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diff --git a/4830.txt b/4830.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9e3804 --- /dev/null +++ b/4830.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1624 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1578 +#30 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1578 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4830] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on March 26, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1578 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 30 + +THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1578 + +By John Lothrop Motley + +1855 + + + +CHAPTER V. + + Towns taken by Don John--Wrath excited against the aristocratic + party by the recent defeat--Attempts upon Amsterdam--"Satisfaction" + of Amsterdam and its effects--De Selles sent with royal letters from + Spain--Terms offered by Philip--Proclamation of Don John-- + Correspondence between de Selles and the States-General--Between the + King and the Governor-General--New forces raised by the States--St. + Aldegonde at the Diet--Municipal revolution in Amsterdam--The + Prince's letter on the subject of the Anabaptists of Middelburg-- + The two armies inactive--De la None--Action at Rijnemants--John + Casimir--Perverse politics of Queen Elizabeth--Alencon in the + Netherlands--Portrait of the Duke--Orange's position in regard to + him--Avowed and supposed policy of the French court--Anger of + Elizabeth--Terms arranged between Alencon and the Estates--Renewed + negotiations with Don John--Severe terms offered him--Interview of + the English envoys with the Governor--Despondency of Don John-- + Orange's attempts to enforce a religious peace--His isolation in + sentiment--The malcontent party--Count John Governor of Gelderland + --Proposed form of religious peace--Proclamation to that effect by + Orange, in Antwerp--A petition in favor of the Roman Church + presented by Champagny and other Catholic nobles to the States-- + General--Consequent commotion in Brussels--Champagny and others + imprisoned--Indolence and poverty of the two armies--Illness and + melancholy of Don John--His letters to Doria, to Mendoza, and to the + King--Death of Don John--Suspicions of poison--Pompous burial-- + Removal of his body to Spain--Concluding remarks upon his character. + +Don John having thus vindicated his own military fame and the amazing +superiority of the Spanish arms, followed up his victory by the rapid +reduction of many towns of second-rate importance Louvain, Judoigne, +Tirlemont, Aerschot, Bauvignes, Sichem, Nivelle, Roeux, Soignies, Binch, +Beaumont, Walcourt, Tviaubeuge, and Chimay, either submitted to their +conqueror, or were taken after short sieges. The usual atrocities were +inflicted upon the unfortunate inhabitants of towns where resistance was +attempted. The commandant of Sichem was hanged out of his own window, +along with several chief burghers and officers, while the garrison was +put to the sword, and the bodies cast into the Denver. The only crime +committed by these unfortunates was to have ventured a blow or two in +behalf of the firesides which they were employed to protect. + +In Brussels, on the other hand, there was less consternation excited by +these events than boundless rage against the aristocratic party, for the +defeat of Gemblours was attributed, with justice, to the intrigues and +the incapacity of the Catholic magnates. It was with difficulty that +Orange, going about by night from house to house, from street to street, +succeeded in calming the indignation of the people, and in preventing +them from sweeping in a mass to the residence of the leading nobles, in +order to inflict summary vengeance on the traitors. All looked to the +Prince as their only saviour, not a thought nor a word being wasted upon +Matthias. Not a voice was raised in the assembly to vindicate the secret +proceedings of the Catholic party, nor to oppose the measures which the +Prince might suggest. The terrible disaster had taught the necessity of +union. All parties heartily joined in the necessary steps to place the +capital in a state of complete defence, and to assemble forthwith new +troops to take the place of the army just annihilated. The victor gained +nothing by his victory, in comparison with the profit acquired by the +states through their common misfortune. Nor were all the towns which +had recently fallen into the hands of Don John at all comparable in +importance to the city of Amsterdam, which now, by a most timely +arrangement, furnished a rich compensation to the national party for the +disaster of Gemblours. + +Since the conclusion of the Ghent Pacification, it had been the most +earnest wish of the Prince, and of Holland and Zealand, to recover +possession of this most important city. The wish was naturally shared +by every true patriot in the states-general. It had, however, been +extremely difficult to arrange the terms of the "Satisfaction." Every +fresh attempt at an amicable compromise was wrecked upon the obstinate +bigotry of the leading civic authorities. They would make no agreement +to accept the authority of Orange, except, as Saint Aldegonde expressed +himself; upon terms which would enable them "to govern their governor." +The influence of the monks, who were resident in large numbers within the +city, and of the magistrates, who were all stanch Catholics, had been +hitherto sufficient to outweigh the efforts made by the large masses of +the Reformed religionists composing the bulk of the population. It was, +however, impossible to allow Amsterdam to remain in this isolated and +hostile attitude to the rest of Holland. The Prince, having promised to +use no coercion, and loyally adhering to his pledge, had only with +extreme difficulty restrained the violence of the Hollanders and +Zealanders, who were determined, by fair means or foul, to restore the +capital city to its natural place within his stadholderate. He had been +obliged, on various occasions, particularly on the 21st of October of the +preceding year, to address a most decided and peremptory letter to the +estates of Holland and Zealand, forbidding the employment of hostile +measures against Amsterdam. His commands had been reluctantly, +partially, and only temporarily obeyed. The states desisted from +their scheme of reducing the city by famine, but they did not the less +encourage the secret and unofficial expeditions which were daily set on +foot to accomplish the annexation by a sudden enterprise. + +Late in November, a desperate attempt had been made by Colonel Helling, +in conjunction with Governor Sonoy, to carry the city by surprise. The +force which the adventurer collected for the purpose was inadequate, and +his plans were unskilfully arranged. He was himself slain in the +streets, at the very commencement of the action; whereupon, in the quaint +language of the contemporary chronicler, "the hearts of his soldiers sank +in their shoes," and they evacuated the city with much greater rapidity +than they had entered it. The Prince was indignant at these violent +measures, which retarded rather than advanced the desired consummation. +At the same time it was an evil of immense magnitude--this anomalous +condition of his capital. Ceaseless schemes were concerted by the +municipal and clerical conspirators within its walls, and various +attempts were known, at different times, to have been contemplated by Don +John, to inflict a home-thrust upon the provinces of Holland and Zealand +at the most vulnerable and vital point. The "Satisfaction" accepted by +Utrecht, in the autumn of 1577, had, however, paved the way for the +recovery of Amsterdam; so that upon February the 8th, 1578, certain +deputies from Utrecht succeeded at last in arranging terms, which were +accepted by the sister city. The basis of the treaty was, as usual, +the nominal supremacy of the Catholic religion, with toleration for the +Reformed worship. The necessary effect would be, as in Harlem, Utrecht, +and other places, to establish the new religion upon an entire equality +with the old. It was arranged that no congregations were to be disturbed +in their religious exercises in the places respectively assigned to them. +Those of the Reformed faith were to celebrate their worship without the +walls. They were, however, to enjoy the right of burying their dead +within these precincts, and it is singular how much importance was +attached at that day to a custom, at which the common sentiment and the +common sense of modern times revolt. "To bury our dead within our own +cities is a right hardly to be denied to a dog," said the Prince of +Orange; and accordingly this right was amply secured by the new +Satisfaction of Amsterdam. It was, however, stipulated that the funerals +should be modest, and attended by no more than twenty-four persons at +once. The treaty was hailed with boundless joy in Holland and Zealand, +while countless benedictions were invoked upon the "blessed peace- +makers," as the Utrecht deputies walked through the streets of Amsterdam. +There is no doubt that the triumph thus achieved by the national party +far counterbalanced the Governor-General's victory at Gemblours. + +Meantime, the Seigneur de Selles, brother of the deceased Noircarmes, had +arrived from Spain. He was the special bearer of a letter from the King +to the states-general, written in reply to their communications of the +24th of August and 8th of September of the previous year. The tone of +the royal despatch was very affectionate, the substance such as entirely +to justify the whole policy of Orange. It was obvious that the +penetrating and steadfast statesman had been correct in refusing to be +moved to the right or the left by the specious language of Philip's +former letters, or by the apparent frankness of Don John. No doubt the +Governor had been sincere in his desire for peace, but the Prince knew +very well his incapacity to confer that blessing. The Prince knew--what +no man else appeared fully to comprehend at that epoch--that the mortal +combat between the Inquisition and the Reformation was already fully +engaged. The great battle between divine reason and right divine, on +which the interests of unborn generations were hanging, was to be fought +out, before the eyes of all Christendom, on the plain of the Netherlands. + +Orange was willing to lay down his arms if he could receive security for +the Reformed worship. He had no desire to exterminate the ancient +religion, but he meant also to protect the new against extermination. +Such security, he felt, would never be granted, and he had therefore +resolutely refused to hearken to Don John, for he was sure that peace +with him was impossible. The letters now produced by De Selles confirmed +his positions completely. The King said not a word concerning the +appointment of a new governor-general, but boldly insisted upon the +necessity of maintaining the two cardinal points--his royal supremacy, +and the Catholic religion upon the basis adopted by his father, the +Emperor Charles the Fifth. + +This was the whole substance of his communication: the supremacy of +royalty and of papacy as in the time of Charles the Fifth. These +cabalistic words were repeated twice in the brief letter to the estates. +They were repeated five times in the instructions furnished by his +Majesty to De Selles. The letter and the instructions indeed contained +nothing else. Two simples were offered for the cure of the body politic, +racked by the fever and convulsion of ten horrible years--two simples +which the patient could hardly be so unreasonable as to reject--unlimited +despotism and religious persecution. The whole matter lay in a nut- +shell, but it was a nut-shell which enclosed the flaming edicts of +Charles the Fifth, with their scaffolds, gibbets, racks, and funeral +piles. The Prince and the states-general spurned such pacific overtures, +and preferred rather to gird themselves for the combat. + +That there might be no mistake about the matter, Don John, immediately +after receiving the letter, issued a proclamation to enforce the King's +command. He mentioned it as an acknowledged fact that the states-general +had long ago sworn the maintenance of the two points of royal and +Catholic supremacy, according to the practice under the Emperor Charles. +The states instantly published an indignant rejoinder, affirming the +indisputable truth, that they had sworn to the maintenance of the Ghent +Pacification, and proclaiming the assertion of Don John an infamous +falsehood. It was an outrage upon common sense, they said, that the +Ghent treaty could be tortured into sanctioning the placards and the +Inquisition, evils which that sacred instrument had been expressly +intended to crush. + +A letter was then formally addressed to his Majesty, in the name of the +Archduke Matthias--and of the estates, demanding the recal of Don John +and the, maintenance of the Ghent Pacification. De Seller, in reply, +sent a brief, deprecatory paper, enclosing a note from Don John, which +the envoy acknowledged might seem somewhat harsh in its expressions. The +letter contained, indeed, a sufficiently fierce and peremptory summons to +the states to obey the King's commands with regard to the system of +Charles the Fifth, according to their previous agreement, together with a +violent declaration of the Governor's displeasure that they had dared to +solicit the aid of foreign princes. On the 18th of February came a +proposition from De Seller that the Prince, of Orange should place +himself in the hands of Don John, while the Prince of Parma, alone and +without arms, would come before the assembly, to negotiate with them upon +these matters. The reply returned by the states-general to this absurd +suggestion expressed their regret that the son of the Duchess Margaret +should have taken part with the enemy of the Netherlanders, complained of +the bull by which the Pope had invited war against them as if they had +been Saracens, repeated their most unanswerable argument--that the Ghent +Pacification had established a system directly the reverse of that which +existed under Charles the Fifth--and affirmed their resolution never more +to submit to Spanish armies, executioners, edicts, or inquisitions, and +never more to return to the principles of the Emperor and of Alva. To +this diplomatic correspondence succeeded a war of words and of pamphlets, +some of them very inflammatory and very eloquent. Meantime, the +preparations for active hostilities were proceeding daily. The Prince of +Orange, through his envoys in England, had arranged for subsidies in the +coming campaign, and for troops which were to be led to the Netherlands, +under Duke Casimir of the palatinate. He sent commissioners through the +provinces to raise the respective contributions agreed upon, besides an +extraordinary quota of four hundred thousand guilders monthly. He also +negotiated a loan of a hundred and twenty thousand guilders from the +citizens of Antwerp. Many new taxes were imposed by his direction, both +upon income and upon consumption. By his advice, however, and with the +consent of the states-general, the provinces of Holland and Zealand held +no community of burthens with the other provinces, but of their own free +will contributed more than the sums for which they would have been +assessed. Mr. Leyton, who was about to return from his unsuccessful +mission from Elizabeth to Don John, was requested by the states-general +to convey to her Majesty a faithful report of the recent correspondence, +and especially of the language held by the Governor-General. He was also +urged to use his influence with the Queen, to the end that her promises +of assistance might be speedily fulfilled. + +Troops were rapidly enrolled, and again, by the same honest but mistaken +policy, the chief offices were conferred upon the great nobles--Aerschot, +Champagny, Bossu, Egmont, Lalain, the Viscount of Ghent, Baron de Ville, +and many others, most of whom were to desert the cause in the hour of its +need. On the other hand, Don John was proceeding with his military +preparations upon an extensive scale. The King had recently furnished +him with one million nine hundred thousand dollars, and had promised to +provide him with two hundred thousand more, monthly. With these funds +his Majesty estimated that an army of thirty thousand foot, sixteen +thousand cavalry, and thirty pieces of artillery, could be levied and +kept on foot. If more remittances should prove to be necessary, it was +promised that they should be forthcoming. + +This was the result of many earnest remonstrances made by the Governor +concerning the dilatory policy of the King. Wearied with being +constantly ordered "to blow hot and cold with the same, breath," he had +insisted that his Majesty should select the hot or the cold, and furnish +him with the means of enforcing the choice. For himself, Don John +assured his brother that the hottest measures were most to his taste, and +most suitable to the occasion. Fire and sword could alone save the royal +authority, for all the provinces had "abandoned themselves, body and +soul, to the greatest heretic and tyrant that prince ever had for +vassal." Unceasing had been the complaints and entreaties of the +Captain-General, called forth by the apathy or irresolution of Philip. +It was--only by assuring him that the Netherlands actually belonged to +Orange, that the monarch could be aroused. "His they are; and none +other's," said the Governor, dolefully. The King had accordingly sent +back De Billy, Don John's envoy; with decided injunctions to use force +and energy to put down the revolt at once, and with an intimation that +funds might be henceforth more regularly depended upon, as the Indian +fleets were expected in July. Philip also advised his brother to employ +a portion of his money in purchasing the governors and principal persons +who controlled the cities and other strong places belonging to the +states. + +Meantime, Don John thundered forth a manifesto which had been recently +prepared in Madrid, by which the estates, both general and particular, +were ordered forthwith to separate, and forbidden to assemble again, +except by especial licence. All commissions, civil or military, granted +by states' authority, were moreover annulled, together with a general +prohibition of any act of obedience to such functionaries, and of +contribution to any imposts which might be levied by their authority. +Such thunders were now comparatively harmless, for the states had taken +their course, and were busily engaged, both at home and abroad, in arming +for the conflict. Saint Aldegonde was deputed to attend the Imperial +diet, then in session at Worms, where he delivered an oration, which was +very celebrated in its day as a composition, but, which can hardly be +said to have produced much practical effect. The current was setting +hard in Germany against the Reformed religion and against the Netherland +cause, the Augsburg Confessionists showing hardly more sympathy with +Dutch Calvinists than with Spanish Papists. + +Envoys from Don John also attended the diet, and requested Saint +Aldegonde to furnish them with a copy of his oration. This he declined +to do. While in Germany, Saint Aldegonde was informed by John Casimir +that Duke Charles of Sweden, had been solicited to furnish certain ships +of war for a contemplated operation against Amsterdam. The Duke had +himself given information of this plot to the Prince Palatine. It was +therefore natural that Saint Aldegonde should forthwith despatch the +intelligence to his friends in the Netherlands, warning them of the +dangers still to be apprehended from the machinations of the Catholic +agents and functionaries in Amsterdam; for although the Reformation had +made rapid progress in that important city since the conclusion of the +Satisfaction, yet the magistracy remained Catholic. + +William Bardez, son of a former high-sheriff, a warm partisan of +Orange and of the "religion," had already determined to overthrow that +magistracy and to expel the friars who infested the city. The recent +information despatched by Saint Aldegonde confirmed him in his purpose. +There had been much wrangling between the Popish functionaries and those +of the Reformed religion concerning the constitution of the burgher +guard. The Calvinists could feel no security for their own lives, +or the repose of the commonwealth of Holland, unless they were themselves +allowed a full participation in the government of those important bands. +They were, moreover, dissatisfied with the assignment which had been made +of the churchyards to the members of their communion. These causes of +discord had maintained a general irritation among the body of the +inhabitants, and were now used as pretexts by Bardez for his design. +He knew the city to be ripe for the overthrow of the magistracy, and he +had arranged with Governor Sonoy to be furnished with a sufficient number +of well-tried soldiers, who were to be concealed in the houses of the +confederates. A large number of citizens were also ready to appear at +his bidding with arms in their hands. + +On the 24th of May, he wrote to Sonoy, begging him to hold himself in +readiness, as all was prepared within the city. At the same time, he +requested the governor to send him forthwith a "morion and a buckler of +proof;" for, he intended to see the matter fairly through. Sonoy +answered encouragingly, and sent him the armor, as directed. On the 28th +of May, Bardez, with four confederates, went to the council-room, to +remonstrate with the senate concerning the grievances which had been so +often discussed. At about mid-day, one of the confederates, upon leaving +the council-room, stepped out for a moment upon the balcony, which looked +towards the public square. Standing there for a moment, he gravely +removed his hat, and then as gravely replaced it upon his head. This was +a preconcerted signal. At the next instant a sailor was seen to rush +across the square, waving a flag in both hands. "All ye who love the +Prince of Orange, take heart and follow me!" he shouted. In a moment +the square was alive. Soldiers and armed citizens suddenly sprang forth, +as if from the bowels of the earth. Bardez led a strong force directly +into the council-chamber, and arrested every one of the astonished +magistrates. At the same time, his confederates had scoured the town and +taken every friar in the city into custody. Monks and senators were then +marched solemnly down towards the quay, where a vessel was in readiness +to receive them. "To the gallows with them--to the gallows with them!" +shouted the populace, as they passed along. "To the gibbet, whither they +have brought many a good fellow before his time!" Such were the openly, +expressed desires of their fellow-citizens, as these dignitaries and holy +men proceeded to what they believed their doom. Although treated +respectfully by those who guarded them, they were filled with +trepidation, for they believed the execrations of the populace the +harbingers of their fate. As they entered the vessel, they felt +convinced that a watery death had been substituted for the gibbet. +Poor old Heinrich Dirckzoon, ex-burgomaster, pathetically rejected a +couple of clean shirts which his careful wife had sent him by the hands +of the housemaid. "Take them away; take them home again," said the +rueful burgomaster; "I shall never need clean shirts again in this +world." He entertained no doubt that it was the intention of his +captors to scuttle the vessel as soon as they had put a little out +to sea, and so to leave them to their fate. No such tragic end was +contemplated, however, and, in fact, never was a complete municipal +revolution accomplished in so good-natured and jocose a manner. The +Catholic magistrates and friars escaped with their fright. They were +simply turned out of town, and forbidden, for their lives, ever to come +back again. After the vessel had proceeded a little distance from the +city, they were all landed high and dry upon a dyke, and so left unharmed +within the open country. + +A new board of magistrates, of which stout William Bardez was one, was +soon appointed; the train-bands were reorganized, and the churches thrown +open to the Reformed worship--to the exclusion, at first, of the +Catholics. This was certainly contrary to the Ghent treaty, and to the +recent Satisfaction; it was also highly repugnant to the opinions of +Orange. After a short time, accordingly, the Catholics were again +allowed access to the churches, but the tables had now been turned for +ever in the capital of Holland, and the Reformation was an established +fact throughout that little province. + +Similar events occurring upon the following day at Harlem, accompanied +with some bloodshed--for which, however, the perpetrator was punished +with death--opened the great church of that city to the Reformed +congregations, and closed them for a time to the Catholics. + +Thus, the cause of the new religion was triumphant in Holland and +Zealand, while it was advancing with rapid strides through the other +provinces. Public preaching was of daily occurrence everywhere. On a +single Sunday; fifteen different ministers of the Reformed religion +preached in different places in Antwerp. "Do you think this can be +put down?" said Orange to the remonstrating burgomaster of that city. +"'Tis for you to repress it," said the functionary, "I grant your +Highness full power to do so." "And do you think," replied the Prince, +"that I can do at this late moment, what the Duke of Alva was unable to +accomplish in the very plenitude of his power?" At the same time, the +Prince of Orange was more than ever disposed to rebuke his own Church for +practising persecution in her turn. Again he lifted his commanding voice +in behalf of the Anabaptists of Middelburg. He reminded the magistrates +of that city that these peaceful burghers were always perfectly willing +to bear their part in all the common burthens, that their word was as +good as their oath, and that as to the matter of military service, +although their principles forbade them to bear arms, they had ever been +ready to provide and pay for substitutes. "We declare to you therefore," +said he, "that you have no right to trouble yourselves with any man's +conscience, so long as nothing is done to cause private harm or public +scandal. We therefore expressly ordain that you desist from molesting +these Baptists, from offering hindrance to their handicraft and daily +trade, by which they can earn bread for their wives and children, and +that you permit them henceforth to open their shops and to do their work, +according to the custom of former days. Beware, therefore, of +disobedience and of resistance to the ordinance which we now establish." + +Meantime, the armies on both sides had been assembled, and had been +moving towards each other. Don John was at the head of nearly thirty +thousand troops, including a large proportion of Spanish and Italian +veterans. The states' army hardly numbered eighteen thousand foot and +two thousand cavalry, under the famous Francois de la None, surnamed Bras +de Fer, who had been recently appointed Marechal de Camp, and, under +Count Bossu, commander-in-chief. The muster-place of the provincial +forces was in the plains between Herenthals and Lier. At this point they +expected to be reinforced by Duke Casimir, who had been, since the early +part of the summer, in the country of Zutfen, but who was still remaining +there inglorious and inactive, until he could be furnished with the +requisite advance-money to his troops. Don John was determined if +possible, to defeat the states army, before Duke Casimir, with his twelve +thousand Germans, should effect his juncture with Bossu. The Governor +therefore crossed the Demer, near Aerschot, towards the end of July, and +offered battle, day after day, to the enemy. A series of indecisive +skirmishes was the result, in the last of which, near Rijnemants, on the +first day of August, the royalists were worsted and obliged to retire, +after a desultory action of nearly eight hours, leaving a thousand dead. +upon the field. Their offer of "double or quits," the following morning +was steadily refused by Bossu, who, secure within his intrenchments, was +not to be induced at that moment to encounter the chances of a general +engagement. For this he was severely blamed by the more violent of the +national party. + +His patriotism, which was of such recent origin, was vehemently +suspected; and his death, which occurred not long afterwards, was +supposed to have alone prevented his deserting the states to fight again +under Spanish colours. These suspicions were probably unjust. Bossu's +truth of character had been as universally recognized as was his signal +bravery. If he refused upon this occasion a general battle, those +who reflected upon the usual results to the patriot banner of such +engagements, might confess, perhaps, that one disaster the more had been +avoided. Don John, finding it impossible to accomplish his purpose, and +to achieve another Gemblours victory, fell back again to the +neighbourhood of Namur. + +The states' forces remained waiting for the long-promised succor of John +Casimir. It was the 26th of August, however, before the Duke led his +twelve thousand men to the neighbourhood of Mechlin, where Bossu was +encamped. This young prince possessed neither the ability nor the +generosity which were requisite for the heroic part which he was +ambitious to perform in the Netherland drama. He was inspired by a vague +idea of personal aggrandizement, although he professed at the same time +the utmost deference to William of Orange. He expressed the hope that he +and the Prince "should be but two heads under one hat;" but he would have +done well to ask himself whether his own contribution to this partnership +of brains would very much enrich the silent statesman. Orange himself +regarded him with respectful contempt, and considered his interference +with Netherland matters but as an additional element of mischief. The +Duke's right hand man, however, Peter Peutterich, the "equestrian +doctor"--as Sir Philip Sydney called him--equally skilful with the sword +as with the pen, had succeeded, while on a mission to England, in +acquiring the Queen's favor for his master. To Casimir, therefore, had +been entrusted the command of the levies, and the principal expenditure +of the subsidies which she had placed at the disposition of the states. +Upon Casimir she relied, as a counterweight to the Duke of Alencon, who, +as she knew, had already entered the provinces at the secret solicitation +of a large faction among the nobles. She had as much confidence as ever +in Orange, but she imagined herself to be strengthening his cause by +providing him with such a lieutenant. Casimir's immediate friends had +but little respect for his abilities. His father-in-law, Augustus of +Saxony, did not approve his expedition. The Landgrave William, to whom +he wrote for counsel, answered, in his quaint manner, that it was always +difficult for one friend to advise another in three matters--to wit, in +taking a wife, going to sea, and going to war; but that, nevertheless, +despite the ancient proverb, he would assume the responsibility of +warning Casimir not to plunge into what he was pleased to call the +"'confusum chaos' of Netherland politics." The Duke felt no inclination, +however, to take the advice which he had solicited. He had been stung by +the sarcasm which Alva had once uttered, that the German potentates +carried plenty of lions, dragons, eagles, and griffins on their shields; +but that these ferocious animals were not given to biting or scratching. +He was therefore disposed, once for all, to show that the teeth and claws +of German princes could still be dangerous. Unfortunately, he was +destined to add a fresh element of confusion to the chaos, and to furnish +rather a proof than a refutation of the correctness of Alva's gibe. + +This was the hero who was now thrust, head and shoulders as it were, into +the entangled affairs of the Netherlanders, and it was Elizabeth of +England, more than ever alarmed at the schemes of Alencon, who had pushed +forward this Protestant champion, notwithstanding the disinclination of +Orange. + +The Queen was right in her uneasiness respecting the French prince. The +Catholic nobles, relying upon the strong feeling still rife throughout +the Walloon country against the Reformed religion, and inflamed more than +ever by their repugnance to Orange, whose genius threw them so completely +into the shade, had already drawn closer to the Duke. The same +influences were at work to introduce Alencon, which had formerly been +employed to bring Matthias from Vienna. Now that the Archduke, who was +to have been the rival, had become the dependent of William, they turned +their attention to the son of Catherine de Medici, Orange himself having +always kept the Duke in reserve, as an instrument to overcome the +political coquetry of Elizabeth. That great Princess never manifested +less greatness than in her earlier and most tormenting connexion with the +Netherlands. Having allured them for years with bright but changeful +face, she still looked coldly down upon the desolate sea where they were +drifting She had promised much; her performance had been nothing. Her +jealousy of French influence had at length been turned to account; a +subsidy and a levy extorted from her fears. Her ministers and prominent +advisers were one and all in favor of an open and generous support to the +provinces. Walsingham, Burleigh, Knollys, Davidson, Sidney, Leicester, +Fleetwood, Wilson, all desired that she should frankly espouse their +cause. A bold policy they believed to be the only prudent one in this +case; yet the Queen considered it sagacious to despatch envoys both to +Philip and to Don John, as if after what they knew of her secret +practices, such missions could effect any useful purpose. Better, +therefore, in the opinion of the honest and intrepid statesmen of +England, to throw down the gauntlet at once in the cause of the oppressed +than to shuffle and palter until the dreaded rival should cross the +frontier. A French Netherlands they considered even mere dangerous than +a Spanish, and Elizabeth partook of their sentiments, although incapable +of their promptness. With the perverseness which was the chief blot upon +her character, she was pleased that the Duke should be still a dangler +for her hand, even while she was intriguing against his political hopes. +She listened with undisguised rapture to his proposal of love, while she +was secretly thwarting the plans of his ambition. + +Meanwhile, Alencon had arrived at Mons, and we have seen already the +feminine adroitness with which his sister of Navarre had prepared his +entrance. Not in vain had she cajoled the commandant of Cambray citadel; +not idly had she led captive the hearts of Lalain and his Countess, thus +securing the important province of Hainault for the Duke. Don John +might, indeed, gnash his teeth with rage, as he marked the result of all +the feasting and flattery, the piping and dancing at Namur. + +Francis Duke of Alencon, and since the accession of his brother Henry to +the French throne--Duke of Anjou was, upon the whole, the most despicable +personage who had ever entered the Netherlands. His previous career at +home had, been so flagrantly false that he had forfeited the esteem of +every honest man in Europe, Catholic or Lutheran, Huguenot or Malcontent. +The world has long known his character. History will always retain him +as an example, to show mankind the amount of mischief which may be +perpetrated by a prince, ferocious without courage, ambitious without +talent, and bigoted without opinions. Incapable of religious convictions +himself, he had alternately aspired to be a commander of Catholic and of +Huguenot zealots, and he had acquired nothing by his vacillating course, +save the entire contempt of all parties and of both religions. Scared +from the aide of Navarre and Conde by the menacing attitude of the +"league," fearing to forfeit the succession to the throne, unless he made +his peace with the court, he had recently resumed his place among the +Catholic commanders. Nothing was easier for him than to return +shamelessly to a party which he had shamelessly deserted, save perhaps to +betray it again, should his interest prompt him to do so, on the morrow. +Since the peace of 1576, it had been evident that the Protestants could +not count upon his friendship, and he had soon afterwards been placed at +the head of the army which was besieging the Huguenots of Issoire. He +sought to atone for having commanded the troops of the new religion by +the barbarity with which he now persecuted its votaries. When Issoire +fell into his hands, the luckless city was spared none of the misery +which can be inflicted by a brutal and frenzied soldiery. Its men were +butchered, its females outraged; its property plundered with a +thoroughness which rivalled the Netherland practice of Alva, or Frederic +Toledo, or Julian Romero. The town was sacked and burned to ashes by +furious Catholics, under the command of Francis Alencon,--almost at the +very moment when his fair sister, Margaret, was preparing the way in the +Netherlands for the fresh treason--which he already meditated to the +Catholic cause. The treaty of Bergerac, signed in the autumn of 1577, +again restored a semblance of repose to France, and again afforded an +opportunity for Alencon to change his politics, and what he called his +religion. Reeking with the blood of the Protestants of Issoire, he was +now at leisure to renew his dalliance with the Queen of Protestant +England, and to resume his correspondence with the great-chieftain of the +Reformation in the Netherlands. + +It is perhaps an impeachment upon the perspicacity of Orange, that he +could tolerate this mischievous and worthless "son of France," even for +the grave reasons which influenced him. Nevertheless, it must be +remembered that he only intended to keep him in reserve, for the purpose +of irritating the jealousy and quickening the friendship of the English +Queen. Those who see anything tortuous in such politics must beware of +judging the intriguing age of Philip and Catherine de' Medici by the +higher standard of later, and possibly more candid times. It would have +been puerile for a man of William the Silent's resources, to allow +himself to be outwitted by the intrigues of all the courts and cabinets +in Europe. Moreover, it must be remembered that, if he alone could guide +himself and his country through the perplexing labyrinth in which they +were involved; it was because he held in his hand the clue of an honest +purpose. His position in regard to the Duke of Alencon, had now become +sufficiently complicated, for the tiger that he had led in a chain had +been secretly unloosed by those who meant mischief. In the autumn of the +previous year, the aristocratic and Catholic party in the states-general +had opened their communications with a prince, by whom they hoped to be +indemnified for their previous defeat. + +The ill effects of Elizabeth's coquetry too plainly manifested themselves +at last, and Alencon had now a foothold in the Netherlands. Precipitated +by the intrigues of the party which had always been either openly or +secretly hostile to Orange, his advent could no longer be delayed. It +only remained for the Prince to make himself his master, as he had +already subdued each previous rival. This he accomplished with his +customary adroitness. It was soon obvious, even to so dull and so base a +nature as that of the Duke, that it was his best policy to continue to +cultivate so powerful a friendship. It cost him little to crouch, but +events were fatally, to prove at a later day, that there are natures too +malignant to be trusted or to be tamed. For the present, however, +Alencon professed the most friendly sentiments towards the Prince. +Solicited by so ardent and considerable a faction, the Duke was no longer +to be withheld from trying the venture, and if, he could not effect his +entrance by fair means, was determined to do so by force.--He would +obtrude his assistance, if it were declined. He would do his best to +dismember the provinces, if only a portion of them would accept his +proffered friendship. Under these circumstances, as the Prince could no +longer exclude him from the country, it became necessary to accept his +friendship, and to hold him in control. The Duke had formally offered +his assistance to the states-general, directly after the defeat of +Gemblours, and early in July had made his appearance in Mons. Hence he +despatched his envoys, Des Pruneaux and Rochefort, to deal with the +States-general and with Orange, while he treated Matthias with contempt, +and declared that he had no intention to negotiate with him. The +Archduke burst into tears when informed of this slight; and feebly +expressed a wish that succor might be found in Germany which would render +this French alliance unnecessary. It was not the first nor the last +mortification which the future Emperor was to undergo. The Prince was +addressed with distinguished consideration; Des Pruneaux protesting that +he desired but three things--the glory of his master, the glory of God, +and the glory of William of Orange. + +The French King was naturally supposed to be privy to his brother's +schemes, for it was thought ridiculous to suggest that Henry's own troops +could be led by his own brother, on this foreign expedition, without his +connivance. At the same time, private letters, written by him at this +epoch, expressed disapprobation of the schemes of Alencon, and jealousy +of his aggrandizement. It was, perhaps, difficult to decide as to the +precise views of a monarch who was too weak to form opinions for himself, +and too false to maintain those with which he had been furnished by +others. With the Medicean mother it was different, and it was she who +was believed to be at the bottom of the intrigue. There was even a vague +idea that the Spanish Sovereign himself might be privy to the plot, and +that a possible marriage between Alencon and the Infanta might be on the +cards. In truth, however, Philip felt himself outraged by the whole +proceedings. He resolutely refused to accept the excuses proffered by +the French court, or to doubt the complicity of the Queen Dowager, who, +it was well known, governed all her sons. She had, to be sure, thought +proper to read the envoys of the states-general a lecture upon the +impropriety of subjects opposing the commands of their lawful Prince, but +such artifices were thought too transparent to deceive. Granvelle +scouted the idea of her being ignorant of Anjou's scheme, or opposed to +its success. As for William of Hesse, while he bewailed more than ever +the luckless plunge into "confusum chaos" which Casimir had taken, he +unhesitatingly expressed his conviction that the invasion of Alencon was +a master-piece of Catherine. The whole responsibility of the transaction +he divided, in truth, between the Dowager and the comet, which just then +hung over the world, filling the soul of the excellent Landgrave with +dismal apprehension. + +The Queen of England was highly incensed by the actual occurrence +of the invasion which she had so long dreaded. She was loud in her +denunciations of the danger and dishonor which would be the result to the +provinces of this French alliance. She threatened not only to withdraw +herself from their cause, but even to take arms against a commonwealth +which had dared to accept Alencon for its master. She had originally +agreed to furnish one hundred thousand pounds by way of loan. This +assistance had been afterwards commuted into a levy of three thousand +foot and-two thousand horse, to be added to the forces of John Casimir, +and to be placed under his command. It had been stipulated; also, that +the Palatine should have the rank and pay of an English general-in-chief, +and be considered as the Queen's lieutenant. The money had been +furnished and the troops enrolled. So much had been already bestowed, +and could not be recalled, but it was not probable that, in her present +humor, the Queen would be induced to add to her favors. + +The Prince, obliged by the necessity of the case, had prescribed the +terms and the title under which Alencon should be accepted. Upon the +13th of August the Duke's envoy concluded a convention in twenty-three +articles; which were afterwards subscribed by the Duke himself, at Mons, +upon the twentieth of the same month. The substance of this arrangement +was that Alencon should lend his assistance to the provinces against the +intolerable tyranny of the Spaniards and the unjustifiable military +invasion of Don John. He was, moreover, to bring into the field ten +thousand foot and two thousand horse for three months. After the +expiration of this term, his forces might be reduced to three thousand +foot and five hundred horse. The states were to confer upon him the +title of "Defender of the Liberty of the Netherlands against the Tyranny +of the Spaniards and their adherents." He was to undertake no +hostilities against Queen Elizabeth. The states were to aid him, +whenever it should become necessary, with the same amount of force with +which he now assisted them. He was to submit himself contentedly to the +civil government of the country, in everything regarding its internal +polity. He was to make no special contracts or treaties with any cities +or provinces of the Netherlands. Should the states-general accept +another prince as sovereign, the Duke was to be preferred to all others, +upon conditions afterwards to be arranged. All cities which might be +conquered within the territory of the united provinces were to belong to +the states. Such places not in that territory, as should voluntarily +surrender, were to be apportioned, by equal division, between the Duke +and the states. The Duke was to bring no foreign troops but French into +the provinces. The month of August was reserved, during which the states +were, if possible, to make a composition with Don John. + +These articles were certainly drawn up with skill. A high-sounding but +barren title, which gratified the Duke's vanity and signified nothing, +had been conferred upon him, while at the same time he was forbidden to +make conquests or contracts, and was obliged to submit himself to the +civil government of the country: in short, he was to obey the Prince +of Orange in all things--and so here was another plot of the Prince's +enemies neutralized. Thus, for the present at least, had the position +of Anjou been defined. + +As the month of August, during which it was agreed that negotiations with +the Governor-General should remain open, had already half expired, +certain articles, drawn up by the states-general, were at once laid +before Don John. Lord Cobham and Sir Francis Walsingham were then in the +Netherlands, having been sent by Elizabeth for the purpose of effecting a +pacification of the estates with the Governor, if possible. They had +also explained--so far as an explanation was possible--the assistance +which the English government had rendered to the rebels, upon the ground +that the French invasion could be prevented in no other way. This +somewhat lame apology had been passed over in silence rather than +accepted by Don John. In the same interview the envoys made an equally +unsuccessful effort to induce the acceptance by the Governor of the terms +offered by the states. A further proposition, on their part, for an +"Interim," upon the plan attempted by Charles the Fifth in Germany, +previously to the Peace of Passau, met with no more favor than it +merited, for certainly that name--which became so odious in Germany that +cats and dogs were called "Interim" by the common people, in derision-- +was hardly a potent word to conjure with, at that moment, in the +Netherlands. They then expressed their intention of retiring to England, +much grieved at the result of their mission. The Governor replied that +they might do as they liked, but that he, at least, had done all in his +power to bring about a peace, and that the King had been equally pacific +in his intentions. He then asked the envoys what they themselves thought +of the terms proposed. "Indeed, they are too hard, your Highness," +answered Walsingham, "but 'tis only by pure menace that we have extorted +them from the states, unfavorable though they, seem." + +"Then you may tell them," replied the Governor, "to keep their offers to +themselves. Such terms will go but little way in any negotiation with +me." + +The envoys shrugged their shoulders. + +"What is your own opinion on the whole affair?" resumed Don John. +"Perhaps your advice may yet help me to a better conclusion." + +The envoys continued silent and pensive. + +"We can only answer," said Walsingham, at length, "by imitating the +physician, who would prescribe no medicine until he was quite sure that +the patient was ready to swallow it. 'Tis no use wasting counsel or +drugs." + +The reply was not satisfactory, but the envoys had convinced themselves +that the sword was the only surgical instrument likely to find favor at +that juncture. Don John referred, in vague terms, to his peaceable +inclinations, but protested that there was no treating with so unbridled +a people as the Netherlanders. The ambassadors soon afterwards took +their leave. After this conference, which was on the 24th of August, +1578, Walsingham and Cobham addressed a letter to the states-general, +deploring the disingenuous and procrastinating conduct of the Governor, +and begging that the failure to effect a pacification might not be +imputed to them. They then returned to England. + +The Imperial envoy, Count Schwartzburg, at whose urgent solicitation this +renewed attempt at a composition had been made, was most desirous that +the Governor should accept the articles. They formed, indeed, the basis +of a liberal, constitutional, representative government, in which the +Spanish monarch was to retain only a strictly limited sovereignty. The +proposed convention required Don John, with all his troops and adherents, +forthwith to leave the land after giving up all strongholds and cities in +his possession. It provided that the Archduke Matthias should remain as +Governor general, under the conditions according to which he had been +originally accepted. It left the question of religious worship to the +decision of the states-general. It provided for the release of all +prisoners, the return of all exiles, the restoration of all confiscated +property. It stipulated that upon the death or departure of Matthias, +his Majesty was not to appoint a governor-general without the consent of +the states-general. + +When Count Schwartzburg waited upon the Governor with these astonishing +propositions--which Walsingham might well call somewhat hard--he found +him less disposed to explode with wrath than he had been in previous +conferences. Already the spirit of the impetuous young soldier was +broken, both by the ill health which was rapidly undermining his +constitution and by the helpless condition in which he had been left +while contending with the great rebellion. He had soldiers, but no money +to pay them withal; he had no means of upholding that supremacy of crown +and church which he was so vigorously instructed to maintain; and he was +heartily wearied of fulminating edicts which he had no power to enforce. +He had repeatedly solicited his recal, and was growing daily more +impatient that his dismissal did not arrive. Moreover, the horrible news +of Escovedo's assassination had sickened him to the soul. The deed had +flashed a sudden light into the abyss of dark duplicity in which his own +fate was suspended. His most intimate and confidential friend had been +murdered by royal command, while he was himself abandoned by Philip, +exposed to insult, left destitute of defence. No money was forthcoming, +in spite of constant importunities and perpetual promises. Plenty of +words were sent him; he complained, as if he possessed the art of +extracting gold from them, or as if war could be carried on with words +alone. + +Being in so desponding a mood, he declined entering into any controversy +with regard to the new propositions, which, however, he characterized as +most iniquitous. He stated merely that his Majesty had determined to +refer the Netherland matters to the arbitration of the Emperor; that the +Duke de Terra Nova would soon be empowered to treat upon the subject at +the imperial court; and that, in the meantime, he was himself most +anxiously awaiting his recal. + +A synod of the Reformed churches had been held, during the month of June, +at Dort. There they had laid down a platform of their principles of +church government in one hundred and one articles. In the same month, +the leading members of the Reformed Church had drawn up an ably reasoned +address to Matthias and the Council of State on the subject of a general +peace of religion for the provinces. + +William of Orange did his utmost to improve the opportunity. He sketched +a system of provisional toleration, which he caused to be signed by the +Archduke Matthias, and which, at least for a season, was to establish +religious freedom. The brave; tranquil, solitary man still held his +track across the raging waves, shedding as much light as one clear human +soul could dispense; yet the dim lantern, so far in advance, was +swallowed in the mist, ere those who sailed in his wake could shape their +course by his example. No man understood him. Not even his nearest +friends comprehended his views, nor saw that he strove to establish not +freedom for Calvinism, but freedom for conscience. Saint Aldegonde +complained that the Prince would not persecute the Anabaptists, Peter +Dathenus denounced him as an atheist, while even Count John; the only +one left of his valiant and generous brothers, opposed the religious +peace--except where the advantage was on the side of the new religion. +Where the Catholics had been effectually put down, as in Holland and +Zealand, honest John saw so reason for allowing them to lift themselves +up again. In the Popish provinces, on the other hand, he was for a +religious peace. In this bigoted spirit he was followed by too many of +the Reforming mass, while, on their part, the Walloons were already +banding themselves together in the more southern provinces, under the +name of Malcontents. Stigmatized by the Calvinists as "Paternoster +Jacks," they were daily drawing closer their alliance with Alencon; and +weakening the bands which united them with their Protestant brethren. +Count John had at length become a permanent functionary in the +Netherlands. Urgently solicited by the leaders and the great multitude +of the Reformers, he had long been unwilling to abandon his home, and to +neglect the private affairs which his devotion to the Netherland cause +had thrown into great confusion. The Landgrave, too, whose advice he had +asked, had strongly urged him not to "dip his fingers into the olla +podrida." The future of the provinces was, in his opinion, so big with +disaster, that the past, with all its horrors; under Alva and Requesens, +had only furnished the "preludia" of that which was to ensue. For these +desperate views his main reason, as usual, was the comet; that +mischievous luminary still continuing to cast a lurid glare across the +Landgrave's path. Notwithstanding these direful warnings from a prince +of the Reformation, notwithstanding the "olla podrida" and the "comet," +Count John had nevertheless accepted the office of Governor of +Gelderland, to which he had been elected by the estates of that province +on the 11th of March. That important bulwark of Holland, Zealand, and +Utrecht on the one side, and of Groningen and Friesland on the other--the +main buttress, in short, of the nascent republic, was now in hands which +would defend it to the last. + +As soon as the discussion came up in the states-general on the subject of +the Dort petitions, Orange requested that every member who had formed his +opinions should express them fully and frankly. All wished, however, to +be guided and governed by the sentiments of the Prince. Not a man spoke, +save to demand their leader's views, and to express adhesion in advance +to the course which his wisdom might suggest. The result was a projected +convention, a draft for a religious peace, which, if definitely +established, would have healed many wounds and averted much calamity. +It was not, however, destined to be accepted at that time by the states +of the different provinces where it was brought up for discussion; and +several changes were made, both of form and substance, before the system +was adopted at all. Meantime, for the important city of Antwerp, where +religious broils were again on the point of breaking out, the Prince +preferred a provisional arrangement, which he forthwith carried into +execution. A proclamation, in the name of the Archduke Matthias and of +the State Council, assigned five special places in the city where the +members of the "pretended Reformed religion" should have liberty to +exercise their religious worship, with preaching, singing, and the +sacraments. The churchyards of the parochial churches were to be opened +for the burial of their dead, but the funerals were to be unaccompanied +with exhortation, or any public demonstration which might excite +disturbance. The adherents of one religion were forbidden to disturb, to +insult, or in any way to interfere with the: solemnities of the other. +All were to abstain from mutual jeerings--by pictures, ballads, books, or +otherwise--and from all injuries to ecclesiastical property. Every man, +of whatever religion, was to be permitted entrance to the churches of +either religion, and when there, all were to conform to the regulations +of the church with modesty and respect. Those of the new religion were +to take oaths of obedience to the authorities, and to abstain from +meddling with the secular administration of affairs. Preachers of both +religions were forbidden to preach out of doors, or to make use of +language tending to sedition. All were to bind themselves to assist the +magistrates in quelling riots, and in sustaining the civil government. + +This example of religious peace, together with the active correspondence +thus occasioned with the different state assemblies, excited the jealousy +of the Catholic leaders and of the Walloon population. Champagny, who +despite his admirable qualities and brilliant services, was still unable +to place himself on the same platform of toleration with Orange, now +undertook a decided movement against the policy of the Prince. Catholic +to the core, he drew up a petition, remonstrating most vigorously against +the draft for a religions peace, then in circulation through the +provinces. To this petition he procured many signatures among the more +ardent Catholic nobles. De Heze, De Glimes, and others of the same +stamp, were willing enough to follow the lead of so distinguished a +chieftain. The remonstrance was addressed to the Archduke, the Prince of +Orange, the State Council, and the States-general, and called upon them +all to abide by their solemn promises to permit no schism in the ancient +Church. Should the exercise of the new religion be allowed, the +petitioners insisted that the godless licentiousness of the Netherlands +would excite the contempt of all peoples and potentates. They suggested, +in conclusion, that all the principal cities of France--and in particular +the city of Paris--had kept themselves clear of the exercise of the new +religion, and that repose and prosperity had been the result. + +This petition was carried with considerable solemnity by Champagny, +attended by many of his confederates, to the Hotel-de Ville, and +presented to the magistracy of Brussels. These functionaries were +requested to deliver it forthwith to the Archduke and Council. The +magistrates demurred. A discussion ensued, which grew warmer and warmer +as it proceeded. The younger nobles permitted themselves abusive +language, which the civic dignitaries would not brook. The session +was dissolved, and the magistrates, still followed by the petitioners, +came forth into the street. The confederates, more inflamed than ever, +continued to vociferate and to threaten. A crowd soon collected in the +square. The citizens were naturally curious to know why their senators +were thus browbeaten and insulted by a party of insolent young Catholic +nobles. The old politician at their head, who, in spite of many +services, was not considered a friend to the nation, inspired them with +distrust. Being informed of the presentation of the petition, the +multitude loudly demanded that the document should be read. This was +immediately done. The general drift of the remonstrance was anything but +acceptable, but the allusion to Paris, at the close, excited a tempest of +indignation. "Paris! Paris! Saint Bartholomew! Saint Bartholomew! +Are we to have Paris weddings in Brussels also?" howled the mob, as is +often the case, extracting but a single idea, and that a wrong one; from +the public lecture which had just been made. "Are we to have a Paris +massacre, a Paris blood-bath here in the Netherland capital? God forbid! +God forbid! Away with the conspirators! Down with the Papists!" + +It was easily represented to the inflamed imaginations of the populace +that a Brussels Saint Bartholomew had been organized, and that Champagny, +who stood there before them, was its originator and manager. The +ungrateful Netherlanders forgot the heroism with which the old soldier +had arranged the defence of Antwerp against the "Spanish Fury" but two +years before. They heard only the instigations of his enemies; they +remembered only that he was the hated Granvelle's brother; they believed +only that there was a plot by which, in some utterly incomprehensible +manner, they were all to be immediately engaged in cutting each others +throats and throwing each other out of the windows, as had been done half +a dozen years before in Paris. Such was the mischievous intention +ascribed to a petition, which Champagny and his friends had as much +right to offer--however narrow and mistaken their, opinions might now +be considered--as had the, synod of Dort to present their remonstrances. +Never was a more malignant or more stupid perversion of a simple and not +very alarming phrase. No allusion had been made to Saint Bartholomew, +but all its horrors were supposed to be concealed in the sentence which +referred to Paris. The nobles were arrested on the spot and hurried to +prison, with the exception of Champagny, who made his escape at first, +and lay concealed for several days. He was, however, finally ferreted +out of his hiding-place and carried off to Ghent. There he was thrown +into strict confinement, being treated in all respects as the accomplice +of Aerschot and the other nobles who had been arrested in the time of +Ryhove's revolution. Certainly, this conduct towards a brave and +generous gentleman was ill calculated to increase general sympathy for +the cause, or to merit the approbation of Orange. There was, however, +a strong prejudice against Champagny. His brother Granvelle had never +been forgotten by the Netherlanders, and, was still regarded as their +most untiring foe, while Champagny was supposed to be in close league +with the Cardinal. In these views the people were entirely wrong. + +While these events were taking place in Brussels and Antwerp, the two +armies of the states and of Don John were indolently watching each other. +The sinews of war had been cut upon both sides. Both parties were +cramped by the most abject poverty. The troops under Bossu and Casimir, +in the camp sear Mechlin, were already discontented, for want of pay. +The one hundred thousand pounds of Elizabeth had already been spent, +and it was not probable that the offended Queen would soon furnish +another subsidy. The states could with difficulty extort anything like +the assessed quotas from the different provinces. The Duke of Alencon +was still at Mons, from which place he had issued a violent proclamation +of war against Don John--a manifesto which had, however, not been +followed up by very vigorous demonstrations. Don John himself was in +his fortified camp at Bouge, within a league of Namur, but the here +was consuming with mental and with bodily fever. He was, as it were, +besieged. He was left entirely without funds, while his royal brother +obstinately refused compliance with his earnest demands to be recalled, +and coldly neglected his importunities for pecuniary assistance. + +Compelled to carry on a war against an armed rebellion with such gold +only as could be extracted from loyal swords; stung to the heart by the +suspicion of which he felt himself the object at home, and by the hatred +with which he was regarded in the provinces; outraged in his inmost +feelings by the murder of Escovedo; foiled, outwitted, reduced to a +political nullity by the masterly tactics of the "odious heretic of +heretics" to whom he had originally offered his patronage and the royal +forgiveness, the high-spirited soldier was an object to excite the +tenderness even of religious and political opponents. Wearied with the +turmoil of camps without battle and of cabinets without counsel, he +sighed for repose, even if it could be found only in a cloister or the +grave. "I rejoice to see by your letter," he wrote, pathetically, to +John Andrew Doria, at Genoa, "that your life is flowing on with such +calmness, while the world around me is so tumultuously agitated. I +consider you most fortunate that you are passing the remainder of your +days for God and yourself; that you are not forced to put yourself +perpetually in the scales of the world's events, nor to venture yourself +daily on its hazardous games." He proceeded to inform his friend of his +own painful situation, surrounded by innumerable enemies, without means +of holding out more than three months, and cut off from all assistance by +a government which could not see that if the present chance were lost all +was lost. He declared it impossible for him to fight in the position to +which he was reduced, pressed as he was within half a mile of the point +which he had always considered as his last refuge. He stated also that +the French were strengthening themselves in Hainault, under Alencon, and +that the King of France was in readiness to break in through Burgundy, +should his brother obtain a firm foothold in the provinces. "I have +besought his Majesty over and over again," he continued, "to send to me +his orders; if they come they shall be executed, unless they arrive too +late. They have cut of our hands and we have now nothing for it but to +stretch forth our heads also to the axe. I grieve to trouble you with my +sorrows, but I trust to your sympathy as a man and a friend. I hope that +you will remember me in your prayers, for you can put your trust where, +in former days, I never could place my own." + +The dying crusader wrote another letter, in the same mournful strain, +to another intimate friend, Don Pedro Mendoza, Spanish envoy in Genoa. +It was dated upon the same day from his camp near Namur, and repeated the +statement that the King of France was ready to invade the Netherlands, so +soon as Alencon should prepare an opening. "His Majesty," continued Don +John, "is resolved upon nothing; at least, I am kept in ignorance of his +intentions. Our life is doled out to us here by moments. I cry aloud, +but it profits me little. Matters will soon be disposed, through our +negligence, exactly as the Devil would best wish them. It is plain that +we are left here to pine away till our last breath. God direct us all as +He may see fit; in His hands are all things." + +Four days later he wrote to the King, stating that he was confined to his +chamber with a fever, by which he was already as much reduced as if he +had been ill for a month. "I assure your Majesty," said he "that the +work here is enough to destroy any constitution and any life." He +reminded Philip how often he had been warned by him as to the insidious +practices of the French. Those prophecies had now become facts. The +French had entered the country, while some of the inhabitants were +frightened, others disaffected. Don John declared himself in a dilemma. +With his small force, hardly enough to make head against the enemy +immediately in front, and to protect the places which required guarding, +'twas impossible for him to leave his position to attack the enemy in +Burgundy. If he remained stationary, the communications were cut off +through which his money and supplies reached him. "Thus I remain," said +he, "perplexed and confused, desiring, more than life, some decision on +your Majesty's part, for which I have implored so many times." He urged +the King most vehemently to send him instructions as to the course to be +pursued, adding that it wounded him to the soul to find them so long +delayed. He begged to be informed whether he was to attack the enemy in +Burgundy, whether he should await where he then was the succor of his +Majesty, or whether he was to fight, and if so with which of his enemies: +in fine, what he was to do; because, losing or winning, he meant to +conform to his Majesty's will. He felt deeply pained, he said, at being +disgraced and abandoned by the King, having served him, both as a +brother, and a man, with love and faith and heartiness. "Our lives," +said he, "are at stake upon this game, and all we wish is to lose them +honorably." He begged the King to send a special envoy to France, with +remonstrances on the subject of Alencon, and another to the Pope to ask +for the Duke's excommunication. He protested that he would give his +blood rather than occasion so much annoyance to the King, but that he +felt it his duty to tell the naked truth. The pest was ravaging his +little army. Twelve hundred were now in hospital, besides those nursed +in private houses, and he had no means or money to remedy the evil. +Moreover, the enemy, seeing that they were not opposed in the open field, +had cut off the passage into Liege by the Meuse, and had advanced to +Nivelles and Chimay for the sake of communications with France, by the +same river. + +Ten days after these pathetic passages had been written, the writer was +dead. Since the assassination of Escovedo, a consuming melancholy had +settled upon his spirits, and a burning fever came, in the month of +September, to destroy his physical strength. The house where he lay was +a hovel, the only chamber of which had been long used as a pigeon-house. +This wretched garret was cleansed, as well as it could be of its filth, +and hung with tapestry emblazoned with armorial bearings. In that +dovecot the hero of Lepanto was destined to expire. During the last few, +days of his illness, he was delirious. Tossing upon his uneasy couch, he +again arranged in imagination, the combinations of great battles, again +shouted his orders to rushing squadrons, and listened with brightening +eye to the trumpet of victory. Reason returned, however, before the hour +of death, and permitted him, the opportunity to make the dispositions +rendered necessary by his condition. He appointed his nephew, Alexander +of Parma, who had been watching assiduously over his deathbed, to succeed +him, provisionally, in the command of the army and in his other +dignities, received the last sacraments with composure, and tranquilly +breathed his last upon the first day of October, the month which, since +the battle of Lepanto, he had always considered a festive and a fortunate +one. + +It was inevitable that suspicion of poison should be at once excited by +his decease. Those suspicions have been never set at rest, and never +proved. Two Englishmen, Ratcliff and Gray by name, had been arrested and +executed on a charge of having been employed by Secretary Walsingham to +assassinate the Governor. The charge was doubtless an infamous +falsehood; but had Philip, who was suspected of being the real criminal, +really compassed the death of his brother, it was none the less probable +that an innocent victim or two would be executed, to save appearances. +Now that time has unveiled to us many mysteries, now that we have learned +from Philip's own lips and those of his accomplices the exact manner in +which Montigny and Escovedo were put to death, the world will hardly be +very charitable with regard to other imputations. It was vehemently +suspected that Don John had been murdered by the command of Philip; but +no such fact was ever proved. + +The body, when opened that it might be embalmed, was supposed to offer +evidence of poison. The heart was dry, the other internal organs were +likewise so desiccated as to crumble when touched, and the general color +of the interior was of a blackish brown, as if it had been singed. +Various persona were mentioned as the probable criminals; various motives +assigned for the commission of the deed. Nevertheless, it must be +admitted that there were causes, which were undisputed, for his death, +sufficient to render a search for the more mysterious ones comparatively +superfluous. A disorder called the pest was raging in his camp, and had +carried off a thousand of his soldiers within a few days, while his +mental sufferings had been acute enough to turn his heart to ashes. +Disappointed, tormented by friend and foe, suspected, insulted, broken +spirited, it was not strange that he should prove an easy victim to a +pestilent disorder before which many stronger men were daily falling. + +On the third day after his decease, the funeral rites were celebrated. +A dispute between the Spaniards, Germans, and Netherlanders in the army +arose, each claiming precedence in the ceremony, on account of superior +national propinquity to the illustrious deceased. All were, in truth, +equally near to him, for different reasons, and it was arranged that all +should share equally in the obsequies. The corpse disembowelled and +embalmed, was laid upon a couch of state. The hero was clad in complete +armor; his swords helmet, and steel gauntlets lying at his feet, a +coronet, blazing with precious stones, upon his head, the jewelled chain +and insignia of the Golden Fleece about his neck, and perfumed gloves +upon his hands. Thus royally and martially arrayed, he was placed upon +his bier and borne forth from the house where he had died, by the +gentlemen of his bedchamber. From them he was received by the colonels +of the regiments stationed next his own quarters. These chiefs, followed +by their troops with inverted arms and mined drums, escorted the body to +the next station, where it was received by the commanding officers of +other national regiments, to be again transmitted to those of the third. +Thus by soldiers of the three nations, it was successively conducted to +the gates of Namur, where it was received by the civic authorities. The +pall-bearers, old Peter Ernest Mansfeld, Ottavio Gonzaga, the Marquis de +Villa Franca, and the Count de Reux, then bore it to the church, where it +was deposited until the royal orders should be received from Spain. The +heart of the hero was permanently buried beneath the pavement of the +little church, and a monumental inscription, prepared by Alexander +Farnese, still indicates the spot where that lion heart returned to dust. + +It had been Don John's dying request to Philip that his remains might be +buried in the Escorial by the side of his imperial father, and the prayer +being granted, the royal order in due time arrived for the transportation +of the corpse to Spain. Permission had been asked and given for the +passage of a small number of Spanish troops through France. The thrifty +king had, however, made no allusion to the fact that those soldiers were +to bear with them the mortal remains of Lepanto's hero, for he was +disposed to save the expense which a public transportation of the body +and the exchange of pompous courtesies with the authorities of every town +upon the long journey would occasion. The corpse was accordingly divided +into three parts, and packed in three separate bags; and thus the +different portions, to save weight, being suspended at the saddle-bows of +different troopers, the body of the conqueror was conveyed to its distant +resting-place. + + "Expende Hannibalem: quot libras in duce summo + Invenies?". . . . . . . . . . + +Thus irreverently, almost blasphemously, the disjointed relics of the +great warrior were hurried through France; France, which the romantic +Saracen slave had traversed but two short years before, filled with high +hopes, and pursuing extravagant visions. It has been recorded by classic +historians, that the different fragments, after their arrival in Spain, +were re-united, and fastened together with wire; that the body was then +stuffed, attired in magnificent habiliments, placed upon its feet, and +supported by a martial staff, and that thus prepared for a royal +interview, the mortal remains of Don John were presented to his Most +Catholic Majesty. Philip is said to have manifested emotion at sight of +the hideous spectre--for hideous and spectral, despite of jewels, +balsams, and brocades, must have been that unburied corpse, aping life in +attitude and vestment, but standing there only to assert its privilege of +descending into the tomb. The claim was granted, and Don John of Austria +at last found repose by the side of his imperial father. + +A sufficient estimate of his character has been apparent in the course of +the narrative. Dying before he had quite completed his thirty-third +year, he excites pity and admiration almost as much as censure. His +military career was a blaze of glory. Commanding in the Moorish wars at +twenty-three, and in the Turkish campaigns at twenty-six, he had achieved +a matchless renown before he had emerged from early youth; but his sun +was destined to go down at noon. He found neither splendor nor power in +the Netherlands, where he was deserted by his king and crushed by the +superior genius of the Prince of Orange. Although he vindicated his +martial skill at Gemblours, the victory was fruitless. It was but the +solitary sprig of the tiger from his jungle, and after that striking +conflict his life was ended in darkness and obscurity. Possessing +military genius of a high order, with extraordinary personal bravery, +he was the last of the paladins and the crusaders. His accomplishments +were also considerable, and he spoke Italian, German, French, and Spanish +with fluency. His beauty was remarkable; his personal fascinations +acknowledged by either sex; but as a commander of men, excepting upon the +battle-field, he possessed little genius. His ambition was the ambition +of a knight-errant, an adventurer, a Norman pirate; it was a personal and +tawdry ambition. Vague and contradictory dreams of crowns, of royal +marriages, of extemporized dynasties, floated ever before him; but he was +himself always the hero of his own romance. He sought a throne in Africa +or in Britain; he dreamed of espousing Mary of Scotland at the expense of +Elizabeth, and was even thought to aspire secretly to the hand of the +great English Queen herself. Thus, crusader and bigot as he was, he was +willing to be reconciled with heresy, if heresy could furnish him with a +throne. + +It is superfluous to state that he was no match, by mental endowments, +for William of Orange; but even had he been so, the moral standard by +which each measured himself placed the Conqueror far below the Father +of a people. It must be admitted that Don John is entitled to but small +credit for his political achievements in the Netherlands. He was +incapable of perceiving that the great contest between the Reformation +and the Inquisition could never be amicably arranged in those provinces, +and that the character of William of Orange was neither to be softened +by royal smiles, nor perverted by appeals to sordid interests. It would +have been perhaps impossible for him, with his education and temperament, +to have embraced what seems to us the right cause, but it ought, at +least, to have been in his power to read the character of his antagonist, +and to estimate his own position with something like accuracy. He may be +forgiven that he did not succeed in reconciling hostile parties, when his +only plan to accomplish such a purpose was the extermination of the most +considerable faction; but although it was not to be expected that he +would look on the provinces with the eyes of William the Silent, +he might have comprehended that the Netherland chieftain was neither +to be purchased nor cajoled. The only system by which the two religions +could live together in peace had been discovered by the Prince; but +toleration, in the eyes of Catholics, and of many Protestants, was still +thought the deadliest heresy of all. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Difficult for one friend to advise another in three matters +Establish not freedom for Calvinism, but freedom for conscience +Taxes upon income and upon consumption +Toleration thought the deadliest heresy of all + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1578 *** + +****** This file should be named 4830.txt or 4830.zip ******* + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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