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diff --git a/4857.txt b/4857.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3e3f5f --- /dev/null +++ b/4857.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1588 +#57 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1588 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4857] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on April 5, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1588 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS +From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609 + +By John Lothrop Motley + + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 57 + +History of the United Netherlands, 1588 + + + +CHAPTER XIX. Part 1. + + Philip Second in his Cabinet--His System of Work and Deception--His + vast but vague Schemes of Conquest--The Armada sails--Description of + the Fleet--The Junction with Parma unprovided for--The Gale off + Finisterre--Exploits of David Gwynn--First Engagements in the + English Channel--Considerable Losses of the Spaniards--General + Engagement near Portland--Superior Seamanship of the English + +It is now time to look in upon the elderly letter-writer in the Escorial, +and see how he was playing his part in the drama. + +His counsellors were very few. His chief advisers were rather like +private secretaries than cabinet ministers; for Philip had been +withdrawing more and more into seclusion and mystery as the webwork of +his schemes multiplied and widened. He liked to do his work, assisted by +a very few confidential servants. The Prince of Eboli, the famous Ruy +Gomez, was dead. So was Cardinal Granvelle. So were Erasso and Delgado. +His midnight council--junta de noche--for thus, from its original hour of +assembling, and the all of secrecy in which it was enwrapped, it was +habitually called--was a triumvirate. Don Juan de Idiaquez was chief +secretary of state and of war; the Count de Chinchon was minister for the +household, for Italian affairs, and for the kingdom of Aragon; Don +Cristoval de Moura, the monarch's chief favourite, was at the head of the +finance department, and administered the affairs of Portugal and Castile! + +The president of the council of Italy, after Granvelle's death, was +Quiroga, cardinal of Toledo, and inquisitor-general. Enormously long +letters, in the King's: name, were prepared chiefly by the two +secretaries, Idiaquez and Moura. In their hands was the vast +correspondence with Mendoza and Parma, and Olivarez at Rome, and with +Mucio; in which all the stratagems for the subjugation of Protestant +Europe were slowly and artistically contrived. Of the great conspiracy +against human liberty, of which the Pope and Philip were the double head, +this midnight triumvirate was the chief executive committee. + +These innumerable despatches, signed by Philip, were not the emanations +of his own mind. The King had a fixed purpose to subdue Protestantism +and to conquer the world; but the plans for carrying the purpose into +effect were developed by subtler and more comprehensive minds than his +own. It was enough for him to ponder wearily over schemes which he was +supposed to dictate, and to give himself the appearance of supervising +what he scarcely comprehended. And his work of supervision was often +confined to pettiest details. The handwriting of Spain and Italy at that +day was beautiful, and in our modern eyes seems neither antiquated nor +ungraceful. But Philip's scrawl was like that of 'a' clown just admitted +to a writing-school, and the whole margin of a fairly penned despatch +perhaps fifty pages long; laid before him for comment and signature by +Idiaquez or Moura, would be sometimes covered with a few awkward +sentences, which it was almost impossible to read, and which, when +deciphered, were apt to reveal suggestions of astounding triviality. + +Thus a most important despatch--in which the King, with his own hand, was +supposed to be conveying secret intelligence to Mendoza concerning the +Armada, together with minute directions for the regulation of Guise's +conduct at the memorable epoch of the barricades--contained but a single +comment from the monarch's own pen. "The Armada has been in Lisbon about +a month--quassi un mes"--wrote the secretary. "There is but one s in +quasi," said Philip. + +Again, a despatch of Mendoza to the King contained the intelligence that +Queen Elizabeth was, at the date of the letter, residing at St. James's. +Philip, who had no objection to display his knowledge of English affairs +--as became the man who had already been almost sovereign of England, and +meant to be entirely so--supplied a piece of information in an apostille +to this despatch. "St. James is a house of recreation," he said, "which +was once a monastery. There is a park between it, and the palace which +is called Huytal; but why it is called Huytal, I am sure I don't know." +His researches in the English language had not enabled him to recognize +the adjective and substantive out of which the abstruse compound White- +Hall (Huyt-al), was formed. + +On another occasion, a letter from England containing important +intelligence concerning the number of soldiers enrolled in that country +to resist the Spanish invasion, the quantity of gunpowder and various +munitions collected, with other details of like nature, furnished besides +a bit of information of less vital interest. "In the windows of the +Queen's presence-chamber they have discovered a great quantity of lice, +all clustered together," said the writer. + +Such a minute piece of statistics could not escape the microscopic eye +of Philip. So, disregarding the soldiers and the gunpowder, he commented +only on this last-mentioned clause of the letter; and he did it +cautiously too, as a King surnamed the Prudent should:-- + +"But perhaps they were fleas," wrote Philip. + +Such examples--and many more might be given--sufficiently indicate the +nature of the man on whom such enormous responsibilities rested, and who +had been, by the adulation of his fellow-creatures, elevated into a god. +And we may cast a glance upon him as he sits in his cabinet-buried among +those piles of despatches--and receiving methodically, at stated hours, +Idiaquez, or Moura, or Chincon, to settle the affairs of so many millions +of the human race; and we may watch exactly the progress of that scheme, +concerning which so many contradictory rumours were circulating in +Europe. In the month of April a Walsingham could doubt, even in August +an ingenuous comptroller could disbelieve, the reality of the great +project, and the Pope himself, even while pledging himself to assistance, +had been systematically deceived. He had supposed the whole scheme +rendered futile by the exploit of Drake at Cadiz, and had declared that +"the Queen of England's distaff was worth more than Philip's sword, that +the King was a poor creature, that he would never be able to come to a +resolution, and that even if he should do so, it would be too late;" and +he had subsequently been doing his best, through his nuncio in France, to +persuade the Queen to embrace the Catholic religion, and thus save +herself from the impending danger. Henry III. had even been urged by the +Pope to send a special ambassador to her for this purpose--as if the +persuasions of the wretched Valois were likely to be effective with +Elizabeth Tudor--and Burghley had, by means of spies in Rome, who +pretended to be Catholics, given out intimations that the Queen was +seriously contemplating such a step. Thus the Pope, notwithstanding +Cardinal Allan, the famous million, and the bull, was thought by Mendoza +to be growing lukewarm in the Spanish cause, and to be urging upon the +"Englishwoman" the propriety of converting herself, even at the late hour +of May, 1588. + +But Philip, for years, had been maturing his scheme, while reposing +entire confidence--beyond his own cabinet doors--upon none but Alexander +Farnese; and the Duke--alone of all men--was perfectly certain that the +invasion would, this year, be attempted. + +The captain-general of the expedition was the Marquis of Santa Cruz, a +man of considerable naval experience, and of constant good fortune, who, +in thirty years, had never sustained a defeat. He had however shown no +desire to risk one when Drake had offered him the memorable challenge in +the year 1587, and perhaps his reputation of the invincible captain had +been obtained by the same adroitness on previous occasions. He was no +friend to Alexander Farnese, and was much disgusted when informed of +the share allotted to the Duke in the great undertaking. A course of +reproach and perpetual reprimand was the treatment to which he was, in +consequence, subjected, which was not more conducive to the advancement +of the expedition than it was to the health of the captain-general. +Early in January the Cardinal Archduke was sent to Lisbon to lecture him, +with instructions to turn a deaf ear to all his remonstrances, to deal +with him peremptorily, to forbid his writing letters on the subject to +his Majesty, and to order him to accept his post or to decline it without +conditions, in which latter contingency he was to be informed that his +successor was already decided upon. + +This was not the most eligible way perhaps for bringing the captain- +general into a cheerful mood; particularly as he was expected to be +ready in January to sail to the Flemish coast. Nevertheless the Marquis +expressed a hope to accomplish his sovereign's wishes; and great had +been the bustle in all the dockyards of Naples, Sicily, and Spain; +particularly in the provinces of Guipuzcoa, Biscay, and Andalusia, +and in the four great cities of the coast. War-ships of all dimensions, +tenders, transports, soldiers, sailors, sutlers, munitions of war, +provisions, were all rapidly concentrating in Lisbon as the great place +of rendezvous; and Philip confidently believed, and as confidently +informed the Duke of Parma, that he, might be expecting the Armada at any +time after the end of January. + +Perhaps in the history of mankind there has never been a vast project of +conquest conceived and matured in so protracted and yet so desultory a +manner, as was this famous Spanish invasion. There was something almost +puerile in the whims rather than schemes of Philip for carrying out his +purpose. It was probable that some resistance would be offered, at least +by the navy of England, to the subjugation of that country, and the King +had enjoyed an opportunity, the preceding summer, of seeing the way in +which English sailors did their work. He had also appeared to understand +the necessity of covering the passage of Farnese from the Flemish ports +into the Thames, by means of the great Spanish fleet from Lisbon. +Nevertheless he never seemed to be aware that Farnese could not invade +England quite by himself, and was perpetually expecting to hear that he +had done so. + +"Holland and Zeeland," wrote Alexander to Philip, "have been arming with +their accustomed promptness; England has made great preparations. I have +done my best to make the impossible possible; but your letter told me to +wait for Santa Cruz, and to expect him very shortly. If, on the +contrary, you had told me to make the passage without him, I would have +made the attempt, although we had every one of us perished. Four ships +of war could sink every one of my boats. Nevertheless I beg to be +informed of your Majesty's final order. If I am seriously expected to +make the passage without Santa Cruz, I am ready to do it, although I +should go all alone in a cock-boat." + +But Santa Cruz at least was not destined to assist in the conquest +of England; for, worn out with fatigue and vexation, goaded by the +reproaches and insults of Philip, Santa Cruz was dead. He was replaced +in the chief command of the fleet by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a +grandee of vast wealth, but with little capacity and less experience. +To the iron marquis it was said that a golden duke had succeeded; +but the duke of gold did not find it easier to accomplish impossibilities +than his predecessor had done. Day after day, throughout the months of +winter and spring, the King had been writing that the fleet was just on +the point of sailing, and as frequently he had been renewing to Alexander +Farnese the intimation that perhaps, after all, he might find an +opportunity of crossing to England, without waiting for its arrival. +And Alexander, with the same regularity, had been informing his master +that the troops in the Netherlands had been daily dwindling from sickness +and other causes, till at last, instead of the 30,000 effective infantry, +with which it had been originally intended to make the enterprise, he had +not more than 17,000 in the month of April. The 6000 Spaniards, whom he +was to receive from the fleet of Medina Sidonia, would therefore be the +very mainspring of his army. After leaving no more soldiers in the +Netherlands than were absolutely necessary for the defence of the +obedient Provinces against the rebels, he could only take with him to +England 23,000 men, even after the reinforcements from Medina. "When we +talked of taking England by surprise," said Alexander, "we never thought +of less than 30,000. Now that she is alert and ready for us, and that it +is certain we must fight by sea and by land, 50,000 would be few." He +almost ridiculed the King's suggestion that a feint might be made by way +of besieging some few places in Holland or Zeeland. The whole matter in +hand, he said, had become as public as possible, and the only efficient +blind was the peace-negotiation; for many believed, as the English +deputies were now treating at Ostend, that peace would follow. + +At last, on the 28th, 29th, and 30th May, 1588, the fleet, which had been +waiting at Lisbon more than a month for favourable weather, set sail from +that port, after having been duly blessed by the Cardinal Archduke +Albert, viceroy of Portugal. + +There were rather more than one hundred and thirty ships in all, divided +into ten squadrons. There was the squadron of Portugal, consisting of +ten galleons, and commanded by the captain-general, Medina Sidonia. In +the squadron of Castile were fourteen ships of various sizes, under +General Diego Flores de Valdez. This officer was one of the most +experienced naval officers in the Spanish service, and was subsequently +ordered, in consequence, to sail with the generalissimo in his flag-ship. +In the squadron of Andalusia were ten galleons and other vessels, under +General Pedro de Valdez. In the squadron of Biscay were ten galleons and +lesser ships, under General Juan Martinet de Recalde, upper admiral of +the fleet. In the squadron of Guipuzcoa were ten galleons, under General +Miguel de Oquendo. In the squadron of Italy were ten ships, under +General Martin de Bertendona. In the squadron of Urcas, or store-ships, +were twenty-three sail, under General Juan Gomez de Medina. The squadron +of tenders, caravels, and other vessels, numbered twenty-two sail, under +General Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza. The squadron of four galeasses was +commanded by Don Hugo de Moncada. The squadron of four galeras, or +galleys, was in charge of Captain Diego de Medrado. + +Next in command to Medina Sidonia was Don Alonzo de Leyva, captain- +general of the light horse of Milan. Don Francisco de Bobadilla was +marshal-general of the camp. Don Diego de Pimentel was marshal of the +camp to the famous Terzio or legion of Sicily. + +The total tonnage of the fleet was 59,120: the number of guns was 3165. +Of Spanish troops there were 19,295 on board: there were 8252 sailors +and 2088 galley-slaves. Besides these, there was a force of noble +volunteers, belonging to the most illustrious houses of Spain, with their +attendants amounting to nearly 2000 in all. There was also Don Martin +Alaccon, administrator and vicar-general of the Holy Inquisition, at the +head of some 290 monks of the mendicant orders, priests and familiars. +The grand total of those embarked was about 30,000. The daily expense of +the fleet was estimated by Don Diego de Pimentel at 12,000 ducats a-day, +and the daily cost of the combined naval and military force under Farnese +and Medina Sidonia was stated at 30,000 ducats. + +The size of the ships ranged from 1200 tons to 300. The galleons, of +which there were about sixty, were huge round-stemmed clumsy vessels, +with bulwarks three or four feet thick, and built up at stem and stern, +like castles. The galeasses of which there were four--were a third +larger than the ordinary galley, and were rowed each by three hundred +galley-slaves. They consisted of an enormous towering fortress at the +stern; a castellated structure almost equally massive in front, with +seats for the rowers amidships. At stem and stern and between each of +the slaves' benches were heavy cannon. These galeasses were floating +edifices, very wonderful to contemplate. They were gorgeously decorated. +There were splendid state-apartments, cabins, chapels, and pulpits in +each, and they were amply provided with awnings, cushions, streamers, +standards, gilded saints, and bands of music. To take part in an +ostentatious pageant, nothing could be better devised. To fulfil the +great objects of a war-vessel--to sail and to fight--they were the worst +machines ever launched upon the ocean. The four galleys were similar to +the galeasses in every respect except that of size, in which they were by +one-third inferior. + +All the ships of the fleet--galeasses, galleys, galleons, and hulks--were +so encumbered with top-hamper, so overweighted in proportion to their +draught of water, that they could bear but little canvas, even with +smooth seas and light and favourable winds. In violent tempests, +therefore, they seemed likely to suffer. To the eyes of the 16th century +these vessels seemed enormous. A ship of 1300 tons was then a monster +rarely seen, and a fleet, numbering from 130 to 150 sail, with an +aggregate tonnage of 60,000, seemed sufficient to conquer the world, and +to justify the arrogant title, by which it had baptized itself, of the +Invincible. + +Such was the machinery which Philip had at last set afloat, for the +purpose of dethroning Elizabeth and establishing the inquisition in +England. One hundred and forty ships, eleven thousand Spanish veterans, +as many more recruits, partly Spanish, partly Portuguese, 2000 grandees, +as many galley-slaves, and three hundred barefooted friars and +inquisitors. + +The plan was simple. Medina Sidonia was to proceed straight from Lisbon +to Calais roads: there he was to wait: for the Duke of Parma, who was to +come forth from Newport, Sluys, and Dunkerk, bringing with him his 17,000 +veterans, and to assume the chief command of the whole expedition. They +were then to cross the channel to Dover, land the army of Parma, +reinforced with 6000 Spaniards from the fleet, and with these 23,000 men +Alexander was to march at once upon London. Medina Sidonia was to seize +and fortify the Isle of Wight, guard the entrance of the harbours against +any interference from the Dutch and English fleets, and--so soon as the +conquest of England had been effected--he was to proceed to Ireland. +It had been the wish of Sir William Stanley that Ireland should be +subjugated first, as a basis of operations against England; but this had +been overruled. The intrigues of Mendoza and Farnese, too, with the +Catholic nobles of Scotland, had proved, after all, unsuccessful. King +James had yielded to superior offers of money and advancement held out to +him by Elizabeth, and was now, in Alexander's words, a confirmed heretic. + +There was no course left, therefore, but to conquer England at once. +A strange omission had however been made in the plan from first to last. +The commander of the whole expedition was the Duke of Parma: on his head +was the whole responsibility. Not a gun was to be fired--if it could be +avoided--until be had come forth with his veterans to make his junction +with the Invincible Armada off Calais. Yet there was no arrangement +whatever to enable him to come forth--not the slightest provision to +effect that junction. It would almost seem that the letter-writer of the +Escorial had been quite ignorant of the existence of the Dutch fleets off +Dunkerk, Newport, and Flushing, although he had certainly received +information enough of this formidable obstacle to his plan. + +"Most joyful I shall be," said Farnese-writing on one of the days when +he had seemed most convinced by Valentine Dale's arguments, and driven +to despair by his postulates--"to see myself with these soldiers on +English ground, where, with God's help, I hope to accomplish your +Majesty's demands." He was much troubled however to find doubts +entertained at the last moment as to his 6000 Spaniards; and certainly +it hardly needed an argument to prove that the invasion of England with +but 17,000 soldiers was a somewhat hazardous scheme. Yet the pilot +Moresini had brought him letters from Medina Sidonia, in which the Duke +expressed hesitation about parting with these 6000 veterans; unless the +English fleet should have been previously destroyed, and had also again +expressed his hope that Parma would be punctual to the rendezvous. +Alexander immediately combated these views in letters to Medina and to +the King. He avowed that he would not depart one tittle from the plan +originally laid down. The 6000 men, and more if possible, were to be +furnished him, and the Spanish Armada was to protect his own flotilla, +and to keep the channel clear of enemies. No other scheme was possible, +he said, for it was clear that his collection of small flat-bottomed +river-boats and hoys could not even make the passage, except in smooth +weather. They could not contend with a storm, much less with the enemy's +ships, which would destroy them utterly in case of a meeting, without his +being able to avail himself of his soldiers--who would be so closely +packed as to be hardly moveable--or of any human help. The preposterous +notion that he should come out with his flotilla to make a junction with +Medina off Calais, was over and over again denounced by Alexander with +vehemence and bitterness, and most boding expressions were used by him as +to the probable result, were such a delusion persisted in. + +Every possible precaution therefore but one had been taken. The King of +France--almost at the same instant in which Guise had been receiving his +latest instructions from the Escorial for dethroning and destroying that +monarch--had been assured by Philip of his inalienable affection; had +been informed of the object of this great naval expedition--which was not +by any means, as Mendoza had stated to Henry, an enterprise against +France or England, but only a determined attempt to clear the sea, once +for all, of these English pirates who had done so much damage for years +past on the high seas--and had been requested, in case any Spanish ship +should be driven by stress of weather into French ports, to afford them +that comfort and protection to which the vessels of so close and friendly +an ally were entitled. + +Thus there was bread, beef, and powder enough--there were monks and +priests enough--standards, galley-slaves, and inquisitors enough; but +there were no light vessels in the Armada, and no heavy vessels in +Parma's fleet. Medina could not go to Farnese, nor could Farnese come to +Medina. The junction was likely to be difficult, and yet it had never +once entered the heads of Philip or his counsellors to provide for that +difficulty. The King never seemed to imagine that Farnese, with 40,000 +or 50,000 soldiers in the Netherlands, a fleet of 300 transports, and +power to dispose of very large funds for one great purpose, could be kept +in prison by a fleet of Dutch skippers and corsairs. + +With as much sluggishness as might have been expected from their clumsy +architecture, the ships of the Armada consumed nearly three weeks in +sailing from Lisbon to the neighbourhood of Cape Finisterre. Here they +were overtaken by a tempest, and were scattered hither and thither, +almost at the mercy of the winds and waves; for those unwieldy hulks were +ill adapted to a tempest in the Bay of Biscay. There were those in the +Armada, however, to whom the storm was a blessing. David Gwynn, a Welsh +mariner, had sat in the Spanish hulks a wretched galley-slave--as +prisoner of war for more than eleven years, hoping, year after year, +for a chance of escape from bondage. He sat now among the rowers of the +great galley, the Trasana, one of the humblest instruments by which the +subjugation of his native land to Spain and Rome was to be effected. + +Very naturally, among the ships which suffered most in the gale were the +four huge unwieldy galleys--a squadron of four under Don Diego de +Medrado--with their enormous turrets at stem and stern, and their low and +open waists. The chapels, pulpits, and gilded Madonnas proved of little +avail in a hurricane. The Diana, largest of the four, went down with all +hands; the Princess was labouring severely in the trough of the sea, and +the Trasana was likewise in imminent danger. So the master of this +galley asked the Welsh slave, who had far more experience and seamanship +than he possessed himself, if it were possible to save the vessel. Gwynn +saw an opportunity for which he had been waiting eleven years. He was +ready to improve it. He pointed out to the captain the hopelessness of +attempting to overtake the Armada. They should go down, he said, as the +Diana had already done, and as the Princess was like at any moment to do, +unless they took in every rag of sail, and did their best with their oars +to gain the nearest port. But in order that the rowers might exert +themselves to the utmost, it was necessary that the soldiers, who were a +useless incumbrance on deck, should go below. Thus only could the ship +be properly handled. The captain, anxious to save his ship and his life, +consented. Most of the soldiers were sent beneath the hatches: a few +were ordered to sit on the benches among the slaves. Now there had been +a secret understanding for many days among these unfortunate men, nor +were they wholly without weapons. They had been accustomed to make +toothpicks and other trifling articles for sale out of broken sword- +blades and other refuse bits of steel. There was not a man among them +who had not thus provided himself with a secret stiletto. + +At first Gwynn occupied himself with arrangements for weathering the +gale. So soon however as the ship had been made comparatively easy, he +looked around him, suddenly threw down his cap, and raised his hand to +the rigging. It was a preconcerted signal. The next instant he stabbed +the captain to the heart, while each one of the galley-slaves killed the +soldier nearest him; then, rushing below, they surprised and overpowered +the rest of the troops, and put them all to death. + +Coming again upon deck, David Gwynn descried the fourth galley of the +squadron, called the Royal, commanded by Commodore Medrado in person, +bearing down upon them, before the wind. It was obvious that the Vasana +was already an object of suspicion. + +"Comrades," said Gwynn, "God has given us liberty, and by our courage we +must prove ourselves worthy of the boon." + +As he spoke there came a broadside from the galley Royal which killed +nine of his crew. David, nothing daunted; laid his ship close alongside +of the Royal, with such a shock that the timbers quivered again. Then at +the head of his liberated slaves, now thoroughly armed, he dashed on +board the galley, and, after a furious conflict, in which he was assisted +by the slaves of the Royal, succeeded in mastering the vessel, and +putting all the Spanish soldiers to death. This done, the combined +rowers, welcoming Gwynn as their deliverer from an abject slavery which +seemed their lot for life, willingly accepted his orders. The gale had +meantime abated, and the two galleys, well conducted by the experienced +and intrepid Welshman, made their way to the coast of France, and landed +at Bayonne on the 31st, dividing among them the property found on board +the two galleys. Thence, by land, the fugitives, four hundred and sixty- +six in number--Frenchmen, Spaniards, Englishmen, Turks, and Moors, made +their way to Rochelle. Gwynn had an interview with Henry of Navarre, and +received from that chivalrous king a handsome present. Afterwards he +found his way to England, and was well commended by the Queen. The rest +of the liberated slaves dispersed in various directions. + +This was the first adventure of the invincible Armada. Of the squadron +of galleys, one was already sunk in the sea, and two of the others had +been conquered by their own slaves. The fourth rode out the gale with +difficulty, and joined the rest of the fleet, which ultimately re- +assembled at Coruna; the ships having, in distress, put in at first at +Vivera, Ribadeo, Gijon, and other northern ports of Spain. At the +Groyne--as the English of that day were accustomed to call Coruna--they +remained a month, repairing damages and recruiting; and on the 22nd of +July 3 (N.S.) the Armada set sail: Six days later, the Spaniards took +soundings, thirty leagues from the Scilly Islands, and on--Friday, the +29th of July, off the Lizard, they had the first glimpse of the land of +promise presented them by Sixtus V., of which they had at last come to +take possession. + + [The dates in the narrative will be always given according to the + New Style, then already adopted by Spain, Holland, and France, + although not by England. The dates thus given are, of course, ten + days later than they appear in contemporary English records.] + +On the same day and night the blaze and smoke of ten thousand beacon- +fires from the Land's End to Margate, and from the Isle of Wight to +Cumberland, gave warning to every Englishman that the enemy was at last +upon them. Almost at that very instant intelligence had been brought +from the court to the Lord-Admiral at Plymouth, that the Armada, +dispersed and shattered by the gales of June, was not likely to make its +appearance that year; and orders had consequently been given to disarm +the four largest ships, and send them into dock. Even Walsingham, as +already stated, had participated in this strange delusion. + +Before Howard had time to act upon this ill-timed suggestion--even had he +been disposed to do so--he received authentic intelligence that the great +fleet was off the Lizard. Neither he nor Francis Drake were the men to +lose time in such an emergency, and before that Friday, night was spent, +sixty of the best English ships had been warped out of Plymouth harbour. + +On Saturday, 30th July, the wind was very light at southwest, with a mist +and drizzling rain, but by three in the afternoon the two fleets could +descry and count each other through the haze. + +By nine o'clock, 31st July, about two miles from Looe, on the Cornish +coast, the fleets had their first meeting. There were 136 sail of the +Spaniards, of which ninety were large ships, and sixty-seven of the +English. It was a solemn moment. The long-expected Armada presented a +pompous, almost a theatrical appearance. The ships seemed arranged for a +pageant, in honour of a victory already won. Disposed in form of a +crescent, the horns of which were seven miles asunder, those gilded, +towered, floating castles, with their gaudy standards and their martial +music, moved slowly along the channel, with an air of indolent pomp. +Their captain-general, the golden Duke, stood in his private shot-proof +fortress, on the--deck of his great galleon the Saint Martin, surrounded +by generals of infantry, and colonels of cavalry, who knew as little as +he did himself of naval matters. The English vessels, on the other +hand--with a few exceptions, light, swift, and easily handled--could sail +round and round those unwieldy galleons, hulks, and galleys rowed by +fettered slave-gangs. The superior seamanship of free Englishmen, +commanded by such experienced captains as Drake, Frobisher, and Hawkins-- +from infancy at home on blue water--was manifest in the very, first +encounter. They obtained the weather-gage at once, and cannonaded the +enemy at intervals with considerable effect, easily escaping at will out +of range of the sluggish Armada, which was incapable of bearing sail in +pursuit, although provided with an armament which could sink all its +enemies at close quarters. "We had some small fight with them that +Sunday afternoon," said Hawkins. + +Medina Sidonia hoisted the royal standard at the fore, and the whole +fleet did its utmost, which was little, to offer general battle. It was +in vain. The English, following at the heels of the enemy, refused all +such invitations, and attacked only the rear-guard of the Armada, where +Recalde commanded. That admiral, steadily maintaining his post, faced +his nimble antagonists, who continued to teaze, to maltreat, and to elude +him, while the rest of the fleet proceeded slowly up the Channel closely, +followed by the enemy. And thus the running fight continued along the +coast, in full view of Plymouth, whence boats with reinforcements and +volunteers were perpetually arriving to the English ships, until the +battle had drifted quite out of reach of the town. + +Already in this first "small fight" the Spaniards had learned a lesson, +and might even entertain a doubt of their invincibility. But before the +sun set there were more serious disasters. Much powder and shot had been +expended by the Spaniards to very little purpose, and so a master-gunner +on board Admiral Oquendo's flag-ship was reprimanded for careless ball- +practice. The gunner, who was a Fleming, enraged with his captain, laid +a train to the powder-magazine, fired it, and threw himself into the sea. +Two decks blew up. The into the clouds, carrying with it the paymaster- +general of the fleet, a large portion of treasure, and nearly two hundred +men.' The ship was a wreck, but it was possible to save the rest of the +crew. So Medina Sidonia sent light vessels to remove them, and wore with +his flag-ship, to defend Oquendo, who had already been fastened upon by +his English pursuers. But the Spaniards, not being so light in hand as +their enemies, involved themselves in much embarrassment by this +manoeuvre; and there was much falling foul of each other, entanglement of +rigging, and carrying away of yards. Oquendo's men, however, were +ultimately saved, and taken to other ships. + +Meantime Don Pedro de Valdez, commander of the Andalusian squadron, +having got his galleon into collision with two or three Spanish ships +successively, had at last carried away his fore-mast close to the deck, +and the wreck had fallen against his main-mast. He lay crippled and +helpless, the Armada was slowly deserting him, night was coming on, the +sea was running high, and the English, ever hovering near, were ready +to grapple with him. In vain did Don Pedro fire signals of distress. +The captain-general, even as though the unlucky galleon had not been +connected with the Catholic fleet--calmly fired a gun to collect his +scattered ships, and abandoned Valdez to his fate. "He left me +comfortless in sight of the whole fleet," said poor Pedro, "and greater +inhumanity and unthankfulness I think was never heard of among men." + +Yet the Spaniard comported himself most gallantly. Frobisher, in the +largest ship of the English fleet, the Triumph, of 1100 tons, and Hawkins +in the Victory, of 800, cannonaded him at a distance, but, night coming +on, he was able to resist; and it was not till the following morning that +he surrendered to the Revenge. + +Drake then received the gallant prisoner on board his flagship--much to +the disgust and indignation of Frobisher and Hawkins, thus disappointed +of their prize and ransom-money--treated him with much courtesy, and gave +his word of honour that he and his men should be treated fairly like good +prisoners of war. This pledge was redeemed, for it was not the English, +as it was the Spanish custom, to convert captives into slaves, but only +to hold them for ransom. Valdez responded to Drake's politeness by +kissing his hand, embracing him, and overpowering him with magnificent +compliments. He was then sent on board the Lord-Admiral, who received +him with similar urbanity, and expressed his regret that so distinguished +a personage should have been so coolly deserted by the Duke of Medina. +Don Pedro then returned to the Revenge, where, as the guest of Drake, he +was a witness to all subsequent events up to the 10th of August, on which +day he was sent to London with some other officers, Sir Francis claiming +his ransom as his lawful due. + +Here certainly was no very triumphant beginning for the Invincible +Armada. On the very first day of their being in presence of the English +fleet--then but sixty-seven in number, and vastly their inferior in size +and weight of metal--they had lost the flag ships of the Guipuzcoan and +of the Andalusian squadrons, with a general-admiral, 450 officers and, +men, and some 100,000 ducats of treasure. They had been out-manoeuvred, +out-sailed, and thoroughly maltreated by their antagonists, and they had +been unable to inflict a single blow in return. Thus the "small fight" +had been a cheerful one for the opponents of the Inquisition, and the +English were proportionably encouraged. + +On Monday, 1st of August, Medina Sidonia placed the rear-guard-consisting +of the galeasses, the galleons St. Matthew, St. Luke, St. James, and the +Florence and other ships, forty-three in all--under command of Don +Antonio de Leyva. He was instructed to entertain the enemy-- +so constantly hanging on the rear--to accept every chance of battle, and +to come to close quarters whenever it should be possible. The Spaniards +felt confident of sinking every ship in the English navy, if they could +but once come to grappling; but it was growing more obvious every hour +that the giving or withholding battle was entirely in the hands of their +foes. Meantime--while the rear was thus protected by Leyva's division-- +the vanguard and main body of the Armada, led by the captain-general, +would steadily pursue its way, according to the royal instructions, until +it arrived at its appointed meeting-place with the Duke of Parma. +Moreover, the Duke of Medina--dissatisfied with the want of discipline +and of good seamanship hitherto displayed in his fleet--now took occasion +to send a serjeant-major, with written sailing directions, on board each +ship in the Armada, with express orders to hang every captain, without +appeal or consultation, who should leave the position assigned him; and +the hangmen were sent with the sergeant-majors to ensure immediate +attention to these arrangements. Juan Gil was at the name time sent off +in a sloop to the Duke of Parma, to carry the news of the movements of +the Armada, to request information as to the exact spot and moment of the +junction, and to beg for pilots acquainted with the French and Flemish +coasts. "In case of the slightest gale in the world," said Medina, "I +don't know how or where to shelter such large ships as ours." + +Disposed in this manner; the Spaniards sailed leisurely along the English +coast with light westerly breezes, watched closely by the Queen's fleet, +which hovered at a moderate distance to windward, without offering, that +day, any obstruction to their course. + +By five o'clock on Tuesday morning, 2nd of August, the Armada lay between +Portland Bill and St. Albans' Head, when the wind shifted to the north- +east, and gave the Spaniards the weather-gage. The English did their +beat to get to windward, but the Duke, standing close into the land with +the whole Armada, maintained his advantage. The English then went about, +making a tack seaward, and were soon afterwards assaulted by the +Spaniards. A long and spirited action ensued. Howard in his little Ark- +Royal--"the odd ship of the world for all conditions"--was engaged at +different times with Bertendona, of the Italian squadron, with Alonzo de +Leyva in the Batta, and with other large vessels. He was hard pressed +for a time, but was gallantly supported by the Nonpareil, Captain Tanner; +and after a long and confused combat, in which the St. Mark, the St. +Luke, the St. Matthew, the St. Philip, the St. John, the St. James, the +St. John Baptist, the St. Martin, and many other great galleons, with +saintly and apostolic names, fought pellmell with the Lion, the Bear, the +Bull, the Tiger, the Dreadnought, the Revenge, the Victory, the Triumph, +and other of the more profanely-baptized English ships, the Spaniards +were again baffled in all their attempts to close with, and to board, +their ever-attacking, ever-flying adversaries. The cannonading was +incessant. "We had a sharp and a long fight," said Hawkins. Boat-loads +of men and munitions were perpetually arriving to the English, and many, +high-born volunteers--like Cumberland, Oxford, Northumberland, Raleigh, +Brooke, Dudley, Willoughby, Noel, William Hatton, Thomas Cecil, and +others--could no longer restrain their impatience, as the roar of battle +sounded along the coasts of Dorset, but flocked merrily on board the +ships of Drake,--Hawkins, Howard, and Frobisher, or came in small vessels +which they had chartered for themselves, in order to have their share in +the delights of the long-expected struggle. + +The action, irregular, desultory, but lively, continued nearly all day, +and until the English had fired away most of their powder and shot. The +Spaniards, too, notwithstanding their years of preparation, were already +sort of light metal, and Medina Sidonia had been daily sending to Parma +for a Supply of four, six, and ten pound balls. So much lead and +gunpowder had never before been wasted in a single day; for there was no +great damage inflicted on either side. The artillery-practice was +certainly not much to the credit of either nation. + +"If her Majesty's ships had been manned with a full supply of good +gunners," said honest William Thomas, an old artilleryman, "it would have +been the woefullest time ever the Spaniard took in hand, and the most +noble victory ever heard of would have been her Majesty's. But our sins +were the cause that so much powder and shot were spent, so long time in +fight, and in comparison so little harm done. It were greatly to be +wished that her Majesty were no longer deceived in this way." + +Yet the English, at any rate, had succeeded in displaying their +seamanship, if not their gunnery, to advantage. In vain the unwieldly +hulks and galleons had attempted to grapple with their light-winged foes, +who pelted them, braved them, damaged their sails and gearing; and then +danced lightly off into the distance; until at last, as night fell, the +wind came out from the west again, and the English regained and kept the +weather-gage. + +The Queen's fleet, now divided into four squadrons, under Howard, Drake, +Hawkins, and Frobisher, amounted to near one hundred sail, exclusive of +Lord Henry Seymour's division, which was cruising in the Straits of +Dover. But few of all this number were ships of war however, and the +merchant vessels; although zealous and active enough, were not thought +very effective. "If you had seen the simple service done by the +merchants and coast ships," said Winter, "you would have said we had been +little holpen by them, otherwise than that they did make a show." + +All night the Spaniards, holding their course towards Calais, after the +long but indecisive conflict had terminated, were closely pursued by +their wary antagonists. On Wednesday, 3rd of August, there was some +slight cannonading, with but slender results; and on Thursday, the 4th, +both fleets were off Dunnose, on the Isle of Wight. The great hulk +Santana and a galleon of Portugal having been somewhat damaged the +previous day, were lagging behind the rest of the Armada, and were +vigorously attacked by the Triumph, and a few other vessels. Don Antonio +de Leyva, with some of the galeasses and large galleons, came to the +rescue, and Frobisher, although in much peril, maintained an unequal +conflict, within close range, with great spirit. + +Seeing his danger, the Lord Admiral in the Ark-Royal, accompanied by +the Golden Lion; the White Bear, the Elizabeth, the Victory, and the +Leicester, bore boldly down into the very midst of the Spanish fleet, +and laid himself within three or four hundred yards of Medina's flag +ship, the St. Martin, while his comrades were at equally close quarters +with Vice-Admiral Recalde and the galleons of Oquendo, Mexia, and +Almanza. It was the hottest conflict which had yet taken place. Here at +last was thorough English work. The two, great fleets, which were there +to subjugate and to defend the realm of Elizabeth, were nearly yard-arm +and yard-arm together--all England on the lee. Broadside after broadside +of great guns, volley after volley of arquebusry from maintop and +rigging, were warmly exchanged, and much damage was inflicted on the +Spaniards, whose gigantic ships, were so easy a mark to aim at, while +from their turreted heights they themselves fired for the most part +harmlessly over the heads of their adversaries. The leaders of the +Armada, however, were encouraged, for they expected at last to come to +even closer quarters, and there were some among the English who were mad +enough to wish to board. + +But so soon as Frobisher, who was the hero of the day, had extricated +himself from his difficulty, the Lord-Admiral--having no intention of +risking the existence of his fleet, and with it perhaps of the English +crown, upon the hazard of a single battle, and having been himself +somewhat damaged in the fight--gave the signal for retreat, and caused +the Ark-Royal to be towed out of action. Thus the Spaniards were +frustrated of their hopes, and the English; having inflicted much. +punishment at comparatively small loss to themselves, again stood off to +windward; and the Armada continued its indolent course along the cliffs +of Freshwater and Blackgang. + +On Friday; 5th August, the English, having received men and munitions +from shore, pursued their antagonists at a moderate distance; and the +Lord-Admiral; profiting by the pause--for, it was almost a flat calm-- +sent for Martin Frobisher, John Hawkins, Roger Townsend, Lord Thomas +Howard, son of the Duke of Norfolk, and Lord Edmund Sheffield; and on the +deck of the Royal Ark conferred the honour of knighthood on each for his +gallantry in the action of the previous day. Medina Sidonia, on his +part, was again despatching messenger after messenger to the Duke of +Parma, asking for small shot, pilots, and forty fly-boats, with which to +pursue the teasing English clippers. The Catholic Armada, he said, being +so large and heavy, was quite in the power of its adversaries, who could +assault, retreat, fight, or leave off fighting, while he had nothing for +it but to proceed, as expeditiously as might be; to his rendezvous in +Calais roads. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Inquisitors enough; but there were no light vessels in The Armada + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1588 *** + +********** This file should be named 4857.txt or 4857.zip *********** + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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