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diff --git a/old/50875.txt b/old/50875.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7f3a517..0000000 --- a/old/50875.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3696 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Business Library, by Louise B. Krause - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Business Library - What it is and what it does - -Author: Louise B. Krause - -Release Date: January 7, 2016 [EBook #50875] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUSINESS LIBRARY *** - - - - -Produced by Donald Cummings, Adrian Mastronardi, Les -Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - - - - - - - THE - BUSINESS LIBRARY - - WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES - - - _By_ - - LOUISE B. KRAUSE - - _Librarian_ - - _H. M. Byllesby & Company_ - _Chicago_ - - - _SECOND EDITION REVISED_ - - - Journal of Electricity - San Francisco - 1921 - - - - - Copyright - - Journal of Electricity - - 1921 - - - - - _To - H. M. BYLLESBY AND COMPANY - whose generous cooperation has made - possible the successful application - of Library Science to the - business of their - organization_ - - - - -PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION - - -As the publishers desire to issue a second edition of "The Business -Library" the following additions and revisions have been made. - -Articles of value on the subject of business libraries which have -been published since the first edition was written have been added to -"References for Additional Reading"; minor additions have been made to -the text, and the prices and editions of all reference books mentioned -have been brought up to date, and some additional titles have been -added. - -Three drawings of floor plans which have been used for business -libraries have been added to Chapter Seven as of possible value to -business firms making small library layouts. - - L. B. K. - - Chicago, Illinois. - November 1, 1920. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION - - -This handbook has been written with the purpose of giving brief -comprehensive information to the business man on the subject of the -business library as an indispensable earning factor in the conduct of -business enterprises. It aims to tell how to organize and maintain a -business library, what to do in order to get the best results from it, -and to show by concrete illustrations, gathered from the experience of -firms maintaining library service, what the business library is worth -as a financial asset. - -The subject matter is not designed to set forth the work of any one -class of business libraries, but is a composite study of many. It -records business library facts as observed by the author during ten -years of service as a business librarian, and as such, may be also of -value to librarians contemplating the undertaking of business library -work. - -The references given at the conclusion of each chapter have been -selected from a large mass of printed material on the subject, on the -basis of practical supplemental reading only and are not designed to be -exhaustive reference lists. - -The author makes grateful acknowledgment to her Library School -class-mate, Renee B. Stern, now Editor of "The Woman's Weekly," for -most helpful advice, and to her friend, Virginia Fairfax, Librarian, -Carnation Milk Products Company, Chicago, for generous criticism and -correction of the manuscript. - - L. B. K. - - October 1, 1919. - Chicago, Illinois. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - I THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 7 - - II THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 23 - - III PERIODICALS--HOW TO USE AND HOW - TO FILE THEM 30 - - IV GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND THE - BUSINESS LIBRARY 50 - - V TRADE CATALOGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND - LANTERN SLIDES 59 - - VI CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGING IN - THE BUSINESS LIBRARY 70 - - VII MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 81 - - VIII REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 95 - - IX THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE - BUSINESS LIBRARIAN 110 - - INDEX 123 - - - - -THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - -WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -What is meant by the word library? Twenty-five years ago it could be -accurately defined as a collection of books on a series of shelves, -and although this old definition still partially describes its present -form, the true interpretation of what a business library really is, -can be stated best by saying that it is a genuine service department, -whose chief business is to give information to the members of a firm on -subjects of vital importance in the conduct of their business. - -The business library is not limited to a collection of books, but -contains information in any form, namely, periodicals, pamphlets, -trade catalogs, photographs, lantern slides, and also manuscript notes -which are accumulated in connection with the specific work of an -organization. The business library even goes so far in its service as -to supply information which is obtained by "word of mouth" in advance -of its appearance on the printed page. - - -The Evolution of the Business Library - -Before the business library came into being as a special department -of business organizations, and before public libraries were making a -specialty of collecting information on business subjects, the business -man picked up his supply of information in haphazard fashion. He was -told by a business acquaintance, often a salesman of a special line who -was doing business with him, of some trade literature or government -documents in which he would find useful information, or he discovered -references to valuable books, pamphlets or documents in his casual -reading of newspapers and periodicals. As a last resort, in cases of -emergency he telephoned to various business organizations whom he -thought could tell, out of their experience, what he wished to know. - -Business has, however, grown too large in its multiplicity of interests -for the business man to get his information in so desultory and -unorganized a fashion, for the business man must be a good forecaster -and interpreter of conditions, not by means of guesswork but by the -aid of obtainable facts, and he must study and analyze a large number -of related subjects. The success of many of our richest industries is -due in large measure to this particular element, the wise forecasting -of conditions to come, for, as a recent periodical article stated, -"business is a procession of problems; big or little, any business must -keep moving ahead, finding its way past one pitfall and obstacle after -another. In another sense business is a matter of vision; the foresight -that looks long ahead to new opportunity and to the ways and means of -realizing it, is an essential in the growth and progress that brings -success." - -Business men have long since recognized that rule of thumb methods -have passed away, and that they not only can not learn by experience -exclusively, but that the utilization of the knowledge of other men -recorded in reliable business data is of the highest value. - -Present day competition makes it imperative also that every business -man knows as much as his competitor, and he must have therefore not -something on a subject but everything of value on a subject, and -it must be exact and authoritative information which he can trust. -Business data must also be kept strictly up to date, which under -present-day conditions is no easy task, as information is out of date -almost before it is off the press. - -The business man not only needs to collect accurate, exhaustive, up to -date information, but he needs to have it so well organized that, at a -moment's notice, he can put his fingers upon the exact information he -desires. The systematic organization of information into quick working -files means an enormous saving of time and money, and in large business -organizations the employment of a trained librarian to do this work is -a most valuable asset. - -Check up if you can, the amount of time wasted annually by the average -business man through lack of having the information he desires -immediately at his service. Waste of time means waste of money. It is -not worth while having an expert, whose time may be worth anywhere from -twenty-five to one hundred dollars a day, waste any of it in trying to -find information in government documents, which he is not particularly -adept in locating, because he lacks a working knowledge of the enormous -range of government publications. - -The writer is acquainted with an engineering firm of national -reputation, which has made a collection of library material, which -has been cared for, or rather much neglected by a stenographer of -the company, who has no time nor library experience to give to its -adequate administration. This firm when urged to introduce organized -library service, and thus make their collection effective, stated that -their library was not used enough by their organization to warrant -the expense. Investigation proved, however, that one of their expert -chemists, whose time was valued more per week than that of a trained -librarian would be per month, was making a systematic business of -hunting his own library material, and had listed his references in many -closely written notes, in order to be able to locate the material again -if he should need it. The value of the time the chemist spent on his -research would have covered a librarian's salary and made it possible -for him to give more time to his firm on the problems which his expert -knowledge was able to solve. - - -General Principles of Organization - -The essential principles in organizing a successful business library -can be briefly stated as follows: - - 1. Centralization of material within the business organization. - - 2. Coordination of the business library with the facilities of the - public and special libraries of the city in which the business library - is located. - - -1. Centralization of Library Material - -The first step in establishing a library in a business organization -is the centralization of all the printed material available in its -different offices or departments. This is exactly what is not done -in a large number of business houses. Books, pamphlets and other -valuable information are scattered among the various members of the -organization, who treat them as personal property and preserve them -in their private desks as carefully as a squirrel hides his store of -good nuts. In many business organizations the policy of the employes in -regard to information seems to be, to hold on to everything of value -for one's personal use, regardless of how much value the information -might be to another member of the organization, and also regardless of -the fact that the material has been paid for out of the company's funds. - -It should be said, however, in defense of the practice of not putting -information into a central library, that it is not always based upon -thoughtless or selfish habits, but upon lack of confidence; there is -a fear that if information passes out of the hands of the man into a -central library, that when he wishes to use it again, in a hurry, that -he may not be able to locate it promptly. This feeling is not without -reasonable foundation, as it is based on the irritating experience -which some business men have had in using central correspondence files -which, in many offices, are poorly administered and cannot produce -desired information promptly. The business library, when administered -by a qualified librarian, not only can produce all filed material -promptly, but in one large corporation, known to the writer, has so -successfully handled material that the officers and employes send their -information to the library, as a safer and more reliable place to keep -it for quick reference, than the drawers of their own desks. - -Centralization of library material gives all the departments the -benefit of everything the company has collected on a special subject, -and often makes it unnecessary to duplicate information for the use -of several departments. Centralization makes it possible also to -have in one place a complete record of all library material owned by -the company which can be loaned as small working collections to any -department. - -The fact that a central library department has on record what material -is temporarily or permanently kept in all the departments, makes it -possible also for it to act as a clearing house between all departments -in locating desired information. This principle does not apply of -course to corporations of such magnitude that their activities comprise -several distinct lines of business; in such a case each department -would require a specialized collection of information, which would -become the library of that particular branch of the industry. - -It should be kept clearly in mind that the business library has a -distinct province from correspondence files, which primarily take care -of the letters accumulated in the transaction of business. The business -library is in no wise concerned with such records. Its function is not -to take care of the records which are created by the activities of -the company, but to collect and bring into the company all possible -knowledge and information of value from a large variety of outside -sources. - -The business library also has a distinct province of activity apart -from the statistical department of an organization. The function -of the latter is to correlate and interpret data which are created -either by the activities of the organization or obtained from outside -sources, because of value in relation to the various projects of -the organization. The function of the library in relation to the -statistical department is to supply the printed information which that -department needs in its work of correlating and interpreting data. - -Many statistical departments have made the mistake of endeavoring -to collect and preserve material for their work, which particularly -belongs in the business library, with the result that they have -cumbersome files of heterogeneous information, badly classified and -cataloged, and which do not yield, either quickly or accurately, -information when desired. The files of the statistical department -should cover only the data which are the result of the particular -activities of the company, together with valuable original records -which are neither correspondence nor library material. - - -2. Coordination of the Business Library with Public Libraries - -After the resources for information which exist within the business -organization have been adequately centralized the next important step -is to coordinate these resources with all other existing library -facilities of the city in which the business firm is located. There -should be a thorough survey of these libraries in order to ascertain -as far as possible the content and availability of their resources. -This is an important factor in the creation of a business library, -when one considers the problem of shelving much material, within the -more or less limited space occupied by a business organization. Floor -space in skyscrapers is too valuable to be used as a mere storehouse -for printed material used only on rare occasions, and there is also the -added expense of a staff of workers to care for a large collection. The -business library must, therefore, be considered solely as a working -laboratory, and care taken not to include in it material which will -be seldom used, particularly in cities where business organizations -congregate and where are located large public libraries having -excellent resources which can be used to supplement the "working -laboratory" collection of the business organization. - -This principle will not apply, however, to those business libraries -which are maintained at the headquarters of national associations. Such -libraries must collect everything on their subjects, and be prepared -to be a central bureau of information on their specialties, for their -membership throughout the United States. For example, the libraries -of the National Safety Council and the Portland Cement Association, -located in Chicago. - -This policy of coordination was expressed in the following words, by -a large corporation several years ago when it organized its library: -"We will keep our library down as far as possible to a small working -collection, and our librarian shall be a go-between us and the other -libraries of the city when we want information not available in our own -collection." Thus the busy man of affairs is able to keep in touch, -through his librarian, as proxy, with many avenues of helpfulness, -which would be closed to him were it not for the fact that he had -been far-sighted enough to employ a librarian to act for him in these -matters of detail. - -Public library facilities, while they supplement can never be a -substitute for a library within a business organization, for different -groups of business people who are vitally interested in one particular -subject, or more often in only one phase of a subject, will naturally -collect and know more about that subject than a general library serving -a thousand and one interests can be expected to do. - -The business librarian who is given the confidence of the officers of -his organization, gets saturated with a knowledge of the business of -the organization and is able to sense in advance what information will -be needed, and will be prepared as far as possible for the emergency -when it comes. - -All librarians of public libraries will undoubtedly agree to the -statement that they are not in a position to act as confidential -library adviser to rival business corporations. The Public Library must -deal impartially with all inquirers and cannot give precedence to any -inquirer simply because he is in a hurry. Every man must wait his turn -because the needs of other inquirers are equally important with his. - -If the Utopian state should ever arrive when our public libraries -have all the money necessary to meet the every information need of -the community, the argument that the public library should serve the -interests of business men, who are tax payers, in such a manner that it -would not be necessary for them to have libraries within their business -organizations, can be answered by a parallel suggesting that the public -library should so serve all the interests of the public that no one -need have a library in his own home. A business organization desires -to make its own selection of material, on the basis of its needs and -tastes; it wishes to have this material close at hand without any -borrowing restrictions, so that it can be used quickly, without loss -of time, and without the limitations which would be imposed if it were -the property of some one else, and required particular care to keep it -intact, for the business man often wishes to clip or give away the -printed information in his possession. - -The business library is, however, not antagonistic to the public -library at any point. On the contrary, the business library must -coordinate its resources with those of the public library and work in -harmony with it. - -The large business organization which can afford to employ a librarian, -and the small business firm which cannot, will find a wealth of helpful -material in the public libraries of their vicinity. - -Many of the smaller public libraries which are not large enough to -maintain special business departments are giving most excellent service -to business men. A number of the large public libraries of the country -are making a specialty of serving business needs through departments -organized particularly to serve business men. Some of these are the -Division of Economics and Documents of the New York Public Library, -the Business Men's Branch of the Free Public Library of Newark, New -Jersey, the Technology Department of Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, -and the Industrial Department of the Los Angeles Public Library. The -John Crerar Library of Chicago is a free reference library covering -sociology and natural and applied science, which cannot be excelled by -any other library collection in the United States in the facilities -which it offers to business men. Every business organization should get -acquainted with the public library of its city and ascertain what that -library is able to do for it. - - -The Cost and Value of the Business Library - -The cost of maintaining a business library is in no sense comparable -with its value; for the help which a business library may give in a -single instance is often of sufficient value to offset its cost of -maintenance for a whole year. For example, a business firm had a law -suit in a distant city and sent one of its employes to give expert -testimony in the case. This employe found as the hearings in the case -progressed, that he could strengthen his testimony if he had at hand -figures showing the market price of lead for the past ten years. There -was no time to spare in obtaining these data. He sent a telegram to -the home office, which was received at 11:30 A. M. saying that he -would call them by long distance telephone at noon and to have the -figures ready. The head of the department to whom the message was -addressed, with some perturbation, appealed at once to the librarian -of the company, who was able in ten minutes to produce a table giving -a summary of the prices desired, which had been printed in a technical -journal. The company won the law suit and in comparison with the large -amount of money saved, the salary of the trained librarian who knew how -to meet the emergency, was a very small item. - -No two business libraries are comparable as to cost of maintenance. -Each must allow for financing on the basis of its individual needs and -the money it can afford to spend. - -If a business firm owns the building which it occupies it does not have -to consider the rental of floor space for the library. If it has a -liberal policy of advertising in the best technical or trade journals, -it will need to spend very little on periodical subscriptions, as it -will receive copies free on account of advertising. If it is a liberal -user of the publications of the United States Government, it will -find they cost little or nothing, and in any case the amount spent by -business libraries for information special to a particular industry is -never very large, because often the most valuable data cost practically -nothing to secure. - -Mechanical equipment, which will be discussed in chapter seven, is -largely the initial expense, and the amount of money to be spent each -year for additions to the original equipment will be quite small. -The principal annual expenses in maintaining a business library are -the salaries of the librarian, and assistants if required, and the -additional expense of stenographic and office boy service. - -The great mistake made by some business firms in maintaining library -service has been the employment of inadequately trained librarians -who do not produce high grade results. It is this lack of library -education and experience, on the part of a number of so-called business -librarians, which has been a hindrance to the recognition of what the -business library really is and what it can do. The writer saw, some -time ago, the sorry spectacle of one of the largest corporations in the -country trying to inaugurate library service under the direction of a -fourteen-dollar-a-week file clerk, who had not a single educational -requirement necessary for the success of the undertaking. Such -firms generally proclaim business library work a failure, instead -of admitting they have made a wrong start and that they should have -employed a high grade trained librarian. - -Many firms having well organized correspondence files, which are giving -satisfactory service, have conceived the idea of adding to their -established filing department, and to the duties of their head file -clerk, the library service which they judge their organization demands. -They fail to appreciate the fact that a filing department, while it -has some mechanical technique in common with an organized library, has -an entirely different purpose, and does not require on the part of -those in charge, educational qualifications at all comparable to those -required of a librarian who must have not merely a large knowledge of -library technique, but also must know books, and have a knowledge of a -broad range of sources, from which adequate information can be drawn -when any problem arises; for the business librarian must be a thinker -as well as a worker and not a mere clerical machine. On the other -hand, the trained librarian is competent to supervise correspondence -and any other kind of files if the situation demands it. The essential -qualifications for successful business librarianship are stated in the -last chapter. - -In conclusion, it should be said, that in establishing library -service, a business organization must be willing to give such service -a reasonable length of time to grow into the work of the organization. -A wisely selected collection of material, adapted to the needs of the -business, and thoroughly organized to give quick and accurate results, -should be tested just as a piece of machinery is tested, namely, set up -the apparatus, put it in full operation under competent supervision, -and in the case of the business library, the verdict cannot but -conclusively be--"it works." - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =List of special libraries= in United States and Canada (in American - library annual 1916-17 p. 378-408). - - - =Carr, B. E.= - - Formation of a financial library. Special libraries June 1919, p. - 125-27. - - - =Day, M. B.= - - Portland cement association library. Library journal Jan. 1919, p. - 27-28. - - - =Glenn, M. R.= - - Library of American bankers association. Library journal April 1917, - p. 283-84. - - - =Johnston, R. H.= - - Bureau of railway economics library. Special libraries June 1918, p. - 129-31. - - - =Krause, L. B.= - - The public utility library. Journal of electricity Dec. 15, 1918, p. - 556-57. - - - =Greenman, E. D.= - - The functions of the industrial library. Journal of industrial and - engineering chemistry June 1919, p. 584. - - - =Macfarlane, J. J.= - - Philadelphia commercial museum. Library journal April 1917, p. 278-79. - - - =Nystrom, P. H.= - - The relation of the public library to the private business libraries. - Special libraries Feb. 1918, p. 35-37. - - Same article Library journal March 1918, p. 154-57. - - =Parmelee, J. H.= - - The utilization of statistics in business. American statistical - association quarterly publication June 1917, p. 565-76. - - - =Purinton, E. E.= - - Building an office library. Independent Dec. 16, 1918, p. 214. - - - =Rife, R. S.= - - Functions of the library of a banking institution; pamphlet printed by - Guaranty trust co., New York city, 1919. - - - =Rose, A. L.= - - The service of a business library; pamphlet printed by National city - bank, New York city, 1920. - - - =Secrist, Horace= - - Statistics in business New York, McGraw-Hill 137 p. $1.75. - - - =Spencer, Florence= - - Financial library of the National city bank of New York. Library - journal April 1917, p. 282-83. - - - =Spencer, Florence= - - What a public library cannot do for the business man. Special - libraries Oct. 1917, p. 177-18. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -The service rendered by the business library is intensive rather than -extensive. The business man is not interested in making a good library -showing in regard to the quantity of material on the shelves or in -the files of his library, but he is vitally interested in the quality -of the material; he has just two objects in view, he wants specific -information and he wants quick, accurate, comprehensive service. The -organized business library steps in to render this service by knowing -what information to get, how to get it, how to keep it up to date, how -to file it and how to apply it effectively to business problems. - -If the subject which the business man is investigating has a scientific -basis, the library puts him in touch with the best authorities on that -science and the standard practices which it maintains. If the business -man is investigating a new enterprise, or a banker is considering a -loan, he must make a careful survey of all the factors which enter -into it, in order to make a decision as to its stability and probable -financial success. Such problems demand a large amount of information -which can be furnished by the business library, as it is prepared to -furnish data giving sources of different kinds of raw materials, -manufactured products on the market and cost of manufacturing, the -possible extent of the market for a competing product, cost of labor, -coal and data on certain sections of the country as good business -centers, based on a study of population, post office receipts, bank -clearings and transportation facilities. - -If shipping to foreign countries is contemplated the business library -will furnish information on modes of packing, effects of climate on -goods, transportation, customs duties, foreign credits, and similar -items. Thus the business library is prepared to select, arrange and -put into form for ready use, information ranging from methods of rock -tunneling, to the consideration of the advisability of putting a new -commercial fertilizer on the market. - -"The Americas," published by the National City Bank, New York City, -contains in its December 1917 issue, an article entitled, "One Feature -of German Organization in Engineering and Foreign Business," the -contents of which bear directly upon the importance of information as -an indispensable asset in the prosecution of successful business. - - The article states that industrial corporations in Germany before - the war employed an officer called an Economic Director, who, "in - the plan of organization of his company, is attached to the office - of the President, or is an appendage of the Board of Directors. He - has to organize complete information from various sources, and his - authority is sufficient to organize this well. He obtains statistical - information, foreign and domestic newspapers and periodicals, and the - output of various bureaus of news is regularly received by him. - - "His business is to keep his Executive informed on the instant of - every development in many parts of the world that will mean a change - of cost of production or a change in demand for the company's - products. He must know what is going on in the regions where the - company's manufacturing materials originate. He must keep his eye - upon conditions affecting production, price and transportation. He - must not miss any new source of supply, or any coming diminution of - old sources. On the other hand, he must follow every development, - political, social or economic that means an increase or a falling-off - in the demand for particular kinds of machinery. If there is anything - doing anywhere that is significant of a call for more sugar machinery, - or a drop in the demand for textile machinery, in this particular - man's business, he must judge its full value and advise his board of - it. - - "It is said of a man who was economic adviser to a German corporation - that manufactured materials for railway construction and equipment - that he had not only organized his supplies of information of what was - going on over the world so that he reported to his board every tender - for supplies from every part of the world, but he was expected to - analyze general developments everywhere so thoroughly, as to predict - in advance the regions where new railways would soon be built, or - extensions made. His work, it is said, frequently resulted in his - company's bringing about, in direct or indirect ways, the promotion of - the new transportation enterprises he predicted. It is now believed - that this idea of definite organization of economic information and - intelligence has been carried out in order to apply to the after-war - business situation by Germany." - -The American Business Library is a step in the direction of helping to -do for American business what this "German Economic Director" was doing -for business in Germany and it is more than time that American business -interests use the business library to its utmost capacity. - - -The Library and the Publicity Department - -One of the important departments in modern business organizations -served by the business library, is the publicity department which is -the outcome of the recognition of the dependence of any business upon -the public's understanding and appreciation of what it has to offer, in -order to successfully carry on its work, whether that be a manufactured -product or the service of a public utility. In this day of economic -investigation and criticism, it is vital to success that industries -exploit their work and products clearly and logically, not only as a -means of advertising but also to win and hold that all-important asset -known as public good-will. - -The publicity department strives to make the public understand -the organization and its work and has charge of preparing direct -advertising, for daily papers and periodicals, and in many utility -corporations prepares copy for the financing and marketing of -securities. - -A live publicity department cannot do its work without ample library -resources as its needs are encyclopaedic, for it is constantly -preparing copy which calls for the most accurate and comprehensive data -and it must keep up to date on what is currently issued in the lines of -business in which it is particularly interested. Library service is so -indispensable in publicity work that in a number of cases the library -has been organized in the business house as a part of the work of the -publicity department. - - -Assisting the Executive - -The business library is also a great service to executives because the -heads of business organizations today are concerned not only with the -particular business of their own office, but with many economic and -public affairs for the betterment of the community and the nation. The -work of the modern business man, as expressed by a recent technical -periodical, "because of the constant multiplication of problems to -be settled and the great number of regulating agencies, is steadily -growing more important. The successful business man must be a thinker -and a man of affairs; he appears before Congressional Committees and -before state and federal commissions; he must know whereof he speaks, -and he must know principles as well as facts, history as well as -present conditions." In the midst of varied and large responsibilities, -he knows he can not depend upon his own personal reading and study to -keep all the important facts and figures which he needs at his finger -tips, for the successful executive must not burden himself with too -much detail. - -He therefore turns to his librarian, who knows his personal point of -view and his needs, and who is as necessary to him as his secretary. -Sometimes the head of a business organization appeals to an assistant -officer to give him the data he requires, and the assistant officer -turns to another one, and he in turn goes to the library; the fact -remains that sooner or later the request comes down the line to the -librarian. - - -Making the Best Use of the Library - -There are several types of men with whom the business librarian has to -deal in doing research on business problems. One type of man who uses -the business library is the one who comes in occasionally and browses -among the books without communicating to the librarian in charge what -subject matter he is looking for. This type of man does not purposely -mean to be secretive, but he does not know how to use the service of -the library and the librarian which are at his disposal. Often he turns -away from his perusal of an encyclopedia with a disappointed look, and -in one case when the librarian asked what he was looking for, replied -that he was trying to find the address of Mills College but that it -did not seem to be in the Encyclopedia Britannica. Had he told the -librarian at the start what he wanted the address could have been given -him from another reference book in about one minute's time. - -Another type of man with whom the business librarian has to deal, is -the one who conceals his specific object when he asks for information, -and does not therefore make it possible for the librarian to procure -the information desired in its most simple and direct form. For -example, an engineer once asked for descriptive periodical articles -dealing with the construction and equipment of some large hotels. The -librarian, of course, thought that what he had in mind was to make -a study of the equipment, whereas all he wanted to get out of these -articles was the names of firms who had installed certain mechanical -devices. This information could have been collected much more quickly -than in the time it took for the librarian to make a complete list of -satisfactory descriptions of the kinds of buildings for which he asked. - -The type of man who uses the business library most effectively is the -one who takes his librarian into full confidence as to what he is -doing, and what he wants to do, and gives the librarian not only the -opportunity to produce what he has asked for, but also to make helpful -suggestions as to material which he possibly has not thought of in -connection with his problem. The business man who thus directs and uses -his trained librarian and his specialized collection gets the service -which counts and has annexed an indispensable asset to the earning -power of his organization. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Cameron, W. H.= - - What does library service do for you in your business? Public - libraries June 1918, p. 256-57. - - - =Gourvitch, P. P.= - - An organized commercial laboratory. Youroveta review (165 Broadway, - New York City) March 1919, p. 82. - - - =Hosmer, H. R.= - - Some axioms of service in the use and abuse of special libraries. - Journal of industrial & engineering chemistry June 1919, p. 582-83. - - - =Hungerford, Edward= - - Are you "too busy to read"? System March 1920, p. 486. - - - =Lewis, St. Elmo= - - Value of the specialized library for the business man. Special - libraries May 1913, p. 69-71. - - - =Loomis, M. M.= - - Libraries that pay. Independent June 26, 1913, p. 1436-38. - - - =Nystrom, P. H.= - - The business library as an investment. Library journal Nov. 1917, p. - 857-62. - - Same article National efficiency quarterly May 1918, p. 29-38. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -PERIODICALS IN THE BUSINESS LIBRARY--HOW TO USE AND HOW TO FILE THEM - - -The Value of Periodicals - -Periodicals are the most fruitful source of information for any -business, and there is periodical literature of value being issued -constantly on every conceivable subject. Every industry and profession -has its journals and in them will be found the latest and best -information. - -The value of periodicals in a business organization was very ably -stated some time ago by the secretary of an electrical association, and -as this testimony is not from a librarian but from a practical business -man, it seems worth while to quote as follows: - - "The technical or trade journal of today is the livest and most - 'up-to-now' assistant a business man has. It is carefully edited, - well-printed, fully illustrated and thoroughly indexed both as to - literary matter and advertisements. It is the 'always ready reference' - of the minute, and the official, head of a department, or even - workman, who does not use it to its fullest capacity, is neglecting - one of his best friends. I have been surprised to find how many of - the larger companies are actually stingy when it comes to paying out - money for subscriptions to their trade and technical journals. They - talk about one, two or three dollars per year as if it were that - many hundreds; they look at the expenditure as if it were an expense - instead of an investment, which, properly handled, will bring good - returns. - - "In no other way can any business man, no matter how high or low his - position, keep so fully abreast of the times in his business as by - early and careful perusal of his trade and technical periodical, from - its front to its back cover, and from no other source can he obtain - the 'immediately useful' so well as he can from a well filled and - indexed present volume of those same publications." - -"Printers' Ink" has also stated the case as follows: - - "The manufacturer, desirous of keeping his finger on the pulse at - Washington, who will spend ten dollars, or fifteen dollars, or - twenty dollars a year for business papers and other periodicals that - specialize with respect to business news from the national capital, - can be pretty well assured that he has every tip that could come to - him via the intelligence office, that asks a fee of fifty or one - hundred dollars per annum. Indeed, it has happened, not once but - dozens of times this past year or two that business journals, etc., - carried information days and even weeks before it was sent out in - the mimeographed 'letters' and 'bulletins' which the former bureaus - distributed, marked 'confidential' and 'not for publication.'" - - -The Contents of Periodicals - -Not only do periodicals contain lengthy articles on special subjects, -but every item in them from cover to cover is of value; for example, -in engineering periodicals the business library is greatly aided by -the current news notes on books, pamphlets, meetings and people; -information on state and federal legislation; prices of materials and -second-hand material for sale or wanted to purchase, new construction -notes, new devices and best makes of standard supplies. - -The brief notes found in current periodicals, announcing the -publication of trade pamphlets, reports of state boards, special -committees, private corporations and bulletins published by -universities, lectures delivered at colleges and papers presented at -state meetings of associations, are most valuable guides in collecting -pamphlets, which although in many cases may be had for the asking, -represent a collection of valuable data which can not be replaced by -the expenditure of any amount of money and yet most of it costs only a -polite letter of request. - - -Aids in Selection of Periodicals - -The business man or the business librarian will first of all desire to -select the periodicals that best cover the needs of his organization. -If he wishes to ascertain the titles of periodicals on special -subjects in order to obtain sample copies for examination, or if he -has the title and wishes to find the frequency of issue, the place of -publication and subscription price, there are several books that give -such information and which should be found in the public library of his -city. It is advisable also for him to see a list of all periodicals -which are on file at his public library with a view to examining those -which may be suited to his immediate needs. The following books will -give information about periodicals on special subjects. - - Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual Directory with mid-year - supplement, published by N. W. Ayer, Philadelphia, $10.00. - - 2400 Business Books, published by H. W. Wilson Company, New York, - 1920, price $5.00. - - Severance Guide to the Current Periodicals and Serials in the United - States and Canada. A new edition will be published shortly by George - Wahr, Ann Arbor, Michigan, price $6.00. This new edition will contain - a list of House Organs published in the United States. A recent list - of House Organs may be found in Printers' Ink, August 29, 1918, and - subsequent issues, and a list of Employees' Magazines may be purchased - from Printers' Ink for twenty-five cents. - - A list of periodicals published by the United States Government can be - obtained free of charge from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, - D. C. - - -The Checking of Periodicals - - [Illustration: Sample of a daily and monthly periodical checking card. - Weekly periodicals are checked on the cards ruled for daily issues. - The back of the daily check card is ruled for "Ordered of," "Price," - "Date" and "Bill date." They should be filed alphabetically and kept - in a file box on the librarian's desk for quick reference. - - =Note.=--As this volume goes to press the Library Bureau announces new - forms for periodical checking cards which are an improvement on those - shown above.] - -The care of periodicals is one of the important pieces of work which -consumes a large portion of the business librarian's time. All -periodicals received by the business library are stamped, as soon as -the mail is opened, with the word "Library" and the name of the firm, -and checked on monthly or weekly card records, size 3 by 5 inches, -specially ruled for the purpose and obtainable from library supply -firms. This card record enables the librarian to know if all copies -to date have been received and on the back of the card also provides a -record of expirations and renewals of subscriptions. A notation may be -made also on this card of the names of persons to whom the periodical -is to be regularly sent. - - [Illustration: The periodical indexes published by The H. W. Wilson - Company, New York City. This company also publishes an Index to Legal - Periodicals.] - - -The Indexing of Periodicals - -After the periodicals are checked, the librarian should go through them -rapidly, keeping well in mind all the topics of particular interest -to the organization, and also special requests from individuals for -the latest information on subjects, which they have designated as -being of present value to them. It is a good plan also to ask heads -of departments who read periodicals regularly every week, to call the -attention of the librarian to any special articles which they think -valuable and to which they might wish to refer again. This strengthens -the librarian's reading and makes doubly sure that no information of -importance is overlooked. - -All articles or items of importance are assigned a subject heading -(which will be discussed in the chapter on cataloging) and a card is -made for the subject card index to periodical material. The trained -librarian will know how to discriminate and reduce this indexing to a -minimum. - -Some one may ask at this point why it is necessary for the librarian to -do subject indexing to periodical articles when there are good printed -indexes to them, such as Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, -Industrial Arts Index, and the Agricultural Index, published by -The H. W. Wilson Company, New York City (samples and prices upon -application) and in addition The Engineering Index, recently acquired -by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and published monthly -in the Journal of that Society with an annual cumulated volume. -There are several reasons why subject indexing must be done by the -librarian; first because these printed indexes do not index many of the -periodicals which are of importance to the business library and second, -because in the periodicals which are covered by these indexes, there -are many items of importance to business firms which are too short to -be entered in the general printed indexes. The time element is also an -important factor in the business library, as the subject card index is -made at once and immediately ready for reference, while the printed -indexes are of necessity never strictly up to date. For example, an -engineering firm was desirous of keeping up to date on all increases -in gas and electric rates throughout the country, due to the increased -cost of production, on account of higher prices of materials. Various -journals reported such items each week, sometimes in not more than a -dozen lines. In such a case the librarian's minute reading and quick -indexing was invaluable, and gave a service not to be expected of the -printed index. - -A word should be said, however, at this point in regard to the value of -printed indexes, for example the "Industrial Arts Index." Periodicals -are sealed books without indexes, and printed indexes are invaluable -working tools, first, because no business librarian will attempt -the impossible task of making a subject card for every article of -value in current periodicals, and second, because a live business -organization in these days of sudden changes in economic conditions -cannot possibly foresee every subject in which it may be interested. -When these unexpected subjects arise for which the business librarian -has not made provision, the printed indexes come to the rescue and -serve the need most admirably. The indexes to separate volumes of -individual periodicals, which the publishers issue at the completion -of each volume, and in many cases do not send unless requested to do -so, are not of great value because, with few exceptions, the subject -indexing is poor. Many of them invert the title of the article in -order to enter it under the most striking word which it contains, -without consideration of its real subject content, and without further -consideration of the three, four or more subjects on which the article -is very likely to contain valuable information. - - -The Circulation of Periodicals - -After the periodicals have been read and subject indexed by the -librarian, as necessity requires, and this should be done immediately -on mail delivery, they are sent to the desks of the members of the -organization who are most vitally interested in any special information -which they contain. Methods of circulation vary in different types -of business libraries; some business libraries which serve a large -constituency prefer to make typewritten or mimeographed lists of -subject references to articles in the periodicals received during the -week, and circulate these lists throughout the organization, asking -the men to send to the library for any article they desire to read. -This method does not suit busy executives who have no time to read a -list and make a selection, and who wish the material itself put in -front of them. - -Some business librarians route their periodicals, attaching a slip with -a list of names indicating the next person to whom the periodical is to -be sent, when a reader is finished with it. Other business librarians -send the individual periodicals direct to one man only, with a slip -attached calling his attention to the article of special interest to -him. As soon as he is through with the periodical, he puts it in his -outgoing basket and it is returned to the librarian, who sends it to a -second man, with a special note of the contents for him. This method -seems much more desirable than to route periodicals, because they most -often fail to route--they simply side track! The periodical gets laid -aside on some one's desk and the librarian does not know whether it is -being passed along promptly or not, whereas if the periodical is sent -direct to one individual and is not promptly returned, the librarian -goes after it, if it is important that it should go to someone else in -the organization, without unreasonable delay. In large organizations -with hundreds of employes to be reached, the routing of periodicals -is absolutely necessary. The practice of the librarian of one large -corporation is to subscribe for one copy of each weekly periodical for -every five men who desire to read that periodical and one copy of -each monthly periodical for every seven men. To insure quick routing, -the names of delinquents are put at the end of the list of those to -whom the periodical circulates, and the names of the men who have -proved that they pass on the periodical quickly are put at the top of -the list. - - [Illustration: Samples of 3 by 5 inch charging cards. These cards may - be purchased in ten colors, ruled in either four or six columns. Some - business librarians put the borrower's record on a white card, and the - record made under the name of a periodical on a colored card. Some - business librarians omit the date of circulation. The initials on the - right hand card shown above, are those of the men in a business office - who are to have the periodical sent to them regularly. The cards - bearing the names of the borrowers should be filed in a charging tray - in alphabetical order, as should also the cards bearing the names of - the periodicals. In a business library, it is not necessary to file by - date as is done in public libraries. - - Books loaned from a business library may be charged in a similar - manner, i.e. a card bearing the name of author and title of the book - taking the place of the card bearing the title of the periodical as - shown above. The book card is kept in a pocket, pasted on the front or - back cover of the book, when the volume is not in circulation.] - -The circulation or routing slip which is attached to each periodical -bears the following: "Please keep this magazine in circulation. To be -of value it must reach every man on this list within a week. If you -cannot read it now, send it on without checking off your name and it -will be returned to you later. Mark at the right of your name the page -number of any article that you believe should be indexed for future -reference." - -A simple loan record on 3 by 5 inch cards specially ruled and of which -illustrations are shown, should be kept under the name of the man to -whom the periodical is sent, and also under the name of the periodical, -in order that the librarian can tell on a moment's notice where any -issue of a periodical is and also what each man has charged against -him. Books and other library material may be charged in the same manner. - -Business men in general, so experience proves, exercise no particular -responsibility either to return material or to replace it, for the -business organization has no rules for lending, and the responsibility -of knowing what material is out of the library, where it is, and that -it is brought back or replaced, falls upon the librarian. The business -librarian with his loan record as a guide tactfully asks if the -business man is finished with the material, and if so, collects it; in -some cases the collection is made without asking, when a visit to a -man's office clearly shows that the material is side-tracked and dusty. -This is one of the most tedious duties which falls to the business -librarian's lot, but one of the most important ones, for the function -of the librarian is to get material used freely, and not hoarded. - -Business men who always get what they want from their library on a -moment's notice do not appreciate the time and patience such service -requires on the part of their librarian, for no genius is involved in -the case of the librarian who always has ready on the shelves what -is needed. Often a business man who literally wants material on a -minute's notice, is the one who is most careless in cooperating with -the librarian by returning material, and who does not want to stop a -moment to have a loan record made. Sometimes a business man gets in a -hurry for library material, which the librarian says he already has, -but which he insists is not in his office, whereupon the librarian goes -to his office, and pleasantly and often humorously unearths it from the -bottom of the pile of material on his desk or table. - -In the matter of the loaning of material the business librarian -certainly has to be characterized by the words "long suffering," for he -must make no excuses and deliver material in spite of the delinquencies -of others. If some one at this point protests that it is unfair to the -business librarian, the answer is, that the business man has a right -to do as he pleases with his own, and that the business librarian -exists to save a busy man from the error of his ways, for it must -be remembered always that the business library is organized to give -service to men of affairs, burdened with large responsibilities. All -business men are not careless in returning material, and certainly -minor employes have no right to be, but it will have to be admitted -that business men, who never think of taking the trouble to return -material are in the majority. - - [Illustration: A corner of bound periodicals in the library of H. M. - Byllesby & Company, Chicago. The worth while periodicals devoted to - any one industry are comparatively few and bound volumes do not take - up so much space as might be imagined. A three foot shelf will hold - six or seven years of one periodical.] - - -The Binding and Filing of Periodicals - -After the current periodicals have made their last tour of the -offices they come back to the library to be filed for future use. -What disposition shall be made of them? Shall important articles be -clipped and filed and the remainder of the periodical thrown away, or -shall a complete file be kept for six months or a year and then thrown -away, or shall files be kept complete and bound for permanent books -of reference? The latter method represents the best library practice -for the following reasons. No business organization or business -librarian is prophetical enough to foresee exactly what information -will be useful to keep in a business library for future use, when one -considers the variety of valuable material found each week in the -periodicals, which cover the activities of a certain line of business. -Complete files of bound periodicals constitute one of the most valuable -reference aids that any business library can possess. Clipping valuable -periodicals might in some instances be compared to cutting out an -article from a valuable encyclopedia. - -One of the values of having periodicals bound is that they do not get -lost or misplaced or carried off so readily, as a separate number or a -clipping would. Bound volumes do not take up so much space as might at -first thought be imagined, for a three-foot shelf will hold the bound -volumes of the larger size periodicals for a six or seven years period, -and the number of worth while periodicals devoted to any one industry -(excluding of course the annual volumes of societies) are comparatively -few, and twelve to fifteen sets would be the maximum for any one -business library. - -The replacing immediately of a lost or mutilated periodical is one of -the important duties of the business librarian, for it is reasonably -sure that the lost or mutilated number has something of real importance -in it, else it would not have been so treated by any member of the -organization; it is also important to replace it as soon as possible, -because often back numbers are difficult to obtain. - -Business men as a rule know nothing of the principles of satisfactory -binding and generally give the work to commercial printing -establishments who misplace pages and sections, and make mistakes in -titles and volume numbers in lettering the backs. If a business house -does not have a librarian to supervise its binding, it should be -careful to select if possible a bindery which specializes in library -binding and will do the work in accordance with the best library -practice. An illustration is shown of correct position and style for -lettering the backs of bound volumes. - - [Illustration: The "L. B. pamphlet box," the "Wood C. C. pamphlet - case" and a heavy cardboard box covered with book cloth made by H. - Schultz & Co.] - -It is not advisable to bind the volumes of every periodical received, -for many are only of passing interest, and while it is advisable to -keep such an unbound file for a year or two, at the end of that time -the librarian will be guided by his experience and use discretion in -disposing of out of date material. - - [Illustration: How the back of a bound periodical should be lettered.] - -The best method of preserving the current numbers of periodicals which -are to be permanently bound or preserved without binding is by the use -of Library Bureau pamphlet boxes, or similar makes, made in a variety -of dimensions. - -The "L. B. pamphlet box" is made of heavy chip-board covered with -glazed paper or black cloth, and half of one side doubles back on -itself permitting of easy consultation without removal of the contents. -These boxes stand on edge like books and are dust proof. - -"Wood C. C. pamphlet case" is made of seasoned wood and covered -with durable paper. This case has a closed top and open back and is -therefore not dust proof and has to be taken off the shelf to consult -the contents. For general use the L. B. pamphlet box is preferable -for business library work. Some business libraries also use a specially -made box of heavy cardboard covered with book cloth and with a card -label holder on the back, similar in style to the "Wood C. C. pamphlet -case," and which can be made by any good paper box factory, at prices -ranging from fifteen to twenty cents each on quantities, according to -the size desired. H. Schultz and Company, 519 West Superior Street, -Chicago, Illinois, advertise quotations on stock of this kind. A -photograph is shown of the style of boxes used by the National Safety -Council, Chicago, for filing copies of current circulars which are -distributed to their members. - - [Illustration: File boxes used by the library of the National Safety - Council, Chicago, for current circulars for distribution to their - members] - - -The Clipping of Periodicals - -Clipping may be legitimately indulged in, when an article of interest -is found in a single number of a periodical, to which the library does -not subscribe. Newspaper items, of course, must always be clipped and -there will be always material like printed leaflets which will require -the same kind of filing as clippings. - -Clippings are best filed in vertical file units, and methods of filing -and indexing are discussed in Chapter VI. The "U-File-M" binder strips -manufactured by the U-File-M Manufacturing Co., Syracuse, New York, are -exceedingly useful and satisfactory for fastening clippings, single -sheets or thin booklets into vertical file folders. These strips -need to be visualized by samples in order to clearly understand how -they work, but they can be described in general as gummed strips a -half-inch in width and 11 inches long with forty-four gummed tabs -one-eighth of an inch wide affixed, which can be pulled out from under -a protecting strip with the finger nail. The eleven-inch strip or any -cut off portion, can be glued horizontally or vertically into a folder -and papers or clippings attached by the gummed tabs. - -Business firms who wish to keep up with any special information -appearing in the daily press often employ a press clipping bureau. -Such service always furnishes quantity rather than quality, as no -attempt is made to select only items of real value. For example, a -firm specializing in the manufacture of canned milk ordered a clipping -bureau to send it all newspaper clippings on milk and among the -clippings sent was one of a milkman arrested for speeding, and similar -clippings were frequently sent. If very special information from the -daily press is desired the clipping should be done by a person within -the organization who has intimate knowledge both of the subject and of -the need. - - -SOME DEALERS IN BACK NUMBERS OF PERIODICALS - - Abrahams Book Store, 145 Fourth Avenue, New York City. - - F. W. Faxon Company, Boston, Massachusetts. - - The H. W. Wilson Company, New York City. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -The United States Government is the leading publisher of accurate and -reliable information bearing upon all kinds of business activities. -No question should ever be investigated or data collected by a -business firm without taking into consideration the valuable sources -of government information on that particular subject. The "Youroveta -Review," in its March, 1919 issue, says: - - "It is not only safety and accuracy in the performance of its regular - duties, but also expansion and development at which a progressive firm - is aiming; and this can be attained only when the business is analyzed - from all aspects of practical interest, when the horizon is being - constantly searched, and endeavors are made to explore new commercial - avenues." - -Studies of mineral, oil and gas deposits, tests of boiler and furnace -efficiencies, analyses and tests of fuels, production of crops and -cattle, labor problems, electrolysis, standards for gas and electric -service, foreign trade, water power and statistics of all industrial -activities, constitute a few of the subjects on which the government -periodically reports. - -The daily paper called "Commerce Reports," which gives reports and -business tips on trade and industrial conditions, gathered by American -Consular officers at their respective posts throughout the world, is an -invaluable periodical for business men in this after-the-war period of -trade development. - -The United States Shipping Board has issued a valuable series of free -pamphlets in the interest of export trade, some of which are: - - World Trade; A List of Books on World Trade. - Selection of Books on Foreign Languages. - Ships and the Ocean; A List of Books on Ships, Commerce - and The Merchant Marine. - Foreign Countries; A List of Books on Foreign Countries. - -Many practical illustrations could be given, if space permitted, of the -use made by business firms of government publications. For example, a -large mail order house made a decision, based on consulting the Weather -Bureau's temperature records in the different sections of the country -for a range of years, as to what date would be best for sending out, -to various districts, advance catalogs advertising summer and winter -wearing apparel; while an engineering firm, designing a gas holder to -be erected in a northern city, decided on the factor of safety to be -adopted against the lowest possible temperature, by consulting the -weather reports for the lowest temperatures which prevailed in that -section for a long range of years. - - -How to Procure Government Documents - -To keep thoroughly informed on the large body of constantly growing -data issued by the government, to know how to procure it without delay -and apply to a specific problem is no small accomplishment, and this is -one of the important reasons why the business man needs the assistance -of a trained library worker. The average business man gets mentally -lost in the thick woods of government documents; he either does not -know which department or bureau of the government can give the specific -information he desires, or he does not know how to procure, in the -shortest time, desired data which he knows the government has on file. - - [Illustration: Every business librarian should read these two monthly - lists regularly] - -The best way for the business man to find out what information is -in print and can be procured for his personal use, is to write -direct to each department, or special bureau, for the catalog of -their available publications. For example, the Bureau of Foreign and -Domestic Commerce issues a catalog of Bureau publications which is -described as a "review of information available to manufacturers and -exporters in the bulletins issued by the Bureau." The Navy Department -issues an "Index to Specifications for Naval Stores and Material" -which is very useful to many classes of business men who are drawing -up specifications for the purchase of various kinds of material. The -list of publications of the United States Geological Survey is a most -valuable guide in procuring bulletins on water power and irrigation, -mines and mineral resources, as well as important papers on economic -geology, namely, oil, gas and other useful minerals. The United States -Bureau of Standards, the Bureau of Census, the Bureau of Mines, all -publish catalogs of papers issued by them, which are of the greatest -possible value to business men. These bureaus, in addition to their -printed catalogs, issue supplemental lists of new publications each -month and the "Monthly Catalog of United States Public Documents," -issued monthly, price fifty cents per year, obtainable from the -Superintendent of Documents, also gives a list of all the publications -of all departments of the government issued each month. - - [Illustration: Two samples of the forty-four price lists of documents - issued by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.] - -The Superintendent of Documents issues free of charge, forty-four -lists of documents, for sale by his office, on certain subjects, such -as Roads, Labor, Foreign Relations of the United States, Finance, -Transportation, etc. A complete list of these subjects can be found -in Swanton's Guide to United States Government Publications (Bureau -of Education Bulletin 1918, No. 2), page 127, obtainable from -Superintendent of Documents at twenty cents per copy. This guide is -a most useful compilation as it describes briefly the work of each -department of the government and kind of publications issued by them, -stating where they can be obtained and what classes of publications are -free and what are for sale. - - [Illustration: Cover of Guide to United States Government Publications] - -Government publications which ordinarily may be obtained free by -applying direct to the Bureau issuing them, if out of stock may often -be bought from the Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent -of Documents requires that all publications ordered from him be paid -for in advance, and this involves some difficulty, as often a man -does not know how much money to send to procure the publication, if -he has not seen the price quoted. Some business libraries, to save -delay in ordering, deposit twenty-five dollars in advance with the -Superintendent of Documents against which the cost of documents ordered -can be charged. The old idea of procuring publications through a -Congressman or Senator is the poorest kind of method of obtaining what -is wanted in a hurry, for many government documents will not cost the -business firm anything and those for which a charge is asked cost a -very small price. The Superintendent of Documents sells coupons which -may be sent in payment for documents ordered from his office. The -disadvantage of the coupon method of purchasing is that the buyer must -know in advance the price of the documents in order to send the correct -amount in coupons. - -Some of the departments of the government issue advance mimeographed -sheets of information and will also give out, in advance of printing, -data on file in the department to firms which make special request for -it, and have also been known to reply promptly to telegraphic requests. - -Some of the bureaus of the government have district offices in a few -of the large cities of the United States, for example, district -offices of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Weather Bureau, -etc., which are of great service in obtaining data in a hurry, and -the business man should ascertain the resources of his city in this -respect. He should also not forget to use the collection of government -documents at his Public Library when he wants to use publications of -which he cannot obtain a copy for his own immediate needs. Some of the -smaller public libraries do not have their government documents fully -cataloged and immediately available so that the business man must not -infer, because he cannot find certain government information at his -public library, that it does not exist. - - -State Documents - -The individual states of the United States also publish valuable -documents through their state boards and commissions with which it is -well for the business man to be acquainted. Many of the individual -states have similar boards and commissions which report annually or -biennially, both in bulletins and regular reports, such as state -engineer, state geologist, state mining department, state insurance -department, state experiment station, bureau of labor and industrial -statistics, state public utilities commissions and special commissions -created to deal with any particular problems or industries, peculiar -to the individual state. The best guide available to current state -publications is the "Monthly List of State Publications" published -by the Library of Congress, fifty cents per year. The chief drawback -in the use of this list is that it is always several months behind -in being published, as is also the "Monthly Catalog of United States -Public Documents." The current trade periodicals often note the issue -of any important state publications more promptly and are a great aid -in keeping up to date on this information. Public Affairs Information -Service, a cumulated index published by H. W. Wilson Company, New -York City, and which is noted more fully in a subsequent chapter on -Reference Books, lists a number of state publications of value. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Fairfax, Virginia= - - Pamphlets and clippings in the business library; pamphlet printed by - Journal of Electricity, San Francisco. - - - =Kaempffert, Waldemar= - - Putting Uncle Sam to work. McClure's magazine Dec. 1916, p. 11. - - - =Reinick, W. R.= - - Public documents as a commercial factor. Special libraries Nov. 1913, - p. 175-77. - - - =Rogers, S. L.= - - Value of statistics to business (census bureau). Manufacturers' record - Oct. 23, 1919, p. 34-35. - - - =Ulm, A. H.= - - What the census bureau can tell you about business. Printers' ink - monthly May 1920, p. 37-38. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -TRADE CATALOGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES--THEIR FILING AND -INDEXING - - -Trade Catalogs - -Several methods for filing and indexing trade catalogs have been -advocated by various writers, but the most generally approved practice -is to file in legal size vertical file cabinets, with a shelf to -accommodate large bound volumes which are too bulky to go into the -drawers and whose disposition on shelves instead of in file drawers may -be noted by a symbol on the index card, and also by a reference sheet -placed in the file where the catalog would be alphabeted. - -All trade catalogs should be filed alphabetically by the names of the -firms issuing them, rather than under subjects, because often a single -pamphlet, or volume, may list a variety of materials which can not be -classified under a single subject name, thus avoiding numerous cross -subject references. - - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | | - | | Belt shifters | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | |Mahlon Bradley & Company | - | | First National Bank Building | - | | Chicago | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - - Trade catalog index card made under the subject name - - - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | | - | | Diamond speed shifter | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | |Mahlon Bradley & Company | - | | First National Bank Building | - | | Chicago | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - - Trade catalog index card made under well known trade name - -Engineers are prone to endeavor to apply a decimal subject -classification in filing trade catalogs, with the result that they fall -into many intricate difficulties. However, small offices using only a -few trade catalogs on special subjects can file under subjects with -other library material if desired. (The organization of an alphabetical -subject file for miscellaneous data is described in Chapter VI.) All -trade catalogs filed under the names of the firms should be subject -card indexed, because it takes less time to make a working index than -it does to look through various catalogs to find desired information -when there is no index. - - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | | - | |Mahlon Bradley & Company | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | First National Bank Building | - | | Chicago | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | |Belt shifters | - | |Diamond speed shifter | - | | | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - - Trade catalog index card made under the name of the firm and showing - the subject name and trade name under which additional cards have been - made. - -The method of indexing should be as follows: there should be a card -made for the name of each firm issuing the catalog, and the address of -the firm may be added to this card in order to use it as a mailing list -if desired. The subjects, i. e., specific names of merchandise, which -the catalog covers and any well known trade names, should be written -on the face of this main card (see illustration) and additional cards -made for the subjects and any important trade names, and all of the -cards should be filed in a single alphabet. A Cutter number (which is -explained in detail in the chapter on cataloging) may be put on each -index card and trade catalog, in order to facilitate the alphabetizing -and quick location of individual trade catalogs. The subject index -in Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers, an invaluable tool to -purchasing departments, is a great aid in selecting subject names to be -used in the trade catalog index. - - -Photographs - -Photographs are important sources of information for any business firm, -as they visualize printed or written descriptions and make an accurate -and unchangeable record which does not permit of any misunderstanding, -as is sometimes the case in reading a printed account. Every industry -should have a photograph file illustrating the various aspects of -its products or the installations and construction for which it is -responsible and which may be supplemented by any photographs which can -be obtained on similar work done by firms other than its own. - -Banks and investment houses should have photographs of all tangible -properties on which they issue securities, as they have been found to -be of great aid in making a stock and bond offering concrete in the -mind of possible customers. - -Photographs are best filed by mounting singly or in groups on -a standard size photo-mount board 11 by 14 inches and put into -architectural size vertical file drawers. A dry mount process by the -use of gum tissue and a hot iron is much to be preferred to the -ordinary method of mounting, as photographs expand when wet and shrink -in drying, thus subjecting the mounting board to more or less warping -unless heavy pressure is used. - - [Illustration: A photo-mount board 11 by 14 inches in size. The title - of the photograph with date when taken is lettered across the top and - the classification number is shown in the upper left hand corner.] - -Photographs for business purposes may be filed geographically or -by subjects, according to the use which is to be made of them. An -engineering firm building structures in different parts of the country -file their construction photographs under the name of the state and -city in which the work is done; all the cities of a single state are -arranged in alphabetical order under the state name. The individual -photograph boards are numbered in accession order which makes the -photograph of latest date the highest number under each city. - - [Illustration: Form of entry on the index card to a photograph file] - -In order to avoid writing the name of the state and the name of the -town on the corner of each photograph, this particular library uses on -each board the Dewey Decimal Classification history number for each -state with the first letter of the name of the city below this decimal -number, to which is added the accession number of the photograph. This -combined number is used on the corner of the index card on which is -also entered the name of the city followed by the accession number of -each board and the title of the photograph with the date on which the -photograph was taken. - -Each photograph may be cataloged on a separate card if desired -and subject cards can also be made to any photographs and filed -alphabetically with the geographical index cards. - -When subject filing of photographs is desired the Dewey Decimal -Classification subject number, or a modification of that system, or the -name of the subject written out in full or the Cutter symbol for it -(which is described in Chapter VI), can be substituted in place of the -geographical classification number. - - -Lantern Slides - -There are two methods of filing slides. One is to file slides in a -cabinet containing drawers similar to a card catalog case, the slides -being filed horizontally rather than vertically. The other method -is to use a specially designed filing cabinet containing sliding -file leaves which pull out at right angles to the cabinet, which is -designed on the sectional unit plan for growth; the leaves have each -a capacity of about fifty or sixty slides which are held in place by -means of channel grooves which provide for examination of the slides -without handling, and also permit of quick removal of each slide as -needed. Complete descriptions of such cabinets may be obtained from the -Multiplex Display Fixture Company, St. Louis, Missouri, and from G. S. -Moler, 408 University avenue, Ithaca, New York. Both makes have been -satisfactorily used by a number of business organizations. - - [Illustration: The Moler lantern slide cabinet] - -The drawer method of filing slides costs less than the cabinet with -sliding file leaves, and also takes up less space. It has been found in -the experience of libraries handling large numbers of lantern slides -which are used freely that they are not as fragile as they appear to -be; they do not break easily and can be fingered as rapidly as a card -index file in a similar drawer. A piece of white paper can be easily -slipped behind the slides in the drawers to bring out their details -when they are being consulted. - - [Illustration: Lantern slide cabinet made by Multiplex Display Fixture - Co.] - -Lantern slides may be classified and card indexed for business purposes -in the same way that photographs are and care should be taken to have -the file number and title of the slide plainly lettered along the top -edge of the face of the slide. - -Collections of lantern slides for art and architectural purposes -require more elaborate classification and cataloging but such -requirements do not come within the scope of this treatise. - -In some business libraries where the slides are loaned out of the -city it may be advisable to index them on a 4 by 6 inch catalog card, -instead of the standard 3 by 5 inch card, in order to allow room to -paste on it a photograph of the lantern slide which will show its -detail when the slide itself is not immediately available. - - -Cuts - -Half-tone, zinc and electrotype cuts may be classified in the same way -that photographs are but filed in flat drawers. A reduced photograph of -the cut may be pasted on the index card similar to the plan noted above -for lantern slides. - - -Maps - -Business firms having large collections of maps which need to be -specially filed and recorded will find helpful suggestions in a -small pamphlet entitled "Making Maps Available," by Beatrice Winser, -published by the American Library Association, 78 East Washington -Street, Chicago, Illinois, price five cents. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Cook, G. L.= - - A library of trade catalogs. Library journal May 1919, p. 307-308. - - - =Nourse, F. M.= - - Finding the needle in the haystack (photographs and cuts). System Feb. - 1919, p. 218. - - - =Peck, E. E.= - - Trade catalog file. Library journal July 1919, p. 442. - - - =Selection of trade publications= of manufacturing companies. The - booklist April 1919, p. 285. - - - =Stokes, C. W.= - - Classification and filing of photographs. Printers' ink August 3, - 1916, p. 82-86. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGING IN BUSINESS LIBRARIES - - -All books and pamphlets received by the business library should be -classified by subject, i. e., all material on a given subject should be -brought together under the same subject number. The most satisfactory -working scheme of subject classification which has yet been devised -and which is most generally used is the Dewey Decimal Classification, -Edition 9, 1915, which can be purchased from the Library Bureau, price -$6.00. No subject classification is perfect and the Dewey Decimal -Classification will not fit all business libraries equally well, but -its elasticity of form and its notation is such that any expansion -which may be required by the specialized character of the business -library may readily be made by the trained librarian. The following -list of extensions to the Dewey Decimal Classification may be of -interest to engineers: - - "Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied - to the Engineering Industries," by L. B. Breckenridge and G. A. - Goodenough, published in University of Illinois Engineering Experiment - Station Bulletin 9, revised edition, 1912. - - "Extension of Dewey Decimal System of Classification to Cover - Municipal Engineering," by R. De L. French, in Canadian Engineer, Nov. - 12, 1914. - - "Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification to the Gas - Industry," by D. S. Knauss, American Gas Institute, October, 1914. - - "Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied to - Metallurgy, Metallography and Assaying," by R. M. Keeny, Colorado - School of Mines Quarterly, Golden, Colo., April, 1911. - - "Proposed Classification for an Engineering Library," by E. H. Frick - and Esther Raymond published by American Society of Civil Engineers, - 1916. - -It must be remembered that business libraries are small and the number -of books and pamphlets to be classified are few as compared with the -enormous collections in public libraries, so that the much discussed -question of new classifications which arises periodically is not of so -vital importance to the business library as might appear, especially -so when one recognizes the importance of making an exhaustive subject -catalog to all material, which relieves the business library from any -undue difficulties in classification. It will readily be seen that no -subject classification can bring together on the library shelves all -information on a subject, for the reason that some books and pamphlets -cover several well defined subjects and the book can stand on the -shelf in one subject position only. Such difficulties are met most -satisfactorily by a subject catalog in which subject entries are made -under the most specific subject heading and not under a broad term -which includes several well defined divisions of a general subject. -For example, a book on steam engines should be subject cataloged under -"Steam engines" and not under "Engines," while a book on various kinds -of engines should be subject cataloged under "Engines" and not under -"Mechanical engineering." The book on engines, if it treated of Marine -engines, Gas engines and various other types could also have cards -made under those subjects in addition to the card which was made under -"Engines." - - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | Sa107 | Cameron, W. H. | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | The attitude of the employer towards | - | | accident prevention and workmen's compensation. | - | | 9 p. | - | | | - | | | - | | Safety movement | - | | Workmen's compensation | - | | | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - - The pamphlet noted above is filed under "Safety movement" and an entry - is made under the author's name for the card index, showing upon its - face the subject names under which subject index cards have been made - - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | Sa107 | Workmen's compensation | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | Cameron, W. H. | - | | The attitude of the employer towards | - | | accident prevention and workmen's compensation. | - | | 9 p. | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - - If a pamphlet covers two or more subjects a subject card may be made - for each subject. The subject under which the pamphlet is filed is - shown by the Cutter book number. In this particular instance, the - pamphlet is placed in the file under "Safety movement." - - -This method permits of a book or pamphlet being entered under any -number of specific subjects on which it gives information and thus the -subject catalog brings together all the information in the library on a -specific subject, although it may not stand together on the shelves or -in a vertical file. - - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | Sa107 | Safety movement | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | Cameron, W. H. | - | | The attitude of the employer towards | - | | accident prevention and workmen's compensation. | - | | 9 p. | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - - Subject catalog card for Alphabetic-subject file - - -Alphabetic-subject File - -All material put into vertical files need not be filed necessarily -by a numerical subject classification such as the Dewey Decimal -Classification; on the contrary a number of business libraries, which -use the Decimal Classification for material put on the shelves, have -organized most successful vertical files of miscellaneous material, -clippings, pamphlets, etc., by the alphabetic-subject method. This -simply means that the material is assigned, instead of a subject -number, a specific subject name similar to that put on a subject -catalog card and is filed alphabetically under that subject name -written out in full upon the folder, to which may be prefixed a Cutter -number assigned from the subject name of the material. The Cutter -number, primarily designed to alphabet authors, is the first letter -of a word combined with certain figures, designed to keep words in -alphabetic order by their initial letter and the figures following it. -The Cutter three figure alphabetic-order table, price $2.70, or the -Cutter-Sanborn alphabetic-order table, price $3.00, both for sale by -the Library Bureau, are equally good for use in the alphabetic-subject -file. The Cutter two figure table may be used for a small collection -of material. No business firm should attempt to install an -alphabetical-subject file unless the work is done under the direction -of a trained librarian who has had thorough training in cataloging and -in the assigning of subject headings. The best information in print -on the details of alphabetical-subject filing for business libraries -is to be found in a pamphlet entitled "Pamphlets and Clippings in the -Business Library" by Virginia Fairfax, published by the Journal of -Electricity, San Francisco. - -The advantage in using a Cutter number is, that it makes a convenient -brief notation to use on the material to be filed and on the catalog -card to show where the material is placed in the file. For temporary -files of ephemeral material both the Cutter number and the card -cataloging may be omitted. The alphabetic-subject file obviates the -difficulties which arise when the business library finds it has -material on subjects for which the Dewey Decimal Classification has not -adequately provided. - -Printed information on corporations collected by banking houses is most -satisfactorily filed alphabetically under the name of each corporation -with sub-divisions (i. e., mortgages, reports, etc.) under each -corporation name where necessary. - - -Cataloging - -Business men as a whole do not understand what cataloging involves nor -its supreme importance. Most of them call it card indexing and think -they have provided amply for it when they have purchased a card catalog -cabinet and a supply of cards, without realizing what someone has -recently said in a business periodical, that "the number of employes -and the generosity of mechanical equipment are not the essentials of -high grade production. Brains and floor space are unrelated." A card -catalog to be a success, as a working tool, must be made according to a -code of standardized rules by some one who has been thoroughly taught -to use them. A code of catalog rules given to a novice who attempts -to catalog by them without previous instruction will yield about as -satisfactory results as an automobile does when it is operated by some -one who has never run one before, and whose only knowledge consists of -what he has read about it in a handbook. The truth of this contention -is apparent when one considers that strict uniformity and accuracy must -be maintained, not only in making author entries but particularly in -making what the trained librarian calls subject headings with "see" -and "see also" references which the business man is often heard to -call cross indexing. (See Hitchler, Cataloging for Small Libraries, -Chapters 5 and 6.) Cataloging must be as accurate as bookkeeping; a -wrong figure, a mis-filed card or the entry of information under an -incorrect subject, makes the catalog as useless as trying to unlock a -door with a key that does not fit. The American Library Association, 78 -East Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, has issued a valuable list -of suggestive "Subject Headings for Use in a Dictionary Catalog," third -edition, price $2.50, which indicates proper terminology with cross -references, and to which each business library will probably make many -subject additions to suit its specific needs. The subject headings used -in the "Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature" and the "Industrial -Arts Index," mentioned in a previous chapter, are also of help to the -business library in determining adequate subject headings for the card -catalog. The ability to assign subject headings and cross references -correctly requires both broad knowledge and a high degree of training -and is one of the important assets which the business librarian derives -from a library school education. - -For the benefit of small offices which have a limited collection of -material and will need to do very little cataloging or indexing, the -sample author and subject cards are given to illustrate correct form. - -Further helpful suggestions can be obtained from Hitchler's Cataloging -for Small Libraries, published by the American Library Association, 78 -East Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, price $1.25. - - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | 627.38 | Wegmann, Edward | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | W42 | Design & construction of dams | - | | Ed. 4 N.Y. Wiley 1904. | - | | | - | | | - | | Dams | - | | | - | | | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - - Form of author card - -The Library of Congress publishes catalog cards printed on the standard -3 by 5 inch card, one form of card only for each book, namely the -author or main entry card, with suggestive subject headings printed at -the bottom. To this card, if purchased, may be added the classification -number of the book in the particular business library, and additional -cards may be bought on which may be put the subject headings. Not many -business libraries have made use of these printed cards issued by the -Library of Congress, because business library material is so limited -and specialized in selection that not enough Library of Congress -catalog cards can be used to make it worth while to spend time in -checking up what cards the Library of Congress issues, which can be -used by the business library. The business library is always in a hurry -to have its material cataloged and put on the shelves at once, and -ordering and waiting for receipt of Library of Congress cards does not -generally permit of quick enough work. - - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | 627.38 | Dams | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | W42 | Wegmann, Edwards | - | | Design & construction of dams | - | | Ed. 4 N.Y. Wiley 1904. | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - - Form of subject card - -It is advisable that the card catalogs to material in the business -library should be, as far as possible, alphabeted together in a single -file, because information on a subject found in a book is cataloged -under a specific subject heading, information on the same subject found -in a periodical article is entered under the same subject heading as -that used for the information in the book, and the same subject heading -is used in the card catalog for the material which, because of its -form, is put into the vertical file. The filing of these three subject -cards together instead of in three separate card catalogs, namely, to -books, periodicals and vertical file material, will show at once what -the library has on that particular subject with a saving of time in -consultation, as well as eliminating the risk of forgetting to look in -three separate catalogs when investigating a subject, and avoiding the -danger of mis-filing a card in a wrong catalog. If desired, references -to periodical articles and vertical file material may be put on colored -cards to show more quickly the disposition of the material in the -library. Photographs, lantern slides, cuts and maps are best cared for -by a separate card catalog to each file. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Colegrove, M. E. & McVety, M. A.= - - List of subject headings for information file. Elm tree press, - Woodstock, Vt. (Modern American library economy series). - - - =Dana, J. C.= - - Color and position filing. Elm tree press, Woodstock, Vt. (Modern - American library economy series). - - - =Dickey, P. A.= - - Care of pamphlets and clippings in libraries. H. W. Wilson & Company, - New York City. - - - =Fairfax, Virginia= - - Pamphlets and clippings in the business library; pamphlet printed by - Journal of Electricity, San Francisco. - - - =Krause, L. B.= - - Engineers' technical file. Engineering record Dec. 18, 1915, p. 760-61. - - - =Krause, L. B.= - - Indexing data on stream flow and rainfall. Engineering record Jan. 31, - 1914, p. 140-41. - - - =McVety, M. A. & Colegrove, M. E.= - - Vertical file. Elm tree press, Woodstock, Vt. (Modern American library - economy). - - - =Ovitz, D. G.= - - The "Readers' Guide" and the vertical file. H. W. Wilson Company, New - York City. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -It is the purpose of this chapter to give an outline of the equipment -required by the business library to do its work adequately. Some -business men make the mistake of thinking that the mechanical -equipment which they purchase will make a satisfactory library, while -others put their faith in employing a librarian who they expect will -create library service with the expenditure of very little money for -facilities and tools for carrying on the work. - -Both opinions are wrong, for the business library needs adequate -equipment with which to perform acceptable service quite as much as it -does a skillful librarian. - - -Floor Space and Shelving - -No business firm should consider establishing library service unless it -is willing to provide suitable space for it, for the best librarian in -the country cannot give satisfactory service with books and material -scattered in various places, wedged in tightly and stored on top -shelves or in storerooms where there is not quick access to them. - -The writer knows of several business firms, who from lack of sufficient -library space store their periodicals, and as far as any real use is -concerned they might as well not have them. Often the plea of lack of -floor space is a superficial reason and only indicative of the fact -that the firm is following a short sighted policy and has not really -waked up to the tremendous value of having such material in order and -readily accessible. - -In selecting the floor space for a business library a square or oblong -portion of space without columns or jogs in the walls is preferable, -as it permits of the most economical arrangement in putting in the -required fixtures. Good daylight is of course most desirable but if -this is not possible, care should be taken to have artificial light -of high grade which can easily be provided by a system of indirect -electric lighting supplemented by drop lights wherever necessary. - -The library floor space should be completely covered with cork carpet -both for cleanliness and quiet, and it should be laid before any -shelving is set, in order to avoid cuts and seams which catch dirt and -also look bad if the carpet is laid after immovable fittings have been -installed. - -In placing shelving for books, the most economical and compact -arrangement is the stack plan, i.e., double faced bookcases set at -right angles to a wall space and as close together as possible, but -allowing ready access by narrow aisles not less than thirty inches wide -between the tiers. The remaining wall space may be utilized by vertical -files or wall shelving to supplement the capacity of the stack layout, -but no business library of any considerable size should be laid out on -the plan of wall shelving only, as it is a most unnecessary waste of -space. - - [Illustration: Single face unit wood shelving showing adjustable - features. By courtesy of the Library Bureau.] - -The space assigned for the business library should be primarily -selected to accomplish best the work the library is designed to do, and -this principle is entirely compatible with a dignified and attractive -library layout, if it is done by someone who has both a knowledge of -the work of the library and of the most approved library equipment. The -floor plans of three business libraries are shown to illustrate the -economical placing of shelves, vertical files and furniture in a given -space. - - [Illustration: Adjustable metal stack, 7 feet 6 inches in height, with - shelves 3 feet long and 8 inches wide. By courtesy of the Library - Bureau.] - -Shall the library stack be wood or metal, open or enclosed with glass, -and shall it have fixed or adjustable book shelves? Open metal stack, 7 -feet 6 inches in height, with 7 adjustable shelves, 3 feet long, eight -or 10 inches wide, in each tier, or open wood stack of the unit type, 6 -feet 10 inches high, with adjustable shelves are both suitable, with a -preference for wood, because it ordinarily costs less and looks better -in a small library room. Some business offices which have only a few -books are using wood bookcase units with sliding glass doors. These -answer the purpose for very small collections in private offices, but -if there is to be any real growth they constitute too great an expense -in proportion to the number of books shelved, and are not economical in -saving floor space. Even when such wooden units are placed together in -double stack form they are not comparable in economy with metal or open -wood stack because they are less durable, hold a less number of books -per shelf, can not safely be built up to as great a height and do not -save space by having adjustable shelves for books of varying heights. -Glass doors to bookcases in a live business library are a pest and the -only service which they really perform in keeping out a little dust -does not compensate for their added expense especially when dust can be -readily removed from open shelves by the use of a vacuum cleaner. - - [Illustration: Plan No. 1 (850 square feet) has three windows at one - end of the room and the librarian's desk, reading table, vertical - files and card catalog cabinet are placed advantageously near these - windows for good daylight. There is room also for additional desks - near the windows. - - Book stacks are placed at right angles to the windows at the rear of - the room but require artificial light. The remaining wall space is - used for wall stacks.] - -The best method for a business firm to pursue in acquiring the most -suitable and best arranged shelving for a library is to have their -librarian ask one or two reputable firms making a specialty of -library fittings to furnish drawings, descriptions and prices of -their stack, and also make suggestions as to its best arrangement in -a given floor space. The trained librarian who has been educated in -the details of good and poor equipment and who knows what an adequate -layout should be, will readily point out the merits and weaknesses of -the specifications in regard to standardization, simplicity and price. -It is always economical to equip even the smallest business library -with a high grade standard make of shelving, which will never have to -be discarded as the library grows, and which can always be matched when -additional shelving needs to be purchased. - -It must be remembered also that the business library is often not -permanently located in a particular space because the layouts of all -offices of business organizations are subject to change, due to growth -in the business, and therefore library shelving which is well made, and -of standard parts and which can be moved readily as occasion demands is -most desirable. - - -Vertical Files - -The floor space for the business library should not only provide for -adequate shelving, but should allow for vertical files and their -growth. The value of adequate vertical filing equipment can not be -over-estimated, because so much of the working material in the business -library must be kept in vertical files. It is essential that drawers -move easily and quietly and do not get out of order, as this affords a -great saving in labor as well as quick service for the busy man who -wants the contents at his immediate disposal. - - [Illustration: Plan No. 2 (700 square feet) has two windows at the end - of the room but requires a different layout from Plan No. 1 because of - the dimensions of the room. - - The narrow width of the room makes it impossible to place all of the - vertical files near the daylight. The layout is an exception to the - general principle that book stacks should be placed at right angles - to windows, because the room is too long and narrow to permit of any - daylight penetrating the aisles between the stacks if so placed, and a - more economical arrangement is effected by placing the book stacks at - right angles to a wall.] - - [Illustration: Plan No. 3 (600 square feet) showing two small rooms at - right angles opening into each other with three windows in each room. - - The first room is used for the librarian's desk, vertical files, - card catalog cabinet and one wall stack for reference books, while - the second room is used for the book stacks which are set at right - angles to the windows thereby giving ample daylight between the stacks - without the necessity of artificial lighting. Wall stacks are also - used where possible to complete the capacity of the room.] - -There are a large variety of makes of vertical files which are -bewildering to the average purchaser in their rival claims for -superiority. What the purchaser needs as a guide is not a long list of -all the makes of filing cabinets on the market but a brief comment on -the kinds of cases which are worth while and the reasons why they are -satisfactory. - - [Illustration: These four styles of unit vertical files in wood are - the same height and depth and permit of additions by the removal - of the ends. They are the most suitable kind of files for business - library work.] - -In order to allow for growth, filing cabinets of the unit type only -should be considered, as this type provides for expansion by the -addition of new units, for flexibility, in that the units may be -easily rearranged as new units are added, and for economy of space in -that the greatest variety of drawers or files will occupy minimum floor -space. - -There are two kinds of unit filing cabinets, namely, the horizontal -type in which cabinets are placed one on top of the other, with -removable top, and the vertical type in which units are placed side by -side, with detachable ends. - -Excellent illustrations of the various useful combinations possible -with both types may be found in the trade catalog of the Library -Bureau, entitled "Unit Filing Cabinets in Wood." - -The mechanical operation of all file drawers should be the best -obtainable. Trays should be rigidly made and yet light enough to be -easily handled. Vertical filing drawers should be mounted on roller -bearing slides in order that they may run easily when loaded, for as -one manufacturer states, "The efficiency of every card and filing -system depends directly on the ease and precision of the mechanical -operation." - -If wood cabinets are selected, care should be taken that these are -purchased from a manufacturer who will guarantee that the woods used -are well seasoned and perfectly kiln-dried so that there will be no -shrinking, swelling or warping. These are necessary qualifications -which can not be assured when purchasing the lower priced cases on the -market. - - [Illustration: Double face unit wood shelving, 6 feet 10 inches high - with adjustable shelves, 3 feet long and 8 inches wide. By courtesy of - the Library Bureau.] - -Wood cases are preferable to steel for library use, not only because of -the appearance, but also because they are less noisy. Steel cabinets, -despite the rubber protectors or buffers which do not wear for any -length of time, are noisy. The fire resisting qualities of steel are -negligible as an argument for their use in the average business library. - - -Card Catalog Cabinets and Cards - -All card cabinets for library use should be made for the standard -centimeter size library catalog card which is approximately 3 by 5 -inches and should be purchased with round rods to pass through the -lower margin of the card, so that the cards can not be accidentally -spilled out or carelessly removed and misplaced. - -A good quality of card should be selected, for experience proves it is -a waste of time and money to put permanent records on a poor grade of -cards; guides with celluloid tips are more durable than bristle board -ones. - -The best cards on the market have both evenly cut edges and sufficient -stiffness to permit rapid fingering and are made of durable stock. -These points are particularly emphasized because one of the faults of -many business offices is the buying of cheap card supplies without -taking into consideration the reason why more expensive cards are -really the most economical. - -No matter by whom the equipment and supplies of a business organization -are ordered, the business librarian should always have the privilege of -specifying grades and makes if the best results are to be obtained. It -is never advisable for the sake of general office uniformity to force -supplies upon the business library which are not best suited for its -work, and the librarian is always the best judge of the most suitable -ones by reason of trained judgment, and experience. - -The ordering of books and periodicals should always be done by the -librarian, who is thoroughly acquainted with the publishing field, -and under no circumstances by the general purchasing department of an -organization. - -A few well known firms dealing in library supplies are as follows: - - Democrat Printing Co., (supplies) Madison, Wis. - - Gaylord Brothers, (supplies) Syracuse, N. Y. This firm makes a variety - of pamphlet binders which are much used by many business libraries and - are well worth investigating. - - Library Bureau, (equipment and supplies) New York City, Chicago and - branches in other cities. - - Art Metal Construction Co., (equipment) Jamestown, N. Y. and branches - in other cities. - - Refer also to advertisers in the periodicals, "Library Journal" and - "Public Libraries," which may be seen at the Public Library. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Leffingwell, W. H.= - - The office through a microscope. National efficiency quarterly August - 1918, p. 85-111. - - - =Library Bureau= - - Library supplies catalog no. L1018. - - Unit wood book shelving catalog no. 70314. - - Unit filing cabinets in wood catalog no. 8929. - - Steel book stack catalog no. 70814. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -All business organizations, whether they employ a librarian or not, -have need of some reference books for general information as well as -for special information along the lines of their individual work. If -a librarian is not employed the reference books are not so valuable -as they might be, because there is generally no one at hand so -skilled in manipulating their indexes and contents, that the exact -information required is immediately forthcoming; for it is in the field -of reference books particularly that the business librarian acts as -"Open Sesame" to the business man. The ability to find information is -a matter of training; it does not suffice merely to possess books or -to be told of existing resources. This truth was stated in a homely -fashion some time ago by a practical engineering journal, which said: - - "Books are just as much engineering tools as wrenches, hammers, - or cold chisels, and it takes practice to successfully manipulate - them. We have all probably laughed at the novice's first attempt - to use a monkey wrench, a can can be just as clumsy with the books - that he consults to assist him in solving his problems. Just as it - took considerable time to acquire skill in handling tools about the - plant, it also takes a lot of time to acquire the knack of getting - information out of books," or to state the case in the words of the - founder of the famous Poole's index system, "The facile proficiency in - the use of books does not come by intuition." - -It is the purpose of this chapter to make some practical comments on -the best reference books for business libraries, from which each -individual business library can make a selection according to its -special needs. - -The list aims to include only such reference books as have been found -to be of actual use, and to exclude all references to books which -although excellent in their lines, have no place in the work of the -business library, and no further apology will be made for their -omission. - - -Bibliographies - -No attempt is made to describe bibliographically the books listed. This -has been well done for most of them in =Kroeger's Guide to the Study -of Reference Books=, third edition, published by the American Library -Association, 78 East Washington Street, Chicago, 1917, price $2.50. -The few business men who have time to give to the detailed study of -reference books will find this guide an authoritative treatise on the -subject, and on file at the Public Library. Another useful aid in the -selection of books for business libraries, both reference books and -books on general business subjects, is entitled =2400 Business Books=, -third edition, issued by the H. W. Wilson Company, New York City, 1920, -price $5.00. This volume is very useful in showing what literature -is in print on various business subjects, but as the entries are not -annotated it is not a guide to the relative value of the books listed. - -Three excellent lists of worth while books on business subjects are -=A Select List of Books for Business Libraries=, by Paul H. Nystrom -in "National Efficiency Quarterly," May, 1918, =A White List of -Business Books=, by John Cotton Dana, printed serially in "The Nation's -Business," November, 1917-July, 1919, and =Five Hundred Business Books= -published by American Library Association 1919. - -Some publishers of business books whose catalogs may be had for the -asking are as follows: - - D. Appleton & Company, New York City. - Macmillan Company, New York City. - Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. - Ronald Press, New York City. - A. W. Shaw Company, Chicago, Ill. - -Two bibliographies on financial and economic subjects of value to -business men are =The Stock Exchange Business= and =Corporation Finance -and Investment=, published by The Investment Bankers Association of -America, 111 West Monroe Street, Chicago, price $1.10 each. - - -Selecting Reference Books - -In selecting reference books for a business library it is wise to -keep in mind the following facts. It does not necessarily follow that -because a book is printed on a subject it is therefore authoritative -and worth while purchasing. Examine and test the credentials for -worthiness of every reference book carefully. Even the best reference -books fall down at some point and must be used with judgment. No -matter how excellent a reference book appears to be in its accuracy -and completeness, remember it is of no value to the business library -unless that library has particular use for it. It is almost as serious -a fault in a business library to have more books than are needed as it -is to have too few books to meet the needs. A good purchasing rule to -follow, is to buy only after it has been clearly demonstrated that the -library has no book which will give certain information desired, for -it has been found that a few well selected reference books will answer -a multitude of questions, and some of the business libraries doing the -best work have comparatively few working tools of this class. It must -be remembered also that it is not sufficient to buy a copy of an annual -publication once, but that the latest edition must be purchased each -year in order that the information may be kept strictly up to date. - - -Dictionaries - -The first and foremost reference book which a business office needs is -an English dictionary, for the men who dictate and the stenographers -who write reports and letters must have an authoritative source to -which they can turn for definitions, spelling, synonyms, hyphenation -and pronunciation. - -The two best single volume dictionaries, costing about sixteen dollars -each, are the latest editions of the =Standard Dictionary=, published -by Funk and Wagnalls, and =Webster's New International Dictionary=, -published by Merriam. Of these two dictionaries the preference of many -scholars is for Webster, although the Standard is considered most -excellent on present day words and their meanings. One of the drawbacks -in using Webster hurriedly is the divided page. In the upper part of -the page the main words of the language are given, and in the lower -part in smaller type are given the minor words, foreign phrases and -abbreviations. - -In an office which prepares a great deal of advertising material, or -"copy" for publication, a thesaurus dictionary will be very useful. -=March's Thesaurus Dictionary of the English Language=, Philadelphia -Historical Publishing Company, "designed to suggest immediately any -desired word to express exactly a given idea; a dictionary of synonyms, -antonyms, idioms, foreign phrases, pronunciation, a copious correlation -of words," may be purchased for $15.00, if an elaborate dictionary of -this kind is to be desired. =Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and -Phrases= may be purchased in several editions, prices $1.25 up to $2.00. - -The business library will do well to provide a few books on business -English, punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations and correspondence -forms, a few of which are the following: - - =Vizetelly Desk Book of Errors in English=, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, - $1.00. - - =Putnam's Correspondence Handbook=, New York, Putnam, $1.75. - - =Lewis Business English=, Chicago, LaSalle Extension University, $1.40. - - =Manley & Powell Manual for Writers=, University of Chicago Press, - $1.25. - - =University of Chicago Manual of Style=, University of Chicago Press, - $1.50. - - =United States Public Printer Style Book=, a compilation of rules - governing executive, congressional and departmental printing, - Washington, Superintendent of Documents, $0.15. - -If a business library finds it needs any foreign language dictionaries, -possibly French and Spanish, bilingual ones can be obtained in one -volume editions from any first class book dealer at a cost of not more -than $3.00 a volume. - - -Encyclopedias - -The new edition of the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia is a luxury -for a business organization and need not be considered in this list, -but the business library must have a general encyclopedia, and the -best one for the American business office is without doubt the =New -International Encyclopedia=, published by Dodd, Mead and Company in 23 -volumes, latest edition 1916. Price bound in library buckram, $7.50 per -volume. - -Its advantages for business use over the new edition of the much -recently advertised =Encyclopedia Britannica=, are that the point of -view of the articles covers American needs better, that all information -is alphabeted under the most specific subject word, so that no index -volume has to be consulted as is the case in using the Britannica, and -that there are ample "see" references, if the subject looked up is -entered under a different terminology. - -In regard to its authority, comprehensiveness, illustrations, maps -and bibliographical references at the end of the articles, the New -International ranks in the first class of encyclopedia productions. -It can be purchased printed on the much exploited India paper if the -saving of shelf space means more to the business office than does the -rapid turning of leaves. The India paper leaves are apt to stick -together and also crumple easily. The most desirable binding is library -buckram rather than flexible leather, which some business libraries -have been unwise enough to purchase. Dodd, Mead and Company also issue -an excellent annual encyclopedia entitled the =New International Year -Book=, as a supplement to the New International Encyclopedia, which -brings the Encyclopedia down to date at a cost of $6.50 per volume. - -=The World Almanac and Encyclopedia=, published for the New York World -both in cloth and paper binding at 50 and 35 cents per volume, is -an invaluable addition to the business library, no matter how well -supplied it may be with pretentious encyclopedias. It is strong on -statistics of all kinds which are brought down to date and contains a -wide range of miscellaneous information which cannot be found readily -in more expensive handbooks. It has an excellent index and is generally -the best book to consult in a hurry in answering the many miscellaneous -questions which arise in a business office. It has been estimated that -it will answer 25% of the questions which come up in every day business -experience. - -=Lippincott's New Gazetteer of the World=, a geographical dictionary, -Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1906, price $10.00, is useful but much out of -date in its statistics. - -The United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce publishes -each year the =Statistical Abstract of the United States= at 50 cents -per volume, paper binding, or it may be had in cloth. This abstract -gives tabulated statistics covering a number of years on the natural -resources and various economic activities of the United States. This -Bureau also publishes annually a valuable volume of statistics entitled -=Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States=, which gives -statistics of imports and exports of different classes of merchandise -with rates of duty, quantities and value. - -For commercial, political and statistical information about foreign -countries the =Statesman's Year Book=, a British publication issued -annually by Macmillan, at $7.50 per volume, is a valuable addition to -any business library. It also gives a list of the best books on each -country and its most important government publications, and includes a -list of books relating to the war and a diary of its principal events. -Maps of the different countries are also included. - -=The American Newspaper Annual=, a directory published by Ayer and -Son, Philadelphia, price $10.00, gives a list of all newspapers and -periodicals published in the United States and territories, Canada, -Cuba, West Indies, arranged by states and cities, with maps of the -states and information about the industries and institutions of each -city. It gives the population of cities and towns of the United States -and Canada whose population is over 3,000. It lists all publications in -foreign languages printed in different states of the United States and -also gives a list of trade papers for certain industries. A mid-year -supplement is free to subscribers. - -=Rand McNally's Commercial Atlas of America=, published annually, price -$35.00, is the best atlas of its kind on the market for a business -office. The maps are indexed, and information on population, express -offices, United States money order stations and the railroads of each -town and city are given. This atlas has maps of the largest cities. -Steamship and interurban lines are also shown. - -Another valuable guide is the =Official Hotel Red Book and Directory= -of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Hawaii, West Indies and -South American cities, published annually by the Official Hotel Red -Book and Directory Company, New York City, price $6.00. This guide -lists hotels under cities with brief notes on accommodations and rates. - -Another similar guide is =American Travel and Hotel Directory=, -published annually by Harold W. Phillips, 1133 Broadway, New York City, -at $5.00 per volume. - -=The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines= of -the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, also time tables -of railroads in Central America, is published monthly by the National -Railway Publication Company, New York City, $14.00 per year. It gives -the current time tables in effect and the maps of the various railroads -with indexes of their stations, and a general alphabetical index of all -railway stations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, showing on what -railroads a given place is located, with a similar index for points -reached by water routes. - -=United States Official Post Office Guide=, issued annually with eleven -monthly supplements at $1.00 per year, gives information about mail -rates and post office rulings, and also gives a complete list of the -post offices in the United States. - -The business library will find it helpful to obtain a single volume -published by the Census Bureau entitled =Abstract of the Thirteenth -Census of the United States, 1910=, which may be procured from the -Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., at the cost of $1.00. -This abstract gives in condensed form with explanatory text, statistics -to be found in the eleven volumes report of the 1910 census covering -population, agriculture, manufactures and mining of the United States -as a whole, individual states and principal cities. This abstract -volume is issued in special editions for each state of the United -States, which give special statistics pertaining to that state. - -In regard to population figures, it is probably not generally known -that the Census Bureau has issued bulletins giving estimates of -the population of cities for each year subsequent to 1910, so that -population figures for 1910 need not be considered as the latest -official figures available. The 1920 census is being compiled as this -volume goes to press. - -The reference collection of a business library must be strong in books -which will serve as directories of persons and industries, in order -to answer questions on "who is who" and "where and what" are certain -business organizations. The important point for consideration in -selecting directories for a business library is that they must be not -only accurate but as nearly up-to-date as possible, to be of real value. - -=Who's Who in America=, a biographical dictionary of notable living -men and women of the United States, giving brief biographical data and -addresses of over twenty thousand Americans prominent in business and -public affairs, professional life, or as authors, published biennially -by A. N. Marquis and Company, Chicago, $7.50 per volume. - -There are also similar brief biographical dictionaries published for -certain states and cities which will be well known to the public -libraries in those particular localities, and which will not be -listed here as they are not of general interest to all localities; -for example, =The Book of Chicagoans=, =Who's Who in New England=, -=Directory of Directors in the City of New York=. - -Every business library will need the latest edition of the -=Congressional Directory=, as all business firms have at some time -correspondence with, or need information on, congressmen, committees, -departments and bureaus of the Government, also diplomatic and consular -service. This volume may be purchased from the Superintendent of -Documents, Washington, D. C., for 60 cents, in cloth binding. - -The membership lists of national organizations representing -different professions and industries are also very valuable, such -as the membership of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, -American Society of Civil Engineers, and other associations devoted -to business interests as well as to professional work. The city -directory and telephone list of any community must not be forgotten as -helpful reference aids, also state gazetteers, and the collection of -directories of various cities to be found at the public library will be -found most useful. - -G. P. Putnam Sons, New York City, publish a handbook called =Directory -of Mailing Lists, Obtainable in Book or Pamphlet Form=, price $2.50, -which tells where printed mailing lists of certain industries or -classes of people may be obtained free or at a reasonable price. - -=Public Affairs Information Service=, a weekly or bi-monthly cumulated -service, according to the needs of subscribers, and cumulating in an -annual volume, published by the H. W. Wilson Company, New York City, is -a subject index to articles in current periodicals, pamphlets and books -covering current economic problems. Price upon application. It is a -valuable index to consult at the public library, as it is too expensive -for the small business library. - -=Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers=--"first hands in all -lines"--is an indispensable directory. It is published annually by the -Thomas Publishing Company, New York City, price $15.00. The entries are -in three main sections. The first section classifies the manufacturers -according to their products, in an alphabetical subject list; the -second section lists the manufacturers alphabetically by their names, -gives addresses, branch offices and officials for many of them; the -third section lists all the popular trade names alphabetically, and -there is an alphabetical index of subjects at the beginning of the -volume, with plentiful cross references to all the subjects listed in -section one. - -=Hendricks' Commercial Register of the United States= is similar -to Thomas' Register, but is especially devoted to the interests of -contracting and construction industries. It is published annually by S. -E. Hendricks Company, New York City, price $12.50. - -Exporters and importers will find most useful, =Kelly's Directory -of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of the World=, 1921, Kelly -Publishing Company, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York City, price $20.00. - -The organization, personnel of management, earnings and financial -history of industrial corporations in the United States are given -in =Moody's Manual of Railroad & Corporation Securities=, published -annually by Poor's Publishing Company, New York City. The publisher -expects to issue the 1921 edition in four volumes as follows: - - Vol. I--Railroads. - Vol. II--Public Utilities. - Vol. III--Industrials. - Vol. IV--Mining and Oil Companies. - -The 1921 price will probably be $15.00 per volume. - -=Moody's Analyses of Investments= is published in four parts as follows: - - Part I--Steam Railroads. - Part II--Industrials. - Part III--Public Utilities. - Part IV--Government and Municipals. - -These volumes cover much the same ground as the manuals just noted with -the addition of ratings. They are published by John Moody, 35 Nassau -street, New York City, at $15.00 per volume. - -=The Manual of Statistics Stock Exchange Handbook=, similar in contents -to the Poor & Moody volumes but not as full, is published annually by -The Manual Statistics Company, New York City, at $12.00 per volume. - -=Investment Bankers and Brokers of America=, issued annually by Sites -Publishing Company, 441 Pearl Street, New York City, $17.50 per volume, -is a useful directory to be used to supplement =Rand McNally Bankers' -Directory=, issued semi-monthly in January and July, Chicago, price -$25.00 per year, or the =Bankers' Encyclopedia=, issued semi-annually -in March and September, New York, price $10.00 per volume. - -=Money and Investments=, by Montgomery Rollins, "a reference book for -the use of those desiring information in the handling of money or the -investment thereof," is an excellent dictionary of financial terms, -published by Financial Publishing Company, Boston, Mass., edition 4, -price $3.00. - -For the business firm who wishes to keep up to the minute on the latest -information of what is going on in the world as affecting trade and -finance, the Standard Statistics Company, 47 West street, New York -City, issues =Standard Daily Trade Service= at a cost of $120.00 per -year, which delivers each morning by first class mail a conveniently -indexed and itemized digest of the important news regarding crops, -commodities, countries, legislation, taxation, Federal trade -regulation, transportation, etc., and in addition gives the subscriber -the benefit of a Personal Service department for special information -of value to him individually which does not appear on the daily report -sheet. - -In addition to the Daily Trade Service, the Standard Statistics -Company also issues a similar daily service entitled =Corporation News -Service=, which summarizes all the corporation news of the country. It -also issues a =Corporation Card and Bond Card Service= which furnish -daily revised card descriptions of corporations and bond issues. - -The =Federal Trade Information Service=, 31 Nassau street, New York -City, is similar in frequency and form of issue to the standard Daily -Trade Service but is not as comprehensive in scope, as it covers only -the activities of the Federal Government. - -There is scarcely any industry which has not put out a reference -handbook or directory covering its special field, and it is impossible -in a brief treatise to list all of the reference books which pertain -to a large number of industries. The best printed list from which to -determine what directories and handbooks have been issued for certain -industries is =2400 Business Books=, which has been previously noted. -Consult also the trade journals, and above all, do not forget to use -the reference facilities to be found at the public library. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARIAN - - -Thoughtful consideration of what the business library does will -inevitably lead to one conclusion, namely, that the librarian, who is -the director and inspiration of the work, must have greater educational -qualifications than can be found in the average office employe who -is engaged either in the capacity of stenographer or file clerk. The -qualifications which are necessary to make a successful business -librarian may be definitely stated as follows: - - 1. A college education or its equivalent. - 2. A library school education or its equivalent. - 3. Certain innate mental and social traits. - 4. The business man's point of view. - - -1. A College Education or Its Equivalent - -The business librarian, no matter how well educated, will never have -a superabundance of knowledge for the prosecution of the task, for -the ramifications of business subjects are innumerable and touch the -sum total of human knowledge; and while no one person can be master -of all subjects, yet a college education, and the mental training -which it implies, should give not only a wider knowledge, but a power -of adaptability and versatility in working with information, which -constitute an indispensable asset in the prosecution of business -library work. - -The type of college graduate who makes the best business librarian is -the one who is able to exercise a high degree of concentration, think -clearly and quickly, analyze subjects, understand cause and effects, -make logical deductions and wise discriminations, express ideas clearly -and to the point, and be able to discuss intelligently the information -which he passes along to the business man. - -It is only just to state at this point that some college graduates do -not measure up to the standards which have been indicated, and that -there are many well-educated men and women without college degrees who -do; every man or woman must be judged on the basis of individual merit. -A business organization, however, can make no more serious mistake than -to think it can put its library work into the hands of some one of -limited education, who, although he knows the work of the particular -business by long apprenticeship, has not the important requisite of -a larger point of view which is the result of a broad education, no -matter by what means obtained. - -W. H. Cameron, when general manager of the National Safety Council, -writing of library work as an aid to that organization, stated -the facts exactly when he said: "The problem of the industry, the -application of the library's information, the method of presentation -and the utility of the service, all require trained minds." - - -2. A Library School Education or Its Equivalent - -A liberal education, however, is not sufficient in itself to make a -business librarian, unless that education has included the second -requisite in the list of qualifications, namely, education in approved -methods of library science, according to the standards taught by -accredited library schools. - -What is meant by library science, and why is it necessary that -a business librarian should be trained in it, in order to do -adequately the work of the business library? Library science is the -standardization of the most approved methods of doing library work, -based on the results of many years of study and practical experiment by -librarians of large ability who have given their full time and energies -to the task. In brief, methods of library work have been standardized -by library experts and reduced to a practical, economical, effective -science. - -If this be the case, what possible justification can be found for -business firms who waste time and money, in addition to getting no -adequate results, in devising original methods for doing their library -work? Trade periodicals, for several years, have published a number -of articles treating of original methods adopted by various firms for -filing and indexing their printed information. These original schemes -reveal many weaknesses and discrepancies and also that many business -men are entirely ignorant of the fact that library science has already -produced much more excellent ways of working. No man is competent to -work with any principle of science, much less modify it, until he is -first master of it. - -The structure of the business library must be built on the solid -foundation of established library science, and there is no fact which -business men need to realize more, than that library science as taught -in professional library schools is not a simple code summed up in a -few text books to be readily mastered by a novice and improved upon at -will, but, on the contrary, that it covers a wide range of material, -and must be studied by the use of many books devoted to classification, -cataloging, reference work and other related subjects. True, there are -primers of library science, but as well give a novice a primer on the -steam engine and expect him therefore to be adequately equipped to -run a power plant, as to put a novice with a library primer in charge -of a business library with its highly specialized needs. A business -organization would not think of engaging either a stenographer or a -bookkeeper who is not trained to do his particular work; how much -more, therefore, should a business librarian measure up to recognized -standards of library training in order to perform adequately the -difficult and important work which he is called upon to do. - -The argument for the employment of a trained librarian can be briefly -summed up in five words: the trained librarian knows how. - -The trained librarian knows how to get and how to use sources of -general information, how to keep up with the latest data on business -subjects, how to use quickly and accurately the facilities of large -city libraries, how to use all kinds of printed indexes, how to -classify, catalog, and index material according to standard practice, -so that no time or money is wasted in experimenting with inadequate -systems, and last but not least, knows how to have a place for -everything and everything in its place, so that desired information is -immediately available. - -As has been intimated, some college graduates cannot grade up to -business library requirements, so also, some library school graduates -are not suited for business library work, and rarely is a library -school graduate, who has not been seasoned first by some thorough -library experience, before coming into business library work, fitted -for the task. Some trained librarians get so obsessed with the red -tape and detail of their library training that they never dare to be -original in modifying and adapting their fundamental library principles -to new conditions and business problems, and therefore cannot create -the type of service which is essential for business. - -Some of the advocates of business libraries, having seen library -trained people who have "fallen down on the job," speak slightingly -of library training, and go to the other extreme, saying that the -successful business librarian is born and not made. This is not true, -because no innate qualification ever carries with it the ability to -succeed in the absence of the proper training. "Both the heritage and -the training of the faculties must go hand in hand to insure success." -Trained librarians should be estimated by business men in the same -manner as they estimate other skilled workers. When an engineer, or -in fact any professional man, fails on a piece of work, his employers -do not condemn engineering or professional schools as a whole, but try -another trained man on the job. If a business man has made a wrong -estimate in selecting his librarian, he should not quarrel with library -training, but get a higher grade librarian. - -The failure of some business librarians who have had both college -education and training in library science is due not to inadequate -knowledge but to lack of personal qualifications, and while personal -qualifications alone will not make a successful business librarian, -neither will a college education and training in library science make a -successful business librarian without certain innate mental and social -traits. - - -3. Mental and Social Traits - -The mental and social traits required for success in any line of -business work apply with equal force to the business librarian, and -it is not necessary to enter into any academic discussion of them at -this time. Everyone knows that good health, accuracy, thoroughness, -common sense, good judgment, tact, integrity of character, and memory -(particularly in library work) are indispensable to success in any -career, but there are certain traits which a long term of service in -a business library and an intimate acquaintance with many business -librarians have made clear to the writer, as necessary to success in -the business of being a business librarian. - -The business librarian must be an executive; he must have not only -a balanced view of every detail of library work in relation to its -particular whole, but he must especially have an adequate vision of -library work in relation to the whole work of his organization, and -he must have the ability to see this relationship without waiting for -some one to point it out to him. Finally, he must be able to relate the -particular business and its existing service, to the work of the world -at large. - -A librarian serving a prominent business organization was recently -asked by the writer, what was the scope of the work of their publicity -department in furthering the interests of the organization as a whole, -with the result that she could not tell. This librarian only knew that -her business was to catalog, classify, put away and be able to get out -again the material which was assigned to her care. The executive head -of another important business organization has often complained because -his librarian was afraid to take any initiative and always waited to be -told what detailed policy should be pursued by the library; he was too -busy to have to carry it on his mind, and more than that, he really did -not know, and needed a librarian who did. - -The business librarian must see the need, make the plan, and get all -the mechanism necessary for its accomplishment into thorough working -order, and have backbone enough to hold the point and have power to -make others see it. There is no place in a business library for the -mere "bookkeeping" methods of a recorded and finished job, for the work -of the business library is never finished; it is a living force, and -like all living things, it is subject to constant change and progress -and never gets to the finished stage which suggests the orderly quiet -calm of a graveyard! - -What the business man wants from his librarian is results, and it is -the business of the librarian to know the best way of getting them. The -well qualified librarian can give results abundantly, if the business -man will delegate authority to act independently in matters of detail, -conferring on his librarian as he should, the freedom of action which -he gives to the well qualified head of any department, and trusting his -librarian to come to him for a conference when the occasion demands. -There is no greater handicap to a well qualified librarian than the -type of business man who does not delegate authority, and who because -of his success in other lines of business, attempts to guide his -librarian in matters of library policy about which he knows absolutely -nothing. - -The business librarian must be unusually resourceful and know how to -meet an urgent need for information with quick decision and immediate -action. He never says "impossible" until he has tried every possible -source of supply. - -Probably one of the finest compliments ever paid a business librarian -was given by the executive head of a large institution who, having -seen the resourcefulness of a certain business librarian in several -difficult situations, remarked, "I am confident that if a twenty-story -building fell down on Miss B----, she would find a way to get out from -under it," and he might also have added truthfully, "and she would -also keep a spirit of enthusiasm in the venture," for to the true -business librarian the fascination in the game of finding things never -wears out. - -The business librarian will not be punctilious about adhering to a time -schedule for work or to any standard of rights or privileges; he will -put the demand of his work first and his personal interests second. If -it is necessary to break an important personal engagement made for his -free time, because business of importance has arisen in the office, he -will do so without any question or irritation. If he can best serve the -company in an urgent need, he will not wait to be waited upon by an -office boy, but will go himself rather than trust a boy who cannot be -relied upon to hurry. The business librarian will not be old-maidish or -fussy over any irregular demands which upset his routine work; there -is no place in business for the trained librarian who tells a busy man -of affairs he cannot have what he wants until certain regular routine -has been carried out, and in return the business man should trust his -librarian with a freedom of action which is not subject to a time clock -or a time schedule. - -The business librarian must be able to work harmoniously with "all -sorts and conditions of men," and he must convince every one whom the -business library serves of honest good-will and impartiality to all, -and genuine loyalty to the organization which he serves. He will be -discreet and will not gossip about company business on the aside in the -office, or on the outside, and last but not least, he ought to have a -saving sense of humor. These qualifications may seem exceedingly trite, -but the lack of them has been a severe handicap and a glaring defect in -many people filling different kinds of business positions. - -The successful business man knows the value and power of acquaintance -as a business asset, and the business librarian must maintain a wide -acquaintance and friendly relationships with other library and business -workers, both for practical help and general stimulation. It is a real -part of the work of a business librarian to take time to cultivate -these outside relationships and attend library conferences, at the -expense of the business organization by which he is employed. The -importance of these outside relationships has been noted in the first -chapter, as helpful ways of getting information not in print. - -The business man who keeps his librarian's nose on the grindstone -of routine work, so that he never has an opportunity for outside -fellowship and the stimulation that comes from it, soon loses more than -he gains by such a policy. - - -4. The Business Man's Point of View - -The business librarian must also have a genuine and intelligent -interest in current political and economic events, and in the kind -of information in which business men as a class are interested. He -must know the contents of the daily newspaper as well as does the -closest reader among business men, so that he will not do as one -librarian did--endeavor to give an inquirer an item three weeks old -when the latest news on the subject was in the yesterday morning's -paper, or waste time looking up statistics on a South American town, -which current news reports as having recently burnt down. He must be -a constant and thoughtful reader on subjects which pertain to the -business of his organization. - -The business librarian must have the promoter spirit; he must see that -the information which he has on hand is applied and working, and he -must be alert enough to see in some measure the undeveloped sides of -an industry, and endeavor to bring into the organization, information -which may stimulate it to new activities. - -To sum up all requirements for a successful business librarian: he -(or she, as the case may be) must have a liberal education, plus a -knowledge of library science, and a sympathetic understanding of -business needs, together with the vision and personal power necessary -to apply the field of print effectively in meeting these needs. - -In conclusion, the business man must face fairly several facts, the -chief of which is, that in only a limited number of cases have business -libraries measured up to the standards which have been outlined in -this handbook, because business firms have not engaged librarians who -have the necessary qualifications for success. Some business men have -not recognized that there are librarians and librarians, and that many -so-called ones are not adequately equipped for business library work. -Business men are at fault also because they often do not give personal -attention to the selection of a librarian, but leave this selection -to an employment manager or a welfare worker who very often does -not know just what essential qualifications are necessary for such a -position. Sometimes the business man does not want to pay the price for -an efficient librarian, for no efficient librarian can be obtained for -the average file clerk or stenographer salary. One high grade librarian -will accomplish more work, both accurately and effectively, than two -mediocre ones can possibly do, and is therefore a money-saver. - -If there is any doubt in the business man's mind as to whether there -is enough library work in his organization to keep a trained librarian -continuously busy, it may be said, that in no instance which has come -to the knowledge of the writer, has a trained librarian ever been -employed by a business organization which has not found there was -immediately developed a valuable library service which required the -full time and energy of the librarian. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Bostwick, A. E.= - - Some principles of business-like conduct in libraries 1920 30 p. - American library association, 78 East Washington Street, Chicago. - - - =Brush, M. C.= - - The so-called librarian's real duties. Special libraries, June 1917, - p. 83-84. - - - =Greer, A. F. P.= - - Professional ethics for the library worker. Library journal Nov. 1917, - p. 891-92. - - - =Kilduff, E. J.= - - Necessary characteristics of the private secretary. (In his Private - secretary p. 293-17). - - - =Rathbone, J. A.= - - Library school courses as training for business librarians. Special - libraries Nov. 1917, p. 133-35. - - - =Walter, F. K.= - - Training librarians for business libraries or branches. Paper read - before Professional training section American library association - conference 1919. Library journal Sept. 1919, p. 578-80. - - - - -INDEX - - - Alphabetic-subject file, 73. - - - Catalog cabinets, 93. - - Cataloging, 75. - - Centralization, 11. - - Charging records see Loan records. - - Classification, 70. - - Clipping bureaus, 48. - - Corporation files, 75. - - Cutter numbers, 74. - - Cuts, 68. - - - Equipment and supplies, 94. - - - Floor plans, 86, 88, 89. - - - Government documents, 50. - - - Indexing see Cataloging. - - - Lantern slides, 65. - - Loan records, 39. - - - Magazines see Periodicals. - - Maps, 68. - - Mechanical equipment, 80. - - - Organization, 7. - - - Pamphlet boxes, 44, 45. - - Periodicals, - binding, 43. - checking, 33. - circulation, 37. - clipping, 43, 48. - Contents, 31. - filing, 43. - indexing, 35. - selection, 32. - - Photographs, 62. - - Public libraries vs. business libraries, 14. - - Publicity department, 25. - - - Qualifications of business librarian, 110. - - - Reference books, 95. - - - Service rendered, 23. - - Shelving, 81. - - State documents, 57. - - Subject headings, 76. - - - Trade catalogs, 59. - - - U-File-M binder strips, 48. - - - Value of the business library, 18. - - Vertical files, 90. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected, but other -variations in spelling and punctuation are unchanged. - -The half title immediately before the title has been removed. - -Italics are represented thus _italics_ and bold thus =bold=. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Business Library, by Louise B. 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