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+The Project Gutenberg EBook The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1578
+#30 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
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+Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1578
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
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+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4830]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1578 ***
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 30
+
+THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1578
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+1855
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+     Towns taken by Don John--Wrath excited against the aristocratic
+     party by the recent defeat--Attempts upon Amsterdam--"Satisfaction"
+     of Amsterdam and its effects--De Selles sent with royal letters from
+     Spain--Terms offered by Philip--Proclamation of Don John--
+     Correspondence between de Selles and the States-General--Between the
+     King and the Governor-General--New forces raised by the States--St.
+     Aldegonde at the Diet--Municipal revolution in Amsterdam--The
+     Prince's letter on the subject of the Anabaptists of Middelburg--
+     The two armies inactive--De la None--Action at Rijnemants--John
+     Casimir--Perverse politics of Queen Elizabeth--Alencon in the
+     Netherlands--Portrait of the Duke--Orange's position in regard to
+     him--Avowed and supposed policy of the French court--Anger of
+     Elizabeth--Terms arranged between Alencon and the Estates--Renewed
+     negotiations with Don John--Severe terms offered him--Interview of
+     the English envoys with the Governor--Despondency of Don John--
+     Orange's attempts to enforce a religious peace--His isolation in
+     sentiment--The malcontent party--Count John Governor of Gelderland
+     --Proposed form of religious peace--Proclamation to that effect by
+     Orange, in Antwerp--A petition in favor of the Roman Church
+     presented by Champagny and other Catholic nobles to the States--
+     General--Consequent commotion in Brussels--Champagny and others
+     imprisoned--Indolence and poverty of the two armies--Illness and
+     melancholy of Don John--His letters to Doria, to Mendoza, and to the
+     King--Death of Don John--Suspicions of poison--Pompous burial--
+     Removal of his body to Spain--Concluding remarks upon his character.
+
+Don John having thus vindicated his own military fame and the amazing
+superiority of the Spanish arms, followed up his victory by the rapid
+reduction of many towns of second-rate importance Louvain, Judoigne,
+Tirlemont, Aerschot, Bauvignes, Sichem, Nivelle, Roeux, Soignies, Binch,
+Beaumont, Walcourt, Tviaubeuge, and Chimay, either submitted to their
+conqueror, or were taken after short sieges.  The usual atrocities were
+inflicted upon the unfortunate inhabitants of towns where resistance was
+attempted.  The commandant of Sichem was hanged out of his own window,
+along with several chief burghers and officers, while the garrison was
+put to the sword, and the bodies cast into the Denver.  The only crime
+committed by these unfortunates was to have ventured a blow or two in
+behalf of the firesides which they were employed to protect.
+
+In Brussels, on the other hand, there was less consternation excited by
+these events than boundless rage against the aristocratic party, for the
+defeat of Gemblours was attributed, with justice, to the intrigues and
+the incapacity of the Catholic magnates.  It was with difficulty that
+Orange, going about by night from house to house, from street to street,
+succeeded in calming the indignation of the people, and in preventing
+them from sweeping in a mass to the residence of the leading nobles, in
+order to inflict summary vengeance on the traitors.  All looked to the
+Prince as their only saviour, not a thought nor a word being wasted upon
+Matthias.  Not a voice was raised in the assembly to vindicate the secret
+proceedings of the Catholic party, nor to oppose the measures which the
+Prince might suggest.  The terrible disaster had taught the necessity of
+union.  All parties heartily joined in the necessary steps to place the
+capital in a state of complete defence, and to assemble forthwith new
+troops to take the place of the army just annihilated.  The victor gained
+nothing by his victory, in comparison with the profit acquired by the
+states through their common misfortune.  Nor were all the towns which
+had recently fallen into the hands of Don John at all comparable in
+importance to the city of Amsterdam, which now, by a most timely
+arrangement, furnished a rich compensation to the national party for the
+disaster of Gemblours.
+
+Since the conclusion of the Ghent Pacification, it had been the most
+earnest wish of the Prince, and of Holland and Zealand, to recover
+possession of this most important city.  The wish was naturally shared
+by every true patriot in the states-general.  It had, however, been
+extremely difficult to arrange the terms of the "Satisfaction."  Every
+fresh attempt at an amicable compromise was wrecked upon the obstinate
+bigotry of the leading civic authorities.  They would make no agreement
+to accept the authority of Orange, except, as Saint Aldegonde expressed
+himself; upon terms which would enable them "to govern their governor."
+The influence of the monks, who were resident in large numbers within the
+city, and of the magistrates, who were all stanch Catholics, had been
+hitherto sufficient to outweigh the efforts made by the large masses of
+the Reformed religionists composing the bulk of the population.  It was,
+however, impossible to allow Amsterdam to remain in this isolated and
+hostile attitude to the rest of Holland.  The Prince, having promised to
+use no coercion, and loyally adhering to his pledge, had only with
+extreme difficulty restrained the violence of the Hollanders and
+Zealanders, who were determined, by fair means or foul, to restore the
+capital city to its natural place within his stadholderate.  He had been
+obliged, on various occasions, particularly on the 21st of October of the
+preceding year, to address a most decided and peremptory letter to the
+estates of Holland and Zealand, forbidding the employment of hostile
+measures against Amsterdam.  His commands had been reluctantly,
+partially, and only temporarily obeyed.  The states desisted from
+their scheme of reducing the city by famine, but they did not the less
+encourage the secret and unofficial expeditions which were daily set on
+foot to accomplish the annexation by a sudden enterprise.
+
+Late in November, a desperate attempt had been made by Colonel Helling,
+in conjunction with Governor Sonoy, to carry the city by surprise.  The
+force which the adventurer collected for the purpose was inadequate, and
+his plans were unskilfully arranged.  He was himself slain in the
+streets, at the very commencement of the action; whereupon, in the quaint
+language of the contemporary chronicler, "the hearts of his soldiers sank
+in their shoes," and they evacuated the city with much greater rapidity
+than they had entered it.  The Prince was indignant at these violent
+measures, which retarded rather than advanced the desired consummation.
+At the same time it was an evil of immense magnitude--this anomalous
+condition of his capital.  Ceaseless schemes were concerted by the
+municipal and clerical conspirators within its walls, and various
+attempts were known, at different times, to have been contemplated by Don
+John, to inflict a home-thrust upon the provinces of Holland and Zealand
+at the most vulnerable and vital point.  The "Satisfaction" accepted by
+Utrecht, in the autumn of 1577, had, however, paved the way for the
+recovery of Amsterdam; so that upon February the 8th, 1578, certain
+deputies from Utrecht succeeded at last in arranging terms, which were
+accepted by the sister city.  The basis of the treaty was, as usual,
+the nominal supremacy of the Catholic religion, with toleration for the
+Reformed worship.  The necessary effect would be, as in Harlem, Utrecht,
+and other places, to establish the new religion upon an entire equality
+with the old.  It was arranged that no congregations were to be disturbed
+in their religious exercises in the places respectively assigned to them.
+Those of the Reformed faith were to celebrate their worship without the
+walls.  They were, however, to enjoy the right of burying their dead
+within these precincts, and it is singular how much importance was
+attached at that day to a custom, at which the common sentiment and the
+common sense of modern times revolt.  "To bury our dead within our own
+cities is a right hardly to be denied to a dog," said the Prince of
+Orange; and accordingly this right was amply secured by the new
+Satisfaction of Amsterdam.  It was, however, stipulated that the funerals
+should be modest, and attended by no more than twenty-four persons at
+once.  The treaty was hailed with boundless joy in Holland and Zealand,
+while countless benedictions were invoked upon the "blessed peace-
+makers," as the Utrecht deputies walked through the streets of Amsterdam.
+There is no doubt that the triumph thus achieved by the national party
+far counterbalanced the Governor-General's victory at Gemblours.
+
+Meantime, the Seigneur de Selles, brother of the deceased Noircarmes, had
+arrived from Spain.  He was the special bearer of a letter from the King
+to the states-general, written in reply to their communications of the
+24th of August and 8th of September of the previous year.  The tone of
+the royal despatch was very affectionate, the substance such as entirely
+to justify the whole policy of Orange.  It was obvious that the
+penetrating and steadfast statesman had been correct in refusing to be
+moved to the right or the left by the specious language of Philip's
+former letters, or by the apparent frankness of Don John.  No doubt the
+Governor had been sincere in his desire for peace, but the Prince knew
+very well his incapacity to confer that blessing.  The Prince knew--what
+no man else appeared fully to comprehend at that epoch--that the mortal
+combat between the Inquisition and the Reformation was already fully
+engaged.  The great battle between divine reason and right divine, on
+which the interests of unborn generations were hanging, was to be fought
+out, before the eyes of all Christendom, on the plain of the Netherlands.
+
+Orange was willing to lay down his arms if he could receive security for
+the Reformed worship.  He had no desire to exterminate the ancient
+religion, but he meant also to protect the new against extermination.
+Such security, he felt, would never be granted, and he had therefore
+resolutely refused to hearken to Don John, for he was sure that peace
+with him was impossible.  The letters now produced by De Selles confirmed
+his positions completely.  The King said not a word concerning the
+appointment of a new governor-general, but boldly insisted upon the
+necessity of maintaining the two cardinal points--his royal supremacy,
+and the Catholic religion upon the basis adopted by his father, the
+Emperor Charles the Fifth.
+
+This was the whole substance of his communication: the supremacy of
+royalty and of papacy as in the time of Charles the Fifth.  These
+cabalistic words were repeated twice in the brief letter to the estates.
+They were repeated five times in the instructions furnished by his
+Majesty to De Selles.  The letter and the instructions indeed contained
+nothing else.  Two simples were offered for the cure of the body politic,
+racked by the fever and convulsion of ten horrible years--two simples
+which the patient could hardly be so unreasonable as to reject--unlimited
+despotism and religious persecution.  The whole matter lay in a nut-
+shell, but it was a nut-shell which enclosed the flaming edicts of
+Charles the Fifth, with their scaffolds, gibbets, racks, and funeral
+piles.  The Prince and the states-general spurned such pacific overtures,
+and preferred rather to gird themselves for the combat.
+
+That there might be no mistake about the matter, Don John, immediately
+after receiving the letter, issued a proclamation to enforce the King's
+command.  He mentioned it as an acknowledged fact that the states-general
+had long ago sworn the maintenance of the two points of royal and
+Catholic supremacy, according to the practice under the Emperor Charles.
+The states instantly published an indignant rejoinder, affirming the
+indisputable truth, that they had sworn to the maintenance of the Ghent
+Pacification, and proclaiming the assertion of Don John an infamous
+falsehood.  It was an outrage upon common sense, they said, that the
+Ghent treaty could be tortured into sanctioning the placards and the
+Inquisition, evils which that sacred instrument had been expressly
+intended to crush.
+
+A letter was then formally addressed to his Majesty, in the name of the
+Archduke Matthias--and of the estates, demanding the recal of Don John
+and the, maintenance of the Ghent Pacification.  De Seller, in reply,
+sent a brief, deprecatory paper, enclosing a note from Don John, which
+the envoy acknowledged might seem somewhat harsh in its expressions.  The
+letter contained, indeed, a sufficiently fierce and peremptory summons to
+the states to obey the King's commands with regard to the system of
+Charles the Fifth, according to their previous agreement, together with a
+violent declaration of the Governor's displeasure that they had dared to
+solicit the aid of foreign princes.  On the 18th of February came a
+proposition from De Seller that the Prince, of Orange should place
+himself in the hands of Don John, while the Prince of Parma, alone and
+without arms, would come before the assembly, to negotiate with them upon
+these matters.  The reply returned by the states-general to this absurd
+suggestion expressed their regret that the son of the Duchess Margaret
+should have taken part with the enemy of the Netherlanders, complained of
+the bull by which the Pope had invited war against them as if they had
+been Saracens, repeated their most unanswerable argument--that the Ghent
+Pacification had established a system directly the reverse of that which
+existed under Charles the Fifth--and affirmed their resolution never more
+to submit to Spanish armies, executioners, edicts, or inquisitions, and
+never more to return to the principles of the Emperor and of Alva.  To
+this diplomatic correspondence succeeded a war of words and of pamphlets,
+some of them very inflammatory and very eloquent.  Meantime, the
+preparations for active hostilities were proceeding daily.  The Prince of
+Orange, through his envoys in England, had arranged for subsidies in the
+coming campaign, and for troops which were to be led to the Netherlands,
+under Duke Casimir of the palatinate.  He sent commissioners through the
+provinces to raise the respective contributions agreed upon, besides an
+extraordinary quota of four hundred thousand guilders monthly.  He also
+negotiated a loan of a hundred and twenty thousand guilders from the
+citizens of Antwerp.  Many new taxes were imposed by his direction, both
+upon income and upon consumption.  By his advice, however, and with the
+consent of the states-general, the provinces of Holland and Zealand held
+no community of burthens with the other provinces, but of their own free
+will contributed more than the sums for which they would have been
+assessed.  Mr. Leyton, who was about to return from his unsuccessful
+mission from Elizabeth to Don John, was requested by the states-general
+to convey to her Majesty a faithful report of the recent correspondence,
+and especially of the language held by the Governor-General.  He was also
+urged to use his influence with the Queen, to the end that her promises
+of assistance might be speedily fulfilled.
+
+Troops were rapidly enrolled, and again, by the same honest but mistaken
+policy, the chief offices were conferred upon the great nobles--Aerschot,
+Champagny, Bossu, Egmont, Lalain, the Viscount of Ghent, Baron de Ville,
+and many others, most of whom were to desert the cause in the hour of its
+need.  On the other hand, Don John was proceeding with his military
+preparations upon an extensive scale.  The King had recently furnished
+him with one million nine hundred thousand dollars, and had promised to
+provide him with two hundred thousand more, monthly.  With these funds
+his Majesty estimated that an army of thirty thousand foot, sixteen
+thousand cavalry, and thirty pieces of artillery, could be levied and
+kept on foot.  If more remittances should prove to be necessary, it was
+promised that they should be forthcoming.
+
+This was the result of many earnest remonstrances made by the Governor
+concerning the dilatory policy of the King.  Wearied with being
+constantly ordered "to blow hot and cold with the same, breath," he had
+insisted that his Majesty should select the hot or the cold, and furnish
+him with the means of enforcing the choice.  For himself, Don John
+assured his brother that the hottest measures were most to his taste, and
+most suitable to the occasion.  Fire and sword could alone save the royal
+authority, for all the provinces had "abandoned themselves, body and
+soul, to the greatest heretic and tyrant that prince ever had for
+vassal."  Unceasing had been the complaints and entreaties of the
+Captain-General, called forth by the apathy or irresolution of Philip.
+It was--only by assuring him that the Netherlands actually belonged to
+Orange, that the monarch could be aroused.  "His they are; and none
+other's," said the Governor, dolefully.  The King had accordingly sent
+back De Billy, Don John's envoy; with decided injunctions to use force
+and energy to put down the revolt at once, and with an intimation that
+funds might be henceforth more regularly depended upon, as the Indian
+fleets were expected in July.  Philip also advised his brother to employ
+a portion of his money in purchasing the governors and principal persons
+who controlled the cities and other strong places belonging to the
+states.
+
+Meantime, Don John thundered forth a manifesto which had been recently
+prepared in Madrid, by which the estates, both general and particular,
+were ordered forthwith to separate, and forbidden to assemble again,
+except by especial licence.  All commissions, civil or military, granted
+by states' authority, were moreover annulled, together with a general
+prohibition of any act of obedience to such functionaries, and of
+contribution to any imposts which might be levied by their authority.
+Such thunders were now comparatively harmless, for the states had taken
+their course, and were busily engaged, both at home and abroad, in arming
+for the conflict.  Saint Aldegonde was deputed to attend the Imperial
+diet, then in session at Worms, where he delivered an oration, which was
+very celebrated in its day as a composition, but, which can hardly be
+said to have produced much practical effect.  The current was setting
+hard in Germany against the Reformed religion and against the Netherland
+cause, the Augsburg Confessionists showing hardly more sympathy with
+Dutch Calvinists than with Spanish Papists.
+
+Envoys from Don John also attended the diet, and requested Saint
+Aldegonde to furnish them with a copy of his oration.  This he declined
+to do.  While in Germany, Saint Aldegonde was informed by John Casimir
+that Duke Charles of Sweden, had been solicited to furnish certain ships
+of war for a contemplated operation against Amsterdam.  The Duke had
+himself given information of this plot to the Prince Palatine.  It was
+therefore natural that Saint Aldegonde should forthwith despatch the
+intelligence to his friends in the Netherlands, warning them of the
+dangers still to be apprehended from the machinations of the Catholic
+agents and functionaries in Amsterdam; for although the Reformation had
+made rapid progress in that important city since the conclusion of the
+Satisfaction, yet the magistracy remained Catholic.
+
+William Bardez, son of a former high-sheriff, a warm partisan of
+Orange and of the "religion," had already determined to overthrow that
+magistracy and to expel the friars who infested the city.  The recent
+information despatched by Saint Aldegonde confirmed him in his purpose.
+There had been much wrangling between the Popish functionaries and those
+of the Reformed religion concerning the constitution of the burgher
+guard.  The Calvinists could feel no security for their own lives,
+or the repose of the commonwealth of Holland, unless they were themselves
+allowed a full participation in the government of those important bands.
+They were, moreover, dissatisfied with the assignment which had been made
+of the churchyards to the members of their communion.  These causes of
+discord had maintained a general irritation among the body of the
+inhabitants, and were now used as pretexts by Bardez for his design.
+He knew the city to be ripe for the overthrow of the magistracy, and he
+had arranged with Governor Sonoy to be furnished with a sufficient number
+of well-tried soldiers, who were to be concealed in the houses of the
+confederates.  A large number of citizens were also ready to appear at
+his bidding with arms in their hands.
+
+On the 24th of May, he wrote to Sonoy, begging him to hold himself in
+readiness, as all was prepared within the city.  At the same time, he
+requested the governor to send him forthwith a "morion and a buckler of
+proof;" for, he intended to see the matter fairly through.  Sonoy
+answered encouragingly, and sent him the armor, as directed.  On the 28th
+of May, Bardez, with four confederates, went to the council-room, to
+remonstrate with the senate concerning the grievances which had been so
+often discussed.  At about mid-day, one of the confederates, upon leaving
+the council-room, stepped out for a moment upon the balcony, which looked
+towards the public square.  Standing there for a moment, he gravely
+removed his hat, and then as gravely replaced it upon his head.  This was
+a preconcerted signal.  At the next instant a sailor was seen to rush
+across the square, waving a flag in both hands.  "All ye who love the
+Prince of Orange, take heart and follow me!"  he shouted.  In a moment
+the square was alive.  Soldiers and armed citizens suddenly sprang forth,
+as if from the bowels of the earth.  Bardez led a strong force directly
+into the council-chamber, and arrested every one of the astonished
+magistrates.  At the same time, his confederates had scoured the town and
+taken every friar in the city into custody.  Monks and senators were then
+marched solemnly down towards the quay, where a vessel was in readiness
+to receive them.  "To the gallows with them--to the gallows with them!"
+shouted the populace, as they passed along.  "To the gibbet, whither they
+have brought many a good fellow before his time!"  Such were the openly,
+expressed desires of their fellow-citizens, as these dignitaries and holy
+men proceeded to what they believed their doom.  Although treated
+respectfully by those who guarded them, they were filled with
+trepidation, for they believed the execrations of the populace the
+harbingers of their fate.  As they entered the vessel, they felt
+convinced that a watery death had been substituted for the gibbet.
+Poor old Heinrich Dirckzoon, ex-burgomaster, pathetically rejected a
+couple of clean shirts which his careful wife had sent him by the hands
+of the housemaid.  "Take them away; take them home again," said the
+rueful burgomaster; "I shall never need clean shirts again in this
+world."  He entertained no doubt that it was the intention of his
+captors to scuttle the vessel as soon as they had put a little out
+to sea, and so to leave them to their fate.  No such tragic end was
+contemplated, however, and, in fact, never was a complete municipal
+revolution accomplished in so good-natured and jocose a manner.  The
+Catholic magistrates and friars escaped with their fright.  They were
+simply turned out of town, and forbidden, for their lives, ever to come
+back again.  After the vessel had proceeded a little distance from the
+city, they were all landed high and dry upon a dyke, and so left unharmed
+within the open country.
+
+A new board of magistrates, of which stout William Bardez was one, was
+soon appointed; the train-bands were reorganized, and the churches thrown
+open to the Reformed worship--to the exclusion, at first, of the
+Catholics.  This was certainly contrary to the Ghent treaty, and to the
+recent Satisfaction; it was also highly repugnant to the opinions of
+Orange.  After a short time, accordingly, the Catholics were again
+allowed access to the churches, but the tables had now been turned for
+ever in the capital of Holland, and the Reformation was an established
+fact throughout that little province.
+
+Similar events occurring upon the following day at Harlem, accompanied
+with some bloodshed--for which, however, the perpetrator was punished
+with death--opened the great church of that city to the Reformed
+congregations, and closed them for a time to the Catholics.
+
+Thus, the cause of the new religion was triumphant in Holland and
+Zealand, while it was advancing with rapid strides through the other
+provinces.  Public preaching was of daily occurrence everywhere.  On a
+single Sunday; fifteen different ministers of the Reformed religion
+preached in different places in Antwerp.  "Do you think this can be
+put down?"  said Orange to the remonstrating burgomaster of that city.
+"'Tis for you to repress it," said the functionary, "I grant your
+Highness full power to do so."  "And do you think," replied the Prince,
+"that I can do at this late moment, what the Duke of Alva was unable to
+accomplish in the very plenitude of his power?"  At the same time, the
+Prince of Orange was more than ever disposed to rebuke his own Church for
+practising persecution in her turn.  Again he lifted his commanding voice
+in behalf of the Anabaptists of Middelburg.  He reminded the magistrates
+of that city that these peaceful burghers were always perfectly willing
+to bear their part in all the common burthens, that their word was as
+good as their oath, and that as to the matter of military service,
+although their principles forbade them to bear arms, they had ever been
+ready to provide and pay for substitutes.  "We declare to you therefore,"
+said he, "that you have no right to trouble yourselves with any man's
+conscience, so long as nothing is done to cause private harm or public
+scandal.  We therefore expressly ordain that you desist from molesting
+these Baptists, from offering hindrance to their handicraft and daily
+trade, by which they can earn bread for their wives and children, and
+that you permit them henceforth to open their shops and to do their work,
+according to the custom of former days.  Beware, therefore, of
+disobedience and of resistance to the ordinance which we now establish."
+
+Meantime, the armies on both sides had been assembled, and had been
+moving towards each other.  Don John was at the head of nearly thirty
+thousand troops, including a large proportion of Spanish and Italian
+veterans.  The states' army hardly numbered eighteen thousand foot and
+two thousand cavalry, under the famous Francois de la None, surnamed Bras
+de Fer, who had been recently appointed Marechal de Camp, and, under
+Count Bossu, commander-in-chief.  The muster-place of the provincial
+forces was in the plains between Herenthals and Lier.  At this point they
+expected to be reinforced by Duke Casimir, who had been, since the early
+part of the summer, in the country of Zutfen, but who was still remaining
+there inglorious and inactive, until he could be furnished with the
+requisite advance-money to his troops.  Don John was determined if
+possible, to defeat the states army, before Duke Casimir, with his twelve
+thousand Germans, should effect his juncture with Bossu.  The Governor
+therefore crossed the Demer, near Aerschot, towards the end of July, and
+offered battle, day after day, to the enemy.  A series of indecisive
+skirmishes was the result, in the last of which, near Rijnemants, on the
+first day of August, the royalists were worsted and obliged to retire,
+after a desultory action of nearly eight hours, leaving a thousand dead.
+upon the field.   Their offer of "double or quits," the following morning
+was steadily refused by Bossu, who, secure within his intrenchments, was
+not to be induced at that moment to encounter the chances of a general
+engagement.  For this he was severely blamed by the more violent of the
+national party.
+
+His patriotism, which was of such recent origin, was vehemently
+suspected; and his death, which occurred not long afterwards, was
+supposed to have alone prevented his deserting the states to fight again
+under Spanish colours.  These suspicions were probably unjust.  Bossu's
+truth of character had been as universally recognized as was his signal
+bravery.  If he refused upon this occasion a general battle, those
+who reflected upon the usual results to the patriot banner of such
+engagements, might confess, perhaps, that one disaster the more had been
+avoided.  Don John, finding it impossible to accomplish his purpose, and
+to achieve another Gemblours victory, fell back again to the
+neighbourhood of Namur.
+
+The states' forces remained waiting for the long-promised succor of John
+Casimir.  It was the 26th of August, however, before the Duke led his
+twelve thousand men to the neighbourhood of Mechlin, where Bossu was
+encamped.  This young prince possessed neither the ability nor the
+generosity which were requisite for the heroic part which he was
+ambitious to perform in the Netherland drama.  He was inspired by a vague
+idea of personal aggrandizement, although he professed at the same time
+the utmost deference to William of Orange.  He expressed the hope that he
+and the Prince "should be but two heads under one hat;" but he would have
+done well to ask himself whether his own contribution to this partnership
+of brains would very much enrich the silent statesman.  Orange himself
+regarded him with respectful contempt, and considered his interference
+with Netherland matters but as an additional element of mischief.  The
+Duke's right hand man, however, Peter Peutterich, the "equestrian
+doctor"--as Sir Philip Sydney called him--equally skilful with the sword
+as with the pen, had succeeded, while on a mission to England, in
+acquiring the Queen's favor for his master.  To Casimir, therefore, had
+been entrusted the command of the levies, and the principal expenditure
+of the subsidies which she had placed at the disposition of the states.
+Upon Casimir she relied, as a counterweight to the Duke of Alencon, who,
+as she knew, had already entered the provinces at the secret solicitation
+of a large faction among the nobles.  She had as much confidence as ever
+in Orange, but she imagined herself to be strengthening his cause by
+providing him with such a lieutenant.  Casimir's immediate friends had
+but little respect for his abilities.  His father-in-law, Augustus of
+Saxony, did not approve his expedition.  The Landgrave William, to whom
+he wrote for counsel, answered, in his quaint manner, that it was always
+difficult for one friend to advise another in three matters--to wit, in
+taking a wife, going to sea, and going to war; but that, nevertheless,
+despite the ancient proverb, he would assume the responsibility of
+warning Casimir not to plunge into what he was pleased to call the
+"'confusum chaos' of Netherland politics."  The Duke felt no inclination,
+however, to take the advice which he had solicited.  He had been stung by
+the sarcasm which Alva had once uttered, that the German potentates
+carried plenty of lions, dragons, eagles, and griffins on their shields;
+but that these ferocious animals were not given to biting or scratching.
+He was therefore disposed, once for all, to show that the teeth and claws
+of German princes could still be dangerous.  Unfortunately, he was
+destined to add a fresh element of confusion to the chaos, and to furnish
+rather a proof than a refutation of the correctness of Alva's gibe.
+
+This was the hero who was now thrust, head and shoulders as it were, into
+the entangled affairs of the Netherlanders, and it was Elizabeth of
+England, more than ever alarmed at the schemes of Alencon, who had pushed
+forward this Protestant champion, notwithstanding the disinclination of
+Orange.
+
+The Queen was right in her uneasiness respecting the French prince.  The
+Catholic nobles, relying upon the strong feeling still rife throughout
+the Walloon country against the Reformed religion, and inflamed more than
+ever by their repugnance to Orange, whose genius threw them so completely
+into the shade, had already drawn closer to the Duke.  The same
+influences were at work to introduce Alencon, which had formerly been
+employed to bring Matthias from Vienna.  Now that the Archduke, who was
+to have been the rival, had become the dependent of William, they turned
+their attention to the son of Catherine de Medici, Orange himself having
+always kept the Duke in reserve, as an instrument to overcome the
+political coquetry of Elizabeth.  That great Princess never manifested
+less greatness than in her earlier and most tormenting connexion with the
+Netherlands.  Having allured them for years with bright but changeful
+face, she still looked coldly down upon the desolate sea where they were
+drifting She had promised much; her performance had been nothing.  Her
+jealousy of French influence had at length been turned to account; a
+subsidy and a levy extorted from her fears.  Her ministers and prominent
+advisers were one and all in favor of an open and generous support to the
+provinces.  Walsingham, Burleigh, Knollys, Davidson, Sidney, Leicester,
+Fleetwood, Wilson, all desired that she should frankly espouse their
+cause.  A bold policy they believed to be the only prudent one in this
+case; yet the Queen considered it sagacious to despatch envoys both to
+Philip and to Don John, as if after what they knew of her secret
+practices, such missions could effect any useful purpose.  Better,
+therefore, in the opinion of the honest and intrepid statesmen of
+England, to throw down the gauntlet at once in the cause of the oppressed
+than to shuffle and palter until the dreaded rival should cross the
+frontier.  A French Netherlands they considered even mere dangerous than
+a Spanish, and Elizabeth partook of their sentiments, although incapable
+of their promptness.  With the perverseness which was the chief blot upon
+her character, she was pleased that the Duke should be still a dangler
+for her hand, even while she was intriguing against his political hopes.
+She listened with undisguised rapture to his proposal of love, while she
+was secretly thwarting the plans of his ambition.
+
+Meanwhile, Alencon had arrived at Mons, and we have seen already the
+feminine adroitness with which his sister of Navarre had prepared his
+entrance.  Not in vain had she cajoled the commandant of Cambray citadel;
+not idly had she led captive the hearts of Lalain and his Countess, thus
+securing the important province of Hainault for the Duke.  Don John
+might, indeed, gnash his teeth with rage, as he marked the result of all
+the feasting and flattery, the piping and dancing at Namur.
+
+Francis Duke of Alencon, and since the accession of his brother Henry to
+the French throne--Duke of Anjou was, upon the whole, the most despicable
+personage who had ever entered the Netherlands.  His previous career at
+home had, been so flagrantly false that he had forfeited the esteem of
+every honest man in Europe, Catholic or Lutheran, Huguenot or Malcontent.
+The world has long known his character.  History will always retain him
+as an example, to show mankind the amount of mischief which may be
+perpetrated by a prince, ferocious without courage, ambitious without
+talent, and bigoted without opinions.  Incapable of religious convictions
+himself, he had alternately aspired to be a commander of Catholic and of
+Huguenot zealots, and he had acquired nothing by his vacillating course,
+save the entire contempt of all parties and of both religions.  Scared
+from the aide of Navarre and Conde by the menacing attitude of the
+"league," fearing to forfeit the succession to the throne, unless he made
+his peace with the court, he had recently resumed his place among the
+Catholic commanders.  Nothing was easier for him than to return
+shamelessly to a party which he had shamelessly deserted, save perhaps to
+betray it again, should his interest prompt him to do so, on the morrow.
+Since the peace of 1576, it had been evident that the Protestants could
+not count upon his friendship, and he had soon afterwards been placed at
+the head of the army which was besieging the Huguenots of Issoire.  He
+sought to atone for having commanded the troops of the new religion by
+the barbarity with which he now persecuted its votaries.  When Issoire
+fell into his hands, the luckless city was spared none of the misery
+which can be inflicted by a brutal and frenzied soldiery.  Its men were
+butchered, its females outraged; its property plundered with a
+thoroughness which rivalled the Netherland practice of Alva, or Frederic
+Toledo, or Julian Romero.  The town was sacked and burned to ashes by
+furious Catholics, under the command of Francis Alencon,--almost at the
+very moment when his fair sister, Margaret, was preparing the way in the
+Netherlands for the fresh treason--which he already meditated to the
+Catholic cause.  The treaty of Bergerac, signed in the autumn of 1577,
+again restored a semblance of repose to France, and again afforded an
+opportunity for Alencon to change his politics, and what he called his
+religion.  Reeking with the blood of the Protestants of Issoire, he was
+now at leisure to renew his dalliance with the Queen of Protestant
+England, and to resume his correspondence with the great-chieftain of the
+Reformation in the Netherlands.
+
+It is perhaps an impeachment upon the perspicacity of Orange, that he
+could tolerate this mischievous and worthless "son of France," even for
+the grave reasons which influenced him.  Nevertheless, it must be
+remembered that he only intended to keep him in reserve, for the purpose
+of irritating the jealousy and quickening the friendship of the English
+Queen.  Those who see anything tortuous in such politics must beware of
+judging the intriguing age of Philip and Catherine de' Medici by the
+higher standard of later, and possibly more candid times.  It would have
+been puerile for a man of William the Silent's resources, to allow
+himself to be outwitted by the intrigues of all the courts and cabinets
+in Europe.  Moreover, it must be remembered that, if he alone could guide
+himself and his country through the perplexing labyrinth in which they
+were involved; it was because he held in his hand the clue of an honest
+purpose.  His position in regard to the Duke of Alencon, had now become
+sufficiently complicated, for the tiger that he had led in a chain had
+been secretly unloosed by those who meant mischief.  In the autumn of the
+previous year, the aristocratic and Catholic party in the states-general
+had opened their communications with a prince, by whom they hoped to be
+indemnified for their previous defeat.
+
+The ill effects of Elizabeth's coquetry too plainly manifested themselves
+at last, and Alencon had now a foothold in the Netherlands.  Precipitated
+by the intrigues of the party which had always been either openly or
+secretly hostile to Orange, his advent could no longer be delayed.  It
+only remained for the Prince to make himself his master, as he had
+already subdued each previous rival.  This he accomplished with his
+customary adroitness.  It was soon obvious, even to so dull and so base a
+nature as that of the Duke, that it was his best policy to continue to
+cultivate so powerful a friendship.  It cost him little to crouch, but
+events were fatally, to prove at a later day, that there are natures too
+malignant to be trusted or to be tamed.  For the present, however,
+Alencon professed the most friendly sentiments towards the Prince.
+Solicited by so ardent and considerable a faction, the Duke was no longer
+to be withheld from trying the venture, and if, he could not effect his
+entrance by fair means, was determined to do so by force.--He would
+obtrude his assistance, if it were declined.  He would do his best to
+dismember the provinces, if only a portion of them would accept his
+proffered friendship.  Under these circumstances, as the Prince could no
+longer exclude him from the country, it became necessary to accept his
+friendship, and to hold him in control.  The Duke had formally offered
+his assistance to the states-general, directly after the defeat of
+Gemblours, and early in July had made his appearance in Mons.  Hence he
+despatched his envoys, Des Pruneaux and Rochefort, to deal with the
+States-general and with Orange, while he treated Matthias with contempt,
+and declared that he had no intention to negotiate with him.  The
+Archduke burst into tears when informed of this slight; and feebly
+expressed a wish that succor might be found in Germany which would render
+this French alliance unnecessary.  It was not the first nor the last
+mortification which the future Emperor was to undergo.  The Prince was
+addressed with distinguished consideration; Des Pruneaux protesting that
+he desired but three things--the glory of his master, the glory of God,
+and the glory of William of Orange.
+
+The French King was naturally supposed to be privy to his brother's
+schemes, for it was thought ridiculous to suggest that Henry's own troops
+could be led by his own brother, on this foreign expedition, without his
+connivance.  At the same time, private letters, written by him at this
+epoch, expressed disapprobation of the schemes of Alencon, and jealousy
+of his aggrandizement.  It was, perhaps, difficult to decide as to the
+precise views of a monarch who was too weak to form opinions for himself,
+and too false to maintain those with which he had been furnished by
+others.  With the Medicean mother it was different, and it was she who
+was believed to be at the bottom of the intrigue.  There was even a vague
+idea that the Spanish Sovereign himself might be privy to the plot, and
+that a possible marriage between Alencon and the Infanta might be on the
+cards.  In truth, however, Philip felt himself outraged by the whole
+proceedings.  He resolutely refused to accept the excuses proffered by
+the French court, or to doubt the complicity of the Queen Dowager, who,
+it was well known, governed all her sons.  She had, to be sure, thought
+proper to read the envoys of the states-general a lecture upon the
+impropriety of subjects opposing the commands of their lawful Prince, but
+such artifices were thought too transparent to deceive.  Granvelle
+scouted the idea of her being ignorant of Anjou's scheme, or opposed to
+its success.  As for William of Hesse, while he bewailed more than ever
+the luckless plunge into "confusum chaos" which Casimir had taken, he
+unhesitatingly expressed his conviction that the invasion of Alencon was
+a master-piece of Catherine.  The whole responsibility of the transaction
+he divided, in truth, between the Dowager and the comet, which just then
+hung over the world, filling the soul of the excellent Landgrave with
+dismal apprehension.
+
+The Queen of England was highly incensed by the actual occurrence
+of the invasion which she had so long dreaded.  She was loud in her
+denunciations of the danger and dishonor which would be the result to the
+provinces of this French alliance.  She threatened not only to withdraw
+herself from their cause, but even to take arms against a commonwealth
+which had dared to accept Alencon for its master.  She had originally
+agreed to furnish one hundred thousand pounds by way of loan.  This
+assistance had been afterwards commuted into a levy of three thousand
+foot and-two thousand horse, to be added to the forces of John Casimir,
+and to be placed under his command.  It had been stipulated; also, that
+the Palatine should have the rank and pay of an English general-in-chief,
+and be considered as the Queen's lieutenant.  The money had been
+furnished and the troops enrolled.  So much had been already bestowed,
+and could not be recalled, but it was not probable that, in her present
+humor, the Queen would be induced to add to her favors.
+
+The Prince, obliged by the necessity of the case, had prescribed the
+terms and the title under which Alencon should be accepted.  Upon the
+13th of August the Duke's envoy concluded a convention in twenty-three
+articles; which were afterwards subscribed by the Duke himself, at Mons,
+upon the twentieth of the same month.  The substance of this arrangement
+was that Alencon should lend his assistance to the provinces against the
+intolerable tyranny of the Spaniards and the unjustifiable military
+invasion of Don John.  He was, moreover, to bring into the field ten
+thousand foot and two thousand horse for three months.  After the
+expiration of this term, his forces might be reduced to three thousand
+foot and five hundred horse.  The states were to confer upon him the
+title of "Defender of the Liberty of the Netherlands against the Tyranny
+of the Spaniards and their adherents."  He was to undertake no
+hostilities against Queen Elizabeth.  The states were to aid him,
+whenever it should become necessary, with the same amount of force with
+which he now assisted them.  He was to submit himself contentedly to the
+civil government of the country, in everything regarding its internal
+polity.  He was to make no special contracts or treaties with any cities
+or provinces of the Netherlands.  Should the states-general accept
+another prince as sovereign, the Duke was to be preferred to all others,
+upon conditions afterwards to be arranged.  All cities which might be
+conquered within the territory of the united provinces were to belong to
+the states.  Such places not in that territory, as should voluntarily
+surrender, were to be apportioned, by equal division, between the Duke
+and the states.  The Duke was to bring no foreign troops but French into
+the provinces.  The month of August was reserved, during which the states
+were, if possible, to make a composition with Don John.
+
+These articles were certainly drawn up with skill.  A high-sounding but
+barren title, which gratified the Duke's vanity and signified nothing,
+had been conferred upon him, while at the same time he was forbidden to
+make conquests or contracts, and was obliged to submit himself to the
+civil government of the country: in short, he was to obey the Prince
+of Orange in all things--and so here was another plot of the Prince's
+enemies neutralized.  Thus, for the present at least, had the position
+of Anjou been defined.
+
+As the month of August, during which it was agreed that negotiations with
+the Governor-General should remain open, had already half expired,
+certain articles, drawn up by the states-general, were at once laid
+before Don John.  Lord Cobham and Sir Francis Walsingham were then in the
+Netherlands, having been sent by Elizabeth for the purpose of effecting a
+pacification of the estates with the Governor, if possible.  They had
+also explained--so far as an explanation was possible--the assistance
+which the English government had rendered to the rebels, upon the ground
+that the French invasion could be prevented in no other way.  This
+somewhat lame apology had been passed over in silence rather than
+accepted by Don John.  In the same interview the envoys made an equally
+unsuccessful effort to induce the acceptance by the Governor of the terms
+offered by the states.  A further proposition, on their part, for an
+"Interim," upon the plan attempted by Charles the Fifth in Germany,
+previously to the Peace of Passau, met with no more favor than it
+merited, for certainly that name--which became so odious in Germany that
+cats and dogs were called "Interim" by the common people, in derision--
+was hardly a potent word to conjure with, at that moment, in the
+Netherlands.  They then expressed their intention of retiring to England,
+much grieved at the result of their mission.  The Governor replied that
+they might do as they liked, but that he, at least, had done all in his
+power to bring about a peace, and that the King had been equally pacific
+in his intentions.  He then asked the envoys what they themselves thought
+of the terms proposed.  "Indeed, they are too hard, your Highness,"
+answered Walsingham, "but 'tis only by pure menace that we have extorted
+them from the states, unfavorable though they, seem."
+
+"Then you may tell them," replied the Governor, "to keep their offers to
+themselves.  Such terms will go but little way in any negotiation with
+me."
+
+The envoys shrugged their shoulders.
+
+"What is your own opinion on the whole affair?"  resumed Don John.
+"Perhaps your advice may yet help me to a better conclusion."
+
+The envoys continued silent and pensive.
+
+"We can only answer," said Walsingham, at length, "by imitating the
+physician, who would prescribe no medicine until he was quite sure that
+the patient was ready to swallow it.  'Tis no use wasting counsel or
+drugs."
+
+The reply was not satisfactory, but the envoys had convinced themselves
+that the sword was the only surgical instrument likely to find favor at
+that juncture.  Don John referred, in vague terms, to his peaceable
+inclinations, but protested that there was no treating with so unbridled
+a people as the Netherlanders.  The ambassadors soon afterwards took
+their leave.  After this conference, which was on the 24th of August,
+1578, Walsingham and Cobham addressed a letter to the states-general,
+deploring the disingenuous and procrastinating conduct of the Governor,
+and begging that the failure to effect a pacification might not be
+imputed to them.  They then returned to England.
+
+The Imperial envoy, Count Schwartzburg, at whose urgent solicitation this
+renewed attempt at a composition had been made, was most desirous that
+the Governor should accept the articles.  They formed, indeed, the basis
+of a liberal, constitutional, representative government, in which the
+Spanish monarch was to retain only a strictly limited sovereignty.  The
+proposed convention required Don John, with all his troops and adherents,
+forthwith to leave the land after giving up all strongholds and cities in
+his possession.  It provided that the Archduke Matthias should remain as
+Governor general, under the conditions according to which he had been
+originally accepted.  It left the question of religious worship to the
+decision of the states-general.  It provided for the release of all
+prisoners, the return of all exiles, the restoration of all confiscated
+property.  It stipulated that upon the death or departure of Matthias,
+his Majesty was not to appoint a governor-general without the consent of
+the states-general.
+
+When Count Schwartzburg waited upon the Governor with these astonishing
+propositions--which Walsingham might well call somewhat hard--he found
+him less disposed to explode with wrath than he had been in previous
+conferences.  Already the spirit of the impetuous young soldier was
+broken, both by the ill health which was rapidly undermining his
+constitution and by the helpless condition in which he had been left
+while contending with the great rebellion.  He had soldiers, but no money
+to pay them withal; he had no means of upholding that supremacy of crown
+and church which he was so vigorously instructed to maintain; and he was
+heartily wearied of fulminating edicts which he had no power to enforce.
+He had repeatedly solicited his recal, and was growing daily more
+impatient that his dismissal did not arrive.  Moreover, the horrible news
+of Escovedo's assassination had sickened him to the soul.  The deed had
+flashed a sudden light into the abyss of dark duplicity in which his own
+fate was suspended.  His most intimate and confidential friend had been
+murdered by royal command, while he was himself abandoned by Philip,
+exposed to insult, left destitute of defence.  No money was forthcoming,
+in spite of constant importunities and perpetual promises.  Plenty of
+words were sent him; he complained, as if he possessed the art of
+extracting gold from them, or as if war could be carried on with words
+alone.
+
+Being in so desponding a mood, he declined entering into any controversy
+with regard to the new propositions, which, however, he characterized as
+most iniquitous.  He stated merely that his Majesty had determined to
+refer the Netherland matters to the arbitration of the Emperor; that the
+Duke de Terra Nova would soon be empowered to treat upon the subject at
+the imperial court; and that, in the meantime, he was himself most
+anxiously awaiting his recal.
+
+A synod of the Reformed churches had been held, during the month of June,
+at Dort.  There they had laid down a platform of their principles of
+church government in one hundred and one articles.  In the same month,
+the leading members of the Reformed Church had drawn up an ably reasoned
+address to Matthias and the Council of State on the subject of a general
+peace of religion for the provinces.
+
+William of Orange did his utmost to improve the opportunity.  He sketched
+a system of provisional toleration, which he caused to be signed by the
+Archduke Matthias, and which, at least for a season, was to establish
+religious freedom.  The brave; tranquil, solitary man still held his
+track across the raging waves, shedding as much light as one clear human
+soul could dispense; yet the dim lantern, so far in advance, was
+swallowed in the mist, ere those who sailed in his wake could shape their
+course by his example.  No man understood him.  Not even his nearest
+friends comprehended his views, nor saw that he strove to establish not
+freedom for Calvinism, but freedom for conscience.  Saint Aldegonde
+complained that the Prince would not persecute the Anabaptists, Peter
+Dathenus denounced him as an atheist, while even Count John; the only
+one left of his valiant and generous brothers, opposed the religious
+peace--except where the advantage was on the side of the new religion.
+Where the Catholics had been effectually put down, as in Holland and
+Zealand, honest John saw so reason for allowing them to lift themselves
+up again.  In the Popish provinces, on the other hand, he was for a
+religious peace.  In this bigoted spirit he was followed by too many of
+the Reforming mass, while, on their part, the Walloons were already
+banding themselves together in the more southern provinces, under the
+name of Malcontents.  Stigmatized by the Calvinists as "Paternoster
+Jacks," they were daily drawing closer their alliance with Alencon; and
+weakening the bands which united them with their Protestant brethren.
+Count John had at length become a permanent functionary in the
+Netherlands.  Urgently solicited by the leaders and the great multitude
+of the Reformers, he had long been unwilling to abandon his home, and to
+neglect the private affairs which his devotion to the Netherland cause
+had thrown into great confusion.  The Landgrave, too, whose advice he had
+asked, had strongly urged him not to "dip his fingers into the olla
+podrida."  The future of the provinces was, in his opinion, so big with
+disaster, that the past, with all its horrors; under Alva and Requesens,
+had only furnished the "preludia" of that which was to ensue.  For these
+desperate views his main reason, as usual, was the comet; that
+mischievous luminary still continuing to cast a lurid glare across the
+Landgrave's path.  Notwithstanding these direful warnings from a prince
+of the Reformation, notwithstanding the "olla podrida" and the "comet,"
+Count John had nevertheless accepted the office of Governor of
+Gelderland, to which he had been elected by the estates of that province
+on the 11th of March.  That important bulwark of Holland, Zealand, and
+Utrecht on the one side, and of Groningen and Friesland on the other--the
+main buttress, in short, of the nascent republic, was now in hands which
+would defend it to the last.
+
+As soon as the discussion came up in the states-general on the subject of
+the Dort petitions, Orange requested that every member who had formed his
+opinions should express them fully and frankly.  All wished, however, to
+be guided and governed by the sentiments of the Prince.  Not a man spoke,
+save to demand their leader's views, and to express adhesion in advance
+to the course which his wisdom might suggest.  The result was a projected
+convention, a draft for a religious peace,  which, if definitely
+established, would have healed many wounds and averted much calamity.
+It was not, however, destined to be accepted at that time by the states
+of the different provinces where it was brought up for discussion; and
+several changes were made, both of form and substance, before the system
+was adopted at all.  Meantime, for the important city of Antwerp, where
+religious broils were again on the point of breaking out, the Prince
+preferred a provisional arrangement, which he forthwith carried into
+execution.  A proclamation, in the name of the Archduke Matthias and of
+the State Council, assigned five special places in the city where the
+members of the "pretended Reformed religion" should have liberty to
+exercise their religious worship, with preaching, singing, and the
+sacraments.  The churchyards of the parochial churches were to be opened
+for the burial of their dead, but the funerals were to be unaccompanied
+with exhortation, or any public demonstration which might excite
+disturbance.  The adherents of one religion were forbidden to disturb, to
+insult, or in any way to interfere with the: solemnities of the other.
+All were to abstain from mutual jeerings--by pictures, ballads, books, or
+otherwise--and from all injuries to ecclesiastical property.  Every man,
+of whatever religion, was to be permitted entrance to the churches of
+either religion, and when there, all were to conform to the regulations
+of the church with modesty and respect.  Those of the new religion were
+to take oaths of obedience to the authorities, and to abstain from
+meddling with the secular administration of affairs.  Preachers of both
+religions were forbidden to preach out of doors, or to make use of
+language tending to sedition.  All were to bind themselves to assist the
+magistrates in quelling riots, and in sustaining the civil government.
+
+This example of religious peace, together with the active correspondence
+thus occasioned with the different state assemblies, excited the jealousy
+of the Catholic leaders and of the Walloon population.  Champagny, who
+despite his admirable qualities and brilliant services, was still unable
+to place himself on the same platform of toleration with Orange, now
+undertook a decided movement against the policy of the Prince.  Catholic
+to the core, he drew up a petition, remonstrating most vigorously against
+the draft for a religions peace, then in circulation through the
+provinces.  To this petition he procured many signatures among the more
+ardent Catholic nobles.  De Heze, De Glimes, and others of the same
+stamp, were willing enough to follow the lead of so distinguished a
+chieftain.  The remonstrance was addressed to the Archduke, the Prince of
+Orange, the State Council, and the States-general, and called upon them
+all to abide by their solemn promises to permit no schism in the ancient
+Church.  Should the exercise of the new religion be allowed, the
+petitioners insisted that the godless licentiousness of the Netherlands
+would excite the contempt of all peoples and potentates.  They suggested,
+in conclusion, that all the principal cities of France--and in particular
+the city of Paris--had kept themselves clear of the exercise of the new
+religion, and that repose and prosperity had been the result.
+
+This petition was carried with considerable solemnity by Champagny,
+attended by many of his confederates, to the Hotel-de Ville, and
+presented to the magistracy of Brussels.  These functionaries were
+requested to deliver it forthwith to the Archduke and Council.  The
+magistrates demurred.  A discussion ensued, which grew warmer and warmer
+as it proceeded.  The younger nobles permitted themselves abusive
+language, which the civic dignitaries would not brook.  The session
+was dissolved, and the magistrates, still followed by the petitioners,
+came forth into the street.  The confederates, more inflamed than ever,
+continued to vociferate and to threaten.  A crowd soon collected in the
+square.  The citizens were naturally curious to know why their senators
+were thus browbeaten and insulted by a party of insolent young Catholic
+nobles.  The old politician at their head, who, in spite of many
+services, was not considered a friend to the nation, inspired them with
+distrust.  Being informed of the presentation of the petition, the
+multitude loudly demanded that the document should be read.  This was
+immediately done.  The general drift of the remonstrance was anything but
+acceptable, but the allusion to Paris, at the close, excited a tempest of
+indignation.  "Paris!  Paris!  Saint Bartholomew!  Saint Bartholomew!
+Are we to have Paris weddings in Brussels also?"  howled the mob, as is
+often the case, extracting but a single idea, and that a wrong one; from
+the public lecture which had just been made.  "Are we to have a Paris
+massacre, a Paris blood-bath here in the Netherland capital?  God forbid!
+God forbid!  Away with the conspirators!  Down with the Papists!"
+
+It was easily represented to the inflamed imaginations of the populace
+that a Brussels Saint Bartholomew had been organized, and that Champagny,
+who stood there before them, was its originator and manager.  The
+ungrateful Netherlanders forgot the heroism with which the old soldier
+had arranged the defence of Antwerp against the "Spanish Fury" but two
+years before.  They heard only the instigations of his enemies; they
+remembered only that he was the hated Granvelle's brother; they believed
+only that there was a plot by which, in some utterly incomprehensible
+manner, they were all to be immediately engaged in cutting each others
+throats and throwing each other out of the windows, as had been done half
+a dozen years before in Paris.  Such was the mischievous intention
+ascribed to a petition, which Champagny and his friends had as much
+right to offer--however narrow and mistaken their, opinions might now
+be considered--as had the, synod of Dort to present their remonstrances.
+Never was a more malignant or more stupid perversion of a simple and not
+very alarming phrase.  No allusion had been made to Saint Bartholomew,
+but all its horrors were supposed to be concealed in the sentence which
+referred to Paris.  The nobles were arrested on the spot and hurried to
+prison, with the exception of Champagny, who made his escape at first,
+and lay concealed for several days.  He was, however, finally ferreted
+out of his hiding-place and carried off to Ghent.  There he was thrown
+into strict confinement, being treated in all respects as the accomplice
+of Aerschot and the other nobles who had been arrested in the time of
+Ryhove's revolution.  Certainly, this conduct towards a brave and
+generous gentleman was ill calculated to increase general sympathy for
+the cause, or to merit the approbation of Orange.  There was, however,
+a strong prejudice against Champagny.  His brother Granvelle had never
+been forgotten by the Netherlanders, and, was still regarded as their
+most untiring foe, while Champagny was supposed to be in close league
+with the Cardinal.  In these views the people were entirely wrong.
+
+While these events were taking place in Brussels and Antwerp, the two
+armies of the states and of Don John were indolently watching each other.
+The sinews of war had been cut upon both sides.  Both parties were
+cramped by the most abject poverty.  The troops under Bossu and Casimir,
+in the camp sear Mechlin, were already discontented, for want of pay.
+The one hundred thousand pounds of Elizabeth had already been spent,
+and it was not probable that the offended Queen would soon furnish
+another subsidy.  The states could with difficulty extort anything like
+the assessed quotas from the different provinces.  The Duke of Alencon
+was still at Mons, from which place he had issued a violent proclamation
+of war against Don John--a manifesto which had, however, not been
+followed up by very vigorous demonstrations.  Don John himself was in
+his fortified camp at Bouge, within a league of Namur, but the here
+was consuming with mental and with bodily fever.  He was, as it were,
+besieged.  He was left entirely without funds, while his royal brother
+obstinately refused compliance with his earnest demands to be recalled,
+and coldly neglected his importunities for pecuniary assistance.
+
+Compelled to carry on a war against an armed rebellion with such gold
+only as could be extracted from loyal swords; stung to the heart by the
+suspicion of which he felt himself the object at home, and by the hatred
+with which he was regarded in the provinces; outraged in his inmost
+feelings by the murder of Escovedo; foiled, outwitted, reduced to a
+political nullity by the masterly tactics of the "odious heretic of
+heretics" to whom he had originally offered his patronage and the royal
+forgiveness, the high-spirited soldier was an object to excite the
+tenderness even of religious and political opponents.  Wearied with the
+turmoil of camps without battle and of cabinets without counsel, he
+sighed for repose, even if it could be found only in a cloister or the
+grave.  "I rejoice to see by your letter," he wrote, pathetically, to
+John Andrew Doria, at Genoa, "that your life is flowing on with such
+calmness, while the world around me is so tumultuously agitated.  I
+consider you most fortunate that you are passing the remainder of your
+days for God and yourself; that you are not forced to put yourself
+perpetually in the scales of the world's events, nor to venture yourself
+daily on its hazardous games."  He proceeded to inform his friend of his
+own painful situation, surrounded by innumerable enemies, without means
+of holding out more than three months, and cut off from all assistance by
+a government which could not see that if the present chance were lost all
+was lost.  He declared it impossible for him to fight in the position to
+which he was reduced, pressed as he was within half a mile of the point
+which he had always considered as his last refuge.  He stated also that
+the French were strengthening themselves in Hainault, under Alencon, and
+that the King of France was in readiness to break in through Burgundy,
+should his brother obtain a firm foothold in the provinces.  "I have
+besought his Majesty over and over again," he continued, "to send to me
+his orders; if they come they shall be executed, unless they arrive too
+late.  They have cut of our hands and we have now nothing for it but to
+stretch forth our heads also to the axe.  I grieve to trouble you with my
+sorrows, but I trust to your sympathy as a man and a friend.  I hope that
+you will remember me in your prayers, for you can put your trust where,
+in former days, I never could place my own."
+
+The dying crusader wrote another letter, in the same mournful strain,
+to another intimate friend, Don Pedro Mendoza, Spanish envoy in Genoa.
+It was dated upon the same day from his camp near Namur, and repeated the
+statement that the King of France was ready to invade the Netherlands, so
+soon as Alencon should prepare an opening.  "His Majesty," continued Don
+John, "is resolved upon nothing; at least, I am kept in ignorance of his
+intentions.  Our life is doled out to us here by moments.  I cry aloud,
+but it profits me little.  Matters will soon be disposed, through our
+negligence, exactly as the Devil would best wish them.  It is plain that
+we are left here to pine away till our last breath.  God direct us all as
+He may see fit; in His hands are all things."
+
+Four days later he wrote to the King, stating that he was confined to his
+chamber with a fever, by which he was already as much reduced as if he
+had been ill for a month.  "I assure your Majesty," said he "that the
+work here is enough to destroy any constitution and any life."  He
+reminded Philip how often he had been warned by him as to the insidious
+practices of the French.  Those prophecies had now become facts.  The
+French had entered the country, while some of the inhabitants were
+frightened, others disaffected.  Don John declared himself in a dilemma.
+With his small force, hardly enough to make head against the enemy
+immediately in front, and to protect the places which required guarding,
+'twas impossible for him to leave his position to attack the enemy in
+Burgundy.  If he remained stationary, the communications were cut off
+through which his money and supplies reached him.  "Thus I remain," said
+he, "perplexed and confused, desiring, more than life, some decision on
+your Majesty's part, for which I have implored so many times."  He urged
+the King most vehemently to send him instructions as to the course to be
+pursued, adding that it wounded him to the soul to find them so long
+delayed.  He begged to be informed whether he was to attack the enemy in
+Burgundy, whether he should await where he then was the succor of his
+Majesty, or whether he was to fight, and if so with which of his enemies:
+in fine, what he was to do; because, losing or winning, he meant to
+conform to his Majesty's will.  He felt deeply pained, he said, at being
+disgraced and abandoned by the King, having served him, both as a
+brother, and a man, with love and faith and heartiness.  "Our lives,"
+said he, "are at stake upon this game, and all we wish is to lose them
+honorably."  He begged the King to send a special envoy to France, with
+remonstrances on the subject of Alencon, and another to the Pope to ask
+for the Duke's excommunication.  He protested that he would give his
+blood rather than occasion so much annoyance to the King, but that he
+felt it his duty to tell the naked truth.  The pest was ravaging his
+little army.  Twelve hundred were now in hospital, besides those nursed
+in private houses, and he had no means or money to remedy the evil.
+Moreover, the enemy, seeing that they were not opposed in the open field,
+had cut off the passage into Liege by the Meuse, and had advanced to
+Nivelles and Chimay for the sake of communications with France, by the
+same river.
+
+Ten days after these pathetic passages had been written, the writer was
+dead.  Since the assassination of Escovedo, a consuming melancholy had
+settled upon his spirits, and a burning fever came, in the month of
+September, to destroy his physical strength.  The house where he lay was
+a hovel, the only chamber of which had been long used as a pigeon-house.
+This wretched garret was cleansed, as well as it could be of its filth,
+and hung with tapestry emblazoned with armorial bearings.  In that
+dovecot the hero of Lepanto was destined to expire.  During the last few,
+days of his illness, he was delirious.  Tossing upon his uneasy couch, he
+again arranged in imagination, the combinations of great battles, again
+shouted his orders to rushing squadrons, and listened with brightening
+eye to the trumpet of victory.  Reason returned, however, before the hour
+of death, and permitted him, the opportunity to make the dispositions
+rendered necessary by his condition.  He appointed his nephew, Alexander
+of Parma, who had been watching assiduously over his deathbed, to succeed
+him, provisionally, in the command of the army and in his other
+dignities, received the last sacraments with composure, and tranquilly
+breathed his last upon the first day of October, the month which, since
+the battle of Lepanto, he had always considered a festive and a fortunate
+one.
+
+It was inevitable that suspicion of poison should be at once excited by
+his decease.  Those suspicions have been never set at rest, and never
+proved.  Two Englishmen, Ratcliff and Gray by name, had been arrested and
+executed on a charge of having been employed by Secretary Walsingham to
+assassinate the Governor.  The charge was doubtless an infamous
+falsehood; but had Philip, who was suspected of being the real criminal,
+really compassed the death of his brother, it was none the less probable
+that an innocent victim or two would be executed, to save appearances.
+Now that time has unveiled to us many mysteries, now that we have learned
+from Philip's own lips and those of his accomplices the exact manner in
+which Montigny and Escovedo were put to death, the world will hardly be
+very charitable with regard to other imputations.  It was vehemently
+suspected that Don John had been murdered by the command of Philip; but
+no such fact was ever proved.
+
+The body, when opened that it might be embalmed, was supposed to offer
+evidence of poison.  The heart was dry, the other internal organs were
+likewise so desiccated as to crumble when touched, and the general color
+of the interior was of a blackish brown, as if it had been singed.
+Various persona were mentioned as the probable criminals; various motives
+assigned for the commission of the deed.  Nevertheless, it must be
+admitted that there were causes, which were undisputed, for his death,
+sufficient to render a search for the more mysterious ones comparatively
+superfluous.  A disorder called the pest was raging in his camp, and had
+carried off a thousand of his soldiers within a few days, while his
+mental sufferings had been acute enough to turn his heart to ashes.
+Disappointed, tormented by friend and foe, suspected, insulted, broken
+spirited, it was not strange that he should prove an easy victim to a
+pestilent disorder before which many stronger men were daily falling.
+
+On the third day after his decease, the funeral rites were celebrated.
+A dispute between the Spaniards, Germans, and Netherlanders in the army
+arose, each claiming precedence in the ceremony, on account of superior
+national propinquity to the illustrious deceased.  All were, in truth,
+equally near to him, for different reasons, and it was arranged that all
+should share equally in the obsequies.  The corpse disembowelled and
+embalmed, was laid upon a couch of state.  The hero was clad in complete
+armor; his swords helmet, and steel gauntlets lying at his feet, a
+coronet, blazing with precious stones, upon his head, the jewelled chain
+and insignia of the Golden Fleece about his neck, and perfumed gloves
+upon his hands.  Thus royally and martially arrayed, he was placed upon
+his bier and borne forth from the house where he had died, by the
+gentlemen of his bedchamber.  From them he was received by the colonels
+of the regiments stationed next his own quarters.  These chiefs, followed
+by their troops with inverted arms and mined drums, escorted the body to
+the next station, where it was received by the commanding officers of
+other national regiments, to be again transmitted to those of the third.
+Thus by soldiers of the three nations, it was successively conducted to
+the gates of Namur, where it was received by the civic authorities.  The
+pall-bearers, old Peter Ernest Mansfeld, Ottavio Gonzaga, the Marquis de
+Villa Franca, and the Count de Reux, then bore it to the church, where it
+was deposited until the royal orders should be received from Spain.  The
+heart of the hero was permanently buried beneath the pavement of the
+little church, and a monumental inscription, prepared by Alexander
+Farnese, still indicates the spot where that lion heart returned to dust.
+
+It had been Don John's dying request to Philip that his remains might be
+buried in the Escorial by the side of his imperial father, and the prayer
+being granted, the royal order in due time arrived for the transportation
+of the corpse to Spain.  Permission had been asked and given for the
+passage of a small number of Spanish troops through France.  The thrifty
+king had, however, made no allusion to the fact that those soldiers were
+to bear with them the mortal remains of Lepanto's hero, for he was
+disposed to save the expense which a public transportation of the body
+and the exchange of pompous courtesies with the authorities of every town
+upon the long journey would occasion.  The corpse was accordingly divided
+into three parts, and packed in three separate bags; and thus the
+different portions, to save weight, being suspended at the saddle-bows of
+different troopers, the body of the conqueror was conveyed to its distant
+resting-place.
+
+         "Expende Hannibalem: quot libras in duce summo
+          Invenies?". . . . . . . . . .
+
+Thus irreverently, almost blasphemously, the disjointed relics of the
+great warrior were hurried through France; France, which the romantic
+Saracen slave had traversed but two short years before, filled with high
+hopes, and pursuing extravagant visions.  It has been recorded by classic
+historians, that the different fragments, after their arrival in Spain,
+were re-united, and fastened together with wire; that the body was then
+stuffed, attired in magnificent habiliments, placed upon its feet, and
+supported by a martial staff, and that thus prepared for a royal
+interview, the mortal remains of Don John were presented to his Most
+Catholic Majesty.  Philip is said to have manifested emotion at sight of
+the hideous spectre--for hideous and spectral, despite of jewels,
+balsams, and brocades, must have been that unburied corpse, aping life in
+attitude and vestment, but standing there only to assert its privilege of
+descending into the tomb.  The claim was granted, and Don John of Austria
+at last found repose by the side of his imperial father.
+
+A sufficient estimate of his character has been apparent in the course of
+the narrative.  Dying before he had quite completed his thirty-third
+year, he excites pity and admiration almost as much as censure.  His
+military career was a blaze of glory.  Commanding in the Moorish wars at
+twenty-three, and in the Turkish campaigns at twenty-six, he had achieved
+a matchless renown before he had emerged from early youth; but his sun
+was destined to go down at noon.  He found neither splendor nor power in
+the Netherlands, where he was deserted by his king and crushed by the
+superior genius of the Prince of Orange.  Although he vindicated his
+martial skill at Gemblours, the victory was fruitless.  It was but the
+solitary sprig of the tiger from his jungle, and after that striking
+conflict his life was ended in darkness and obscurity.  Possessing
+military genius of a high order, with extraordinary personal bravery,
+he was the last of the paladins and the crusaders.  His accomplishments
+were also considerable, and he spoke Italian, German, French, and Spanish
+with fluency.  His beauty was remarkable; his personal fascinations
+acknowledged by either sex; but as a commander of men, excepting upon the
+battle-field, he possessed little genius.  His ambition was the ambition
+of a knight-errant, an adventurer, a Norman pirate; it was a personal and
+tawdry ambition.  Vague and contradictory dreams of crowns, of royal
+marriages, of extemporized dynasties, floated ever before him; but he was
+himself always the hero of his own romance.  He sought a throne in Africa
+or in Britain; he dreamed of espousing Mary of Scotland at the expense of
+Elizabeth, and was even thought to aspire secretly to the hand of the
+great English Queen herself.  Thus, crusader and bigot as he was, he was
+willing to be reconciled with heresy, if heresy could furnish him with a
+throne.
+
+It is superfluous to state that he was no match, by mental endowments,
+for William of Orange; but even had he been so, the moral standard by
+which each measured himself placed the Conqueror far below the Father
+of a people.  It must be admitted that Don John is entitled to but small
+credit for his political achievements in the Netherlands.  He was
+incapable of perceiving that the great contest between the Reformation
+and the Inquisition could never be amicably arranged in those provinces,
+and that the character of William of Orange was neither to be softened
+by royal smiles, nor perverted by appeals to sordid interests.  It would
+have been perhaps impossible for him, with his education and temperament,
+to have embraced what seems to us the right cause, but it ought, at
+least, to have been in his power to read the character of his antagonist,
+and to estimate his own position with something like accuracy.  He may be
+forgiven that he did not succeed in reconciling hostile parties, when his
+only plan to accomplish such a purpose was the extermination of the most
+considerable faction; but although it was not to be expected that he
+would look on the provinces with the eyes of William the Silent,
+he might have comprehended that the Netherland chieftain was neither
+to be purchased nor cajoled.  The only system by which the two religions
+could live together in peace had been discovered by the Prince; but
+toleration, in the eyes of Catholics, and of many Protestants, was still
+thought the deadliest heresy of all.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Difficult for one friend to advise another in three matters
+Establish not freedom for Calvinism, but freedom for conscience
+Taxes upon income and upon consumption
+Toleration thought the deadliest heresy of all
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1578 ***
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