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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of On Being Human, by Woodrow Wilson
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+Title: On Being Human
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+Author: Woodrow Wilson
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+Release Date: February, 2004 [EBook #5068]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 14, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON BEING HUMAN ***
+
+
+
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+This etext was produced by Jennifer Godwin, <http://www.jengod.com/>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+On Being Human
+
+Woodrow Wilson
+Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D.
+President of the United States
+
+1897
+From the Atlantic Monthly
+
+
+On Being Human
+
+
+I
+
+"The rarest sort of a book," says Mr. Bagehot, slyly, is "a book
+to read"; and "the knack in style is to write like a human
+being." It is painfully evident, upon experiment, that not many
+of the books which come teeming from our presses every year are
+meant to be read. They are meant, it may be, to be pondered; it
+is hoped, no doubt, they may instruct, or inform, or startle, or
+arouse, or reform, or provoke, or amuse us; but we read, if we
+have the true reader's zest and plate, not to grow more knowing,
+but to be less pent up and bound within a little circle,--as
+those who take their pleasure, and not as those who laboriously
+seek instruction,--as a means of seeing and enjoying the world
+of men and affairs. We wish companionship and renewal of spirit,
+enrichment of thought and the full adventure of the mind; and we
+desire fair company, and a larger world in which to find them.
+
+No one who loves the masters who may be communed with and read
+but must see, therefore, and resent the error of making the text
+of any one of them a source to draw grammar from, forcing the
+parts of speech to stand out stark and cold from the warm text;
+or a store of samples whence to draw rhetorical instances,
+setting up figures of speech singly and without support of any
+neighbor phrase, to be stared at curiously and with intent to
+copy or dissect! Here is grammar done without deliberation: the
+phrases carry their meaning simply and by a sort of limpid
+reflection; the thought is a living thing, not an image
+ingeniously contrived and wrought. Pray leave the text whole: it
+has no meaning piecemeal; at any rate, not that best, wholesome
+meaning, as of a frank and genial friend who talks, not for
+himself or for his phrase, but for you. It is questionable morals
+to dismember a living frame to seek for its obscure fountains of
+life!
+
+When you say that a book was meant to be read, you mean, for one
+thing, of course, that it was not meant to be studied. You do not
+study a good story, or a haunting poem, or a battle song, or a
+love ballad, or any moving narrative, whether it be out of
+history or out of fiction--nor any argument, even, that moves
+vital in the field of action. You do not have to study these
+things; they reveal themselves, you do not stay to see how. They
+remain with you, and will not be forgotten or laid by. They cling
+like a personal experience, and become the mind's intimates. You
+devour a book meant to be read, not because you would fill
+yourself or have an anxious care to be nourished, but because it
+contains such stuff as it makes the mind hungry to look upon.
+Neither do you read it to kill time, but to lengthen time,
+rather, adding to its natural usury by living the more abundantly
+while it lasts, joining another's life and thought to your own.
+
+There are a few children in every generation, as Mr. Bagehot
+reminds us, who think the natural thing to do with any book is to
+read it. "There is an argument from design in the subject," as he
+says; "if the book was not meant to be read for that purpose, for
+what purpose was it meant?" These are the young eyes to which
+books yield up great treasure, almost in spite of themselves, as
+if they had been penetrated by some swift, enlarging power of
+vision which only the young know. It is these youngsters to whom
+books give up the long ages of history, "the wonderful series
+going back to the times of old patriarchs with their flocks and
+herds"--I am quoting Mr. Bagehot again--"the keen-eyed Greek,
+the stately Roman, the watching Jew, the uncouth Goth, the horrid
+Hun, the settled picture of the unchanging East, the restless
+shifting of the rapid West, the rise of the cold and classical
+civilization, its fall, the rough impetuous Middle Ages, the
+vague warm picture of ourselves and home. When did we learn
+these? Not yesterday nor today, but long ago, in the first dawn
+of reason, in the original flow of fancy." Books will not yield
+to us so richly when we are older. The argument from design
+fails. We return to the staid authors we read long ago, and do
+not find in them the vital, speaking images that used to lie
+there upon the page. Our own fancy is gone, and the author never
+had any. We are driven in upon the books meant to be read.
+
+These are books written by human beings, indeed, but with no
+general quality belonging to the kind--with a special tone and
+temper, rather, a spirit out of the common, touched with a light
+that shines clear out of some great source of light which not
+every man can uncover. We call this spirit human because it moves
+us, quickens a like life in ourselves, makes us glow with a sort
+of ardor of self-discovery. It touches the springs of fancy or of
+action within us, and makes our own life seem more quick and
+vital. We do not call every book that moves us human. Some seem
+written with knowledge of the black art, set our base passions
+aflame, disclose motives at which we shudder--the more because
+we feel their reality and power; and we know that this is of the
+devil, and not the fruitage of any quality that distinguishes us
+as men. We are distinguished as men by the qualities that mark us
+different from the beasts. When we call a thing human we have a
+spiritual ideal in mind. It may not be an ideal of that which is
+perfect, but it moves at least upon an upland level where the air
+is sweet; it holds an image of man erect and constant, going
+abroad with undaunted steps, looking with frank and open gaze
+upon all the fortunes of his day, feeling even and again--
+
+    "...the joy
+    Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime
+    Of something far more deeply interfused.
+    Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns.
+    And the round ocean and the living air,
+    And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:
+    A motion and a spirit, that impels
+    All thinking things."
+
+Say what we may of the errors and the degrading sins of our kind,
+we do not willingly make what is worst in us the distinguishing
+trait of what is human. When we declare, with Bagehot, that the
+author whom we love writes like a human being, we are not
+sneering at him; we do not say it with a leer. It is in token of
+admiration, rather. He makes us like our humankind. There is a
+noble passion in what he says, a wholesome humor that echoes
+genial comradeships; a certain reasonableness and moderation in
+what is thought and said; an air of the open day, in which things
+are seen whole and in their right colors, rather than of the
+close study or the academic class-room. We do not want our poetry
+from grammarians, nor our tales from philologists, nor our
+history from theorists. Their human nature is subtly transmuted
+into something less broad and catholic and of the general world.
+Neither do we want our political economy from tradesmen nor our
+statesmanship from mere politicians, but from those who see more
+and care for more than these men see or care for.
+
+
+II
+
+Once--it is a thought which troubles us--once it was a simple
+enough matter to be a human being, but now it is deeply
+difficult; because life was once simple, but is now complex,
+confused, multifarious. Haste, anxiety, preoccupation, the need
+to specialize and make machines of ourselves, have transformed
+the once simple world, and we are apprised that it will not be
+without effort that we shall keep the broad human traits which
+have so far made the earth habitable. We have seen our modern
+life accumulate, hot and restless, in great cities--and we
+cannot say that the change is not natural: we see in it, on the
+contrary, the fulfillment of an inevitable law of change, which
+is no doubt a law of growth, and not of decay. And yet we look
+upon the portentous thing with a great distaste, and doubt with
+what altered passions we shall come out of it. The huge, rushing,
+aggregate life of a great city--the crushing crowds in the
+streets, where friends seldom meet and there are few greetings;
+the thunderous noise of trade and industry that speaks of nothing
+but gain and competition, and a consuming fever that checks the
+natural courses of the kindly blood; no leisure anywhere, no
+quiet, no restful ease, no wise repose--all this shocks us. It
+is inhumane. It does not seem human. How much more likely does it
+appear that we shall find men sane and human about a country
+fireside, upon the streets of quiet villages, where all are
+neighbors, where groups of friends gather easily, and a constant
+sympathy makes the very air seem native! Why should not the city
+seem infinitely more human than the hamlet? Why should not human
+traits the more abound where human beings teem millions strong?
+
+Because the city curtails man of his wholeness, specializes him,
+quickens some powers, stunts others, gives him a sharp edge, and
+a temper like that of steel, makes him unfit for nothing so much
+as to sit still. Men have indeed written like human beings in the
+midst of great cities, but not often when they have shared the
+city's characteristic life, its struggle for place and for gain.
+There are not many places that belong to a city's life to which
+you can "invite your soul." Its haste, its preoccupations, its
+anxieties, its rushing noise as of men driven, its ringing cries,
+distract you. It offers no quiet for reflection; it permits no
+retirement to any who share its life. It is a place of little
+tasks, of narrowed functions, of aggregate and not of individual
+strength. The great machine dominates its little parts, and its
+Society is as much of a machine as its business.
+
+ "This tract which the river of Time
+ Now flows through with us, is the plain.
+ Gone is the calm of its earlier shore.
+ Border'd by cities, and hoarse
+ With a thousand cries is its stream.
+ And we on its breasts, our minds
+ Are confused as the cries which we hear,
+ Changing and sot as the sights which we see.
+
+ "And we say that repose has fled
+ Forever the course of the river of Time
+ That cities will crowd to its edge
+ In a blacker, incessanter line;
+ That the din will be more on its banks,
+ Denser the trade on its stream,
+ Flatter the plain where it flows,
+ Fiercer the sun overhead,
+ That never will those on its breast
+ See an enobling sight,
+ Drink of the feeling of quiet again.
+
+ "But what was before us we know not,
+ And we know not what shall succeed.
+
+ "Haply, the river of Time--
+ As it grows, as the towns on its marge
+ Fling their wavering lights
+ On a wider, statelier stream--
+ May acquire, if not the calm
+ Of its early mountainous shore,
+ Yet a solemn peace of its own.
+
+ "And the width of the waters, the hush
+ Of the gray expanse where he floats,
+ Freshening its current and spotted with foam
+ As it draws to the Ocean, may strike
+ Peace to the soul of the man on its breast--
+ As the pale waste widens around him,
+ As the banks fade dinner away,
+ As the stars come out, and the night-wind
+ Brings up the stream
+ Murmurs and scents of the infinite sea."
+
+We cannot easily see the large measure and abiding purpose of the
+novel age in which we stand young and confused. The view that
+shall clear our minds and quicken us to act as those who know
+their task and its distant consummation will come with better
+knowledge and completer self-possession. It shall not be a
+night-wind, but an air that shall blow out of the widening east
+and with the coming of the light, and shall bring us, with the
+morning, "murmurs and scents of the infinite sea." Who can doubt
+that man has grown more and more human with each step of that
+slow process which has brought him knowledge, self-restraint,
+the arts of intercourse, and the revelations of real joy? Man has
+more and more lived with his fellow-men, and it is society that
+has humanized him--the development of society into a infinitely
+various school of discipline and ordered skill. He has been made
+more human by schooling, by growing more self-possessed--less
+violent, less tumultuous; holding himself in hand, and moving
+always with a certain poise of spirit; not forever clapping his
+hand to the hilt of his sword, but preferring, rather, to play
+with a subtler skill upon the springs of action. This is our
+conception of the truly human man: a man in whom there is a just
+balance of faculties, a catholic sympathy--no brawler, no
+fanatic, no pharisee; not too credulous in hope, not too
+desperate in purpose; warm, but not hasty; ardent, and full of
+definite power, but not running about to be pleased and deceived
+by every new thing.
+
+It is a genial image, of men we love--an image of men warm and
+true of heart, direct and unhesitating in courage, generous,
+magnanimous, faithful, steadfast, capable of a deep devotion and
+self-forgetfulness. But the age changes, and with it must change
+our ideals of human quality. Not that we would give up what we
+have loved: we would add what a new life demands. In a new age
+men must acquire a new capacity, must be men upon a new scale,
+and with added qualities. We shall need a new Renaissance,
+ushered in by a new "humanistic" movement, in which we shall add
+our present minute, introspective study of ourselves, our jails,
+our slums, our nervecenters, our shifts to live, almost as morbid
+as medieval religion, a rediscovery of the round world, and of
+man's place in it, now that its face has changed. We study the
+world, but not yet with intent to school our hearts and tastes,
+broaden our natures, and know our fellow-men as comrades rather
+than as phenomena; with purpose, rather, to build up bodies of
+critical doctrine and provide ourselves with theses. That,
+surely, is not the truly humanizing way in which to take the air
+of the world. Man is much more than a "rational being," and lives
+more by sympathies and impressions than by conclusions. It
+darkens his eyes and dries up the wells of his humanity to be
+forever in search of doctrine. We need wholesome, experiencing
+natures, I dare affirm, much more than we need sound reasoning.
+
+
+III
+
+Take life in the large view, and we are most reasonable when we
+seek that which is most wholesome and tonic for our natures as a
+whole; and we know, when we put aside pedantry, that the great
+middle object in life--the object that lies between religion on
+one hand, and food and clothing on the other, establishing our
+average levels of achievement--the excellent golden mean, is,
+not to be learned, but to be human beings in all the wide and
+genial meaning of the term. Does the age hinder? Do its many
+interests distract us when we would plan our discipline,
+determine our duty, clarify our ideals? It is the more necessary
+that we should ask ourselves what it is that is demanded of us,
+if we would fit our qualities to meet the new tests. Let us
+remind ourselves that to be human is, for one thing, to speak and
+act with a certain note of gentleness, a quality mixed of
+spontaneity and intelligence. This is necessary for wholesome
+life in any age, but particularly amidst confused affairs and
+shifting standards. Genuineness is not mere simplicity, for that
+may lack vitality, and genuineness does not. We expect what we
+call genuine to have pith and strength of fiber. Genuineness is a
+quality which we sometimes mean to include when we speak of
+individuality. Individuality is lost the moment you submit to
+passing modes or fashions, the creations of an artificial
+society; and so is genuineness. No man is genuine who is forever
+trying to pattern his life after the lives of other people--
+unless, indeed, he be a genuine dolt. But individuality is by no
+means the same as genuineness; for individuality may be
+associated with the most extreme and even ridiculous
+eccentricity, while genuineness we conceive to be always
+wholesome, balanced, and touched with dignity. It is a quality
+that goes with good sense and self-respect. It is a sort of
+robust moral sanity, mixed of elements both moral and
+intellectual. It is found in natures too strong to be mere
+trimmers and conformers, too well poised and thoughtful to fling
+off into intemperate protest and revolt. Laughter is genuine
+which has in it neither the shrill, hysterical note of mere
+excitement nor the hard, metallic twang of the cynic's sneer--
+which rings in the honest voice of gracious good humor, which is
+innocent and unsatirical. Speech is genuine which is without
+silliness, affectation, or pretense. That character is genuine
+which seems built by nature rather than by convention, which is
+stuff of independence and of good courage. Nothing spurious,
+bastard, begotten out of true wedlock of the mind; nothing
+adulterated and seeming to be what it is not; nothing unreal, can
+ever get place among the nobility of things genuine, natural, of
+pure stock and unmistakable lineage. It is a prerogative of every
+truly human being to come out from the low estate of those who
+are merely gregarious and of the herd, and show his innate powers
+cultivated and yet unspoiled--sound, unmixed, free from
+imitation; showing that individualization without extravagance
+which is genuineness.
+
+But how? By what means is this self-liberation to be effected--
+this emancipation from affection and the bondage of being like
+other people? Is it open to us to choose to be genuine? I see
+nothing insuperable in the way, except for those who are
+hopelessly lacking in a sense of humor. It depends upon the range
+and scale of your observation whether you can strike the balance
+of genuineness or not. If you live in a small and petty world,
+you will be subject to its standards; but if you live in a large
+world, you will see that standards are innumerable--some old,
+some new, some made by the noble-minded and made to last, some
+made by the weak-minded and destined to perish, some lasting from
+age to age, some only from day to day--and that a choice must be
+made among them. It is then that your sense of humor will assist
+you. You are, you will perceive, upon a long journey, and it will
+seem to you ridiculous to change your life and discipline your
+instincts to conform with the usages of a single inn by the way.
+You will distinguish the essentials from the accidents, and deem
+the accidents something meant for your amusement. The strongest
+natures do not need to wait for these slow lessons of
+observation, to be got by conning life: their sheer vigor makes
+it impossible for them to conform to fashion or care for times
+and seasons. But the rest of us must cultivate knowledge of the
+world in the large, get our offing, reaching a comparative point
+of view, before we can become with steady confidence our own
+masters and pilots. The art of being humans begins with the
+practice of being genuine, and following standards of conduct
+which the world has tested. If your life is not various and you
+cannot know the best people, who set the standards of sincerity,
+your reading at least can be various, and you may look at your
+little circle through the best books, under the guidance of
+writers who have known life and loved the truth.
+
+
+IV
+
+And then genuineness will bring serenity--which I take to be
+another mark of the right development of the true human being,
+certainly in an age passionate and confused as this in which we
+live. Of course serenity does not always go with genuineness. We
+must say of Dr. Johnson that he was genuine, and yet we know that
+the stormy tyrant of the Turk's Head Tavern was not serene.
+Carlyle was genuine (though that is not quite the first adjective
+we should choose to describe him), but of serenity he allowed
+cooks and cocks and every modern and every ancient sham to
+deprive him. Serenity is a product, no doubt, of two very
+different things, namely, vision and digestion. Not the eye only,
+but the courses of the blood must be clear, if we would find
+serenity. Our word "serene" contains a picture. Its image is of
+the calm evening when the stars are out and the still night comes
+on; when the dew is on the grass and the wind does not stir; when
+the day's work is over, and the evening meal, and thought falls
+clear in the quiet hour. It is the hour of reflection--and it is
+human to reflect. Who shall contrive to be human without this
+evening hour, which drives turmoil out, and gives the soul its
+seasons of self-recollection? Serenity is not a thing to beget
+inaction. It only checks excitement and uncalculating haste. It
+does not exclude ardor or the heat of battle: it keeps ardor from
+extravagance, prevents the battle from becoming a mere aimless
+melee. The great captains of the world have been men who were
+calm in the moment of crisis; who were calm, too, in the long
+planning which preceded crisis; who went into battle with a
+serenity infinitely ominous for those whom they attack. We
+instinctively associate serenity with the highest types of power
+among men, seeing in it the poise of knowledge and calm vision,
+the supreme heat and mastery which is without splutter or noise
+of any kind. The art of power in this sort is no doubt learned in
+hours of reflection, by those who are not born with it. What
+rebuke of aimless excitement there is to be got out of a little
+reflection, when we have been inveighing against the corruption
+and decadence of our own days, if only we have provided ourselves
+with a little knowledge of the past wherewith to balance our
+thought! As bad times as these, or any we shall see, have been
+reformed, but not by protests. They have been made glorious
+instead of shameful by the men who kept their heads and struck
+with sure self-possession in the fight. The world is very human,
+not a bit given to adopting virtues for the sakes of those who
+merely bemoan its vices, and we are most effective when we are
+most calmly in possession of our senses.
+
+So far is serenity from being a thing of slackness or inaction
+that it seems bred, rather, by an equable energy, a satisfying
+activity. It may be found in the midst of that alert interest in
+affairs which is, it may be, the distinguishing trait of
+developed manhood. You distinguish man from the brute by his
+intelligent curiosity, his play of mind beyond the narrow field
+of instinct, his perception of cause and effect in matters to him
+indifferent, his appreciation of motive and calculation of
+results. He is interested in the world about him, and even in the
+great universe of which it forms a part, not merely as a thing he
+would use, satisfy his wants and grow great by, but as a field to
+stretch his mind in, for love of journeyings and excursions in
+the large realm of thought. Your full-bred human being loves a
+run afield with his understanding. With what images does he not
+surround himself and store his mind! With what fondness does he
+con travelers' tales and credit poets' fancies! With what
+patience does he follow science and pore upon old records, and
+with what eagerness does he ask the news of the day! No great
+part of what he learns immediately touches his own life or the
+course of his own affairs: he is not pursuing a business, but
+satisfying as he can an insatiable mind. No doubt the highest
+form of this noble curiosity is that which leads us, without
+self-interest, to look abroad upon all the field of man's life at
+home and in society, seeking more excellent forms of government,
+more righteous ways of labor, more elevating forms of art, and
+which makes the greater among us statesmen, reformers,
+philanthropists, artists, critics, men of letters. It is
+certainly human to mind your neighbor's business as well as your
+own. Gossips are only sociologists upon a mean and petty scale.
+The art of being human lifts to be a better level than that of
+gossip; it leaves mere chatter behind, as too reminiscent of a
+lower stage of existence, and is compassed by those whose outlook
+is wide enough to serve for guidance and a choosing of ways.
+
+
+V
+
+Luckily we are not the first human beings.  We have come into a
+great heritage of interesting things, collected and piled all
+about us by the curiousity of past generations. And so our
+interest is selective. Our education consists in learning
+intelligent choice. Our energies do not clash or compete: each is
+free to take his own path to knowledge. Each has that choice,
+which is man's alone, of the life he shall live, and finds out
+first or last that the art in living is not only to be genuine
+and one's own master, but also to learn mastery in perception and
+preference. Your true woodsman needs not to follow the dusty
+highway through the forest nor search for any path, but goes
+straight from glade to glade as if upon an open way, having some
+privy understanding with the taller trees, some compass in his
+senses. So there is the subtle craft in finding ways for the
+mind, too. Keep but your eyes alert and your ears quick, as you
+move among men and among books, and you shall find yourself
+possessed at last of a new sense, the sense of the pathfinder.
+Have you never marked the eyes of a man who has seen the world he
+has lived in: the eyes of the sea-captain, who has watched his
+life through the changes of the heavens; the eyes of the
+huntsman, nature's gossip and familiar; the eyes of the man of
+affairs, accustomed to command in moments of exigency? You are at
+once aware that they are eyes which can see. There is something
+in them that you do not find in other eyes, and you have read the
+life of the man when you have divined what it is. Let the thing
+serve as a figure. So ought alert interest in the world of men
+and thought to serve each one of us that we shall have the quick
+perceiving vision, taking meanings at a glance, reading
+suggestions as if they were expositions. You shall not otherwise
+get full value of your humanity. What good shall it do you else
+that the long generations of men which have gone before have
+filled the world with great store of everything that may make you
+wise and your life various? Will you not take the usury of the
+past, if it may be had for the taking? Here is the world humanity
+has made: will you take full citizenship in it, or will you live
+in it as dull, as slow to receive, as unenfranchised, as the
+idlers for whom civilization has no uses, or the deadened
+toilers, men or beasts, whose labor shuts the door on choice?
+
+That man seems to me a little less than human who lives as if our
+life in the world were but just begun, thinking only of the
+things of sense, recking nothing of the infinite thronging and
+assemblage of affairs the great stage over, or of the old wisdom
+that has ruled the world. That is, if he have the choice. Great
+masses of our fellow-men are shut out from choosing, by reason of
+absorbing toil, and it is part of the enlightenment of our age
+that our understandings are being opened to the workingman's need
+of a little leisure wherein to look about him and clear his
+vision of the dust of the workshop. We know that there is a
+drudgery which is inhuman, let it but encompass the whole life,
+with only heavy sleep between task and task. We know that those
+who are so bound can have no freedom to be men, that their very
+spirits are in bondage. It is part of our philanthropy--it
+should be part of our statesmanship--to ease the burden as we
+can, and enfranchise those who spend and are spent for the
+sustenance of the race. But what shall we say of those who are
+free and yet choose littleness and bondage, or of those who,
+though they might see the whole face of society, nevertheless
+choose to spend all a life's space poring upon some single vice
+or blemish? I would not for the world discredit any sort of
+philanthropy except the small and churlish sort which seeks to
+reform by nagging--the sort which exaggerates petty vices into
+great ones, and runs atilt against windmills, while everywhere
+colossal shams and abuses go unexposed, unrebuked. Is it because
+we are better at being common scolds than at being wise advisers
+that we prefer little reforms to big ones? Are we to allow the
+poor personal habits of other people to absorb and quite use up
+all our fine indignation? It will be a bad day for society when
+sentimentalists are encouraged to suggest all the measures that
+shall be taken for the betterment of the race. I, for one,
+sometimes sigh for the generation of "leading people" and of good
+people who shall see things steadily and see them whole; who
+shall show a handsome justness and a large sanity of view, an
+opportune tolerance for details, that happen to be awry, in order
+that they may spend their energy, not without self-possession, in
+some generous mission which shall make right principles shine
+upon the people's life. They would bring with them an age of
+large moralities, a spacious time, a day of vision.
+
+Knowledge has come into the world in vain if it is not to
+emancipate those who may have it from narrowness, censoriousness,
+fussiness, an intemperate zeal for petty things. It would be a
+most pleasant, a truly humane world, would we but open our ears
+with a more generous welcome to the clear voices that ring in
+those writings upon life and affairs which mankind has chosen to
+keep. Not many splenetic books, not many intemperate, not many
+bigoted, have kept men's confidence; and the mind that is
+impatient, or intolerant, or hoodwinked, or shut in to a petty
+view shall have no part in carrying men forward to a true
+humanity, shall never stand as examples of the true humankind.
+What is truly human has always upon it the broad light of what is
+genial, fit to support life, cordial, and of a catholic spirit of
+helpfulness. Your true human being has eyes and keeps his balance
+in the world; deems nothing uninteresting that comes from life;
+clarifies his vision and gives health to his eyes by using them
+upon things near and things far. The brute beast has but a single
+neighborhood, a single, narrow round of existence; the gain of
+being human accrues in the choice of change and variety and of
+experience far and wide, with all the world for stage--a stage
+set and appointed by this very art of choice--all future
+generations for witnesses and audience. When you talk with a man
+who has in his nature and acquirements that freedom from
+constraint which goes with the full franchise of humanity, he
+turns easily with topic to topic; does not fall silent or dull
+when you leave some single field of thought such as unwise men
+make a prison of. The men who will not be broken from a little
+set of subjects, who talk earnestly, hotly, with a sort of
+fierceness, of certain special schemes of conduct, and look
+coldly upon everything else, render you infinitely uneasy, as if
+there were in them a force abnormal and which rocked toward an
+upset of the mind; but from the man whose interest swings from
+thought to thought with the zest and poise and pleasure of the
+old traveler, eager for what is new, glad to look again upon what
+is old, you come away with faculties warmed and heartened--with
+the feeling of having been comrade for a little with a genuine
+human being. It is a large world and a round world, and men grow
+human by seeing all its play of force and folly.
+
+
+VI
+
+Let no one suppose that efficiency is lost by such breadth and
+catholicity of view. We deceive ourselves with instances, look at
+sharp crises in the world's affairs, and imagine that intense and
+narrow men have made history for us. Poise, balance, a nice and
+equable exercise of force, are not, it is true, the things the
+world ordinarily seeks for or most applauds in its heroes. It is
+apt to esteem that man most human who has his qualities in a
+certain exaggeration, whose courage is passionate, whose
+generosity is without deliberation, whose just action is without
+premeditation, whose spirit runs toward its favorite objects with
+an infectious and reckless ardor, whose wisdom is no child of
+slow prudence. We love Achilles more than Diomedes, and Ulysses
+not at all. But these are standards left over from a ruder state
+of society: we should have passed by this time the Homeric stage
+of mind--should have heroes suited to our age. Nay, we have
+erected different standards, and do make a different choice, when
+we see in any man fulfillment of our real ideals. Let a modern
+instance serve as test. Could any man hesitate to say that
+Abraham Lincoln was more human than William Lloyd Garrison? Does
+not every one know that it was the practical Free-Soilers who made
+emancipation possible, and not the hot, impracticable
+Abolitionists; that the country was infinitely more moved by
+Lincoln's temperate sagacity than by any man's enthusiasm,
+instinctively trusted the man who saw the whole situation and kept
+his balance, instinctively held off from those who refused to see
+more than one thing? We know how serviceable the intense and
+headlong agitator was in bringing to their feet men fit for
+action; but we feel uneasy while he lives, and vouchsafe him our
+full sympathy only when he is dead. We know that the genial forces
+of nature which work daily, equably, and without violence are
+infinitely more serviceable, infinitely more admirable, than the
+rude violence of the storm, however necessary or excellent the
+purification it may have wrought. Should we seek to name the most
+human man among those who let the nation to its struggle with
+slavery, and yet was no statesmen, we should, of course, name
+Lowell. We know that his humor went further than any man's passion
+toward setting tolerant men atingle with the new impulses of the
+day. We naturally hold back from those who are intemperate and can
+never stop to smile, and are deeply reassured to see a twinkle in
+a reformer's eye. We are glad to see earnest men laugh. It breaks
+the strain. If it be wholesome laughter, it dispels all suspicion
+of spite, and is like the gleam of light upon running water,
+lifting sullen shadows, suggesting clear depths.
+
+Surely it is this soundness of nature, this broad and genial
+quality, this full-blooded, full-orbed sanity of spirit, which
+gives the men we love that wide-eyed sympathy which gives hope
+and power to humanity, which gives range to every good quality
+and is so excellent a credential of genuine manhood. Let your
+life and your thought be narrow, and your sympathy will shrink to
+a like scale. It is a quality which follows the seeing mind
+afield, which waits on experience. It is not a mere sentiment. It
+goes not with pity so much as with a penetrative understanding of
+other men's lives and hopes and temptations. Ignorance of these
+things makes it worthless. Its best tutors are observations and
+experience, and these serve only those who keep clear eyes and a
+wide field of vision. It is exercise and discipline upon such a
+scale, too, which strengthen, which for ordinary men come near to
+creating, that capacity to reason upon affairs and to plan for
+action which we always reckon upon finding in every man who has
+studied to perfect his native force. This new day in which we
+live cries a challenge to us. Steam and electricity have reduced
+nations to neighborhoods; have made travel pastime, and news a
+thing for everybody. Cheap printing has made knowledge a vulgar
+commodity. Our eyes look, almost without choice, upon the very
+world itself, and the word "human" is filled with new meaning.
+Our ideals broaden to suit the wide day in which we live. We
+crave, not cloistered virtue--it is impossible any longer to
+keep the cloister--but a robust spirit that shall take the air
+in the great world, know men in all their kinds, choose its way
+amid the bustle with all self-possession, with wise genuineness,
+in calmness, and yet with the quick eye of interest and the quick
+pulse of power. It is again a day for Shakespeare's spirit--a
+day more various, more ardent, more provoking to valor and every
+large design, even than "the spacious times of great Elizabeth,"
+when all the world seemed new; and if we cannot find another
+bard, come out of a new Warwickshire, to hold once more the
+mirror up to nature, it will not be because the stage is not set
+for him. The time is such an one as he might rejoice to look
+upon; and if we would serve it as it should be served, we should
+seek to be human after his wide-eyed sort. The serenity of power;
+the naturalness that is nature's poise and mark of genuineness;
+the unsleeping interest in all affairs, all fancies, all things
+believed or done; the catholic understanding, tolerance,
+enjoyment, of all classes and conditions of men; the conceiving
+imagination, the planning purpose, the creating thought, the
+wholesome, laughing humor, the quiet insight, the universal
+coinage of the brain--are not these the marvelous gifts and
+qualities we mark in Shakespeare when we call him the greatest
+among men? And shall not these rounded and perfect powers serve
+us as our ideal of what it is to be a finished human being?
+
+We live for our own age--an age like Shakespeare's, when an old
+world is passing away, a new world coming in--an age of new
+speculation and every new adventure of the mind; a full stage, an
+intricate plot, a universal play of passion, an outcome no man
+can foresee. It is to this world, this sweep of action, that our
+understandings must be stretched and fitted; it is in this age we
+must show our human quality. We must measure ourselves by the
+task, accept the pace set for us, make shift to know what we are
+about. How free and liberal should be the scale of our sympathy,
+how catholic our understanding of the world in which we live, how
+poised and masterful our action in the midst of so great affairs!
+We should school our ears to know the voices that are genuine,
+our thought to take the truth when it is spoken, our spirits to
+feel the zest of the day. It is within our choice to be mean
+company or with great, to consort with the wise or with the
+foolish, now that the great world has spoken to us in the
+literature of all tongues and voices. The best selected human
+nature will tell in the making of the future, and the art of
+being human is the art of freedom and of force.
+
+The End.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On Being Human, by Woodrow Wilson
+
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