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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of On Being Human, by Woodrow Wilson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: On Being Human
+
+Author: Woodrow Wilson
+
+Release Date: April 14, 2002 [eBook #5068]
+[Most recently updated: September 10, 2021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Jennifer Godwin and Jose Menendez
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON BEING HUMAN ***
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+On Being Human
+
+by Woodrow Wilson
+
+
+Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D.
+President of the United States
+
+1897
+From the _Atlantic Monthly_
+
+
+Contents
+
+ I
+ II
+ III
+ IV
+ V
+ VI
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+“The rarest sort of a book,” says Mr. Bagehot, slyly, is “a book to
+read”; and “the knack in style is to write like a human being.” It is
+painfully evident, upon experiment, that not many of the books which
+come teeming from our presses every year are meant to be read. They are
+meant, it may be, to be pondered; it is hoped, no doubt, they may
+instruct, or inform, or startle, or arouse, or reform, or provoke, or
+amuse us; but we read, if we have the true reader’s zest and plate, not
+to grow more knowing, but to be less pent up and bound within a little
+circle,—as those who take their pleasure, and not as those who
+laboriously seek instruction,—as a means of seeing and enjoying the
+world of men and affairs. We wish companionship and renewal of spirit,
+enrichment of thought and the full adventure of the mind; and we desire
+fair company, and a larger world in which to find them.
+
+No one who loves the masters who may be communed with and read but must
+see, therefore, and resent the error of making the text of any one of
+them a source to draw grammar from, forcing the parts of speech to
+stand out stark and cold from the warm text; or a store of samples
+whence to draw rhetorical instances, setting up figures of speech
+singly and without support of any neighbor phrase, to be stared at
+curiously and with intent to copy or dissect! Here is grammar done
+without deliberation: the phrases carry their meaning simply and by a
+sort of limpid reflection; the thought is a living thing, not an image
+ingeniously contrived and wrought. Pray leave the text whole: it has no
+meaning piecemeal; at any rate, not that best, wholesome meaning, as of
+a frank and genial friend who talks, not for himself or for his phrase,
+but for you. It is questionable morals to dismember a living frame to
+seek for its obscure fountains of life!
+
+When you say that a book was meant to be read, you mean, for one thing,
+of course, that it was not meant to be studied. You do not study a good
+story, or a haunting poem, or a battle song, or a love ballad, or any
+moving narrative, whether it be out of history or out of fiction—nor
+any argument, even, that moves vital in the field of action. You do not
+have to study these things; they reveal themselves, you do not stay to
+see how. They remain with you, and will not be forgotten or laid by.
+They cling like a personal experience, and become the mind’s intimates.
+You devour a book meant to be read, not because you would fill yourself
+or have an anxious care to be nourished, but because it contains such
+stuff as it makes the mind hungry to look upon. Neither do you read it
+to kill time, but to lengthen time, rather, adding to its natural usury
+by living the more abundantly while it lasts, joining another’s life
+and thought to your own.
+
+There are a few children in every generation, as Mr. Bagehot reminds
+us, who think the natural thing to do with any book is to read it.
+“There is an argument from design in the subject,” as he says; “if the
+book was not meant to be read for that purpose, for what purpose was it
+meant?” These are the young eyes to which books yield up great
+treasure, almost in spite of themselves, as if they had been penetrated
+by some swift, enlarging power of vision which only the young know. It
+is these youngsters to whom books give up the long ages of history,
+“the wonderful series going back to the times of old patriarchs with
+their flocks and herds”—I am quoting Mr. Bagehot again—“the keen-eyed
+Greek, the stately Roman, the watching Jew, the uncouth Goth, the
+horrid Hun, the settled picture of the unchanging East, the restless
+shifting of the rapid West, the rise of the cold and classical
+civilization, its fall, the rough impetuous Middle Ages, the vague warm
+picture of ourselves and home. When did we learn these? Not yesterday
+nor today, but long ago, in the first dawn of reason, in the original
+flow of fancy.” Books will not yield to us so richly when we are older.
+The argument from design fails. We return to the staid authors we read
+long ago, and do not find in them the vital, speaking images that used
+to lie there upon the page. Our own fancy is gone, and the author never
+had any. We are driven in upon the books meant to be read.
+
+These are books written by human beings, indeed, but with no general
+quality belonging to the kind—with a special tone and temper, rather, a
+spirit out of the common, touched with a light that shines clear out of
+some great source of light which not every man can uncover. We call
+this spirit human because it moves us, quickens a like life in
+ourselves, makes us glow with a sort of ardor of self-discovery. It
+touches the springs of fancy or of action within us, and makes our own
+life seem more quick and vital. We do not call every book that moves us
+human. Some seem written with knowledge of the black art, set our base
+passions aflame, disclose motives at which we shudder—the more because
+we feel their reality and power; and we know that this is of the devil,
+and not the fruitage of any quality that distinguishes us as men. We
+are distinguished as men by the qualities that mark us different from
+the beasts. When we call a thing human we have a spiritual ideal in
+mind. It may not be an ideal of that which is perfect, but it moves at
+least upon an upland level where the air is sweet; it holds an image of
+man erect and constant, going abroad with undaunted steps, looking with
+frank and open gaze upon all the fortunes of his day, feeling even and
+again—
+
+“. . . the joy 1
+Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime
+Of something far more deeply interfused.
+Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns.
+And the round ocean and the living air,
+And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:
+A motion and a spirit, that impels
+All thinking things.”
+
+
+Say what we may of the errors and the degrading sins of our kind, we do
+not willingly make what is worst in us the distinguishing trait of what
+is human. When we declare, with Bagehot, that the author whom we love
+writes like a human being, we are not sneering at him; we do not say it
+with a leer. It is in token of admiration, rather. He makes us like our
+humankind. There is a noble passion in what he says, a wholesome humor
+that echoes genial comradeships; a certain reasonableness and
+moderation in what is thought and said; an air of the open day, in
+which things are seen whole and in their right colors, rather than of
+the close study or the academic class-room. We do not want our poetry
+from grammarians, nor our tales from philologists, nor our history from
+theorists. Their human nature is subtly transmuted into something less
+broad and catholic and of the general world. Neither do we want our
+political economy from tradesmen nor our statesmanship from mere
+politicians, but from those who see more and care for more than these
+men see or care for.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+
+Once—it is a thought which troubles us—once it was a simple enough
+matter to be a human being, but now it is deeply difficult; because
+life was once simple, but is now complex, confused, multifarious.
+Haste, anxiety, preoccupation, the need to specialize and make machines
+of ourselves, have transformed the once simple world, and we are
+apprised that it will not be without effort that we shall keep the
+broad human traits which have so far made the earth habitable. We have
+seen our modern life accumulate, hot and restless, in great cities—and
+we cannot say that the change is not natural: we see in it, on the
+contrary, the fulfillment of an inevitable law of change, which is no
+doubt a law of growth, and not of decay. And yet we look upon the
+portentous thing with a great distaste, and doubt with what altered
+passions we shall come out of it. The huge, rushing, aggregate life of
+a great city—the crushing crowds in the streets, where friends seldom
+meet and there are few greetings; the thunderous noise of trade and
+industry that speaks of nothing but gain and competition, and a
+consuming fever that checks the natural courses of the kindly blood; no
+leisure anywhere, no quiet, no restful ease, no wise repose—all this
+shocks us. It is inhumane. It does not seem human. How much more likely
+does it appear that we shall find men sane and human about a country
+fireside, upon the streets of quiet villages, where all are neighbors,
+where groups of friends gather easily, and a constant sympathy makes
+the very air seem native! Why should not the city seem infinitely more
+human than the hamlet? Why should not human traits the more abound
+where human beings teem millions strong?
+
+Because the city curtails man of his wholeness, specializes him,
+quickens some powers, stunts others, gives him a sharp edge, and a
+temper like that of steel, makes him unfit for nothing so much as to
+sit still. Men have indeed written like human beings in the midst of
+great cities, but not often when they have shared the city’s
+characteristic life, its struggle for place and for gain. There are not
+many places that belong to a city’s life to which you can “invite your
+soul.” Its haste, its preoccupations, its anxieties, its rushing noise
+as of men driven, its ringing cries, distract you. It offers no quiet
+for reflection; it permits no retirement to any who share its life. It
+is a place of little tasks, of narrowed functions, of aggregate and not
+of individual strength. The great machine dominates its little parts,
+and its Society is as much of a machine as its business.
+
+“This tract which the river of Time 2
+Now flows through with us, is the plain.
+Gone is the calm of its earlier shore.
+Border’d by cities, and hoarse
+With a thousand cries is its stream.
+And we on its breast, our minds
+Are confused as the cries which we hear,
+Changing and shot as the sights which we see.
+
+“And we say that repose has fled
+Forever the course of the river of Time
+That cities will crowd to its edge
+In a blacker, incessanter line;
+That the din will be more on its banks,
+Denser the trade on its stream,
+Flatter the plain where it flows,
+Fiercer the sun overhead,
+That never will those on its breast
+See an enobling sight,
+Drink of the feeling of quiet again.
+
+“But what was before us we know not,
+And we know not what shall succeed.
+
+“Haply, the river of Time—
+As it grows, as the towns on its marge
+Fling their wavering lights
+On a wider, statelier stream—
+May acquire, if not the calm
+Of its early mountainous shore,
+Yet a solemn peace of its own.
+
+“And the width of the waters, the hush
+Of the gray expanse where he floats,
+Freshening its current and spotted with foam
+As it draws to the Ocean, may strike
+Peace to the soul of the man on its breast—
+As the pale waste widens around him,
+As the banks fade dimmer away,
+As the stars come out, and the night-wind
+Brings up the stream
+Murmurs and scents of the infinite sea.”
+
+
+We cannot easily see the large measure and abiding purpose of the novel
+age in which we stand young and confused. The view that shall clear our
+minds and quicken us to act as those who know their task and its
+distant consummation will come with better knowledge and completer
+self-possession. It shall not be a night-wind, but an air that shall
+blow out of the widening east and with the coming of the light, and
+shall bring us, with the morning, “murmurs and scents of the infinite
+sea.” Who can doubt that man has grown more and more human with each
+step of that slow process which has brought him knowledge,
+self-restraint, the arts of intercourse, and the revelations of real
+joy? Man has more and more lived with his fellow-men, and it is society
+that has humanized him—the development of society into an infinitely
+various school of discipline and ordered skill. He has been made more
+human by schooling, by growing more self-possessed—less violent, less
+tumultuous; holding himself in hand, and moving always with a certain
+poise of spirit; not forever clapping his hand to the hilt of his
+sword, but preferring, rather, to play with a subtler skill upon the
+springs of action. This is our conception of the truly human man: a man
+in whom there is a just balance of faculties, a catholic sympathy—no
+brawler, no fanatic, no pharisee; not too credulous in hope, not too
+desperate in purpose; warm, but not hasty; ardent, and full of definite
+power, but not running about to be pleased and deceived by every new
+thing.
+
+It is a genial image of men we love—an image of men warm and true of
+heart, direct and unhesitating in courage, generous, magnanimous,
+faithful, steadfast, capable of a deep devotion and self-forgetfulness.
+But the age changes, and with it must change our ideals of human
+quality. Not that we would give up what we have loved: we would add
+what a new life demands. In a new age men must acquire a new capacity,
+must be men upon a new scale, and with added qualities. We shall need a
+new Renaissance, ushered in by a new “humanistic” movement, in which we
+shall add our present minute, introspective study of ourselves, our
+jails, our slums, our nerve centers, our shifts to live, almost as
+morbid as medieval religion, a rediscovery of the round world, and of
+man’s place in it, now that its face has changed. We study the world,
+but not yet with intent to school our hearts and tastes, broaden our
+natures, and know our fellow-men as comrades rather than as phenomena;
+with purpose, rather, to build up bodies of critical doctrine and
+provide ourselves with theses. That, surely, is not the truly
+humanizing way in which to take the air of the world. Man is much more
+than a “rational being,” and lives more by sympathies and impressions
+than by conclusions. It darkens his eyes and dries up the wells of his
+humanity to be forever in search of doctrine. We need wholesome,
+experiencing natures, I dare affirm, much more than we need sound
+reasoning.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+
+Take life in the large view, and we are most reasonable when we seek
+that which is most wholesome and tonic for our natures as a whole; and
+we know, when we put aside pedantry, that the great middle object in
+life—the object that lies between religion on one hand, and food and
+clothing on the other, establishing our average levels of
+achievement—the excellent golden mean, is, not to be learned, but to be
+human beings in all the wide and genial meaning of the term. Does the
+age hinder? Do its many interests distract us when we would plan our
+discipline, determine our duty, clarify our ideals? It is the more
+necessary that we should ask ourselves what it is that is demanded of
+us, if we would fit our qualities to meet the new tests. Let us remind
+ourselves that to be human is, for one thing, to speak and act with a
+certain note of genuineness, a quality mixed of spontaneity and
+intelligence. This is necessary for wholesome life in any age, but
+particularly amidst confused affairs and shifting standards.
+Genuineness is not mere simplicity, for that may lack vitality, and
+genuineness does not. We expect what we call genuine to have pith and
+strength of fiber. Genuineness is a quality which we sometimes mean to
+include when we speak of individuality. Individuality is lost the
+moment you submit to passing modes or fashions, the creations of an
+artificial society; and so is genuineness. No man is genuine who is
+forever trying to pattern his life after the lives of other
+people—unless, indeed, he be a genuine dolt. But individuality is by no
+means the same as genuineness; for individuality may be associated with
+the most extreme and even ridiculous eccentricity, while genuineness we
+conceive to be always wholesome, balanced, and touched with dignity. It
+is a quality that goes with good sense and self-respect. It is a sort
+of robust moral sanity, mixed of elements both moral and intellectual.
+It is found in natures too strong to be mere trimmers and conformers,
+too well poised and thoughtful to fling off into intemperate protest
+and revolt. Laughter is genuine which has in it neither the shrill,
+hysterical note of mere excitement nor the hard, metallic twang of the
+cynic’s sneer—which rings in the honest voice of gracious good humor,
+which is innocent and unsatirical. Speech is genuine which is without
+silliness, affectation, or pretense. That character is genuine which
+seems built by nature rather than by convention, which is stuff of
+independence and of good courage. Nothing spurious, bastard, begotten
+out of true wedlock of the mind; nothing adulterated and seeming to be
+what it is not; nothing unreal, can ever get place among the nobility
+of things genuine, natural, of pure stock and unmistakable lineage. It
+is a prerogative of every truly human being to come out from the low
+estate of those who are merely gregarious and of the herd, and show his
+innate powers cultivated and yet unspoiled—sound, unmixed, free from
+imitation; showing that individualization without extravagance which is
+genuineness.
+
+But how? By what means is this self-liberation to be effected—this
+emancipation from affectation and the bondage of being like other
+people? Is it open to us to choose to be genuine? I see nothing
+insuperable in the way, except for those who are hopelessly lacking in
+a sense of humor. It depends upon the range and scale of your
+observation whether you can strike the balance of genuineness or not.
+If you live in a small and petty world, you will be subject to its
+standards; but if you live in a large world, you will see that
+standards are innumerable—some old, some new, some made by the
+noble-minded and made to last, some made by the weak-minded and
+destined to perish, some lasting from age to age, some only from day to
+day—and that a choice must be made among them. It is then that your
+sense of humor will assist you. You are, you will perceive, upon a long
+journey, and it will seem to you ridiculous to change your life and
+discipline your instincts to conform with the usages of a single inn by
+the way. You will distinguish the essentials from the accidents, and
+deem the accidents something meant for your amusement. The strongest
+natures do not need to wait for these slow lessons of observation, to
+be got by conning life: their sheer vigor makes it impossible for them
+to conform to fashion or care for times and seasons. But the rest of us
+must cultivate knowledge of the world in the large, get our offing,
+reaching a comparative point of view, before we can become with steady
+confidence our own masters and pilots. The art of being human begins
+with the practice of being genuine, and following standards of conduct
+which the world has tested. If your life is not various and you cannot
+know the best people, who set the standards of sincerity, your reading
+at least can be various, and you may look at your little circle through
+the best books, under the guidance of writers who have known life and
+loved the truth.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+And then genuineness will bring serenity—which I take to be another
+mark of the right development of the true human being, certainly in an
+age passionate and confused as this in which we live. Of course
+serenity does not always go with genuineness. We must say of Dr.
+Johnson that he was genuine, and yet we know that the stormy tyrant of
+the Turk’s Head Tavern was not serene. Carlyle was genuine (though that
+is not quite the first adjective we should choose to describe him), but
+of serenity he allowed cooks and cocks and every modern and every
+ancient sham to deprive him. Serenity is a product, no doubt, of two
+very different things, namely, vision and digestion. Not the eye only,
+but the courses of the blood must be clear, if we would find serenity.
+Our word “serene” contains a picture. Its image is of the calm evening
+when the stars are out and the still night comes on; when the dew is on
+the grass and the wind does not stir; when the day’s work is over, and
+the evening meal, and thought falls clear in the quiet hour. It is the
+hour of reflection—and it is human to reflect. Who shall contrive to be
+human without this evening hour, which drives turmoil out, and gives
+the soul its seasons of self-recollection? Serenity is not a thing to
+beget inaction. It only checks excitement and uncalculating haste. It
+does not exclude ardor or the heat of battle: it keeps ardor from
+extravagance, prevents the battle from becoming a mere aimless mêlée.
+The great captains of the world have been men who were calm in the
+moment of crisis; who were calm, too, in the long planning which
+preceded crisis; who went into battle with a serenity infinitely
+ominous for those whom they attack. We instinctively associate serenity
+with the highest types of power among men, seeing in it the poise of
+knowledge and calm vision, the supreme heat and mastery which is
+without splutter or noise of any kind. The art of power in this sort is
+no doubt learned in hours of reflection, by those who are not born with
+it. What rebuke of aimless excitement there is to be got out of a
+little reflection, when we have been inveighing against the corruption
+and decadence of our own days, if only we have provided ourselves with
+a little knowledge of the past wherewith to balance our thought! As bad
+times as these, or any we shall see, have been reformed, but not by
+protests. They have been made glorious instead of shameful by the men
+who kept their heads and struck with sure self-possession in the fight.
+The world is very human, not a bit given to adopting virtues for the
+sakes of those who merely bemoan its vices, and we are most effective
+when we are most calmly in possession of our senses.
+
+So far is serenity from being a thing of slackness or inaction that it
+seems bred, rather, by an equable energy, a satisfying activity. It may
+be found in the midst of that alert interest in affairs which is, it
+may be, the distinguishing trait of developed manhood. You distinguish
+man from the brute by his intelligent curiosity, his play of mind
+beyond the narrow field of instinct, his perception of cause and effect
+in matters to him indifferent, his appreciation of motive and
+calculation of results. He is interested in the world about him, and
+even in the great universe of which it forms a part, not merely as a
+thing he would use, satisfy his wants and grow great by, but as a field
+to stretch his mind in, for love of journeyings and excursions in the
+large realm of thought. Your full-bred human being loves a run afield
+with his understanding. With what images does he not surround himself
+and store his mind! With what fondness does he con travelers’ tales and
+credit poets’ fancies! With what patience does he follow science and
+pore upon old records, and with what eagerness does he ask the news of
+the day! No great part of what he learns immediately touches his own
+life or the course of his own affairs: he is not pursuing a business,
+but satisfying as he can an insatiable mind. No doubt the highest form
+of this noble curiosity is that which leads us, without self-interest,
+to look abroad upon all the field of man’s life at home and in society,
+seeking more excellent forms of government, more righteous ways of
+labor, more elevating forms of art, and which makes the greater among
+us statesmen, reformers, philanthropists, artists, critics, men of
+letters. It is certainly human to mind your neighbor’s business as well
+as your own. Gossips are only sociologists upon a mean and petty scale.
+The art of being human lifts to be a better level than that of gossip;
+it leaves mere chatter behind, as too reminiscent of a lower stage of
+existence, and is compassed by those whose outlook is wide enough to
+serve for guidance and a choosing of ways.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Luckily we are not the first human beings. We have come into a great
+heritage of interesting things, collected and piled all about us by the
+curiosity of past generations. And so our interest is selective. Our
+education consists in learning intelligent choice. Our energies do not
+clash or compete: each is free to take his own path to knowledge. Each
+has that choice, which is man’s alone, of the life he shall live, and
+finds out first or last that the art in living is not only to be
+genuine and one’s own master, but also to learn mastery in perception
+and preference. Your true woodsman needs not to follow the dusty
+highway through the forest nor search for any path, but goes straight
+from glade to glade as if upon an open way, having some privy
+understanding with the taller trees, some compass in his senses. So
+there is the subtle craft in finding ways for the mind, too. Keep but
+your eyes alert and your ears quick, as you move among men and among
+books, and you shall find yourself possessed at last of a new sense,
+the sense of the pathfinder. Have you never marked the eyes of a man
+who has seen the world he has lived in: the eyes of the sea-captain,
+who has watched his life through the changes of the heavens; the eyes
+of the huntsman, nature’s gossip and familiar; the eyes of the man of
+affairs, accustomed to command in moments of exigency? You are at once
+aware that they are eyes which can see. There is something in them that
+you do not find in other eyes, and you have read the life of the man
+when you have divined what it is. Let the thing serve as a figure. So
+ought alert interest in the world of men and thought to serve each one
+of us that we shall have the quick perceiving vision, taking meanings
+at a glance, reading suggestions as if they were expositions. You shall
+not otherwise get full value of your humanity. What good shall it do
+you else that the long generations of men which have gone before have
+filled the world with great store of everything that may make you wise
+and your life various? Will you not take the usury of the past, if it
+may be had for the taking? Here is the world humanity has made: will
+you take full citizenship in it, or will you live in it as dull, as
+slow to receive, as unenfranchised, as the idlers for whom civilization
+has no uses, or the deadened toilers, men or beasts, whose labor shuts
+the door on choice?
+
+That man seems to me a little less than human who lives as if our life
+in the world were but just begun, thinking only of the things of sense,
+reckoning nothing of the infinite thronging and assemblage of affairs
+the great stage over, or of the old wisdom that has ruled the world.
+That is, if he have the choice. Great masses of our fellow-men are shut
+out from choosing, by reason of absorbing toil, and it is part of the
+enlightenment of our age that our understandings are being opened to
+the workingman’s need of a little leisure wherein to look about him and
+clear his vision of the dust of the workshop. We know that there is a
+drudgery which is inhuman, let it but encompass the whole life, with
+only heavy sleep between task and task. We know that those who are so
+bound can have no freedom to be men, that their very spirits are in
+bondage. It is part of our philanthropy—it should be part of our
+statesmanship—to ease the burden as we can, and enfranchise those who
+spend and are spent for the sustenance of the race. But what shall we
+say of those who are free and yet choose littleness and bondage, or of
+those who, though they might see the whole face of society,
+nevertheless choose to spend all a life’s space poring upon some single
+vice or blemish? I would not for the world discredit any sort of
+philanthropy except the small and churlish sort which seeks to reform
+by nagging—the sort which exaggerates petty vices into great ones, and
+runs atilt against windmills, while everywhere colossal shams and
+abuses go unexposed, unrebuked. Is it because we are better at being
+common scolds than at being wise advisers that we prefer little reforms
+to big ones? Are we to allow the poor personal habits of other people
+to absorb and quite use up all our fine indignation? It will be a bad
+day for society when sentimentalists are encouraged to suggest all the
+measures that shall be taken for the betterment of the race. I, for
+one, sometimes sigh for the generation of “leading people” and of good
+people who shall see things steadily and see them whole; who shall show
+a handsome justness and a large sanity of view, an opportune tolerance
+for details, that happen to be awry, in order that they may spend their
+energy, not without self-possession, in some generous mission which
+shall make right principles shine upon the people’s life. They would
+bring with them an age of large moralities, a spacious time, a day of
+vision.
+
+Knowledge has come into the world in vain if it is not to emancipate
+those who may have it from narrowness, censoriousness, fussiness, an
+intemperate zeal for petty things. It would be a most pleasant, a truly
+humane world, would we but open our ears with a more generous welcome
+to the clear voices that ring in those writings upon life and affairs
+which mankind has chosen to keep. Not many splenetic books, not many
+intemperate, not many bigoted, have kept men’s confidence; and the mind
+that is impatient, or intolerant, or hoodwinked, or shut in to a petty
+view shall have no part in carrying men forward to a true humanity,
+shall never stand as examples of the true humankind. What is truly
+human has always upon it the broad light of what is genial, fit to
+support life, cordial, and of a catholic spirit of helpfulness. Your
+true human being has eyes and keeps his balance in the world; deems
+nothing uninteresting that comes from life; clarifies his vision and
+gives health to his eyes by using them upon things near and things far.
+The brute beast has but a single neighborhood, a single, narrow round
+of existence; the gain of being human accrues in the choice of change
+and variety and of experience far and wide, with all the world for
+stage—a stage set and appointed by this very art of choice—all future
+generations for witnesses and audience. When you talk with a man who
+has in his nature and acquirements that freedom from constraint which
+goes with the full franchise of humanity, he turns easily with topic to
+topic; does not fall silent or dull when you leave some single field of
+thought such as unwise men make a prison of. The men who will not be
+broken from a little set of subjects, who talk earnestly, hotly, with a
+sort of fierceness, of certain special schemes of conduct, and look
+coldly upon everything else, render you infinitely uneasy, as if there
+were in them a force abnormal and which rocked toward an upset of the
+mind; but from the man whose interest swings from thought to thought
+with the zest and poise and pleasure of the old traveler, eager for
+what is new, glad to look again upon what is old, you come away with
+faculties warmed and heartened—with the feeling of having been comrade
+for a little with a genuine human being. It is a large world and a
+round world, and men grow human by seeing all its play of force and
+folly.
+
+
+
+
+VI
+
+
+Let no one suppose that efficiency is lost by such breadth and
+catholicity of view. We deceive ourselves with instances, look at sharp
+crises in the world’s affairs, and imagine that intense and narrow men
+have made history for us. Poise, balance, a nice and equable exercise
+of force, are not, it is true, the things the world ordinarily seeks
+for or most applauds in its heroes. It is apt to esteem that man most
+human who has his qualities in a certain exaggeration, whose courage is
+passionate, whose generosity is without deliberation, whose just action
+is without premeditation, whose spirit runs toward its favorite objects
+with an infectious and reckless ardor, whose wisdom is no child of slow
+prudence. We love Achilles more than Diomedes, and Ulysses not at all.
+But these are standards left over from a ruder state of society: we
+should have passed by this time the Homeric stage of mind—should have
+heroes suited to our age. Nay, we have erected different standards, and
+do make a different choice, when we see in any man fulfillment of our
+real ideals. Let a modern instance serve as test. Could any man
+hesitate to say that Abraham Lincoln was more human than William Lloyd
+Garrison? Does not every one know that it was the practical
+Free-Soilers who made emancipation possible, and not the hot,
+impracticable Abolitionists; that the country was infinitely more moved
+by Lincoln’s temperate sagacity than by any man’s enthusiasm,
+instinctively trusted the man who saw the whole situation and kept his
+balance, instinctively held off from those who refused to see more than
+one thing? We know how serviceable the intense and headlong agitator
+was in bringing to their feet men fit for action; but we feel uneasy
+while he lives, and vouchsafe him our full sympathy only when he is
+dead. We know that the genial forces of nature which work daily,
+equably, and without violence are infinitely more serviceable,
+infinitely more admirable, than the rude violence of the storm, however
+necessary or excellent the purification it may have wrought. Should we
+seek to name the most human man among those who led the nation to its
+struggle with slavery, and yet was no statesmen, we should, of course,
+name Lowell. We know that his humor went further than any man’s passion
+toward setting tolerant men atingle with the new impulses of the day.
+We naturally hold back from those who are intemperate and can never
+stop to smile, and are deeply reassured to see a twinkle in a
+reformer’s eye. We are glad to see earnest men laugh. It breaks the
+strain. If it be wholesome laughter, it dispels all suspicion of spite,
+and is like the gleam of light upon running water, lifting sullen
+shadows, suggesting clear depths.
+
+Surely it is this soundness of nature, this broad and genial quality,
+this full-blooded, full-orbed sanity of spirit, which gives the men we
+love that wide-eyed sympathy which gives hope and power to humanity,
+which gives range to every good quality and is so excellent a
+credential of genuine manhood. Let your life and your thought be
+narrow, and your sympathy will shrink to a like scale. It is a quality
+which follows the seeing mind afield, which waits on experience. It is
+not a mere sentiment. It goes not with pity so much as with a
+penetrative understanding of other men’s lives and hopes and
+temptations. Ignorance of these things makes it worthless. Its best
+tutors are observations and experience, and these serve only those who
+keep clear eyes and a wide field of vision. It is exercise and
+discipline upon such a scale, too, which strengthen, which for ordinary
+men come near to creating, that capacity to reason upon affairs and to
+plan for action which we always reckon upon finding in every man who
+has studied to perfect his native force. This new day in which we live
+cries a challenge to us. Steam and electricity have reduced nations to
+neighborhoods; have made travel pastime, and news a thing for
+everybody. Cheap printing has made knowledge a vulgar commodity. Our
+eyes look, almost without choice, upon the very world itself, and the
+word “human” is filled with new meaning. Our ideals broaden to suit the
+wide day in which we live. We crave, not cloistered virtue—it is
+impossible any longer to keep the cloister—but a robust spirit that
+shall take the air in the great world, know men in all their kinds,
+choose its way amid the bustle with all self-possession, with wise
+genuineness, in calmness, and yet with the quick eye of interest and
+the quick pulse of power. It is again a day for Shakespeare’s spirit—a
+day more various, more ardent, more provoking to valor and every large
+design, even than “the spacious times of great Elizabeth,” when all the
+world seemed new; and if we cannot find another bard, come out of a new
+Warwickshire, to hold once more the mirror up to nature, it will not be
+because the stage is not set for him. The time is such an one as he
+might rejoice to look upon; and if we would serve it as it should be
+served, we should seek to be human after his wide-eyed sort. The
+serenity of power; the naturalness that is nature’s poise and mark of
+genuineness; the unsleeping interest in all affairs, all fancies, all
+things believed or done; the catholic understanding, tolerance,
+enjoyment, of all classes and conditions of men; the conceiving
+imagination, the planning purpose, the creating thought, the wholesome,
+laughing humor, the quiet insight, the universal coinage of the
+brain—are not these the marvelous gifts and qualities we mark in
+Shakespeare when we call him the greatest among men? And shall not
+these rounded and perfect powers serve us as our ideal of what it is to
+be a finished human being?
+
+We live for our own age—an age like Shakespeare’s, when an old world is
+passing away, a new world coming in—an age of new speculation and every
+new adventure of the mind; a full stage, an intricate plot, a universal
+play of passion, an outcome no man can foresee. It is to this world,
+this sweep of action, that our understandings must be stretched and
+fitted; it is in this age we must show our human quality. We must
+measure ourselves by the task, accept the pace set for us, make shift
+to know what we are about. How free and liberal should be the scale of
+our sympathy, how catholic our understanding of the world in which we
+live, how poised and masterful our action in the midst of so great
+affairs! We should school our ears to know the voices that are genuine,
+our thought to take the truth when it is spoken, our spirits to feel
+the zest of the day. It is within our choice to be with mean company or
+with great, to consort with the wise or with the foolish, now that the
+great world has spoken to us in the literature of all tongues and
+voices. The best selected human nature will tell in the making of the
+future, and the art of being human is the art of freedom and of force.
+
+
+1 From “Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey,” by William
+Wordsworth.—J.M.
+2 From “The Future,” by Matthew Arnold.—J.M.
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON BEING HUMAN ***
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+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of On Being Human, by Woodrow Wilson</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
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+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
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+</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: On Being Human</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Woodrow Wilson</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 14, 2002 [eBook #5068]<br />
+[Most recently updated: September 10, 2021]</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
+<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Jennifer Godwin and Jose Menendez</div>
+<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON BEING HUMAN ***</div>
+
+<div class="fig" style="width:55%;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" style="width:100%;" alt="[Illustration]" />
+</div>
+
+<h1>On Being Human</h1>
+
+<h2 class="no-break">by Woodrow Wilson</h2>
+
+
+<h4>Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D.<br />
+President of the United States<br />
+<br />
+1897<br />
+From the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i></h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+<table summary="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto">
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap01">I</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap02">II</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap03">III</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap04">IV</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap05">V</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td> <a href="#chap06">VI</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap01"></a>I</h2>
+
+<p>
+&ldquo;The rarest sort of a book,&rdquo; says Mr. Bagehot, slyly, is &ldquo;a
+book to read&rdquo;; and &ldquo;the knack in style is to write like a human
+being.&rdquo; It is painfully evident, upon experiment, that not many of the
+books which come teeming from our presses every year are meant to be read. They
+are meant, it may be, to be pondered; it is hoped, no doubt, they may instruct,
+or inform, or startle, or arouse, or reform, or provoke, or amuse us; but we
+read, if we have the true reader&rsquo;s zest and plate, not to grow more
+knowing, but to be less pent up and bound within a little circle,&mdash;as
+those who take their pleasure, and not as those who laboriously seek
+instruction,&mdash;as a means of seeing and enjoying the world of men and
+affairs. We wish companionship and renewal of spirit, enrichment of thought and
+the full adventure of the mind; and we desire fair company, and a larger world
+in which to find them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No one who loves the masters who may be communed with and read but must see,
+therefore, and resent the error of making the text of any one of them a source
+to draw grammar from, forcing the parts of speech to stand out stark and cold
+from the warm text; or a store of samples whence to draw rhetorical instances,
+setting up figures of speech singly and without support of any neighbor phrase,
+to be stared at curiously and with intent to copy or dissect! Here is grammar
+done without deliberation: the phrases carry their meaning simply and by a sort
+of limpid reflection; the thought is a living thing, not an image ingeniously
+contrived and wrought. Pray leave the text whole: it has no meaning piecemeal;
+at any rate, not that best, wholesome meaning, as of a frank and genial friend
+who talks, not for himself or for his phrase, but for you. It is questionable
+morals to dismember a living frame to seek for its obscure fountains of life!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When you say that a book was meant to be read, you mean, for one thing, of
+course, that it was not meant to be studied. You do not study a good story, or
+a haunting poem, or a battle song, or a love ballad, or any moving narrative,
+whether it be out of history or out of fiction&mdash;nor any argument, even,
+that moves vital in the field of action. You do not have to study these things;
+they reveal themselves, you do not stay to see how. They remain with you, and
+will not be forgotten or laid by. They cling like a personal experience, and
+become the mind&rsquo;s intimates. You devour a book meant to be read, not
+because you would fill yourself or have an anxious care to be nourished, but
+because it contains such stuff as it makes the mind hungry to look upon.
+Neither do you read it to kill time, but to lengthen time, rather, adding to
+its natural usury by living the more abundantly while it lasts, joining
+another&rsquo;s life and thought to your own.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are a few children in every generation, as Mr. Bagehot reminds us, who
+think the natural thing to do with any book is to read it. &ldquo;There is an
+argument from design in the subject,&rdquo; as he says; &ldquo;if the book was
+not meant to be read for that purpose, for what purpose was it meant?&rdquo;
+These are the young eyes to which books yield up great treasure, almost in
+spite of themselves, as if they had been penetrated by some swift, enlarging
+power of vision which only the young know. It is these youngsters to whom books
+give up the long ages of history, &ldquo;the wonderful series going back to the
+times of old patriarchs with their flocks and herds&rdquo;&mdash;I am quoting
+Mr. Bagehot again&mdash;&ldquo;the keen-eyed Greek, the stately Roman, the
+watching Jew, the uncouth Goth, the horrid Hun, the settled picture of the
+unchanging East, the restless shifting of the rapid West, the rise of the cold
+and classical civilization, its fall, the rough impetuous Middle Ages, the
+vague warm picture of ourselves and home. When did we learn these? Not
+yesterday nor today, but long ago, in the first dawn of reason, in the original
+flow of fancy.&rdquo; Books will not yield to us so richly when we are older.
+The argument from design fails. We return to the staid authors we read long
+ago, and do not find in them the vital, speaking images that used to lie there
+upon the page. Our own fancy is gone, and the author never had any. We are
+driven in upon the books meant to be read.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These are books written by human beings, indeed, but with no general quality
+belonging to the kind&mdash;with a special tone and temper, rather, a spirit
+out of the common, touched with a light that shines clear out of some great
+source of light which not every man can uncover. We call this spirit human
+because it moves us, quickens a like life in ourselves, makes us glow with a
+sort of ardor of self-discovery. It touches the springs of fancy or of action
+within us, and makes our own life seem more quick and vital. We do not call
+every book that moves us human. Some seem written with knowledge of the black
+art, set our base passions aflame, disclose motives at which we
+shudder&mdash;the more because we feel their reality and power; and we know
+that this is of the devil, and not the fruitage of any quality that
+distinguishes us as men. We are distinguished as men by the qualities that mark
+us different from the beasts. When we call a thing human we have a spiritual
+ideal in mind. It may not be an ideal of that which is perfect, but it moves at
+least upon an upland level where the air is sweet; it holds an image of man
+erect and constant, going abroad with undaunted steps, looking with frank and
+open gaze upon all the fortunes of his day, feeling even and again&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+&ldquo;. . . the joy <a href="#1"><sup>1</sup></a><br />
+Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime<br />
+Of something far more deeply interfused.<br />
+Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns.<br />
+And the round ocean and the living air,<br />
+And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:<br />
+A motion and a spirit, that impels<br />
+All thinking things.&rdquo;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Say what we may of the errors and the degrading sins of our kind, we do not
+willingly make what is worst in us the distinguishing trait of what is human.
+When we declare, with Bagehot, that the author whom we love writes like a human
+being, we are not sneering at him; we do not say it with a leer. It is in token
+of admiration, rather. He makes us like our humankind. There is a noble passion
+in what he says, a wholesome humor that echoes genial comradeships; a certain
+reasonableness and moderation in what is thought and said; an air of the open
+day, in which things are seen whole and in their right colors, rather than of
+the close study or the academic class-room. We do not want our poetry from
+grammarians, nor our tales from philologists, nor our history from theorists.
+Their human nature is subtly transmuted into something less broad and catholic
+and of the general world. Neither do we want our political economy from
+tradesmen nor our statesmanship from mere politicians, but from those who see
+more and care for more than these men see or care for.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap02"></a>II</h2>
+
+<p>
+Once&mdash;it is a thought which troubles us&mdash;once it was a simple enough
+matter to be a human being, but now it is deeply difficult; because life was
+once simple, but is now complex, confused, multifarious. Haste, anxiety,
+preoccupation, the need to specialize and make machines of ourselves, have
+transformed the once simple world, and we are apprised that it will not be
+without effort that we shall keep the broad human traits which have so far made
+the earth habitable. We have seen our modern life accumulate, hot and restless,
+in great cities&mdash;and we cannot say that the change is not natural: we see
+in it, on the contrary, the fulfillment of an inevitable law of change, which
+is no doubt a law of growth, and not of decay. And yet we look upon the
+portentous thing with a great distaste, and doubt with what altered passions we
+shall come out of it. The huge, rushing, aggregate life of a great
+city&mdash;the crushing crowds in the streets, where friends seldom meet and
+there are few greetings; the thunderous noise of trade and industry that speaks
+of nothing but gain and competition, and a consuming fever that checks the
+natural courses of the kindly blood; no leisure anywhere, no quiet, no restful
+ease, no wise repose&mdash;all this shocks us. It is inhumane. It does not seem
+human. How much more likely does it appear that we shall find men sane and
+human about a country fireside, upon the streets of quiet villages, where all
+are neighbors, where groups of friends gather easily, and a constant sympathy
+makes the very air seem native! Why should not the city seem infinitely more
+human than the hamlet? Why should not human traits the more abound where human
+beings teem millions strong?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Because the city curtails man of his wholeness, specializes him, quickens some
+powers, stunts others, gives him a sharp edge, and a temper like that of steel,
+makes him unfit for nothing so much as to sit still. Men have indeed written
+like human beings in the midst of great cities, but not often when they have
+shared the city&rsquo;s characteristic life, its struggle for place and for
+gain. There are not many places that belong to a city&rsquo;s life to which you
+can &ldquo;invite your soul.&rdquo; Its haste, its preoccupations, its
+anxieties, its rushing noise as of men driven, its ringing cries, distract you.
+It offers no quiet for reflection; it permits no retirement to any who share
+its life. It is a place of little tasks, of narrowed functions, of aggregate
+and not of individual strength. The great machine dominates its little parts,
+and its Society is as much of a machine as its business.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+&ldquo;This tract which the river of Time <a href="#2"><sup>2</sup></a><br />
+Now flows through with us, is the plain.<br />
+Gone is the calm of its earlier shore.<br />
+Border&rsquo;d by cities, and hoarse<br />
+With a thousand cries is its stream.<br />
+And we on its breast, our minds<br />
+Are confused as the cries which we hear,<br />
+Changing and shot as the sights which we see.<br />
+<br />
+&ldquo;And we say that repose has fled<br />
+Forever the course of the river of Time<br />
+That cities will crowd to its edge<br />
+In a blacker, incessanter line;<br />
+That the din will be more on its banks,<br />
+Denser the trade on its stream,<br />
+Flatter the plain where it flows,<br />
+Fiercer the sun overhead,<br />
+That never will those on its breast<br />
+See an enobling sight,<br />
+Drink of the feeling of quiet again.<br />
+<br />
+&ldquo;But what was before us we know not,<br />
+And we know not what shall succeed.<br />
+<br />
+&ldquo;Haply, the river of Time&mdash;<br />
+As it grows, as the towns on its marge<br />
+Fling their wavering lights<br />
+On a wider, statelier stream&mdash;<br />
+May acquire, if not the calm<br />
+Of its early mountainous shore,<br />
+Yet a solemn peace of its own.<br />
+<br />
+&ldquo;And the width of the waters, the hush<br />
+Of the gray expanse where he floats,<br />
+Freshening its current and spotted with foam<br />
+As it draws to the Ocean, may strike<br />
+Peace to the soul of the man on its breast&mdash;<br />
+As the pale waste widens around him,<br />
+As the banks fade dimmer away,<br />
+As the stars come out, and the night-wind<br />
+Brings up the stream<br />
+Murmurs and scents of the infinite sea.&rdquo;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We cannot easily see the large measure and abiding purpose of the novel age in
+which we stand young and confused. The view that shall clear our minds and
+quicken us to act as those who know their task and its distant consummation
+will come with better knowledge and completer self-possession. It shall not be
+a night-wind, but an air that shall blow out of the widening east and with the
+coming of the light, and shall bring us, with the morning, &ldquo;murmurs and
+scents of the infinite sea.&rdquo; Who can doubt that man has grown more and
+more human with each step of that slow process which has brought him knowledge,
+self-restraint, the arts of intercourse, and the revelations of real joy? Man
+has more and more lived with his fellow-men, and it is society that has
+humanized him&mdash;the development of society into an infinitely various
+school of discipline and ordered skill. He has been made more human by
+schooling, by growing more self-possessed&mdash;less violent, less tumultuous;
+holding himself in hand, and moving always with a certain poise of spirit; not
+forever clapping his hand to the hilt of his sword, but preferring, rather, to
+play with a subtler skill upon the springs of action. This is our conception of
+the truly human man: a man in whom there is a just balance of faculties, a
+catholic sympathy&mdash;no brawler, no fanatic, no pharisee; not too credulous
+in hope, not too desperate in purpose; warm, but not hasty; ardent, and full of
+definite power, but not running about to be pleased and deceived by every new
+thing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is a genial image of men we love&mdash;an image of men warm and true of
+heart, direct and unhesitating in courage, generous, magnanimous, faithful,
+steadfast, capable of a deep devotion and self-forgetfulness. But the age
+changes, and with it must change our ideals of human quality. Not that we would
+give up what we have loved: we would add what a new life demands. In a new age
+men must acquire a new capacity, must be men upon a new scale, and with added
+qualities. We shall need a new Renaissance, ushered in by a new
+&ldquo;humanistic&rdquo; movement, in which we shall add our present minute,
+introspective study of ourselves, our jails, our slums, our nerve centers, our
+shifts to live, almost as morbid as medieval religion, a rediscovery of the
+round world, and of man&rsquo;s place in it, now that its face has changed. We
+study the world, but not yet with intent to school our hearts and tastes,
+broaden our natures, and know our fellow-men as comrades rather than as
+phenomena; with purpose, rather, to build up bodies of critical doctrine and
+provide ourselves with theses. That, surely, is not the truly humanizing way in
+which to take the air of the world. Man is much more than a &ldquo;rational
+being,&rdquo; and lives more by sympathies and impressions than by conclusions.
+It darkens his eyes and dries up the wells of his humanity to be forever in
+search of doctrine. We need wholesome, experiencing natures, I dare affirm,
+much more than we need sound reasoning.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap03"></a>III</h2>
+
+<p>
+Take life in the large view, and we are most reasonable when we seek that which
+is most wholesome and tonic for our natures as a whole; and we know, when we
+put aside pedantry, that the great middle object in life&mdash;the object that
+lies between religion on one hand, and food and clothing on the other,
+establishing our average levels of achievement&mdash;the excellent golden mean,
+is, not to be learned, but to be human beings in all the wide and genial
+meaning of the term. Does the age hinder? Do its many interests distract us
+when we would plan our discipline, determine our duty, clarify our ideals? It
+is the more necessary that we should ask ourselves what it is that is demanded
+of us, if we would fit our qualities to meet the new tests. Let us remind
+ourselves that to be human is, for one thing, to speak and act with a certain
+note of genuineness, a quality mixed of spontaneity and intelligence. This is
+necessary for wholesome life in any age, but particularly amidst confused
+affairs and shifting standards. Genuineness is not mere simplicity, for that
+may lack vitality, and genuineness does not. We expect what we call genuine to
+have pith and strength of fiber. Genuineness is a quality which we sometimes
+mean to include when we speak of individuality. Individuality is lost the
+moment you submit to passing modes or fashions, the creations of an artificial
+society; and so is genuineness. No man is genuine who is forever trying to
+pattern his life after the lives of other people&mdash;unless, indeed, he be a
+genuine dolt. But individuality is by no means the same as genuineness; for
+individuality may be associated with the most extreme and even ridiculous
+eccentricity, while genuineness we conceive to be always wholesome, balanced,
+and touched with dignity. It is a quality that goes with good sense and
+self-respect. It is a sort of robust moral sanity, mixed of elements both moral
+and intellectual. It is found in natures too strong to be mere trimmers and
+conformers, too well poised and thoughtful to fling off into intemperate
+protest and revolt. Laughter is genuine which has in it neither the shrill,
+hysterical note of mere excitement nor the hard, metallic twang of the
+cynic&rsquo;s sneer&mdash;which rings in the honest voice of gracious good
+humor, which is innocent and unsatirical. Speech is genuine which is without
+silliness, affectation, or pretense. That character is genuine which seems
+built by nature rather than by convention, which is stuff of independence and
+of good courage. Nothing spurious, bastard, begotten out of true wedlock of the
+mind; nothing adulterated and seeming to be what it is not; nothing unreal, can
+ever get place among the nobility of things genuine, natural, of pure stock and
+unmistakable lineage. It is a prerogative of every truly human being to come
+out from the low estate of those who are merely gregarious and of the herd, and
+show his innate powers cultivated and yet unspoiled&mdash;sound, unmixed, free
+from imitation; showing that individualization without extravagance which is
+genuineness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But how? By what means is this self-liberation to be effected&mdash;this
+emancipation from affectation and the bondage of being like other people? Is it
+open to us to choose to be genuine? I see nothing insuperable in the way,
+except for those who are hopelessly lacking in a sense of humor. It depends
+upon the range and scale of your observation whether you can strike the balance
+of genuineness or not. If you live in a small and petty world, you will be
+subject to its standards; but if you live in a large world, you will see that
+standards are innumerable&mdash;some old, some new, some made by the
+noble-minded and made to last, some made by the weak-minded and destined to
+perish, some lasting from age to age, some only from day to day&mdash;and that
+a choice must be made among them. It is then that your sense of humor will
+assist you. You are, you will perceive, upon a long journey, and it will seem
+to you ridiculous to change your life and discipline your instincts to conform
+with the usages of a single inn by the way. You will distinguish the essentials
+from the accidents, and deem the accidents something meant for your amusement.
+The strongest natures do not need to wait for these slow lessons of
+observation, to be got by conning life: their sheer vigor makes it impossible
+for them to conform to fashion or care for times and seasons. But the rest of
+us must cultivate knowledge of the world in the large, get our offing, reaching
+a comparative point of view, before we can become with steady confidence our
+own masters and pilots. The art of being human begins with the practice of
+being genuine, and following standards of conduct which the world has tested.
+If your life is not various and you cannot know the best people, who set the
+standards of sincerity, your reading at least can be various, and you may look
+at your little circle through the best books, under the guidance of writers who
+have known life and loved the truth.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap04"></a>IV</h2>
+
+<p>
+And then genuineness will bring serenity&mdash;which I take to be another mark
+of the right development of the true human being, certainly in an age
+passionate and confused as this in which we live. Of course serenity does not
+always go with genuineness. We must say of Dr. Johnson that he was genuine, and
+yet we know that the stormy tyrant of the Turk&rsquo;s Head Tavern was not
+serene. Carlyle was genuine (though that is not quite the first adjective we
+should choose to describe him), but of serenity he allowed cooks and cocks and
+every modern and every ancient sham to deprive him. Serenity is a product, no
+doubt, of two very different things, namely, vision and digestion. Not the eye
+only, but the courses of the blood must be clear, if we would find serenity.
+Our word &ldquo;serene&rdquo; contains a picture. Its image is of the calm
+evening when the stars are out and the still night comes on; when the dew is on
+the grass and the wind does not stir; when the day&rsquo;s work is over, and
+the evening meal, and thought falls clear in the quiet hour. It is the hour of
+reflection&mdash;and it is human to reflect. Who shall contrive to be human
+without this evening hour, which drives turmoil out, and gives the soul its
+seasons of self-recollection? Serenity is not a thing to beget inaction. It
+only checks excitement and uncalculating haste. It does not exclude ardor or
+the heat of battle: it keeps ardor from extravagance, prevents the battle from
+becoming a mere aimless mêlée. The great captains of the world have been men
+who were calm in the moment of crisis; who were calm, too, in the long planning
+which preceded crisis; who went into battle with a serenity infinitely ominous
+for those whom they attack. We instinctively associate serenity with the
+highest types of power among men, seeing in it the poise of knowledge and calm
+vision, the supreme heat and mastery which is without splutter or noise of any
+kind. The art of power in this sort is no doubt learned in hours of reflection,
+by those who are not born with it. What rebuke of aimless excitement there is
+to be got out of a little reflection, when we have been inveighing against the
+corruption and decadence of our own days, if only we have provided ourselves
+with a little knowledge of the past wherewith to balance our thought! As bad
+times as these, or any we shall see, have been reformed, but not by protests.
+They have been made glorious instead of shameful by the men who kept their
+heads and struck with sure self-possession in the fight. The world is very
+human, not a bit given to adopting virtues for the sakes of those who merely
+bemoan its vices, and we are most effective when we are most calmly in
+possession of our senses.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So far is serenity from being a thing of slackness or inaction that it seems
+bred, rather, by an equable energy, a satisfying activity. It may be found in
+the midst of that alert interest in affairs which is, it may be, the
+distinguishing trait of developed manhood. You distinguish man from the brute
+by his intelligent curiosity, his play of mind beyond the narrow field of
+instinct, his perception of cause and effect in matters to him indifferent, his
+appreciation of motive and calculation of results. He is interested in the
+world about him, and even in the great universe of which it forms a part, not
+merely as a thing he would use, satisfy his wants and grow great by, but as a
+field to stretch his mind in, for love of journeyings and excursions in the
+large realm of thought. Your full-bred human being loves a run afield with his
+understanding. With what images does he not surround himself and store his
+mind! With what fondness does he con travelers&rsquo; tales and credit
+poets&rsquo; fancies! With what patience does he follow science and pore upon
+old records, and with what eagerness does he ask the news of the day! No great
+part of what he learns immediately touches his own life or the course of his
+own affairs: he is not pursuing a business, but satisfying as he can an
+insatiable mind. No doubt the highest form of this noble curiosity is that
+which leads us, without self-interest, to look abroad upon all the field of
+man&rsquo;s life at home and in society, seeking more excellent forms of
+government, more righteous ways of labor, more elevating forms of art, and
+which makes the greater among us statesmen, reformers, philanthropists,
+artists, critics, men of letters. It is certainly human to mind your
+neighbor&rsquo;s business as well as your own. Gossips are only sociologists
+upon a mean and petty scale. The art of being human lifts to be a better level
+than that of gossip; it leaves mere chatter behind, as too reminiscent of a
+lower stage of existence, and is compassed by those whose outlook is wide
+enough to serve for guidance and a choosing of ways.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap05"></a>V</h2>
+
+<p>
+Luckily we are not the first human beings. We have come into a great heritage
+of interesting things, collected and piled all about us by the curiosity of
+past generations. And so our interest is selective. Our education consists in
+learning intelligent choice. Our energies do not clash or compete: each is free
+to take his own path to knowledge. Each has that choice, which is man&rsquo;s
+alone, of the life he shall live, and finds out first or last that the art in
+living is not only to be genuine and one&rsquo;s own master, but also to learn
+mastery in perception and preference. Your true woodsman needs not to follow
+the dusty highway through the forest nor search for any path, but goes straight
+from glade to glade as if upon an open way, having some privy understanding
+with the taller trees, some compass in his senses. So there is the subtle craft
+in finding ways for the mind, too. Keep but your eyes alert and your ears
+quick, as you move among men and among books, and you shall find yourself
+possessed at last of a new sense, the sense of the pathfinder. Have you never
+marked the eyes of a man who has seen the world he has lived in: the eyes of
+the sea-captain, who has watched his life through the changes of the heavens;
+the eyes of the huntsman, nature&rsquo;s gossip and familiar; the eyes of the
+man of affairs, accustomed to command in moments of exigency? You are at once
+aware that they are eyes which can see. There is something in them that you do
+not find in other eyes, and you have read the life of the man when you have
+divined what it is. Let the thing serve as a figure. So ought alert interest in
+the world of men and thought to serve each one of us that we shall have the
+quick perceiving vision, taking meanings at a glance, reading suggestions as if
+they were expositions. You shall not otherwise get full value of your humanity.
+What good shall it do you else that the long generations of men which have gone
+before have filled the world with great store of everything that may make you
+wise and your life various? Will you not take the usury of the past, if it may
+be had for the taking? Here is the world humanity has made: will you take full
+citizenship in it, or will you live in it as dull, as slow to receive, as
+unenfranchised, as the idlers for whom civilization has no uses, or the
+deadened toilers, men or beasts, whose labor shuts the door on choice?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That man seems to me a little less than human who lives as if our life in the
+world were but just begun, thinking only of the things of sense, reckoning
+nothing of the infinite thronging and assemblage of affairs the great stage
+over, or of the old wisdom that has ruled the world. That is, if he have the
+choice. Great masses of our fellow-men are shut out from choosing, by reason of
+absorbing toil, and it is part of the enlightenment of our age that our
+understandings are being opened to the workingman&rsquo;s need of a little
+leisure wherein to look about him and clear his vision of the dust of the
+workshop. We know that there is a drudgery which is inhuman, let it but
+encompass the whole life, with only heavy sleep between task and task. We know
+that those who are so bound can have no freedom to be men, that their very
+spirits are in bondage. It is part of our philanthropy&mdash;it should be part
+of our statesmanship&mdash;to ease the burden as we can, and enfranchise those
+who spend and are spent for the sustenance of the race. But what shall we say
+of those who are free and yet choose littleness and bondage, or of those who,
+though they might see the whole face of society, nevertheless choose to spend
+all a life&rsquo;s space poring upon some single vice or blemish? I would not
+for the world discredit any sort of philanthropy except the small and churlish
+sort which seeks to reform by nagging&mdash;the sort which exaggerates petty
+vices into great ones, and runs atilt against windmills, while everywhere
+colossal shams and abuses go unexposed, unrebuked. Is it because we are better
+at being common scolds than at being wise advisers that we prefer little
+reforms to big ones? Are we to allow the poor personal habits of other people
+to absorb and quite use up all our fine indignation? It will be a bad day for
+society when sentimentalists are encouraged to suggest all the measures that
+shall be taken for the betterment of the race. I, for one, sometimes sigh for
+the generation of &ldquo;leading people&rdquo; and of good people who shall see
+things steadily and see them whole; who shall show a handsome justness and a
+large sanity of view, an opportune tolerance for details, that happen to be
+awry, in order that they may spend their energy, not without self-possession,
+in some generous mission which shall make right principles shine upon the
+people&rsquo;s life. They would bring with them an age of large moralities, a
+spacious time, a day of vision.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Knowledge has come into the world in vain if it is not to emancipate those who
+may have it from narrowness, censoriousness, fussiness, an intemperate zeal for
+petty things. It would be a most pleasant, a truly humane world, would we but
+open our ears with a more generous welcome to the clear voices that ring in
+those writings upon life and affairs which mankind has chosen to keep. Not many
+splenetic books, not many intemperate, not many bigoted, have kept men&rsquo;s
+confidence; and the mind that is impatient, or intolerant, or hoodwinked, or
+shut in to a petty view shall have no part in carrying men forward to a true
+humanity, shall never stand as examples of the true humankind. What is truly
+human has always upon it the broad light of what is genial, fit to support
+life, cordial, and of a catholic spirit of helpfulness. Your true human being
+has eyes and keeps his balance in the world; deems nothing uninteresting that
+comes from life; clarifies his vision and gives health to his eyes by using
+them upon things near and things far. The brute beast has but a single
+neighborhood, a single, narrow round of existence; the gain of being human
+accrues in the choice of change and variety and of experience far and wide,
+with all the world for stage&mdash;a stage set and appointed by this very art
+of choice&mdash;all future generations for witnesses and audience. When you
+talk with a man who has in his nature and acquirements that freedom from
+constraint which goes with the full franchise of humanity, he turns easily with
+topic to topic; does not fall silent or dull when you leave some single field
+of thought such as unwise men make a prison of. The men who will not be broken
+from a little set of subjects, who talk earnestly, hotly, with a sort of
+fierceness, of certain special schemes of conduct, and look coldly upon
+everything else, render you infinitely uneasy, as if there were in them a force
+abnormal and which rocked toward an upset of the mind; but from the man whose
+interest swings from thought to thought with the zest and poise and pleasure of
+the old traveler, eager for what is new, glad to look again upon what is old,
+you come away with faculties warmed and heartened&mdash;with the feeling of
+having been comrade for a little with a genuine human being. It is a large
+world and a round world, and men grow human by seeing all its play of force and
+folly.
+</p>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2><a name="chap06"></a>VI</h2>
+
+<p>
+Let no one suppose that efficiency is lost by such breadth and catholicity of
+view. We deceive ourselves with instances, look at sharp crises in the
+world&rsquo;s affairs, and imagine that intense and narrow men have made
+history for us. Poise, balance, a nice and equable exercise of force, are not,
+it is true, the things the world ordinarily seeks for or most applauds in its
+heroes. It is apt to esteem that man most human who has his qualities in a
+certain exaggeration, whose courage is passionate, whose generosity is without
+deliberation, whose just action is without premeditation, whose spirit runs
+toward its favorite objects with an infectious and reckless ardor, whose wisdom
+is no child of slow prudence. We love Achilles more than Diomedes, and Ulysses
+not at all. But these are standards left over from a ruder state of society: we
+should have passed by this time the Homeric stage of mind&mdash;should have
+heroes suited to our age. Nay, we have erected different standards, and do make
+a different choice, when we see in any man fulfillment of our real ideals. Let
+a modern instance serve as test. Could any man hesitate to say that Abraham
+Lincoln was more human than William Lloyd Garrison? Does not every one know
+that it was the practical Free-Soilers who made emancipation possible, and not
+the hot, impracticable Abolitionists; that the country was infinitely more
+moved by Lincoln&rsquo;s temperate sagacity than by any man&rsquo;s enthusiasm,
+instinctively trusted the man who saw the whole situation and kept his balance,
+instinctively held off from those who refused to see more than one thing? We
+know how serviceable the intense and headlong agitator was in bringing to their
+feet men fit for action; but we feel uneasy while he lives, and vouchsafe him
+our full sympathy only when he is dead. We know that the genial forces of
+nature which work daily, equably, and without violence are infinitely more
+serviceable, infinitely more admirable, than the rude violence of the storm,
+however necessary or excellent the purification it may have wrought. Should we
+seek to name the most human man among those who led the nation to its struggle
+with slavery, and yet was no statesmen, we should, of course, name Lowell. We
+know that his humor went further than any man&rsquo;s passion toward setting
+tolerant men atingle with the new impulses of the day. We naturally hold back
+from those who are intemperate and can never stop to smile, and are deeply
+reassured to see a twinkle in a reformer&rsquo;s eye. We are glad to see
+earnest men laugh. It breaks the strain. If it be wholesome laughter, it
+dispels all suspicion of spite, and is like the gleam of light upon running
+water, lifting sullen shadows, suggesting clear depths.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Surely it is this soundness of nature, this broad and genial quality, this
+full-blooded, full-orbed sanity of spirit, which gives the men we love that
+wide-eyed sympathy which gives hope and power to humanity, which gives range to
+every good quality and is so excellent a credential of genuine manhood. Let
+your life and your thought be narrow, and your sympathy will shrink to a like
+scale. It is a quality which follows the seeing mind afield, which waits on
+experience. It is not a mere sentiment. It goes not with pity so much as with a
+penetrative understanding of other men&rsquo;s lives and hopes and temptations.
+Ignorance of these things makes it worthless. Its best tutors are observations
+and experience, and these serve only those who keep clear eyes and a wide field
+of vision. It is exercise and discipline upon such a scale, too, which
+strengthen, which for ordinary men come near to creating, that capacity to
+reason upon affairs and to plan for action which we always reckon upon finding
+in every man who has studied to perfect his native force. This new day in which
+we live cries a challenge to us. Steam and electricity have reduced nations to
+neighborhoods; have made travel pastime, and news a thing for everybody. Cheap
+printing has made knowledge a vulgar commodity. Our eyes look, almost without
+choice, upon the very world itself, and the word &ldquo;human&rdquo; is filled
+with new meaning. Our ideals broaden to suit the wide day in which we live. We
+crave, not cloistered virtue&mdash;it is impossible any longer to keep the
+cloister&mdash;but a robust spirit that shall take the air in the great world,
+know men in all their kinds, choose its way amid the bustle with all
+self-possession, with wise genuineness, in calmness, and yet with the quick eye
+of interest and the quick pulse of power. It is again a day for
+Shakespeare&rsquo;s spirit&mdash;a day more various, more ardent, more
+provoking to valor and every large design, even than &ldquo;the spacious times
+of great Elizabeth,&rdquo; when all the world seemed new; and if we cannot find
+another bard, come out of a new Warwickshire, to hold once more the mirror up
+to nature, it will not be because the stage is not set for him. The time is
+such an one as he might rejoice to look upon; and if we would serve it as it
+should be served, we should seek to be human after his wide-eyed sort. The
+serenity of power; the naturalness that is nature&rsquo;s poise and mark of
+genuineness; the unsleeping interest in all affairs, all fancies, all things
+believed or done; the catholic understanding, tolerance, enjoyment, of all
+classes and conditions of men; the conceiving imagination, the planning
+purpose, the creating thought, the wholesome, laughing humor, the quiet
+insight, the universal coinage of the brain&mdash;are not these the marvelous
+gifts and qualities we mark in Shakespeare when we call him the greatest among
+men? And shall not these rounded and perfect powers serve us as our ideal of
+what it is to be a finished human being?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We live for our own age&mdash;an age like Shakespeare&rsquo;s, when an old
+world is passing away, a new world coming in&mdash;an age of new speculation
+and every new adventure of the mind; a full stage, an intricate plot, a
+universal play of passion, an outcome no man can foresee. It is to this world,
+this sweep of action, that our understandings must be stretched and fitted; it
+is in this age we must show our human quality. We must measure ourselves by the
+task, accept the pace set for us, make shift to know what we are about. How
+free and liberal should be the scale of our sympathy, how catholic our
+understanding of the world in which we live, how poised and masterful our
+action in the midst of so great affairs! We should school our ears to know the
+voices that are genuine, our thought to take the truth when it is spoken, our
+spirits to feel the zest of the day. It is within our choice to be with mean
+company or with great, to consort with the wise or with the foolish, now that
+the great world has spoken to us in the literature of all tongues and voices.
+The best selected human nature will tell in the making of the future, and the
+art of being human is the art of freedom and of force.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a name="1"><sup>1</sup></a> From &ldquo;Lines composed a few miles above
+Tintern Abbey,&rdquo; by William Wordsworth.&mdash;J.M.<br />
+<a name="2"><sup>2</sup></a> From &ldquo;The Future,&rdquo; by Matthew
+Arnold.&mdash;J.M.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h4>THE END</h4>
+
+</div><!--end chapter-->
+
+<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON BEING HUMAN ***</div>
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+Title: On Being Human
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+Author: Woodrow Wilson
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ON BEING HUMAN ***
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+This etext was produced by Jennifer Godwin, <http://www.jengod.com/>
+
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+
+
+
+On Being Human
+
+Woodrow Wilson
+Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D.
+President of the United States
+
+1897
+From the Atlantic Monthly
+
+
+On Being Human
+
+
+I
+
+"The rarest sort of a book," says Mr. Bagehot, slyly, is "a book
+to read"; and "the knack in style is to write like a human
+being." It is painfully evident, upon experiment, that not many
+of the books which come teeming from our presses every year are
+meant to be read. They are meant, it may be, to be pondered; it
+is hoped, no doubt, they may instruct, or inform, or startle, or
+arouse, or reform, or provoke, or amuse us; but we read, if we
+have the true reader's zest and plate, not to grow more knowing,
+but to be less pent up and bound within a little circle,--as
+those who take their pleasure, and not as those who laboriously
+seek instruction,--as a means of seeing and enjoying the world
+of men and affairs. We wish companionship and renewal of spirit,
+enrichment of thought and the full adventure of the mind; and we
+desire fair company, and a larger world in which to find them.
+
+No one who loves the masters who may be communed with and read
+but must see, therefore, and resent the error of making the text
+of any one of them a source to draw grammar from, forcing the
+parts of speech to stand out stark and cold from the warm text;
+or a store of samples whence to draw rhetorical instances,
+setting up figures of speech singly and without support of any
+neighbor phrase, to be stared at curiously and with intent to
+copy or dissect! Here is grammar done without deliberation: the
+phrases carry their meaning simply and by a sort of limpid
+reflection; the thought is a living thing, not an image
+ingeniously contrived and wrought. Pray leave the text whole: it
+has no meaning piecemeal; at any rate, not that best, wholesome
+meaning, as of a frank and genial friend who talks, not for
+himself or for his phrase, but for you. It is questionable morals
+to dismember a living frame to seek for its obscure fountains of
+life!
+
+When you say that a book was meant to be read, you mean, for one
+thing, of course, that it was not meant to be studied. You do not
+study a good story, or a haunting poem, or a battle song, or a
+love ballad, or any moving narrative, whether it be out of
+history or out of fiction--nor any argument, even, that moves
+vital in the field of action. You do not have to study these
+things; they reveal themselves, you do not stay to see how. They
+remain with you, and will not be forgotten or laid by. They cling
+like a personal experience, and become the mind's intimates. You
+devour a book meant to be read, not because you would fill
+yourself or have an anxious care to be nourished, but because it
+contains such stuff as it makes the mind hungry to look upon.
+Neither do you read it to kill time, but to lengthen time,
+rather, adding to its natural usury by living the more abundantly
+while it lasts, joining another's life and thought to your own.
+
+There are a few children in every generation, as Mr. Bagehot
+reminds us, who think the natural thing to do with any book is to
+read it. "There is an argument from design in the subject," as he
+says; "if the book was not meant to be read for that purpose, for
+what purpose was it meant?" These are the young eyes to which
+books yield up great treasure, almost in spite of themselves, as
+if they had been penetrated by some swift, enlarging power of
+vision which only the young know. It is these youngsters to whom
+books give up the long ages of history, "the wonderful series
+going back to the times of old patriarchs with their flocks and
+herds"--I am quoting Mr. Bagehot again--"the keen-eyed Greek,
+the stately Roman, the watching Jew, the uncouth Goth, the horrid
+Hun, the settled picture of the unchanging East, the restless
+shifting of the rapid West, the rise of the cold and classical
+civilization, its fall, the rough impetuous Middle Ages, the
+vague warm picture of ourselves and home. When did we learn
+these? Not yesterday nor today, but long ago, in the first dawn
+of reason, in the original flow of fancy." Books will not yield
+to us so richly when we are older. The argument from design
+fails. We return to the staid authors we read long ago, and do
+not find in them the vital, speaking images that used to lie
+there upon the page. Our own fancy is gone, and the author never
+had any. We are driven in upon the books meant to be read.
+
+These are books written by human beings, indeed, but with no
+general quality belonging to the kind--with a special tone and
+temper, rather, a spirit out of the common, touched with a light
+that shines clear out of some great source of light which not
+every man can uncover. We call this spirit human because it moves
+us, quickens a like life in ourselves, makes us glow with a sort
+of ardor of self-discovery. It touches the springs of fancy or of
+action within us, and makes our own life seem more quick and
+vital. We do not call every book that moves us human. Some seem
+written with knowledge of the black art, set our base passions
+aflame, disclose motives at which we shudder--the more because
+we feel their reality and power; and we know that this is of the
+devil, and not the fruitage of any quality that distinguishes us
+as men. We are distinguished as men by the qualities that mark us
+different from the beasts. When we call a thing human we have a
+spiritual ideal in mind. It may not be an ideal of that which is
+perfect, but it moves at least upon an upland level where the air
+is sweet; it holds an image of man erect and constant, going
+abroad with undaunted steps, looking with frank and open gaze
+upon all the fortunes of his day, feeling even and again--
+
+    "...the joy
+    Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime
+    Of something far more deeply interfused.
+    Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns.
+    And the round ocean and the living air,
+    And the blue sky, and in the mind of man:
+    A motion and a spirit, that impels
+    All thinking things."
+
+Say what we may of the errors and the degrading sins of our kind,
+we do not willingly make what is worst in us the distinguishing
+trait of what is human. When we declare, with Bagehot, that the
+author whom we love writes like a human being, we are not
+sneering at him; we do not say it with a leer. It is in token of
+admiration, rather. He makes us like our humankind. There is a
+noble passion in what he says, a wholesome humor that echoes
+genial comradeships; a certain reasonableness and moderation in
+what is thought and said; an air of the open day, in which things
+are seen whole and in their right colors, rather than of the
+close study or the academic class-room. We do not want our poetry
+from grammarians, nor our tales from philologists, nor our
+history from theorists. Their human nature is subtly transmuted
+into something less broad and catholic and of the general world.
+Neither do we want our political economy from tradesmen nor our
+statesmanship from mere politicians, but from those who see more
+and care for more than these men see or care for.
+
+
+II
+
+Once--it is a thought which troubles us--once it was a simple
+enough matter to be a human being, but now it is deeply
+difficult; because life was once simple, but is now complex,
+confused, multifarious. Haste, anxiety, preoccupation, the need
+to specialize and make machines of ourselves, have transformed
+the once simple world, and we are apprised that it will not be
+without effort that we shall keep the broad human traits which
+have so far made the earth habitable. We have seen our modern
+life accumulate, hot and restless, in great cities--and we
+cannot say that the change is not natural: we see in it, on the
+contrary, the fulfillment of an inevitable law of change, which
+is no doubt a law of growth, and not of decay. And yet we look
+upon the portentous thing with a great distaste, and doubt with
+what altered passions we shall come out of it. The huge, rushing,
+aggregate life of a great city--the crushing crowds in the
+streets, where friends seldom meet and there are few greetings;
+the thunderous noise of trade and industry that speaks of nothing
+but gain and competition, and a consuming fever that checks the
+natural courses of the kindly blood; no leisure anywhere, no
+quiet, no restful ease, no wise repose--all this shocks us. It
+is inhumane. It does not seem human. How much more likely does it
+appear that we shall find men sane and human about a country
+fireside, upon the streets of quiet villages, where all are
+neighbors, where groups of friends gather easily, and a constant
+sympathy makes the very air seem native! Why should not the city
+seem infinitely more human than the hamlet? Why should not human
+traits the more abound where human beings teem millions strong?
+
+Because the city curtails man of his wholeness, specializes him,
+quickens some powers, stunts others, gives him a sharp edge, and
+a temper like that of steel, makes him unfit for nothing so much
+as to sit still. Men have indeed written like human beings in the
+midst of great cities, but not often when they have shared the
+city's characteristic life, its struggle for place and for gain.
+There are not many places that belong to a city's life to which
+you can "invite your soul." Its haste, its preoccupations, its
+anxieties, its rushing noise as of men driven, its ringing cries,
+distract you. It offers no quiet for reflection; it permits no
+retirement to any who share its life. It is a place of little
+tasks, of narrowed functions, of aggregate and not of individual
+strength. The great machine dominates its little parts, and its
+Society is as much of a machine as its business.
+
+ "This tract which the river of Time
+ Now flows through with us, is the plain.
+ Gone is the calm of its earlier shore.
+ Border'd by cities, and hoarse
+ With a thousand cries is its stream.
+ And we on its breasts, our minds
+ Are confused as the cries which we hear,
+ Changing and sot as the sights which we see.
+
+ "And we say that repose has fled
+ Forever the course of the river of Time
+ That cities will crowd to its edge
+ In a blacker, incessanter line;
+ That the din will be more on its banks,
+ Denser the trade on its stream,
+ Flatter the plain where it flows,
+ Fiercer the sun overhead,
+ That never will those on its breast
+ See an enobling sight,
+ Drink of the feeling of quiet again.
+
+ "But what was before us we know not,
+ And we know not what shall succeed.
+
+ "Haply, the river of Time--
+ As it grows, as the towns on its marge
+ Fling their wavering lights
+ On a wider, statelier stream--
+ May acquire, if not the calm
+ Of its early mountainous shore,
+ Yet a solemn peace of its own.
+
+ "And the width of the waters, the hush
+ Of the gray expanse where he floats,
+ Freshening its current and spotted with foam
+ As it draws to the Ocean, may strike
+ Peace to the soul of the man on its breast--
+ As the pale waste widens around him,
+ As the banks fade dinner away,
+ As the stars come out, and the night-wind
+ Brings up the stream
+ Murmurs and scents of the infinite sea."
+
+We cannot easily see the large measure and abiding purpose of the
+novel age in which we stand young and confused. The view that
+shall clear our minds and quicken us to act as those who know
+their task and its distant consummation will come with better
+knowledge and completer self-possession. It shall not be a
+night-wind, but an air that shall blow out of the widening east
+and with the coming of the light, and shall bring us, with the
+morning, "murmurs and scents of the infinite sea." Who can doubt
+that man has grown more and more human with each step of that
+slow process which has brought him knowledge, self-restraint,
+the arts of intercourse, and the revelations of real joy? Man has
+more and more lived with his fellow-men, and it is society that
+has humanized him--the development of society into a infinitely
+various school of discipline and ordered skill. He has been made
+more human by schooling, by growing more self-possessed--less
+violent, less tumultuous; holding himself in hand, and moving
+always with a certain poise of spirit; not forever clapping his
+hand to the hilt of his sword, but preferring, rather, to play
+with a subtler skill upon the springs of action. This is our
+conception of the truly human man: a man in whom there is a just
+balance of faculties, a catholic sympathy--no brawler, no
+fanatic, no pharisee; not too credulous in hope, not too
+desperate in purpose; warm, but not hasty; ardent, and full of
+definite power, but not running about to be pleased and deceived
+by every new thing.
+
+It is a genial image, of men we love--an image of men warm and
+true of heart, direct and unhesitating in courage, generous,
+magnanimous, faithful, steadfast, capable of a deep devotion and
+self-forgetfulness. But the age changes, and with it must change
+our ideals of human quality. Not that we would give up what we
+have loved: we would add what a new life demands. In a new age
+men must acquire a new capacity, must be men upon a new scale,
+and with added qualities. We shall need a new Renaissance,
+ushered in by a new "humanistic" movement, in which we shall add
+our present minute, introspective study of ourselves, our jails,
+our slums, our nervecenters, our shifts to live, almost as morbid
+as medieval religion, a rediscovery of the round world, and of
+man's place in it, now that its face has changed. We study the
+world, but not yet with intent to school our hearts and tastes,
+broaden our natures, and know our fellow-men as comrades rather
+than as phenomena; with purpose, rather, to build up bodies of
+critical doctrine and provide ourselves with theses. That,
+surely, is not the truly humanizing way in which to take the air
+of the world. Man is much more than a "rational being," and lives
+more by sympathies and impressions than by conclusions. It
+darkens his eyes and dries up the wells of his humanity to be
+forever in search of doctrine. We need wholesome, experiencing
+natures, I dare affirm, much more than we need sound reasoning.
+
+
+III
+
+Take life in the large view, and we are most reasonable when we
+seek that which is most wholesome and tonic for our natures as a
+whole; and we know, when we put aside pedantry, that the great
+middle object in life--the object that lies between religion on
+one hand, and food and clothing on the other, establishing our
+average levels of achievement--the excellent golden mean, is,
+not to be learned, but to be human beings in all the wide and
+genial meaning of the term. Does the age hinder? Do its many
+interests distract us when we would plan our discipline,
+determine our duty, clarify our ideals? It is the more necessary
+that we should ask ourselves what it is that is demanded of us,
+if we would fit our qualities to meet the new tests. Let us
+remind ourselves that to be human is, for one thing, to speak and
+act with a certain note of gentleness, a quality mixed of
+spontaneity and intelligence. This is necessary for wholesome
+life in any age, but particularly amidst confused affairs and
+shifting standards. Genuineness is not mere simplicity, for that
+may lack vitality, and genuineness does not. We expect what we
+call genuine to have pith and strength of fiber. Genuineness is a
+quality which we sometimes mean to include when we speak of
+individuality. Individuality is lost the moment you submit to
+passing modes or fashions, the creations of an artificial
+society; and so is genuineness. No man is genuine who is forever
+trying to pattern his life after the lives of other people--
+unless, indeed, he be a genuine dolt. But individuality is by no
+means the same as genuineness; for individuality may be
+associated with the most extreme and even ridiculous
+eccentricity, while genuineness we conceive to be always
+wholesome, balanced, and touched with dignity. It is a quality
+that goes with good sense and self-respect. It is a sort of
+robust moral sanity, mixed of elements both moral and
+intellectual. It is found in natures too strong to be mere
+trimmers and conformers, too well poised and thoughtful to fling
+off into intemperate protest and revolt. Laughter is genuine
+which has in it neither the shrill, hysterical note of mere
+excitement nor the hard, metallic twang of the cynic's sneer--
+which rings in the honest voice of gracious good humor, which is
+innocent and unsatirical. Speech is genuine which is without
+silliness, affectation, or pretense. That character is genuine
+which seems built by nature rather than by convention, which is
+stuff of independence and of good courage. Nothing spurious,
+bastard, begotten out of true wedlock of the mind; nothing
+adulterated and seeming to be what it is not; nothing unreal, can
+ever get place among the nobility of things genuine, natural, of
+pure stock and unmistakable lineage. It is a prerogative of every
+truly human being to come out from the low estate of those who
+are merely gregarious and of the herd, and show his innate powers
+cultivated and yet unspoiled--sound, unmixed, free from
+imitation; showing that individualization without extravagance
+which is genuineness.
+
+But how? By what means is this self-liberation to be effected--
+this emancipation from affection and the bondage of being like
+other people? Is it open to us to choose to be genuine? I see
+nothing insuperable in the way, except for those who are
+hopelessly lacking in a sense of humor. It depends upon the range
+and scale of your observation whether you can strike the balance
+of genuineness or not. If you live in a small and petty world,
+you will be subject to its standards; but if you live in a large
+world, you will see that standards are innumerable--some old,
+some new, some made by the noble-minded and made to last, some
+made by the weak-minded and destined to perish, some lasting from
+age to age, some only from day to day--and that a choice must be
+made among them. It is then that your sense of humor will assist
+you. You are, you will perceive, upon a long journey, and it will
+seem to you ridiculous to change your life and discipline your
+instincts to conform with the usages of a single inn by the way.
+You will distinguish the essentials from the accidents, and deem
+the accidents something meant for your amusement. The strongest
+natures do not need to wait for these slow lessons of
+observation, to be got by conning life: their sheer vigor makes
+it impossible for them to conform to fashion or care for times
+and seasons. But the rest of us must cultivate knowledge of the
+world in the large, get our offing, reaching a comparative point
+of view, before we can become with steady confidence our own
+masters and pilots. The art of being humans begins with the
+practice of being genuine, and following standards of conduct
+which the world has tested. If your life is not various and you
+cannot know the best people, who set the standards of sincerity,
+your reading at least can be various, and you may look at your
+little circle through the best books, under the guidance of
+writers who have known life and loved the truth.
+
+
+IV
+
+And then genuineness will bring serenity--which I take to be
+another mark of the right development of the true human being,
+certainly in an age passionate and confused as this in which we
+live. Of course serenity does not always go with genuineness. We
+must say of Dr. Johnson that he was genuine, and yet we know that
+the stormy tyrant of the Turk's Head Tavern was not serene.
+Carlyle was genuine (though that is not quite the first adjective
+we should choose to describe him), but of serenity he allowed
+cooks and cocks and every modern and every ancient sham to
+deprive him. Serenity is a product, no doubt, of two very
+different things, namely, vision and digestion. Not the eye only,
+but the courses of the blood must be clear, if we would find
+serenity. Our word "serene" contains a picture. Its image is of
+the calm evening when the stars are out and the still night comes
+on; when the dew is on the grass and the wind does not stir; when
+the day's work is over, and the evening meal, and thought falls
+clear in the quiet hour. It is the hour of reflection--and it is
+human to reflect. Who shall contrive to be human without this
+evening hour, which drives turmoil out, and gives the soul its
+seasons of self-recollection? Serenity is not a thing to beget
+inaction. It only checks excitement and uncalculating haste. It
+does not exclude ardor or the heat of battle: it keeps ardor from
+extravagance, prevents the battle from becoming a mere aimless
+melee. The great captains of the world have been men who were
+calm in the moment of crisis; who were calm, too, in the long
+planning which preceded crisis; who went into battle with a
+serenity infinitely ominous for those whom they attack. We
+instinctively associate serenity with the highest types of power
+among men, seeing in it the poise of knowledge and calm vision,
+the supreme heat and mastery which is without splutter or noise
+of any kind. The art of power in this sort is no doubt learned in
+hours of reflection, by those who are not born with it. What
+rebuke of aimless excitement there is to be got out of a little
+reflection, when we have been inveighing against the corruption
+and decadence of our own days, if only we have provided ourselves
+with a little knowledge of the past wherewith to balance our
+thought! As bad times as these, or any we shall see, have been
+reformed, but not by protests. They have been made glorious
+instead of shameful by the men who kept their heads and struck
+with sure self-possession in the fight. The world is very human,
+not a bit given to adopting virtues for the sakes of those who
+merely bemoan its vices, and we are most effective when we are
+most calmly in possession of our senses.
+
+So far is serenity from being a thing of slackness or inaction
+that it seems bred, rather, by an equable energy, a satisfying
+activity. It may be found in the midst of that alert interest in
+affairs which is, it may be, the distinguishing trait of
+developed manhood. You distinguish man from the brute by his
+intelligent curiosity, his play of mind beyond the narrow field
+of instinct, his perception of cause and effect in matters to him
+indifferent, his appreciation of motive and calculation of
+results. He is interested in the world about him, and even in the
+great universe of which it forms a part, not merely as a thing he
+would use, satisfy his wants and grow great by, but as a field to
+stretch his mind in, for love of journeyings and excursions in
+the large realm of thought. Your full-bred human being loves a
+run afield with his understanding. With what images does he not
+surround himself and store his mind! With what fondness does he
+con travelers' tales and credit poets' fancies! With what
+patience does he follow science and pore upon old records, and
+with what eagerness does he ask the news of the day! No great
+part of what he learns immediately touches his own life or the
+course of his own affairs: he is not pursuing a business, but
+satisfying as he can an insatiable mind. No doubt the highest
+form of this noble curiosity is that which leads us, without
+self-interest, to look abroad upon all the field of man's life at
+home and in society, seeking more excellent forms of government,
+more righteous ways of labor, more elevating forms of art, and
+which makes the greater among us statesmen, reformers,
+philanthropists, artists, critics, men of letters. It is
+certainly human to mind your neighbor's business as well as your
+own. Gossips are only sociologists upon a mean and petty scale.
+The art of being human lifts to be a better level than that of
+gossip; it leaves mere chatter behind, as too reminiscent of a
+lower stage of existence, and is compassed by those whose outlook
+is wide enough to serve for guidance and a choosing of ways.
+
+
+V
+
+Luckily we are not the first human beings.  We have come into a
+great heritage of interesting things, collected and piled all
+about us by the curiousity of past generations. And so our
+interest is selective. Our education consists in learning
+intelligent choice. Our energies do not clash or compete: each is
+free to take his own path to knowledge. Each has that choice,
+which is man's alone, of the life he shall live, and finds out
+first or last that the art in living is not only to be genuine
+and one's own master, but also to learn mastery in perception and
+preference. Your true woodsman needs not to follow the dusty
+highway through the forest nor search for any path, but goes
+straight from glade to glade as if upon an open way, having some
+privy understanding with the taller trees, some compass in his
+senses. So there is the subtle craft in finding ways for the
+mind, too. Keep but your eyes alert and your ears quick, as you
+move among men and among books, and you shall find yourself
+possessed at last of a new sense, the sense of the pathfinder.
+Have you never marked the eyes of a man who has seen the world he
+has lived in: the eyes of the sea-captain, who has watched his
+life through the changes of the heavens; the eyes of the
+huntsman, nature's gossip and familiar; the eyes of the man of
+affairs, accustomed to command in moments of exigency? You are at
+once aware that they are eyes which can see. There is something
+in them that you do not find in other eyes, and you have read the
+life of the man when you have divined what it is. Let the thing
+serve as a figure. So ought alert interest in the world of men
+and thought to serve each one of us that we shall have the quick
+perceiving vision, taking meanings at a glance, reading
+suggestions as if they were expositions. You shall not otherwise
+get full value of your humanity. What good shall it do you else
+that the long generations of men which have gone before have
+filled the world with great store of everything that may make you
+wise and your life various? Will you not take the usury of the
+past, if it may be had for the taking? Here is the world humanity
+has made: will you take full citizenship in it, or will you live
+in it as dull, as slow to receive, as unenfranchised, as the
+idlers for whom civilization has no uses, or the deadened
+toilers, men or beasts, whose labor shuts the door on choice?
+
+That man seems to me a little less than human who lives as if our
+life in the world were but just begun, thinking only of the
+things of sense, recking nothing of the infinite thronging and
+assemblage of affairs the great stage over, or of the old wisdom
+that has ruled the world. That is, if he have the choice. Great
+masses of our fellow-men are shut out from choosing, by reason of
+absorbing toil, and it is part of the enlightenment of our age
+that our understandings are being opened to the workingman's need
+of a little leisure wherein to look about him and clear his
+vision of the dust of the workshop. We know that there is a
+drudgery which is inhuman, let it but encompass the whole life,
+with only heavy sleep between task and task. We know that those
+who are so bound can have no freedom to be men, that their very
+spirits are in bondage. It is part of our philanthropy--it
+should be part of our statesmanship--to ease the burden as we
+can, and enfranchise those who spend and are spent for the
+sustenance of the race. But what shall we say of those who are
+free and yet choose littleness and bondage, or of those who,
+though they might see the whole face of society, nevertheless
+choose to spend all a life's space poring upon some single vice
+or blemish? I would not for the world discredit any sort of
+philanthropy except the small and churlish sort which seeks to
+reform by nagging--the sort which exaggerates petty vices into
+great ones, and runs atilt against windmills, while everywhere
+colossal shams and abuses go unexposed, unrebuked. Is it because
+we are better at being common scolds than at being wise advisers
+that we prefer little reforms to big ones? Are we to allow the
+poor personal habits of other people to absorb and quite use up
+all our fine indignation? It will be a bad day for society when
+sentimentalists are encouraged to suggest all the measures that
+shall be taken for the betterment of the race. I, for one,
+sometimes sigh for the generation of "leading people" and of good
+people who shall see things steadily and see them whole; who
+shall show a handsome justness and a large sanity of view, an
+opportune tolerance for details, that happen to be awry, in order
+that they may spend their energy, not without self-possession, in
+some generous mission which shall make right principles shine
+upon the people's life. They would bring with them an age of
+large moralities, a spacious time, a day of vision.
+
+Knowledge has come into the world in vain if it is not to
+emancipate those who may have it from narrowness, censoriousness,
+fussiness, an intemperate zeal for petty things. It would be a
+most pleasant, a truly humane world, would we but open our ears
+with a more generous welcome to the clear voices that ring in
+those writings upon life and affairs which mankind has chosen to
+keep. Not many splenetic books, not many intemperate, not many
+bigoted, have kept men's confidence; and the mind that is
+impatient, or intolerant, or hoodwinked, or shut in to a petty
+view shall have no part in carrying men forward to a true
+humanity, shall never stand as examples of the true humankind.
+What is truly human has always upon it the broad light of what is
+genial, fit to support life, cordial, and of a catholic spirit of
+helpfulness. Your true human being has eyes and keeps his balance
+in the world; deems nothing uninteresting that comes from life;
+clarifies his vision and gives health to his eyes by using them
+upon things near and things far. The brute beast has but a single
+neighborhood, a single, narrow round of existence; the gain of
+being human accrues in the choice of change and variety and of
+experience far and wide, with all the world for stage--a stage
+set and appointed by this very art of choice--all future
+generations for witnesses and audience. When you talk with a man
+who has in his nature and acquirements that freedom from
+constraint which goes with the full franchise of humanity, he
+turns easily with topic to topic; does not fall silent or dull
+when you leave some single field of thought such as unwise men
+make a prison of. The men who will not be broken from a little
+set of subjects, who talk earnestly, hotly, with a sort of
+fierceness, of certain special schemes of conduct, and look
+coldly upon everything else, render you infinitely uneasy, as if
+there were in them a force abnormal and which rocked toward an
+upset of the mind; but from the man whose interest swings from
+thought to thought with the zest and poise and pleasure of the
+old traveler, eager for what is new, glad to look again upon what
+is old, you come away with faculties warmed and heartened--with
+the feeling of having been comrade for a little with a genuine
+human being. It is a large world and a round world, and men grow
+human by seeing all its play of force and folly.
+
+
+VI
+
+Let no one suppose that efficiency is lost by such breadth and
+catholicity of view. We deceive ourselves with instances, look at
+sharp crises in the world's affairs, and imagine that intense and
+narrow men have made history for us. Poise, balance, a nice and
+equable exercise of force, are not, it is true, the things the
+world ordinarily seeks for or most applauds in its heroes. It is
+apt to esteem that man most human who has his qualities in a
+certain exaggeration, whose courage is passionate, whose
+generosity is without deliberation, whose just action is without
+premeditation, whose spirit runs toward its favorite objects with
+an infectious and reckless ardor, whose wisdom is no child of
+slow prudence. We love Achilles more than Diomedes, and Ulysses
+not at all. But these are standards left over from a ruder state
+of society: we should have passed by this time the Homeric stage
+of mind--should have heroes suited to our age. Nay, we have
+erected different standards, and do make a different choice, when
+we see in any man fulfillment of our real ideals. Let a modern
+instance serve as test. Could any man hesitate to say that
+Abraham Lincoln was more human than William Lloyd Garrison? Does
+not every one know that it was the practical Free-Soilers who made
+emancipation possible, and not the hot, impracticable
+Abolitionists; that the country was infinitely more moved by
+Lincoln's temperate sagacity than by any man's enthusiasm,
+instinctively trusted the man who saw the whole situation and kept
+his balance, instinctively held off from those who refused to see
+more than one thing? We know how serviceable the intense and
+headlong agitator was in bringing to their feet men fit for
+action; but we feel uneasy while he lives, and vouchsafe him our
+full sympathy only when he is dead. We know that the genial forces
+of nature which work daily, equably, and without violence are
+infinitely more serviceable, infinitely more admirable, than the
+rude violence of the storm, however necessary or excellent the
+purification it may have wrought. Should we seek to name the most
+human man among those who let the nation to its struggle with
+slavery, and yet was no statesmen, we should, of course, name
+Lowell. We know that his humor went further than any man's passion
+toward setting tolerant men atingle with the new impulses of the
+day. We naturally hold back from those who are intemperate and can
+never stop to smile, and are deeply reassured to see a twinkle in
+a reformer's eye. We are glad to see earnest men laugh. It breaks
+the strain. If it be wholesome laughter, it dispels all suspicion
+of spite, and is like the gleam of light upon running water,
+lifting sullen shadows, suggesting clear depths.
+
+Surely it is this soundness of nature, this broad and genial
+quality, this full-blooded, full-orbed sanity of spirit, which
+gives the men we love that wide-eyed sympathy which gives hope
+and power to humanity, which gives range to every good quality
+and is so excellent a credential of genuine manhood. Let your
+life and your thought be narrow, and your sympathy will shrink to
+a like scale. It is a quality which follows the seeing mind
+afield, which waits on experience. It is not a mere sentiment. It
+goes not with pity so much as with a penetrative understanding of
+other men's lives and hopes and temptations. Ignorance of these
+things makes it worthless. Its best tutors are observations and
+experience, and these serve only those who keep clear eyes and a
+wide field of vision. It is exercise and discipline upon such a
+scale, too, which strengthen, which for ordinary men come near to
+creating, that capacity to reason upon affairs and to plan for
+action which we always reckon upon finding in every man who has
+studied to perfect his native force. This new day in which we
+live cries a challenge to us. Steam and electricity have reduced
+nations to neighborhoods; have made travel pastime, and news a
+thing for everybody. Cheap printing has made knowledge a vulgar
+commodity. Our eyes look, almost without choice, upon the very
+world itself, and the word "human" is filled with new meaning.
+Our ideals broaden to suit the wide day in which we live. We
+crave, not cloistered virtue--it is impossible any longer to
+keep the cloister--but a robust spirit that shall take the air
+in the great world, know men in all their kinds, choose its way
+amid the bustle with all self-possession, with wise genuineness,
+in calmness, and yet with the quick eye of interest and the quick
+pulse of power. It is again a day for Shakespeare's spirit--a
+day more various, more ardent, more provoking to valor and every
+large design, even than "the spacious times of great Elizabeth,"
+when all the world seemed new; and if we cannot find another
+bard, come out of a new Warwickshire, to hold once more the
+mirror up to nature, it will not be because the stage is not set
+for him. The time is such an one as he might rejoice to look
+upon; and if we would serve it as it should be served, we should
+seek to be human after his wide-eyed sort. The serenity of power;
+the naturalness that is nature's poise and mark of genuineness;
+the unsleeping interest in all affairs, all fancies, all things
+believed or done; the catholic understanding, tolerance,
+enjoyment, of all classes and conditions of men; the conceiving
+imagination, the planning purpose, the creating thought, the
+wholesome, laughing humor, the quiet insight, the universal
+coinage of the brain--are not these the marvelous gifts and
+qualities we mark in Shakespeare when we call him the greatest
+among men? And shall not these rounded and perfect powers serve
+us as our ideal of what it is to be a finished human being?
+
+We live for our own age--an age like Shakespeare's, when an old
+world is passing away, a new world coming in--an age of new
+speculation and every new adventure of the mind; a full stage, an
+intricate plot, a universal play of passion, an outcome no man
+can foresee. It is to this world, this sweep of action, that our
+understandings must be stretched and fitted; it is in this age we
+must show our human quality. We must measure ourselves by the
+task, accept the pace set for us, make shift to know what we are
+about. How free and liberal should be the scale of our sympathy,
+how catholic our understanding of the world in which we live, how
+poised and masterful our action in the midst of so great affairs!
+We should school our ears to know the voices that are genuine,
+our thought to take the truth when it is spoken, our spirits to
+feel the zest of the day. It is within our choice to be mean
+company or with great, to consort with the wise or with the
+foolish, now that the great world has spoken to us in the
+literature of all tongues and voices. The best selected human
+nature will tell in the making of the future, and the art of
+being human is the art of freedom and of force.
+
+The End.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of On Being Human, by Woodrow Wilson
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