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Krause - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Business Library - What it is and what it does - -Author: Louise B. Krause - -Release Date: January 7, 2016 [EBook #50875] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUSINESS LIBRARY *** - - - - -Produced by Donald Cummings, Adrian Mastronardi, Les -Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - -<h1> -THE<br /> -BUSINESS LIBRARY<br /> - -<small>WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES</small></h1> - - -<p class="center"><i>By</i></p> - -<p class="center">LOUISE B. KRAUSE<br /> - -<span class="center small"><i>Librarian</i><br /> - -<i>H. M. Byllesby & Company</i><br /> -<i>Chicago</i></span></p> - - -<p class="center space-above"><i><small>SECOND EDITION REVISED</small></i></p> - - -<p class="center space-above"><small>Journal of Electricity<br /> -San Francisco<br /> -1921</small> -</p> - - - - -<p class="center spaced"> -Copyright<br /> - -Journal of Electricity<br /> - -1921 -</p> - - - - -<p class="center spaced small"> -<i>To<br /> -H. M. BYLLESBY AND COMPANY<br /> -whose generous cooperation has made<br /> -possible the successful application<br /> -of Library Science to the<br /> -business of their<br /> -organization</i> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - - -<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_SECOND_EDITION"></a>PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</h2> - - -<p>As the publishers desire to issue a second -edition of "The Business Library" the following -additions and revisions have been made.</p> - -<p>Articles of value on the subject of business -libraries which have been published since the first -edition was written have been added to "References -for Additional Reading"; minor additions have been -made to the text, and the prices and editions of all -reference books mentioned have been brought up to -date, and some additional titles have been added.</p> - -<p>Three drawings of floor plans which have been -used for business libraries have been added to -Chapter Seven as of possible value to business firms -making small library layouts.</p> - -<p class="right"> -L. B. K. -</p> - -<p> -Chicago, Illinois.<br /> -November 1, 1920.<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> - - -<h2><a name="PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION" id="PREFACE_TO_THE_FIRST_EDITION"></a>PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION</h2> - - -<p>This handbook has been written with the purpose -of giving brief comprehensive information to -the business man on the subject of the business -library as an indispensable earning factor in the -conduct of business enterprises. It aims to tell how -to organize and maintain a business library, what -to do in order to get the best results from it, and to -show by concrete illustrations, gathered from the -experience of firms maintaining library service, what -the business library is worth as a financial asset.</p> - -<p>The subject matter is not designed to set forth -the work of any one class of business libraries, but -is a composite study of many. It records business -library facts as observed by the author during ten -years of service as a business librarian, and as such, -may be also of value to librarians contemplating the -undertaking of business library work.</p> - -<p>The references given at the conclusion of each -chapter have been selected from a large mass of -printed material on the subject, on the basis of practical -supplemental reading only and are not designed -to be exhaustive reference lists.</p> - -<p>The author makes grateful acknowledgment to -her Library School class-mate, Renee B. Stern, now -Editor of "The Woman's Weekly," for most helpful -advice, and to her friend, Virginia Fairfax, Librarian, -Carnation Milk Products Company, Chicago, for -generous criticism and correction of the manuscript.</p> - -<p class="right"> -L. B. K. -</p> -<p>October 1, 1919.<br /> -Chicago, Illinois. -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> - - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="right"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I</a></td><td align="left">THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</td><td align="right">7</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II</a></td><td align="left">THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</td><td align="right">23</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III</a></td><td align="left">PERIODICALS—HOW TO USE AND HOW TO FILE THEM</td><td align="right">30</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV</a></td><td align="left">GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</td><td align="right">50</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V</a></td><td align="left">TRADE CATALOGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES</td><td align="right">59</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI</a></td><td align="left">CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGING IN THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</td><td align="right">70</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII</a></td><td align="left">MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</td><td align="right">81</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII</a></td><td align="left">REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</td><td align="right">95</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX</a></td><td align="left">THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARIAN</td><td align="right">110</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="left">INDEX</td><td align="right">123</td></tr> -</table></div> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="half-title">THE BUSINESS LIBRARY<br /> - -<small>WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES</small></p> - - - -</div><div class="chapter"> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I<br /> - -<small>THE ORGANIZATION<br /> -OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</small></h2> - - -<p>What is meant by the word library? Twenty-five -years ago it could be accurately defined as a collection -of books on a series of shelves, and although -this old definition still partially describes its present -form, the true interpretation of what a business -library really is, can be stated best by saying that -it is a genuine service department, whose chief business -is to give information to the members of a firm -on subjects of vital importance in the conduct of -their business.</p> - -<p>The business library is not limited to a collection -of books, but contains information in any form, -namely, periodicals, pamphlets, trade catalogs, photographs, -lantern slides, and also manuscript notes -which are accumulated in connection with the specific -work of an organization. The business library -even goes so far in its service as to supply information -which is obtained by "word of mouth" in advance -of its appearance on the printed page.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p> - - -<h3>The Evolution of the Business Library</h3> - -<p>Before the business library came into being as -a special department of business organizations, and -before public libraries were making a specialty of -collecting information on business subjects, the business -man picked up his supply of information -in haphazard fashion. He was told by a business -acquaintance, often a salesman of a special line -who was doing business with him, of some trade -literature or government documents in which he -would find useful information, or he discovered references -to valuable books, pamphlets or documents -in his casual reading of newspapers and periodicals. -As a last resort, in cases of emergency he telephoned -to various business organizations whom he thought -could tell, out of their experience, what he wished -to know.</p> - -<p>Business has, however, grown too large in its -multiplicity of interests for the business man to get -his information in so desultory and unorganized a -fashion, for the business man must be a good forecaster -and interpreter of conditions, not by means -of guesswork but by the aid of obtainable facts, and -he must study and analyze a large number of related -subjects. The success of many of our richest industries -is due in large measure to this particular element, -the wise forecasting of conditions to come, for, -as a recent periodical article stated, "business is a -procession of problems; big or little, any business -must keep moving ahead, finding its way past one -pitfall and obstacle after another. In another sense -business is a matter of vision; the foresight that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -looks long ahead to new opportunity and to the ways -and means of realizing it, is an essential in the -growth and progress that brings success."</p> - -<p>Business men have long since recognized that -rule of thumb methods have passed away, and that -they not only can not learn by experience exclusively, -but that the utilization of the knowledge of -other men recorded in reliable business data is of -the highest value.</p> - -<p>Present day competition makes it imperative -also that every business man knows as much as -his competitor, and he must have therefore not -something on a subject but everything of value on a -subject, and it must be exact and authoritative -information which he can trust. Business data must -also be kept strictly up to date, which under present-day -conditions is no easy task, as information is out -of date almost before it is off the press.</p> - -<p>The business man not only needs to collect -accurate, exhaustive, up to date information, but he -needs to have it so well organized that, at a moment's -notice, he can put his fingers upon the exact -information he desires. The systematic organization -of information into quick working files means an -enormous saving of time and money, and in large -business organizations the employment of a trained -librarian to do this work is a most valuable asset.</p> - -<p>Check up if you can, the amount of time wasted -annually by the average business man through lack -of having the information he desires immediately -at his service. Waste of time means waste of money.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -It is not worth while having an expert, whose time -may be worth anywhere from twenty-five to one -hundred dollars a day, waste any of it in trying to -find information in government documents, which he -is not particularly adept in locating, because he lacks -a working knowledge of the enormous range of government -publications.</p> - -<p>The writer is acquainted with an engineering -firm of national reputation, which has made a collection -of library material, which has been cared for, -or rather much neglected by a stenographer of the -company, who has no time nor library experience to -give to its adequate administration. This firm when -urged to introduce organized library service, and -thus make their collection effective, stated that their -library was not used enough by their organization -to warrant the expense. Investigation proved, however, -that one of their expert chemists, whose -time was valued more per week than that of a trained -librarian would be per month, was making a systematic -business of hunting his own library material, -and had listed his references in many closely written -notes, in order to be able to locate the material again -if he should need it. The value of the time the -chemist spent on his research would have covered a -librarian's salary and made it possible for him to -give more time to his firm on the problems which -his expert knowledge was able to solve.</p> - - -<h3>General Principles of Organization</h3> - -<p>The essential principles in organizing a successful -business library can be briefly stated as follows:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>1. Centralization of material within the -business organization.</p> - -<p>2. Coordination of the business library -with the facilities of the public and special -libraries of the city in which the -business library is located.</p></blockquote> - - -<h4>1. Centralization of Library Material</h4> - -<p>The first step in establishing a library in a business -organization is the centralization of all the -printed material available in its different offices or -departments. This is exactly what is not done in a -large number of business houses. Books, pamphlets -and other valuable information are scattered among -the various members of the organization, who treat -them as personal property and preserve them in -their private desks as carefully as a squirrel hides -his store of good nuts. In many business organizations -the policy of the employes in regard to information -seems to be, to hold on to everything of value -for one's personal use, regardless of how much value -the information might be to another member of the -organization, and also regardless of the fact that the -material has been paid for out of the company's -funds.</p> - -<p>It should be said, however, in defense of the -practice of not putting information into a central -library, that it is not always based upon thoughtless -or selfish habits, but upon lack of confidence; there -is a fear that if information passes out of the hands -of the man into a central library, that when he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -wishes to use it again, in a hurry, that he may not -be able to locate it promptly. This feeling is not -without reasonable foundation, as it is based on -the irritating experience which some business men -have had in using central correspondence files which, -in many offices, are poorly administered and cannot -produce desired information promptly. The business -library, when administered by a qualified librarian, -not only can produce all filed material promptly, but -in one large corporation, known to the writer, has -so successfully handled material that the officers and -employes send their information to the library, as -a safer and more reliable place to keep it for quick -reference, than the drawers of their own desks.</p> - -<p>Centralization of library material gives all the -departments the benefit of everything the company -has collected on a special subject, and often makes -it unnecessary to duplicate information for the use -of several departments. Centralization makes it possible -also to have in one place a complete record of -all library material owned by the company which -can be loaned as small working collections to any -department.</p> - -<p>The fact that a central library department has -on record what material is temporarily or permanently -kept in all the departments, makes it possible -also for it to act as a clearing house between all departments -in locating desired information. This -principle does not apply of course to corporations of -such magnitude that their activities comprise several -distinct lines of business; in such a case each -department would require a specialized collection of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -information, which would become the library of that -particular branch of the industry.</p> - -<p>It should be kept clearly in mind that the business -library has a distinct province from correspondence -files, which primarily take care of the letters -accumulated in the transaction of business. The -business library is in no wise concerned with such -records. Its function is not to take care of the records -which are created by the activities of the company, -but to collect and bring into the company all -possible knowledge and information of value from a -large variety of outside sources.</p> - -<p>The business library also has a distinct province -of activity apart from the statistical department of -an organization. The function of the latter is to -correlate and interpret data which are created either -by the activities of the organization or obtained from -outside sources, because of value in relation to the -various projects of the organization. The function -of the library in relation to the statistical department -is to supply the printed information which that -department needs in its work of correlating and interpreting -data.</p> - -<p>Many statistical departments have made the -mistake of endeavoring to collect and preserve material -for their work, which particularly belongs in -the business library, with the result that they have -cumbersome files of heterogeneous information, -badly classified and cataloged, and which do not -yield, either quickly or accurately, information when -desired. The files of the statistical department should -cover only the data which are the result of the par<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>ticular -activities of the company, together with valuable -original records which are neither correspondence -nor library material.</p> - - -<h4>2. Coordination of the Business Library with -Public Libraries</h4> - -<p>After the resources for information which exist -within the business organization have been adequately -centralized the next important step is to coordinate -these resources with all other existing library -facilities of the city in which the business firm -is located. There should be a thorough survey of -these libraries in order to ascertain as far as possible -the content and availability of their resources. This -is an important factor in the creation of a business -library, when one considers the problem of shelving -much material, within the more or less limited space -occupied by a business organization. Floor space in -skyscrapers is too valuable to be used as a mere -storehouse for printed material used only on rare -occasions, and there is also the added expense of a -staff of workers to care for a large collection. The -business library must, therefore, be considered solely -as a working laboratory, and care taken not to include -in it material which will be seldom used, particularly -in cities where business organizations congregate -and where are located large public libraries -having excellent resources which can be used to supplement -the "working laboratory" collection of the -business organization.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></p> - -<p>This principle will not apply, however, to those -business libraries which are maintained at the headquarters -of national associations. Such libraries -must collect everything on their subjects, and be -prepared to be a central bureau of information on -their specialties, for their membership throughout -the United States. For example, the libraries of the -National Safety Council and the Portland Cement -Association, located in Chicago.</p> - -<p>This policy of coordination was expressed in -the following words, by a large corporation several -years ago when it organized its library: "We will -keep our library down as far as possible to a small -working collection, and our librarian shall be a go-between -us and the other libraries of the city when -we want information not available in our own collection." -Thus the busy man of affairs is able to -keep in touch, through his librarian, as proxy, with -many avenues of helpfulness, which would be closed -to him were it not for the fact that he had been far-sighted -enough to employ a librarian to act for him -in these matters of detail.</p> - -<p>Public library facilities, while they supplement -can never be a substitute for a library within a business -organization, for different groups of business -people who are vitally interested in one particular -subject, or more often in only one phase of a subject, -will naturally collect and know more about that -subject than a general library serving a thousand -and one interests can be expected to do.</p> - -<p>The business librarian who is given the confidence -of the officers of his organization, gets satur<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>ated -with a knowledge of the business of the organization -and is able to sense in advance what information -will be needed, and will be prepared as far as -possible for the emergency when it comes.</p> - -<p>All librarians of public libraries will undoubtedly -agree to the statement that they are not in a -position to act as confidential library adviser to rival -business corporations. The Public Library must deal -impartially with all inquirers and cannot give precedence -to any inquirer simply because he is in a -hurry. Every man must wait his turn because the -needs of other inquirers are equally important with -his.</p> - -<p>If the Utopian state should ever arrive when -our public libraries have all the money necessary to -meet the every information need of the community, -the argument that the public library should serve -the interests of business men, who are tax payers, -in such a manner that it would not be necessary for -them to have libraries within their business organizations, -can be answered by a parallel suggesting that -the public library should so serve all the interests -of the public that no one need have a library in his -own home. A business organization desires to make -its own selection of material, on the basis of its -needs and tastes; it wishes to have this material -close at hand without any borrowing restrictions, -so that it can be used quickly, without loss of time, -and without the limitations which would be imposed -if it were the property of some one else, and required -particular care to keep it intact, for the business<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -man often wishes to clip or give away the printed -information in his possession.</p> - -<p>The business library is, however, not antagonistic -to the public library at any point. On the -contrary, the business library must coordinate its -resources with those of the public library and work -in harmony with it.</p> - -<p>The large business organization which can afford -to employ a librarian, and the small business -firm which cannot, will find a wealth of helpful material -in the public libraries of their vicinity.</p> - -<p>Many of the smaller public libraries which are -not large enough to maintain special business departments -are giving most excellent service to business -men. A number of the large public libraries of -the country are making a specialty of serving business -needs through departments organized particularly -to serve business men. Some of these are the -Division of Economics and Documents of the New -York Public Library, the Business Men's Branch of -the Free Public Library of Newark, New Jersey, -the Technology Department of Carnegie Library of -Pittsburgh, and the Industrial Department of the -Los Angeles Public Library. The John Crerar Library -of Chicago is a free reference library covering -sociology and natural and applied science, which cannot -be excelled by any other library collection in the -United States in the facilities which it offers to business -men. Every business organization should get -acquainted with the public library of its city and ascertain -what that library is able to do for it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p> - - -<h3>The Cost and Value of the Business Library</h3> - -<p>The cost of maintaining a business library is in -no sense comparable with its value; for the help -which a business library may give in a single instance -is often of sufficient value to offset its cost -of maintenance for a whole year. For example, a -business firm had a law suit in a distant city and -sent one of its employes to give expert testimony -in the case. This employe found as the hearings -in the case progressed, that he could strengthen his -testimony if he had at hand figures showing the -market price of lead for the past ten years. There -was no time to spare in obtaining these data. He -sent a telegram to the home office, which was received -at 11:30 A. M. saying that he would call -them by long distance telephone at noon and to have -the figures ready. The head of the department to -whom the message was addressed, with some perturbation, -appealed at once to the librarian of the -company, who was able in ten minutes to produce a -table giving a summary of the prices desired, which -had been printed in a technical journal. The company -won the law suit and in comparison with the -large amount of money saved, the salary of the -trained librarian who knew how to meet the emergency, -was a very small item.</p> - -<p>No two business libraries are comparable as to -cost of maintenance. Each must allow for financing -on the basis of its individual needs and the money it -can afford to spend.</p> - -<p>If a business firm owns the building which it -occupies it does not have to consider the rental of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -floor space for the library. If it has a liberal policy -of advertising in the best technical or trade journals, -it will need to spend very little on periodical subscriptions, -as it will receive copies free on account of -advertising. If it is a liberal user of the publications -of the United States Government, it will find they -cost little or nothing, and in any case the amount -spent by business libraries for information special -to a particular industry is never very large, because -often the most valuable data cost practically nothing -to secure.</p> - -<p>Mechanical equipment, which will be discussed -in chapter seven, is largely the initial expense, and -the amount of money to be spent each year for additions -to the original equipment will be quite small. -The principal annual expenses in maintaining a business -library are the salaries of the librarian, and -assistants if required, and the additional expense of -stenographic and office boy service.</p> - -<p>The great mistake made by some business firms -in maintaining library service has been the employment -of inadequately trained librarians who do not -produce high grade results. It is this lack of library -education and experience, on the part of a number of -so-called business librarians, which has been a hindrance -to the recognition of what the business -library really is and what it can do. The writer saw, -some time ago, the sorry spectacle of one of the -largest corporations in the country trying to inaugurate -library service under the direction of a fourteen-dollar-a-week -file clerk, who had not a single educational -requirement necessary for the success of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -undertaking. Such firms generally proclaim business -library work a failure, instead of admitting they -have made a wrong start and that they should have -employed a high grade trained librarian.</p> - -<p>Many firms having well organized correspondence -files, which are giving satisfactory service, have -conceived the idea of adding to their established -filing department, and to the duties of their head -file clerk, the library service which they judge their -organization demands. They fail to appreciate the -fact that a filing department, while it has some -mechanical technique in common with an organized -library, has an entirely different purpose, and does -not require on the part of those in charge, educational -qualifications at all comparable to those required -of a librarian who must have not merely a -large knowledge of library technique, but also must -know books, and have a knowledge of a broad range -of sources, from which adequate information can be -drawn when any problem arises; for the business -librarian must be a thinker as well as a worker and -not a mere clerical machine. On the other hand, the -trained librarian is competent to supervise correspondence -and any other kind of files if the situation -demands it. The essential qualifications for successful -business librarianship are stated in the last -chapter.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, it should be said, that in establishing -library service, a business organization must be -willing to give such service a reasonable length of -time to grow into the work of the organization. A -wisely selected collection of material, adapted to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -needs of the business, and thoroughly organized to -give quick and accurate results, should be tested -just as a piece of machinery is tested, namely, set up -the apparatus, put it in full operation under competent -supervision, and in the case of the business -library, the verdict cannot but conclusively be—"it -works."</p> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - - -<p class="pindent"><b>List of special libraries</b> in United States and Canada (in -American library annual 1916-17 p. 378-408).</p> - - -<p><b>Carr, B. E.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Formation of a financial library. Special libraries June -1919, p. 125-27.</p> - - -<p><b>Day, M. B.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Portland cement association library. Library journal -Jan. 1919, p. 27-28.</p> - - -<p><b>Glenn, M. R.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Library of American bankers association. Library journal -April 1917, p. 283-84.</p> - - -<p><b>Johnston, R. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Bureau of railway economics library. Special libraries -June 1918, p. 129-31.</p> - - -<p><b>Krause, L. B.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The public utility library. Journal of electricity Dec. 15, -1918, p. 556-57.</p> - - -<p><b>Greenman, E. D.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The functions of the industrial library. Journal of industrial -and engineering chemistry June 1919, p. 584.</p> - - -<p><b>Macfarlane, J. J.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Philadelphia commercial museum. Library journal April -1917, p. 278-79.</p> - - -<p><b>Nystrom, P. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The relation of the public library to the private business -libraries. Special libraries Feb. 1918, p. 35-37.</p> - -<p class="pindent">Same article Library journal March 1918, p. 154-57.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p> - -<p><b>Parmelee, J. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The utilization of statistics in business. American statistical -association quarterly publication June 1917, -p. 565-76.</p> - - -<p><b>Purinton, E. E.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Building an office library. Independent Dec. 16, 1918, -p. 214.</p> - - -<p><b>Rife, R. S.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Functions of the library of a banking institution; pamphlet -printed by Guaranty trust co., New York city, -1919.</p> - - -<p><b>Rose, A. L.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The service of a business library; pamphlet printed by -National city bank, New York city, 1920.</p> - - -<p><b>Secrist, Horace</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Statistics in business New York, McGraw-Hill 137 p. -$1.75.</p> - - -<p><b>Spencer, Florence</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Financial library of the National city bank of New York. -Library journal April 1917, p. 282-83.</p> - - -<p><b>Spencer, Florence</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">What a public library cannot do for the business man. -Special libraries Oct. 1917, p. 177-18.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span></p> - -</div><div class="chapter"> - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II<br /><br /> - -<small>THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE<br /> -BUSINESS LIBRARY</small></h2> - - -<p>The service rendered by the business library is -intensive rather than extensive. The business man -is not interested in making a good library showing -in regard to the quantity of material on the shelves -or in the files of his library, but he is vitally interested -in the quality of the material; he has just two -objects in view, he wants specific information and -he wants quick, accurate, comprehensive service. -The organized business library steps in to render -this service by knowing what information to get, -how to get it, how to keep it up to date, how to file -it and how to apply it effectively to business problems.</p> - -<p>If the subject which the business man is investigating -has a scientific basis, the library puts him in -touch with the best authorities on that science and -the standard practices which it maintains. If the -business man is investigating a new enterprise, or -a banker is considering a loan, he must make a careful -survey of all the factors which enter into it, in -order to make a decision as to its stability and probable -financial success. Such problems demand a -large amount of information which can be furnished -by the business library, as it is prepared to furnish -data giving sources of different kinds of raw ma<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span>terials, -manufactured products on the market and -cost of manufacturing, the possible extent of the -market for a competing product, cost of labor, coal -and data on certain sections of the country as good -business centers, based on a study of population, -post office receipts, bank clearings and transportation -facilities.</p> - -<p>If shipping to foreign countries is contemplated -the business library will furnish information on -modes of packing, effects of climate on goods, transportation, -customs duties, foreign credits, and similar -items. Thus the business library is prepared to -select, arrange and put into form for ready use, information -ranging from methods of rock tunneling, -to the consideration of the advisability of putting a -new commercial fertilizer on the market.</p> - -<p>"The Americas," published by the National City -Bank, New York City, contains in its December 1917 -issue, an article entitled, "One Feature of German -Organization in Engineering and Foreign Business," -the contents of which bear directly upon the importance -of information as an indispensable asset in the -prosecution of successful business.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The article states that industrial corporations in Germany -before the war employed an officer called an Economic -Director, who, "in the plan of organization of his company, -is attached to the office of the President, or is an appendage -of the Board of Directors. He has to organize complete information -from various sources, and his authority is sufficient to -organize this well. He obtains statistical information, foreign -and domestic newspapers and periodicals, and the output -of various bureaus of news is regularly received by him.</p> - -<p>"His business is to keep his Executive informed on the -instant of every development in many parts of the world that -will mean a change of cost of production or a change in de<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span>mand -for the company's products. He must know what is -going on in the regions where the company's manufacturing -materials originate. He must keep his eye upon conditions -affecting production, price and transportation. He must not -miss any new source of supply, or any coming diminution of -old sources. On the other hand, he must follow every development, -political, social or economic that means an increase -or a falling-off in the demand for particular kinds of machinery. -If there is anything doing anywhere that is significant -of a call for more sugar machinery, or a drop in the demand -for textile machinery, in this particular man's business, he -must judge its full value and advise his board of it.</p> - -<p>"It is said of a man who was economic adviser to a -German corporation that manufactured materials for railway -construction and equipment that he had not only organized -his supplies of information of what was going on over the -world so that he reported to his board every tender for supplies -from every part of the world, but he was expected to -analyze general developments everywhere so thoroughly, as -to predict in advance the regions where new railways would -soon be built, or extensions made. His work, it is said, frequently -resulted in his company's bringing about, in direct or -indirect ways, the promotion of the new transportation enterprises -he predicted. It is now believed that this idea of definite -organization of economic information and intelligence -has been carried out in order to apply to the after-war business -situation by Germany."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The American Business Library is a step in the -direction of helping to do for American business -what this "German Economic Director" was doing -for business in Germany and it is more than time -that American business interests use the business -library to its utmost capacity.</p> - - -<h3>The Library and the Publicity Department</h3> - -<p>One of the important departments in modern -business organizations served by the business library, -is the publicity department which is the outcome -of the recognition of the dependence of any business<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -upon the public's understanding and appreciation of -what it has to offer, in order to successfully carry on -its work, whether that be a manufactured product -or the service of a public utility. In this day of -economic investigation and criticism, it is vital to -success that industries exploit their work and products -clearly and logically, not only as a means of -advertising but also to win and hold that all-important -asset known as public good-will.</p> - -<p>The publicity department strives to make the -public understand the organization and its work and -has charge of preparing direct advertising, for daily -papers and periodicals, and in many utility corporations -prepares copy for the financing and marketing -of securities.</p> - -<p>A live publicity department cannot do its work -without ample library resources as its needs are -encyclopaedic, for it is constantly preparing copy -which calls for the most accurate and comprehensive -data and it must keep up to date on what is currently -issued in the lines of business in which it is particularly -interested. Library service is so indispensable -in publicity work that in a number of cases the -library has been organized in the business house -as a part of the work of the publicity department.</p> - - -<h3>Assisting the Executive</h3> - -<p>The business library is also a great service to -executives because the heads of business organizations -today are concerned not only with the particular -business of their own office, but with many -economic and public affairs for the betterment of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -community and the nation. The work of the modern -business man, as expressed by a recent technical -periodical, "because of the constant multiplication of -problems to be settled and the great number of regulating -agencies, is steadily growing more important. -The successful business man must be a thinker and -a man of affairs; he appears before Congressional -Committees and before state and federal commissions; -he must know whereof he speaks, and he must -know principles as well as facts, history as well as -present conditions." In the midst of varied and -large responsibilities, he knows he can not depend -upon his own personal reading and study to keep all -the important facts and figures which he needs at -his finger tips, for the successful executive must not -burden himself with too much detail.</p> - -<p>He therefore turns to his librarian, who knows -his personal point of view and his needs, and who is -as necessary to him as his secretary. Sometimes the -head of a business organization appeals to an assistant -officer to give him the data he requires, and the -assistant officer turns to another one, and he in turn -goes to the library; the fact remains that sooner or -later the request comes down the line to the -librarian.</p> - - -<h3>Making the Best Use of the Library</h3> - -<p>There are several types of men with whom the -business librarian has to deal in doing research on -business problems. One type of man who uses the -business library is the one who comes in occasionally -and browses among the books without communicat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span>ing -to the librarian in charge what subject matter -he is looking for. This type of man does not purposely -mean to be secretive, but he does not know -how to use the service of the library and the librarian -which are at his disposal. Often he turns away -from his perusal of an encyclopedia with a disappointed -look, and in one case when the librarian -asked what he was looking for, replied that he was -trying to find the address of Mills College but that -it did not seem to be in the Encyclopedia Britannica. -Had he told the librarian at the start what he -wanted the address could have been given him from -another reference book in about one minute's time.</p> - -<p>Another type of man with whom the business -librarian has to deal, is the one who conceals his -specific object when he asks for information, and -does not therefore make it possible for the librarian -to procure the information desired in its most simple -and direct form. For example, an engineer once -asked for descriptive periodical articles dealing with -the construction and equipment of some large hotels. -The librarian, of course, thought that what he had in -mind was to make a study of the equipment, whereas -all he wanted to get out of these articles was the -names of firms who had installed certain mechanical -devices. This information could have been collected -much more quickly than in the time it took for the -librarian to make a complete list of satisfactory descriptions -of the kinds of buildings for which he -asked.</p> - -<p>The type of man who uses the business library -most effectively is the one who takes his librarian<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -into full confidence as to what he is doing, and what -he wants to do, and gives the librarian not only the -opportunity to produce what he has asked for, but -also to make helpful suggestions as to material which -he possibly has not thought of in connection with -his problem. The business man who thus directs -and uses his trained librarian and his specialized -collection gets the service which counts and has -annexed an indispensable asset to the earning power -of his organization.</p> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - -<p><b>Cameron, W. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">What does library service do for you in your business? -Public libraries June 1918, p. 256-57.</p> - - -<p><b>Gourvitch, P. P.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">An organized commercial laboratory. Youroveta review -(165 Broadway, New York City) March 1919, p. 82.</p> - - -<p><b>Hosmer, H. R.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Some axioms of service in the use and abuse of special -libraries. Journal of industrial & engineering chemistry -June 1919, p. 582-83.</p> - - -<p><b>Hungerford, Edward</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Are you "too busy to read"? System March 1920, p. 486.</p> - - -<p><b>Lewis, St. Elmo</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Value of the specialized library for the business man. -Special libraries May 1913, p. 69-71.</p> - - -<p><b>Loomis, M. M.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Libraries that pay. Independent June 26, 1913, p. 1436-38.</p> - - -<p><b>Nystrom, P. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The business library as an investment. Library journal -Nov. 1917, p. 857-62.</p> - -<p>Same article National efficiency quarterly May 1918, -p. 29-38.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III<br /><br /> - -<small>PERIODICALS IN THE BUSINESS LIBRARY—HOW<br /> -TO USE AND HOW TO FILE THEM</small></h2> - - -<h3>The Value of Periodicals</h3> - -<p>Periodicals are the most fruitful source of -information for any business, and there is periodical -literature of value being issued constantly on every -conceivable subject. Every industry and profession -has its journals and in them will be found the latest -and best information.</p> - -<p>The value of periodicals in a business organization -was very ably stated some time ago by the -secretary of an electrical association, and as this -testimony is not from a librarian but from a practical -business man, it seems worth while to quote as -follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The technical or trade journal of today is the livest -and most 'up-to-now' assistant a business man has. It is -carefully edited, well-printed, fully illustrated and thoroughly -indexed both as to literary matter and advertisements. It is -the 'always ready reference' of the minute, and the official, -head of a department, or even workman, who does not use it -to its fullest capacity, is neglecting one of his best friends. -I have been surprised to find how many of the larger companies -are actually stingy when it comes to paying out money -for subscriptions to their trade and technical journals. They -talk about one, two or three dollars per year as if it were -that many hundreds; they look at the expenditure as if it -were an expense instead of an investment, which, properly -handled, will bring good returns.</p> - -<p>"In no other way can any business man, no matter how -high or low his position, keep so fully abreast of the times -in his business as by early and careful perusal of his trade<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -and technical periodical, from its front to its back cover, and -from no other source can he obtain the 'immediately useful' -so well as he can from a well filled and indexed present volume -of those same publications."</p></blockquote> - -<p>"Printers' Ink" has also stated the case as -follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The manufacturer, desirous of keeping his finger on -the pulse at Washington, who will spend ten dollars, or fifteen -dollars, or twenty dollars a year for business papers and -other periodicals that specialize with respect to business -news from the national capital, can be pretty well assured -that he has every tip that could come to him via the intelligence -office, that asks a fee of fifty or one hundred dollars -per annum. Indeed, it has happened, not once but dozens of -times this past year or two that business journals, etc., -carried information days and even weeks before it was sent -out in the mimeographed 'letters' and 'bulletins' which the -former bureaus distributed, marked 'confidential' and 'not for -publication.'"</p></blockquote> - - -<h3>The Contents of Periodicals</h3> - -<p>Not only do periodicals contain lengthy articles -on special subjects, but every item in them from -cover to cover is of value; for example, in engineering -periodicals the business library is greatly aided -by the current news notes on books, pamphlets, -meetings and people; information on state and federal -legislation; prices of materials and second-hand -material for sale or wanted to purchase, new construction -notes, new devices and best makes of standard -supplies.</p> - -<p>The brief notes found in current periodicals, -announcing the publication of trade pamphlets, reports -of state boards, special committees, private -corporations and bulletins published by universities, -lectures delivered at colleges and papers presented<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -at state meetings of associations, are most valuable -guides in collecting pamphlets, which although in -many cases may be had for the asking, represent a -collection of valuable data which can not be replaced -by the expenditure of any amount of money and yet -most of it costs only a polite letter of request.</p> - - -<h3>Aids in Selection of Periodicals</h3> - -<p>The business man or the business librarian will -first of all desire to select the periodicals that best -cover the needs of his organization. If he wishes to -ascertain the titles of periodicals on special subjects -in order to obtain sample copies for examination, or -if he has the title and wishes to find the frequency -of issue, the place of publication and subscription -price, there are several books that give such information -and which should be found in the public library -of his city. It is advisable also for him to see a list -of all periodicals which are on file at his public -library with a view to examining those which may -be suited to his immediate needs. The following -books will give information about periodicals on special -subjects.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual Directory with mid-year -supplement, published by N. W. Ayer, Philadelphia, $10.00.</p> - -<p>2400 Business Books, published by H. W. Wilson Company, New -York, 1920, price $5.00.</p> - -<p>Severance Guide to the Current Periodicals and Serials in the United -States and Canada. A new edition will be published shortly by -George Wahr, Ann Arbor, Michigan, price $6.00. This new edition -will contain a list of House Organs published in the United -States. A recent list of House Organs may be found in Printers' -Ink, August 29, 1918, and subsequent issues, and a list of Employees' -Magazines may be purchased from Printers' Ink for -twenty-five cents.</p> - -<p>A list of periodicals published by the United States Government can -be obtained free of charge from Superintendent of Documents, -Washington, D. C.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p> - - -<h3>The Checking of Periodicals</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p033a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Sample of a daily and monthly periodical checking card. Weekly periodicals -are checked on the cards ruled for daily issues. The back of the daily -check card is ruled for "Ordered of," "Price," "Date" and "Bill date." -They should be filed alphabetically and kept in a file box on the librarian's -desk for quick reference.</p> - -<p><b>Note.</b>—As this volume goes to press the Library Bureau announces new -forms for periodical checking cards which are an improvement on those -shown above.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p>The care of periodicals is one of the important -pieces of work which consumes a large portion of the -business librarian's time. All periodicals received by -the business library are stamped, as soon as the mail -is opened, with the word "Library" and the name of -the firm, and checked on monthly or weekly card -records, size 3 by 5 inches, specially ruled for the -purpose and obtainable from library supply firms. -This card record enables the librarian to know if all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a><br /><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> -copies to date have been received and on the back -of the card also provides a record of expirations and -renewals of subscriptions. A notation may be made -also on this card of the names of persons to whom -the periodical is to be regularly sent.</p> - - -<h3>The Indexing of Periodicals</h3> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p034.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">The periodical indexes published by The H. W. Wilson Company, New York City. This company also -publishes an Index to Legal Periodicals.</div> -</div> - -<p>After the periodicals are checked, the librarian -should go through them rapidly, keeping well in -mind all the topics of particular interest to the -organization, and also special requests from individuals -for the latest information on subjects, which -they have designated as being of present value to -them. It is a good plan also to ask heads of departments -who read periodicals regularly every week, to -call the attention of the librarian to any special -articles which they think valuable and to which they -might wish to refer again. This strengthens the -librarian's reading and makes doubly sure that no -information of importance is overlooked.</p> - -<p>All articles or items of importance are assigned -a subject heading (which will be discussed in the -chapter on cataloging) and a card is made for the -subject card index to periodical material. The -trained librarian will know how to discriminate and -reduce this indexing to a minimum.</p> - -<p>Some one may ask at this point why it is necessary -for the librarian to do subject indexing to -periodical articles when there are good printed indexes -to them, such as Readers' Guide to Periodical -Literature, Industrial Arts Index, and the Agricultural -Index, published by The H. W. Wilson Com<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>pany, -New York City (samples and prices upon application) -and in addition The Engineering Index, recently -acquired by the American Society of Mechanical -Engineers and published monthly in the Journal -of that Society with an annual cumulated volume. -There are several reasons why subject indexing -must be done by the librarian; first because these -printed indexes do not index many of the periodicals -which are of importance to the business -library and second, because in the periodicals -which are covered by these indexes, there are many -items of importance to business firms which are too -short to be entered in the general printed indexes. -The time element is also an important factor in the -business library, as the subject card index is made -at once and immediately ready for reference, while -the printed indexes are of necessity never strictly up -to date. For example, an engineering firm was desirous -of keeping up to date on all increases in gas and -electric rates throughout the country, due to the -increased cost of production, on account of higher -prices of materials. Various journals reported such -items each week, sometimes in not more than a dozen -lines. In such a case the librarian's minute reading -and quick indexing was invaluable, and gave a service -not to be expected of the printed index.</p> - -<p>A word should be said, however, at this point in -regard to the value of printed indexes, for example -the "Industrial Arts Index." Periodicals are sealed -books without indexes, and printed indexes are invaluable -working tools, first, because no business librarian -will attempt the impossible task of making a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -subject card for every article of value in current -periodicals, and second, because a live business -organization in these days of sudden changes in -economic conditions cannot possibly foresee every -subject in which it may be interested. When these -unexpected subjects arise for which the business -librarian has not made provision, the printed indexes -come to the rescue and serve the need most admirably. -The indexes to separate volumes of individual -periodicals, which the publishers issue at the completion -of each volume, and in many cases do not -send unless requested to do so, are not of great value -because, with few exceptions, the subject indexing is -poor. Many of them invert the title of the article -in order to enter it under the most striking word -which it contains, without consideration of its real -subject content, and without further consideration of -the three, four or more subjects on which the article -is very likely to contain valuable information.</p> - - -<h3>The Circulation of Periodicals</h3> - -<p>After the periodicals have been read and subject -indexed by the librarian, as necessity requires, and -this should be done immediately on mail delivery, -they are sent to the desks of the members of the -organization who are most vitally interested in any -special information which they contain. Methods of -circulation vary in different types of business libraries; -some business libraries which serve a large -constituency prefer to make typewritten or mimeographed -lists of subject references to articles in the -periodicals received during the week, and circulate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -these lists throughout the organization, asking the -men to send to the library for any article they desire -to read. This method does not suit busy executives -who have no time to read a list and make a selection, -and who wish the material itself put in front of -them.</p> - -<p>Some business librarians route their periodicals, -attaching a slip with a list of names indicating the -next person to whom the periodical is to be sent, -when a reader is finished with it. Other business -librarians send the individual periodicals direct to -one man only, with a slip attached calling his attention -to the article of special interest to him. As soon -as he is through with the periodical, he puts it in his -outgoing basket and it is returned to the librarian, -who sends it to a second man, with a special note of -the contents for him. This method seems much more -desirable than to route periodicals, because they -most often fail to route—they simply side track! -The periodical gets laid aside on some one's desk and -the librarian does not know whether it is being -passed along promptly or not, whereas if the periodical -is sent direct to one individual and is not -promptly returned, the librarian goes after it, if it is -important that it should go to someone else in the -organization, without unreasonable delay. In large -organizations with hundreds of employes to be -reached, the routing of periodicals is absolutely necessary. -The practice of the librarian of one large -corporation is to subscribe for one copy of each -weekly periodical for every five men who desire to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a><br /><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -read that periodical and one copy of each monthly -periodical for every seven men. To insure quick -routing, the names of delinquents are put at the end -of the list of those to whom the periodical circulates, -and the names of the men who have proved that -they pass on the periodical quickly are put at the -top of the list.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p039a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Samples of 3 by 5 inch charging cards. These cards may be purchased in -ten colors, ruled in either four or six columns. Some business librarians -put the borrower's record on a white card, and the record made under the -name of a periodical on a colored card. Some business librarians omit the -date of circulation. The initials on the right hand card shown above, are -those of the men in a business office who are to have the periodical sent -to them regularly. The cards bearing the names of the borrowers should -be filed in a charging tray in alphabetical order, as should also the cards -bearing the names of the periodicals. In a business library, it is not -necessary to file by date as is done in public libraries.</p> - -<p>Books loaned from a business library may be charged in a similar manner, -i.e. a card bearing the name of author and title of the book taking the -place of the card bearing the title of the periodical as shown above. -The book card is kept in a pocket, pasted on the front or back cover of -the book, when the volume is not in circulation.</p></div></div> - -<p>The circulation or routing slip which is attached -to each periodical bears the following: -"Please keep this magazine in circulation. To be of -value it must reach every man on this list within a -week. If you cannot read it now, send it on without -checking off your name and it will be returned -to you later. Mark at the right of your name the -page number of any article that you believe should -be indexed for future reference."</p> - -<p>A simple loan record on 3 by 5 inch cards specially -ruled and of which illustrations are shown, -should be kept under the name of the man to whom -the periodical is sent, and also under the name of the -periodical, in order that the librarian can tell on a -moment's notice where any issue of a periodical is -and also what each man has charged against him. -Books and other library material may be charged in -the same manner.</p> - -<p>Business men in general, so experience proves, -exercise no particular responsibility either to return -material or to replace it, for the business organization -has no rules for lending, and the responsibility -of knowing what material is out of the library, where -it is, and that it is brought back or replaced, falls -upon the librarian. The business librarian with his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -loan record as a guide tactfully asks if the business -man is finished with the material, and if so, collects -it; in some cases the collection is made without asking, -when a visit to a man's office clearly shows that -the material is side-tracked and dusty. This is one -of the most tedious duties which falls to the business -librarian's lot, but one of the most important ones, -for the function of the librarian is to get material -used freely, and not hoarded.</p> - -<p>Business men who always get what they want -from their library on a moment's notice do not -appreciate the time and patience such service requires -on the part of their librarian, for no genius is -involved in the case of the librarian who always has -ready on the shelves what is needed. Often a business -man who literally wants material on a minute's -notice, is the one who is most careless in cooperating -with the librarian by returning material, and who -does not want to stop a moment to have a loan record -made. Sometimes a business man gets in a hurry -for library material, which the librarian says he -already has, but which he insists is not in his office, -whereupon the librarian goes to his office, and pleasantly -and often humorously unearths it from the -bottom of the pile of material on his desk or table.</p> - -<p>In the matter of the loaning of material the -business librarian certainly has to be characterized -by the words "long suffering," for he must make no -excuses and deliver material in spite of the delinquencies -of others. If some one at this point protests -that it is unfair to the business librarian, the -answer is, that the business man has a right to do as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a><br /><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> -he pleases with his own, and that the business librarian -exists to save a busy man from the error of his -ways, for it must be remembered always that the -business library is organized to give service to men -of affairs, burdened with large responsibilities. All -business men are not careless in returning material, -and certainly minor employes have no right to be, -but it will have to be admitted that business men, -who never think of taking the trouble to return -material are in the majority.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p042.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>A corner of bound periodicals in the library of H. M. Byllesby & Company, -Chicago. The worth while periodicals devoted to any one industry are -comparatively few and bound volumes do not take up so much space as -might be imagined. A three foot shelf will hold six or seven years of -one periodical.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h3>The Binding and Filing of Periodicals</h3> - -<p>After the current periodicals have made their -last tour of the offices they come back to the library -to be filed for future use. What disposition shall be -made of them? Shall important articles be clipped -and filed and the remainder of the periodical thrown -away, or shall a complete file be kept for six months -or a year and then thrown away, or shall files be -kept complete and bound for permanent books of -reference? The latter method represents the best -library practice for the following reasons. No business -organization or business librarian is prophetical -enough to foresee exactly what information will be -useful to keep in a business library for future use, -when one considers the variety of valuable material -found each week in the periodicals, which cover the -activities of a certain line of business. Complete -files of bound periodicals constitute one of the most -valuable reference aids that any business library can -possess. Clipping valuable periodicals might in some -instances be compared to cutting out an article from -a valuable encyclopedia.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p> - -<p>One of the values of having periodicals bound is -that they do not get lost or misplaced or carried off -so readily, as a separate number or a clipping would. -Bound volumes do not take up so much space as -might at first thought be imagined, for a three-foot -shelf will hold the bound volumes of the larger size -periodicals for a six or seven years period, and the -number of worth while periodicals devoted to any one -industry (excluding of course the annual volumes -of societies) are comparatively few, and twelve to -fifteen sets would be the maximum for any one business -library.</p> - -<p>The replacing immediately of a lost or mutilated -periodical is one of the important duties of the business -librarian, for it is reasonably sure that the lost -or mutilated number has something of real importance -in it, else it would not have been so treated by -any member of the organization; it is also important -to replace it as soon as possible, because often back -numbers are difficult to obtain.</p> - -<p>Business men as a rule know nothing of the -principles of satisfactory binding and generally give -the work to commercial printing establishments who -misplace pages and sections, and make mistakes in -titles and volume numbers in lettering the backs. If -a business house does not have a librarian to supervise -its binding, it should be careful to select if possible -a bindery which specializes in library binding -and will do the work in accordance with the best -library practice. An illustration is shown of correct -position and style for lettering the backs of bound -volumes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p045.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">The "L. B. pamphlet box," the "Wood C. C. pamphlet case" and a heavy cardboard box covered with book -cloth made by H. Schultz & Co.</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p> - -<p>It is not advisable to bind the volumes of every -periodical received, for many are only of passing -interest, and while it is advisable -to keep such an -unbound file for a year or -two, at the end of that -time the librarian will be -guided by his experience -and use discretion in disposing -of out of date material.</p> - -<div class="figleft" > -<img src="images/illus_p046.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">How the back of a bound periodical -should be lettered.</div> -</div> - -<p>The best method of -preserving the current -numbers of periodicals -which are to be permanently -bound or preserved -without binding is by the -use of Library Bureau -pamphlet boxes, or similar -makes, made in a variety -of dimensions.</p> - -<p>The "L. B. pamphlet -box" is made of heavy chip-board covered with -glazed paper or black cloth, and half of one side -doubles back on itself permitting of easy consultation -without removal of the contents. These boxes -stand on edge like books and are dust proof.</p> - -<p>"Wood C. C. pamphlet case" is made of seasoned -wood and covered with durable paper. This case has -a closed top and open back and is therefore not dust -proof and has to be taken off the shelf to consult the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a><br /><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> -contents. For general use the L. B. pamphlet box is -preferable for business library work. Some business -libraries also use a specially made box of heavy -cardboard covered with book cloth and with a card -label holder on the back, similar in style to the "Wood -C. C. pamphlet case," and which can be made by -any good paper box factory, at prices ranging from -fifteen to twenty cents each on quantities, according -to the size desired. H. Schultz and Company, 519 -West Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois, advertise -quotations on stock of this kind. A photograph is -shown of the style of boxes used by the National -Safety Council, Chicago, for filing copies of current -circulars which are distributed to their members.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p047.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">File boxes used by the library of the National Safety Council, Chicago, -for current circulars for distribution to their members</div> -</div> - -<h3>The Clipping of Periodicals</h3> - -<p>Clipping may be legitimately indulged in, when -an article of interest is found in a single number of -a periodical, to which the library does not subscribe. -Newspaper items, of course, must always be clipped -and there will be always material like printed leaflets -which will require the same kind of filing as clippings.</p> - -<p>Clippings are best filed in vertical file units, -and methods of filing and indexing are discussed -in Chapter VI. The "U-File-M" binder strips -manufactured by the U-File-M Manufacturing Co., -Syracuse, New York, are exceedingly useful and -satisfactory for fastening clippings, single sheets or -thin booklets into vertical file folders. These strips -need to be visualized by samples in order to clearly -understand how they work, but they can be described<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -in general as gummed strips a half-inch in width and -11 inches long with forty-four gummed tabs one-eighth -of an inch wide affixed, which can be pulled -out from under a protecting strip with the finger -nail. The eleven-inch strip or any cut off portion, -can be glued horizontally or vertically into a folder -and papers or clippings attached by the gummed -tabs.</p> - -<p>Business firms who wish to keep up with any -special information appearing in the daily press often -employ a press clipping bureau. Such service always -furnishes quantity rather than quality, as no attempt -is made to select only items of real value. For -example, a firm specializing in the manufacture of -canned milk ordered a clipping bureau to send it all -newspaper clippings on milk and among the clippings -sent was one of a milkman arrested for speeding, -and similar clippings were frequently sent. If very -special information from the daily press is desired -the clipping should be done by a person within the -organization who has intimate knowledge both of -the subject and of the need.</p> - - -<p>SOME DEALERS IN BACK NUMBERS OF PERIODICALS</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Abrahams Book Store, 145 Fourth Avenue, New York City.</p> - -<p>F. W. Faxon Company, Boston, Massachusetts.</p> - -<p>The H. W. Wilson Company, New York City.</p></blockquote> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV<br /><br /> - -<small>GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND THE<br /> -BUSINESS LIBRARY</small></h2> - - -<p>The United States Government is the leading -publisher of accurate and reliable information bearing -upon all kinds of business activities. No question -should ever be investigated or data collected by -a business firm without taking into consideration -the valuable sources of government information on -that particular subject. The "Youroveta Review," -in its March, 1919 issue, says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It is not only safety and accuracy in the performance -of its regular duties, but also expansion and development at -which a progressive firm is aiming; and this can be attained -only when the business is analyzed from all aspects of practical -interest, when the horizon is being constantly searched, -and endeavors are made to explore new commercial avenues."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Studies of mineral, oil and gas deposits, tests of -boiler and furnace efficiencies, analyses and tests of -fuels, production of crops and cattle, labor problems, -electrolysis, standards for gas and electric service, -foreign trade, water power and statistics of all industrial -activities, constitute a few of the subjects -on which the government periodically reports.</p> - -<p>The daily paper called "Commerce Reports," -which gives reports and business tips on trade and -industrial conditions, gathered by American Consular -officers at their respective posts throughout the -world, is an invaluable periodical for business men -in this after-the-war period of trade development.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p> - -<p>The United States Shipping Board has issued a -valuable series of free pamphlets in the interest of -export trade, some of which are:</p> - -<p> -World Trade; A List of Books on World Trade.<br /> -Selection of Books on Foreign Languages.<br /> -Ships and the Ocean; A List of Books on Ships, Commerce and The Merchant Marine.<br /> -Foreign Countries; A List of Books on Foreign Countries.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Many practical illustrations could be given, if -space permitted, of the use made by business firms -of government publications. For example, a large -mail order house made a decision, based on consulting -the Weather Bureau's temperature records in -the different sections of the country for a range of -years, as to what date would be best for sending out, -to various districts, advance catalogs advertising -summer and winter wearing apparel; while an engineering -firm, designing a gas holder to be erected in -a northern city, decided on the factor of safety to be -adopted against the lowest possible temperature, by -consulting the weather reports for the lowest temperatures -which prevailed in that section for a long -range of years.</p> - - -<h3>How to Procure Government Documents</h3> - -<p>To keep thoroughly informed on the large body -of constantly growing data issued by the government, -to know how to procure it without delay and -apply to a specific problem is no small accomplishment, -and this is one of the important reasons -why the business man needs the assistance of a -trained library worker. The average business man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a><br /><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> -gets mentally lost in the thick woods of government -documents; he either does not know which department -or bureau of the government can give the specific -information he desires, or he does not know -how to procure, in the shortest time, desired data -which he knows the government has on file.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p052.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Every business librarian should read these two monthly lists regularly</div> -</div> - -<p>The best way for the business man to find out -what information is in print and can be procured for -his personal use, is to write direct to each department, -or special bureau, for the catalog of their -available publications. For example, the Bureau of -Foreign and Domestic Commerce issues a catalog of -Bureau publications which is described as a "review -of information available to manufacturers and exporters -in the bulletins issued by the Bureau." The -Navy Department issues an "Index to Specifications -for Naval Stores and Material" which is very useful -to many classes of business men who are drawing up -specifications for the purchase of various kinds of -material. The list of publications of the United -States Geological Survey is a most valuable guide in -procuring bulletins on water power and irrigation, -mines and mineral resources, as well as important -papers on economic geology, namely, oil, gas and -other useful minerals. The United States Bureau of -Standards, the Bureau of Census, the Bureau of -Mines, all publish catalogs of papers issued by them, -which are of the greatest possible value to business -men. These bureaus, in addition to their printed -catalogs, issue supplemental lists of new publications -each month and the "Monthly Catalog of United -States Public Documents," issued monthly, price<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a><br /><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> -fifty cents per year, obtainable from the Superintendent -of Documents, also gives a list of all the -publications of all departments of the government -issued each month.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p054.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Two samples of the forty-four price lists of documents issued by the -Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.</div> -</div> - -<div class="figleft" > -<img src="images/illus_p055.jpg" alt="Guide to United States Government Publications" /> -</div> -<p>The Superintendent of Documents issues free -of charge, forty-four lists of documents, for sale by -his office, on certain subjects, such as Roads, Labor, -Foreign Relations of the United States, Finance, -Transportation, etc. A complete list of these subjects -can be found in -Swanton's Guide to -United States Government -Publications -(Bureau of Education -Bulletin 1918, -No. 2), page 127, obtainable -from Superintendent -of Documents -at twenty -cents per copy. This -guide is a most useful -compilation as it describes -briefly the -work of each department -of the government -and kind of -publications issued -by them, stating -where they can be -obtained and what -classes of publications -are free and what are for sale.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p> - -<p>Government publications which ordinarily may -be obtained free by applying direct to the Bureau -issuing them, if out of stock may often be bought -from the Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent -of Documents requires that all publications -ordered from him be paid for in advance, and this -involves some difficulty, as often a man does not -know how much money to send to procure the publication, -if he has not seen the price quoted. Some -business libraries, to save delay in ordering, deposit -twenty-five dollars in advance with the Superintendent -of Documents against which the cost of documents -ordered can be charged. The old idea of -procuring publications through a Congressman or -Senator is the poorest kind of method of obtaining -what is wanted in a hurry, for many government -documents will not cost the business firm anything -and those for which a charge is asked cost a very -small price. The Superintendent of Documents sells -coupons which may be sent in payment for documents -ordered from his office. The disadvantage of -the coupon method of purchasing is that the buyer -must know in advance the price of the documents in -order to send the correct amount in coupons.</p> - -<p>Some of the departments of the government -issue advance mimeographed sheets of information -and will also give out, in advance of printing, data -on file in the department to firms which make special -request for it, and have also been known to reply -promptly to telegraphic requests.</p> - -<p>Some of the bureaus of the government have -district offices in a few of the large cities of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -United States, for example, district offices of the -Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Weather -Bureau, etc., which are of great service in obtaining -data in a hurry, and the business man should ascertain -the resources of his city in this respect. He -should also not forget to use the collection of government -documents at his Public Library when he -wants to use publications of which he cannot obtain -a copy for his own immediate needs. Some of the -smaller public libraries do not have their government -documents fully cataloged and immediately -available so that the business man must not infer, -because he cannot find certain government information -at his public library, that it does not exist.</p> - - -<h3>State Documents</h3> - -<p>The individual states of the United States also -publish valuable documents through their state -boards and commissions with which it is well for -the business man to be acquainted. Many of the -individual states have similar boards and commissions -which report annually or biennially, both in bulletins -and regular reports, such as state engineer, -state geologist, state mining department, state insurance -department, state experiment station, bureau of -labor and industrial statistics, state public utilities -commissions and special commissions created to deal -with any particular problems or industries, peculiar -to the individual state. The best guide available to -current state publications is the "Monthly List of -State Publications" published by the Library of Congress, -fifty cents per year. The chief drawback in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -the use of this list is that it is always several months -behind in being published, as is also the "Monthly -Catalog of United States Public Documents." The -current trade periodicals often note the issue of any -important state publications more promptly and are -a great aid in keeping up to date on this information. -Public Affairs Information Service, a cumulated -index published by H. W. Wilson Company, New -York City, and which is noted more fully in a subsequent -chapter on Reference Books, lists a number -of state publications of value.</p> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - - -<p><b>Fairfax, Virginia</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Pamphlets and clippings in the business library; pamphlet -printed by Journal of Electricity, San Francisco.</p> - - -<p><b>Kaempffert, Waldemar</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Putting Uncle Sam to work. McClure's magazine Dec. -1916, p. 11.</p> - - -<p><b>Reinick, W. R.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Public documents as a commercial factor. Special libraries -Nov. 1913, p. 175-77.</p> - - -<p><b>Rogers, S. L.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Value of statistics to business (census bureau). Manufacturers' -record Oct. 23, 1919, p. 34-35.</p> - - -<p><b>Ulm, A. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">What the census bureau can tell you about business. -Printers' ink monthly May 1920, p. 37-38.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V<br /><br /> - -<small>TRADE CATALOGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND LANTERN<br /> -SLIDES—THEIR FILING AND INDEXING</small></h2> - - -<h3>Trade Catalogs</h3> - -<p>Several methods for filing and indexing trade -catalogs have been advocated by various writers, -but the most generally approved practice is to file -in legal size vertical file cabinets, with a shelf to -accommodate large bound volumes which are too -bulky to go into the drawers and whose disposition -on shelves instead of in file drawers may be noted by -a symbol on the index card, and also by a reference -sheet placed in the file where the catalog would be -alphabeted.</p> - -<p>All trade catalogs should be filed alphabetically -by the names of the firms issuing them, rather than -under subjects, because often a single pamphlet, or -volume, may list a variety of materials which can not -be classified under a single subject name, thus avoiding -numerous cross subject references.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p060a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Trade catalog index card made under the subject name</div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p060b.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Trade catalog index card made under well known trade name</div> -</div> - -<p>Engineers are prone to endeavor to apply a -decimal subject classification in filing trade catalogs, -with the result that they fall into many intricate -difficulties. However, small offices using only a few -trade catalogs on special subjects can file under subjects -with other library material if desired. (The -organization of an alphabetical subject file for miscellaneous -data is described in Chapter VI.) All<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a><br /><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> -trade catalogs filed under the names of the firms -should be subject card indexed, because it takes less -time to make a working index than it does to look -through various catalogs to find desired information -when there is no index.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p061.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Trade catalog index card made under the name of the firm and showing -the subject name and trade name under which additional cards have -been made.</div> -</div> - -<p>The method of indexing should be as follows: -there should be a card made for the name of each -firm issuing the catalog, and the address of the firm -may be added to this card in order to use it as a -mailing list if desired. The subjects, i. e., specific -names of merchandise, which the catalog covers and -any well known trade names, should be written on -the face of this main card (see illustration) and -additional cards made for the subjects and any important -trade names, and all of the cards should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -filed in a single alphabet. A Cutter number (which -is explained in detail in the chapter on cataloging) -may be put on each index card and trade catalog, -in order to facilitate the alphabetizing and -quick location of individual trade catalogs. The subject -index in Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers, -an invaluable tool to purchasing departments, -is a great aid in selecting subject names to be -used in the trade catalog index.</p> - - -<h3>Photographs</h3> - -<p>Photographs are important sources of information -for any business firm, as they visualize printed -or written descriptions and make an accurate and -unchangeable record which does not permit of any -misunderstanding, as is sometimes the case in reading -a printed account. Every industry should have -a photograph file illustrating the various aspects of -its products or the installations and construction -for which it is responsible and which may be -supplemented by any photographs which can be obtained -on similar work done by firms other than its -own.</p> - -<p>Banks and investment houses should have photographs -of all tangible properties on which they -issue securities, as they have been found to be of -great aid in making a stock and bond offering concrete -in the mind of possible customers.</p> - -<p>Photographs are best filed by mounting singly -or in groups on a standard size photo-mount board -11 by 14 inches and put into architectural size vertical -file drawers. A dry mount process by the use<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -of gum tissue and a hot iron is much to be preferred -to the ordinary method of mounting, as photographs -expand when wet and shrink in drying, thus subjecting -the mounting board to more or less warping -unless heavy pressure is used.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p063.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>A photo-mount board 11 by 14 inches in size. The title of the photograph -with date when taken is lettered across the top and the classification -number is shown in the upper left hand corner.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Photographs for business purposes may be filed -geographically or by subjects, according to the use -which is to be made of them. An engineering firm -building structures in different parts of the country -file their construction photographs under the name<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -of the state and city in which the work is done; all -the cities of a single state are arranged in alphabetical -order under the state name. The individual -photograph boards are numbered in accession order -which makes the photograph of latest date the highest -number under each city.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p064.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Form of entry on the index card to a photograph file</div> -</div> - -<p>In order to avoid writing the name of the state -and the name of the town on the corner of each photograph, -this particular library uses on each board -the Dewey Decimal Classification history number -for each state with the first letter of the name of -the city below this decimal number, to which is added -the accession number of the photograph. This combined -number is used on the corner of the index card<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -on which is also entered the name of the city followed -by the accession number of each board and -the title of the photograph with the date on which -the photograph was taken.</p> - -<p>Each photograph may be cataloged on a separate -card if desired and subject cards can also be made -to any photographs and filed alphabetically with the -geographical index cards.</p> - -<p>When subject filing of photographs is desired -the Dewey Decimal Classification subject number, or -a modification of that system, or the name of the -subject written out in full or the Cutter symbol for -it (which is described in Chapter VI), can be substituted -in place of the geographical classification -number.</p> - - -<h3>Lantern Slides</h3> - -<p>There are two methods of filing slides. One is -to file slides in a cabinet containing drawers similar -to a card catalog case, the slides being filed horizontally -rather than vertically. The other method is -to use a specially designed filing cabinet containing -sliding file leaves which pull out at right angles to -the cabinet, which is designed on the sectional unit -plan for growth; the leaves have each a capacity of -about fifty or sixty slides which are held in place -by means of channel grooves which provide for -examination of the slides without handling, and also -permit of quick removal of each slide as needed. -Complete descriptions of such cabinets may be obtained -from the Multiplex Display Fixture Company, -St. Louis, Missouri, and from G. S. Moler, 408 Uni<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span>versity -avenue, Ithaca, New York. Both makes have -been satisfactorily used by a number of business -organizations.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p066.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">The Moler lantern slide cabinet</div> -</div> - -<p>The drawer method of filing slides costs less -than the cabinet with sliding file leaves, and also -takes up less space. It has been found in the experience -of libraries handling large numbers of lantern -slides which are used freely that they are not as -fragile as they appear to be; they do not break easily -and can be fingered as rapidly as a card index file in -a similar drawer. A piece of white paper can be -easily slipped behind the slides in the drawers to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -bring out their details when they are being consulted.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p067.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Lantern slide cabinet made by Multiplex Display Fixture Co.</div> -</div> - -<p>Lantern slides may be classified and card indexed -for business purposes in the same way that -photographs are and care should be taken to have the -file number and title of the slide plainly lettered -along the top edge of the face of the slide.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p> - -<p>Collections of lantern slides for art and architectural -purposes require more elaborate classification -and cataloging but such requirements do not -come within the scope of this treatise.</p> - -<p>In some business libraries where the slides are -loaned out of the city it may be advisable to index -them on a 4 by 6 inch catalog card, instead of the -standard 3 by 5 inch card, in order to allow room to -paste on it a photograph of the lantern slide which -will show its detail when the slide itself is not -immediately available.</p> - - -<h3>Cuts</h3> - -<p>Half-tone, zinc and electrotype cuts may be -classified in the same way that photographs are but -filed in flat drawers. A reduced photograph of the -cut may be pasted on the index card similar to the -plan noted above for lantern slides.</p> - - -<h3>Maps</h3> - -<p>Business firms having large collections of maps -which need to be specially filed and recorded will find -helpful suggestions in a small pamphlet entitled -"Making Maps Available," by Beatrice Winser, published -by the American Library Association, 78 East -Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, price five cents.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - - -<p><b>Cook, G. L.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">A library of trade catalogs. Library journal May 1919, -p. 307-308.</p> - - -<p><b>Nourse, F. M.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Finding the needle in the haystack (photographs and -cuts). System Feb. 1919, p. 218.</p> - - -<p><b>Peck, E. E.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Trade catalog file. Library journal July 1919, p. 442.</p> - - -<p class="pindent"><b>Selection of trade publications</b> of manufacturing companies. -The booklist April 1919, p. 285.</p> - - -<p><b>Stokes, C. W.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Classification and filing of photographs. Printers' ink -August 3, 1916, p. 82-86.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI<br /><br /> - -<small>CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGING IN<br /> -BUSINESS LIBRARIES</small></h2> - - -<p>All books and pamphlets received by the business -library should be classified by subject, i. e., all -material on a given subject should be brought together -under the same subject number. The most -satisfactory working scheme of subject classification -which has yet been devised and which is most generally -used is the Dewey Decimal Classification, Edition -9, 1915, which can be purchased from the Library -Bureau, price $6.00. No subject classification -is perfect and the Dewey Decimal Classification will -not fit all business libraries equally well, but its elasticity -of form and its notation is such that any expansion -which may be required by the specialized -character of the business library may readily be -made by the trained librarian. The following list of -extensions to the Dewey Decimal Classification may -be of interest to engineers:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification -Applied to the Engineering Industries," by L. B. -Breckenridge and G. A. Goodenough, published in -University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station -Bulletin 9, revised edition, 1912.</p> - -<p>"Extension of Dewey Decimal System of Classification -to Cover Municipal Engineering," by R. De L. -French, in Canadian Engineer, Nov. 12, 1914.</p> - -<p>"Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification -to the Gas Industry," by D. S. Knauss, American -Gas Institute, October, 1914.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span></p> - -<p>"Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification -Applied to Metallurgy, Metallography and Assaying," -by R. M. Keeny, Colorado School of Mines -Quarterly, Golden, Colo., April, 1911.</p> - -<p>"Proposed Classification for an Engineering Library," -by E. H. Frick and Esther Raymond published by -American Society of Civil Engineers, 1916.</p></blockquote> - -<p>It must be remembered that business libraries -are small and the number of books and pamphlets to -be classified are few as compared with the enormous -collections in public libraries, so that the much discussed -question of new classifications which arises -periodically is not of so vital importance to the business -library as might appear, especially so when one -recognizes the importance of making an exhaustive -subject catalog to all material, which relieves the -business library from any undue difficulties in classification. -It will readily be seen that no subject classification -can bring together on the library shelves -all information on a subject, for the reason that some -books and pamphlets cover several well defined subjects -and the book can stand on the shelf in one subject -position only. Such difficulties are met most satisfactorily -by a subject catalog in which subject -entries are made under the most specific subject -heading and not under a broad term which includes -several well defined divisions of a general subject. -For example, a book on steam engines should be subject -cataloged under "Steam engines" and not under -"Engines," while a book on various kinds of engines -should be subject cataloged under "Engines" and not -under "Mechanical engineering." The book on engines, -if it treated of Marine engines, Gas engines<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a><br /><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> -and various other types could also have cards made -under those subjects in addition to the card which -was made under "Engines."</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p072a.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>The pamphlet noted above is filed under "Safety movement" and an entry -is made under the author's name for the card index, showing upon its -face the subject names under which subject index cards have been made</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p072b.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>If a pamphlet covers two or more subjects a subject card may be made -for each subject. The subject under which the pamphlet is filed is shown -by the Cutter book number. In this particular instance, the pamphlet is -placed in the file under "Safety movement."</p></div> -</div> - - -<p>This method permits of a book or pamphlet -being entered under any number of specific subjects -on which it gives information and thus the subject -catalog brings together all the information in the -library on a specific subject, although it may not -stand together on the shelves or in a vertical file.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p073.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Subject catalog card for Alphabetic-subject file</div> -</div> - - -<h3>Alphabetic-subject File</h3> - -<p>All material put into vertical files need not be -filed necessarily by a numerical subject classification -such as the Dewey Decimal Classification; on the -contrary a number of business libraries, which use -the Decimal Classification for material put on the -shelves, have organized most successful vertical files<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -of miscellaneous material, clippings, pamphlets, etc., -by the alphabetic-subject method. This simply means -that the material is assigned, instead of a subject -number, a specific subject name similar to that -put on a subject catalog card and is filed alphabetically -under that subject name written out -in full upon the folder, to which may be prefixed -a Cutter number assigned from the subject -name of the material. The Cutter number, primarily -designed to alphabet authors, is the first -letter of a word combined with certain figures, designed -to keep words in alphabetic order by their -initial letter and the figures following it. The Cutter -three figure alphabetic-order table, price $2.70, or -the Cutter-Sanborn alphabetic-order table, price -$3.00, both for sale by the Library Bureau, are -equally good for use in the alphabetic-subject file. -The Cutter two figure table may be used for a small -collection of material. No business firm should attempt -to install an alphabetical-subject file unless -the work is done under the direction of a trained -librarian who has had thorough training in cataloging -and in the assigning of subject headings. The -best information in print on the details of alphabetical-subject -filing for business libraries is to be -found in a pamphlet entitled "Pamphlets and Clippings -in the Business Library" by Virginia Fairfax, -published by the Journal of Electricity, San Francisco.</p> - -<p>The advantage in using a Cutter number is, that -it makes a convenient brief notation to use on the -material to be filed and on the catalog card to show<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -where the material is placed in the file. For temporary -files of ephemeral material both the Cutter number -and the card cataloging may be omitted. The alphabetic-subject -file obviates the difficulties which arise -when the business library finds it has material on -subjects for which the Dewey Decimal Classification -has not adequately provided.</p> - -<p>Printed information on corporations collected by -banking houses is most satisfactorily filed alphabetically -under the name of each corporation with sub-divisions -(i. e., mortgages, reports, etc.) under each -corporation name where necessary.</p> - - -<h3>Cataloging</h3> - -<p>Business men as a whole do not understand what -cataloging involves nor its supreme importance. Most -of them call it card indexing and think they have -provided amply for it when they have purchased a -card catalog cabinet and a supply of cards, without -realizing what someone has recently said in a business -periodical, that "the number of employes and -the generosity of mechanical equipment are not the -essentials of high grade production. Brains and -floor space are unrelated." A card catalog to be a -success, as a working tool, must be made according -to a code of standardized rules by some one who -has been thoroughly taught to use them. A code -of catalog rules given to a novice who attempts to -catalog by them without previous instruction will -yield about as satisfactory results as an automobile -does when it is operated by some one who has never -run one before, and whose only knowledge consists<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span> -of what he has read about it in a handbook. The truth -of this contention is apparent when one considers -that strict uniformity and accuracy must be maintained, -not only in making author entries but particularly -in making what the trained librarian calls -subject headings with "see" and "see also" references -which the business man is often heard to call -cross indexing. (See Hitchler, Cataloging for Small -Libraries, Chapters 5 and 6.) Cataloging must be as -accurate as bookkeeping; a wrong figure, a mis-filed -card or the entry of information under an incorrect -subject, makes the catalog as useless as trying to -unlock a door with a key that does not fit. The -American Library Association, 78 East Washington -Street, Chicago, Illinois, has issued a valuable list of -suggestive "Subject Headings for Use in a Dictionary -Catalog," third edition, price $2.50, which indicates -proper terminology with cross references, and -to which each business library will probably make -many subject additions to suit its specific needs. The -subject headings used in the "Readers' Guide to -Periodical Literature" and the "Industrial Arts Index," -mentioned in a previous chapter, are also of -help to the business library in determining adequate -subject headings for the card catalog. The ability to -assign subject headings and cross references correctly -requires both broad knowledge and a high -degree of training and is one of the important assets -which the business librarian derives from a library -school education.</p> - -<p>For the benefit of small offices which have a limited -collection of material and will need to do very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -little cataloging or indexing, the sample author and -subject cards are given to illustrate correct form.</p> - -<p>Further helpful suggestions can be obtained -from Hitchler's Cataloging for Small Libraries, published -by the American Library Association, 78 East -Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, price $1.25.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p077.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Form of author card</div> -</div> - -<p>The Library of Congress publishes catalog cards -printed on the standard 3 by 5 inch card, one form of -card only for each book, namely the author or main -entry card, with suggestive subject headings printed -at the bottom. To this card, if purchased, may be -added the classification number of the book in the -particular business library, and additional cards may -be bought on which may be put the subject headings. -Not many business libraries have made use of these -printed cards issued by the Library of Congress, -because business library material is so limited and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -specialized in selection that not enough Library of -Congress catalog cards can be used to make it worth -while to spend time in checking up what cards the -Library of Congress issues, which can be used by the -business library. The business library is always in -a hurry to have its material cataloged and put on the -shelves at once, and ordering and waiting for receipt -of Library of Congress cards does not generally permit -of quick enough work.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p078.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Form of subject card</div> -</div> - -<p>It is advisable that the card catalogs to material -in the business library should be, as far as possible, -alphabeted together in a single file, because information -on a subject found in a book is cataloged under -a specific subject heading, information on the same -subject found in a periodical article is entered under -the same subject heading as that used for the information -in the book, and the same subject heading is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -used in the card catalog for the material which, -because of its form, is put into the vertical file. The -filing of these three subject cards together instead -of in three separate card catalogs, namely, to books, -periodicals and vertical file material, will show at -once what the library has on that particular subject -with a saving of time in consultation, as well as eliminating -the risk of forgetting to look in three separate -catalogs when investigating a subject, and -avoiding the danger of mis-filing a card in a wrong -catalog. If desired, references to periodical articles -and vertical file material may be put on colored cards -to show more quickly the disposition of the material -in the library. Photographs, lantern slides, cuts and -maps are best cared for by a separate card catalog -to each file.</p> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - - -<p><b>Colegrove, M. E. & McVety, M. A.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">List of subject headings for information file. Elm tree -press, Woodstock, Vt. (Modern American library economy -series).</p> - - -<p><b>Dana, J. C.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Color and position filing. Elm tree press, Woodstock, Vt. -(Modern American library economy series).</p> - - -<p><b>Dickey, P. A.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Care of pamphlets and clippings in libraries. H. W. Wilson -& Company, New York City.</p> - - -<p><b>Fairfax, Virginia</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Pamphlets and clippings in the business library; pamphlet -printed by Journal of Electricity, San Francisco.</p> - - -<p><b>Krause, L. B.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Engineers' technical file. Engineering record Dec. 18, -1915, p. 760-61.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p> - -<p><b>Krause, L. B.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Indexing data on stream flow and rainfall. Engineering -record Jan. 31, 1914, p. 140-41.</p> - - -<p><b>McVety, M. A. & Colegrove, M. E.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Vertical file. Elm tree press, Woodstock, Vt. (Modern -American library economy).</p> - - -<p><b>Ovitz, D. G.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The "Readers' Guide" and the vertical file. H. W. Wilson -Company, New York City.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII<br /><br /> - -<small>MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE<br /> -BUSINESS LIBRARY</small></h2> - - -<p>It is the purpose of this chapter to give an outline -of the equipment required by the business library -to do its work adequately. Some business men make -the mistake of thinking that the mechanical equipment -which they purchase will make a satisfactory -library, while others put their faith in employing a -librarian who they expect will create library service -with the expenditure of very little money for -facilities and tools for carrying on the work.</p> - -<p>Both opinions are wrong, for the business library -needs adequate equipment with which to perform -acceptable service quite as much as it does a skillful -librarian.</p> - - -<h3>Floor Space and Shelving</h3> - -<p>No business firm should consider establishing -library service unless it is willing to provide suitable -space for it, for the best librarian in the country -cannot give satisfactory service with books and material -scattered in various places, wedged in tightly -and stored on top shelves or in storerooms where -there is not quick access to them.</p> - -<p>The writer knows of several business firms, who -from lack of sufficient library space store their periodicals, -and as far as any real use is concerned -they might as well not have them. Often the plea<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -of lack of floor space is a superficial reason and only -indicative of the fact that the firm is following a -short sighted policy and has not really waked up to -the tremendous value of having such material in -order and readily accessible.</p> - -<p>In selecting the floor space for a business library -a square or oblong portion of space without columns -or jogs in the walls is preferable, as it permits of the -most economical arrangement in putting in the required -fixtures. Good daylight is of course most -desirable but if this is not possible, care should be -taken to have artificial light of high grade which -can easily be provided by a system of indirect electric -lighting supplemented by drop lights wherever -necessary.</p> - -<p>The library floor space should be completely -covered with cork carpet both for cleanliness and -quiet, and it should be laid before any shelving is -set, in order to avoid cuts and seams which catch -dirt and also look bad if the carpet is laid after immovable -fittings have been installed.</p> - -<p>In placing shelving for books, the most economical -and compact arrangement is the stack plan, i.e., -double faced bookcases set at right angles to a wall -space and as close together as possible, but allowing -ready access by narrow aisles not less than thirty -inches wide between the tiers. The remaining wall -space may be utilized by vertical files or wall shelving -to supplement the capacity of the stack layout, -but no business library of any considerable size -should be laid out on the plan of wall shelving only, -as it is a most unnecessary waste of space.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p083.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Single face unit wood shelving showing adjustable features. -By courtesy of the Library Bureau.</div> -</div> - -<p>The space assigned for the business library -should be primarily selected to accomplish best the -work the library is designed to do, and this principle -is entirely compatible with a dignified and attractive -library layout, if it is done by someone who has -both a knowledge of the work of the library and of -the most approved library equipment. The floor -plans of three business libraries are shown to illustrate -the economical placing of shelves, vertical files -and furniture in a given space.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p084.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Adjustable metal stack, 7 feet 6 inches in height, with shelves 3 feet long -and 8 inches wide. By courtesy of the Library Bureau.</div> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p> - -<p>Shall the library stack be wood or metal, open -or enclosed with glass, and shall it have fixed or -adjustable book shelves? Open metal stack, 7 feet -6 inches in height, with 7 adjustable shelves, 3 feet -long, eight or 10 inches wide, in each tier, or open -wood stack of the unit type, 6 feet 10 inches high, -with adjustable shelves are both suitable, with a -preference for wood, because it ordinarily costs less -and looks better in a small library room. Some business -offices which have only a few books are using -wood bookcase units with sliding glass doors. These -answer the purpose for very small collections in private -offices, but if there is to be any real growth they -constitute too great an expense in proportion to -the number of books shelved, and are not economical -in saving floor space. Even when such wooden units -are placed together in double stack form they are not -comparable in economy with metal or open wood -stack because they are less durable, hold a less number -of books per shelf, can not safely be built up to -as great a height and do not save space by having -adjustable shelves for books of varying heights. -Glass doors to bookcases in a live business library are -a pest and the only service which they really perform -in keeping out a little dust does not compensate -for their added expense especially when dust can -be readily removed from open shelves by the use -of a vacuum cleaner.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p086.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Plan No. 1 (850 square feet) has three windows at one end of the room and the librarian's desk, -reading table, vertical files and card catalog cabinet are placed advantageously near these windows for -good daylight. There is room also for additional desks near the windows.</p> - -<p>Book stacks are placed at right angles to the windows at the rear of the room but require artificial -light. The remaining wall space is used for wall stacks.</p> -</div> -</div> - - -<p>The best method for a business firm to pursue -in acquiring the most suitable and best arranged -shelving for a library is to have their librarian ask -one or two reputable firms making a specialty of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a><br /><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> -library fittings to furnish drawings, descriptions -and prices of their stack, and also make suggestions -as to its best arrangement in a given floor space. -The trained librarian who has been educated in the -details of good and poor equipment and who knows -what an adequate layout should be, will readily point -out the merits and weaknesses of the specifications -in regard to standardization, simplicity and price. -It is always economical to equip even the smallest -business library with a high grade standard make of -shelving, which will never have to be discarded as -the library grows, and which can always be matched -when additional shelving needs to be purchased.</p> - -<p>It must be remembered also that the business -library is often not permanently located in a particular -space because the layouts of all offices of business -organizations are subject to change, due to growth -in the business, and therefore library shelving which -is well made, and of standard parts and which can -be moved readily as occasion demands is most desirable.</p> - - -<h3>Vertical Files</h3> - -<p>The floor space for the business library should -not only provide for adequate shelving, but should -allow for vertical files and their growth. The value -of adequate vertical filing equipment can not be over-estimated, -because so much of the working material -in the business library must be kept in vertical files. -It is essential that drawers move easily and quietly -and do not get out of order, as this affords a great -saving in labor as well as quick service for the busy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a><br /><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a><br /><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> -man who wants the contents at his immediate disposal.</p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p088.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Plan No. 2 (700 square feet) has two windows at the end of the room but requires a different layout -from Plan No. 1 because of the dimensions of the room.</p> - -<p>The narrow width of the room makes it impossible to place all of the vertical files near the daylight. -The layout is an exception to the general principle that book stacks should be placed at right angles to -windows, because the room is too long and narrow to permit of any daylight penetrating the aisles between -the stacks if so placed, and a more economical arrangement is effected by placing the book stacks at -right angles to a wall.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p089.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>Plan No. 3 (600 square feet) showing two small rooms at right angles opening into each other -with three windows in each room.</p> - -<p>The first room is used for the librarian's desk, vertical files, card catalog cabinet and one wall -stack for reference books, while the second room is used for the book stacks which are set at right angles -to the windows thereby giving ample daylight between the stacks without the necessity of artificial lighting. -Wall stacks are also used where possible to complete the capacity of the room.</p> -</div> -</div> - - -<p>The first room is used for the librarian's desk, vertical files, card catalog cabinet and one wall -stack for reference books, while the second room is used for the book stacks which are set at right angles -to the windows thereby giving ample daylight between the stacks without the necessity of artificial lighting. -Wall stacks are also used where possible to complete the capacity of the room.]</p> - -<p>There are a large variety of makes of vertical -files which are bewildering to the average purchaser -in their rival claims for superiority. What the purchaser -needs as a guide is not a long list of all the -makes of filing cabinets on the market but a brief -comment on the kinds of cases which are worth -while and the reasons why they are satisfactory.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p090.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>These four styles of unit vertical files in wood are the same height and -depth and permit of additions by the removal of the ends. They are the -most suitable kind of files for business library work.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>In order to allow for growth, filing cabinets of -the unit type only should be considered, as this type -provides for expansion by the addition of new units,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> -for flexibility, in that the units may be easily rearranged -as new units are added, and for economy of -space in that the greatest variety of drawers or -files will occupy minimum floor space.</p> - -<p>There are two kinds of unit filing cabinets, -namely, the horizontal type in which cabinets are -placed one on top of the other, with removable top, -and the vertical type in which units are placed side -by side, with detachable ends.</p> - -<p>Excellent illustrations of the various useful -combinations possible with both types may be found -in the trade catalog of the Library Bureau, entitled -"Unit Filing Cabinets in Wood."</p> - -<p>The mechanical operation of all file drawers -should be the best obtainable. Trays should be rigidly -made and yet light enough to be easily handled. -Vertical filing drawers should be mounted on roller -bearing slides in order that they may run easily -when loaded, for as one manufacturer states, "The -efficiency of every card and filing system depends -directly on the ease and precision of the mechanical -operation."</p> - -<p>If wood cabinets are selected, care should be -taken that these are purchased from a manufacturer -who will guarantee that the woods used are well -seasoned and perfectly kiln-dried so that there will -be no shrinking, swelling or warping. These are -necessary qualifications which can not be assured -when purchasing the lower priced cases on the market.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/illus_p092.jpg" alt="" /> -<div class="caption">Double face unit wood shelving, 6 feet 10 inches high with adjustable -shelves, 3 feet long and 8 inches wide. By courtesy of the Library Bureau.</div> -</div> - -<p>Wood cases are preferable to steel for library -use, not only because of the appearance, but also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a><br /><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> -because they are less noisy. Steel cabinets, despite -the rubber protectors or buffers which do not wear -for any length of time, are noisy. The fire resisting -qualities of steel are negligible as an argument for -their use in the average business library.</p> - - -<h3>Card Catalog Cabinets and Cards</h3> - -<p>All card cabinets for library use should be made -for the standard centimeter size library catalog card -which is approximately 3 by 5 inches and should be -purchased with round rods to pass through the -lower margin of the card, so that the cards can not -be accidentally spilled out or carelessly removed and -misplaced.</p> - -<p>A good quality of card should be selected, for experience -proves it is a waste of time and money to -put permanent records on a poor grade of cards; -guides with celluloid tips are more durable than -bristle board ones.</p> - -<p>The best cards on the market have both evenly -cut edges and sufficient stiffness to permit rapid -fingering and are made of durable stock. These -points are particularly emphasized because one of the -faults of many business offices is the buying of cheap -card supplies without taking into consideration the -reason why more expensive cards are really the most -economical.</p> - -<p>No matter by whom the equipment and supplies -of a business organization are ordered, the business -librarian should always have the privilege of specifying -grades and makes if the best results are to be -obtained. It is never advisable for the sake of gen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span>eral -office uniformity to force supplies upon the business -library which are not best suited for its work, -and the librarian is always the best judge of the most -suitable ones by reason of trained judgment, and experience.</p> - -<p>The ordering of books and periodicals should -always be done by the librarian, who is thoroughly -acquainted with the publishing field, and under no -circumstances by the general purchasing department -of an organization.</p> - -<p>A few well known firms dealing in library supplies -are as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Democrat Printing Co., (supplies) Madison, Wis.</p> - -<p>Gaylord Brothers, (supplies) Syracuse, N. Y. This -firm makes a variety of pamphlet binders which are much -used by many business libraries and are well worth investigating.</p> - -<p>Library Bureau, (equipment and supplies) New York -City, Chicago and branches in other cities.</p> - -<p>Art Metal Construction Co., (equipment) Jamestown, -N. Y. and branches in other cities.</p> - -<p>Refer also to advertisers in the periodicals, "Library -Journal" and "Public Libraries," which may be seen at the -Public Library.</p></blockquote> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - -<p><b>Leffingwell, W. H.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The office through a microscope. National efficiency quarterly -August 1918, p. 85-111.</p> - - -<p><b>Library Bureau</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Library supplies catalog no. L1018.</p> - -<p class="pindent">Unit wood book shelving catalog no. 70314.</p> - -<p class="pindent">Unit filing cabinets in wood catalog no. 8929.</p> - -<p class="pindent">Steel book stack catalog no. 70814.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII<br /><br /> - -<small>REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY</small></h2> - - -<p>All business organizations, whether they employ -a librarian or not, have need of some reference books -for general information as well as for special information -along the lines of their individual work. If a -librarian is not employed the reference books are -not so valuable as they might be, because there is -generally no one at hand so skilled in manipulating -their indexes and contents, that the exact information -required is immediately forthcoming; for it is in -the field of reference books particularly that the -business librarian acts as "Open Sesame" to the -business man. The ability to find information is a -matter of training; it does not suffice merely to possess -books or to be told of existing resources. This -truth was stated in a homely fashion some time ago -by a practical engineering journal, which said:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Books are just as much engineering tools as wrenches, -hammers, or cold chisels, and it takes practice to successfully -manipulate them. We have all probably laughed at the novice's -first attempt to use a monkey wrench, a can can be -just as clumsy with the books that he consults to assist him -in solving his problems. Just as it took considerable time to -acquire skill in handling tools about the plant, it also takes -a lot of time to acquire the knack of getting information out -of books," or to state the case in the words of the founder -of the famous Poole's index system, "The facile proficiency in -the use of books does not come by intuition."</p></blockquote> - -<p>It is the purpose of this chapter to make some -practical comments on the best reference books for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> -business libraries, from which each individual business -library can make a selection according to its -special needs.</p> - -<p>The list aims to include only such reference -books as have been found to be of actual use, and to -exclude all references to books which although excellent -in their lines, have no place in the work of -the business library, and no further apology will be -made for their omission.</p> - - -<h3>Bibliographies</h3> - -<p>No attempt is made to describe bibliographically -the books listed. This has been well done for most -of them in <b>Kroeger's Guide to the Study of Reference -Books</b>, third edition, published by the American -Library Association, 78 East Washington Street, -Chicago, 1917, price $2.50. The few business men -who have time to give to the detailed study of reference -books will find this guide an authoritative treatise -on the subject, and on file at the Public Library. -Another useful aid in the selection of books for business -libraries, both reference books and books on -general business subjects, is entitled <b>2400 Business -Books</b>, third edition, issued by the H. W. Wilson -Company, New York City, 1920, price $5.00. This -volume is very useful in showing what literature is -in print on various business subjects, but as the -entries are not annotated it is not a guide to the -relative value of the books listed.</p> - -<p>Three excellent lists of worth while books on -business subjects are <b>A Select List of Books for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -Business Libraries</b>, by Paul H. Nystrom in "National -Efficiency Quarterly," May, 1918, <b>A White List of -Business Books</b>, by John Cotton Dana, printed serially -in "The Nation's Business," November, 1917-July, -1919, and <b>Five Hundred Business Books</b> published -by American Library Association 1919.</p> - -<p>Some publishers of business books whose catalogs -may be had for the asking are as follows:</p> - -<p class="pindent"> -D. Appleton & Company, New York City.<br /> -Macmillan Company, New York City.<br /> -Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.<br /> -Ronald Press, New York City.<br /> -A. W. Shaw Company, Chicago, Ill.<br /> -</p> - -<p>Two bibliographies on financial and economic -subjects of value to business men are <b>The Stock -Exchange Business</b> and <b>Corporation Finance and Investment</b>, -published by The Investment Bankers Association -of America, 111 West Monroe Street, Chicago, -price $1.10 each.</p> - - -<h3>Selecting Reference Books</h3> - -<p>In selecting reference books for a business library -it is wise to keep in mind the following facts. It does -not necessarily follow that because a book is printed -on a subject it is therefore authoritative and worth -while purchasing. Examine and test the credentials -for worthiness of every reference book carefully. Even -the best reference books fall down at some point and -must be used with judgment. No matter how excellent -a reference book appears to be in its accuracy -and completeness, remember it is of no value to -the business library unless that library has particular -use for it. It is almost as serious a fault in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -a business library to have more books than are -needed as it is to have too few books to meet the -needs. A good purchasing rule to follow, is to buy -only after it has been clearly demonstrated that the -library has no book which will give certain information -desired, for it has been found that a few well -selected reference books will answer a multitude of -questions, and some of the business libraries doing -the best work have comparatively few working tools -of this class. It must be remembered also that it -is not sufficient to buy a copy of an annual publication -once, but that the latest edition must be purchased -each year in order that the information may -be kept strictly up to date.</p> - - -<h3>Dictionaries</h3> - -<p>The first and foremost reference book which a -business office needs is an English dictionary, for -the men who dictate and the stenographers who -write reports and letters must have an authoritative -source to which they can turn for definitions, spelling, -synonyms, hyphenation and pronunciation.</p> - -<p>The two best single volume dictionaries, costing -about sixteen dollars each, are the latest editions of -the <b>Standard Dictionary</b>, published by Funk and -Wagnalls, and <b>Webster's New International Dictionary</b>, -published by Merriam. Of these two dictionaries -the preference of many scholars is for Webster, -although the Standard is considered most excellent -on present day words and their meanings. One of -the drawbacks in using Webster hurriedly is the -divided page. In the upper part of the page the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> -main words of the language are given, and in the -lower part in smaller type are given the minor words, -foreign phrases and abbreviations.</p> - -<p>In an office which prepares a great deal of advertising -material, or "copy" for publication, a thesaurus -dictionary will be very useful. <b>March's Thesaurus -Dictionary of the English Language</b>, Philadelphia -Historical Publishing Company, "designed to -suggest immediately any desired word to express -exactly a given idea; a dictionary of synonyms, antonyms, -idioms, foreign phrases, pronunciation, a -copious correlation of words," may be purchased for -$15.00, if an elaborate dictionary of this kind is to -be desired. <b>Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and -Phrases</b> may be purchased in several editions, prices -$1.25 up to $2.00.</p> - -<p>The business library will do well to provide a -few books on business English, punctuation, capitalization, -abbreviations and correspondence forms, -a few of which are the following:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="hang"><b>Vizetelly Desk Book of Errors in English</b>, New York, -Funk & Wagnalls, $1.00.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Putnam's Correspondence Handbook</b>, New York, Putnam, -$1.75.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Lewis Business English</b>, Chicago, LaSalle Extension -University, $1.40.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>Manley & Powell Manual for Writers</b>, University of -Chicago Press, $1.25.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>University of Chicago Manual of Style</b>, University of -Chicago Press, $1.50.</p> - -<p class="hang"><b>United States Public Printer Style Book</b>, a compilation -of rules governing executive, congressional and departmental -printing, Washington, Superintendent of -Documents, $0.15.</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span></p> - -<p>If a business library finds it needs any foreign -language dictionaries, possibly French and Spanish, -bilingual ones can be obtained in one volume editions -from any first class book dealer at a cost of not more -than $3.00 a volume.</p> - - -<h3>Encyclopedias</h3> - -<p>The new edition of the Century Dictionary and -Cyclopedia is a luxury for a business organization -and need not be considered in this list, but the business -library must have a general encyclopedia, and -the best one for the American business office is -without doubt the <b>New International Encyclopedia</b>, -published by Dodd, Mead and Company in 23 volumes, -latest edition 1916. Price bound in library -buckram, $7.50 per volume.</p> - -<p>Its advantages for business use over the new -edition of the much recently advertised <b>Encyclopedia -Britannica</b>, are that the point of view of the -articles covers American needs better, that all information -is alphabeted under the most specific subject -word, so that no index volume has to be consulted -as is the case in using the Britannica, and that there -are ample "see" references, if the subject looked up -is entered under a different terminology.</p> - -<p>In regard to its authority, comprehensiveness, -illustrations, maps and bibliographical references at -the end of the articles, the New International ranks -in the first class of encyclopedia productions. It can -be purchased printed on the much exploited India -paper if the saving of shelf space means more to the -business office than does the rapid turning of leaves.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -The India paper leaves are apt to stick together and -also crumple easily. The most desirable binding is -library buckram rather than flexible leather, which -some business libraries have been unwise enough to -purchase. Dodd, Mead and Company also issue an -excellent annual encyclopedia entitled the <b>New International -Year Book</b>, as a supplement to the New -International Encyclopedia, which brings the Encyclopedia -down to date at a cost of $6.50 per volume.</p> - -<p><b>The World Almanac and Encyclopedia</b>, published -for the New York World both in cloth and paper -binding at 50 and 35 cents per volume, is an invaluable -addition to the business library, no matter how -well supplied it may be with pretentious encyclopedias. -It is strong on statistics of all kinds which -are brought down to date and contains a wide range -of miscellaneous information which cannot be found -readily in more expensive handbooks. It has an excellent -index and is generally the best book to consult -in a hurry in answering the many miscellaneous -questions which arise in a business office. It has -been estimated that it will answer 25% of the -questions which come up in every day business experience.</p> - -<p><b>Lippincott's New Gazetteer of the World</b>, a geographical -dictionary, Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1906, -price $10.00, is useful but much out of date in its -statistics.</p> - -<p>The United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic -Commerce publishes each year the <b>Statistical -Abstract of the United States</b> at 50 cents per volume, -paper binding, or it may be had in cloth. This ab<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>stract -gives tabulated statistics covering a number -of years on the natural resources and various economic -activities of the United States. This Bureau -also publishes annually a valuable volume of statistics -entitled <b>Foreign Commerce and Navigation of -the United States</b>, which gives statistics of imports -and exports of different classes of merchandise with -rates of duty, quantities and value.</p> - -<p>For commercial, political and statistical information -about foreign countries the <b>Statesman's -Year Book</b>, a British publication issued annually by -Macmillan, at $7.50 per volume, is a valuable addition -to any business library. It also gives a list of -the best books on each country and its most important -government publications, and includes a list of -books relating to the war and a diary of its principal -events. Maps of the different countries are also -included.</p> - -<p><b>The American Newspaper Annual</b>, a directory -published by Ayer and Son, Philadelphia, price -$10.00, gives a list of all newspapers and periodicals -published in the United States and territories, Canada, -Cuba, West Indies, arranged by states and cities, -with maps of the states and information about the -industries and institutions of each city. It gives the -population of cities and towns of the United States -and Canada whose population is over 3,000. It lists -all publications in foreign languages printed in different -states of the United States and also gives -a list of trade papers for certain industries. A mid-year -supplement is free to subscribers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p> - -<p><b>Rand McNally's Commercial Atlas of America</b>, -published annually, price $35.00, is the best atlas of -its kind on the market for a business office. The -maps are indexed, and information on population, -express offices, United States money order stations -and the railroads of each town and city are given. -This atlas has maps of the largest cities. Steamship -and interurban lines are also shown.</p> - -<p>Another valuable guide is the <b>Official Hotel Red -Book and Directory</b> of the United States, Canada, -Mexico, Cuba, Hawaii, West Indies and South American -cities, published annually by the Official Hotel -Red Book and Directory Company, New York City, -price $6.00. This guide lists hotels under cities with -brief notes on accommodations and rates.</p> - -<p>Another similar guide is <b>American Travel and -Hotel Directory</b>, published annually by Harold W. -Phillips, 1133 Broadway, New York City, at $5.00 -per volume.</p> - -<p><b>The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam -Navigation Lines</b> of the United States, Porto Rico, -Canada, Mexico, Cuba, also time tables of railroads -in Central America, is published monthly by the -National Railway Publication Company, New York -City, $14.00 per year. It gives the current time -tables in effect and the maps of the various railroads -with indexes of their stations, and a general alphabetical -index of all railway stations in the United -States, Canada, Mexico, showing on what railroads -a given place is located, with a similar index for -points reached by water routes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p> - -<p><b>United States Official Post Office Guide</b>, issued -annually with eleven monthly supplements at $1.00 -per year, gives information about mail rates and post -office rulings, and also gives a complete list of the -post offices in the United States.</p> - -<p>The business library will find it helpful to obtain -a single volume published by the Census Bureau -entitled <b>Abstract of the Thirteenth Census of the -United States, 1910</b>, which may be procured from -the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., -at the cost of $1.00. This abstract gives in condensed -form with explanatory text, statistics to be -found in the eleven volumes report of the 1910 census -covering population, agriculture, manufactures -and mining of the United States as a whole, individual -states and principal cities. This abstract volume -is issued in special editions for each state of the -United States, which give special statistics pertaining -to that state.</p> - -<p>In regard to population figures, it is probably -not generally known that the Census Bureau has -issued bulletins giving estimates of the population of -cities for each year subsequent to 1910, so that population -figures for 1910 need not be considered as -the latest official figures available. The 1920 census -is being compiled as this volume goes to press.</p> - -<p>The reference collection of a business library -must be strong in books which will serve as directories -of persons and industries, in order to answer -questions on "who is who" and "where and what" -are certain business organizations. The important -point for consideration in selecting directories for a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> -business library is that they must be not only accurate -but as nearly up-to-date as possible, to be of -real value.</p> - -<p><b>Who's Who in America</b>, a biographical dictionary -of notable living men and women of the United -States, giving brief biographical data and addresses -of over twenty thousand Americans prominent in -business and public affairs, professional life, or as -authors, published biennially by A. N. Marquis and -Company, Chicago, $7.50 per volume.</p> - -<p>There are also similar brief biographical dictionaries -published for certain states and cities which -will be well known to the public libraries in those -particular localities, and which will not be listed here -as they are not of general interest to all localities; -for example, <b>The Book of Chicagoans</b>, <b>Who's Who in -New England</b>, <b>Directory of Directors in the City of -New York</b>.</p> - -<p>Every business library will need the latest edition -of the <b>Congressional Directory</b>, as all business -firms have at some time correspondence with, or -need information on, congressmen, committees, departments -and bureaus of the Government, also -diplomatic and consular service. This volume may -be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, -Washington, D. C., for 60 cents, in cloth -binding.</p> - -<p>The membership lists of national organizations -representing different professions and industries are -also very valuable, such as the membership of the -American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American -Society of Civil Engineers, and other associa<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span>tions -devoted to business interests as well as to professional -work. The city directory and telephone -list of any community must not be forgotten as helpful -reference aids, also state gazetteers, and the collection -of directories of various cities to be found at -the public library will be found most useful.</p> - -<p>G. P. Putnam Sons, New York City, publish a -handbook called <b>Directory of Mailing Lists, Obtainable -in Book or Pamphlet Form</b>, price $2.50, which -tells where printed mailing lists of certain industries -or classes of people may be obtained free or at a -reasonable price.</p> - -<p><b>Public Affairs Information Service</b>, a weekly or -bi-monthly cumulated service, according to the needs -of subscribers, and cumulating in an annual volume, -published by the H. W. Wilson Company, New York -City, is a subject index to articles in current periodicals, -pamphlets and books covering current economic -problems. Price upon application. It is a valuable -index to consult at the public library, as it is too expensive -for the small business library.</p> - -<p><b>Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers</b>—"first -hands in all lines"—is an indispensable directory. -It is published annually by the Thomas Publishing -Company, New York City, price $15.00. The -entries are in three main sections. The first section -classifies the manufacturers according to their products, -in an alphabetical subject list; the second section -lists the manufacturers alphabetically by their -names, gives addresses, branch offices and officials -for many of them; the third section lists all the -popular trade names alphabetically, and there is an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -alphabetical index of subjects at the beginning of -the volume, with plentiful cross references to all the -subjects listed in section one.</p> - -<p><b>Hendricks' Commercial Register of the United -States</b> is similar to Thomas' Register, but is especially -devoted to the interests of contracting and construction -industries. It is published annually by S. -E. Hendricks Company, New York City, price $12.50.</p> - -<p>Exporters and importers will find most useful, -<b>Kelly's Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers and -Shippers of the World</b>, 1921, Kelly Publishing Company, -70 Fifth Avenue, New York City, price $20.00.</p> - -<p>The organization, personnel of management, -earnings and financial history of industrial corporations -in the United States are given in <b>Moody's -Manual of Railroad & Corporation Securities</b>, published -annually by Poor's Publishing Company, New -York City. The publisher expects to issue the 1921 -edition in four volumes as follows:</p> - -<p class="pindent"> -Vol. I—Railroads.<br /> -Vol. II—Public Utilities.<br /> -Vol. III—Industrials.<br /> -Vol. IV—Mining and Oil Companies.<br /> -</p> - -<p>The 1921 price will probably be $15.00 per -volume.</p> - -<p><b>Moody's Analyses of Investments</b> is published in -four parts as follows:</p> - -<p class="pindent"> -Part I—Steam Railroads.<br /> -Part II—Industrials.<br /> -Part III—Public Utilities.<br /> -Part IV—Government and Municipals.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p> - -<p>These volumes cover much the same ground as -the manuals just noted with the addition of ratings. -They are published by John Moody, 35 Nassau street, -New York City, at $15.00 per volume.</p> - -<p><b>The Manual of Statistics Stock Exchange Handbook</b>, -similar in contents to the Poor & Moody volumes -but not as full, is published annually by The -Manual Statistics Company, New York City, at -$12.00 per volume.</p> - -<p><b>Investment Bankers and Brokers of America</b>, -issued annually by Sites Publishing Company, 441 -Pearl Street, New York City, $17.50 per volume, is a -useful directory to be used to supplement <b>Rand McNally -Bankers' Directory</b>, issued semi-monthly in -January and July, Chicago, price $25.00 per year, or -the <b>Bankers' Encyclopedia</b>, issued semi-annually in -March and September, New York, price $10.00 per -volume.</p> - -<p><b>Money and Investments</b>, by Montgomery Rollins, -"a reference book for the use of those desiring -information in the handling of money or the investment -thereof," is an excellent dictionary of financial -terms, published by Financial Publishing Company, -Boston, Mass., edition 4, price $3.00.</p> - -<p>For the business firm who wishes to keep up to -the minute on the latest information of what is -going on in the world as affecting trade and finance, -the Standard Statistics Company, 47 West street, -New York City, issues <b>Standard Daily Trade Service</b> -at a cost of $120.00 per year, which delivers each -morning by first class mail a conveniently indexed -and itemized digest of the important news regarding<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> -crops, commodities, countries, legislation, taxation, -Federal trade regulation, transportation, etc., and in -addition gives the subscriber the benefit of a Personal -Service department for special information of -value to him individually which does not appear on -the daily report sheet.</p> - -<p>In addition to the Daily Trade Service, the -Standard Statistics Company also issues a similar -daily service entitled <b>Corporation News Service</b>, -which summarizes all the corporation news of the -country. It also issues a <b>Corporation Card and Bond -Card Service</b> which furnish daily revised card descriptions -of corporations and bond issues.</p> - -<p>The <b>Federal Trade Information Service</b>, 31 Nassau -street, New York City, is similar in frequency -and form of issue to the standard Daily Trade Service -but is not as comprehensive in scope, as it covers -only the activities of the Federal Government.</p> - -<p>There is scarcely any industry which has not -put out a reference handbook or directory covering -its special field, and it is impossible in a brief treatise -to list all of the reference books which pertain to a -large number of industries. The best printed list -from which to determine what directories and handbooks -have been issued for certain industries is -<b>2400 Business Books</b>, which has been previously -noted. Consult also the trade journals, and above -all, do not forget to use the reference facilities to be -found at the public library.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX<br /><br /> - -<small>THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE<br /> -BUSINESS LIBRARIAN</small></h2> - - -<p>Thoughtful consideration of what the business -library does will inevitably lead to one conclusion, -namely, that the librarian, who is the director and -inspiration of the work, must have greater educational -qualifications than can be found in the average -office employe who is engaged either in the capacity -of stenographer or file clerk. The qualifications -which are necessary to make a successful business -librarian may be definitely stated as follows:</p> - -<p class="pindent"> -1. A college education or its equivalent.<br /> -2. A library school education or its equivalent.<br /> -3. Certain innate mental and social traits.<br /> -4. The business man's point of view.<br /> -</p> - - -<h3>1. A College Education or Its Equivalent</h3> - -<p>The business librarian, no matter how well educated, -will never have a superabundance of knowledge -for the prosecution of the task, for the ramifications -of business subjects are innumerable and -touch the sum total of human knowledge; and while -no one person can be master of all subjects, yet a -college education, and the mental training which it -implies, should give not only a wider knowledge, but -a power of adaptability and versatility in working<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -with information, which constitute an indispensable -asset in the prosecution of business library work.</p> - -<p>The type of college graduate who makes the -best business librarian is the one who is able to -exercise a high degree of concentration, think clearly -and quickly, analyze subjects, understand cause and -effects, make logical deductions and wise discriminations, -express ideas clearly and to the point, and be -able to discuss intelligently the information which -he passes along to the business man.</p> - -<p>It is only just to state at this point that some -college graduates do not measure up to the standards -which have been indicated, and that there are -many well-educated men and women without college -degrees who do; every man or woman must be judged -on the basis of individual merit. A business organization, -however, can make no more serious mistake -than to think it can put its library work into the -hands of some one of limited education, who, -although he knows the work of the particular business -by long apprenticeship, has not the important -requisite of a larger point of view which is the result -of a broad education, no matter by what means -obtained.</p> - -<p>W. H. Cameron, when general manager of the -National Safety Council, writing of library work as -an aid to that organization, stated the facts exactly -when he said: "The problem of the industry, the -application of the library's information, the method -of presentation and the utility of the service, all -require trained minds."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p> - - -<h3>2. A Library School Education or Its Equivalent</h3> - -<p>A liberal education, however, is not sufficient in -itself to make a business librarian, unless that education -has included the second requisite in the list of -qualifications, namely, education in approved methods -of library science, according to the standards -taught by accredited library schools.</p> - -<p>What is meant by library science, and why is it -necessary that a business librarian should be trained -in it, in order to do adequately the work of the business -library? Library science is the standardization -of the most approved methods of doing library work, -based on the results of many years of study and -practical experiment by librarians of large ability -who have given their full time and energies to the -task. In brief, methods of library work have been -standardized by library experts and reduced to a -practical, economical, effective science.</p> - -<p>If this be the case, what possible justification -can be found for business firms who waste time and -money, in addition to getting no adequate results, -in devising original methods for doing their library -work? Trade periodicals, for several years, have -published a number of articles treating of original -methods adopted by various firms for filing and -indexing their printed information. These original -schemes reveal many weaknesses and discrepancies -and also that many business men are entirely ignorant -of the fact that library science has already produced -much more excellent ways of working. No -man is competent to work with any principle of sci<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span>ence, -much less modify it, until he is first master -of it.</p> - -<p>The structure of the business library must be -built on the solid foundation of established library -science, and there is no fact which business men -need to realize more, than that library science as -taught in professional library schools is not a simple -code summed up in a few text books to be readily -mastered by a novice and improved upon at will, but, -on the contrary, that it covers a wide range of material, -and must be studied by the use of many books -devoted to classification, cataloging, reference work -and other related subjects. True, there are primers -of library science, but as well give a novice a primer -on the steam engine and expect him therefore to be -adequately equipped to run a power plant, as to put -a novice with a library primer in charge of a business -library with its highly specialized needs. A business -organization would not think of engaging either a -stenographer or a bookkeeper who is not trained to -do his particular work; how much more, therefore, -should a business librarian measure up to recognized -standards of library training in order to perform -adequately the difficult and important work which -he is called upon to do.</p> - -<p>The argument for the employment of a trained -librarian can be briefly summed up in five words: -the trained librarian knows how.</p> - -<p>The trained librarian knows how to get and how -to use sources of general information, how to keep -up with the latest data on business subjects, how to -use quickly and accurately the facilities of large city<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -libraries, how to use all kinds of printed indexes, -how to classify, catalog, and index material according -to standard practice, so that no time or money is -wasted in experimenting with inadequate systems, -and last but not least, knows how to have a place -for everything and everything in its place, so that -desired information is immediately available.</p> - -<p>As has been intimated, some college graduates -cannot grade up to business library requirements, -so also, some library school graduates are not suited -for business library work, and rarely is a library -school graduate, who has not been seasoned first by -some thorough library experience, before coming -into business library work, fitted for the task. Some -trained librarians get so obsessed with the red tape -and detail of their library training that they never -dare to be original in modifying and adapting their -fundamental library principles to new conditions and -business problems, and therefore cannot create the -type of service which is essential for business.</p> - -<p>Some of the advocates of business libraries, having -seen library trained people who have "fallen -down on the job," speak slightingly of library training, -and go to the other extreme, saying that the -successful business librarian is born and not made. -This is not true, because no innate qualification ever -carries with it the ability to succeed in the absence -of the proper training. "Both the heritage and the -training of the faculties must go hand in hand to -insure success." Trained librarians should be estimated -by business men in the same manner as they -estimate other skilled workers. When an engineer,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -or in fact any professional man, fails on a piece of -work, his employers do not condemn engineering or -professional schools as a whole, but try another -trained man on the job. If a business man has made -a wrong estimate in selecting his librarian, he should -not quarrel with library training, but get a higher -grade librarian.</p> - -<p>The failure of some business librarians who -have had both college education and training in -library science is due not to inadequate knowledge -but to lack of personal qualifications, and while personal -qualifications alone will not make a successful -business librarian, neither will a college education -and training in library science make a successful -business librarian without certain innate mental and -social traits.</p> - - -<h3>3. Mental and Social Traits</h3> - -<p>The mental and social traits required for success -in any line of business work apply with equal force -to the business librarian, and it is not necessary to -enter into any academic discussion of them at this -time. Everyone knows that good health, accuracy, -thoroughness, common sense, good judgment, tact, -integrity of character, and memory (particularly in -library work) are indispensable to success in any -career, but there are certain traits which a long term -of service in a business library and an intimate acquaintance -with many business librarians have made -clear to the writer, as necessary to success in the -business of being a business librarian.</p> - -<p>The business librarian must be an executive; he -must have not only a balanced view of every detail<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> -of library work in relation to its particular whole, -but he must especially have an adequate vision of -library work in relation to the whole work of his -organization, and he must have the ability to see -this relationship without waiting for some one to -point it out to him. Finally, he must be able to -relate the particular business and its existing service, -to the work of the world at large.</p> - -<p>A librarian serving a prominent business organization -was recently asked by the writer, what was -the scope of the work of their publicity department -in furthering the interests of the organization as a -whole, with the result that she could not tell. This -librarian only knew that her business was to catalog, -classify, put away and be able to get out again the -material which was assigned to her care. The executive -head of another important business organization -has often complained because his librarian was afraid -to take any initiative and always waited to be told -what detailed policy should be pursued by the -library; he was too busy to have to carry it on his -mind, and more than that, he really did not know, -and needed a librarian who did.</p> - -<p>The business librarian must see the need, make -the plan, and get all the mechanism necessary for -its accomplishment into thorough working order, and -have backbone enough to hold the point and have -power to make others see it. There is no place in -a business library for the mere "bookkeeping" methods -of a recorded and finished job, for the work of -the business library is never finished; it is a living -force, and like all living things, it is subject to con<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span>stant -change and progress and never gets to the -finished stage which suggests the orderly quiet calm -of a graveyard!</p> - -<p>What the business man wants from his librarian -is results, and it is the business of the librarian to -know the best way of getting them. The well qualified -librarian can give results abundantly, if the business -man will delegate authority to act independently -in matters of detail, conferring on his librarian as -he should, the freedom of action which he gives to -the well qualified head of any department, and trusting -his librarian to come to him for a conference -when the occasion demands. There is no greater -handicap to a well qualified librarian than the type -of business man who does not delegate authority, -and who because of his success in other lines of business, -attempts to guide his librarian in matters of -library policy about which he knows absolutely -nothing.</p> - -<p>The business librarian must be unusually resourceful -and know how to meet an urgent need for -information with quick decision and immediate -action. He never says "impossible" until he has tried -every possible source of supply.</p> - -<p>Probably one of the finest compliments ever -paid a business librarian was given by the executive -head of a large institution who, having seen the -resourcefulness of a certain business librarian in -several difficult situations, remarked, "I am confident -that if a twenty-story building fell down on Miss -B——, she would find a way to get out from under -it," and he might also have added truthfully, "and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -she would also keep a spirit of enthusiasm in the -venture," for to the true business librarian the fascination -in the game of finding things never wears -out.</p> - -<p>The business librarian will not be punctilious -about adhering to a time schedule for work or to any -standard of rights or privileges; he will put the -demand of his work first and his personal interests -second. If it is necessary to break an important -personal engagement made for his free time, because -business of importance has arisen in the office, he -will do so without any question or irritation. If he -can best serve the company in an urgent need, he -will not wait to be waited upon by an office boy, but -will go himself rather than trust a boy who cannot -be relied upon to hurry. The business librarian will -not be old-maidish or fussy over any irregular demands -which upset his routine work; there is no -place in business for the trained librarian who tells -a busy man of affairs he cannot have what he wants -until certain regular routine has been carried out, -and in return the business man should trust his -librarian with a freedom of action which is not subject -to a time clock or a time schedule.</p> - -<p>The business librarian must be able to work -harmoniously with "all sorts and conditions of men," -and he must convince every one whom the business -library serves of honest good-will and impartiality to -all, and genuine loyalty to the organization which he -serves. He will be discreet and will not gossip about -company business on the aside in the office, or on -the outside, and last but not least, he ought to have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span> -a saving sense of humor. These qualifications may -seem exceedingly trite, but the lack of them has -been a severe handicap and a glaring defect in many -people filling different kinds of business positions.</p> - -<p>The successful business man knows the value -and power of acquaintance as a business asset, and -the business librarian must maintain a wide acquaintance -and friendly relationships with other -library and business workers, both for practical help -and general stimulation. It is a real part of the work -of a business librarian to take time to cultivate these -outside relationships and attend library conferences, -at the expense of the business organization by which -he is employed. The importance of these outside -relationships has been noted in the first chapter, as -helpful ways of getting information not in print.</p> - -<p>The business man who keeps his librarian's nose -on the grindstone of routine work, so that he never -has an opportunity for outside fellowship and the -stimulation that comes from it, soon loses more than -he gains by such a policy.</p> - - -<h3>4. The Business Man's Point of View</h3> - -<p>The business librarian must also have a genuine -and intelligent interest in current political and economic -events, and in the kind of information in -which business men as a class are interested. He -must know the contents of the daily newspaper as -well as does the closest reader among business men, -so that he will not do as one librarian did—endeavor -to give an inquirer an item three weeks old when the -latest news on the subject was in the yesterday<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span> -morning's paper, or waste time looking up statistics -on a South American town, which current news -reports as having recently burnt down. He must be -a constant and thoughtful reader on subjects which -pertain to the business of his organization.</p> - -<p>The business librarian must have the promoter -spirit; he must see that the information which he -has on hand is applied and working, and he must -be alert enough to see in some measure the undeveloped -sides of an industry, and endeavor to bring into -the organization, information which may stimulate it -to new activities.</p> - -<p>To sum up all requirements for a successful business -librarian: he (or she, as the case may be) must -have a liberal education, plus a knowledge of library -science, and a sympathetic understanding of business -needs, together with the vision and personal power -necessary to apply the field of print effectively in -meeting these needs.</p> - -<p>In conclusion, the business man must face fairly -several facts, the chief of which is, that in only a -limited number of cases have business libraries -measured up to the standards which have been outlined -in this handbook, because business firms have -not engaged librarians who have the necessary qualifications -for success. Some business men have not -recognized that there are librarians and librarians, -and that many so-called ones are not adequately -equipped for business library work. Business men -are at fault also because they often do not give personal -attention to the selection of a librarian, but -leave this selection to an employment manager or a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span> -welfare worker who very often does not know just -what essential qualifications are necessary for such a -position. Sometimes the business man does not want -to pay the price for an efficient librarian, for no -efficient librarian can be obtained for the average -file clerk or stenographer salary. One high grade -librarian will accomplish more work, both accurately -and effectively, than two mediocre ones can possibly -do, and is therefore a money-saver.</p> - -<p>If there is any doubt in the business man's mind -as to whether there is enough library work in his -organization to keep a trained librarian continuously -busy, it may be said, that in no instance which has -come to the knowledge of the writer, has a trained -librarian ever been employed by a business organization -which has not found there was immediately developed -a valuable library service which required the -full time and energy of the librarian.</p> - - -<h3>REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING</h3> - -<p><b>Bostwick, A. E.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Some principles of business-like conduct in libraries 1920 -30 p. American library association, 78 East Washington -Street, Chicago.</p> - - -<p><b>Brush, M. C.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">The so-called librarian's real duties. Special libraries, -June 1917, p. 83-84.</p> - - -<p><b>Greer, A. F. P.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Professional ethics for the library worker. Library -journal Nov. 1917, p. 891-92.</p> - - -<p><b>Kilduff, E. J.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Necessary characteristics of the private secretary. (In -his Private secretary p. 293-17).</p> - - -<p><b>Rathbone, J. A.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Library school courses as training for business librarians. -Special libraries Nov. 1917, p. 133-35.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span></p> - -<p><b>Walter, F. K.</b></p> - -<p class="pindent">Training librarians for business libraries or branches. -Paper read before Professional training section American -library association conference 1919. Library journal Sept. -1919, p. 578-80.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p> - - -</div><div class="chapter"> - -<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> - - -<div class="index"> -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst">Alphabetic-subject file, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Catalog cabinets, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cataloging, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Centralization, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Charging records see Loan records.</li> - -<li class="indx">Classification, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Clipping bureaus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Corporation files, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cutter numbers, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Cuts, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Equipment and supplies, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Floor plans, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Government documents, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Indexing see Cataloging.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Lantern slides, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Loan records, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Magazines see Periodicals.</li> - -<li class="indx">Maps, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Mechanical equipment, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Organization, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Pamphlet boxes, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Periodicals,</li> -<li class="isub1">binding, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">checking, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">circulation, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">clipping, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">Contents, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">filing, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">indexing, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">selection, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Photographs, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Public libraries vs. business libraries, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Publicity department, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Qualifications of business librarian, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Reference books, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Service rendered, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Shelving, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">State documents, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Subject headings, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Trade catalogs, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">U-File-M binder strips, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> - - -<li class="ifrst">Value of the business library, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> - -<li class="indx">Vertical files, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li> -</ul></div> -</div> - - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected, but other -variations in spelling and punctuation are unchanged.</p> - -<p>The half title immediately before the title has been removed.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Business Library, by Louise B. 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Krause - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Business Library - What it is and what it does - -Author: Louise B. Krause - -Release Date: January 7, 2016 [EBook #50875] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUSINESS LIBRARY *** - - - - -Produced by Donald Cummings, Adrian Mastronardi, Les -Galloway and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - - - - - - - THE - BUSINESS LIBRARY - - WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES - - - _By_ - - LOUISE B. KRAUSE - - _Librarian_ - - _H. M. Byllesby & Company_ - _Chicago_ - - - _SECOND EDITION REVISED_ - - - Journal of Electricity - San Francisco - 1921 - - - - - Copyright - - Journal of Electricity - - 1921 - - - - - _To - H. M. BYLLESBY AND COMPANY - whose generous cooperation has made - possible the successful application - of Library Science to the - business of their - organization_ - - - - -PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION - - -As the publishers desire to issue a second edition of "The Business -Library" the following additions and revisions have been made. - -Articles of value on the subject of business libraries which have -been published since the first edition was written have been added to -"References for Additional Reading"; minor additions have been made to -the text, and the prices and editions of all reference books mentioned -have been brought up to date, and some additional titles have been -added. - -Three drawings of floor plans which have been used for business -libraries have been added to Chapter Seven as of possible value to -business firms making small library layouts. - - L. B. K. - - Chicago, Illinois. - November 1, 1920. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION - - -This handbook has been written with the purpose of giving brief -comprehensive information to the business man on the subject of the -business library as an indispensable earning factor in the conduct of -business enterprises. It aims to tell how to organize and maintain a -business library, what to do in order to get the best results from it, -and to show by concrete illustrations, gathered from the experience of -firms maintaining library service, what the business library is worth -as a financial asset. - -The subject matter is not designed to set forth the work of any one -class of business libraries, but is a composite study of many. It -records business library facts as observed by the author during ten -years of service as a business librarian, and as such, may be also of -value to librarians contemplating the undertaking of business library -work. - -The references given at the conclusion of each chapter have been -selected from a large mass of printed material on the subject, on the -basis of practical supplemental reading only and are not designed to be -exhaustive reference lists. - -The author makes grateful acknowledgment to her Library School -class-mate, Renee B. Stern, now Editor of "The Woman's Weekly," for -most helpful advice, and to her friend, Virginia Fairfax, Librarian, -Carnation Milk Products Company, Chicago, for generous criticism and -correction of the manuscript. - - L. B. K. - - October 1, 1919. - Chicago, Illinois. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - I THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 7 - - II THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 23 - - III PERIODICALS--HOW TO USE AND HOW - TO FILE THEM 30 - - IV GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND THE - BUSINESS LIBRARY 50 - - V TRADE CATALOGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND - LANTERN SLIDES 59 - - VI CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGING IN - THE BUSINESS LIBRARY 70 - - VII MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 81 - - VIII REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE BUSINESS - LIBRARY 95 - - IX THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE - BUSINESS LIBRARIAN 110 - - INDEX 123 - - - - -THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - -WHAT IT IS AND WHAT IT DOES - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -What is meant by the word library? Twenty-five years ago it could be -accurately defined as a collection of books on a series of shelves, -and although this old definition still partially describes its present -form, the true interpretation of what a business library really is, -can be stated best by saying that it is a genuine service department, -whose chief business is to give information to the members of a firm on -subjects of vital importance in the conduct of their business. - -The business library is not limited to a collection of books, but -contains information in any form, namely, periodicals, pamphlets, -trade catalogs, photographs, lantern slides, and also manuscript notes -which are accumulated in connection with the specific work of an -organization. The business library even goes so far in its service as -to supply information which is obtained by "word of mouth" in advance -of its appearance on the printed page. - - -The Evolution of the Business Library - -Before the business library came into being as a special department -of business organizations, and before public libraries were making a -specialty of collecting information on business subjects, the business -man picked up his supply of information in haphazard fashion. He was -told by a business acquaintance, often a salesman of a special line who -was doing business with him, of some trade literature or government -documents in which he would find useful information, or he discovered -references to valuable books, pamphlets or documents in his casual -reading of newspapers and periodicals. As a last resort, in cases of -emergency he telephoned to various business organizations whom he -thought could tell, out of their experience, what he wished to know. - -Business has, however, grown too large in its multiplicity of interests -for the business man to get his information in so desultory and -unorganized a fashion, for the business man must be a good forecaster -and interpreter of conditions, not by means of guesswork but by the -aid of obtainable facts, and he must study and analyze a large number -of related subjects. The success of many of our richest industries is -due in large measure to this particular element, the wise forecasting -of conditions to come, for, as a recent periodical article stated, -"business is a procession of problems; big or little, any business must -keep moving ahead, finding its way past one pitfall and obstacle after -another. In another sense business is a matter of vision; the foresight -that looks long ahead to new opportunity and to the ways and means of -realizing it, is an essential in the growth and progress that brings -success." - -Business men have long since recognized that rule of thumb methods -have passed away, and that they not only can not learn by experience -exclusively, but that the utilization of the knowledge of other men -recorded in reliable business data is of the highest value. - -Present day competition makes it imperative also that every business -man knows as much as his competitor, and he must have therefore not -something on a subject but everything of value on a subject, and -it must be exact and authoritative information which he can trust. -Business data must also be kept strictly up to date, which under -present-day conditions is no easy task, as information is out of date -almost before it is off the press. - -The business man not only needs to collect accurate, exhaustive, up to -date information, but he needs to have it so well organized that, at a -moment's notice, he can put his fingers upon the exact information he -desires. The systematic organization of information into quick working -files means an enormous saving of time and money, and in large business -organizations the employment of a trained librarian to do this work is -a most valuable asset. - -Check up if you can, the amount of time wasted annually by the average -business man through lack of having the information he desires -immediately at his service. Waste of time means waste of money. It is -not worth while having an expert, whose time may be worth anywhere from -twenty-five to one hundred dollars a day, waste any of it in trying to -find information in government documents, which he is not particularly -adept in locating, because he lacks a working knowledge of the enormous -range of government publications. - -The writer is acquainted with an engineering firm of national -reputation, which has made a collection of library material, which -has been cared for, or rather much neglected by a stenographer of -the company, who has no time nor library experience to give to its -adequate administration. This firm when urged to introduce organized -library service, and thus make their collection effective, stated that -their library was not used enough by their organization to warrant -the expense. Investigation proved, however, that one of their expert -chemists, whose time was valued more per week than that of a trained -librarian would be per month, was making a systematic business of -hunting his own library material, and had listed his references in many -closely written notes, in order to be able to locate the material again -if he should need it. The value of the time the chemist spent on his -research would have covered a librarian's salary and made it possible -for him to give more time to his firm on the problems which his expert -knowledge was able to solve. - - -General Principles of Organization - -The essential principles in organizing a successful business library -can be briefly stated as follows: - - 1. Centralization of material within the business organization. - - 2. Coordination of the business library with the facilities of the - public and special libraries of the city in which the business library - is located. - - -1. Centralization of Library Material - -The first step in establishing a library in a business organization -is the centralization of all the printed material available in its -different offices or departments. This is exactly what is not done -in a large number of business houses. Books, pamphlets and other -valuable information are scattered among the various members of the -organization, who treat them as personal property and preserve them -in their private desks as carefully as a squirrel hides his store of -good nuts. In many business organizations the policy of the employes in -regard to information seems to be, to hold on to everything of value -for one's personal use, regardless of how much value the information -might be to another member of the organization, and also regardless of -the fact that the material has been paid for out of the company's funds. - -It should be said, however, in defense of the practice of not putting -information into a central library, that it is not always based upon -thoughtless or selfish habits, but upon lack of confidence; there is -a fear that if information passes out of the hands of the man into a -central library, that when he wishes to use it again, in a hurry, that -he may not be able to locate it promptly. This feeling is not without -reasonable foundation, as it is based on the irritating experience -which some business men have had in using central correspondence files -which, in many offices, are poorly administered and cannot produce -desired information promptly. The business library, when administered -by a qualified librarian, not only can produce all filed material -promptly, but in one large corporation, known to the writer, has so -successfully handled material that the officers and employes send their -information to the library, as a safer and more reliable place to keep -it for quick reference, than the drawers of their own desks. - -Centralization of library material gives all the departments the -benefit of everything the company has collected on a special subject, -and often makes it unnecessary to duplicate information for the use -of several departments. Centralization makes it possible also to -have in one place a complete record of all library material owned by -the company which can be loaned as small working collections to any -department. - -The fact that a central library department has on record what material -is temporarily or permanently kept in all the departments, makes it -possible also for it to act as a clearing house between all departments -in locating desired information. This principle does not apply of -course to corporations of such magnitude that their activities comprise -several distinct lines of business; in such a case each department -would require a specialized collection of information, which would -become the library of that particular branch of the industry. - -It should be kept clearly in mind that the business library has a -distinct province from correspondence files, which primarily take care -of the letters accumulated in the transaction of business. The business -library is in no wise concerned with such records. Its function is not -to take care of the records which are created by the activities of -the company, but to collect and bring into the company all possible -knowledge and information of value from a large variety of outside -sources. - -The business library also has a distinct province of activity apart -from the statistical department of an organization. The function -of the latter is to correlate and interpret data which are created -either by the activities of the organization or obtained from outside -sources, because of value in relation to the various projects of -the organization. The function of the library in relation to the -statistical department is to supply the printed information which that -department needs in its work of correlating and interpreting data. - -Many statistical departments have made the mistake of endeavoring -to collect and preserve material for their work, which particularly -belongs in the business library, with the result that they have -cumbersome files of heterogeneous information, badly classified and -cataloged, and which do not yield, either quickly or accurately, -information when desired. The files of the statistical department -should cover only the data which are the result of the particular -activities of the company, together with valuable original records -which are neither correspondence nor library material. - - -2. Coordination of the Business Library with Public Libraries - -After the resources for information which exist within the business -organization have been adequately centralized the next important step -is to coordinate these resources with all other existing library -facilities of the city in which the business firm is located. There -should be a thorough survey of these libraries in order to ascertain -as far as possible the content and availability of their resources. -This is an important factor in the creation of a business library, -when one considers the problem of shelving much material, within the -more or less limited space occupied by a business organization. Floor -space in skyscrapers is too valuable to be used as a mere storehouse -for printed material used only on rare occasions, and there is also the -added expense of a staff of workers to care for a large collection. The -business library must, therefore, be considered solely as a working -laboratory, and care taken not to include in it material which will -be seldom used, particularly in cities where business organizations -congregate and where are located large public libraries having -excellent resources which can be used to supplement the "working -laboratory" collection of the business organization. - -This principle will not apply, however, to those business libraries -which are maintained at the headquarters of national associations. Such -libraries must collect everything on their subjects, and be prepared -to be a central bureau of information on their specialties, for their -membership throughout the United States. For example, the libraries -of the National Safety Council and the Portland Cement Association, -located in Chicago. - -This policy of coordination was expressed in the following words, by -a large corporation several years ago when it organized its library: -"We will keep our library down as far as possible to a small working -collection, and our librarian shall be a go-between us and the other -libraries of the city when we want information not available in our own -collection." Thus the busy man of affairs is able to keep in touch, -through his librarian, as proxy, with many avenues of helpfulness, -which would be closed to him were it not for the fact that he had -been far-sighted enough to employ a librarian to act for him in these -matters of detail. - -Public library facilities, while they supplement can never be a -substitute for a library within a business organization, for different -groups of business people who are vitally interested in one particular -subject, or more often in only one phase of a subject, will naturally -collect and know more about that subject than a general library serving -a thousand and one interests can be expected to do. - -The business librarian who is given the confidence of the officers of -his organization, gets saturated with a knowledge of the business of -the organization and is able to sense in advance what information will -be needed, and will be prepared as far as possible for the emergency -when it comes. - -All librarians of public libraries will undoubtedly agree to the -statement that they are not in a position to act as confidential -library adviser to rival business corporations. The Public Library must -deal impartially with all inquirers and cannot give precedence to any -inquirer simply because he is in a hurry. Every man must wait his turn -because the needs of other inquirers are equally important with his. - -If the Utopian state should ever arrive when our public libraries -have all the money necessary to meet the every information need of -the community, the argument that the public library should serve the -interests of business men, who are tax payers, in such a manner that it -would not be necessary for them to have libraries within their business -organizations, can be answered by a parallel suggesting that the public -library should so serve all the interests of the public that no one -need have a library in his own home. A business organization desires -to make its own selection of material, on the basis of its needs and -tastes; it wishes to have this material close at hand without any -borrowing restrictions, so that it can be used quickly, without loss -of time, and without the limitations which would be imposed if it were -the property of some one else, and required particular care to keep it -intact, for the business man often wishes to clip or give away the -printed information in his possession. - -The business library is, however, not antagonistic to the public -library at any point. On the contrary, the business library must -coordinate its resources with those of the public library and work in -harmony with it. - -The large business organization which can afford to employ a librarian, -and the small business firm which cannot, will find a wealth of helpful -material in the public libraries of their vicinity. - -Many of the smaller public libraries which are not large enough to -maintain special business departments are giving most excellent service -to business men. A number of the large public libraries of the country -are making a specialty of serving business needs through departments -organized particularly to serve business men. Some of these are the -Division of Economics and Documents of the New York Public Library, -the Business Men's Branch of the Free Public Library of Newark, New -Jersey, the Technology Department of Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, -and the Industrial Department of the Los Angeles Public Library. The -John Crerar Library of Chicago is a free reference library covering -sociology and natural and applied science, which cannot be excelled by -any other library collection in the United States in the facilities -which it offers to business men. Every business organization should get -acquainted with the public library of its city and ascertain what that -library is able to do for it. - - -The Cost and Value of the Business Library - -The cost of maintaining a business library is in no sense comparable -with its value; for the help which a business library may give in a -single instance is often of sufficient value to offset its cost of -maintenance for a whole year. For example, a business firm had a law -suit in a distant city and sent one of its employes to give expert -testimony in the case. This employe found as the hearings in the case -progressed, that he could strengthen his testimony if he had at hand -figures showing the market price of lead for the past ten years. There -was no time to spare in obtaining these data. He sent a telegram to -the home office, which was received at 11:30 A. M. saying that he -would call them by long distance telephone at noon and to have the -figures ready. The head of the department to whom the message was -addressed, with some perturbation, appealed at once to the librarian -of the company, who was able in ten minutes to produce a table giving -a summary of the prices desired, which had been printed in a technical -journal. The company won the law suit and in comparison with the large -amount of money saved, the salary of the trained librarian who knew how -to meet the emergency, was a very small item. - -No two business libraries are comparable as to cost of maintenance. -Each must allow for financing on the basis of its individual needs and -the money it can afford to spend. - -If a business firm owns the building which it occupies it does not have -to consider the rental of floor space for the library. If it has a -liberal policy of advertising in the best technical or trade journals, -it will need to spend very little on periodical subscriptions, as it -will receive copies free on account of advertising. If it is a liberal -user of the publications of the United States Government, it will -find they cost little or nothing, and in any case the amount spent by -business libraries for information special to a particular industry is -never very large, because often the most valuable data cost practically -nothing to secure. - -Mechanical equipment, which will be discussed in chapter seven, is -largely the initial expense, and the amount of money to be spent each -year for additions to the original equipment will be quite small. -The principal annual expenses in maintaining a business library are -the salaries of the librarian, and assistants if required, and the -additional expense of stenographic and office boy service. - -The great mistake made by some business firms in maintaining library -service has been the employment of inadequately trained librarians -who do not produce high grade results. It is this lack of library -education and experience, on the part of a number of so-called business -librarians, which has been a hindrance to the recognition of what the -business library really is and what it can do. The writer saw, some -time ago, the sorry spectacle of one of the largest corporations in the -country trying to inaugurate library service under the direction of a -fourteen-dollar-a-week file clerk, who had not a single educational -requirement necessary for the success of the undertaking. Such -firms generally proclaim business library work a failure, instead -of admitting they have made a wrong start and that they should have -employed a high grade trained librarian. - -Many firms having well organized correspondence files, which are giving -satisfactory service, have conceived the idea of adding to their -established filing department, and to the duties of their head file -clerk, the library service which they judge their organization demands. -They fail to appreciate the fact that a filing department, while it -has some mechanical technique in common with an organized library, has -an entirely different purpose, and does not require on the part of -those in charge, educational qualifications at all comparable to those -required of a librarian who must have not merely a large knowledge of -library technique, but also must know books, and have a knowledge of a -broad range of sources, from which adequate information can be drawn -when any problem arises; for the business librarian must be a thinker -as well as a worker and not a mere clerical machine. On the other -hand, the trained librarian is competent to supervise correspondence -and any other kind of files if the situation demands it. The essential -qualifications for successful business librarianship are stated in the -last chapter. - -In conclusion, it should be said, that in establishing library -service, a business organization must be willing to give such service -a reasonable length of time to grow into the work of the organization. -A wisely selected collection of material, adapted to the needs of the -business, and thoroughly organized to give quick and accurate results, -should be tested just as a piece of machinery is tested, namely, set up -the apparatus, put it in full operation under competent supervision, -and in the case of the business library, the verdict cannot but -conclusively be--"it works." - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =List of special libraries= in United States and Canada (in American - library annual 1916-17 p. 378-408). - - - =Carr, B. E.= - - Formation of a financial library. Special libraries June 1919, p. - 125-27. - - - =Day, M. B.= - - Portland cement association library. Library journal Jan. 1919, p. - 27-28. - - - =Glenn, M. R.= - - Library of American bankers association. Library journal April 1917, - p. 283-84. - - - =Johnston, R. H.= - - Bureau of railway economics library. Special libraries June 1918, p. - 129-31. - - - =Krause, L. B.= - - The public utility library. Journal of electricity Dec. 15, 1918, p. - 556-57. - - - =Greenman, E. D.= - - The functions of the industrial library. Journal of industrial and - engineering chemistry June 1919, p. 584. - - - =Macfarlane, J. J.= - - Philadelphia commercial museum. Library journal April 1917, p. 278-79. - - - =Nystrom, P. H.= - - The relation of the public library to the private business libraries. - Special libraries Feb. 1918, p. 35-37. - - Same article Library journal March 1918, p. 154-57. - - =Parmelee, J. H.= - - The utilization of statistics in business. American statistical - association quarterly publication June 1917, p. 565-76. - - - =Purinton, E. E.= - - Building an office library. Independent Dec. 16, 1918, p. 214. - - - =Rife, R. S.= - - Functions of the library of a banking institution; pamphlet printed by - Guaranty trust co., New York city, 1919. - - - =Rose, A. L.= - - The service of a business library; pamphlet printed by National city - bank, New York city, 1920. - - - =Secrist, Horace= - - Statistics in business New York, McGraw-Hill 137 p. $1.75. - - - =Spencer, Florence= - - Financial library of the National city bank of New York. Library - journal April 1917, p. 282-83. - - - =Spencer, Florence= - - What a public library cannot do for the business man. Special - libraries Oct. 1917, p. 177-18. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE SERVICE RENDERED BY THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -The service rendered by the business library is intensive rather than -extensive. The business man is not interested in making a good library -showing in regard to the quantity of material on the shelves or in -the files of his library, but he is vitally interested in the quality -of the material; he has just two objects in view, he wants specific -information and he wants quick, accurate, comprehensive service. The -organized business library steps in to render this service by knowing -what information to get, how to get it, how to keep it up to date, how -to file it and how to apply it effectively to business problems. - -If the subject which the business man is investigating has a scientific -basis, the library puts him in touch with the best authorities on that -science and the standard practices which it maintains. If the business -man is investigating a new enterprise, or a banker is considering a -loan, he must make a careful survey of all the factors which enter -into it, in order to make a decision as to its stability and probable -financial success. Such problems demand a large amount of information -which can be furnished by the business library, as it is prepared to -furnish data giving sources of different kinds of raw materials, -manufactured products on the market and cost of manufacturing, the -possible extent of the market for a competing product, cost of labor, -coal and data on certain sections of the country as good business -centers, based on a study of population, post office receipts, bank -clearings and transportation facilities. - -If shipping to foreign countries is contemplated the business library -will furnish information on modes of packing, effects of climate on -goods, transportation, customs duties, foreign credits, and similar -items. Thus the business library is prepared to select, arrange and -put into form for ready use, information ranging from methods of rock -tunneling, to the consideration of the advisability of putting a new -commercial fertilizer on the market. - -"The Americas," published by the National City Bank, New York City, -contains in its December 1917 issue, an article entitled, "One Feature -of German Organization in Engineering and Foreign Business," the -contents of which bear directly upon the importance of information as -an indispensable asset in the prosecution of successful business. - - The article states that industrial corporations in Germany before - the war employed an officer called an Economic Director, who, "in - the plan of organization of his company, is attached to the office - of the President, or is an appendage of the Board of Directors. He - has to organize complete information from various sources, and his - authority is sufficient to organize this well. He obtains statistical - information, foreign and domestic newspapers and periodicals, and the - output of various bureaus of news is regularly received by him. - - "His business is to keep his Executive informed on the instant of - every development in many parts of the world that will mean a change - of cost of production or a change in demand for the company's - products. He must know what is going on in the regions where the - company's manufacturing materials originate. He must keep his eye - upon conditions affecting production, price and transportation. He - must not miss any new source of supply, or any coming diminution of - old sources. On the other hand, he must follow every development, - political, social or economic that means an increase or a falling-off - in the demand for particular kinds of machinery. If there is anything - doing anywhere that is significant of a call for more sugar machinery, - or a drop in the demand for textile machinery, in this particular - man's business, he must judge its full value and advise his board of - it. - - "It is said of a man who was economic adviser to a German corporation - that manufactured materials for railway construction and equipment - that he had not only organized his supplies of information of what was - going on over the world so that he reported to his board every tender - for supplies from every part of the world, but he was expected to - analyze general developments everywhere so thoroughly, as to predict - in advance the regions where new railways would soon be built, or - extensions made. His work, it is said, frequently resulted in his - company's bringing about, in direct or indirect ways, the promotion of - the new transportation enterprises he predicted. It is now believed - that this idea of definite organization of economic information and - intelligence has been carried out in order to apply to the after-war - business situation by Germany." - -The American Business Library is a step in the direction of helping to -do for American business what this "German Economic Director" was doing -for business in Germany and it is more than time that American business -interests use the business library to its utmost capacity. - - -The Library and the Publicity Department - -One of the important departments in modern business organizations -served by the business library, is the publicity department which is -the outcome of the recognition of the dependence of any business upon -the public's understanding and appreciation of what it has to offer, in -order to successfully carry on its work, whether that be a manufactured -product or the service of a public utility. In this day of economic -investigation and criticism, it is vital to success that industries -exploit their work and products clearly and logically, not only as a -means of advertising but also to win and hold that all-important asset -known as public good-will. - -The publicity department strives to make the public understand -the organization and its work and has charge of preparing direct -advertising, for daily papers and periodicals, and in many utility -corporations prepares copy for the financing and marketing of -securities. - -A live publicity department cannot do its work without ample library -resources as its needs are encyclopaedic, for it is constantly -preparing copy which calls for the most accurate and comprehensive data -and it must keep up to date on what is currently issued in the lines of -business in which it is particularly interested. Library service is so -indispensable in publicity work that in a number of cases the library -has been organized in the business house as a part of the work of the -publicity department. - - -Assisting the Executive - -The business library is also a great service to executives because the -heads of business organizations today are concerned not only with the -particular business of their own office, but with many economic and -public affairs for the betterment of the community and the nation. The -work of the modern business man, as expressed by a recent technical -periodical, "because of the constant multiplication of problems to -be settled and the great number of regulating agencies, is steadily -growing more important. The successful business man must be a thinker -and a man of affairs; he appears before Congressional Committees and -before state and federal commissions; he must know whereof he speaks, -and he must know principles as well as facts, history as well as -present conditions." In the midst of varied and large responsibilities, -he knows he can not depend upon his own personal reading and study to -keep all the important facts and figures which he needs at his finger -tips, for the successful executive must not burden himself with too -much detail. - -He therefore turns to his librarian, who knows his personal point of -view and his needs, and who is as necessary to him as his secretary. -Sometimes the head of a business organization appeals to an assistant -officer to give him the data he requires, and the assistant officer -turns to another one, and he in turn goes to the library; the fact -remains that sooner or later the request comes down the line to the -librarian. - - -Making the Best Use of the Library - -There are several types of men with whom the business librarian has to -deal in doing research on business problems. One type of man who uses -the business library is the one who comes in occasionally and browses -among the books without communicating to the librarian in charge what -subject matter he is looking for. This type of man does not purposely -mean to be secretive, but he does not know how to use the service of -the library and the librarian which are at his disposal. Often he turns -away from his perusal of an encyclopedia with a disappointed look, and -in one case when the librarian asked what he was looking for, replied -that he was trying to find the address of Mills College but that it -did not seem to be in the Encyclopedia Britannica. Had he told the -librarian at the start what he wanted the address could have been given -him from another reference book in about one minute's time. - -Another type of man with whom the business librarian has to deal, is -the one who conceals his specific object when he asks for information, -and does not therefore make it possible for the librarian to procure -the information desired in its most simple and direct form. For -example, an engineer once asked for descriptive periodical articles -dealing with the construction and equipment of some large hotels. The -librarian, of course, thought that what he had in mind was to make -a study of the equipment, whereas all he wanted to get out of these -articles was the names of firms who had installed certain mechanical -devices. This information could have been collected much more quickly -than in the time it took for the librarian to make a complete list of -satisfactory descriptions of the kinds of buildings for which he asked. - -The type of man who uses the business library most effectively is the -one who takes his librarian into full confidence as to what he is -doing, and what he wants to do, and gives the librarian not only the -opportunity to produce what he has asked for, but also to make helpful -suggestions as to material which he possibly has not thought of in -connection with his problem. The business man who thus directs and uses -his trained librarian and his specialized collection gets the service -which counts and has annexed an indispensable asset to the earning -power of his organization. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Cameron, W. H.= - - What does library service do for you in your business? Public - libraries June 1918, p. 256-57. - - - =Gourvitch, P. P.= - - An organized commercial laboratory. Youroveta review (165 Broadway, - New York City) March 1919, p. 82. - - - =Hosmer, H. R.= - - Some axioms of service in the use and abuse of special libraries. - Journal of industrial & engineering chemistry June 1919, p. 582-83. - - - =Hungerford, Edward= - - Are you "too busy to read"? System March 1920, p. 486. - - - =Lewis, St. Elmo= - - Value of the specialized library for the business man. Special - libraries May 1913, p. 69-71. - - - =Loomis, M. M.= - - Libraries that pay. Independent June 26, 1913, p. 1436-38. - - - =Nystrom, P. H.= - - The business library as an investment. Library journal Nov. 1917, p. - 857-62. - - Same article National efficiency quarterly May 1918, p. 29-38. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -PERIODICALS IN THE BUSINESS LIBRARY--HOW TO USE AND HOW TO FILE THEM - - -The Value of Periodicals - -Periodicals are the most fruitful source of information for any -business, and there is periodical literature of value being issued -constantly on every conceivable subject. Every industry and profession -has its journals and in them will be found the latest and best -information. - -The value of periodicals in a business organization was very ably -stated some time ago by the secretary of an electrical association, and -as this testimony is not from a librarian but from a practical business -man, it seems worth while to quote as follows: - - "The technical or trade journal of today is the livest and most - 'up-to-now' assistant a business man has. It is carefully edited, - well-printed, fully illustrated and thoroughly indexed both as to - literary matter and advertisements. It is the 'always ready reference' - of the minute, and the official, head of a department, or even - workman, who does not use it to its fullest capacity, is neglecting - one of his best friends. I have been surprised to find how many of - the larger companies are actually stingy when it comes to paying out - money for subscriptions to their trade and technical journals. They - talk about one, two or three dollars per year as if it were that - many hundreds; they look at the expenditure as if it were an expense - instead of an investment, which, properly handled, will bring good - returns. - - "In no other way can any business man, no matter how high or low his - position, keep so fully abreast of the times in his business as by - early and careful perusal of his trade and technical periodical, from - its front to its back cover, and from no other source can he obtain - the 'immediately useful' so well as he can from a well filled and - indexed present volume of those same publications." - -"Printers' Ink" has also stated the case as follows: - - "The manufacturer, desirous of keeping his finger on the pulse at - Washington, who will spend ten dollars, or fifteen dollars, or - twenty dollars a year for business papers and other periodicals that - specialize with respect to business news from the national capital, - can be pretty well assured that he has every tip that could come to - him via the intelligence office, that asks a fee of fifty or one - hundred dollars per annum. Indeed, it has happened, not once but - dozens of times this past year or two that business journals, etc., - carried information days and even weeks before it was sent out in - the mimeographed 'letters' and 'bulletins' which the former bureaus - distributed, marked 'confidential' and 'not for publication.'" - - -The Contents of Periodicals - -Not only do periodicals contain lengthy articles on special subjects, -but every item in them from cover to cover is of value; for example, -in engineering periodicals the business library is greatly aided by -the current news notes on books, pamphlets, meetings and people; -information on state and federal legislation; prices of materials and -second-hand material for sale or wanted to purchase, new construction -notes, new devices and best makes of standard supplies. - -The brief notes found in current periodicals, announcing the -publication of trade pamphlets, reports of state boards, special -committees, private corporations and bulletins published by -universities, lectures delivered at colleges and papers presented at -state meetings of associations, are most valuable guides in collecting -pamphlets, which although in many cases may be had for the asking, -represent a collection of valuable data which can not be replaced by -the expenditure of any amount of money and yet most of it costs only a -polite letter of request. - - -Aids in Selection of Periodicals - -The business man or the business librarian will first of all desire to -select the periodicals that best cover the needs of his organization. -If he wishes to ascertain the titles of periodicals on special -subjects in order to obtain sample copies for examination, or if he -has the title and wishes to find the frequency of issue, the place of -publication and subscription price, there are several books that give -such information and which should be found in the public library of his -city. It is advisable also for him to see a list of all periodicals -which are on file at his public library with a view to examining those -which may be suited to his immediate needs. The following books will -give information about periodicals on special subjects. - - Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual Directory with mid-year - supplement, published by N. W. Ayer, Philadelphia, $10.00. - - 2400 Business Books, published by H. W. Wilson Company, New York, - 1920, price $5.00. - - Severance Guide to the Current Periodicals and Serials in the United - States and Canada. A new edition will be published shortly by George - Wahr, Ann Arbor, Michigan, price $6.00. This new edition will contain - a list of House Organs published in the United States. A recent list - of House Organs may be found in Printers' Ink, August 29, 1918, and - subsequent issues, and a list of Employees' Magazines may be purchased - from Printers' Ink for twenty-five cents. - - A list of periodicals published by the United States Government can be - obtained free of charge from Superintendent of Documents, Washington, - D. C. - - -The Checking of Periodicals - - [Illustration: Sample of a daily and monthly periodical checking card. - Weekly periodicals are checked on the cards ruled for daily issues. - The back of the daily check card is ruled for "Ordered of," "Price," - "Date" and "Bill date." They should be filed alphabetically and kept - in a file box on the librarian's desk for quick reference. - - =Note.=--As this volume goes to press the Library Bureau announces new - forms for periodical checking cards which are an improvement on those - shown above.] - -The care of periodicals is one of the important pieces of work which -consumes a large portion of the business librarian's time. All -periodicals received by the business library are stamped, as soon as -the mail is opened, with the word "Library" and the name of the firm, -and checked on monthly or weekly card records, size 3 by 5 inches, -specially ruled for the purpose and obtainable from library supply -firms. This card record enables the librarian to know if all copies -to date have been received and on the back of the card also provides a -record of expirations and renewals of subscriptions. A notation may be -made also on this card of the names of persons to whom the periodical -is to be regularly sent. - - [Illustration: The periodical indexes published by The H. W. Wilson - Company, New York City. This company also publishes an Index to Legal - Periodicals.] - - -The Indexing of Periodicals - -After the periodicals are checked, the librarian should go through them -rapidly, keeping well in mind all the topics of particular interest -to the organization, and also special requests from individuals for -the latest information on subjects, which they have designated as -being of present value to them. It is a good plan also to ask heads -of departments who read periodicals regularly every week, to call the -attention of the librarian to any special articles which they think -valuable and to which they might wish to refer again. This strengthens -the librarian's reading and makes doubly sure that no information of -importance is overlooked. - -All articles or items of importance are assigned a subject heading -(which will be discussed in the chapter on cataloging) and a card is -made for the subject card index to periodical material. The trained -librarian will know how to discriminate and reduce this indexing to a -minimum. - -Some one may ask at this point why it is necessary for the librarian to -do subject indexing to periodical articles when there are good printed -indexes to them, such as Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, -Industrial Arts Index, and the Agricultural Index, published by -The H. W. Wilson Company, New York City (samples and prices upon -application) and in addition The Engineering Index, recently acquired -by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and published monthly -in the Journal of that Society with an annual cumulated volume. -There are several reasons why subject indexing must be done by the -librarian; first because these printed indexes do not index many of the -periodicals which are of importance to the business library and second, -because in the periodicals which are covered by these indexes, there -are many items of importance to business firms which are too short to -be entered in the general printed indexes. The time element is also an -important factor in the business library, as the subject card index is -made at once and immediately ready for reference, while the printed -indexes are of necessity never strictly up to date. For example, an -engineering firm was desirous of keeping up to date on all increases -in gas and electric rates throughout the country, due to the increased -cost of production, on account of higher prices of materials. Various -journals reported such items each week, sometimes in not more than a -dozen lines. In such a case the librarian's minute reading and quick -indexing was invaluable, and gave a service not to be expected of the -printed index. - -A word should be said, however, at this point in regard to the value of -printed indexes, for example the "Industrial Arts Index." Periodicals -are sealed books without indexes, and printed indexes are invaluable -working tools, first, because no business librarian will attempt -the impossible task of making a subject card for every article of -value in current periodicals, and second, because a live business -organization in these days of sudden changes in economic conditions -cannot possibly foresee every subject in which it may be interested. -When these unexpected subjects arise for which the business librarian -has not made provision, the printed indexes come to the rescue and -serve the need most admirably. The indexes to separate volumes of -individual periodicals, which the publishers issue at the completion -of each volume, and in many cases do not send unless requested to do -so, are not of great value because, with few exceptions, the subject -indexing is poor. Many of them invert the title of the article in -order to enter it under the most striking word which it contains, -without consideration of its real subject content, and without further -consideration of the three, four or more subjects on which the article -is very likely to contain valuable information. - - -The Circulation of Periodicals - -After the periodicals have been read and subject indexed by the -librarian, as necessity requires, and this should be done immediately -on mail delivery, they are sent to the desks of the members of the -organization who are most vitally interested in any special information -which they contain. Methods of circulation vary in different types -of business libraries; some business libraries which serve a large -constituency prefer to make typewritten or mimeographed lists of -subject references to articles in the periodicals received during the -week, and circulate these lists throughout the organization, asking -the men to send to the library for any article they desire to read. -This method does not suit busy executives who have no time to read a -list and make a selection, and who wish the material itself put in -front of them. - -Some business librarians route their periodicals, attaching a slip with -a list of names indicating the next person to whom the periodical is to -be sent, when a reader is finished with it. Other business librarians -send the individual periodicals direct to one man only, with a slip -attached calling his attention to the article of special interest to -him. As soon as he is through with the periodical, he puts it in his -outgoing basket and it is returned to the librarian, who sends it to a -second man, with a special note of the contents for him. This method -seems much more desirable than to route periodicals, because they most -often fail to route--they simply side track! The periodical gets laid -aside on some one's desk and the librarian does not know whether it is -being passed along promptly or not, whereas if the periodical is sent -direct to one individual and is not promptly returned, the librarian -goes after it, if it is important that it should go to someone else in -the organization, without unreasonable delay. In large organizations -with hundreds of employes to be reached, the routing of periodicals -is absolutely necessary. The practice of the librarian of one large -corporation is to subscribe for one copy of each weekly periodical for -every five men who desire to read that periodical and one copy of -each monthly periodical for every seven men. To insure quick routing, -the names of delinquents are put at the end of the list of those to -whom the periodical circulates, and the names of the men who have -proved that they pass on the periodical quickly are put at the top of -the list. - - [Illustration: Samples of 3 by 5 inch charging cards. These cards may - be purchased in ten colors, ruled in either four or six columns. Some - business librarians put the borrower's record on a white card, and the - record made under the name of a periodical on a colored card. Some - business librarians omit the date of circulation. The initials on the - right hand card shown above, are those of the men in a business office - who are to have the periodical sent to them regularly. The cards - bearing the names of the borrowers should be filed in a charging tray - in alphabetical order, as should also the cards bearing the names of - the periodicals. In a business library, it is not necessary to file by - date as is done in public libraries. - - Books loaned from a business library may be charged in a similar - manner, i.e. a card bearing the name of author and title of the book - taking the place of the card bearing the title of the periodical as - shown above. The book card is kept in a pocket, pasted on the front or - back cover of the book, when the volume is not in circulation.] - -The circulation or routing slip which is attached to each periodical -bears the following: "Please keep this magazine in circulation. To be -of value it must reach every man on this list within a week. If you -cannot read it now, send it on without checking off your name and it -will be returned to you later. Mark at the right of your name the page -number of any article that you believe should be indexed for future -reference." - -A simple loan record on 3 by 5 inch cards specially ruled and of which -illustrations are shown, should be kept under the name of the man to -whom the periodical is sent, and also under the name of the periodical, -in order that the librarian can tell on a moment's notice where any -issue of a periodical is and also what each man has charged against -him. Books and other library material may be charged in the same manner. - -Business men in general, so experience proves, exercise no particular -responsibility either to return material or to replace it, for the -business organization has no rules for lending, and the responsibility -of knowing what material is out of the library, where it is, and that -it is brought back or replaced, falls upon the librarian. The business -librarian with his loan record as a guide tactfully asks if the -business man is finished with the material, and if so, collects it; in -some cases the collection is made without asking, when a visit to a -man's office clearly shows that the material is side-tracked and dusty. -This is one of the most tedious duties which falls to the business -librarian's lot, but one of the most important ones, for the function -of the librarian is to get material used freely, and not hoarded. - -Business men who always get what they want from their library on a -moment's notice do not appreciate the time and patience such service -requires on the part of their librarian, for no genius is involved in -the case of the librarian who always has ready on the shelves what -is needed. Often a business man who literally wants material on a -minute's notice, is the one who is most careless in cooperating with -the librarian by returning material, and who does not want to stop a -moment to have a loan record made. Sometimes a business man gets in a -hurry for library material, which the librarian says he already has, -but which he insists is not in his office, whereupon the librarian goes -to his office, and pleasantly and often humorously unearths it from the -bottom of the pile of material on his desk or table. - -In the matter of the loaning of material the business librarian -certainly has to be characterized by the words "long suffering," for he -must make no excuses and deliver material in spite of the delinquencies -of others. If some one at this point protests that it is unfair to the -business librarian, the answer is, that the business man has a right -to do as he pleases with his own, and that the business librarian -exists to save a busy man from the error of his ways, for it must -be remembered always that the business library is organized to give -service to men of affairs, burdened with large responsibilities. All -business men are not careless in returning material, and certainly -minor employes have no right to be, but it will have to be admitted -that business men, who never think of taking the trouble to return -material are in the majority. - - [Illustration: A corner of bound periodicals in the library of H. M. - Byllesby & Company, Chicago. The worth while periodicals devoted to - any one industry are comparatively few and bound volumes do not take - up so much space as might be imagined. A three foot shelf will hold - six or seven years of one periodical.] - - -The Binding and Filing of Periodicals - -After the current periodicals have made their last tour of the -offices they come back to the library to be filed for future use. -What disposition shall be made of them? Shall important articles be -clipped and filed and the remainder of the periodical thrown away, or -shall a complete file be kept for six months or a year and then thrown -away, or shall files be kept complete and bound for permanent books -of reference? The latter method represents the best library practice -for the following reasons. No business organization or business -librarian is prophetical enough to foresee exactly what information -will be useful to keep in a business library for future use, when one -considers the variety of valuable material found each week in the -periodicals, which cover the activities of a certain line of business. -Complete files of bound periodicals constitute one of the most valuable -reference aids that any business library can possess. Clipping valuable -periodicals might in some instances be compared to cutting out an -article from a valuable encyclopedia. - -One of the values of having periodicals bound is that they do not get -lost or misplaced or carried off so readily, as a separate number or a -clipping would. Bound volumes do not take up so much space as might at -first thought be imagined, for a three-foot shelf will hold the bound -volumes of the larger size periodicals for a six or seven years period, -and the number of worth while periodicals devoted to any one industry -(excluding of course the annual volumes of societies) are comparatively -few, and twelve to fifteen sets would be the maximum for any one -business library. - -The replacing immediately of a lost or mutilated periodical is one of -the important duties of the business librarian, for it is reasonably -sure that the lost or mutilated number has something of real importance -in it, else it would not have been so treated by any member of the -organization; it is also important to replace it as soon as possible, -because often back numbers are difficult to obtain. - -Business men as a rule know nothing of the principles of satisfactory -binding and generally give the work to commercial printing -establishments who misplace pages and sections, and make mistakes in -titles and volume numbers in lettering the backs. If a business house -does not have a librarian to supervise its binding, it should be -careful to select if possible a bindery which specializes in library -binding and will do the work in accordance with the best library -practice. An illustration is shown of correct position and style for -lettering the backs of bound volumes. - - [Illustration: The "L. B. pamphlet box," the "Wood C. C. pamphlet - case" and a heavy cardboard box covered with book cloth made by H. - Schultz & Co.] - -It is not advisable to bind the volumes of every periodical received, -for many are only of passing interest, and while it is advisable to -keep such an unbound file for a year or two, at the end of that time -the librarian will be guided by his experience and use discretion in -disposing of out of date material. - - [Illustration: How the back of a bound periodical should be lettered.] - -The best method of preserving the current numbers of periodicals which -are to be permanently bound or preserved without binding is by the use -of Library Bureau pamphlet boxes, or similar makes, made in a variety -of dimensions. - -The "L. B. pamphlet box" is made of heavy chip-board covered with -glazed paper or black cloth, and half of one side doubles back on -itself permitting of easy consultation without removal of the contents. -These boxes stand on edge like books and are dust proof. - -"Wood C. C. pamphlet case" is made of seasoned wood and covered -with durable paper. This case has a closed top and open back and is -therefore not dust proof and has to be taken off the shelf to consult -the contents. For general use the L. B. pamphlet box is preferable -for business library work. Some business libraries also use a specially -made box of heavy cardboard covered with book cloth and with a card -label holder on the back, similar in style to the "Wood C. C. pamphlet -case," and which can be made by any good paper box factory, at prices -ranging from fifteen to twenty cents each on quantities, according to -the size desired. H. Schultz and Company, 519 West Superior Street, -Chicago, Illinois, advertise quotations on stock of this kind. A -photograph is shown of the style of boxes used by the National Safety -Council, Chicago, for filing copies of current circulars which are -distributed to their members. - - [Illustration: File boxes used by the library of the National Safety - Council, Chicago, for current circulars for distribution to their - members] - - -The Clipping of Periodicals - -Clipping may be legitimately indulged in, when an article of interest -is found in a single number of a periodical, to which the library does -not subscribe. Newspaper items, of course, must always be clipped and -there will be always material like printed leaflets which will require -the same kind of filing as clippings. - -Clippings are best filed in vertical file units, and methods of filing -and indexing are discussed in Chapter VI. The "U-File-M" binder strips -manufactured by the U-File-M Manufacturing Co., Syracuse, New York, are -exceedingly useful and satisfactory for fastening clippings, single -sheets or thin booklets into vertical file folders. These strips -need to be visualized by samples in order to clearly understand how -they work, but they can be described in general as gummed strips a -half-inch in width and 11 inches long with forty-four gummed tabs -one-eighth of an inch wide affixed, which can be pulled out from under -a protecting strip with the finger nail. The eleven-inch strip or any -cut off portion, can be glued horizontally or vertically into a folder -and papers or clippings attached by the gummed tabs. - -Business firms who wish to keep up with any special information -appearing in the daily press often employ a press clipping bureau. -Such service always furnishes quantity rather than quality, as no -attempt is made to select only items of real value. For example, a -firm specializing in the manufacture of canned milk ordered a clipping -bureau to send it all newspaper clippings on milk and among the -clippings sent was one of a milkman arrested for speeding, and similar -clippings were frequently sent. If very special information from the -daily press is desired the clipping should be done by a person within -the organization who has intimate knowledge both of the subject and of -the need. - - -SOME DEALERS IN BACK NUMBERS OF PERIODICALS - - Abrahams Book Store, 145 Fourth Avenue, New York City. - - F. W. Faxon Company, Boston, Massachusetts. - - The H. W. Wilson Company, New York City. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -The United States Government is the leading publisher of accurate and -reliable information bearing upon all kinds of business activities. -No question should ever be investigated or data collected by a -business firm without taking into consideration the valuable sources -of government information on that particular subject. The "Youroveta -Review," in its March, 1919 issue, says: - - "It is not only safety and accuracy in the performance of its regular - duties, but also expansion and development at which a progressive firm - is aiming; and this can be attained only when the business is analyzed - from all aspects of practical interest, when the horizon is being - constantly searched, and endeavors are made to explore new commercial - avenues." - -Studies of mineral, oil and gas deposits, tests of boiler and furnace -efficiencies, analyses and tests of fuels, production of crops and -cattle, labor problems, electrolysis, standards for gas and electric -service, foreign trade, water power and statistics of all industrial -activities, constitute a few of the subjects on which the government -periodically reports. - -The daily paper called "Commerce Reports," which gives reports and -business tips on trade and industrial conditions, gathered by American -Consular officers at their respective posts throughout the world, is an -invaluable periodical for business men in this after-the-war period of -trade development. - -The United States Shipping Board has issued a valuable series of free -pamphlets in the interest of export trade, some of which are: - - World Trade; A List of Books on World Trade. - Selection of Books on Foreign Languages. - Ships and the Ocean; A List of Books on Ships, Commerce - and The Merchant Marine. - Foreign Countries; A List of Books on Foreign Countries. - -Many practical illustrations could be given, if space permitted, of the -use made by business firms of government publications. For example, a -large mail order house made a decision, based on consulting the Weather -Bureau's temperature records in the different sections of the country -for a range of years, as to what date would be best for sending out, -to various districts, advance catalogs advertising summer and winter -wearing apparel; while an engineering firm, designing a gas holder to -be erected in a northern city, decided on the factor of safety to be -adopted against the lowest possible temperature, by consulting the -weather reports for the lowest temperatures which prevailed in that -section for a long range of years. - - -How to Procure Government Documents - -To keep thoroughly informed on the large body of constantly growing -data issued by the government, to know how to procure it without delay -and apply to a specific problem is no small accomplishment, and this is -one of the important reasons why the business man needs the assistance -of a trained library worker. The average business man gets mentally -lost in the thick woods of government documents; he either does not -know which department or bureau of the government can give the specific -information he desires, or he does not know how to procure, in the -shortest time, desired data which he knows the government has on file. - - [Illustration: Every business librarian should read these two monthly - lists regularly] - -The best way for the business man to find out what information is -in print and can be procured for his personal use, is to write -direct to each department, or special bureau, for the catalog of -their available publications. For example, the Bureau of Foreign and -Domestic Commerce issues a catalog of Bureau publications which is -described as a "review of information available to manufacturers and -exporters in the bulletins issued by the Bureau." The Navy Department -issues an "Index to Specifications for Naval Stores and Material" -which is very useful to many classes of business men who are drawing -up specifications for the purchase of various kinds of material. The -list of publications of the United States Geological Survey is a most -valuable guide in procuring bulletins on water power and irrigation, -mines and mineral resources, as well as important papers on economic -geology, namely, oil, gas and other useful minerals. The United States -Bureau of Standards, the Bureau of Census, the Bureau of Mines, all -publish catalogs of papers issued by them, which are of the greatest -possible value to business men. These bureaus, in addition to their -printed catalogs, issue supplemental lists of new publications each -month and the "Monthly Catalog of United States Public Documents," -issued monthly, price fifty cents per year, obtainable from the -Superintendent of Documents, also gives a list of all the publications -of all departments of the government issued each month. - - [Illustration: Two samples of the forty-four price lists of documents - issued by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.] - -The Superintendent of Documents issues free of charge, forty-four -lists of documents, for sale by his office, on certain subjects, such -as Roads, Labor, Foreign Relations of the United States, Finance, -Transportation, etc. A complete list of these subjects can be found -in Swanton's Guide to United States Government Publications (Bureau -of Education Bulletin 1918, No. 2), page 127, obtainable from -Superintendent of Documents at twenty cents per copy. This guide is -a most useful compilation as it describes briefly the work of each -department of the government and kind of publications issued by them, -stating where they can be obtained and what classes of publications are -free and what are for sale. - - [Illustration: Cover of Guide to United States Government Publications] - -Government publications which ordinarily may be obtained free by -applying direct to the Bureau issuing them, if out of stock may often -be bought from the Superintendent of Documents. The Superintendent -of Documents requires that all publications ordered from him be paid -for in advance, and this involves some difficulty, as often a man -does not know how much money to send to procure the publication, if -he has not seen the price quoted. Some business libraries, to save -delay in ordering, deposit twenty-five dollars in advance with the -Superintendent of Documents against which the cost of documents ordered -can be charged. The old idea of procuring publications through a -Congressman or Senator is the poorest kind of method of obtaining what -is wanted in a hurry, for many government documents will not cost the -business firm anything and those for which a charge is asked cost a -very small price. The Superintendent of Documents sells coupons which -may be sent in payment for documents ordered from his office. The -disadvantage of the coupon method of purchasing is that the buyer must -know in advance the price of the documents in order to send the correct -amount in coupons. - -Some of the departments of the government issue advance mimeographed -sheets of information and will also give out, in advance of printing, -data on file in the department to firms which make special request for -it, and have also been known to reply promptly to telegraphic requests. - -Some of the bureaus of the government have district offices in a few -of the large cities of the United States, for example, district -offices of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Weather Bureau, -etc., which are of great service in obtaining data in a hurry, and -the business man should ascertain the resources of his city in this -respect. He should also not forget to use the collection of government -documents at his Public Library when he wants to use publications of -which he cannot obtain a copy for his own immediate needs. Some of the -smaller public libraries do not have their government documents fully -cataloged and immediately available so that the business man must not -infer, because he cannot find certain government information at his -public library, that it does not exist. - - -State Documents - -The individual states of the United States also publish valuable -documents through their state boards and commissions with which it is -well for the business man to be acquainted. Many of the individual -states have similar boards and commissions which report annually or -biennially, both in bulletins and regular reports, such as state -engineer, state geologist, state mining department, state insurance -department, state experiment station, bureau of labor and industrial -statistics, state public utilities commissions and special commissions -created to deal with any particular problems or industries, peculiar -to the individual state. The best guide available to current state -publications is the "Monthly List of State Publications" published -by the Library of Congress, fifty cents per year. The chief drawback -in the use of this list is that it is always several months behind -in being published, as is also the "Monthly Catalog of United States -Public Documents." The current trade periodicals often note the issue -of any important state publications more promptly and are a great aid -in keeping up to date on this information. Public Affairs Information -Service, a cumulated index published by H. W. Wilson Company, New -York City, and which is noted more fully in a subsequent chapter on -Reference Books, lists a number of state publications of value. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Fairfax, Virginia= - - Pamphlets and clippings in the business library; pamphlet printed by - Journal of Electricity, San Francisco. - - - =Kaempffert, Waldemar= - - Putting Uncle Sam to work. McClure's magazine Dec. 1916, p. 11. - - - =Reinick, W. R.= - - Public documents as a commercial factor. Special libraries Nov. 1913, - p. 175-77. - - - =Rogers, S. L.= - - Value of statistics to business (census bureau). Manufacturers' record - Oct. 23, 1919, p. 34-35. - - - =Ulm, A. H.= - - What the census bureau can tell you about business. Printers' ink - monthly May 1920, p. 37-38. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -TRADE CATALOGS, PHOTOGRAPHS AND LANTERN SLIDES--THEIR FILING AND -INDEXING - - -Trade Catalogs - -Several methods for filing and indexing trade catalogs have been -advocated by various writers, but the most generally approved practice -is to file in legal size vertical file cabinets, with a shelf to -accommodate large bound volumes which are too bulky to go into the -drawers and whose disposition on shelves instead of in file drawers may -be noted by a symbol on the index card, and also by a reference sheet -placed in the file where the catalog would be alphabeted. - -All trade catalogs should be filed alphabetically by the names of the -firms issuing them, rather than under subjects, because often a single -pamphlet, or volume, may list a variety of materials which can not be -classified under a single subject name, thus avoiding numerous cross -subject references. - - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | | - | | Belt shifters | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | |Mahlon Bradley & Company | - | | First National Bank Building | - | | Chicago | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - - Trade catalog index card made under the subject name - - - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | | - | | Diamond speed shifter | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | |Mahlon Bradley & Company | - | | First National Bank Building | - | | Chicago | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - - Trade catalog index card made under well known trade name - -Engineers are prone to endeavor to apply a decimal subject -classification in filing trade catalogs, with the result that they fall -into many intricate difficulties. However, small offices using only a -few trade catalogs on special subjects can file under subjects with -other library material if desired. (The organization of an alphabetical -subject file for miscellaneous data is described in Chapter VI.) All -trade catalogs filed under the names of the firms should be subject -card indexed, because it takes less time to make a working index than -it does to look through various catalogs to find desired information -when there is no index. - - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | | - | |Mahlon Bradley & Company | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - | | First National Bank Building | - | | Chicago | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | |Belt shifters | - | |Diamond speed shifter | - | | | - +-------+--------------------------------------+ - - Trade catalog index card made under the name of the firm and showing - the subject name and trade name under which additional cards have been - made. - -The method of indexing should be as follows: there should be a card -made for the name of each firm issuing the catalog, and the address of -the firm may be added to this card in order to use it as a mailing list -if desired. The subjects, i. e., specific names of merchandise, which -the catalog covers and any well known trade names, should be written -on the face of this main card (see illustration) and additional cards -made for the subjects and any important trade names, and all of the -cards should be filed in a single alphabet. A Cutter number (which is -explained in detail in the chapter on cataloging) may be put on each -index card and trade catalog, in order to facilitate the alphabetizing -and quick location of individual trade catalogs. The subject index -in Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers, an invaluable tool to -purchasing departments, is a great aid in selecting subject names to be -used in the trade catalog index. - - -Photographs - -Photographs are important sources of information for any business firm, -as they visualize printed or written descriptions and make an accurate -and unchangeable record which does not permit of any misunderstanding, -as is sometimes the case in reading a printed account. Every industry -should have a photograph file illustrating the various aspects of -its products or the installations and construction for which it is -responsible and which may be supplemented by any photographs which can -be obtained on similar work done by firms other than its own. - -Banks and investment houses should have photographs of all tangible -properties on which they issue securities, as they have been found to -be of great aid in making a stock and bond offering concrete in the -mind of possible customers. - -Photographs are best filed by mounting singly or in groups on -a standard size photo-mount board 11 by 14 inches and put into -architectural size vertical file drawers. A dry mount process by the -use of gum tissue and a hot iron is much to be preferred to the -ordinary method of mounting, as photographs expand when wet and shrink -in drying, thus subjecting the mounting board to more or less warping -unless heavy pressure is used. - - [Illustration: A photo-mount board 11 by 14 inches in size. The title - of the photograph with date when taken is lettered across the top and - the classification number is shown in the upper left hand corner.] - -Photographs for business purposes may be filed geographically or -by subjects, according to the use which is to be made of them. An -engineering firm building structures in different parts of the country -file their construction photographs under the name of the state and -city in which the work is done; all the cities of a single state are -arranged in alphabetical order under the state name. The individual -photograph boards are numbered in accession order which makes the -photograph of latest date the highest number under each city. - - [Illustration: Form of entry on the index card to a photograph file] - -In order to avoid writing the name of the state and the name of the -town on the corner of each photograph, this particular library uses on -each board the Dewey Decimal Classification history number for each -state with the first letter of the name of the city below this decimal -number, to which is added the accession number of the photograph. This -combined number is used on the corner of the index card on which is -also entered the name of the city followed by the accession number of -each board and the title of the photograph with the date on which the -photograph was taken. - -Each photograph may be cataloged on a separate card if desired -and subject cards can also be made to any photographs and filed -alphabetically with the geographical index cards. - -When subject filing of photographs is desired the Dewey Decimal -Classification subject number, or a modification of that system, or the -name of the subject written out in full or the Cutter symbol for it -(which is described in Chapter VI), can be substituted in place of the -geographical classification number. - - -Lantern Slides - -There are two methods of filing slides. One is to file slides in a -cabinet containing drawers similar to a card catalog case, the slides -being filed horizontally rather than vertically. The other method -is to use a specially designed filing cabinet containing sliding -file leaves which pull out at right angles to the cabinet, which is -designed on the sectional unit plan for growth; the leaves have each -a capacity of about fifty or sixty slides which are held in place by -means of channel grooves which provide for examination of the slides -without handling, and also permit of quick removal of each slide as -needed. Complete descriptions of such cabinets may be obtained from the -Multiplex Display Fixture Company, St. Louis, Missouri, and from G. S. -Moler, 408 University avenue, Ithaca, New York. Both makes have been -satisfactorily used by a number of business organizations. - - [Illustration: The Moler lantern slide cabinet] - -The drawer method of filing slides costs less than the cabinet with -sliding file leaves, and also takes up less space. It has been found in -the experience of libraries handling large numbers of lantern slides -which are used freely that they are not as fragile as they appear to -be; they do not break easily and can be fingered as rapidly as a card -index file in a similar drawer. A piece of white paper can be easily -slipped behind the slides in the drawers to bring out their details -when they are being consulted. - - [Illustration: Lantern slide cabinet made by Multiplex Display Fixture - Co.] - -Lantern slides may be classified and card indexed for business purposes -in the same way that photographs are and care should be taken to have -the file number and title of the slide plainly lettered along the top -edge of the face of the slide. - -Collections of lantern slides for art and architectural purposes -require more elaborate classification and cataloging but such -requirements do not come within the scope of this treatise. - -In some business libraries where the slides are loaned out of the -city it may be advisable to index them on a 4 by 6 inch catalog card, -instead of the standard 3 by 5 inch card, in order to allow room to -paste on it a photograph of the lantern slide which will show its -detail when the slide itself is not immediately available. - - -Cuts - -Half-tone, zinc and electrotype cuts may be classified in the same way -that photographs are but filed in flat drawers. A reduced photograph of -the cut may be pasted on the index card similar to the plan noted above -for lantern slides. - - -Maps - -Business firms having large collections of maps which need to be -specially filed and recorded will find helpful suggestions in a -small pamphlet entitled "Making Maps Available," by Beatrice Winser, -published by the American Library Association, 78 East Washington -Street, Chicago, Illinois, price five cents. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Cook, G. L.= - - A library of trade catalogs. Library journal May 1919, p. 307-308. - - - =Nourse, F. M.= - - Finding the needle in the haystack (photographs and cuts). System Feb. - 1919, p. 218. - - - =Peck, E. E.= - - Trade catalog file. Library journal July 1919, p. 442. - - - =Selection of trade publications= of manufacturing companies. The - booklist April 1919, p. 285. - - - =Stokes, C. W.= - - Classification and filing of photographs. Printers' ink August 3, - 1916, p. 82-86. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -CLASSIFICATION AND CATALOGING IN BUSINESS LIBRARIES - - -All books and pamphlets received by the business library should be -classified by subject, i. e., all material on a given subject should be -brought together under the same subject number. The most satisfactory -working scheme of subject classification which has yet been devised -and which is most generally used is the Dewey Decimal Classification, -Edition 9, 1915, which can be purchased from the Library Bureau, price -$6.00. No subject classification is perfect and the Dewey Decimal -Classification will not fit all business libraries equally well, but -its elasticity of form and its notation is such that any expansion -which may be required by the specialized character of the business -library may readily be made by the trained librarian. The following -list of extensions to the Dewey Decimal Classification may be of -interest to engineers: - - "Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied - to the Engineering Industries," by L. B. Breckenridge and G. A. - Goodenough, published in University of Illinois Engineering Experiment - Station Bulletin 9, revised edition, 1912. - - "Extension of Dewey Decimal System of Classification to Cover - Municipal Engineering," by R. De L. French, in Canadian Engineer, Nov. - 12, 1914. - - "Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification to the Gas - Industry," by D. S. Knauss, American Gas Institute, October, 1914. - - "Extension of the Dewey Decimal System of Classification Applied to - Metallurgy, Metallography and Assaying," by R. M. Keeny, Colorado - School of Mines Quarterly, Golden, Colo., April, 1911. - - "Proposed Classification for an Engineering Library," by E. H. Frick - and Esther Raymond published by American Society of Civil Engineers, - 1916. - -It must be remembered that business libraries are small and the number -of books and pamphlets to be classified are few as compared with the -enormous collections in public libraries, so that the much discussed -question of new classifications which arises periodically is not of so -vital importance to the business library as might appear, especially -so when one recognizes the importance of making an exhaustive subject -catalog to all material, which relieves the business library from any -undue difficulties in classification. It will readily be seen that no -subject classification can bring together on the library shelves all -information on a subject, for the reason that some books and pamphlets -cover several well defined subjects and the book can stand on the -shelf in one subject position only. Such difficulties are met most -satisfactorily by a subject catalog in which subject entries are made -under the most specific subject heading and not under a broad term -which includes several well defined divisions of a general subject. -For example, a book on steam engines should be subject cataloged under -"Steam engines" and not under "Engines," while a book on various kinds -of engines should be subject cataloged under "Engines" and not under -"Mechanical engineering." The book on engines, if it treated of Marine -engines, Gas engines and various other types could also have cards -made under those subjects in addition to the card which was made under -"Engines." - - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | Sa107 | Cameron, W. H. | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | The attitude of the employer towards | - | | accident prevention and workmen's compensation. | - | | 9 p. | - | | | - | | | - | | Safety movement | - | | Workmen's compensation | - | | | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - - The pamphlet noted above is filed under "Safety movement" and an entry - is made under the author's name for the card index, showing upon its - face the subject names under which subject index cards have been made - - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | Sa107 | Workmen's compensation | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | Cameron, W. H. | - | | The attitude of the employer towards | - | | accident prevention and workmen's compensation. | - | | 9 p. | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - - If a pamphlet covers two or more subjects a subject card may be made - for each subject. The subject under which the pamphlet is filed is - shown by the Cutter book number. In this particular instance, the - pamphlet is placed in the file under "Safety movement." - - -This method permits of a book or pamphlet being entered under any -number of specific subjects on which it gives information and thus the -subject catalog brings together all the information in the library on a -specific subject, although it may not stand together on the shelves or -in a vertical file. - - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | Sa107 | Safety movement | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - | | Cameron, W. H. | - | | The attitude of the employer towards | - | | accident prevention and workmen's compensation. | - | | 9 p. | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +-------+-------------------------------------------------+ - - Subject catalog card for Alphabetic-subject file - - -Alphabetic-subject File - -All material put into vertical files need not be filed necessarily -by a numerical subject classification such as the Dewey Decimal -Classification; on the contrary a number of business libraries, which -use the Decimal Classification for material put on the shelves, have -organized most successful vertical files of miscellaneous material, -clippings, pamphlets, etc., by the alphabetic-subject method. This -simply means that the material is assigned, instead of a subject -number, a specific subject name similar to that put on a subject -catalog card and is filed alphabetically under that subject name -written out in full upon the folder, to which may be prefixed a Cutter -number assigned from the subject name of the material. The Cutter -number, primarily designed to alphabet authors, is the first letter -of a word combined with certain figures, designed to keep words in -alphabetic order by their initial letter and the figures following it. -The Cutter three figure alphabetic-order table, price $2.70, or the -Cutter-Sanborn alphabetic-order table, price $3.00, both for sale by -the Library Bureau, are equally good for use in the alphabetic-subject -file. The Cutter two figure table may be used for a small collection -of material. No business firm should attempt to install an -alphabetical-subject file unless the work is done under the direction -of a trained librarian who has had thorough training in cataloging and -in the assigning of subject headings. The best information in print -on the details of alphabetical-subject filing for business libraries -is to be found in a pamphlet entitled "Pamphlets and Clippings in the -Business Library" by Virginia Fairfax, published by the Journal of -Electricity, San Francisco. - -The advantage in using a Cutter number is, that it makes a convenient -brief notation to use on the material to be filed and on the catalog -card to show where the material is placed in the file. For temporary -files of ephemeral material both the Cutter number and the card -cataloging may be omitted. The alphabetic-subject file obviates the -difficulties which arise when the business library finds it has -material on subjects for which the Dewey Decimal Classification has not -adequately provided. - -Printed information on corporations collected by banking houses is most -satisfactorily filed alphabetically under the name of each corporation -with sub-divisions (i. e., mortgages, reports, etc.) under each -corporation name where necessary. - - -Cataloging - -Business men as a whole do not understand what cataloging involves nor -its supreme importance. Most of them call it card indexing and think -they have provided amply for it when they have purchased a card catalog -cabinet and a supply of cards, without realizing what someone has -recently said in a business periodical, that "the number of employes -and the generosity of mechanical equipment are not the essentials of -high grade production. Brains and floor space are unrelated." A card -catalog to be a success, as a working tool, must be made according to a -code of standardized rules by some one who has been thoroughly taught -to use them. A code of catalog rules given to a novice who attempts -to catalog by them without previous instruction will yield about as -satisfactory results as an automobile does when it is operated by some -one who has never run one before, and whose only knowledge consists of -what he has read about it in a handbook. The truth of this contention -is apparent when one considers that strict uniformity and accuracy must -be maintained, not only in making author entries but particularly in -making what the trained librarian calls subject headings with "see" -and "see also" references which the business man is often heard to -call cross indexing. (See Hitchler, Cataloging for Small Libraries, -Chapters 5 and 6.) Cataloging must be as accurate as bookkeeping; a -wrong figure, a mis-filed card or the entry of information under an -incorrect subject, makes the catalog as useless as trying to unlock a -door with a key that does not fit. The American Library Association, 78 -East Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, has issued a valuable list -of suggestive "Subject Headings for Use in a Dictionary Catalog," third -edition, price $2.50, which indicates proper terminology with cross -references, and to which each business library will probably make many -subject additions to suit its specific needs. The subject headings used -in the "Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature" and the "Industrial -Arts Index," mentioned in a previous chapter, are also of help to the -business library in determining adequate subject headings for the card -catalog. The ability to assign subject headings and cross references -correctly requires both broad knowledge and a high degree of training -and is one of the important assets which the business librarian derives -from a library school education. - -For the benefit of small offices which have a limited collection of -material and will need to do very little cataloging or indexing, the -sample author and subject cards are given to illustrate correct form. - -Further helpful suggestions can be obtained from Hitchler's Cataloging -for Small Libraries, published by the American Library Association, 78 -East Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, price $1.25. - - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | 627.38 | Wegmann, Edward | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | W42 | Design & construction of dams | - | | Ed. 4 N.Y. Wiley 1904. | - | | | - | | | - | | Dams | - | | | - | | | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - - Form of author card - -The Library of Congress publishes catalog cards printed on the standard -3 by 5 inch card, one form of card only for each book, namely the -author or main entry card, with suggestive subject headings printed at -the bottom. To this card, if purchased, may be added the classification -number of the book in the particular business library, and additional -cards may be bought on which may be put the subject headings. Not many -business libraries have made use of these printed cards issued by the -Library of Congress, because business library material is so limited -and specialized in selection that not enough Library of Congress -catalog cards can be used to make it worth while to spend time in -checking up what cards the Library of Congress issues, which can be -used by the business library. The business library is always in a hurry -to have its material cataloged and put on the shelves at once, and -ordering and waiting for receipt of Library of Congress cards does not -generally permit of quick enough work. - - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | | | - | 627.38 | Dams | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - | W42 | Wegmann, Edwards | - | | Design & construction of dams | - | | Ed. 4 N.Y. Wiley 1904. | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - | | | - +--------+------------------------------------------------+ - - Form of subject card - -It is advisable that the card catalogs to material in the business -library should be, as far as possible, alphabeted together in a single -file, because information on a subject found in a book is cataloged -under a specific subject heading, information on the same subject found -in a periodical article is entered under the same subject heading as -that used for the information in the book, and the same subject heading -is used in the card catalog for the material which, because of its -form, is put into the vertical file. The filing of these three subject -cards together instead of in three separate card catalogs, namely, to -books, periodicals and vertical file material, will show at once what -the library has on that particular subject with a saving of time in -consultation, as well as eliminating the risk of forgetting to look in -three separate catalogs when investigating a subject, and avoiding the -danger of mis-filing a card in a wrong catalog. If desired, references -to periodical articles and vertical file material may be put on colored -cards to show more quickly the disposition of the material in the -library. Photographs, lantern slides, cuts and maps are best cared for -by a separate card catalog to each file. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Colegrove, M. E. & McVety, M. A.= - - List of subject headings for information file. Elm tree press, - Woodstock, Vt. (Modern American library economy series). - - - =Dana, J. C.= - - Color and position filing. Elm tree press, Woodstock, Vt. (Modern - American library economy series). - - - =Dickey, P. A.= - - Care of pamphlets and clippings in libraries. H. W. Wilson & Company, - New York City. - - - =Fairfax, Virginia= - - Pamphlets and clippings in the business library; pamphlet printed by - Journal of Electricity, San Francisco. - - - =Krause, L. B.= - - Engineers' technical file. Engineering record Dec. 18, 1915, p. 760-61. - - - =Krause, L. B.= - - Indexing data on stream flow and rainfall. Engineering record Jan. 31, - 1914, p. 140-41. - - - =McVety, M. A. & Colegrove, M. E.= - - Vertical file. Elm tree press, Woodstock, Vt. (Modern American library - economy). - - - =Ovitz, D. G.= - - The "Readers' Guide" and the vertical file. H. W. Wilson Company, New - York City. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -It is the purpose of this chapter to give an outline of the equipment -required by the business library to do its work adequately. Some -business men make the mistake of thinking that the mechanical -equipment which they purchase will make a satisfactory library, while -others put their faith in employing a librarian who they expect will -create library service with the expenditure of very little money for -facilities and tools for carrying on the work. - -Both opinions are wrong, for the business library needs adequate -equipment with which to perform acceptable service quite as much as it -does a skillful librarian. - - -Floor Space and Shelving - -No business firm should consider establishing library service unless it -is willing to provide suitable space for it, for the best librarian in -the country cannot give satisfactory service with books and material -scattered in various places, wedged in tightly and stored on top -shelves or in storerooms where there is not quick access to them. - -The writer knows of several business firms, who from lack of sufficient -library space store their periodicals, and as far as any real use is -concerned they might as well not have them. Often the plea of lack of -floor space is a superficial reason and only indicative of the fact -that the firm is following a short sighted policy and has not really -waked up to the tremendous value of having such material in order and -readily accessible. - -In selecting the floor space for a business library a square or oblong -portion of space without columns or jogs in the walls is preferable, -as it permits of the most economical arrangement in putting in the -required fixtures. Good daylight is of course most desirable but if -this is not possible, care should be taken to have artificial light -of high grade which can easily be provided by a system of indirect -electric lighting supplemented by drop lights wherever necessary. - -The library floor space should be completely covered with cork carpet -both for cleanliness and quiet, and it should be laid before any -shelving is set, in order to avoid cuts and seams which catch dirt and -also look bad if the carpet is laid after immovable fittings have been -installed. - -In placing shelving for books, the most economical and compact -arrangement is the stack plan, i.e., double faced bookcases set at -right angles to a wall space and as close together as possible, but -allowing ready access by narrow aisles not less than thirty inches wide -between the tiers. The remaining wall space may be utilized by vertical -files or wall shelving to supplement the capacity of the stack layout, -but no business library of any considerable size should be laid out on -the plan of wall shelving only, as it is a most unnecessary waste of -space. - - [Illustration: Single face unit wood shelving showing adjustable - features. By courtesy of the Library Bureau.] - -The space assigned for the business library should be primarily -selected to accomplish best the work the library is designed to do, and -this principle is entirely compatible with a dignified and attractive -library layout, if it is done by someone who has both a knowledge of -the work of the library and of the most approved library equipment. The -floor plans of three business libraries are shown to illustrate the -economical placing of shelves, vertical files and furniture in a given -space. - - [Illustration: Adjustable metal stack, 7 feet 6 inches in height, with - shelves 3 feet long and 8 inches wide. By courtesy of the Library - Bureau.] - -Shall the library stack be wood or metal, open or enclosed with glass, -and shall it have fixed or adjustable book shelves? Open metal stack, 7 -feet 6 inches in height, with 7 adjustable shelves, 3 feet long, eight -or 10 inches wide, in each tier, or open wood stack of the unit type, 6 -feet 10 inches high, with adjustable shelves are both suitable, with a -preference for wood, because it ordinarily costs less and looks better -in a small library room. Some business offices which have only a few -books are using wood bookcase units with sliding glass doors. These -answer the purpose for very small collections in private offices, but -if there is to be any real growth they constitute too great an expense -in proportion to the number of books shelved, and are not economical in -saving floor space. Even when such wooden units are placed together in -double stack form they are not comparable in economy with metal or open -wood stack because they are less durable, hold a less number of books -per shelf, can not safely be built up to as great a height and do not -save space by having adjustable shelves for books of varying heights. -Glass doors to bookcases in a live business library are a pest and the -only service which they really perform in keeping out a little dust -does not compensate for their added expense especially when dust can be -readily removed from open shelves by the use of a vacuum cleaner. - - [Illustration: Plan No. 1 (850 square feet) has three windows at one - end of the room and the librarian's desk, reading table, vertical - files and card catalog cabinet are placed advantageously near these - windows for good daylight. There is room also for additional desks - near the windows. - - Book stacks are placed at right angles to the windows at the rear of - the room but require artificial light. The remaining wall space is - used for wall stacks.] - -The best method for a business firm to pursue in acquiring the most -suitable and best arranged shelving for a library is to have their -librarian ask one or two reputable firms making a specialty of -library fittings to furnish drawings, descriptions and prices of -their stack, and also make suggestions as to its best arrangement in -a given floor space. The trained librarian who has been educated in -the details of good and poor equipment and who knows what an adequate -layout should be, will readily point out the merits and weaknesses of -the specifications in regard to standardization, simplicity and price. -It is always economical to equip even the smallest business library -with a high grade standard make of shelving, which will never have to -be discarded as the library grows, and which can always be matched when -additional shelving needs to be purchased. - -It must be remembered also that the business library is often not -permanently located in a particular space because the layouts of all -offices of business organizations are subject to change, due to growth -in the business, and therefore library shelving which is well made, and -of standard parts and which can be moved readily as occasion demands is -most desirable. - - -Vertical Files - -The floor space for the business library should not only provide for -adequate shelving, but should allow for vertical files and their -growth. The value of adequate vertical filing equipment can not be -over-estimated, because so much of the working material in the business -library must be kept in vertical files. It is essential that drawers -move easily and quietly and do not get out of order, as this affords a -great saving in labor as well as quick service for the busy man who -wants the contents at his immediate disposal. - - [Illustration: Plan No. 2 (700 square feet) has two windows at the end - of the room but requires a different layout from Plan No. 1 because of - the dimensions of the room. - - The narrow width of the room makes it impossible to place all of the - vertical files near the daylight. The layout is an exception to the - general principle that book stacks should be placed at right angles - to windows, because the room is too long and narrow to permit of any - daylight penetrating the aisles between the stacks if so placed, and a - more economical arrangement is effected by placing the book stacks at - right angles to a wall.] - - [Illustration: Plan No. 3 (600 square feet) showing two small rooms at - right angles opening into each other with three windows in each room. - - The first room is used for the librarian's desk, vertical files, - card catalog cabinet and one wall stack for reference books, while - the second room is used for the book stacks which are set at right - angles to the windows thereby giving ample daylight between the stacks - without the necessity of artificial lighting. Wall stacks are also - used where possible to complete the capacity of the room.] - -There are a large variety of makes of vertical files which are -bewildering to the average purchaser in their rival claims for -superiority. What the purchaser needs as a guide is not a long list of -all the makes of filing cabinets on the market but a brief comment on -the kinds of cases which are worth while and the reasons why they are -satisfactory. - - [Illustration: These four styles of unit vertical files in wood are - the same height and depth and permit of additions by the removal - of the ends. They are the most suitable kind of files for business - library work.] - -In order to allow for growth, filing cabinets of the unit type only -should be considered, as this type provides for expansion by the -addition of new units, for flexibility, in that the units may be -easily rearranged as new units are added, and for economy of space in -that the greatest variety of drawers or files will occupy minimum floor -space. - -There are two kinds of unit filing cabinets, namely, the horizontal -type in which cabinets are placed one on top of the other, with -removable top, and the vertical type in which units are placed side by -side, with detachable ends. - -Excellent illustrations of the various useful combinations possible -with both types may be found in the trade catalog of the Library -Bureau, entitled "Unit Filing Cabinets in Wood." - -The mechanical operation of all file drawers should be the best -obtainable. Trays should be rigidly made and yet light enough to be -easily handled. Vertical filing drawers should be mounted on roller -bearing slides in order that they may run easily when loaded, for as -one manufacturer states, "The efficiency of every card and filing -system depends directly on the ease and precision of the mechanical -operation." - -If wood cabinets are selected, care should be taken that these are -purchased from a manufacturer who will guarantee that the woods used -are well seasoned and perfectly kiln-dried so that there will be no -shrinking, swelling or warping. These are necessary qualifications -which can not be assured when purchasing the lower priced cases on the -market. - - [Illustration: Double face unit wood shelving, 6 feet 10 inches high - with adjustable shelves, 3 feet long and 8 inches wide. By courtesy of - the Library Bureau.] - -Wood cases are preferable to steel for library use, not only because of -the appearance, but also because they are less noisy. Steel cabinets, -despite the rubber protectors or buffers which do not wear for any -length of time, are noisy. The fire resisting qualities of steel are -negligible as an argument for their use in the average business library. - - -Card Catalog Cabinets and Cards - -All card cabinets for library use should be made for the standard -centimeter size library catalog card which is approximately 3 by 5 -inches and should be purchased with round rods to pass through the -lower margin of the card, so that the cards can not be accidentally -spilled out or carelessly removed and misplaced. - -A good quality of card should be selected, for experience proves it is -a waste of time and money to put permanent records on a poor grade of -cards; guides with celluloid tips are more durable than bristle board -ones. - -The best cards on the market have both evenly cut edges and sufficient -stiffness to permit rapid fingering and are made of durable stock. -These points are particularly emphasized because one of the faults of -many business offices is the buying of cheap card supplies without -taking into consideration the reason why more expensive cards are -really the most economical. - -No matter by whom the equipment and supplies of a business organization -are ordered, the business librarian should always have the privilege of -specifying grades and makes if the best results are to be obtained. It -is never advisable for the sake of general office uniformity to force -supplies upon the business library which are not best suited for its -work, and the librarian is always the best judge of the most suitable -ones by reason of trained judgment, and experience. - -The ordering of books and periodicals should always be done by the -librarian, who is thoroughly acquainted with the publishing field, -and under no circumstances by the general purchasing department of an -organization. - -A few well known firms dealing in library supplies are as follows: - - Democrat Printing Co., (supplies) Madison, Wis. - - Gaylord Brothers, (supplies) Syracuse, N. Y. This firm makes a variety - of pamphlet binders which are much used by many business libraries and - are well worth investigating. - - Library Bureau, (equipment and supplies) New York City, Chicago and - branches in other cities. - - Art Metal Construction Co., (equipment) Jamestown, N. Y. and branches - in other cities. - - Refer also to advertisers in the periodicals, "Library Journal" and - "Public Libraries," which may be seen at the Public Library. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Leffingwell, W. H.= - - The office through a microscope. National efficiency quarterly August - 1918, p. 85-111. - - - =Library Bureau= - - Library supplies catalog no. L1018. - - Unit wood book shelving catalog no. 70314. - - Unit filing cabinets in wood catalog no. 8929. - - Steel book stack catalog no. 70814. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -REFERENCE BOOKS FOR THE BUSINESS LIBRARY - - -All business organizations, whether they employ a librarian or not, -have need of some reference books for general information as well as -for special information along the lines of their individual work. If -a librarian is not employed the reference books are not so valuable -as they might be, because there is generally no one at hand so -skilled in manipulating their indexes and contents, that the exact -information required is immediately forthcoming; for it is in the field -of reference books particularly that the business librarian acts as -"Open Sesame" to the business man. The ability to find information is -a matter of training; it does not suffice merely to possess books or -to be told of existing resources. This truth was stated in a homely -fashion some time ago by a practical engineering journal, which said: - - "Books are just as much engineering tools as wrenches, hammers, - or cold chisels, and it takes practice to successfully manipulate - them. We have all probably laughed at the novice's first attempt - to use a monkey wrench, a can can be just as clumsy with the books - that he consults to assist him in solving his problems. Just as it - took considerable time to acquire skill in handling tools about the - plant, it also takes a lot of time to acquire the knack of getting - information out of books," or to state the case in the words of the - founder of the famous Poole's index system, "The facile proficiency in - the use of books does not come by intuition." - -It is the purpose of this chapter to make some practical comments on -the best reference books for business libraries, from which each -individual business library can make a selection according to its -special needs. - -The list aims to include only such reference books as have been found -to be of actual use, and to exclude all references to books which -although excellent in their lines, have no place in the work of the -business library, and no further apology will be made for their -omission. - - -Bibliographies - -No attempt is made to describe bibliographically the books listed. This -has been well done for most of them in =Kroeger's Guide to the Study -of Reference Books=, third edition, published by the American Library -Association, 78 East Washington Street, Chicago, 1917, price $2.50. -The few business men who have time to give to the detailed study of -reference books will find this guide an authoritative treatise on the -subject, and on file at the Public Library. Another useful aid in the -selection of books for business libraries, both reference books and -books on general business subjects, is entitled =2400 Business Books=, -third edition, issued by the H. W. Wilson Company, New York City, 1920, -price $5.00. This volume is very useful in showing what literature -is in print on various business subjects, but as the entries are not -annotated it is not a guide to the relative value of the books listed. - -Three excellent lists of worth while books on business subjects are -=A Select List of Books for Business Libraries=, by Paul H. Nystrom -in "National Efficiency Quarterly," May, 1918, =A White List of -Business Books=, by John Cotton Dana, printed serially in "The Nation's -Business," November, 1917-July, 1919, and =Five Hundred Business Books= -published by American Library Association 1919. - -Some publishers of business books whose catalogs may be had for the -asking are as follows: - - D. Appleton & Company, New York City. - Macmillan Company, New York City. - Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. - Ronald Press, New York City. - A. W. Shaw Company, Chicago, Ill. - -Two bibliographies on financial and economic subjects of value to -business men are =The Stock Exchange Business= and =Corporation Finance -and Investment=, published by The Investment Bankers Association of -America, 111 West Monroe Street, Chicago, price $1.10 each. - - -Selecting Reference Books - -In selecting reference books for a business library it is wise to -keep in mind the following facts. It does not necessarily follow that -because a book is printed on a subject it is therefore authoritative -and worth while purchasing. Examine and test the credentials for -worthiness of every reference book carefully. Even the best reference -books fall down at some point and must be used with judgment. No -matter how excellent a reference book appears to be in its accuracy -and completeness, remember it is of no value to the business library -unless that library has particular use for it. It is almost as serious -a fault in a business library to have more books than are needed as it -is to have too few books to meet the needs. A good purchasing rule to -follow, is to buy only after it has been clearly demonstrated that the -library has no book which will give certain information desired, for -it has been found that a few well selected reference books will answer -a multitude of questions, and some of the business libraries doing the -best work have comparatively few working tools of this class. It must -be remembered also that it is not sufficient to buy a copy of an annual -publication once, but that the latest edition must be purchased each -year in order that the information may be kept strictly up to date. - - -Dictionaries - -The first and foremost reference book which a business office needs is -an English dictionary, for the men who dictate and the stenographers -who write reports and letters must have an authoritative source to -which they can turn for definitions, spelling, synonyms, hyphenation -and pronunciation. - -The two best single volume dictionaries, costing about sixteen dollars -each, are the latest editions of the =Standard Dictionary=, published -by Funk and Wagnalls, and =Webster's New International Dictionary=, -published by Merriam. Of these two dictionaries the preference of many -scholars is for Webster, although the Standard is considered most -excellent on present day words and their meanings. One of the drawbacks -in using Webster hurriedly is the divided page. In the upper part of -the page the main words of the language are given, and in the lower -part in smaller type are given the minor words, foreign phrases and -abbreviations. - -In an office which prepares a great deal of advertising material, or -"copy" for publication, a thesaurus dictionary will be very useful. -=March's Thesaurus Dictionary of the English Language=, Philadelphia -Historical Publishing Company, "designed to suggest immediately any -desired word to express exactly a given idea; a dictionary of synonyms, -antonyms, idioms, foreign phrases, pronunciation, a copious correlation -of words," may be purchased for $15.00, if an elaborate dictionary of -this kind is to be desired. =Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and -Phrases= may be purchased in several editions, prices $1.25 up to $2.00. - -The business library will do well to provide a few books on business -English, punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations and correspondence -forms, a few of which are the following: - - =Vizetelly Desk Book of Errors in English=, New York, Funk & Wagnalls, - $1.00. - - =Putnam's Correspondence Handbook=, New York, Putnam, $1.75. - - =Lewis Business English=, Chicago, LaSalle Extension University, $1.40. - - =Manley & Powell Manual for Writers=, University of Chicago Press, - $1.25. - - =University of Chicago Manual of Style=, University of Chicago Press, - $1.50. - - =United States Public Printer Style Book=, a compilation of rules - governing executive, congressional and departmental printing, - Washington, Superintendent of Documents, $0.15. - -If a business library finds it needs any foreign language dictionaries, -possibly French and Spanish, bilingual ones can be obtained in one -volume editions from any first class book dealer at a cost of not more -than $3.00 a volume. - - -Encyclopedias - -The new edition of the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia is a luxury -for a business organization and need not be considered in this list, -but the business library must have a general encyclopedia, and the -best one for the American business office is without doubt the =New -International Encyclopedia=, published by Dodd, Mead and Company in 23 -volumes, latest edition 1916. Price bound in library buckram, $7.50 per -volume. - -Its advantages for business use over the new edition of the much -recently advertised =Encyclopedia Britannica=, are that the point of -view of the articles covers American needs better, that all information -is alphabeted under the most specific subject word, so that no index -volume has to be consulted as is the case in using the Britannica, and -that there are ample "see" references, if the subject looked up is -entered under a different terminology. - -In regard to its authority, comprehensiveness, illustrations, maps -and bibliographical references at the end of the articles, the New -International ranks in the first class of encyclopedia productions. -It can be purchased printed on the much exploited India paper if the -saving of shelf space means more to the business office than does the -rapid turning of leaves. The India paper leaves are apt to stick -together and also crumple easily. The most desirable binding is library -buckram rather than flexible leather, which some business libraries -have been unwise enough to purchase. Dodd, Mead and Company also issue -an excellent annual encyclopedia entitled the =New International Year -Book=, as a supplement to the New International Encyclopedia, which -brings the Encyclopedia down to date at a cost of $6.50 per volume. - -=The World Almanac and Encyclopedia=, published for the New York World -both in cloth and paper binding at 50 and 35 cents per volume, is -an invaluable addition to the business library, no matter how well -supplied it may be with pretentious encyclopedias. It is strong on -statistics of all kinds which are brought down to date and contains a -wide range of miscellaneous information which cannot be found readily -in more expensive handbooks. It has an excellent index and is generally -the best book to consult in a hurry in answering the many miscellaneous -questions which arise in a business office. It has been estimated that -it will answer 25% of the questions which come up in every day business -experience. - -=Lippincott's New Gazetteer of the World=, a geographical dictionary, -Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1906, price $10.00, is useful but much out of -date in its statistics. - -The United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce publishes -each year the =Statistical Abstract of the United States= at 50 cents -per volume, paper binding, or it may be had in cloth. This abstract -gives tabulated statistics covering a number of years on the natural -resources and various economic activities of the United States. This -Bureau also publishes annually a valuable volume of statistics entitled -=Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States=, which gives -statistics of imports and exports of different classes of merchandise -with rates of duty, quantities and value. - -For commercial, political and statistical information about foreign -countries the =Statesman's Year Book=, a British publication issued -annually by Macmillan, at $7.50 per volume, is a valuable addition to -any business library. It also gives a list of the best books on each -country and its most important government publications, and includes a -list of books relating to the war and a diary of its principal events. -Maps of the different countries are also included. - -=The American Newspaper Annual=, a directory published by Ayer and -Son, Philadelphia, price $10.00, gives a list of all newspapers and -periodicals published in the United States and territories, Canada, -Cuba, West Indies, arranged by states and cities, with maps of the -states and information about the industries and institutions of each -city. It gives the population of cities and towns of the United States -and Canada whose population is over 3,000. It lists all publications in -foreign languages printed in different states of the United States and -also gives a list of trade papers for certain industries. A mid-year -supplement is free to subscribers. - -=Rand McNally's Commercial Atlas of America=, published annually, price -$35.00, is the best atlas of its kind on the market for a business -office. The maps are indexed, and information on population, express -offices, United States money order stations and the railroads of each -town and city are given. This atlas has maps of the largest cities. -Steamship and interurban lines are also shown. - -Another valuable guide is the =Official Hotel Red Book and Directory= -of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Hawaii, West Indies and -South American cities, published annually by the Official Hotel Red -Book and Directory Company, New York City, price $6.00. This guide -lists hotels under cities with brief notes on accommodations and rates. - -Another similar guide is =American Travel and Hotel Directory=, -published annually by Harold W. Phillips, 1133 Broadway, New York City, -at $5.00 per volume. - -=The Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines= of -the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, also time tables -of railroads in Central America, is published monthly by the National -Railway Publication Company, New York City, $14.00 per year. It gives -the current time tables in effect and the maps of the various railroads -with indexes of their stations, and a general alphabetical index of all -railway stations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, showing on what -railroads a given place is located, with a similar index for points -reached by water routes. - -=United States Official Post Office Guide=, issued annually with eleven -monthly supplements at $1.00 per year, gives information about mail -rates and post office rulings, and also gives a complete list of the -post offices in the United States. - -The business library will find it helpful to obtain a single volume -published by the Census Bureau entitled =Abstract of the Thirteenth -Census of the United States, 1910=, which may be procured from the -Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., at the cost of $1.00. -This abstract gives in condensed form with explanatory text, statistics -to be found in the eleven volumes report of the 1910 census covering -population, agriculture, manufactures and mining of the United States -as a whole, individual states and principal cities. This abstract -volume is issued in special editions for each state of the United -States, which give special statistics pertaining to that state. - -In regard to population figures, it is probably not generally known -that the Census Bureau has issued bulletins giving estimates of -the population of cities for each year subsequent to 1910, so that -population figures for 1910 need not be considered as the latest -official figures available. The 1920 census is being compiled as this -volume goes to press. - -The reference collection of a business library must be strong in books -which will serve as directories of persons and industries, in order -to answer questions on "who is who" and "where and what" are certain -business organizations. The important point for consideration in -selecting directories for a business library is that they must be not -only accurate but as nearly up-to-date as possible, to be of real value. - -=Who's Who in America=, a biographical dictionary of notable living -men and women of the United States, giving brief biographical data and -addresses of over twenty thousand Americans prominent in business and -public affairs, professional life, or as authors, published biennially -by A. N. Marquis and Company, Chicago, $7.50 per volume. - -There are also similar brief biographical dictionaries published for -certain states and cities which will be well known to the public -libraries in those particular localities, and which will not be -listed here as they are not of general interest to all localities; -for example, =The Book of Chicagoans=, =Who's Who in New England=, -=Directory of Directors in the City of New York=. - -Every business library will need the latest edition of the -=Congressional Directory=, as all business firms have at some time -correspondence with, or need information on, congressmen, committees, -departments and bureaus of the Government, also diplomatic and consular -service. This volume may be purchased from the Superintendent of -Documents, Washington, D. C., for 60 cents, in cloth binding. - -The membership lists of national organizations representing -different professions and industries are also very valuable, such -as the membership of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, -American Society of Civil Engineers, and other associations devoted -to business interests as well as to professional work. The city -directory and telephone list of any community must not be forgotten as -helpful reference aids, also state gazetteers, and the collection of -directories of various cities to be found at the public library will be -found most useful. - -G. P. Putnam Sons, New York City, publish a handbook called =Directory -of Mailing Lists, Obtainable in Book or Pamphlet Form=, price $2.50, -which tells where printed mailing lists of certain industries or -classes of people may be obtained free or at a reasonable price. - -=Public Affairs Information Service=, a weekly or bi-monthly cumulated -service, according to the needs of subscribers, and cumulating in an -annual volume, published by the H. W. Wilson Company, New York City, is -a subject index to articles in current periodicals, pamphlets and books -covering current economic problems. Price upon application. It is a -valuable index to consult at the public library, as it is too expensive -for the small business library. - -=Thomas' Register of American Manufacturers=--"first hands in all -lines"--is an indispensable directory. It is published annually by the -Thomas Publishing Company, New York City, price $15.00. The entries are -in three main sections. The first section classifies the manufacturers -according to their products, in an alphabetical subject list; the -second section lists the manufacturers alphabetically by their names, -gives addresses, branch offices and officials for many of them; the -third section lists all the popular trade names alphabetically, and -there is an alphabetical index of subjects at the beginning of the -volume, with plentiful cross references to all the subjects listed in -section one. - -=Hendricks' Commercial Register of the United States= is similar -to Thomas' Register, but is especially devoted to the interests of -contracting and construction industries. It is published annually by S. -E. Hendricks Company, New York City, price $12.50. - -Exporters and importers will find most useful, =Kelly's Directory -of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of the World=, 1921, Kelly -Publishing Company, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York City, price $20.00. - -The organization, personnel of management, earnings and financial -history of industrial corporations in the United States are given -in =Moody's Manual of Railroad & Corporation Securities=, published -annually by Poor's Publishing Company, New York City. The publisher -expects to issue the 1921 edition in four volumes as follows: - - Vol. I--Railroads. - Vol. II--Public Utilities. - Vol. III--Industrials. - Vol. IV--Mining and Oil Companies. - -The 1921 price will probably be $15.00 per volume. - -=Moody's Analyses of Investments= is published in four parts as follows: - - Part I--Steam Railroads. - Part II--Industrials. - Part III--Public Utilities. - Part IV--Government and Municipals. - -These volumes cover much the same ground as the manuals just noted with -the addition of ratings. They are published by John Moody, 35 Nassau -street, New York City, at $15.00 per volume. - -=The Manual of Statistics Stock Exchange Handbook=, similar in contents -to the Poor & Moody volumes but not as full, is published annually by -The Manual Statistics Company, New York City, at $12.00 per volume. - -=Investment Bankers and Brokers of America=, issued annually by Sites -Publishing Company, 441 Pearl Street, New York City, $17.50 per volume, -is a useful directory to be used to supplement =Rand McNally Bankers' -Directory=, issued semi-monthly in January and July, Chicago, price -$25.00 per year, or the =Bankers' Encyclopedia=, issued semi-annually -in March and September, New York, price $10.00 per volume. - -=Money and Investments=, by Montgomery Rollins, "a reference book for -the use of those desiring information in the handling of money or the -investment thereof," is an excellent dictionary of financial terms, -published by Financial Publishing Company, Boston, Mass., edition 4, -price $3.00. - -For the business firm who wishes to keep up to the minute on the latest -information of what is going on in the world as affecting trade and -finance, the Standard Statistics Company, 47 West street, New York -City, issues =Standard Daily Trade Service= at a cost of $120.00 per -year, which delivers each morning by first class mail a conveniently -indexed and itemized digest of the important news regarding crops, -commodities, countries, legislation, taxation, Federal trade -regulation, transportation, etc., and in addition gives the subscriber -the benefit of a Personal Service department for special information -of value to him individually which does not appear on the daily report -sheet. - -In addition to the Daily Trade Service, the Standard Statistics -Company also issues a similar daily service entitled =Corporation News -Service=, which summarizes all the corporation news of the country. It -also issues a =Corporation Card and Bond Card Service= which furnish -daily revised card descriptions of corporations and bond issues. - -The =Federal Trade Information Service=, 31 Nassau street, New York -City, is similar in frequency and form of issue to the standard Daily -Trade Service but is not as comprehensive in scope, as it covers only -the activities of the Federal Government. - -There is scarcely any industry which has not put out a reference -handbook or directory covering its special field, and it is impossible -in a brief treatise to list all of the reference books which pertain -to a large number of industries. The best printed list from which to -determine what directories and handbooks have been issued for certain -industries is =2400 Business Books=, which has been previously noted. -Consult also the trade journals, and above all, do not forget to use -the reference facilities to be found at the public library. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -THE ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF THE BUSINESS LIBRARIAN - - -Thoughtful consideration of what the business library does will -inevitably lead to one conclusion, namely, that the librarian, who is -the director and inspiration of the work, must have greater educational -qualifications than can be found in the average office employe who -is engaged either in the capacity of stenographer or file clerk. The -qualifications which are necessary to make a successful business -librarian may be definitely stated as follows: - - 1. A college education or its equivalent. - 2. A library school education or its equivalent. - 3. Certain innate mental and social traits. - 4. The business man's point of view. - - -1. A College Education or Its Equivalent - -The business librarian, no matter how well educated, will never have -a superabundance of knowledge for the prosecution of the task, for -the ramifications of business subjects are innumerable and touch the -sum total of human knowledge; and while no one person can be master -of all subjects, yet a college education, and the mental training -which it implies, should give not only a wider knowledge, but a power -of adaptability and versatility in working with information, which -constitute an indispensable asset in the prosecution of business -library work. - -The type of college graduate who makes the best business librarian is -the one who is able to exercise a high degree of concentration, think -clearly and quickly, analyze subjects, understand cause and effects, -make logical deductions and wise discriminations, express ideas clearly -and to the point, and be able to discuss intelligently the information -which he passes along to the business man. - -It is only just to state at this point that some college graduates do -not measure up to the standards which have been indicated, and that -there are many well-educated men and women without college degrees who -do; every man or woman must be judged on the basis of individual merit. -A business organization, however, can make no more serious mistake than -to think it can put its library work into the hands of some one of -limited education, who, although he knows the work of the particular -business by long apprenticeship, has not the important requisite of -a larger point of view which is the result of a broad education, no -matter by what means obtained. - -W. H. Cameron, when general manager of the National Safety Council, -writing of library work as an aid to that organization, stated -the facts exactly when he said: "The problem of the industry, the -application of the library's information, the method of presentation -and the utility of the service, all require trained minds." - - -2. A Library School Education or Its Equivalent - -A liberal education, however, is not sufficient in itself to make a -business librarian, unless that education has included the second -requisite in the list of qualifications, namely, education in approved -methods of library science, according to the standards taught by -accredited library schools. - -What is meant by library science, and why is it necessary that -a business librarian should be trained in it, in order to do -adequately the work of the business library? Library science is the -standardization of the most approved methods of doing library work, -based on the results of many years of study and practical experiment by -librarians of large ability who have given their full time and energies -to the task. In brief, methods of library work have been standardized -by library experts and reduced to a practical, economical, effective -science. - -If this be the case, what possible justification can be found for -business firms who waste time and money, in addition to getting no -adequate results, in devising original methods for doing their library -work? Trade periodicals, for several years, have published a number -of articles treating of original methods adopted by various firms for -filing and indexing their printed information. These original schemes -reveal many weaknesses and discrepancies and also that many business -men are entirely ignorant of the fact that library science has already -produced much more excellent ways of working. No man is competent to -work with any principle of science, much less modify it, until he is -first master of it. - -The structure of the business library must be built on the solid -foundation of established library science, and there is no fact which -business men need to realize more, than that library science as taught -in professional library schools is not a simple code summed up in a -few text books to be readily mastered by a novice and improved upon at -will, but, on the contrary, that it covers a wide range of material, -and must be studied by the use of many books devoted to classification, -cataloging, reference work and other related subjects. True, there are -primers of library science, but as well give a novice a primer on the -steam engine and expect him therefore to be adequately equipped to -run a power plant, as to put a novice with a library primer in charge -of a business library with its highly specialized needs. A business -organization would not think of engaging either a stenographer or a -bookkeeper who is not trained to do his particular work; how much -more, therefore, should a business librarian measure up to recognized -standards of library training in order to perform adequately the -difficult and important work which he is called upon to do. - -The argument for the employment of a trained librarian can be briefly -summed up in five words: the trained librarian knows how. - -The trained librarian knows how to get and how to use sources of -general information, how to keep up with the latest data on business -subjects, how to use quickly and accurately the facilities of large -city libraries, how to use all kinds of printed indexes, how to -classify, catalog, and index material according to standard practice, -so that no time or money is wasted in experimenting with inadequate -systems, and last but not least, knows how to have a place for -everything and everything in its place, so that desired information is -immediately available. - -As has been intimated, some college graduates cannot grade up to -business library requirements, so also, some library school graduates -are not suited for business library work, and rarely is a library -school graduate, who has not been seasoned first by some thorough -library experience, before coming into business library work, fitted -for the task. Some trained librarians get so obsessed with the red -tape and detail of their library training that they never dare to be -original in modifying and adapting their fundamental library principles -to new conditions and business problems, and therefore cannot create -the type of service which is essential for business. - -Some of the advocates of business libraries, having seen library -trained people who have "fallen down on the job," speak slightingly -of library training, and go to the other extreme, saying that the -successful business librarian is born and not made. This is not true, -because no innate qualification ever carries with it the ability to -succeed in the absence of the proper training. "Both the heritage and -the training of the faculties must go hand in hand to insure success." -Trained librarians should be estimated by business men in the same -manner as they estimate other skilled workers. When an engineer, or -in fact any professional man, fails on a piece of work, his employers -do not condemn engineering or professional schools as a whole, but try -another trained man on the job. If a business man has made a wrong -estimate in selecting his librarian, he should not quarrel with library -training, but get a higher grade librarian. - -The failure of some business librarians who have had both college -education and training in library science is due not to inadequate -knowledge but to lack of personal qualifications, and while personal -qualifications alone will not make a successful business librarian, -neither will a college education and training in library science make a -successful business librarian without certain innate mental and social -traits. - - -3. Mental and Social Traits - -The mental and social traits required for success in any line of -business work apply with equal force to the business librarian, and -it is not necessary to enter into any academic discussion of them at -this time. Everyone knows that good health, accuracy, thoroughness, -common sense, good judgment, tact, integrity of character, and memory -(particularly in library work) are indispensable to success in any -career, but there are certain traits which a long term of service in -a business library and an intimate acquaintance with many business -librarians have made clear to the writer, as necessary to success in -the business of being a business librarian. - -The business librarian must be an executive; he must have not only -a balanced view of every detail of library work in relation to its -particular whole, but he must especially have an adequate vision of -library work in relation to the whole work of his organization, and -he must have the ability to see this relationship without waiting for -some one to point it out to him. Finally, he must be able to relate the -particular business and its existing service, to the work of the world -at large. - -A librarian serving a prominent business organization was recently -asked by the writer, what was the scope of the work of their publicity -department in furthering the interests of the organization as a whole, -with the result that she could not tell. This librarian only knew that -her business was to catalog, classify, put away and be able to get out -again the material which was assigned to her care. The executive head -of another important business organization has often complained because -his librarian was afraid to take any initiative and always waited to be -told what detailed policy should be pursued by the library; he was too -busy to have to carry it on his mind, and more than that, he really did -not know, and needed a librarian who did. - -The business librarian must see the need, make the plan, and get all -the mechanism necessary for its accomplishment into thorough working -order, and have backbone enough to hold the point and have power to -make others see it. There is no place in a business library for the -mere "bookkeeping" methods of a recorded and finished job, for the work -of the business library is never finished; it is a living force, and -like all living things, it is subject to constant change and progress -and never gets to the finished stage which suggests the orderly quiet -calm of a graveyard! - -What the business man wants from his librarian is results, and it is -the business of the librarian to know the best way of getting them. The -well qualified librarian can give results abundantly, if the business -man will delegate authority to act independently in matters of detail, -conferring on his librarian as he should, the freedom of action which -he gives to the well qualified head of any department, and trusting his -librarian to come to him for a conference when the occasion demands. -There is no greater handicap to a well qualified librarian than the -type of business man who does not delegate authority, and who because -of his success in other lines of business, attempts to guide his -librarian in matters of library policy about which he knows absolutely -nothing. - -The business librarian must be unusually resourceful and know how to -meet an urgent need for information with quick decision and immediate -action. He never says "impossible" until he has tried every possible -source of supply. - -Probably one of the finest compliments ever paid a business librarian -was given by the executive head of a large institution who, having -seen the resourcefulness of a certain business librarian in several -difficult situations, remarked, "I am confident that if a twenty-story -building fell down on Miss B----, she would find a way to get out from -under it," and he might also have added truthfully, "and she would -also keep a spirit of enthusiasm in the venture," for to the true -business librarian the fascination in the game of finding things never -wears out. - -The business librarian will not be punctilious about adhering to a time -schedule for work or to any standard of rights or privileges; he will -put the demand of his work first and his personal interests second. If -it is necessary to break an important personal engagement made for his -free time, because business of importance has arisen in the office, he -will do so without any question or irritation. If he can best serve the -company in an urgent need, he will not wait to be waited upon by an -office boy, but will go himself rather than trust a boy who cannot be -relied upon to hurry. The business librarian will not be old-maidish or -fussy over any irregular demands which upset his routine work; there -is no place in business for the trained librarian who tells a busy man -of affairs he cannot have what he wants until certain regular routine -has been carried out, and in return the business man should trust his -librarian with a freedom of action which is not subject to a time clock -or a time schedule. - -The business librarian must be able to work harmoniously with "all -sorts and conditions of men," and he must convince every one whom the -business library serves of honest good-will and impartiality to all, -and genuine loyalty to the organization which he serves. He will be -discreet and will not gossip about company business on the aside in the -office, or on the outside, and last but not least, he ought to have a -saving sense of humor. These qualifications may seem exceedingly trite, -but the lack of them has been a severe handicap and a glaring defect in -many people filling different kinds of business positions. - -The successful business man knows the value and power of acquaintance -as a business asset, and the business librarian must maintain a wide -acquaintance and friendly relationships with other library and business -workers, both for practical help and general stimulation. It is a real -part of the work of a business librarian to take time to cultivate -these outside relationships and attend library conferences, at the -expense of the business organization by which he is employed. The -importance of these outside relationships has been noted in the first -chapter, as helpful ways of getting information not in print. - -The business man who keeps his librarian's nose on the grindstone -of routine work, so that he never has an opportunity for outside -fellowship and the stimulation that comes from it, soon loses more than -he gains by such a policy. - - -4. The Business Man's Point of View - -The business librarian must also have a genuine and intelligent -interest in current political and economic events, and in the kind -of information in which business men as a class are interested. He -must know the contents of the daily newspaper as well as does the -closest reader among business men, so that he will not do as one -librarian did--endeavor to give an inquirer an item three weeks old -when the latest news on the subject was in the yesterday morning's -paper, or waste time looking up statistics on a South American town, -which current news reports as having recently burnt down. He must be -a constant and thoughtful reader on subjects which pertain to the -business of his organization. - -The business librarian must have the promoter spirit; he must see that -the information which he has on hand is applied and working, and he -must be alert enough to see in some measure the undeveloped sides of -an industry, and endeavor to bring into the organization, information -which may stimulate it to new activities. - -To sum up all requirements for a successful business librarian: he -(or she, as the case may be) must have a liberal education, plus a -knowledge of library science, and a sympathetic understanding of -business needs, together with the vision and personal power necessary -to apply the field of print effectively in meeting these needs. - -In conclusion, the business man must face fairly several facts, the -chief of which is, that in only a limited number of cases have business -libraries measured up to the standards which have been outlined in -this handbook, because business firms have not engaged librarians who -have the necessary qualifications for success. Some business men have -not recognized that there are librarians and librarians, and that many -so-called ones are not adequately equipped for business library work. -Business men are at fault also because they often do not give personal -attention to the selection of a librarian, but leave this selection -to an employment manager or a welfare worker who very often does -not know just what essential qualifications are necessary for such a -position. Sometimes the business man does not want to pay the price for -an efficient librarian, for no efficient librarian can be obtained for -the average file clerk or stenographer salary. One high grade librarian -will accomplish more work, both accurately and effectively, than two -mediocre ones can possibly do, and is therefore a money-saver. - -If there is any doubt in the business man's mind as to whether there -is enough library work in his organization to keep a trained librarian -continuously busy, it may be said, that in no instance which has come -to the knowledge of the writer, has a trained librarian ever been -employed by a business organization which has not found there was -immediately developed a valuable library service which required the -full time and energy of the librarian. - - -REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL READING - - =Bostwick, A. E.= - - Some principles of business-like conduct in libraries 1920 30 p. - American library association, 78 East Washington Street, Chicago. - - - =Brush, M. C.= - - The so-called librarian's real duties. Special libraries, June 1917, - p. 83-84. - - - =Greer, A. F. P.= - - Professional ethics for the library worker. Library journal Nov. 1917, - p. 891-92. - - - =Kilduff, E. J.= - - Necessary characteristics of the private secretary. (In his Private - secretary p. 293-17). - - - =Rathbone, J. A.= - - Library school courses as training for business librarians. Special - libraries Nov. 1917, p. 133-35. - - - =Walter, F. K.= - - Training librarians for business libraries or branches. Paper read - before Professional training section American library association - conference 1919. Library journal Sept. 1919, p. 578-80. - - - - -INDEX - - - Alphabetic-subject file, 73. - - - Catalog cabinets, 93. - - Cataloging, 75. - - Centralization, 11. - - Charging records see Loan records. - - Classification, 70. - - Clipping bureaus, 48. - - Corporation files, 75. - - Cutter numbers, 74. - - Cuts, 68. - - - Equipment and supplies, 94. - - - Floor plans, 86, 88, 89. - - - Government documents, 50. - - - Indexing see Cataloging. - - - Lantern slides, 65. - - Loan records, 39. - - - Magazines see Periodicals. - - Maps, 68. - - Mechanical equipment, 80. - - - Organization, 7. - - - Pamphlet boxes, 44, 45. - - Periodicals, - binding, 43. - checking, 33. - circulation, 37. - clipping, 43, 48. - Contents, 31. - filing, 43. - indexing, 35. - selection, 32. - - Photographs, 62. - - Public libraries vs. business libraries, 14. - - Publicity department, 25. - - - Qualifications of business librarian, 110. - - - Reference books, 95. - - - Service rendered, 23. - - Shelving, 81. - - State documents, 57. - - Subject headings, 76. - - - Trade catalogs, 59. - - - U-File-M binder strips, 48. - - - Value of the business library, 18. - - Vertical files, 90. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected, but other -variations in spelling and punctuation are unchanged. - -The half title immediately before the title has been removed. - -Italics are represented thus _italics_ and bold thus =bold=. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Business Library, by Louise B. 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