of ecclesiastical
+cases, and had acquired a fortune by serving the Jesuits. He had retired
+with a comfortable sum, and led an existence slightly mysterious;
+received everywhere, saluted very low, even a little feared, as he
+represented a great and unknown force which he had behind him. An
+intimate friend of the Muffats, he did everything in his power to put
+an end to the liaison between the Comte and Nana, and, though no success
+attended his efforts for a considerable time, he was able when ruin
+seemed imminent to save Muffat from scandal and to console him by a
+return to the practice of religion. Nana.
+
+VERDIER (BARON), proprietor of a racing-stable. Frangipane, one of his
+horses, ran in the Grand Prix de Paris. Nana.
+
+VERDIER, a lawyer who had been for a long time engaged to Hortense
+Josserand. The marriage was put off from time to time, as he had
+got entangled with a woman from whom he found separation difficult.
+Pot-Bouille.
+
+VERDONCK, a grocer at Montsou. His business was much affected by the
+competition of Maigrat, and he gave credit during the first week of the
+strike in the hope of getting back some of his old customers. Germinal.
+
+VERLAQUE, an inspector in the fish-market at the _Halles Centrales_.
+Having fallen into bad health, he was allowed to find a substitute
+to keep the place open for him in case he should recover. Florent was
+appointed, and paid a considerable portion of the salary to Verlaque. Le
+Ventre de Paris.
+
+VERLAQUE (MADAME), wife of the preceding. Florent assisted her after the
+death of her husband. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+VERNIER, an art critic who published an article on Fagerolles the
+artist. L'Oeuvre.
+
+VERONIQUE, maid-servant to the Chanteau family, was a tall, stout young
+woman of unattractive appearance and uncertain temper. She had been
+in the service of the Chanteaus for twenty years, and having become
+necessary to them, took advantage of her position. From the first,
+Veronique resented Pauline Quenu's presence in the Chanteau household,
+and treated her as an intruder. In course of time, however, she came to
+see that Pauline was being despoiled of her means by Madame Chanteau,
+and her sense of justice made her take the young girl's part. The death
+of Madame Chanteau made a deep impression on Veronique whose ill-will
+towards Pauline gradually returned. Her mind, not strong at best, became
+unhinged, and in a fit of temper she went into the orchard and hanged
+herself. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+VIAL (ABBE), one of the clergy of Plassans. When his appointment became
+vacant it was promised to Abbe Bourrette, but was eventually given to
+Abbe Faujas. La Conquete de Plassans.
+
+VIAL (MELANIE), second wife of Jean Macquart, to whom she was married in
+1871. She was the only daughter of a peasant in easy circumstances, and
+was of a fine robust physique. She had three healthy children in as many
+years. Le Docteur Pascal.
+
+VIAN, a wheelwright of Plassans, to whom Silvere Mouret was apprenticed.
+La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+VICTOIRE, Madame Campardon's cook. She had been in the service of her
+master's father when Campardon was a baby, and though now old, and not
+over clean, they were unwilling to part with her. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VICTOIRE (LA MERE), wife of Pecqueux, the railway stoker. She had been
+the nurse of Severine Aubry, and later, as the wife of Pecqueux, who
+spent all his earnings on drink, she was leading a wretched existence
+in Paris by the aid of a little sewing, when, happening to meet her
+foster-daughter, the former intimacy had been renewed, and President
+Grandmorin took her under his protection, obtaining for her the post of
+attendant at the ladies' cloakroom. She occupied a room in the Impasse
+d'Amsterdam, which the Roubauds regarded as their head-quarters when
+they spent a day in Paris. Having become helpless as the result of a
+sprain, she was obliged to resign her post and seek admittance to a
+hospital. La Bete Humaine.
+
+VICTORINE, cook in the employment of Nana. She married Francois, the
+footman. Nana.
+
+VICTORINE, a servant in the employment of the Badeuils after they
+retired to Rognes. She was dismissed for misconduct, and in revenge told
+Elodie Vaucogne the occupation of her parents. La Terre.
+
+VIGOUROUX, a coal merchant in Rue de la Goutte d'Or. He sold coke to
+Gervaise at the same price as the Gas Company. L'Assommoir.
+
+VIGOUROUX (MADAME), wife of the preceding. She was a little woman with
+bright eyes who liked to laugh with the men. L'Assommoir.
+
+VIMEUX, a miserable little sheriff officer, who was celebrated in the
+Canton for the bad usage he got from the peasants when he was obliged to
+serve summonses upon them. La Terre.
+
+VINCARD, a silk merchant, who, seeing that his business was likely to be
+seriously affected by the competition of "The Ladies' Paradise," he
+sold it to Robineau, and took a restaurant at Vincennes. Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+VINCENT, a tavern-keeper in the neighbourhood of Montsou. Germinal.
+
+VINEUIL (COMMANDANT DE), father of Gilberte. Retired from active service
+on account of his wounds, he was appointed Director of Customs at
+Charleville. His wife died of consumption, and he sent his daughter,
+about whose health he was alarmed, to reside for a time at a farm near
+Chene-Populeux. He died soon after Gilberte's marriage to Maginot, the
+Inspector of State Forests. La Debacle.
+
+VINEUIL (COLONEL DE), brother of the preceding. In 1870 he commanded the
+106th Regiment of the line, which formed part of the Seventh Army corps.
+He was a man of fine appearance and character, and bore his part bravely
+through the disastrous campaign, until he was severely wounded on the
+battlefield of Sedan. Notwithstanding his wound, he remained on his
+horse till the end, when he was removed to the house of Delaherche,
+the husband of his niece Gilberte. By December his wound was cured, but
+crushed by his country's defeats, his mental depression was so great
+that he remained in a darkened room, refusing to hear news from the
+outer world, and associating only with his old friend Madame Delaherche,
+the mother of his niece's husband. At the end of December he died
+suddenly, horror-struck by an account of the surrender of Metz, which he
+chanced to read in an old newspaper. La Debacle.
+
+VINEUIL (GILBERTE DE), daughter of Commandant de Vineuil. She was first
+married to Maginot, and afterwards to Jules Delaherche. When she was
+nine years old, her father, alarmed at a cough she had, sent her to live
+at a farm, where she came to know Henriette Levasseur. Even at that
+age she was a coquette, and when at twenty she married Maginot, the
+Inspector of the State Forests at Mezieres, her character had not
+changed. Mezieres she found dull, but her husband allowed her full
+liberty, and she found all the gaiety she desired at Charleville. There
+she lived solely for pleasure, and Captain Beaudoin became her lover. In
+1869 she became a widow, and in spite of the stories told about her she
+found a second husband, Jules Delaherche. On the eve of the battle of
+Sedan she resumed for the nonce her former relations with Beaudoin. Gay
+and irresponsible by nature, she flirted with Captain von Gartlauben,
+a Prussian officer, who was quartered on her husband after the
+capitulation of Sedan, while at the same time she carried on a liaison
+with Edmond Lagarde, a young soldier who had been wounded, and whom she
+had assisted to nurse. La Debacle.
+
+VIOLAINE (LOUISE), an actress at the Theatre des Varietes. She took
+the part in the _Blonde Venus_ originally played by Nana, and secured a
+great success. Nana.
+
+VIRGINIE, sister of Adele, for whose sake Auguste Lantier deserted
+Gervaise Macquart. Gervaise, meeting Virginie in a public washing-house,
+was taunted by her on the subject of her lover, and a terrible fight
+between the two women followed, Virginie being severely beaten. Gervaise
+did not see her again for some years, by which time she had married M.
+Poisson, an ex-soldier, who later became a policeman. She professed to
+have overlooked the fight with Gervaise, but appears to have been
+not without hope that an opportunity of repaying her injuries might
+eventually arise. When the Coupeaus gave way to drink, Lantier, who had
+again established friendly relations, suggested that Virginie should
+take the Coupeaus' shop and buy a stock of groceries and sweetmeats with
+a legacy she had received from an aunt. Partly moved by a desire for
+revenge on Gervaise, she did so, and Lantier retained with the Poissons
+the place as a lodger he formerly occupied with the Coupeaus. Soon
+after, he became Virginie's lover, and, by paying nothing for
+his support, while he gradually ate the contents of the shop, he
+accomplished the downfall of the Poissons in much the same manner as he
+had already ruined the Coupeaus. L'Assommoir.
+
+VISCARDI (SIGNOR), a Venetian political refugee, and a friend of
+Comtesse Balbi. Son Excellence Eugene Rougon.
+
+VOINCOURT (COMTESSE DE), mother of Claire de Voincourt. She occupied at
+Beaumont a house adjoining the bishop's palace. Le Reve.
+
+VOINCOURT (CLAIRE DE), the daughter of an old family of great wealth who
+lived at Beaumont. Monseigneur d'Hautecoeur wished to arrange a marriage
+between her and Felicien, his son; his plans were assisted by the belief
+of Felicien that Angelique, with whom he had fallen in love, no longer
+cared for him. This belief having proved false, the proposed marriage
+between Felicien and Claire de Voincourt did not take place. Le Reve.
+
+VORIAU, a large black dog which belonged to Bambousse, the Mayor of
+Artaud. La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+VUILLAUME (M. and MADAME), the parents of Madame Pichon, whom they
+visited every Sunday afternoon. They were, later, much annoyed with
+the Pichons, whose family became, they considered, too large for their
+means. Pot-Bouille.
+
+VUILLAUME (MARIE). See Madame Marie Pichon.
+
+VUILLET, a bookseller of Plassans, who published a biweekly journal, the
+_Gazette de Plassans_, which was devoted exclusively to the interests of
+the clergy. La Fortune des Rougon.
+
+
+
+
+W
+
+WEISS, husband of Henriette Levasseur, and cousin of Otto Gunther. He
+got a situation in the refinery at Chene-Populeux, almost in a menial
+position, but he gradually educated himself, and by dint of hard work
+raised himself to the position of accountant. A clear-headed man, he
+early saw the causes that were to lead to the downfall of his country,
+and expressed himself strongly regarding the unprepared state of the
+army. Weiss lived at Sedan, but in 1870 he had just bought a little
+house at Bazeilles, where he slept the night before the battle. He was
+frantic at the idea that the Prussians might pillage and perhaps destroy
+the dwelling so long desired and so hardly acquired, and when the
+attack was made he took an active part in the fighting. Captured by the
+Prussians, and being a civilian, he was at once condemned to be shot,
+and the sentence was carried out before the eyes of his wife, who had
+come from Sedan to look for him. La Debacle.
+
+WEISS (MADAME), wife of the preceding. See Henriette Levasseur. La
+Debacle.
+
+WORMS, a famous costumier, before whom the ladies of the Second Empire
+bowed the knee. Renee Saccard was one of his customers, and when she
+died owed him an account of two hundred and fifty-seven thousand francs.
+La Curee.
+
+
+
+
+Z
+
+ZEPHIR, the horse ridden by Prosper Sambuc, who loved it like a brother.
+The animal received a mortal wound at the battle of Sedan, and fell on
+its rider, crushing under it his right leg. It lay upon him for some
+hours, but eventually, on his speaking to it, moved with a great effort
+sufficiently to allow him to escape. La Debacle.
+
+ZEPHYRIN, a worker on the farm of La Borderie. He laughed at the
+agricultural machinery introduced by Alexandre Hourdequin. La Terre.
+
+ZIDORE, a youth of seventeen, who was an apprentice zinc-worker. He was
+Coupeau's assistant at one time. L'Assommoir.
+
+ZIZI, the pet name given by Nana to Georges Hugon. Nana.
+
+ZOE, waiting-maid in the employment of Nana. She was entirely in Nana's
+confidence, and was always ready with shrewd advice, though there is no
+doubt she arranged matters so that a great deal of money came into her
+own hands. She ultimately took over the establishment of La Tricon,
+which she had long coveted, and, having large ideas, proposed to extend
+the business by renting a larger house. Nana.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PRINCIPAL SCENES
+
+ARROMANCHES, a small town on the Normandy coast, not far from Caen. It
+is about six miles from Bonneville, the scene of La Joie de Vivre.
+
+ARTAUD (LES), a small village a few miles from Plassans (q.v.). Abbe
+Mouret was its priest during the events related in La Faute de l'Abbe
+Mouret.
+
+ASSOMMOIR (Pere Colombe's) was situated at the corner of Rue des
+Poissonniers and Boulevard de Rochechouart, which is a continuation of
+Boulevard de Clichy, in the northern district of Paris. L'Assommoir.
+
+AUGUSTIN (RUE NEUVE SAINT), a street which joins the Avenue de l'Opera
+a short distance from the Opera House. It is intersected by Rue
+Michodiere, at the corner of which is situated Octave Mouret's great
+drapery establishment, known as "Au Bonheur des Dames." Au Bonheur des
+Dames.
+
+BARENTIN, a small town on the Western Railway of France, about twelve
+miles from Rouen. It was at a point between Barentin and the previous
+station, Malaunay, that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La
+Bete Humaine.
+
+BAZEILLES, a village about three miles south-east of Sedan (q.v.). It
+was the scene of some of the most important events in La Debacle.
+
+BEAUCE (LA), a fertile agricultural plain stretching between Chartres
+and Orleans, and intersected by the road from the latter town to
+Chateaudun. The district is the scene of La Terre.
+
+BEAUMONT, a town of about 3000 inhabitants, picturesquely situated on
+a height on the left bank of the Oise about twenty-five miles north of
+Paris. Its church, the scene of some of the principal events in Le Reve,
+is an interesting building, dating from the thirteenth century. Le Reve.
+
+BONCOEUR (HOTEL) was situated in the Boulevard de la Chapelle (q.v.).
+L'Assommoir.
+
+BONNEVILLE, a village on the Normandy coast, about six miles from
+Arromanches. It is in an extremely exposed position, and many houses
+have been destroyed by the inroads of the sea. To prevent further
+damage, Lazare Chanteau constructed a breakwater, which was, however,
+washed away by the first storm. The inhabitants of the village were
+mostly engaged in fishing. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+BORDERIE (LA), a farm on the plain of La Beauce, which belonged to
+Alexandre Hourdequin, whose father bought it after the Revolution. La
+Terre.
+
+CAEN, a town of about 40,000 inhabitants, situated on the River Orne,
+about nine miles from the Normandy coast. Chanteau pere carried on
+business there before he retired and went to live at Bonneville, and his
+son Lazare received his education at its college. La Joie de Vivre.
+
+CHALONS, a town of about 24,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Marne
+107 miles east of Paris. It is the head-quarters of the Sixth Army
+Corps, and was occupied by the Prussians in August, 1870. La Debacle.
+
+CHAPELLE (BOULEVARD DE LA) is a continuation of the Boulevard de Clichy,
+in the Montmartre district of Paris. In it was situated the Hotel
+Boncoeur, where Lantier and Gervaise Macquart found lodgings when they
+first came to Paris. L'Assommoir.
+
+CHARLEVILLE, a town of about 17,000 inhabitants, situated about ten
+miles north-west of Sedan. It is close to Mezieres, of which it really
+forms the commercial and industrial portion. La Debacle.
+
+CHARTRES, an important and interesting town, situated on the left bank
+of the Eure, fifty-five miles south-west of Paris. It is the principal
+town in the grain-producing district of La Beauce, and reference is
+frequently made to it in La Terre. In it M. and Madame Charles Badeuil
+carried on business for a number of years with considerable success. La
+Terre.
+
+CHATEAUDUN, a town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of
+the Loire, about eighty-four miles south-west of Paris. It is in the
+district of La Beauce, and is frequently referred to in La Terre.
+
+CHOISEUL (RUE DE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Italiens,
+and Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. It is parallel to Avenue de l'Opera and
+Rue Michodiere, being slightly to the east of the latter. Pot-Bouille.
+
+CLOYES, a market-town in the district of La Beauce, about seven
+miles from Chateaudun and ninety-one miles south-west of Paris. It is
+frequently referred to in La Terre.
+
+CROIX DE MAUFRAS (LE), a level crossing on the Western Railway of
+France, between Malaunay and Barentin, about nine miles west of Rouen.
+The crossing, which was looked after by Misard and his daughter Flore,
+was the scene of a terrible railway accident, and it was in the same
+vicinity that President Grandmorin was murdered by Roubaud. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+EAUX (PASSAGE DES), a steep lane which runs from Rue Raynouard at Passy
+down to the Seine. In an old house which abutted on the passage lived
+Mere Fetu, and in the same building was the room where Helene Grandjean
+went to meet Doctor Deberle. Une Pate d'Amour.
+
+GOUTTE D'OR (RUE DE LA), a street in the Montmartre district of Paris.
+It enters from Rue des Poissonniers and runs parallel to and behind
+Boulevard de la Chapelle, which is a continuation of Boulevard de
+Clichy. The Coupeaus and the Lorilleux lived in Rue de la Goutte d'Or.
+L'Assommoir.
+
+HALLES CENTRALES (LES), the great provision markets of Paris, are
+situated on the right bank of the river, and are directly north of the
+Pont Neuf, from which they are not far distant. Le Ventre de Paris.
+
+HAUSSMANN (BOULEVARD) runs from east to west a short distance behind the
+Opera House. Its eastern end connects with the Boulevard des Italiens.
+Nana.
+
+HAVRE (LE), an important seaport, which forms the terminus of the
+Western Railway of France, the line upon which Jacques Lantier was
+employed as an engine-driver. The Roubauds lived at Le Havre, and many
+of the principal scenes in La Bete Humaine were enacted there. La Bete
+Humaine.
+
+LAZARE (RUE SAINT-), is in the neighbourhood of the railway station of
+the same name. In it was situated the Orviedo mansion, in which Aristide
+Saccard started the Universal Bank. L'Argent.
+
+LILLE, an important manufacturing town in the north of France, near
+the Belgian frontier. Etienne Lantier was at one time employed in the
+railway workshop there. Germinal.
+
+MALAUNAY, a station on the Western Railway of France, six miles from
+Rouen, and about midway between that town and Barentin. It is referred
+to in La Bete Humaine.
+
+MARBEUF (RUE), a street which connects the Avenue des Champs Elysees and
+the Avenue de l'Alma. Eugene Rougon lived there. Son Excellence Eugene
+Rougon.
+
+MARCHIENNES, a town in the mining district of the north of France,
+about thirty miles south-east of Lille. It is frequently referred to in
+Germinal.
+
+METZ, a town of 55,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Moselle, about
+263 miles east of Paris and about eighty miles south-east of Sedan. It
+was surrendered to the Prussians on 27th October, 1870, and is now the
+capital of German Lorraine. La Debacle.
+
+MEZIERES, a small town of 7000 inhabitants, situated on a peninsula
+formed by the Meuse about ten miles north-west of Sedan. Its situation
+has prevented its extension, and the closely adjoining town of
+Charleville has become its commercial and industrial quarter. Mezieres
+was three times invested during the Franco-Prussian War, and surrendered
+on 2nd January, 1871, after a bombardment of three days. La Debacle.
+
+MICHODIERE (RUE), a street which connects the Boulevard des Capucines
+and the Rue Neuve Saint-Augustin. At the corner where it joins the
+latter street was situated Octave Mouret's great drapery establishment,
+known as "Au Bonheur des Dames," and in it also Baudu carried on
+business. The street is almost parallel to the Avenue de l'Opera. Au
+Bonheur des Dames.
+
+MOINES (RUE DES) was situated at Batignolles, in the extreme north-west
+of Paris. Madame Lerat lived there. L'Assommoir.
+
+MONCEAU (RUE), a street which runs northward from Rue du Faubourg St.
+Honore. It is a short distance to the north-east of the Arc de Triomphe,
+and in it was situated Aristide Saccard's magnificent mansion. La Curee.
+
+MONTSOU, a mining village in the north of France, about ten kilometres
+from Marchiennes (q.v.). It is the scene of many of the chief events in
+Germinal.
+
+ORLEANS, an important town situated on the Loire, seventy-five miles
+south of Paris. It is referred to in La Terre and Nana.
+
+PARADOU, the name of a neglected demesne near Plassans (q.v.). It was
+the scene of a large part of La Faute de l'Abbe Mouret.
+
+PLASSANS, the name under which Zola disguised his native town of Aix. It
+is a place of about 30,000 inhabitants, and is situated eighteen miles
+north of Marseilles. Aix was at one time the capital of Provence, is the
+seat of an archbishop, and contains a university and an Ecole des Art et
+Metiers.
+
+In the Rougon-Macquart novels Zola made Plassans the cradle of an
+imaginary family, and throughout the whole series of books the town is
+constantly referred to. La Fortune des Rougon, etc.
+
+RAUCOURT, a small town about six miles south of Sedan. It is frequently
+referred to in La Debacle.
+
+REIMS, an important town of 98,000 inhabitants, situated about 100 miles
+to the north-east of Paris. In 1870-71 it was occupied by the Prussians,
+who laid heavy requisitions upon it. The town is frequently referred to
+in La Debacle.
+
+REMILLY, a village about five miles south of Sedan. Old Fouchard's farm
+was situated in its vicinity. La Debacle.
+
+ROUEN, an important town of over 100,000 inhabitants, situated on the
+Seine, about eighty-seven miles from Paris and fifty-seven miles from Le
+Havre. It was the scene of the judicial inquiry regarding the murder of
+President Grandmorin. La Bete Humaine.
+
+SEDAN, a town of 20,000 inhabitants, situated on the Meuse, about 170
+miles north-east of Paris. It was the scene of one of the chief battles
+of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and capitulated to the Prussian
+forces on 2nd September of that year. The town is frequently referred to
+in La Debacle.
+
+VALOGNES, a small town in Normandy, not far from Cherbourg. It was the
+birthplace of Denise Baudu and her brothers. Au Bonheur des Dames.
+
+VINEUSE (RUE DE), a street in the Passy district of Paris, at the
+extreme west end of the city. It is near the Trocadero Palace. Madame
+Helene Grandjean and Doctor Deberle both lived in this street. Une Page
+d'Amour.
+
+VOREUX, the name of a large coal-pit, situated about two kilometres
+from Montsou, on the road between that village and Marchiennes (q.v.).
+Germinal.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Zola Dictionary, by J. G. Patterson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ZOLA DICTIONARY ***
+
+***** This file should be named 5103.txt or 5103.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/0/5103/
+
+Produced by Dagny; John Bickers; David Widger
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.