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+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1588
+#57 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
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+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1588
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4857]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 5, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1588 ***
+
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 57
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1588
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.  Part 1.
+
+     Philip Second in his Cabinet--His System of Work and Deception--His
+     vast but vague Schemes of Conquest--The Armada sails--Description of
+     the Fleet--The Junction with Parma unprovided for--The Gale off
+     Finisterre--Exploits of David Gwynn--First Engagements in the
+     English Channel--Considerable Losses of the Spaniards--General
+     Engagement near Portland--Superior Seamanship of the English
+
+It is now time to look in upon the elderly letter-writer in the Escorial,
+and see how he was playing his part in the drama.
+
+His counsellors were very few.  His chief advisers were rather like
+private secretaries than cabinet ministers; for Philip had been
+withdrawing more and more into seclusion and mystery as the webwork of
+his schemes multiplied and widened.  He liked to do his work, assisted by
+a very few confidential servants.  The Prince of Eboli, the famous Ruy
+Gomez, was dead.  So was Cardinal Granvelle.  So were Erasso and Delgado.
+His midnight council--junta de noche--for thus, from its original hour of
+assembling, and the all of secrecy in which it was enwrapped, it was
+habitually called--was a triumvirate.  Don Juan de Idiaquez was chief
+secretary of state and of war; the Count de Chinchon was minister for the
+household, for Italian affairs, and for the kingdom of Aragon; Don
+Cristoval de Moura, the monarch's chief favourite, was at the head of the
+finance department, and administered the affairs of Portugal and Castile!
+
+The president of the council of Italy, after Granvelle's death, was
+Quiroga, cardinal of Toledo, and inquisitor-general.  Enormously long
+letters, in the King's: name, were prepared chiefly by the two
+secretaries, Idiaquez and Moura.  In their hands was the vast
+correspondence with Mendoza and Parma, and Olivarez at Rome, and with
+Mucio; in which all the stratagems for the subjugation of Protestant
+Europe were slowly and artistically contrived.  Of the great conspiracy
+against human liberty, of which the Pope and Philip were the double head,
+this midnight triumvirate was the chief executive committee.
+
+These innumerable despatches, signed by Philip, were not the emanations
+of his own mind.  The King had a fixed purpose to subdue Protestantism
+and to conquer the world; but the plans for carrying the purpose into
+effect were developed by subtler and more comprehensive minds than his
+own.  It was enough for him to ponder wearily over schemes which he was
+supposed to dictate, and to give himself the appearance of supervising
+what he scarcely comprehended.  And his work of supervision was often
+confined to pettiest details.  The handwriting of Spain and Italy at that
+day was beautiful, and in our modern eyes seems neither antiquated nor
+ungraceful.  But Philip's scrawl was like that of 'a' clown just admitted
+to a writing-school, and the whole margin of a fairly penned despatch
+perhaps fifty pages long; laid before him for comment and signature by
+Idiaquez or Moura, would be sometimes covered with a few awkward
+sentences, which it was almost impossible to read, and which, when
+deciphered, were apt to reveal suggestions of astounding triviality.
+
+Thus a most important despatch--in which the King, with his own hand, was
+supposed to be conveying secret intelligence to Mendoza concerning the
+Armada, together with minute directions for the regulation of Guise's
+conduct at the memorable epoch of the barricades--contained but a single
+comment from the monarch's own pen.  "The Armada has been in Lisbon about
+a month--quassi un mes"--wrote the secretary.  "There is but one s in
+quasi," said Philip.
+
+Again, a despatch of Mendoza to the King contained the intelligence that
+Queen Elizabeth was, at the date of the letter, residing at St. James's.
+Philip, who had no objection to display his knowledge of English affairs
+--as became the man who had already been almost sovereign of England, and
+meant to be entirely so--supplied a piece of information in an apostille
+to this despatch.  "St. James is a house of recreation," he said, "which
+was once a monastery.  There is a park between it, and the palace which
+is called Huytal; but why it is called Huytal, I am sure I don't know."
+His researches in the English language had not enabled him to recognize
+the adjective and substantive out of which the abstruse compound White-
+Hall (Huyt-al), was formed.
+
+On another occasion, a letter from England containing important
+intelligence concerning the number of soldiers enrolled in that country
+to resist the Spanish invasion, the quantity of gunpowder and various
+munitions collected, with other details of like nature, furnished besides
+a bit of information of less vital interest.  "In the windows of the
+Queen's presence-chamber they have discovered a great quantity of lice,
+all clustered together," said the writer.
+
+Such a minute piece of statistics could not escape the microscopic eye
+of Philip.  So, disregarding the soldiers and the gunpowder, he commented
+only on this last-mentioned clause of the letter; and he did it
+cautiously too, as a King surnamed the Prudent should:--
+
+"But perhaps they were fleas," wrote Philip.
+
+Such examples--and many more might be given--sufficiently indicate the
+nature of the man on whom such enormous responsibilities rested, and who
+had been, by the adulation of his fellow-creatures, elevated into a god.
+And we may cast a glance upon him as he sits in his cabinet-buried among
+those piles of despatches--and receiving methodically, at stated hours,
+Idiaquez, or Moura, or Chincon, to settle the affairs of so many millions
+of the human race; and we may watch exactly the progress of that scheme,
+concerning which so many contradictory rumours were circulating in
+Europe.  In the month of April a Walsingham could doubt, even in August
+an ingenuous comptroller could disbelieve, the reality of the great
+project, and the Pope himself, even while pledging himself to assistance,
+had been systematically deceived.  He had supposed the whole scheme
+rendered futile by the exploit of Drake at Cadiz, and had declared that
+"the Queen of England's distaff was worth more than Philip's sword, that
+the King was a poor creature, that he would never be able to come to a
+resolution, and that even if he should do so, it would be too late;" and
+he had subsequently been doing his best, through his nuncio in France, to
+persuade the Queen to embrace the Catholic religion, and thus save
+herself from the impending danger.  Henry III. had even been urged by the
+Pope to send a special ambassador to her for this purpose--as if the
+persuasions of the wretched Valois were likely to be effective with
+Elizabeth Tudor--and Burghley had, by means of spies in Rome, who
+pretended to be Catholics, given out intimations that the Queen was
+seriously contemplating such a step.  Thus the Pope, notwithstanding
+Cardinal Allan, the famous million, and the bull, was thought by Mendoza
+to be growing lukewarm in the Spanish cause, and to be urging upon the
+"Englishwoman" the propriety of converting herself, even at the late hour
+of May, 1588.
+
+But Philip, for years, had been maturing his scheme, while reposing
+entire confidence--beyond his own cabinet doors--upon none but Alexander
+Farnese; and the Duke--alone of all men--was perfectly certain that the
+invasion would, this year, be attempted.
+
+The captain-general of the expedition was the Marquis of Santa Cruz, a
+man of considerable naval experience, and of constant good fortune, who,
+in thirty years, had never sustained a defeat.  He had however shown no
+desire to risk one when Drake had offered him the memorable challenge in
+the year 1587, and perhaps his reputation of the invincible captain had
+been obtained by the same adroitness on previous occasions.  He was no
+friend to Alexander Farnese, and was much disgusted when informed of
+the share allotted to the Duke in the great undertaking.  A course of
+reproach and perpetual reprimand was the treatment to which he was, in
+consequence, subjected, which was not more conducive to the advancement
+of the expedition than it was to the health of the captain-general.
+Early in January the Cardinal Archduke was sent to Lisbon to lecture him,
+with instructions to turn a deaf ear to all his remonstrances, to deal
+with him peremptorily, to forbid his writing letters on the subject to
+his Majesty, and to order him to accept his post or to decline it without
+conditions, in which latter contingency he was to be informed that his
+successor was already decided upon.
+
+This was not the most eligible way perhaps for bringing the captain-
+general into a cheerful mood; particularly as he was expected to be
+ready in January to sail to the Flemish coast.  Nevertheless the Marquis
+expressed a hope to accomplish his sovereign's wishes; and great had
+been the bustle in all the dockyards of Naples, Sicily, and Spain;
+particularly in the provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay, and Andalusia,
+and in the four great cities of the coast.  War-ships of all dimensions,
+tenders, transports, soldiers, sailors, sutlers, munitions of war,
+provisions, were all rapidly concentrating in Lisbon as the great place
+of rendezvous; and Philip confidently believed, and as confidently
+informed the Duke of Parma, that he, might be expecting the Armada at any
+time after the end of January.
+
+Perhaps in the history of mankind there has never been a vast project of
+conquest conceived and matured in so protracted and yet so desultory a
+manner, as was this famous Spanish invasion.  There was something almost
+puerile in the whims rather than schemes of Philip for carrying out his
+purpose.  It was probable that some resistance would be offered, at least
+by the navy of England, to the subjugation of that country, and the King
+had enjoyed an opportunity, the preceding summer, of seeing the way in
+which English sailors did their work.  He had also appeared to understand
+the necessity of covering the passage of Farnese from the Flemish ports
+into the Thames, by means of the great Spanish fleet from Lisbon.
+Nevertheless he never seemed to be aware that Farnese could not invade
+England quite by himself, and was perpetually expecting to hear that he
+had done so.
+
+"Holland and Zeeland," wrote Alexander to Philip, "have been arming with
+their accustomed promptness; England has made great preparations.  I have
+done my best to make the impossible possible; but your letter told me to
+wait for Santa Cruz, and to expect him very shortly.  If, on the
+contrary, you had told me to make the passage without him, I would have
+made the attempt, although we had every one of us perished.  Four ships
+of war could sink every one of my boats.  Nevertheless I beg to be
+informed of your Majesty's final order.  If I am seriously expected to
+make the passage without Santa Cruz, I am ready to do it, although I
+should go all alone in a cock-boat."
+
+But Santa Cruz at least was not destined to assist in the conquest
+of England; for, worn out with fatigue and vexation, goaded by the
+reproaches and insults of Philip, Santa Cruz was dead.  He was replaced
+in the chief command of the fleet by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a
+grandee of vast wealth, but with little capacity and less experience.
+To the iron marquis it was said that a golden duke had succeeded;
+but the duke of gold did not find it easier to accomplish impossibilities
+than his predecessor had done.  Day after day, throughout the months of
+winter and spring, the King had been writing that the fleet was just on
+the point of sailing, and as frequently he had been renewing to Alexander
+Farnese the intimation that perhaps, after all, he might find an
+opportunity of crossing to England, without waiting for its arrival.
+And Alexander, with the same regularity, had been informing his master
+that the troops in the Netherlands had been daily dwindling from sickness
+and other causes, till at last, instead of the 30,000 effective infantry,
+with which it had been originally intended to make the enterprise, he had
+not more than 17,000 in the month of April.  The 6000 Spaniards, whom he
+was to receive from the fleet of Medina Sidonia, would therefore be the
+very mainspring of his army.  After leaving no more soldiers in the
+Netherlands than were absolutely necessary for the defence of the
+obedient Provinces against the rebels, he could only take with him to
+England 23,000 men, even after the reinforcements from Medina.  "When we
+talked of taking England by surprise," said Alexander, "we never thought
+of less than 30,000.  Now that she is alert and ready for us, and that it
+is certain we must fight by sea and by land, 50,000 would be few."  He
+almost ridiculed the King's suggestion that a feint might be made by way
+of besieging some few places in Holland or Zeeland.  The whole matter in
+hand, he said, had become as public as possible, and the only efficient
+blind was the peace-negotiation; for many believed, as the English
+deputies were now treating at Ostend, that peace would follow.
+
+At last, on the 28th, 29th, and 30th May, 1588, the fleet, which had been
+waiting at Lisbon more than a month for favourable weather, set sail from
+that port, after having been duly blessed by the Cardinal Archduke
+Albert, viceroy of Portugal.
+
+There were rather more than one hundred and thirty ships in all, divided
+into ten squadrons.  There was the squadron of Portugal, consisting of
+ten galleons, and commanded by the captain-general, Medina Sidonia.  In
+the squadron of Castile were fourteen ships of various sizes, under
+General Diego Flores de Valdez.  This officer was one of the most
+experienced naval officers in the Spanish service, and was subsequently
+ordered, in consequence, to sail with the generalissimo in his flag-ship.
+In the squadron of Andalusia were ten galleons and other vessels, under
+General Pedro de Valdez.  In the squadron of Biscay were ten galleons and
+lesser ships, under General Juan Martinet de Recalde, upper admiral of
+the fleet.  In the squadron of Guipuzcoa were ten galleons, under General
+Miguel de Oquendo.  In the squadron of Italy were ten ships, under
+General Martin de Bertendona.  In the squadron of Urcas, or store-ships,
+were twenty-three sail, under General Juan Gomez de Medina.  The squadron
+of tenders, caravels, and other vessels, numbered twenty-two sail, under
+General Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza.  The squadron of four galeasses was
+commanded by Don Hugo de Moncada.  The squadron of four galeras, or
+galleys, was in charge of Captain Diego de Medrado.
+
+Next in command to Medina Sidonia was Don Alonzo de Leyva, captain-
+general of the light horse of Milan.  Don Francisco de Bobadilla was
+marshal-general of the camp.  Don Diego de Pimentel was marshal of the
+camp to the famous Terzio or legion of Sicily.
+
+The total tonnage of the fleet was 59,120: the number of guns was 3165.
+Of Spanish troops there were 19,295 on board: there were 8252 sailors
+and 2088 galley-slaves.  Besides these, there was a force of noble
+volunteers, belonging to the most illustrious houses of Spain, with their
+attendants amounting to nearly 2000 in all.  There was also Don Martin
+Alaccon, administrator and vicar-general of the Holy Inquisition, at the
+head of some 290 monks of the mendicant orders, priests and familiars.
+The grand total of those embarked was about 30,000.  The daily expense of
+the fleet was estimated by Don Diego de Pimentel at 12,000 ducats a-day,
+and the daily cost of the combined naval and military force under Farnese
+and Medina Sidonia was stated at 30,000 ducats.
+
+The size of the ships ranged from 1200 tons to 300.  The galleons, of
+which there were about sixty, were huge round-stemmed clumsy vessels,
+with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern,
+like castles.  The galeasses of which there were four--were a third
+larger than the ordinary galley, and were rowed each by three hundred
+galley-slaves.  They consisted of an enormous towering fortress at the
+stern; a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with
+seats for the rowers amidships.  At stem and stern and between each of
+the slaves' benches were heavy cannon.  These galeasses were floating
+edifices, very wonderful to contemplate.  They were gorgeously decorated.
+There were splendid state-apartments, cabins, chapels, and pulpits in
+each, and they were amply provided with awnings, cushions, streamers,
+standards, gilded saints, and bands of music.  To take part in an
+ostentatious pageant, nothing could be better devised.  To fulfil the
+great objects of a war-vessel--to sail and to fight--they were the worst
+machines ever launched upon the ocean.  The four galleys were similar to
+the galeasses in every respect except that of size, in which they were by
+one-third inferior.
+
+All the ships of the fleet--galeasses, galleys, galleons, and hulks--were
+so encumbered with top-hamper, so overweighted in proportion to their
+draught of water, that they could bear but little canvas, even with
+smooth seas and light and favourable winds.  In violent tempests,
+therefore, they seemed likely to suffer.  To the eyes of the 16th century
+these vessels seemed enormous.  A ship of 1300 tons was then a monster
+rarely seen, and a fleet, numbering from 130 to 150 sail, with an
+aggregate tonnage of 60,000, seemed sufficient to conquer the world, and
+to justify the arrogant title, by which it had baptized itself, of the
+Invincible.
+
+Such was the machinery which Philip had at last set afloat, for the
+purpose of dethroning Elizabeth and establishing the inquisition in
+England.  One hundred and forty ships, eleven thousand Spanish veterans,
+as many more recruits, partly Spanish, partly Portuguese, 2000 grandees,
+as many galley-slaves, and three hundred barefooted friars and
+inquisitors.
+
+The plan was simple.  Medina Sidonia was to proceed straight from Lisbon
+to Calais roads: there he was to wait: for the Duke of Parma, who was to
+come forth from Newport, Sluys, and Dunkerk, bringing with him his 17,000
+veterans, and to assume the chief command of the whole expedition.  They
+were then to cross the channel to Dover, land the army of Parma,
+reinforced with 6000 Spaniards from the fleet, and with these 23,000 men
+Alexander was to march at once upon London.  Medina Sidonia was to seize
+and fortify the Isle of Wight, guard the entrance of the harbours against
+any interference from the Dutch and English fleets, and--so soon as the
+conquest of England had been effected--he was to proceed to Ireland.
+It had been the wish of Sir William Stanley that Ireland should be
+subjugated first, as a basis of operations against England; but this had
+been overruled.  The intrigues of Mendoza and Farnese, too, with the
+Catholic nobles of Scotland, had proved, after all, unsuccessful.  King
+James had yielded to superior offers of money and advancement held out to
+him by Elizabeth, and was now, in Alexander's words, a confirmed heretic.
+
+There was no course left, therefore, but to conquer England at once.
+A strange omission had however been made in the plan from first to last.
+The commander of the whole expedition was the Duke of Parma: on his head
+was the whole responsibility.  Not a gun was to be fired--if it could be
+avoided--until be had come forth with his veterans to make his junction
+with the Invincible Armada off Calais.  Yet there was no arrangement
+whatever to enable him to come forth--not the slightest provision to
+effect that junction.  It would almost seem that the letter-writer of the
+Escorial had been quite ignorant of the existence of the Dutch fleets off
+Dunkerk, Newport, and Flushing, although he had certainly received
+information enough of this formidable obstacle to his plan.
+
+"Most joyful I shall be," said Farnese-writing on one of the days when
+he had seemed most convinced by Valentine Dale's arguments, and driven
+to despair by his postulates--"to see myself with these soldiers on
+English ground, where, with God's help, I hope to accomplish your
+Majesty's demands."  He was much troubled however to find doubts
+entertained at the last moment as to his 6000 Spaniards; and certainly
+it hardly needed an argument to prove that the invasion of England with
+but 17,000 soldiers was a somewhat hazardous scheme.  Yet the pilot
+Moresini had brought him letters from Medina Sidonia, in which the Duke
+expressed hesitation about parting with these 6000 veterans; unless the
+English fleet should have been previously destroyed, and had also again
+expressed his hope that Parma would be punctual to the rendezvous.
+Alexander immediately combated these views in letters to Medina and to
+the King.  He avowed that he would not depart one tittle from the plan
+originally laid down.  The 6000 men, and more if possible, were to be
+furnished him, and the Spanish Armada was to protect his own flotilla,
+and to keep the channel clear of enemies.  No other scheme was possible,
+he said, for it was clear that his collection of small flat-bottomed
+river-boats and hoys could not even make the passage, except in smooth
+weather.  They could not contend with a storm, much less with the enemy's
+ships, which would destroy them utterly in case of a meeting, without his
+being able to avail himself of his soldiers--who would be so closely
+packed as to be hardly moveable--or of any human help.  The preposterous
+notion that he should come out with his flotilla to make a junction with
+Medina off Calais, was over and over again denounced by Alexander with
+vehemence and bitterness, and most boding expressions were used by him as
+to the probable result, were such a delusion persisted in.
+
+Every possible precaution therefore but one had been taken.  The King of
+France--almost at the same instant in which Guise had been receiving his
+latest instructions from the Escorial for dethroning and destroying that
+monarch--had been assured by Philip of his inalienable affection; had
+been informed of the object of this great naval expedition--which was not
+by any means, as Mendoza had stated to Henry, an enterprise against
+France or England, but only a determined attempt to clear the sea, once
+for all, of these English pirates who had done so much damage for years
+past on the high seas--and had been requested, in case any Spanish ship
+should be driven by stress of weather into French ports, to afford them
+that comfort and protection to which the vessels of so close and friendly
+an ally were entitled.
+
+Thus there was bread, beef, and powder enough--there were monks and
+priests enough--standards, galley-slaves, and inquisitors enough; but
+there were no light vessels in the Armada, and no heavy vessels in
+Parma's fleet.  Medina could not go to Farnese, nor could Farnese come to
+Medina.  The junction was likely to be difficult, and yet it had never
+once entered the heads of Philip or his counsellors to provide for that
+difficulty.  The King never seemed to imagine that Farnese, with 40,000
+or 50,000 soldiers in the Netherlands, a fleet of 300 transports, and
+power to dispose of very large funds for one great purpose, could be kept
+in prison by a fleet of Dutch skippers and corsairs.
+
+With as much sluggishness as might have been expected from their clumsy
+architecture, the ships of the Armada consumed nearly three weeks in
+sailing from Lisbon to the neighbourhood of Cape Finisterre.  Here they
+were overtaken by a tempest, and were scattered hither and thither,
+almost at the mercy of the winds and waves; for those unwieldy hulks were
+ill adapted to a tempest in the Bay of Biscay.  There were those in the
+Armada, however, to whom the storm was a blessing.  David Gwynn, a Welsh
+mariner, had sat in the Spanish hulks a wretched galley-slave--as
+prisoner of war for more than eleven years, hoping, year after year,
+for a chance of escape from bondage.  He sat now among the rowers of the
+great galley, the Trasana, one of the humblest instruments by which the
+subjugation of his native land to Spain and Rome was to be effected.
+
+Very naturally, among the ships which suffered most in the gale were the
+four huge unwieldy galleys--a squadron of four under Don Diego de
+Medrado--with their enormous turrets at stem and stern, and their low and
+open waists.  The chapels, pulpits, and gilded Madonnas proved of little
+avail in a hurricane.  The Diana, largest of the four, went down with all
+hands; the Princess was labouring severely in the trough of the sea, and
+the Trasana was likewise in imminent danger.  So the master of this
+galley asked the Welsh slave, who had far more experience and seamanship
+than he possessed himself, if it were possible to save the vessel.  Gwynn
+saw an opportunity for which he had been waiting eleven years.  He was
+ready to improve it.  He pointed out to the captain the hopelessness of
+attempting to overtake the Armada.  They should go down, he said, as the
+Diana had already done, and as the Princess was like at any moment to do,
+unless they took in every rag of sail, and did their best with their oars
+to gain the nearest port.  But in order that the rowers might exert
+themselves to the utmost, it was necessary that the soldiers, who were a
+useless incumbrance on deck, should go below.  Thus only could the ship
+be properly handled.  The captain, anxious to save his ship and his life,
+consented.  Most of the soldiers were sent beneath the hatches: a few
+were ordered to sit on the benches among the slaves.  Now there had been
+a secret understanding for many days among these unfortunate men, nor
+were they wholly without weapons.  They had been accustomed to make
+toothpicks and other trifling articles for sale out of broken sword-
+blades and other refuse bits of steel.  There was not a man among them
+who had not thus provided himself with a secret stiletto.
+
+At first Gwynn occupied himself with arrangements for weathering the
+gale.  So soon however as the ship had been made comparatively easy, he
+looked around him, suddenly threw down his cap, and raised his hand to
+the rigging.  It was a preconcerted signal.  The next instant he stabbed
+the captain to the heart, while each one of the galley-slaves killed the
+soldier nearest him; then, rushing below, they surprised and overpowered
+the rest of the troops, and put them all to death.
+
+Coming again upon deck, David Gwynn descried the fourth galley of the
+squadron, called the Royal, commanded by Commodore Medrado in person,
+bearing down upon them, before the wind.  It was obvious that the Vasana
+was already an object of suspicion.
+
+"Comrades," said Gwynn, "God has given us liberty, and by our courage we
+must prove ourselves worthy of the boon."
+
+As he spoke there came a broadside from the galley Royal which killed
+nine of his crew.  David, nothing daunted; laid his ship close alongside
+of the Royal, with such a shock that the timbers quivered again.  Then at
+the head of his liberated slaves, now thoroughly armed, he dashed on
+board the galley, and, after a furious conflict, in which he was assisted
+by the slaves of the Royal, succeeded in mastering the vessel, and
+putting all the Spanish soldiers to death.  This done, the combined
+rowers, welcoming Gwynn as their deliverer from an abject slavery which
+seemed their lot for life, willingly accepted his orders.  The gale had
+meantime abated, and the two galleys, well conducted by the experienced
+and intrepid Welshman, made their way to the coast of France, and landed
+at Bayonne on the 31st, dividing among them the property found on board
+the two galleys.  Thence, by land, the fugitives, four hundred and sixty-
+six in number--Frenchmen, Spaniards, Englishmen, Turks, and Moors, made
+their way to Rochelle.  Gwynn had an interview with Henry of Navarre, and
+received from that chivalrous king a handsome present.  Afterwards he
+found his way to England, and was well commended by the Queen.  The rest
+of the liberated slaves dispersed in various directions.
+
+This was the first adventure of the invincible Armada.  Of the squadron
+of galleys, one was already sunk in the sea, and two of the others had
+been conquered by their own slaves.  The fourth rode out the gale with
+difficulty, and joined the rest of the fleet, which ultimately re-
+assembled at Coruna; the ships having, in distress, put in at first at
+Vivera, Ribadeo, Gijon, and other northern ports of Spain.  At the
+Groyne--as the English of that day were accustomed to call Coruna--they
+remained a month, repairing damages and recruiting; and on the 22nd of
+July 3 (N.S.) the Armada set sail: Six days later, the Spaniards took
+soundings, thirty leagues from the Scilly Islands, and on--Friday, the
+29th of July, off the Lizard, they had the first glimpse of the land of
+promise presented them by Sixtus V., of which they had at last come to
+take possession.
+
+     [The dates in the narrative will be always given according to the
+     New Style, then already adopted by Spain, Holland, and France,
+     although not by England.  The dates thus given are, of course, ten
+     days later than they appear in contemporary English records.]
+
+On the same day and night the blaze and smoke of ten thousand beacon-
+fires from the Land's End to Margate, and from the Isle of Wight to
+Cumberland, gave warning to every Englishman that the enemy was at last
+upon them.  Almost at that very instant intelligence had been brought
+from the court to the Lord-Admiral at Plymouth, that the Armada,
+dispersed and shattered by the gales of June, was not likely to make its
+appearance that year; and orders had consequently been given to disarm
+the four largest ships, and send them into dock.  Even Walsingham, as
+already stated, had participated in this strange delusion.
+
+Before Howard had time to act upon this ill-timed suggestion--even had he
+been disposed to do so--he received authentic intelligence that the great
+fleet was off the Lizard.  Neither he nor Francis Drake were the men to
+lose time in such an emergency, and before that Friday, night was spent,
+sixty of the best English ships had been warped out of Plymouth harbour.
+
+On Saturday, 30th July, the wind was very light at southwest, with a mist
+and drizzling rain, but by three in the afternoon the two fleets could
+descry and count each other through the haze.
+
+By nine o'clock, 31st July, about two miles from Looe, on the Cornish
+coast, the fleets had their first meeting.  There were 136 sail of the
+Spaniards, of which ninety were large ships, and sixty-seven of the
+English.  It was a solemn moment.  The long-expected Armada presented a
+pompous, almost a theatrical appearance.  The ships seemed arranged for a
+pageant, in honour of a victory already won.  Disposed in form of a
+crescent, the horns of which were seven miles asunder, those gilded,
+towered, floating castles, with their gaudy standards and their martial
+music, moved slowly along the channel, with an air of indolent pomp.
+Their captain-general, the golden Duke, stood in his private shot-proof
+fortress, on the--deck of his great galleon the Saint Martin, surrounded
+by generals of infantry, and colonels of cavalry, who knew as little as
+he did himself of naval matters.  The English vessels, on the other
+hand--with a few exceptions, light, swift, and easily handled--could sail
+round and round those unwieldy galleons, hulks, and galleys rowed by
+fettered slave-gangs.  The superior seamanship of free Englishmen,
+commanded by such experienced captains as Drake, Frobisher, and Hawkins--
+from infancy at home on blue water--was manifest in the very, first
+encounter.  They obtained the weather-gage at once, and cannonaded the
+enemy at intervals with considerable effect, easily escaping at will out
+of range of the sluggish Armada, which was incapable of bearing sail in
+pursuit, although provided with an armament which could sink all its
+enemies at close quarters.  "We had some small fight with them that
+Sunday afternoon," said Hawkins.
+
+Medina Sidonia hoisted the royal standard at the fore, and the whole
+fleet did its utmost, which was little, to offer general battle.  It was
+in vain.  The English, following at the heels of the enemy, refused all
+such invitations, and attacked only the rear-guard of the Armada, where
+Recalde commanded.  That admiral, steadily maintaining his post, faced
+his nimble antagonists, who continued to teaze, to maltreat, and to elude
+him, while the rest of the fleet proceeded slowly up the Channel closely,
+followed by the enemy.  And thus the running fight continued along the
+coast, in full view of Plymouth, whence boats with reinforcements and
+volunteers were perpetually arriving to the English ships, until the
+battle had drifted quite out of reach of the town.
+
+Already in this first "small fight" the Spaniards had learned a lesson,
+and might even entertain a doubt of their invincibility.  But before the
+sun set there were more serious disasters.  Much powder and shot had been
+expended by the Spaniards to very little purpose, and so a master-gunner
+on board Admiral Oquendo's flag-ship was reprimanded for careless ball-
+practice.  The gunner, who was a Fleming, enraged with his captain, laid
+a train to the powder-magazine, fired it, and threw himself into the sea.
+Two decks blew up.  The into the clouds, carrying with it the paymaster-
+general of the fleet, a large portion of treasure, and nearly two hundred
+men.'  The ship was a wreck, but it was possible to save the rest of the
+crew.  So Medina Sidonia sent light vessels to remove them, and wore with
+his flag-ship, to defend Oquendo, who had already been fastened upon by
+his English pursuers.  But the Spaniards, not being so light in hand as
+their enemies, involved themselves in much embarrassment by this
+manoeuvre; and there was much falling foul of each other, entanglement of
+rigging, and carrying away of yards.  Oquendo's men, however, were
+ultimately saved, and taken to other ships.
+
+Meantime Don Pedro de Valdez, commander of the Andalusian squadron,
+having got his galleon into collision with two or three Spanish ships
+successively, had at last carried away his fore-mast close to the deck,
+and the wreck had fallen against his main-mast.  He lay crippled and
+helpless, the Armada was slowly deserting him, night was coming on, the
+sea was running high, and the English, ever hovering near, were ready
+to grapple with him.  In vain did Don Pedro fire signals of distress.
+The captain-general, even as though the unlucky galleon had not been
+connected with the Catholic fleet--calmly fired a gun to collect his
+scattered ships, and abandoned Valdez to his fate.  "He left me
+comfortless in sight of the whole fleet," said poor Pedro, "and greater
+inhumanity and unthankfulness I think was never heard of among men."
+
+Yet the Spaniard comported himself most gallantly.  Frobisher, in the
+largest ship of the English fleet, the Triumph, of 1100 tons, and Hawkins
+in the Victory, of 800, cannonaded him at a distance, but, night coming
+on, he was able to resist; and it was not till the following morning that
+he surrendered to the Revenge.
+
+Drake then received the gallant prisoner on board his flagship--much to
+the disgust and indignation of Frobisher and Hawkins, thus disappointed
+of their prize and ransom-money--treated him with much courtesy, and gave
+his word of honour that he and his men should be treated fairly like good
+prisoners of war.  This pledge was redeemed, for it was not the English,
+as it was the Spanish custom, to convert captives into slaves, but only
+to hold them for ransom.  Valdez responded to Drake's politeness by
+kissing his hand, embracing him, and overpowering him with magnificent
+compliments.  He was then sent on board the Lord-Admiral, who received
+him with similar urbanity, and expressed his regret that so distinguished
+a personage should have been so coolly deserted by the Duke of Medina.
+Don Pedro then returned to the Revenge, where, as the guest of Drake, he
+was a witness to all subsequent events up to the 10th of August, on which
+day he was sent to London with some other officers, Sir Francis claiming
+his ransom as his lawful due.
+
+Here certainly was no very triumphant beginning for the Invincible
+Armada.  On the very first day of their being in presence of the English
+fleet--then but sixty-seven in number, and vastly their inferior in size
+and weight of metal--they had lost the flag ships of the Guipuzcoan and
+of the Andalusian squadrons, with a general-admiral, 450 officers and,
+men, and some 100,000 ducats of treasure.  They had been out-manoeuvred,
+out-sailed, and thoroughly maltreated by their antagonists, and they had
+been unable to inflict a single blow in return.  Thus the "small fight"
+had been a cheerful one for the opponents of the Inquisition, and the
+English were proportionably encouraged.
+
+On Monday, 1st of August, Medina Sidonia placed the rear-guard-consisting
+of the galeasses, the galleons St. Matthew, St. Luke, St. James, and the
+Florence and other ships, forty-three in all--under command of Don
+Antonio de Leyva.  He was instructed to entertain the enemy--
+so constantly hanging on the rear--to accept every chance of battle, and
+to come to close quarters whenever it should be possible.  The Spaniards
+felt confident of sinking every ship in the English navy, if they could
+but once come to grappling; but it was growing more obvious every hour
+that the giving or withholding battle was entirely in the hands of their
+foes.  Meantime--while the rear was thus protected by Leyva's division--
+the vanguard and main body of the Armada, led by the captain-general,
+would steadily pursue its way, according to the royal instructions, until
+it arrived at its appointed meeting-place with the Duke of Parma.
+Moreover, the Duke of Medina--dissatisfied with the want of discipline
+and of good seamanship hitherto displayed in his fleet--now took occasion
+to send a serjeant-major, with written sailing directions, on board each
+ship in the Armada, with express orders to hang every captain, without
+appeal or consultation, who should leave the position assigned him; and
+the hangmen were sent with the sergeant-majors to ensure immediate
+attention to these arrangements.  Juan Gil was at the name time sent off
+in a sloop to the Duke of Parma, to carry the news of the movements of
+the Armada, to request information as to the exact spot and moment of the
+junction, and to beg for pilots acquainted with the French and Flemish
+coasts.  "In case of the slightest gale in the world," said Medina, "I
+don't know how or where to shelter such large ships as ours."
+
+Disposed in this manner; the Spaniards sailed leisurely along the English
+coast with light westerly breezes, watched closely by the Queen's fleet,
+which hovered at a moderate distance to windward, without offering, that
+day, any obstruction to their course.
+
+By five o'clock on Tuesday morning, 2nd of August, the Armada lay between
+Portland Bill and St. Albans' Head, when the wind shifted to the north-
+east, and gave the Spaniards the weather-gage.  The English did their
+beat to get to windward, but the Duke, standing close into the land with
+the whole Armada, maintained his advantage.  The English then went about,
+making a tack seaward, and were soon afterwards assaulted by the
+Spaniards.  A long and spirited action ensued.  Howard in his little Ark-
+Royal--"the odd ship of the world for all conditions"--was engaged at
+different times with Bertendona, of the Italian squadron, with Alonzo de
+Leyva in the Batta, and with other large vessels.  He was hard pressed
+for a time, but was gallantly supported by the Nonpareil, Captain Tanner;
+and after a long and confused combat, in which the St. Mark, the St.
+Luke, the St. Matthew, the St. Philip, the St. John, the St. James, the
+St. John Baptist, the St. Martin, and many other great galleons, with
+saintly and apostolic names, fought pellmell with the Lion, the Bear, the
+Bull, the Tiger, the Dreadnought, the Revenge, the Victory, the Triumph,
+and other of the more profanely-baptized English ships, the Spaniards
+were again baffled in all their attempts to close with, and to board,
+their ever-attacking, ever-flying adversaries.  The cannonading was
+incessant.  "We had a sharp and a long fight," said Hawkins.  Boat-loads
+of men and munitions were perpetually arriving to the English, and many,
+high-born volunteers--like Cumberland, Oxford, Northumberland, Raleigh,
+Brooke, Dudley, Willoughby, Noel, William Hatton, Thomas Cecil, and
+others--could no longer restrain their impatience, as the roar of battle
+sounded along the coasts of Dorset, but flocked merrily on board the
+ships of Drake,--Hawkins, Howard, and Frobisher, or came in small vessels
+which they had chartered for themselves, in order to have their share in
+the delights of the long-expected struggle.
+
+The action, irregular, desultory, but lively, continued nearly all day,
+and until the English had fired away most of their powder and shot.  The
+Spaniards, too, notwithstanding their years of preparation, were already
+sort of light metal, and Medina Sidonia had been daily sending to Parma
+for a Supply of four, six, and ten pound balls.  So much lead and
+gunpowder had never before been wasted in a single day; for there was no
+great damage inflicted on either side.  The artillery-practice was
+certainly not much to the credit of either nation.
+
+"If her Majesty's ships had been manned with a full supply of good
+gunners," said honest William Thomas, an old artilleryman, "it would have
+been the woefullest time ever the Spaniard took in hand, and the most
+noble victory ever heard of would have been her Majesty's.  But our sins
+were the cause that so much powder and shot were spent, so long time in
+fight, and in comparison so little harm done.  It were greatly to be
+wished that her Majesty were no longer deceived in this way."
+
+Yet the English, at any rate, had succeeded in displaying their
+seamanship, if not their gunnery, to advantage.  In vain the unwieldly
+hulks and galleons had attempted to grapple with their light-winged foes,
+who pelted them, braved them, damaged their sails and gearing; and then
+danced lightly off into the distance; until at last, as night fell, the
+wind came out from the west again, and the English regained and kept the
+weather-gage.
+
+The Queen's fleet, now divided into four squadrons, under Howard, Drake,
+Hawkins, and Frobisher, amounted to near one hundred sail, exclusive of
+Lord Henry Seymour's division, which was cruising in the Straits of
+Dover.  But few of all this number were ships of war however, and the
+merchant vessels; although zealous and active enough, were not thought
+very effective.  "If you had seen the simple service done by the
+merchants and coast ships," said Winter, "you would have said we had been
+little holpen by them, otherwise than that they did make a show."
+
+All night the Spaniards, holding their course towards Calais, after the
+long but indecisive conflict had terminated, were closely pursued by
+their wary antagonists.  On Wednesday, 3rd of August, there was some
+slight cannonading, with but slender results; and on Thursday, the 4th,
+both fleets were off Dunnose, on the Isle of Wight.  The great hulk
+Santana and a galleon of Portugal having been somewhat damaged the
+previous day, were lagging behind the rest of the Armada, and were
+vigorously attacked by the Triumph, and a few other vessels.  Don Antonio
+de Leyva, with some of the galeasses and large galleons, came to the
+rescue, and Frobisher, although in much peril, maintained an unequal
+conflict, within close range, with great spirit.
+
+Seeing his danger, the Lord Admiral in the Ark-Royal, accompanied by
+the Golden Lion; the White Bear, the Elizabeth, the Victory, and the
+Leicester, bore boldly down into the very midst of the Spanish fleet,
+and laid himself within three or four hundred yards of Medina's flag
+ship, the St. Martin, while his comrades were at equally close quarters
+with Vice-Admiral Recalde and the galleons of Oquendo, Mexia, and
+Almanza.  It was the hottest conflict which had yet taken place.  Here at
+last was thorough English work.  The two, great fleets, which were there
+to subjugate and to defend the realm of Elizabeth, were nearly yard-arm
+and yard-arm together--all England on the lee.  Broadside after broadside
+of great guns, volley after volley of arquebusry from maintop and
+rigging, were warmly exchanged, and much damage was inflicted on the
+Spaniards, whose gigantic ships, were so easy a mark to aim at, while
+from their turreted heights they themselves fired for the most part
+harmlessly over the heads of their adversaries.  The leaders of the
+Armada, however, were encouraged, for they expected at last to come to
+even closer quarters, and there were some among the English who were mad
+enough to wish to board.
+
+But so soon as Frobisher, who was the hero of the day, had extricated
+himself from his difficulty, the Lord-Admiral--having no intention of
+risking the existence of his fleet, and with it perhaps of the English
+crown, upon the hazard of a single battle, and having been himself
+somewhat damaged in the fight--gave the signal for retreat, and caused
+the Ark-Royal to be towed out of action.  Thus the Spaniards were
+frustrated of their hopes, and the English; having inflicted much.
+punishment at comparatively small loss to themselves, again stood off to
+windward; and the Armada continued its indolent course along the cliffs
+of Freshwater and Blackgang.
+
+On Friday; 5th August, the English, having received men and munitions
+from shore, pursued their antagonists at a moderate distance; and the
+Lord-Admiral; profiting by the pause--for, it was almost a flat calm--
+sent for Martin Frobisher, John Hawkins, Roger Townsend, Lord Thomas
+Howard, son of the Duke of Norfolk, and Lord Edmund Sheffield; and on the
+deck of the Royal Ark conferred the honour of knighthood on each for his
+gallantry in the action of the previous day.  Medina Sidonia, on his
+part, was again despatching messenger after messenger to the Duke of
+Parma, asking for small shot, pilots, and forty fly-boats, with which to
+pursue the teasing English clippers.  The Catholic Armada, he said, being
+so large and heavy, was quite in the power of its adversaries, who could
+assault, retreat, fight, or leave off fighting, while he had nothing for
+it but to proceed, as expeditiously as might be; to his rendezvous in
+Calais roads.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Inquisitors enough; but there were no light vessels in The Armada
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1588 ***
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